NAME
    Config::Merge - load a configuration directory tree containing YAML,
    JSON, XML, Perl, INI or Config::General files

SYNOPSIS
       OO style
       -------------------------------------------------------
       use Config::Merge();

       my $config    = Config::Merge->new('/path/to/config');

       @hosts        = $config->('db.hosts.session');
       $hosts_ref    = $config->('db.hosts.session');
       @cloned_hosts = $config->clone('db.hosts.session');
       -------------------------------------------------------

    OR

       Functional style
       -------------------------------------------------------
       # On startup
       use Config::Merge('My::Config' => '/path/to/config');

       # Then, in any module where you want to use the config
       package My::Module;
       use My::Config;

       @hosts        = C('db.hosts.sesssion');
       $hosts_ref    = C('db.hosts.sesssion');
       @cloned_hosts = My::Config::clone('db.hosts.session');
       $config       = My::Config::object;
       -------------------------------------------------------

    ADVANCED USAGE

       OO style
       -------------------------------------------------------
       my $config    = Config::Merge->new(
           path      => '/path/to/config',
           skip      => sub {} | regex | {} ,
           is_local  => sub {} | regex | {} ,
           load_as   => sub {} | regex ,
           sort      => sub {} ,
           debug     => 1 | 0
       );
       -------------------------------------------------------

       Functional style
       -------------------------------------------------------
       use Config::Merge(
           'My::Config' => '/path/to/config',
           {
               skip      => sub {} | regex | {} ,
               is_local  => sub {} | regex | {} ,
               load_as   => sub {} | regex ,
               sort      => sub {} ,
               debug     => 1 | 0
           }
       );

       # Also, you can subclass these:

         package My::Config;
         sub skip {
             ...
         }

       -------------------------------------------------------

DESCRIPTION
    Config::Merge is a configuration module which has six goals:

    * Flexible storage
        Store all configuration in your format(s) of choice (YAML, JSON,
        INI, XML, Perl, Config::General / Apache-style config) broken down
        into individual files in a configuration directory tree, for easy
        maintenance. See "CONFIG TREE LAYOUT"

    * Flexible access
        Provide a simple, easy to read, concise way of accessing the
        configuration values (similar to Template). See "ACCESSING CONFIG
        DATA"

    * Minimal maintenance
        Specify the location of the configuration files only once per
        application, so that it requires minimal effort to relocate. See
        "USING Config::Merge"

    * Easy to alter development environment
        Provide a way for overriding configuration values on a development
        machine, so that differences between the dev environment and the
        live environment do not get copied over accidentally. See
        "OVERRIDING CONFIG LOCALLY"

    * Minimise memory use
        Load all config at startup so that (eg in the mod_perl environment)
        the data is shared between all child processes. See "MINIMISING
        MEMORY USE"

    * Flexible implementation
        You may want to use a different schema for your configuration files,
        so you can pass in (or subclass) methods for determining how your
        files are merged. See "ADVANCED USAGE".

USING "Config::Merge"
    There are two ways to use "Config::Merge":

    OO STYLE
           use Config::Merge();
           my $config    = Config::Merge->new('/path/to/config');

           @hosts        = $config->('db.hosts.session');
           $hosts_ref    = $config->('db.hosts.session');
           @cloned_hosts = $config->clone('db.hosts.session');

        Also, see "ADVANCED USAGE".

    YOUR OWN CONFIG CLASS (functional style)
        The following code:

           # On startup
           use Config::Merge('My::Config' => '/path/to/config');

        *   auto-generates the class "My::Config"

        *   loads the configuration data in '/path/to/config'

        *   creates the subs "My::Config::C", "My::Config::clone" and
            "My::Config::object".

        Then when you want your application to have access to your
        configuration data, you add this (eg in your class "My::Module"):

           package My::Module;
           use My::Config;       # Note, no ()

        This exports the sub "C" into your current package, which allows you
        to access your configuation data as follows:

           @hosts        = C('db.hosts.sesssion');
           $hosts_ref    = C('db.hosts.sesssion');
           @cloned_hosts = My::Config::clone('db.hosts.session');
           $config       = My::Config::object;

CONFIG TREE LAYOUT
    Config::Merge reads the data from any number (and type) of config files
    stored in a directory tree. File names and directory names are used as
    keys in the configuration hash.

    It uses file extensions to decide what type of data the file contains,
    so:

        YAML            : .yaml .yml
        JSON            : .json .jsn
        XML             : .xml
        INI             : .ini
        Perl            : .perl .pl
        Config::General : .conf .cnf

    When loading your config data, Config::Merge starts at the directory
    specified at startup (see "USING Config::Merge") and looks through all
    the sub-directories for files ending in one of the above extensions.

    The name of the file or subdirectory is used as the first key. So:

        global/
            db.yaml:
                username : admin
                hosts:
                         - host1
                         - host2
                password:
                  host1:   password1
                  host2:   password2

    would be loaded as :

        $Config = {
           global => {
               db => {
                   username => 'admin',
                   password => { host1 => 'password1', host2 => 'password2'},
                   hosts    => ['host1','host2'],
               }
           }
        }

    Subdirectories are processed before the current directory, so you can
    have a directory and a config file with the same name, and the values
    will be merged into a single hash, so for instance, you can have:

        confdir:
           syndication/
           --data_types/
             --traffic.yaml
             --headlines.yaml
           --data_types.ini
           syndication.conf

    The config items in syndication.conf will be added to (or overwrite) the
    items loaded into the syndication namespace via the subdirectory called
    syndication.

OVERRIDING CONFIG LOCALLY
    The situation often arises where it is necessary to specify different
    config values on different machines. For instance, the database host on
    a dev machine may be different from the host on the live application.
    Also, see "ADVANCED USAGE" which provides you with other means to merge
    local data.

    Instead of changing this data during dev and then having to remember to
    change it back before putting the new code live, we have a mechanism for
    overriding config locally in a "local.*" file and then, as long as that
    file never gets uploaded to live, you are protected.

    You can put a file called "local.*" (where * is any of the recognised
    extensions) in any sub-directory, and the data in this file will be
    merged with the existing data.

    Just make sure that the "local.*" files are never checked into your live
    code.

    For instance, if we have:

        confdir:
            db.yaml
            local.yaml

    and db.yaml has :

        connections:
            default_settings:
                host:       localhost
                table:      abc
                password:   123

    And in local.yaml:

        db:
            connections:
                default_settings:
                    password:   456

    the resulting configuration will look like this:

        db:
            connections:
                default_settings:
                    host:       localhost
                    table:      abc
                    password:   456

ACCESSING CONFIG DATA
    All configuration data is loaded into a single hash, eg:

        $config = {
            db    => {
                hosts  => {
                    session  => ['host1','host2','host3'],
                    images   => ['host1','host2','host3'],
                    etc...
                }
            }
        }

    If you want to access it via standard Perl dereferences, you can just
    ask for the hash:

        OO:
           $data_ref  = $config->();
           $hosts_ref = $data_ref->{db}{hosts}{session};
           $host_1    = $data_ref->{db}{hosts}{session}[0];

        Functional:
           $data_ref  = C();
           $hosts_ref = $data_ref->{db}{hosts}{session};
           $host_1    = $data_ref->{db}{hosts}{session}[0];

    However, "Config::Merge" also provides an easy to read dot-notation in
    the style of Template Toolkit: "('key1.key2.keyn')".

    A key can be the key of a hash or the index of an array. The return
    value is context sensitive, so if called in list context, a hash ref or
    array ref will be dereferenced.

        OO:
           @hosts     = $config->('db.hosts.session');
           $hosts_ref = $config->('db.hosts.session');
           $host_1    = $config->('db.hosts.session.0');

        Functional:
           @hosts     = C('db.hosts.session');
           $hosts_ref = C('db.hosts.session');
           $host_1    = C('db.hosts.session.0');

    These lookups are memo'ised, so lookups are fast.

    If the specified key is not found, then an error is thrown.

MINIMISING MEMORY USE
    The more configuration data you load, the more memory you use. In order
    to keep the memory use as low as possible for mod_perl (or other forking
    applications), the configuration data should be loaded at startup in the
    parent process.

    As long as the data is never changed by the children, the configuration
    hash will be stored in shared memory, rather than there being a separate
    copy in each child process.

    (See
    <http://search.cpan.org/~pgollucci/mod_perl-2.0.3/docs/user/performance/
    mpm.pod>)

METHODS
    "new()"
            $conf = Config::Merge->new($config_dir);

        new() instantiates a config object, loads the config from the
        directory specified, and returns the object.

    "C()"
          $val = $config->C('key1.key2.keyn');
          $val = $config->C('key1.key2.keyn',$hash_ref);

        "Config::Merge" objects are overloaded so that this also works:

          $val = $config->('key1.key2.keyn');
          $val = $config->('key1.key2.keyn',$hash_ref);

        Or, if used in the functional style (see "USING Config::Merge"):

          $val = C('key1.key2.keyn');
          $val = C('key1.key2.keyn',$hash_ref);

        "key1" etc can be keys in a hash, or indexes of an array.

        "C('key1.key2.keyn')" returns everything from "keyn" down, so you
        can use the return value just as you would any normal Perl variable.

        The return values are context-sensitive, so if called in list
        context, an array ref or hash ref will be returned as lists. Scalar
        values, code refs, regexes and blessed objects will always be
        returned as themselves.

        So for example:

          $password = C('database.main.password');
          $regex    = C('database.main.password_regex');

          @countries = C('lists.countries');
          $countries_array_ref = C('lists.countries');

          etc

        If called with a hash ref as the second parameter, then that hash
        ref will be examined, rather than the $config data.

    "clone()"
        This works exactly the same way as "C()" but it performs a deep
        clone of the data before returning it.

        This means that the returned data can be changed without affecting
        the data stored in the $conf object;

        The data is deep cloned, using Storable, so the bigger the data, the
        more performance hit. That said, Storable's dclone is very fast.

    "register_loader()"
            Config::Merge->register_loader( 'Config::Merge::XYZ');

            Config::Merge->register_loader( 'Config::Merge::XYZ' => 'xyz','xxx');

        By default, "Config::Merge" uses the "Config::Any" plugins to
        support YAML, JSON, INI, XML, Perl and Config::General configuration
        files, using the standard file extensions to recognise the file
        type. (See "CONFIG TREE LAYOUT").

        If you would like to change the handler for an extension (eg, you
        want ".conf" and ".cnf" files to be treated as YAML), do the
        following:

            Config::Merge->register_loader ('Config::Any::YAML' => 'conf', 'cnf');

        If you would like to add a new config style, then your module should
        have two methods: "extensions()" (which returns a list of the
        extensions it handles), and "load()" which accepts the name of the
        file to load, and returns a hash ref containing the data in the
        file. See Config::Any for details.

        Alternatively, you can specify the extensions when you load it:

            Config::Merge->register_loader ('My::Merge' => 'conf', 'cnf');

    "load_config()"
            $config->load_config();

        Will reload the config files located in the directory specified at
        object creation (see "new()").

        BEWARE : If you are using this in a mod_perl environment, you will
        lose the benefit of shared memory by calling this in a child process
        - each child will have its own copy of the data. See "MINIMISING
        MEMORY USE".

        Returns the config hash ref.

    "clear_cache()"
            $config->clear_cache();

        Config data is generally not supposed to be changed at runtime.
        However, if you do make changes, you may get inconsisten results,
        because lookups are cached.

        For instance:

            print $config->C('db.hosts.session');  # Caches this lookup
            > "host1 host2 host3"

            $data = $config->C('db.hosts');
            $data->{session} = 123;

            print $config->C('db.hosts.session'); # uses cached value
            > "host1 host2 host3"

            $config->clear_cache();
            print $config->C('db.hosts.session'); # uses actual value
            > "123"

    "import()"
        "import()" will normally be called automatically when you "use
        Config::Merge". However, you may want to do this:

            use Config::Merge();
            Config::Merge->register_loader('My::Plugin' => 'ext');
            Config::Merge->import('My::Config' => '/path/to/config/dir');

        If called with two params: $config_class and $config_dir, it
        generates the new class (which inherits from Config::Merge)
        specified in $config_class, creates a new object of that class and
        creates 4 subs:

        "C()"
                As a function:
                    C('keys...')

                is the equivalent of:
                    $config->C('keys...');

        "clone()"
                As a function:
                    clone('keys...')

                is the equivalent of:
                    $config->clone('keys...');

        "object()"
                $config = My::Config->object();

            Returns the $config object,

        "import()"
            When you use your generated config class, it exports the "C()"
            sub into your package:

                use My::Config;
                $hosts = C('db.hosts.session');

ADVANCED USAGE
    The items in the section allow you to customise how Config::Merge loads
    your data. You may never need them.

    You can:

    *   Override array values

    *   Skip the loading of parts of your config tree

    *   Specify which files / dirs are local

    *   Specify how to translate a file / dir name into a key

    *   Change order in which files are loaded

    *   See debug output

    Overriding array values
        Overriding hash values is easy, however arrays are more complex. it
        may be simpler to copy and paste and edit the array you want to
        change locally.

        However, if your array is too long, and you want to make small
        changes, then you can use the following:

        In the main config:

            {
              cron => [qw( job1 job2 job3 job4)]
            }

        In the local file

            {
              cron => {
                '3'  => 'newjob4',      # changes 'job4' -> 'newjob4'

                '!'  => {               # signals an array override

                     '-' => [1],        # deletes 'job2'

                     '+' => ['job5'],   # appends 'job5'

                  OR '+' => {           # inserts 'job3a' after 'job3'
                         2 => 'job3a'
                     }
                }
            }

        *   The override has to be a hash, with at least this structure "{
            '!' => {} }" to signal an array override

        *   Any other keys with integers are treated as indexes and are used
            to change the value at that index in the original array

        *   The '-' key should contain an array ref, with the indexes of the
            elements to remove from the array.

        *   If the '+' key contains an array ref, then its contents are
            appended to the original array.

        *   If the '+' key contains a hash ref, then each value is inserted
            into the original array at the index given in the key

        *   Indexes are zero based, just as in Perl.

    "skip()"
            $c = Config::Merge->new(
                    path  => '/path/to/config',
                    skip  => qr/regex/,
                             | [ qr/regex1/, qr/regex2/...]
                             | {  name1 => 1, name2 => 2}
                             | sub {}
            );

        "skip()" allows you to skip the loading of parts of your config
        tree. For instance, if you don't need a list of cron jobs when
        running your web server, you can skip it.

        The decision is made based on the path to that value, eg
        'app.db.hosts' rather than on filenames. Also, the check is only
        performed for each new directory or filename - it doesn't check the
        data within each file.

        To use "skip()", you can either subclass it, or pass in a parameter
        to new:

        "qr/regex/" or "[qr/regex1/, qr/regex2]"
            Each regex will be checked against the key path, and if it
            matches then the loading of that tree will be skipped

        "{key_path => 1}"
            If the key path exists in the hash, then loading will be skipped

        "sub {}" or subclassed "skip"
               sub {
                   my ($self,$key_path) = @_;
                   ...make decision...
                   return 1 | 0;
               }

    "is_local()"
            $c = Config::Merge->new(
                    path     => '/path/to/config',
                    is_local => qr/regex/,
                                | [ qr/regex1/, qr/regex2/...]
                                | {  name1 => 1, name2 => 2}
                                | sub {}
            );

        "is_local()" indicates whether a file or dir should be considered
        part of the main config (and thus loaded normally) or part of the
        local config (and thus merged into the main config).

        The decision is made based on the name of the file / dir, without
        any extension.

        To use "is_local()", you can either subclass it, or pass in a
        parameter to new:

        "qr/regex/" or "[qr/regex1/, qr/regex2]"
            Each regex will be checked against the file/dir name, and if it
            matches then that tree will be merged

        "{filename => 1, dirname => 1}"
            If the file/dir name exists in the hash, then that tree will be
            merged

        "sub {}" or subclassed "is_local"
               sub {
                   my ($self,$name) = @_;
                   ...make decision...
                   return 1 | 0;
               }

        See "EXAMPLE USING is_local() AND load_as()".

    "load_as()"
            $c = Config::Merge->new(
                    path     => '/path/to/config',
                    load_as  => qr/(regex)/,
                                | sub {}
            );

        "load_as()" returns the name of the key to use when loading the file
        / dir. By default, it returns the $name for main config files, or ''
        for local files.

        The decision is made based on the name of the file / dir, without
        any extension.

        If "load_as()" returns an empty string, then each key in the
        file/tree is merged separately. This is how the "local.*" files work
        by default. See "OVERRIDING CONFIG LOCALLY".

        For instance:

           main.yaml:
             key1:  value
             key2:  value

           db.yaml:
             key3:  value
             key4:  value

           local.yaml:
             main:
                key1: new_value
             db:
                key4: new_value

        To use "load_as()", you can either subclass it, or pass in a
        parameter to new:

        "qr/(regex)/"
            The regex will be checked against the file/dir name, and if it
            matches then it returns the string captured in the regex,
            otherwise it returns the original name.

        "sub {}" or subclassed "is_local"
               sub {
                   my ($self,$name,$is_local) = @_;
                   ...make decision...
                   return 'string';   # string is used as the keyname
                   return '';         # acts like local.* (see above)
                   return undef;      # don't load this file/dir
               }

        Also, see "EXAMPLE USING is_local() AND load_as()".

    EXAMPLE USING "is_local()" AND "load_as()"
        For instance, instead of using "local.*" files, you may want to keep
        versioned copies of local configs for different machines, and so
        use:

           app.yaml
           app-(dev1.domain.com).yaml
           app-(dev2.domain.com).yaml

        You would implement this as follows:

            my $config = Config::Merge->new(
                path        => '/path/to/config',

                # If matches 'xxx-(yyy)'
                is_local    => sub {
                    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
                    return $name=~/- [(] .+ [)]/x ? 1 : 0;
                },

                # If local and matches 'xxx-(hostname)', return xxx
                load_as => sub {
                    my ( $self, $name, $is_local ) = @_;
                    if ($is_local) {
                        if ( $name=~/(.*) - [(] ($hostname) [)] /x ) {
                            return  $1;
                        }
                        return undef;
                    }
                    return $name;
                }
            );

        See "examples/advanced.pl" for a working illustration.

    "sort()"
            $c = Config::Merge->new(
                    path   => '/path/to/config',
                    sort   => sub {}
            );

        By default, directory entries are sorted alphabetically, with
        directories before filenames.

        This would be the order for these directory entries:

          api/
          api-(dev1)/
          api.yaml
          api-(dev1).yaml

        To override this, you can subclass "sort()" or pass it in as a
        parameter to new:

           sub {
               my ($self,$names_array_ref) = @_
               ...sort...
               return $names_array_ref;
           }

    "debug()"
            my $config = Config::Merge->new(
                path        => '/path/to/config',
                debug       => 1 | 0
            );

        If "debug" is true, then Config::Merge prints out an explanation of
        what it is doing on STDERR.

SEE ALSO
    Storable, Config::Any, Config::Any::YAML, Config::Any::JSON,
    Config::Any::INI, Config::Any::XML, Config::Any::General

THANKS
    Thanks to Hasanuddin Tamir [HASANT] for vacating the Config::Merge
    namespace, which allowed me to rename Config::Loader to the more
    meaningful Config::Merge.

    His version of Config::Merge can be found in
    <http://backpan.cpan.org/modules/by-authors/id/H/HA/HASANT/>.

    Thanks to Joel Bernstein and Brian Cassidy for the interface to the
    various configuration modules. Also to Ewan Edwards for his suggestions
    about how to make Config::Merge more flexible.

BUGS
    No bugs have been reported.

    Please report any bugs or feature requests to
    [email protected], or through the web interface at
    <http://rt.cpan.org>.

AUTHOR
    Clinton Gormley, <[email protected]>

COPYRIGHT
    Copyright (C) 2007 by Clinton Gormley

LICENSE
    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.7 or, at
    your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.