test_bibliography.bib

@article{Veerman2021,
    title     = {School composition and multiple ethnic identities of migrant-origin adolescents in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Gert Jan Veerman and Lucinda Platt},
    year      = 2021,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 44,
    pages     = {106--125},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2021.1887503},
    issn      = 14664356,
    abstract  = {Ethnic identity is central to many contemporary discussions of belonging and assimilation of migrant-origin youth. Studies typically focus on a single minority identity. Identity theory implies, however, that individuals may hold multiple ethnic identities, or none, and these may find expression to a greater or less extent depending on context. Using a nationally representative, longitudinal study of Dutch teenagers, we investigate the role of classroom ethnic composition in shaping multiple ethnic identity expression. Framing identity choices as a relational process, we show that the number of ethnic identities that children with a migrant-origin background choose is greater for those students who are exposed to a more ethnically diverse context, while less diverse classrooms foster ethnic identification with no or fewer minority groups. Classification of migrant-origin students with a single (minority) ethnicity may thus be an oversimplification of ethnic identity, even for those from a single country of origin.},
    issue     = 16,
    keywords  = {Ethnic identity,adolescents,classroom composition,ethnic diversity,migrant-origin background,multiple identity}
}

@report{vandenBosGiffard2016,
    title    = {DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly Mining Public Discourse for Emerging Dutch Nationalism},
    author   = {Maarten Van Den Bos and Hermione Giffard},
    year     = 2016,
    abstract = {Historians have argued that nationalism spread from elite groups to larger populations through public media, yet this has never been empirically proven. In this paper, we use digital tools to search for expressions of nationalism in Dutch newspaper discourse in the late nineteenth century by text mining in large newspaper repositories. The absence of emotional nationalist rhetoric in Dutch national newspapers suggests that nationalism in the late nineteenth century was much more subtle than the literature based on elite discourse tells us.}
}

@article{Harteveld2021,
    title     = {Fragmented foes: Affective polarization in the multiparty context of the Netherlands},
    author    = {Eelco Harteveld},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = 6,
    journal   = {Electoral Studies},
    publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
    volume    = 71,
    doi       = {10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102332},
    issn      = {02613794},
    abstract  = {Affective polarization, or antipathy between the supporters of opposing political camps, is documented to be on the rise in the United States and elsewhere. At the same time, there are limits to our understanding of this phenomenon in multiparty contexts. How do citizens draw the line between 'ingroups' and 'outgroups' in fragmented contexts with multiple parties? Answering this question has been hampered by a relative lack of data on citizens' views towards compatriots with opposing political views outside the US. This study is based on original data collection, measuring citizens’ evaluations of various political and non-political outgroups among a population-representative sample of 1071 Dutch citizens. These data allow to study the extent and configuration of affective polarization in the highly fragmented context of the Netherlands. The analysis shows that respondents do distinguish between parties and partisans. They report more dislike towards political outgroups than towards almost all non-political outgroups. Rather than disliking all out-partisans equally, evaluations grow gradually colder as ideological distance towards a group increases. Affective polarization is especially strong between those who disagree on cultural issues, and between those who support and oppose the populist radical right. The article discusses how these findings enhance our understanding of affective polarization in multiparty systems.},
    keywords  = {Affective polarization,Multiparty systems,Survey data,The Netherlands}
}

@article{SözeriEtal2022,
    title     = {The role of mosque education in the integration of Turkish–Dutch youth: perspectives of Muslim parents, imams, mosque teachers and key stakeholders},
    author    = {Semiha Sözeri and H. K. Altinyelken and M. L.L. Volman},
    year      = 2022,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 45,
    pages     = {122--143},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2021.2015419},
    issn      = 14664356,
    abstract  = {This study addresses the perceived role of mosque education in the integration of Turkish–Dutch Muslim children in the Netherlands. It is based on interviews with imams, mosque teachers, parents of mosque students, chairs of migrant organizations, policymakers and experts (N = 75). Most respondents (N = 49) view mosque education as potentially aiding the integration of the children, often depending on whether mosques adopt this as a policy and train imams and mosque teachers accordingly. Mosque education is perceived by many as contributing to integration by teaching the children values of respect and tolerance, offering positive identity affirmation to children’s stigmatized Islamic identity and countering youth radicalization by providing messages of moderation. While sixteen participants see mosque education as irrelevant for integration, ten participants voice concerns about the potential of mosque education to cause value confusion, alienate students from the Dutch society and indoctrinate them with Turkish state propaganda. Implications are discussed.},
    issue     = 16,
    keywords  = {Dutch,Mosque,Muslim,Turkish,integration,youth}
}

@article{Yanow2013,
    title    = {People out of place: Allochthony and autochthony in the Netherlands' identity discourse-metaphors and categories in action},
    author   = {Dvora Yanow and Marleen Van Der Haar},
    year     = 2013,
    month    = 4,
    journal  = {Journal of International Relations and Development},
    volume   = 16,
    pages    = {227--261},
    doi      = {10.1057/jird.2012.13},
    issn     = 14086980,
    abstract = {As with much of Europe, the Netherlands has no explicit 'race' discourse; however, the state, through its public policy and administrative practices, does categorise its population along 'ethnic' lines, using birthplace-one's own or one's (grand-) parent's-as the surrogate determining factor. The contemporary operative taxonomy has until recently been binary: autochtoon (of Dutch heritage) and allochtoon (of foreign birth). Used earlier at the provincial level in respect of internal migration, the taxonomy was expanded in 1999 to demarcate between 'Western' allochtoon and 'non-Western' allochtoon, with the latter being further subdivided into first and second generation. Informed by a 'generative metaphor' approach (Schon 1979) that links cognition to action, this article subjects the allochtoon/autochtoon binary to metaphor analysis and the Western/non-Western taxonomy to category analysis. The work done by 'birthplace' in the term pair suggests that they are, in their everyday usage, surrogates for a race discourse, carrying the same (ancient) assumptions about individual identity and the earth-air-sun-water of the spot on which one was born that underlies definitions-in-use of 'race'. Their meaning in contemporary policy discourse derives from the interaction of metaphoric and category structures, with implications for policy implementation. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.},
    issue    = 2,
    keywords = {allochthony,ethnicity,integration policy,interpretive policy analysis,race}
}

@article{Yanasmayan2015,
    title     = {Citizenship on paper or at heart? a closer look into the dual citizenship debate in Europe},
    author    = {Zeynep Yanasmayan},
    year      = 2015,
    month     = 8,
    journal   = {Citizenship Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 19,
    pages     = {785--801},
    doi       = {10.1080/13621025.2015.1053793},
    issn      = 14693593,
    abstract  = {This article seeks to promote an integrated approach to the study of citizenship policies, which pays due attention to their potential impact on migrants whose self-recognition are formally delimited by legal definitions. Through a novel approach that makes use of naturalisation processes as an empirical entry point into the narratives of citizenship embraced by Turkish migrants, this article investigates the role of dual citizenship policies in three European countries: Spain, the Netherlands and the UK. The evidence from the sample group displays a process of ‘self-bargaining’ prior to the naturalisation decision, which calls into question the link established between legal and emotional bonds of citizenship. The Dutch example demonstrates how Turkish migrants cope with the ban on dual citizenship by downplaying the identity-conferring role of citizenship status. This leads to a decoupling of legal and emotional aspects of citizenship and thereby to the adoption of a thin sense of citizenship. While Spain represents an in-between case that has a tolerant implementation despite a de jure ban, the British example shows how the process of ‘self-bargaining’ can result in the widening of emotional landscape, when dual citizenship is allowed. A thick sense of citizenship is therefore not only preserved but it can also be extended to the citizenship of the country of residence.},
    issue     = {6-7},
    keywords  = {Turkish immigrants,affective citizenship,citizenship ties,dual citizenship,narratives of citizenship,self-bargaining}
}

@article{Wichgers2022,
    title     = {Trial and error: hate speech prosecution and its (unintended) effects on democratic support},
    author    = {Lisanne Wichgers and Laura Jacobs and Joost van Spanje},
    year      = 2022,
    month     = 1,
    journal   = {Acta Politica},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    volume    = 57,
    pages     = {143--166},
    doi       = {10.1057/s41269-020-00177-1},
    issn      = 17411416,
    abstract  = {Due to its controversial nature, hate speech prosecution of anti-immigration politicians is likely to affect citizens’ democratic support. Using a web experiment in which participants are exposed to a manipulated television news story about hate speech prosecution, we test these potential effects in the Dutch context. We demonstrate that effects on democratic support are driven by (dis)agreement with ideas expressed by the prosecuted politician in his alleged hate speech rather than by identification with his party. While a decision to not prosecute a politician does not seem to affect democratic support, a decision to prosecute a politician for hate speech decreases democratic support among citizens with anti-immigration attitudes, and increases democratic support among citizens with pro-immigration attitudes. Decisions to prosecute politicians for hate speech thus have important effects not just on supporters of the politician’s party, but also on other groups in society.},
    issue     = 1,
    keywords  = {Anti-immigration parties,Democratic support,Hate speech prosecution,Immigration attitudes,Party identification,Web experiment}
}

@article{Weiner2015,
    title     = {Whitening a diverse Dutch classroom: white cultural discourses in an Amsterdam primary school},
    author    = {Melissa F. Weiner},
    year      = 2015,
    month     = 1,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 38,
    pages     = {359--376},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2014.894200},
    issn      = 14664356,
    abstract  = {Diverse schools have become the norm throughout much of what is considered the West. Many urban classrooms feature few white European children but are located in nations dominated by Eurocentric epistemologies and discourses that oppress minority students by devaluing their cultures. Most European scholarship fails to analyse cultures of whiteness in educational settings. This paper addresses this gap by documenting cultural discourses of whiteness infusing a diverse primary school classroom in Amsterdam. Discourses reflecting white cultural norms of order, time, cleanliness, and Western and Christian superiority dominated a classroom containing only one white Dutch child. These discourses contribute to diverse students' explicit racialization while promoting the supremacy of white Dutch culture. They are both assimilationist and exclusionary, suggesting that many students, because of their backgrounds, will never be considered fully Dutch. Findings are of relevance to all nations dominated by white cultures with large populations of students of colour.},
    issue     = 2,
    keywords  = {Europe,discourses,education,primary education,the Netherlands,whiteness}
}

@report{Verkuyten2006,
    title    = {The Endorsement of Minority Rights: The Role of Group Position, National Context, and Ideological Beliefs},
    author   = {Maykel Verkuyten and Ali Aslan Yildiz},
    year     = 2006,
    abstract = {The present research was conducted in the Netherlands and used an experimental design to examine the endorsement of minority rights among Turkish and Kurdish participants in two framed, national contexts: the Netherlands and Turkey. In the Dutch context, each group is a minority, whereas in the Turkish context the Kurds are an oppressed national minority and the Turks are the national majority. The results showed that the Turks were less in favor of minority rights in the Turkish context than in the Dutch context, whereas the Kurds were more in favor of minority rights in the Turkish than in the Dutch context. In addition, the endorsement of minority rights was related to beliefs about majority rule, state unity, and ingroup identification, as well as to cultural diversity and perceived pervasive discrimination. The associations with the former three measures differed between the two groups and the two national contexts, whereas the latter two measures had main effects on the endorsement of minority rights.},
    keywords = {identification,ideological beliefs,minority rights}
}

@article{Verkuyten2009b,
    title    = {Muslim immigrants and religious group feelings: Self-identification and attitudes among Sunni and Alevi Turkish-Dutch},
    author   = {Maykel Verkuyten and Ali Aslan Yildiz},
    year     = 2009,
    month    = 9,
    journal  = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    volume   = 32,
    pages    = {1121--1142},
    doi      = {10.1080/01419870802379312},
    issn     = {01419870},
    abstract = {Affective ratings of multiple religious (sub)groups (Muslims, Christians, Jews and non-believers, as well as Sunni, Alevi and Sjiit Muslims), the endorsement of Islamic minority rights and religious group identification were examined among Sunni and Alevi Turkish-Dutch participants. The findings show that both groups differ in important ways. Some Alevi participants considered themselves Muslims but others interpreted Alevi identity in a secular way. The Sunnis were quite negative towards Jews and non-believers, they more strongly endorsed Islamic minority rights and they had very high Muslim group identification. Furthermore, the Sunnis were negative towards Alevis and the Alevis were negative towards the Sunnis. Muslim group identification was positively and strongly related to feelings towards Muslims and to the endorsement of Islamic group rights. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.},
    issue    = 7,
    keywords = {Alevi,Group relations,Minority rights,Muslim identity,Muslim minorities,Sunni}
}

@report{Verkuyten2002,
    title    = {Multiculturalism among minority and majority adolescents in the Netherlands},
    author   = {Maykel Verkuyten and Jochem Thijs},
    year     = 2002,
    journal  = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
    volume   = 26,
    pages    = {91--108},
    abstract = {The extent of culture maintenance by ethnic minority groups and their adaptation to majority group culture are two issues central to everyday thinking about multiculturalism. Using Social Identity Theory and a two-dimensional acculturation model as theoretical frameworks, the present study examines the attitudes of Dutch and Turkish adolescents in the Netherlands. Turkish adolescents were strongly in favor of culture maintenance, which was not seen to be contradictory to adaptation. In contrast, the Dutch were less in favor of culture maintenance and more in favor of adaptation, and saw these issues as mutually exclusive. In addition, among the Turks ethnic identification was positively related to culture maintenance and was not related to adaptation. Among the Dutch, identification was related negatively to culture maintenance and positively to adaptation. Furthermore, the perception and interpretation of responsibility for group discrimination affected the Turks views on multiculturalism. Agreement with cultural adaptation was lowest, among Turkish participants who strongly identified with their ethnic background as well as attributed discrimination to the out-group. r},
    keywords = {Adolescents,Attitude,Discrimination,Ethnicity,Multiculturalism,Netherlands}
}

@article{Verkuyten2009a,
    title    = {Support for multiculturalism and minority rights: The role of national identification and out-group threat},
    author   = {Maykel Verkuyten},
    year     = 2009,
    month    = 3,
    journal  = {Social Justice Research},
    volume   = 22,
    pages    = {31--52},
    doi      = {10.1007/s11211-008-0087-7},
    issn     = {08857466},
    abstract = {Support for multiculturalism and minority rights is examined in three studies among ethnic Dutch participants. Three models are tested for how national identification is related to perceived realistic and symbolic threats and to levels of support. Findings in all three studies are most in agreement with a 'group identity lens' model in which the relationship between national identification and support for multiculturalism is mediated by perceived threat. In addition, in Study 3, authoritarianism was independently related to threat and support for immigrant and minority rights and not indirectly through national identification. Findings across the three studies confirm the stability of the results and the usefulness of the group identity lens model for understanding reactions toward multiculturalism and minority rights. © The Author(s) 2008.},
    issue    = 1,
    keywords = {Minority rights,Multiculturalism,National identification,Threat}
}

@article{vanReekum2012,
    title    = {As nation, people and public collide: Enacting Dutchness in public discourse},
    author   = {Rogier {van Reekum}},
    year     = 2012,
    month    = 10,
    journal  = {Nations and Nationalism},
    volume   = 18,
    pages    = {583--602},
    doi      = {10.1111/j.1469-8129.2012.00554.x},
    issn     = 13545078,
    abstract = {In recent decades, Dutchness has become an intensely debated issue in Dutch public sphere. The article problematises the labelling of nations and nationalisms that occurs in public and academic understandings of these developments. Craig Calhoun's concept of discursive formation is argued to be more fruitful for understanding the recent contestations over Dutchness. Yet Calhoun's theory is itself in need of elaboration. Whereas Calhoun proposes to focus on the extent to which nations are constructed as publics of highly differentiated members, it is precisely this image that is central to an exclusionary discourse of Dutchness and enables the exclusion of cultural others from the Dutch imaginary. By analysing the enactment of Dutchness through discourses on citizenship, the surprising congruence of pluralism and exclusion in the Dutch context is explored. © The author(s) 2012. Nations and Nationalism © ASEN/Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012.},
    issue    = 4,
    keywords = {Citizenship,Dutchness,Labelling,Performativity,Pluralism,Public discourse}
}

@article{Velthuis2021,
    title     = {The Different Faces of Social Tolerance: Conceptualizing and Measuring Respect and Coexistence Tolerance},
    author    = {Evi Velthuis and Maykel Verkuyten and Anouk Smeekes},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = 12,
    journal   = {Social Indicators Research},
    publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},
    volume    = 158,
    pages     = {1105--1125},
    doi       = {10.1007/s11205-021-02724-5},
    issn      = 15730921,
    abstract  = {In the theoretical literature on tolerance a distinction is proposed between coexistence and respect tolerance. In three studies with four national samples of Dutch majority members, we demonstrate that these two forms of tolerance can be distinguished empirically in relation to different immigrant target groups. The findings of all studies further show that the more principled respect tolerance was negatively associated with prejudice towards immigrants, and positively associated with the acceptance of concrete minority practices, above and beyond prejudice. However, the positive association between respect tolerance and acceptance of practices was weaker for people who were more strongly concerned about the continuity of their national cultural identity. Overall, the more pragmatic coexistence tolerance was found to have no independent association with prejudicial feelings and with the acceptance of minority practices. The findings indicate that stimulating respect tolerance might be particularly helpful for improving intergroup relations in culturally diverse societies.},
    issue     = 3,
    keywords  = {Coexistence,Immigrants,Minority rights,Prejudice,Respect,Social tolerance}
}

@article{Spruyt2016,
    title     = {Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?},
    author    = {Bram Spruyt and Gil Keppens and Filip Van Droogenbroeck},
    year      = 2016,
    month     = 6,
    journal   = {Political Research Quarterly},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc.},
    volume    = 69,
    pages     = {335--346},
    doi       = {10.1177/1065912916639138},
    issn      = {1938274X},
    abstract  = {In this paper, we engage with the emerging literature that studies the support for populism by means of attitudes among the public at large. More specifically, our paper has two objectives. First, we extend recent research by Akkerman et al. by showing that their measure performs rather well in a context that differs from the one it was originally formulated in. Data from Flanders (the Dutch speaking part of Belgium, N = 1,577) also demonstrate that the support for populism can be empirically distinguished from feelings of lack of external political efficacy. Second, this is one of the first studies that assess who supports populism and why they do so. We show that populism is embedded in deep feelings of discontent, not only with politics but also with societal life in general. Moreover, we demonstrate that populism is strongest supported by stigmatized groups who face difficulties in finding a positive social identity. In the conclusion, we discuss the implications of our findings.},
    issue     = 2,
    keywords  = {education based status,political efficacy,populism,stigma,surveys,vulnerability}
}

@article{vanReekum2016a,
    title     = {Raising the question: articulating the Dutch identity crisis through public debate},
    author    = {Rogier {van Reekum}},
    year      = 2016,
    month     = 7,
    journal   = {Nations and Nationalism},
    publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
    volume    = 22,
    pages     = {561--580},
    doi       = {10.1111/nana.12154},
    issn      = 14698129,
    abstract  = {In place of a ‘tolerant no more’ narrative, this article proposes a different conception of nationalism's re-articulation in the Dutch context. The salience of nationhood in public and political life, particularly concerning issues of immigration, religion and diversity, is not reconstructed as a backlash against a purported multiculturalism. Instead, attention is given to a re-articulation of the very notion of nationhood. A long-term historical move away from characterology is assessed and applied in understanding the emergence of a national-identity discourse. This discourse not merely embellishes talk of Dutchness with new terms, but indicates – so the articles aim to demonstrate – a different conception of nationhood all together. Apart from what the nation is – about which very little disagreement took place – discussions formed about how Dutchness was imagined and to what extent people themselves were able to form a national image. The emergence of national-identity discourse is empirically reconstructed. Not only is it made clear how a logic of popularity begins to be reiterated across a variety of positionings, but public debate and dissensus acquire a new significance and performativity in the process.},
    issue     = 3,
    keywords  = {Dutchness,character,performativity,public debate,re-articulation}
}

@article{Slootman2019,
    title     = {Ethnic-minority climbers: evaluating “minority cultures of mobility” as a lens to study Dutch minority student organizations},
    author    = {Marieke Slootman},
    year      = 2019,
    month     = 4,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 42,
    pages     = {838--856},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2018.1467029},
    issn      = 14664356,
    abstract  = {The increasing discomfort with ethnic diversity in many countries is paralleled by the emergence of middle classes consisting of second-generation immigrants who articulate their minority identities. This calls for an enhanced understanding of the experiences and identifications of social climbers with minority backgrounds. In this article, I explore the relevance of the idea of a “minority culture of mobility” (MCM) as a lens to look at these processes of integration, using the case of Dutch student organizations with ethnic-minority signatures. Based on parallels with the literature, I conclude that the MCM is a useful framework, also for contexts outside the United States. At the same time, observed variations between ethnic groups and changes over time within the Dutch context lay down a research agenda in order to further refine the model.},
    issue     = 5,
    keywords  = {Ethnic minority,integration,middle class,organizations,second generation,social mobility}
}

@article{Siebers2019,
    title     = {Are education and nationalism a happy marriage? Ethno-nationalist disruptions of education in Dutch classrooms},
    author    = {Hans Siebers},
    year      = 2019,
    month     = 1,
    journal   = {British Journal of Sociology of Education},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 40,
    pages     = {33--49},
    doi       = {10.1080/01425692.2018.1480354},
    issn      = 14653346,
    abstract  = {Following Gellner, citizenship education has often been framed in terms of nationalism. This framing is supported by methodological nationalism that legitimizes nationalism as either functional (civic nationalism) or natural (ethnic nationalism). Based on a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data, this study of the dynamics in the classes of a Dutch faculty of social professions highlights the disruptive impact of nationalism on citizenship education, spilling over to other courses as well. Ethno-nationalist discourses in Dutch media and politics as well as in multiculturalism approaches used in citizenship education fuel conflicts between non-migrant students and students with a migration background that disrupt education. It is argued that in globalized settings like these classes, a more viable approach to citizenship education would take an institutional instead of communitarian perspective.},
    issue     = 1,
    keywords  = {Citizenship,civic nationalism,education,ethnic conflicts,ethnic nationalism,the Netherlands}
}

@article{Siebers2018,
    title     = {Does the superdiversity label stick? Configurations of ethnic diversity in Dutch class rooms},
    author    = {Hans Siebers},
    year      = 2018,
    month     = 11,
    journal   = {International Sociology},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
    volume    = 33,
    pages     = {674--691},
    doi       = {10.1177/0268580918792776},
    issn      = 14617242,
    abstract  = {Superdiversity has become a popular term to depict the societal impact of migration in Europe, but does its heuristic value justify its popularity? The term superdiversity seems to be important to many scholars, but is it relevant to the lived experiences and applicable to the reality of migrants and non-migrants in societal institutions like education? This article aims to assess this heuristic value by applying superdiversity’s connotations to findings of 125 interviews with students and teachers of a Dutch university of applied sciences. The two different configurations of diversity found, i.e. commonplace diversity and essentialist diversity, question superdiversity’s heuristic value. First, students do not experience diversity as something exciting or ‘super’ or positive, as superdiversity authors suggest. Their main concerns, i.e. to enjoy education and to construct their identities in line with institutional demands, are not covered by the notion of superdiversity. Second, key descriptive meanings associated with superdiversity do not make sense to these configurations of diversity, i.e. discarding the ethno-focal lens and expectations of more or new and multilayered complexity. Findings point to conviviality, creolization, ethnic boundaries and groupism, not to superdiversity.},
    issue     = 6,
    keywords  = {Commonplace diversity,education,ethnic boundaries,ethnicity,superdiversity}
}

@article{Siebers2017,
    title     = {What Turns Migrants into Ethnic Minorities at Work? Factors Erecting Ethnic Boundaries among Dutch Police Officers},
    author    = {Hans Siebers},
    year      = 2017,
    month     = 6,
    journal   = {Sociology},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
    volume    = 51,
    pages     = {608--625},
    doi       = {10.1177/0038038515598282},
    issn      = 14698684,
    abstract  = {Transnational migration flows have revitalised the interest in ethnicity in social sciences. The ethnic boundary approach (Barth, Wimmer) argues for a non-essentialist understanding of ethnicity and calls for detecting the factors that turn migrants into ethnic minorities. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among Dutch police officers between 2008 and 2013, this article presents three factors that together constitute a structural framework that produces events of ethnic boundary construction (salient ethnic identity plus ethnic closure) between migrant and non-migrant officers: (1) ethnicised precarity; (2) ethnic conflicts triggered by the ethnicising discourse in Dutch media and politics on migrants and migration; and (3) the quasi-therapeutic management style applied in the police organisation. It further calls for a differentiated understanding of migrants’ precarity, questions explanations of ethnic closure in terms of stereotypes and critically scrutinises socio-psychological approaches of ethnicity and diversity management.},
    issue     = 3,
    keywords  = {cultural fundamentalism,discrimination,diversity,ethnic boundaries,ethnic inequality,ethnicity,labour control,labour market,migrants,precarity}
}

@article{Runderkamp2022,
    title     = {Space invaders and norm-politicians: how the media represent the intersectional identities of Members of Parliament},
    author    = {Zahra Runderkamp and Daphne van der Pas and Anne Louise Schotel and Liza Mügge},
    year      = 2022,
    month     = 8,
    journal   = {European Political Science Review},
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
    pages     = {1--17},
    doi       = {10.1017/s1755773922000339},
    issn      = {1755-7739},
    abstract  = {How do the media describe the intersectional identities of elected politicians? Our study focuses on parliamentarians in the Netherlands who fall outside the prevailing norm in politics: women and female and male ethnic minorities. Drawing on 2,783 newspaper articles published between 1994 and 2012 and matched samples, we find that the media structurally emphasize the identities of all parliamentarians who are not white men. Women politicians are more often described in terms of gender, ethnic minorities in terms of ethnicity and Muslim politicians in terms of religion. Ethnic majority men, meanwhile, are most often described by their political ideology. We find that this works already for one minority identity, as well as multiple identities. By continuously highlighting the identities of politicians that diverge from the norm, the media, we argue, paint pictures of women and ethnic minority politicians as different and out of place.}
}

@article{Prinsen2015,
    title     = {Networked Identity: How Immigrant Youth Employ Online Identity Resources},
    author    = {Fleur Prinsen and Mariëtte de Haan and Kevin M. Leander},
    year      = 2015,
    month     = 2,
    journal   = {Young},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc.},
    volume    = 23,
    pages     = {19--38},
    doi       = {10.1177/1103308814557396},
    issn      = 17413222,
    abstract  = {In recent years, practices of online social networking and their implications for migrant youth identity development have been heavily debated. The nature of access to resources for identification is changing, and by using a social network perspective, this research conceptualizes identity as a networked phenomenon in which resources are understood as specific kinds of social formations: identity networks. Social network interviews were conducted with Dutch-Moroccan inner-city teenagers, probing their online and offline identity practices as related to their actual social networks. Social network analysis was applied, assuming that structural properties of networks affect behaviour; they can limit or shape, but do not fully determine the actions that individuals can engage in. By combining numeric, discursive and visual data, we aim to understand how structural and compositional aspects of networks are related to the ways in which youth create opportunities for identity development. Four network types, with associated (online) identity practices, are presented.},
    issue     = 1,
    keywords  = {identity development,migrant,online,resources,social networks}
}

@article{Prins2015,
    title    = {Exploring variation in the moroccan-dutch collective narrative: An intersectional approach},
    author   = {Jacomijne Prins and Francesca Polletta and Jacquelien van Stekelenburg and Bert Klandermans},
    year     = 2015,
    month    = 4,
    journal  = {Political Psychology},
    volume   = 36,
    pages    = {165--180},
    doi      = {10.1111/pops.12169},
    issn     = 14679221,
    abstract = {Collective identities are constructed and negotiated in interaction. The dynamics of collective identity construction in the interactions of group members, however, remain understudied. Taking into consideration public discourses of ethnicity and religion in the Netherlands, in this article we explore the uses of narrative in intragroup identity construction among Moroccan-Dutch young adults. In line with theories of intersectionality, we expected intragroup identity construction to be influenced by the specific location of participants in a matrix of intersecting identity categories. Narratives were elicited in focus groups that varied by gender and by the educational level of the participants. We compared the content and import of stories in each group. We found that participants across groups told similar stories in which they referred to the treatment of their group at a societal level. However, we also found that the intersection of ethnicity, gender, and level of educational attainment influenced the way our participants narrated their everyday experiences, and, in particular, their relations with native Dutch neighbors, fellow students, and coworkers. An intersectional analysis shows how, faced with negative stereotypes regarding their ethnic and religious background, Moroccan-Dutch young adults variously accept, reject, and act in relation to those stereotypes.},
    issue    = 2,
    keywords = {Collective narrative,Identity construction,Immigration and integration,Intersectionality}
}

@article{Rouvoet2017,
    title     = {Identification paradoxes and multiple belongings: The narratives of Italian migrants in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Marjo Rouvoet and Melanie Eijberts and Halleh Ghorashi},
    year      = 2017,
    journal   = {Social Inclusion},
    publisher = {Cogitatio Press},
    volume    = 5,
    pages     = {105--116},
    doi       = {10.17645/si.v5i1.779},
    issn      = 21832803,
    abstract  = {In a time identified by many as one of “multicultural backlash,” we can observe a growing negative discourse on the integration of migrants with Islamic backgrounds in most European countries. Criticisms are rooted in the assumptions that cultural and religious differences are the source of social problems and that these migrants are unwilling to integrate. The aim of this article is threefold. First, it criticizes the linear and simplistic assumptions of integration informing the present negative dominant discourse in the Netherlands. Second, it shows that sources of belonging are more layered than the often-assumed exclusive identification with national identity. Third, it broadens the scope of discussion on integration (which is now mainly fixated on Islamic migrants) by showing the somewhat similar experiences of Italian migrants on their path toward integration and belonging within the Dutch context. Through this study, we argue that the process of ethnic othering in the Netherlands is broader than the often-assumed cultural difference of non-Western migrants.},
    issue     = 1,
    keywords  = {Discourse,Identification,Integration,Migrants}
}

@article{Prins2013,
    title     = {Telling the Collective Story? Moroccan-Dutch Young Adults' Negotiation of a Collective Identity through Storytelling},
    author    = {Jacomijne Prins and Jacquelien van Stekelenburg and Francesca Polletta and Bert Klandermans},
    year      = 2013,
    month     = 3,
    journal   = {Qualitative Sociology},
    publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media, LLC},
    volume    = 36,
    pages     = {81--99},
    doi       = {10.1007/s11133-012-9241-5},
    issn      = 15737837,
    abstract  = {Researchers taking a social constructionist perspective on identity agree that identities are constructed and negotiated in interaction. However, empirical studies in this field are often based on interviewer-interviewee interaction or focus on interactions with members of a socially dominant out-group. How identities are negotiated in interaction with in-group members remains understudied. In this article we use a narrative approach to study identity negotiation among Moroccan-Dutch young adults, who constitute both an ethnic and a religious (Muslim) minority in the Netherlands. Our analysis focuses on the topics that appear in focus group participants' stories and on participants' responses to each other's stories. We find that Moroccan-Dutch young adults collectively narrate their experiences in Dutch society in terms of discrimination and injustice. Firmly grounded in media discourse and popular wisdom, a collective narrative of a disadvantaged minority identity emerges. However, we also find that this identity is not uncontested. We use the concept of second stories to explain how participants negotiate their collective identity by alternating stories in which the collective experience of deprivation is reaffirmed with stories in which challenging or new evaluations of the collective experience are offered. In particular, participants narrate their personal experiences to challenge recurring evaluations of discrimination and injustice. A new collective narrative emerges from this work of joint storytelling. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.},
    issue     = 1,
    keywords  = {Collective identity,Ethnicity,Minorities,Narrative,Negotiation}
}

@article{Polek2010,
    title    = {The role of attachment styles, perceived discrimination, and cultural distance in adjustment of German and Eastern European immigrants in the Netherlands},
    author   = {Elzbieta Polek and Joachim Wöhrle and Jan Pieter van Oudenhoven},
    year     = 2010,
    month    = 2,
    journal  = {Cross-Cultural Research},
    volume   = 44,
    pages    = {60--88},
    doi      = {10.1177/1069397109352779},
    issn     = 10693971,
    abstract = {This study investigates the relationships between attachment styles and psychological and sociocultural adjustment of European immigrants in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the role of the cultural distance between native and host cultures as it pertains to the adjustment of immigrants has been examined. The present results suggest that attachment styles are more related to the psychological adjustment of immigrants than to immigrants' sociocultural adjustment. A comparison of the adjustment of German and Eastern European immigrants show that Germans immigrants, whose culture of origin and language are more similar to the Dutch one, are psychologically and linguistically better adapted than Eastern Europeans. Also German immigrants report lower perceived discrimination than Eastern European immigrants. Surprisingly, however, German immigrants endorse less either their native or Dutch identities than Eastern European immigrants. Findings conclude with speculations about the historically rooted experience of group-guilt among Germans living in the Netherlands, as a possible explanation for their low identification with their native and Dutch cultures. © 2010 SAGE Publications.},
    issue    = 1,
    keywords = {Attachment styles,Cultural distance,European immigrants,Perceived discrimination,Psychological adjustment,Sociocultural adjustment}
}

@article{Polavieja2022,
    title     = {The boundary within: Are applicants of Southern European descent discriminated against in Northern European job markets?},
    author    = {Javier G Polavieja and Maricia Fischer-Souan},
    year      = 2022,
    month     = 8,
    journal   = {Socio-Economic Review},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
    doi       = {10.1093/ser/mwac047},
    issn      = {1475-1461},
    abstract  = {In the aftermath of the Euro debt crisis, negative stereotypes about Southern Europeans were (re)activated across Northern European countries. Because these stereotypes make explicit reference to productivity-relevant traits, they have the potential to influence employers’ hiring decisions. We draw on a sub-sample of the Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration and Markets discrimination study (GEMM) to investigate the responses of over 3500 firms based in Germany, the Netherlands and Norway to identical (fictitious) young applicants born to Greek, Spanish, Italian and native-born parents. Using French descendants as a placebo treatment and sub-Saharan African descendants as a benchmark treatment, we find severe levels of hiring discrimination against Southern European descendants in both Norway and the Netherlands, but not in Germany. Discrimination in Norway seems largely driven by employers’ preferences for applicants of native descent, while in the Netherlands discrimination seems specifically targeted against Greek and Spanish descendants. Dutch employers’ propensity to penalize these two groups seems driven by information deficits.}
}

@article{Otjes2021,
    title     = {Between “eradicate all false religion” and “love the stranger as yourself”: How immigration attitudes divide voters of religious parties},
    author    = {Simon Otjes},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = 3,
    journal   = {Politics and Religion},
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    volume    = 14,
    pages     = {106--131},
    doi       = {10.1017/S1755048319000518},
    issn      = 17550491,
    abstract  = {The literature on voting for Christian-democratic parties has emphasized that voters of these parties are still motivated by the old religious cleavages that led to the formation of these parties and that structured the vote for these parties for years. Their strong attachment to religious parties even immunized Christian voters from the temptation of the radical right. Yet what the role the new cultural dimension about immigration, civic integration, and identity plays in structuring the vote for religious parties is unclear. Are voters of religious parties immune to the effect of the party polarization of immigration? This paper shows that the policy positions of religious parties matter for what kind of voter votes for them. This paper shows the importance of immigration attitudes in voting for three different religious parties in the Netherlands by combining eight national election surveys between 1994 and 2017.},
    issue     = 1
}

@article{Mudde2012,
    title     = {Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America},
    author    = {Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser},
    year      = 2012,
    month     = 10,
    journal   = {Government and Opposition},
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    volume    = 48,
    pages     = {147--174},
    doi       = {10.1017/gov.2012.11},
    issn      = 14777053,
    abstract  = {Although there is a lively academic debate about contemporary populism in Europe and Latin America, almost no cross-regional research exists on this topic. This article aims to fill this gap by showing that a minimal and ideological definition of populism permits us to analyse current expressions of populism in both regions. Moreover, based on a comparison of four prototypical cases (FN/Le Pen and FPÖ/Haider in Europe and PSUV/Chávez and MAS/Morales in Latin America), we show that it is possible to identify two regional subtypes of populism: exclusionary populism in Europe and inclusionary populism in Latin America.},
    issue     = 2
}

@generic{Midden2018,
    title     = {Rethinking ‘Dutchness’: Learning from the intersections between religion, gender and national identity after conversion to Islam},
    author    = {Eva Midden},
    year      = 2018,
    month     = 12,
    journal   = {Social Compass},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
    volume    = 65,
    pages     = {684--700},
    doi       = {10.1177/0037768618800427},
    issn      = 14617404,
    abstract  = {This article aims to investigate the relationship between religion and national identity through the experiences of female converts to Islam. Gender is essential in this conjuncture, as many national, religious and secular markers are gendered and, most of the time, specifically focused on women and their bodily practices. Through a literature review and discussion of preliminary interview results, we will investigate how female converts negotiate their multiple belongings, especially regarding the relationship between religion and national identity. The focus is not on self-understanding of converts, but on in/exclusion of Muslims in European nations. The final aim is to explore options for more inclusive interpretations of ‘Dutchness’, in order to counter the idea that Islam and ‘Dutchness’ are not compatible.},
    issue     = 5,
    keywords  = {conversion,gender,national identity,religion,secularism}
}

@article{Meer2015,
    title     = {Examining ‘Postmulticultural’ and Civic Turns in the Netherlands, Britain, Germany, and Denmark},
    author    = {Nasar Meer and Per Mouritsen and Daniel Faas and Nynke de Witte},
    year      = 2015,
    month     = 5,
    journal   = {American Behavioral Scientist},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc.},
    volume    = 59,
    pages     = {702--726},
    doi       = {10.1177/0002764214566496},
    issn      = 15523381,
    abstract  = {There is a widely shared view that the appeal of multiculturalism as a public policy has suffered considerable political damage. In many European states the turn to “civic” measures and discourses has been deemed more suitable for the objectives of minority integration and the promotion of preferred modes of social and political unity. It is therefore said that the first decade of the new century has been characterized by a reorientation in immigrant integration policies—from liberal culturalist to the “return of assimilation” (Brubaker, 2001), on route to a broader “retreat from multiculturalism” (Joppke, 2004). In this article, we argue that such portrayals mask a tendency that is more complicated in some cases and much less evident in others. To elaborate this, we offer a detailed account of the inception and then alleged movement away from positions in favor of multiculturalism in two countries that have adopted different versions of it, namely the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and two countries that have historically rejected multiculturalism, namely Denmark and Germany. We argue that while there is undoubtedly a rhetorical separation between multiculturalism and civic integration, the latter is in some cases building on the former, and broadly needs to be understood as more than a retreat of multiculturalism. Taking seriously Banting and Kymlicka’s argument that understanding the evolution of integration requires the “the mind-set of an archaeologist,” we offer a policy genealogy that allows us to set the backlash against multiculturalism in context, in manner that explicates its provenance, permutations, and implications.},
    issue     = 6,
    keywords  = {Britain,Denmark,Germany,Netherlands,citizenship,civic integration,multiculturalism}
}

@article{Lubbers2016,
    title     = {Participation in national celebrations and commemorations: The role of socialization and nationalism in the Dutch context},
    author    = {Marcel Lubbers and Roza Meuleman},
    year      = 2016,
    month     = 1,
    journal   = {Social Science Research},
    publisher = {Academic Press Inc.},
    volume    = 55,
    pages     = {111--121},
    doi       = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.006},
    issn      = {0049089X},
    abstract  = {National celebrations and commemorations are believed to increase national cohesion. It is unknown however who participates in these activities. In this contribution, we address to what extent socialization by the parents and school, and integration into religious intermediary groups affect participation in national celebrations and commemorations. With the strong reference to the relevance of the nation in national days, we also hypothesize about the association between nationalist attitudes and national day participation. We chose the Netherlands as test case, with its institutionalized national days to remember war victims, to celebrate freedom and to celebrate the Monarchy. Relying on a national survey (LISS; N = 4559), our findings show that the transmission of parental behaviours is crucial for taking part in national celebrations and commemorative events. Schooling and integration in religious groups only affect specific forms of national celebrations and commemorations. In line with US based research on flagging the Stars and Stripes, we find that national day participation in this European country is affected by patriotic attitudes rather than by chauvinistic attitudes.},
    keywords  = {National celebrations and commemorations,Nationalism,Parental socialization,Participation},
    pmid      = 26680292
}

@article{Leszczensky2016,
    title     = {Disentangling the relation between young immigrants' host country identification and their friendships with natives},
    author    = {Lars Leszczensky and Tobias H. Stark and Andreas Flache and Anke Munniksma},
    year      = 2016,
    month     = 1,
    journal   = {Social Networks},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    volume    = 44,
    pages     = {179--189},
    doi       = {10.1016/j.socnet.2015.08.001},
    issn      = {03788733},
    abstract  = {Immigrants who strongly identify with the host country have more native friends than immigrants with weaker host country identification. However, the mechanisms underlying this correlation are not well understood. Immigrants with strong host country identification might have stronger preferences for native friends, or they might be more often chosen as friends by natives. In turn, having native friends or friends with strong host country identification might increase immigrants' host country identification. Using longitudinal network data of 18 Dutch school classes, we test these hypotheses with stochastic actor-oriented models. We find that immigrants' host country identification affects friendship selections of natives but not of immigrants. We find no evidence of social influence processes.},
    keywords  = {Adolescence,Dynamic social network analysis,Immigrants,Interethnic friendships,National identification,SIENA}
}

@article{KešićDuyvendak2016a,
    title     = {Anti-nationalist nationalism: the paradox of Dutch national identity},
    author    = {Josip Kešić and Duyvendak, Jan Willem},
    year      = 2016,
    month     = 7,
    journal   = {Nations and Nationalism},
    publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
    volume    = 22,
    pages     = {581--597},
    doi       = {10.1111/nana.12187},
    issn      = 14698129,
    abstract  = {Academic research on contemporary Dutch nationalism has mainly focused on its overt, xenophobic and chauvinist manifestations, which have become normalised since the early 2000s. As a result, less radical, more nuanced versions of Dutch nationalism have been overlooked. This article attempts to fill this gap by drawing attention to a peculiar self-image among Dutch progressive intellectuals we call anti-nationalist nationalism. Whereas this self-image has had a long history as banal nationalism, it has come to be employed more explicitly for political positioning in an intensified nationalist climate. By dissecting it into its three constitutive dimensions – constructivism, lightness and essentialism – we show how this image of Dutchness is evoked precisely through the simultaneous rejection of ‘bad’ and enactment of ‘good’ nationalism. More generally, this article provides a nuanced understanding of contemporary Dutch nationalism. It also challenges prevalent assumptions in nationalism studies by showing that post-modern anti-nationalism does not exclude but rather constitutes essentialist nationalism.},
    issue     = 3,
    keywords  = {Dutchness,anti-nationalism,progressive intellectuals,self-images,weak nationalism}
}

@article{RinnooyKanEtal2021,
    title     = {Learning from, through and about differences: A multiple case study on schools as practice grounds for citizenship},
    author    = {Willemijn F. Rinnooy Kan and Virginie März and Monique Volman and Anne Bert Dijkstra},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = 6,
    journal   = {Social Sciences},
    publisher = {MDPI AG},
    volume    = 10,
    doi       = {10.3390/socsci10060200},
    issn      = 20760760,
    abstract  = {Learning to relate to others that differ from you is one of the central aims of citizenship education. Schools can be understood as practice grounds for citizenship, where students’ citizenship is not only influenced by the formal curriculum, but also by their experiences in the context of teacher–student and student–student relations. In this article we therefore investigate how the practice of dealing with difference is enacted in schools. Data were collected through an exploratory multiple case study in four secondary schools, combining interviews and focus groups. Despite the differences between the schools in terms of population and location, in all schools the reflection on the enactment of ‘dealing with differences’ was limited in scope and depth. ‘Being different’ was understood primarily in terms of individual characteristics. Furthermore, in all schools there was limited reflection on being different in relation to teachers and the broader community. Finally, relevant differences for citizenship were confined to the category of ‘ethnic and cultural diversity’. This article calls for preparing teachers to consider a broader array of differences to practice dealing with differences with their students and to support students in reflecting on the societal implications of being different from each other.},
    issue     = 6,
    keywords  = {Citizenship education,Differentiation,Diversity,School as practice ground}
}

@generic{Huijbers2019,
    title     = {Pushing for Political and Legal Change: Protecting the Cultural Identity of Travellers in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Leonie M. Huijbers and Claire M.S. Loven},
    year      = 2019,
    month     = 12,
    journal   = {Journal of Human Rights Practice},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    volume    = 11,
    pages     = {508--529},
    doi       = {10.1093/jhuman/huz030},
    issn      = 17579627,
    abstract  = {On 12 July 2018, the central government of the Netherlands changed its approach relating to traveller camps in the Netherlands. This change constitutes a huge political shift, as the government had previously adopted a 'hands-off' and 'repressive-inclusion' strategy, which was especially known for its infamous 'phase-out policy' or 'extinction policy' of traveller camps. This has now been replaced by a fundamental rights-proof approach that facilitates the travellers' way of life. This article aims to uncover the various actions undertaken by international and national actors that seem to have contributed to the Dutch government's changed stance. It looks particularly at the role played by four national actors: The Netherlands Institute for Human Rights, the National Ombudsman, the Public Interest Litigation Project, and activist Roma, Sinti and travellers and their various interest groups. The article concludes that these actors' efforts to establish political and legal change were successful as they addressed the same issue from different vantage points and through different means. That is, they all focused on the issue of the incompatibility of the phase-out policy with fundamental rights standards and relied on a variety of means available to them (such as litigation, lobbying, reporting, raising international awareness, and ensuring media coverage). By drawing some general lessons from this case study, this article aims to contribute to the existing literature on mobilizing human rights. In particular, it focuses on the (legal) activities national actors can undertake to bring about political and legal change in order to enforce the compliance of national authorities with fundamental rights standards in both law and policy.},
    issue     = 3,
    keywords  = {Roma and travellers,cultural identity,mobilizing rights,strategic litigation and impact litigation,traveller camps policies in the Netherlands}
}

@article{Hass2018,
    title     = {The dutch inside the ‘moslima’ and the ‘moslima’ inside the dutch: Processing the religious experience of muslim women in the netherlands},
    author    = {Bat Sheva Hass and Hayden Lutek},
    year      = 2018,
    month     = 12,
    journal   = {Societies},
    publisher = {MDPI},
    volume    = 8,
    doi       = {10.3390/soc8040123},
    issn      = 20754698,
    abstract  = {This research focuses on Dutch Muslim women who chose to practice Islam, whether they were born Muslim (‘Newly Practicing Muslims’) or they chose to convert (‘New Muslims’). This study takes place in a context, the Netherlands, where Islam is popularly considered by the native Dutch population, as a religion oppressive to women. How do these Dutch Muslim women build their identity in a way that it is both Dutch and Muslim? Do they mix Dutch parameters in their Muslim identity, while at the same time, inter-splicing Islamic principles in their Dutch sense of self? This study is based on an ethnography conducted in the city of Amsterdam from September to October 2009, which combines insights taken from in-depth interviews with Dutch Muslim women, observations from Quranic and Religious classes, observations in a mosque, and one-time events occurring during the month of Ramadan. This paper argues that, in the context of being Dutch and Muslim, women express their agency, which is their ability to choose and act in social action: they push the limits of archetypal Dutch identity while simultaneously stretching the meaning of Islam to craft their own identity, one that is influenced by themes of immigration, belongingness, religious knowledge, higher education and gender.},
    issue     = 4,
    keywords  = {Agency,Culture,Dutch islam,Identity,Immigration,Islam,Politics of belonging,Religion in europe,Religious conversion,Women in conservative religions,Women in islam}
}

@report{Gowricharn2017,
    title    = {Shopping in Mumbai: transnational sociability from the Netherlands},
    author   = {Ruben Gowricharn},
    year     = 2017,
    journal  = {Global Networks},
    volume   = 17,
    pages    = {349--365},
    abstract = {In this article, I present the concept of sociability as a preferable alternative to current network theories. I apply Simmel's concept of sociability to the bonding that occurs among ethnic networks at both the community and global levels. I argue for the need to separate the sociability elements of enjoyment and pleasure in time and place. I focus on the diaspora tourism of Dutch Hindustanis to show that joy and pleasure occur both when shopping in India and when giving gifts in the Netherlands. Furthermore , I argue that gifts purchased in India create bonding within close ethnic circles. As a result, these gifts become part of the material culture of the group, contributing to a feeling of home, ethnic consciousness and transnational bonds. Finally, I suggest that this joy and pleasure can be repeated because many of these moments are recorded with video cameras and photographs. Through this analysis, I demonstrate that trans-national sociability, exemplified in diaspora tourism (specifically in shopping and gift giving), generates bonding both at the ethnic group and global level. I thus aim to add specificity to studies of transnational ethnic networks.},
    keywords = {GIFTS,MUMBAI,SHOPPING,SOCIABILITY,SOCIAL COHESION,TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS}
}

@article{Hameleers2020,
    title     = {To whom are “the people” opposed? Conceptualizing and measuring citizens’ populist attitudes as a multidimensional construct},
    author    = {Michael Hameleers and Claes H. de Vreese},
    year      = 2020,
    month     = 4,
    journal   = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 30,
    pages     = {255--274},
    doi       = {10.1080/17457289.2018.1532434},
    issn      = 17457297,
    abstract  = {Previous research has predominantly measured populist attitudes as a one-dimensional concept, tapping into the distinction between the ordinary people and the culprit elites. With growing differentiation of populist viewpoints across the globe, this unidimensional approach may not reflect the multifaceted reality of the people’s populism. Most importantly, albeit paramount in right-wing populist rhetoric, exclusionist perceptions of others threatening the monocultural nation of the people are typically not captured in one-dimensional conceptualizations. To assess more precisely how populist attitudes are structured, we collected original survey data (N = 809) among a representative sample of Dutch citizens. Using Multidimensional Scaling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, we propose a two-dimensional structure: anti-establishment and exclusionism. This study further demonstrates how salient these different populist attitudes are among which voters.},
    issue     = 2
}

@article{Ghorashi2017,
    title     = {Negotiating belonging beyond rootedness: Unsettling the sedentary bias in the Dutch culturalist discourse},
    author    = {Halleh Ghorashi},
    year      = 2017,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 40,
    pages     = {2426--2443},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2016.1248462},
    issn      = 14664356,
    abstract  = {In the era of late or “liquid modernity”, we can observe the re-emergence of solid categories in the form of nationalistic sentiments and cultural contrasts. The growing culturalist discourse in most European societies is an example of the reification of cultural difference. Within this discourse, it is posited that the most “natural” link for migrants is to their countries of origin. This discourse suggests that generations of migrants living inside the nation are constructed as not belonging to it. This “sedentary bias” produces dichotomies of rootedness in the places of origin and uprootedness in countries where generations of migrants presently live. When normalized, this positioning limits differentiated, multilayered, and multi-sited possibilities of belonging. By comparing two sets of empirical data on diverse women in the Netherlands, this article shows how the inclusion of interpretations and negotiations of everyday interactions can enable alternative forms of positioning and belonging.},
    issue     = 14,
    keywords  = {Agency,Culturalist discourse,Diversity,Home and belonging,Rooted positioning,Sedentary bias}
}

@article{Gieling2012,
    title    = {Dutch Adolescents' Tolerance of Practices by Muslim Actors: The Effect of Issue Framing},
    author   = {Maike Gieling and Jochem Thijs and Maykel Verkuyten},
    year     = 2012,
    month    = 9,
    journal  = {Youth and Society},
    volume   = 44,
    pages    = {348--365},
    doi      = {10.1177/0044118X11402366},
    issn     = {0044118X},
    abstract = {This research, conducted in the Netherlands, examines whether native adolescents' tolerance of practices by Muslim immigrants (e.g., the founding of Islamic schools) is affected by the type of considerations (e.g., educational freedom vs. integration of Muslims in Dutch society). Using an experimental questionnaire design (N = 970), the findings show that adolescents (13-17 years) became less tolerant when considerations against these practices were presented, whereas tolerance was not affected by considerations in favor of the practices. In addition, the level of tolerance of adolescents who strongly identified as Dutch was not affected by the different considerations, but lower identifiers were less tolerant when considerations against the practices were given. The effects of the different considerations did not differ for age and for educational level. The implications of this research for improving adolescent's tolerance of practices by Muslim actors are discussed. © The Author(s) 2012.},
    issue    = 3,
    keywords = {immigration,political behavior,quantitative methods,racial/ethnic identity}
}

@article{Rodenberg2016,
    title     = {Essentializing ‘Black Pete’: competing narratives surrounding the Sinterklaas tradition in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Jeroen Rodenberg and Pieter Wagenaar},
    year      = 2016,
    month     = 10,
    journal   = {International Journal of Heritage Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 22,
    pages     = {716--728},
    doi       = {10.1080/13527258.2016.1193039},
    issn      = 14703610,
    abstract  = {The Netherlands’ most important tradition, the celebration of the feast of Saint Nicholas, (Sinterklaas) has become subject to nation-wide contestation. As Dutch society has become more multicultural, partly due to the immigration from the former Dutch colonies in the West-Indies, new sensitivities have arisen about this institutionalised heritage practice. At the core of the controversy is the figure of Black Pete (Zwarte Piet), Saint Nicholas’ black-faced companion. Some communities within Dutch society perceive this figure as highly menacing and insulting. To the majority of the population, however, Zwarte Piet is an essential part of its heritage and identity. The ensuing controversy can be understood as a matter of heritage narratives conflicting. These narratives do not just give meaning to the tradition, but are also instrumentalized by actors in the debate to achieve their goals. They are used to justify or reject the appearance of Zwarte Piet, and to critically debate Dutch identity. In this article we reconstruct the Zwarte Piet narratives, and explain why these are so incommensurable. Naturally, we also pay attention to what is at stake for the activists on all sides.},
    issue     = 9,
    keywords  = {Sinterklaas,Zwarte Piet,contested heritage,cultural contestation,heritage narratives,the Netherlands}
}

@article{Jongkind1992,
    title    = {Ethnic identity, societal integration and migrants’ alienation: State policy and academic research in The Netherlands},
    author   = {Fred Jongkind},
    year     = 1992,
    month    = 7,
    journal  = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    volume   = 15,
    pages    = {365--380},
    doi      = {10.1080/01419870.1992.9993752},
    issn     = 14664356,
    abstract = {Dutch authorities, welfare and academic institutions have developed a positive orientation towards immigrants and refugees, trying to integrate them into Dutch society, while at the same time stimulating them to keep their own culture. Referring to comparable situations in Latin America, the author demonstrates how this orientation results in an ambivalent approach that, instead of contributing to the emancipation of the immigrants, tends rather to increase their feelings of alienation. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.},
    issue    = 3
}

@article{Essed&Trienekens2008,
    title    = {'Who wants to feel white?' Race, Dutch culture and contested identities},
    author   = {Philomena Essed and Sandra Trienekens},
    year     = 2008,
    month    = 1,
    journal  = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    volume   = 31,
    pages    = {52--72},
    doi      = {10.1080/01419870701538885},
    issn     = {01419870},
    abstract = {Is the concept of 'whiteness' applicable to the Netherlands (and - mainland Europe)? This article explores cultural expressions of white normativity and possible interpretations of the notion of whiteness as identity. For that purpose we combine two data sets: first white and/or Dutch normativity in political and public life and in the media are discussed, and, second, everyday experiences of racial and/or national identity among whites. The former includes MA theses on newspaper coverage of the Dutch multicultural society. The latter draws from student essays about the meaning of whiteness in their life histories. Dutch students avoid references to 'skin colour' and to 'whiteness' because of the 'racial' connotations. Inequalities are not denied but recognized and verbalized more readily in terms of ethnicity, citizenship, national identity or western superiority and civilization.},
    issue    = 1,
    keywords = {Citizenship,Dutch culture,National identity,Racism,The Netherlands,Whiteness}
}

@article{Ersoy2015,
    title     = {Antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior among Turkish white-collar employees in The Netherlands and Turkey},
    author    = {Nevra Cem Ersoy and Eva Derous and Marise Ph Born and Henk T. van der Molen},
    year      = 2015,
    month     = 11,
    journal   = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
    publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
    volume    = 49,
    pages     = {68--79},
    doi       = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.010},
    issn      = {01471767},
    abstract  = {This study examined antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (i.e., reward for application; religiosity beliefs and employees' relational identification with their supervisor) among Turkish white-collar employees in The Netherlands (n= 103) and Turkey (n= 147). OCB related positively to reward for application (both samples) but not to religiosity beliefs among Turkish employees in their home country (Turkey). As expected, relational identification with the supervisor was less strongly related to organizational citizenship behavior among Turkish white-collar employees in their host country (The Netherlands) compared to their home country (Turkey), especially when they resided longer in their host country. Giving increasing globalization and war for talent, findings are relevant to better understand effects of white-collar migrants' cultural background and acculturation patterns in work-related domains, like OCB.},
    keywords  = {Organizational citizenship behavior,Relational identification with the supervisor,Social axioms,The Netherlands,Turkey}
}

@inproceedings{Dowley2011,
    title    = {Support for Europe among Europe's ethnic, religious, and immigrant minorities},
    author   = {Kathleen M. Dowley and Brian D. Silver},
    year     = 2011,
    month    = 9,
    journal  = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
    volume   = 23,
    pages    = {315--337},
    doi      = {10.1093/ijpor/edq049},
    issn     = {09542892},
    abstract = {The defeat of the Reform treaty in the June 2008 Irish referendum, after the French and Dutch rejections of the Constitutional Treaty in 2005, made public support for European integration a central concern among those interested in the fate of the project. We examine the attitudes of individuals who belong to minority groups within EU countries toward European integration, relying on the 2006 European Social Survey in 21 countries. We find that minority populations, defined in terms of language, self-identification, religion, and immigrant status, are nearly universally more likely to favor further integration of Europe. Minority group members have come to see the EU as a potential ally in promoting their rights and welfare. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The World Association for Public Opinion Research. All rights reserved.},
    issue    = 3
}

@article{deWitKoopmans2005,
    title     = {The Integration of Ethnic Minorities into Political Culture: The Netherlands, Germany and Great Britain Compared},
    author    = {Thom Duyvené de Wit and Ruud Koopmans},
    year      = 2005,
    month     = 4,
    journal   = {Acta Politica},
    publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
    volume    = 40,
    pages     = {50--73},
    doi       = {10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500096},
    issn      = {0001-6810},
    abstract  = {This article investigates the political-cultural integration of ethnic minorities in the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom. We propose to build on the recent social movement literature that stresses institutional and discursive opportunities and constraints that challenger groups face in attempting to realize social change. The opportunity structure with regard to the political-cultural integration of ethnic minorities is determined by the definitions of national identity and citizenship in the countries under investigation. After a detailed description of both the individual (i.e. access to individual citizenship rights) and collective (i.e. group rights and obligations tied to the national concept of citizenship) dimensions of citizenship in each of the three countries, we conclude that the Dutch and British integration regimes can best be defined as individually civic and collectively pluralist while the German regime most resembles the individually ethnic and collectively monist model. We then proceed to establish the effect of this difference on the political claims by ethnic minorities by employing the method of political claims analysis. Our findings support the expectations that the Dutch and British models of citizenship render ethnic minorities' political claims more publicly visible, moderate their action repertoire and stimulate a focus on the politics of the country of settlement more than the German model. Furthermore, the identity of the claimants reflects the integration policies in all three countries. However, further investigation into the different nature of multicultural policies in the Netherlands and Britain suggests that there is a limit to the beneficial effects of cultural pluralism.},
    issue     = 1
}

@article{Damen2022,
    title     = {Socio-cultural starting positions among recently arrived Syrian refugees in the Netherlands: A latent class analysis},
    author    = {Roxy Damen and Willem Huijnk and Jaco Dagevos},
    year      = 2022,
    month     = 3,
    journal   = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
    publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
    volume    = 87,
    pages     = {72--84},
    doi       = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.01.009},
    issn      = {01471767},
    abstract  = {Although changes in socio-cultural positions appear to take place shortly after arrival, there is a growing concern on socio-cultural differences in receiving societies and it is widely recognized that socio-cultural positions are important for further participation and well-being, few scholars examined socio-cultural positions among recently arrived refugees in Europe. At the same time, not much is known about how these positions relate to pre-migration, migration and post-migration characteristics, while these could be key indicators of early acculturation. This study explores Syrian refugees’ socio-cultural starting positions by using a unique dataset including 3209 Syrian refugees in the Netherlands from which we develop a typology based on various indicators: Syrian's social contacts, emotional ties and cultural value orientation, both within and outside their origin group. A Latent Class Analysis showed that though Syrian refugees have been in the Netherlands shortly, they can be divided into three distinct socio-cultural types; the ‘origin secured’, ‘double bonds’ and ‘destination focused’ type. Latent class regression analysis provided insight into pre-migration, migration and post-migration indicators associated with Syrian's socio-cultural types. Having attended university before arrival, experiencing acceptance by receiving society members, being mentally stable and speaking Dutch indicated socio-cultural embedding (the ‘destination focused’ type). Syrians who were students in Syria, stayed in reception longer and participated in activities less and those who were not going to school in the Netherlands were more likely to belong to the ‘origin secured’ type.},
    keywords  = {Early acculturation,Inter-minority relations,Latent class regression analysis,Socio-cultural typology,Syrian refugees}
}

@article{Coopmans2015,
    title     = {To whom do national days matter? A comparison of national belonging across generations and ethnic groups in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Manja Coopmans and Marcel Lubbers and Roza Meuleman},
    year      = 2015,
    month     = 9,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 38,
    pages     = {2037--2054},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2015.1023822},
    issn      = 14664356,
    abstract  = {This paper studies to what extent participating in days for national commemoration and celebration is associated with feelings of national belonging, and to what extent this is comparable across generations and ethnic groups. Utilizing data from a national survey (N = 4,505), three major national days in the Netherlands are examined. We find that whereas participation in Queen's Day is associated with national belonging for all generations, for Remembrance Day this holds only for the generation born between 1945 and 1955, and for Liberation Day for the generations born after 1955. Moreover, for citizens with a non-Western origin, participating in national days is associated with national belonging more strongly than for citizens with a native Dutch or other Western background. These findings highlight the importance of paying attention to potential group differences in the association between participation in national days and feelings of national belonging.},
    issue     = 12,
    keywords  = {Netherlands,ethnic origin,generations,national belonging,national days,quantitative}
}

@article{Bonjour2013,
    title    = {Governing diversity: Dutch political parties' preferences on the role of the state in civic integration policies},
    author   = {Saskia Bonjour},
    year     = 2013,
    month    = 10,
    journal  = {Citizenship Studies},
    volume   = 17,
    pages    = {837--851},
    doi      = {10.1080/13621025.2013.834136},
    issn     = 13621025,
    abstract = {This article analyses political debates about civic integration policies in the Netherlands, so as to identify different conceptions of the role of the state in ensuring social cohesion by governing diversity. Drawing on the literature on party systems, it presents an analysis of political party positions on the role of the state in civic integration along two dimensions: economic distribution on the one hand, and sociocultural governance on the other hand. I find that while the large majority of Dutch political parties adopt authoritarian positions on the sociocultural axis in favour of state intervention to protect Dutch culture and identity, their positions diverge significantly on the classic economic Left-Right dimension. The most contentious issue in Dutch civic integration politics is whether the state, the market or individual migrants should be responsible for financing and organising courses. Thus, this article proposes an innovative model for analysing the politics of citizenship, which enables us to comprehend how citizenship policies are shaped not only by views on how identity and culture relate to social cohesion, but also by diverging perspectives on socio-economic justice. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.},
    issue    = {6-7},
    keywords = {civic integration,party politics,state,the Netherlands}
}

@article{Blokland2003,
    title    = {Ethnic complexity: Routes to discriminatory repertoires in an inner-city neighbourhood},
    author   = {Talja Blokland},
    year     = 2003,
    month    = 1,
    journal  = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    volume   = 26,
    pages    = {1--24},
    doi      = {10.1080/01419870022000025252},
    issn     = {01419870},
    abstract = {Research on interethnic relationships in urban neighbourhoods tends to focus on how the 'they' in a 'we/they' divide along ethnic lines is constructed. This article argues that such research often takes the 'we' for granted. The result is a slightly homogeneous picture of the native residents, as if they form one single group with an attitude towards migrants that can be explained en bloc. Dissecting an empirical complex picture of how native Dutch residents develop relationships with migrant neighbours, a case study of a Rotterdam neighbourhood is used to show that four routes to discriminatory vocabulary can be distinguished. By way of discussing these four routes, the article argues that the different theoretical perspectives should not be seen as an either/or choice, but that they need to be combined. In many accounts of racism and discrimination, the nuances within politically incorrect, discriminatory vocabulary are insufficiently stressed. These nuances, it is argued, relate to different sorts of conflict that need to be theorized.},
    issue    = 1
}

@article{Arends-TóthVandeVijver2004,
    title    = {Domains and dimensions in acculturation: Implicit theories of Turkish-Dutch},
    author   = {Judit Arends-Tóth and Fons J.R. van de Vijver},
    year     = 2004,
    month    = 2,
    journal  = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
    volume   = 28,
    pages    = {19--35},
    doi      = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2003.09.001},
    issn     = {01471767},
    abstract = {The present study aims to further our understanding of psychological acculturation by examining which current models of acculturation correspond most with implicit theories of Turkish-Dutch. Current theoretical models of acculturation differ in two aspects: dimensionality (unidimensional adaptation, a bidimensional combination of culture maintenance and adaptation, or a multidimensional fusion of two cultures) and domain specificity (trait or domain-specific models). Domain specificity of acculturation played a more central role in the implicit theories of Turkish-Dutch than typically assumed in current theoretical models. The unidimensional domain-specific model was most frequently employed. Turkish-Dutch emphasized the importance of both Dutch and Turkish culture in their lives (thereby supporting the popular notion of integration), but this importance varied across domains: Adjustment to Dutch culture was more emphasized in the public (functional, utilitarian) domain while maintenance of Turkish culture was more emphasized in the private (social-emotional, value-related) domain. This study documents the need to elaborate on domain specificity and on the meaning of integration in acculturation models. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
    issue    = 1,
    keywords = {Dimensionality models,Domain-specific models,Implicit theories,Psychological acculturation,Turkish-Dutch}
}

@article{Bertossi2011,
    title    = {National models of integration in europe: A comparative and critical analysis},
    author   = {Christophe Bertossi},
    year     = 2011,
    month    = 12,
    journal  = {American Behavioral Scientist},
    volume   = 55,
    pages    = {1561--1580},
    doi      = {10.1177/0002764211409560},
    issn     = {00027642},
    abstract = {The concept of models of immigrant integration (e.g., French assimilation, Dutch and British multiculturalism) has had a vibrant career in comparative research on Western Europe, accounting for and explaining many national differences. This concept, however, is problematic because it suffers from normative and theoretical misconceptions. Through a comparison of France, Britain, and the Netherlands, this article discusses key problems affecting the use of national integration models in the literature and proposes ways to overcome them. It argues that models should not be considered as homogeneous and stable cultural entities-and even less as independent variables-but as complex structures of reference on the basis of which a multiplicity of conceptions of identity, equality, and inclusion are developed by a wide range of social agents in each national context. © 2011 SAGE Publications.},
    issue    = 12,
    keywords = {citizenship,comparative sociology,immigrants,integration,national models}
}

@misc{PVV2021,
    title   = {Het gaat om u: Verkiezingsprogramma 2021 - 2025},
    author  = {PVV},
    year    = 2021,
    url     = {https://pvv.nl/images/09012020/verkiezingen2020/0acxyuew34z/VerkiezingsProgramma2021-Final.pdf},
    urldate = {2022-10-20}
}

@article{BrubakerCooper2000,
    title   = {Beyond ``identity''},
    author  = {Brubaker, Rogers and Cooper, Frederick},
    year    = 2000,
    month   = {Feb},
    day     = {01},
    journal = {Theory and Society},
    volume  = 29,
    number  = 1,
    pages   = {1--47},
    doi     = {10.1023/A:1007068714468},
    issn    = {1573-7853},
    url     = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007068714468}
}

@book{Anderson1983,
    title     = {Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism},
    author    = {Benedict Anderson},
    year      = 1983,
    publisher = {Verso}
}

@book{Marx2005,
    title     = {Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism},
    author    = {Anthony W. Marx},
    year      = 2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}

@article{Brubaker2009,
    title    = {Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism},
    author   = {Brubaker, Rogers},
    year     = 2009,
    journal  = {Annual Review of Sociology},
    volume   = 35,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {21--42},
    doi      = {10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115916},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115916},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115916},
    abstract = {This article traces the contours of a comparative, global, cross-disciplinary, and multiparadigmatic field that construes ethnicity, race, and nationhood as a single integrated family of forms of cultural understanding, social organization, and political contestation. It then reviews a set of diverse yet related efforts to study the way ethnicity, race, and nation work in social, cultural, and political life without treating ethnic groups, races, or nations as substantial entities, or even taking such groups as units of analysis at all.}
}

@article{BlokPedersen2014,
    title    = {Complementary social science? Quali-quantitative experiments in a Big Data world},
    author   = {Anders Blok and Morten Axel Pedersen},
    year     = 2014,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 1,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = 2053951714543908,
    doi      = {10.1177/2053951714543908},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714543908},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714543908},
    abstract = {The rise of Big Data in the social realm poses significant questions at the intersection of science, technology, and society, including in terms of how new large-scale social databases are currently changing the methods, epistemologies, and politics of social science. In this commentary, we address such epochal (“large-scale”) questions by way of a (situated) experiment: at the Danish Technical University in Copenhagen, an interdisciplinary group of computer scientists, physicists, economists, sociologists, and anthropologists (including the authors) is setting up a large-scale data infrastructure, meant to continually record the digital traces of social relations among an entire freshman class of students (N > 1000). At the same time, fieldwork is carried out on friendship (and other) relations amongst the same group of students. On this basis, the question we pose is the following: what kind of knowledge is obtained on this social micro-cosmos via the Big (computational, quantitative) and Small (embodied, qualitative) Data, respectively? How do the two relate? Invoking Bohr’s principle of complementarity as analogy, we hypothesize that social relations, as objects of knowledge, depend crucially on the type of measurement device deployed. At the same time, however, we also expect new interferences and polyphonies to arise at the intersection of Big and Small Data, provided that these are, so to speak, mixed with care. These questions, we stress, are important not only for the future of social science methods but also for the type of societal (self-)knowledge that may be expected from new large-scale social databases.}
}

@article{CarlsenRalund2022,
    title    = {Computational grounded theory revisited: From computer-led to computer-assisted text analysis},
    author   = {Hjalmar Bang Carlsen and Snorre Ralund},
    year     = 2022,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 9,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = 20539517221080146,
    doi      = {10.1177/20539517221080146},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221080146},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221080146},
    abstract = {The size and variation in both meaning-making and populations that characterize much contemporary text data demand research processes that support both discovery, interpretation and measurement. We assess one dominant strategy within the social sciences that takes a computer-led approach to text analysis. The approach is coined computational grounded theory. This strategy, we argue, relies on a set of unwarranted assumptions, namely, that unsupervised models return natural clusters of meaning, that the researcher can understand text with limited immersion and that indirect validation is sufficient for ensuring unbiased and precise measurement. In response to this criticism, we develop a framework that is computer assisted. We argue that our reformulation of computational grounded theory better aligns with the principles within grounded theory, anthropological theory generation and ethnography.}
}

@article{Nelson2020,
    title   = {Computational grounded theory: A methodological framework},
    author  = {Nelson, Laura K.},
    year    = 2020,
    journal = {Sociological Methods & Research},
    volume  = 1,
    number  = 49
}

@incollection{Finke2018,
    title     = {Identity in Anthropology},
    author    = {Finke, Peter and Sökefeld, Martin},
    year      = 2018,
    booktitle = {The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology},
    publisher = {American Cancer Society},
    pages     = {1--13},
    doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2142},
    isbn      = 9781118924396,
    url       = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2142},
    chapter   = {},
    eprint    = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2142},
    keywords  = {Alevis, cognition, ethnicity, gender, nationalism, self, Tajiks, Uzbeks},
    abstract  = {Identity is a key term in anthropology but it is also a contested one, dealing with the question of who we are in relation to others. It relates, on the one hand, to categories of the individual or sameness with oneself and, on the other, to collective distinctions of otherness. It is both a practice and a process of cognitive classification. It is fluid and transcends boundaries but, to a certain degree, has to be stable in order for others to identify one as theirs. Furthermore, it is at the same time a public discourse and an obvious phenomenon in the world and is thus an object of inquiry if not an analytical category. Most prominent among the many identity aspects we employ is probably the ethnic one, which hinges on a bundle of markers used to distinguish each other in presumed cultural terms, always embedded in power games that try to secure political support and loyalty.}
}

@article{IsfeldtEtal2022,
    title    = {Grøn Genstart: A quali-quantitative micro-history of a political idea in real-time},
    author   = {Annika SH Isfeldt and Thyge R Enggaard and Anders Blok and Morten A Pedersen},
    year     = 2022,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 9,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = 20539517211070300,
    doi      = {10.1177/20539517211070300},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211070300},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211070300},
    abstract = {In this study, we build on a recent social data scientific mapping of Danish environmentalist organizations and activists during the COVID-19 lockdown in order to sketch a distinct genre of digital social research that we dub a quali-quantitative micro-history of ideas in real-time. We define and exemplify this genre by tracing and tracking the single political idea and activist slogan of grøn genstart (‘green restart’) across Twitter and other public–political domains. Specifically, we achieve our micro-history through an iterative and mutual attuning between computational and netnographic registers and techniques, in ways that contribute to the nascent field of computational anthropology. By documenting the serial ways in and different steps through which our inquiry was continually fed and enhanced by crossing over from (n)ethnographic observation to computational exploration, and vice versa, we offer up our grøn genstart case account as exemplary of wider possibilities in this line of inquiry. In particular, we position the genre of micro-history of ideas in real-time within the increasingly wide and heterogeneous space of digital social research writ large, including its established concerns with ‘big and broad’ social data, the repurposing of computational ‘interface’ techniques for socio-cultural research, as well as diverse aspirations for deploying digital data within novel combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods.}
}

@incollection{Tošić2012,
    title     = {Migration, Identity, and Belonging: Anthropological Perspectives on a Multidisciplinary Field of Research},
    author    = {Tošić, Jelena},
    year      = 2012,
    booktitle = {Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
    publisher = {Springer Vienna},
    address   = {Vienna},
    pages     = {113--116},
    doi       = {10.1007/978-3-7091-0950-2_10},
    isbn      = {978-3-7091-0950-2},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0950-2_10},
    editor    = {Messer, Michi and Schroeder, Renee and Wodak, Ruth},
    abstract  = {This chapter draws on papers presented at an interdisciplinary conference on migration, each of which showcases a thematic approach to this complex phenomenon favoured in social and cultural anthropology. From an anthropological perspective, the papers of this chapter address the dynamics of migration, identity and belonging. The theme of the panel migration, identity and belonging was intentionally framed in a broad way. This allowed for anthropological contributions to the interdisciplinary field of migration studies to be discussed via aspects of migration processes that anthropologists regularly attend to.}
}

@article{Stolcke1995,
    title     = {Talking Culture: New Boundaries, New Rhetorics of Exclusion in Europe},
    author    = {Verena Stolcke},
    year      = 1995,
    journal   = {Current Anthropology},
    publisher = {[University of Chicago Press, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research]},
    volume    = 36,
    number    = 1,
    pages     = {1--24},
    issn      = {00113204, 15375382},
    url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2744220},
    urldate   = {2022-10-27}
}

@misc{APA2022a,
    title   = {APA Dictionary of Psychology: Identity},
    author  = {American Psychological Association},
    year    = 2022,
    url     = {https://dictionary.apa.org/identity},
    urldate = {2022-10-27}
}

@misc{APA2022b,
    title   = {APA Dictionary of Psychology: Personality},
    author  = {American Psychological Association},
    year    = 2022,
    url     = {https://dictionary.apa.org/personality},
    urldate = {2023-10-13}
}

@book{Giddens1987,
    title     = {Social Theory and Modern Sociology},
    author    = {Anthony Giddens},
    year      = 1987,
    publisher = {Polity Press}
}

@article{Yuval-Davis2006,
    title     = {Belonging and the politics of belonging},
    author    = {Nira Yuval-Davis},
    year      = 2006,
    journal   = {Patterns of Prejudice},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 40,
    number    = 3,
    pages     = {197--214},
    doi       = {10.1080/00313220600769331},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220600769331},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220600769331}
}

@article{vanMeijl2008,
    title   = {Culture and identity in anthropology: Reflections on 'Unity' and 'Uncertainty' in the Dialogical Self},
    author  = {Toon {van Meijl}},
    year    = 2008,
    journal = {International Journal for Dialogical Science},
    volume  = 3,
    number  = 1
}

@article{Nelson2021,
    title    = {Leveraging the alignment between machine learning and intersectionality: Using word embeddings to measure intersectional experiences of the nineteenth century U.S. South},
    author   = {Nelson, Laura K.},
    year     = 2021,
    journal  = {Poetics},
    volume   = 88,
    pages    = 101539,
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101539},
    issn     = {0304-422X},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X21000115},
    note     = {Measure Mohr Culture},
    keywords = {Intersectionality, Epistemology, Machine learning, Word embeddings, U.S history, History of slavery},
    abstract = {Machine learning is a rapidly growing research paradigm. Despite its foundationally inductive mathematical assumptions, machine learning is currently developing alongside traditionally deductive inferential statistics but largely orthogonally to inductive, qualitative, cultural, and intersectional research—to its detriment. I argue that we can better realize the full potential of machine learning by leveraging the epistemological alignment between machine learning and inductive research. I empirically demonstrate this alignment through a word embedding model of first-person narratives of the nineteenth-century U.S. South. Situating social categories in relation to social institutions via an inductive computational analysis, I find that the cultural and economic spheres discursively distinguished by race in these narratives, the domestic sphere distinguished by gender, and Black men were afforded more discursive authority compared to white women. Even in a corpus over-representing abolitionist sentiment, I find white identities were afforded a status via culture not allowed Black identities.}
}

@article{NelsonEtal2018,
    title    = {The Future of Coding: A Comparison of Hand-Coding and Three Types of Computer-Assisted Text Analysis Methods},
    author   = {Nelson, Laura K. and Derek Burk and Marcel Knudsen and Leslie McCall},
    year     = 2021,
    journal  = {Sociological Methods \& Research},
    volume   = 50,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {202--237},
    doi      = {10.1177/0049124118769114},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118769114},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118769114},
    abstract = {Advances in computer science and computational linguistics have yielded new, and faster, computational approaches to structuring and analyzing textual data. These approaches perform well on tasks like information extraction, but their ability to identify complex, socially constructed, and unsettled theoretical concepts—a central goal of sociological content analysis—has not been tested. To fill this gap, we compare the results produced by three common computer-assisted approaches—dictionary, supervised machine learning (SML), and unsupervised machine learning—to those produced through a rigorous hand-coding analysis of inequality in the news (N = 1,253 articles). Although we find that SML methods perform best in replicating hand-coded results, we document and clarify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, including how they can complement one another. We argue that content analysts in the social sciences would do well to keep all these approaches in their toolkit, deploying them purposefully according to the task at hand.}
}

@book{GlaserStrauss1967,
    title     = {The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research},
    author    = {Glaser, B., & Strauss, A.},
    year      = 1967,
    publisher = {Aldine}
}

@article{Curran2013,
    title    = {Big Data or 'Big Ethnographic Data'? Positioning Big Data within the ethnographic space},
    author   = {John Curran},
    year     = 2013,
    journal  = {Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings},
    volume   = 2013,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {62--73},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2013.00006.x},
    url      = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2013.00006.x},
    eprint   = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2013.00006.x},
    abstract = {This paper offers a cultural analysis of the different narratives that currently frame the concept of Big Data. With specific attention to how the ethnographic community has approached Big Data, I will make the point that the ethnographic community needs to rethink what its offer is within the business world. Instead of trying to position ethnography as a discipline that provides deep insights to human behaviour (which we often call ‘the why’), while Big Data offers broad accounts based on large data collection, I make the case that both approaches should be seen as being positioned within an ethnographic space. This is because both ethnography and Big Data are interested in human behaviour and the cultural field and both are interested in generating insights. We should therefore situate Big Data and ethnography as a relationship that exists in a new epistemological field, a field that is both interpretative and data driven. This field I call ‘Big Ethnographic Data.}
}

@incollection{Seaver2014,
    title     = {Bastard Algebra},
    author    = {Nick Seaver},
    year      = 2014,
    publisher = {Prickly Paradigm Press},
    pages     = {27--45},
    editor    = {Tom Boellstorff and Bill Maurer}
}

@misc{FVD2022,
    title   = {Aanpakken immigratie},
    author  = {{Forum voor Democratie}},
    year    = 2022,
    url     = {https://fvd.nl/standpunten/aanpakken-immigratie},
    urldate = {2022-11-02}
}

@article{Wiedemann2019,
    title    = {Proportional Classification Revisited: Automatic Content Analysis of Political Manifestos Using Active Learning},
    author   = {Gregor Wiedemann},
    year     = 2019,
    journal  = {Social Science Computer Review},
    volume   = 37,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = {135--159},
    doi      = {10.1177/0894439318758389},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318758389},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318758389},
    abstract = {Supervised machine learning is a promising methodological innovation for content analysis (CA) to approach the challenge of ever-growing amounts of text in the digital era. Social scientists have pointed to accurate measurement of category proportions and trends in large collections as their primary goal. Proportional classification, for example, allows for time-series analysis of diachronic data sets or correlation of categories with text-external covariates. We evaluate the performance of two common approaches for this goal: a method based on regression analysis with feature profiles from entire collections and a method aggregating classifier decisions for individual documents. For both, we observed a significant negative effect on classification performance due to the uneven distribution of characteristic language structures within the text collection. For proportional classification, this poses considerable problems. To fix this problem, we propose a workflow of active learning, which alternates between machine learning and human coding. Results from experiments with empirical data (political manifestos) demonstrate that active learning enables researchers to create training sets for automatic CA efficiently, reliably, and with high accuracy for the desired goal while retaining control over the automatic process.}
}

@article{MichelEtal2011,
    title    = {Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books},
    author   = {Jean-Baptiste Michel  and Yuan Kui Shen  and Aviva Presser Aiden  and Adrian Veres  and Matthew K. Gray  and null null  and Joseph P. Pickett  and Dale Hoiberg  and Dan Clancy  and Peter Norvig  and Jon Orwant  and Steven Pinker  and Martin A. Nowak  and Erez Lieberman Aiden},
    year     = 2011,
    journal  = {Science},
    volume   = 331,
    number   = 6014,
    pages    = {176--182},
    doi      = {10.1126/science.1199644},
    url      = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1199644},
    eprint   = {https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1199644},
    abstract = {Linguistic and cultural changes are revealed through the analyses of words appearing in books. We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4\% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of ‘culturomics,’ focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities.}
}

@article{Boag2011,
    title     = {Explanation in personality psychology: “Verbal magic” and the five-factor model},
    author    = {Simon Boag},
    year      = 2011,
    journal   = {Philosophical Psychology},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 24,
    number    = 2,
    pages     = {223--243},
    doi       = {10.1080/09515089.2010.548319},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2010.548319},
    note      = {PMID: 25431525},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2010.548319}
}

@article{Block1995,
    title    = {A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description},
    author   = {Block, J},
    year     = 1995,
    month    = mar,
    journal  = {Psychol Bull},
    address  = {United States},
    volume   = 117,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = {187--215},
    language = {en}
}

@article{Lamiell2000,
    title     = {A periodic table of personality elements? The "Big Five" and trait "psychology" in critical perspective.},
    author    = {Lamiell, James T.},
    year      = 2000,
    journal   = {Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology},
    publisher = {Division 24 of the American Psychological Association, the Division of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology},
    address   = {US},
    volume    = 20,
    pages     = {1--24},
    doi       = {10.1037/h0091211},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1037/h0091211},
    keywords  = {*Five Factor Personality Model; *Neuroticism; Agreeableness; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Openmindedness},
    abstract  = {Within contemporary personality psychology there is widespread consensus that, at long last, the basic elements of "the" human personality have been empirically discovered, and that the systematic search for the underlying causes and consequences of personality differences can be pursued on this basis. The putatively basic trait dimensions are neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and are referred to collectively as "the Big Five." In the present article, this perspective on the psychology of personality is examined critically and found wanting. It is argued that neither the "Big Five" framework in particular nor trait "psychology" more generally is adequate as the basis for a scientific psychology of the human person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@article{BreslinEtal2022,
    title    = {“Affective Publics”: Performing Trust on Danish Twitter during the COVID-19 Lockdown},
    author   = {Breslin, Samantha and Blok, Anders and Enggaard, Thyge Ryom and G\r{a}rdhus, Tobias and Pedersen, Morten Axel},
    year     = 2022,
    journal  = {Current Anthropology},
    volume   = 63,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = {211--218},
    doi      = {10.1086/719645},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1086/719645},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1086/719645},
    abstract = {In Denmark, as with elsewhere in the world, Twitter has emerged as an important arena of public discussion on issues relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the handling of the crisis by state authorities and health institutions. On the basis of approximately 140,000 tweets from the period between February 24 and April 28, 2020, harvested from Danish Twitter, this report explores how tweeting about mis/trust on this digital platform can be understood as a kind of biopolitical nationalism. Combining computational and qualitative methods, we identify shifting performances of mis/trust and other affects on Danish Twitter and suggest that this “affective public” plays a key role in the public response to the coronavirus crisis.}
}

@article{HirschbergManning2015,
    title    = {Advances in natural language processing},
    author   = {Julia Hirschberg  and Christopher D. Manning},
    year     = 2015,
    journal  = {Science},
    volume   = 349,
    number   = 6245,
    pages    = {261--266},
    doi      = {10.1126/science.aaa8685},
    url      = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aaa8685},
    eprint   = {https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.aaa8685},
    abstract = {Natural language processing employs computational techniques for the purpose of learning, understanding, and producing human language content. Early computational approaches to language research focused on automating the analysis of the linguistic structure of language and developing basic technologies such as machine translation, speech recognition, and speech synthesis. Today’s researchers refine and make use of such tools in real-world applications, creating spoken dialogue systems and speech-to-speech translation engines, mining social media for information about health or finance, and identifying sentiment and emotion toward products and services. We describe successes and challenges in this rapidly advancing area.}
}

@article{MoatsSeaver2019,
    title    = {“You Social Scientists Love Mind Games”: Experimenting in the “divide” between data science and critical algorithm studies},
    author   = {David Moats and Nick Seaver},
    year     = 2019,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 6,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = 2053951719833404,
    doi      = {10.1177/2053951719833404},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719833404},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719833404},
    abstract = {In recent years, many qualitative sociologists, anthropologists, and social theorists have critiqued the use of algorithms and other automated processes involved in data science on both epistemological and political grounds. Yet, it has proven difficult to bring these important insights into the practice of data science itself. We suggest that part of this problem has to do with under-examined or unacknowledged assumptions about the relationship between the two fields—ideas about how data science and its critics can and should relate. Inspired by recent work in Science and Technology Studies on interventions, we attempted to stage an encounter in which practicing data scientists were asked to analyze a corpus of critical social science literature about their work, using tools of textual analysis such as co-word and topic modelling. The idea was to provoke discussion both about the content of these texts and the possible limits of such analyses. In this commentary, we reflect on the planning stages of the experiment and how responses to the exercise, from both data scientists and qualitative social scientists, revealed some of the tensions and interactions between the normative positions of the different fields. We argue for further studies which can help us understand what these interdisciplinary tensions turn on—which do not paper over them but also do not take them as given.}
}

@article{Versteeg2012,
    title   = {The discovery of Dutch identity: A critical exploration},
    author  = {Peter Versteeg},
    year    = 2012,
    journal = {Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif},
    volume  = 53,
    number  = {}
}

@incollection{TonkensDuyvendak2016,
    title     = {Introduction: The Culturalization of Citizenship},
    author    = {Evelien Tonkens and Duyvendak, Jan Willem},
    year      = 2016,
    booktitle = {The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    pages     = {1--20},
    editor    = {Duyvendak, Jan Willem and Peter Geschiere and Evelien Tonkens}
}

@incollection{vanReekum2016b,
    title     = {Out of Character: Dutchness as a Public Problem},
    author    = {Rogier {van Reekum}},
    year      = 2016,
    booktitle = {The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    pages     = {23--48},
    editor    = {Duyvendak, Jan Willem and Peter Geschiere and Evelien Tonkens}
}

@incollection{KešićDuyvendak2016b,
    title     = {Nationalism Without Nationalism? Dutch Self-Images Among the Progressive Left},
    author    = {Kešić, Josip and Duyvendak, Jan Willem},
    year      = 2016,
    booktitle = {The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    pages     = {49--72},
    editor    = {Duyvendak, Jan Willem and Peter Geschiere and Evelien Tonkens}
}

@incollection{Mepschen2016,
    title     = {The Culturalization of Everyday Life: Autochthony in Amsterdam New West},
    author    = {Paul Mepschen},
    year      = 2016,
    booktitle = {The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    pages     = {74--96},
    editor    = {Duyvendak, Jan Willem and Peter Geschiere and Evelien Tonkens}
}

@book{Pels2005,
    title     = {Een zwak voor Nederland: Ideeën voor een nieuwe politiek},
    author    = {Dick Pels},
    year      = 2005,
    publisher = {Anthos}
}

@article{AlbrisEtal2021,
    title    = {A view from anthropology: Should anthropologists fear the data  machines?},
    author   = {Kristoffer Albris and Eva I Otto and Sofie L Astrupgaard and Emilie Munch Gregersen and Laura Skousgaard Jørgensen and Olivia Jørgensen and Clara Rosa Sandbye and Signe Schønning},
    year     = 2021,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 8,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = 20539517211043655,
    doi      = {10.1177/20539517211043655},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211043655},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211043655},
    abstract = {If you are an anthropologist wanting to use digital methods or programming as part of your research, where do you start? In this commentary, we discuss three ways in which anthropologists can use computational tools to enhance, support, and complement ethnographic methods. By presenting our reflections, we hope to contribute to the stirring conversations about the potential future role(s) of (social) data science vis-a-vis anthropology and ethnography, and to inspire other anthropologists to take up the use of digital methods, programming, and computational tools in their own research.}
}

@article{deKoningEtal2015,
    title     = {Citizenship agendas in and beyond the nation-state: (en)countering framings of the good citizen},
    author    = {Anouk de Koning and Rivke Jaffe and Martijn Koster},
    year      = 2015,
    journal   = {Citizenship Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 19,
    number    = 2,
    pages     = {121--127},
    doi       = {10.1080/13621025.2015.1005940},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2015.1005940},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2015.1005940}
}

@misc{NOS2023a,
    title   = {Racistische teksten op Erasmusbrug tijdens aftelmoment},
    author  = {NOS},
    year    = 2023,
    url     = {https://nos.nl/artikel/2458357-racistische-teksten-op-erasmusbrug-tijdens-aftelmoment},
    urldate = {2023-01-23}
}

@misc{NOS2023b,
    title   = {Twee verdachten aangehouden voor projecteren discriminerende leuzen},
    author  = {NOS},
    year    = 2023,
    url     = {https://nos.nl/artikel/2465091-twee-verdachten-aangehouden-voor-projecteren-discriminerende-leuzen},
    urldate = {2023-03-31}
}

@misc{Hearst2003,
    title   = {What Is Text Mining?},
    author  = {Marti Heart},
    year    = 2003,
    url     = {https://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hearst/text-mining.html},
    urldate = {2023-01-23}
}

@article{Ford2014,
    title    = {Big Data and Small: Collaborations between ethnographers and data scientists},
    author   = {Heather Ford},
    year     = 2014,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 1,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = 2053951714544337,
    doi      = {10.1177/2053951714544337},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714544337},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714544337},
    abstract = {In the past three years, Heather Ford—an ethnographer and now a PhD student—has worked on ad hoc collaborative projects around Wikipedia sources with two data scientists from Minnesota, Dave Musicant and Shilad Sen. In this essay, she talks about how the three met, how they worked together, and what they gained from the experience. Three themes became apparent through their collaboration: that data scientists and ethnographers have much in common, that their skills are complementary, and that discovering the data together rather than compartmentalizing research activities was key to their success.}
}

@article{boydCrawford2012,
    title     = {Critical Questions for Big Data},
    author    = {danah   boyd  and  Kate   Crawford},
    year      = 2012,
    journal   = {Information, Communication \& Society},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 15,
    number    = 5,
    pages     = {662--679},
    doi       = {10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878}
}

@article{Seaver2015,
    title    = {The nice thing about context is that everyone has it},
    author   = {Nick Seaver},
    year     = 2015,
    journal  = {Media, Culture \& Society},
    volume   = 37,
    number   = 7,
    pages    = {1101--1109},
    doi      = {10.1177/0163443715594102},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715594102},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715594102},
    abstract = {In their ‘Critical Questions for Big Data’, danah boyd and Kate Crawford warn: ‘Taken out of context, Big Data loses its meaning’. In this short commentary, I contextualize this claim about context. The idea that context is crucial to meaning is shared across a wide range of disciplines, including the field of ‘context-aware’ recommender systems. These personalization systems attempt to take a user’s context into account in order to make better, more useful, more meaningful recommendations. How are we to square boyd and Crawford’s warning with the growth of big data applications that are centrally concerned with something they call ‘context’? I suggest that the importance of context is uncontroversial; the controversy lies in determining what context is. Drawing on the work of cultural and linguistic anthropologists, I argue that context is constructed by the methods used to apprehend it. For the developers of ‘context-aware’ recommender systems, context is typically operationalized as a set of sensor readings associated with a user’s activity. For critics like boyd and Crawford, context is that unquantified remainder that haunts mathematical models, making numbers that appear to be identical actually different from each other. These understandings of context seem to be incompatible, and their variability points to the importance of identifying and studying ‘context cultures’–ways of producing context that vary in goals and techniques, but which agree that context is key to data’s significance. To do otherwise would be to take these contextualizations out of context.}
}

@book{BeuvingdeVries2015,
    title     = {Doing Qualitative Research: The Craft of Naturalistic Inquiry},
    author    = {Joost Beuving and Geert de Vries},
    year      = 2015,
    publisher = {Amsterdam University Press},
    isbn      = 9789089647658,
    url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130h8g7},
    urldate   = {2023-01-23},
    abstract  = {Naturalistic inquiry is about studying people in everyday circumstances using ordinary means. It strives to blend in-respecting people in their daily lives, taking their actions and experiences seriously while not interfering-in order to come to theoretical understanding. This textbook offers guidance, combining thoughtful reflection with practical tips. It is written for undergraduate and graduate students in social science; for practitioners in social work, healthcare, policy advice, and organizational consultancy; and for all who have a genuine interest in society and its members.}
}

@book{Kozinetz2010,
    title     = {Netnography. Doing Research Online.},
    author    = {Kozinets, R.},
    year      = 2010,
    publisher = {Sage}
}

@article{Reyes2018,
    title    = {Three models of transparency in ethnographic research: Naming places, naming people, and sharing data},
    author   = {Victoria Reyes},
    year     = 2018,
    journal  = {Ethnography},
    volume   = 19,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = {204--226},
    doi      = {10.1177/1466138117733754},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138117733754},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138117733754},
    abstract = {Ethnographic research consists of multiple methodological approaches, including short- and/or long-term participant observation, interviews, photographs, videos, and group field work, to name a few. Yet, it is commonly practiced as a solitary endeavor and primary data is not often subject to scholarly scrutiny. In this paper, I suggest a model in which to understand the different ways in which ethnographies can be transparent – naming places, naming people, and sharing data – and the varied decisions ethnographers have made with regard to them: whether to name a region, city or specific neighborhood, name primary participants or public officials, and to share interview guides, transcripts, or different kinds of field notes. In doing so, this paper highlights how decisions regarding transparency are part of an ethnographer’s methodological toolkit, and should be made on a case-by-case basis depending on the who, what, where, when and why of our research.}
}

@book{Kaplan1964,
    title     = {The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioural Science.},
    author    = {Kaplan, A.},
    year      = 1964,
    publisher = {Transaction Publishers}
}

@article{Bjerre-NielsenGlavind2022,
    title    = {Ethnographic data in the age of big data: How to compare and combine},
    author   = {Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen and Kristoffer Lind Glavind},
    year     = 2022,
    journal  = {Big Data \& Society},
    volume   = 9,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = 20539517211069893,
    doi      = {10.1177/20539517211069893},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211069893},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211069893},
    abstract = {Big data enables researchers to closely follow the behavior of large groups of individuals by using high-frequency digital traces. However, these digital traces often lack context, and it is not always clear what is measured. In contrast, data from ethnographic fieldwork follows a limited number of individuals but can provide the context often lacking from big data. Yet, there is an under-explored potential in combining ethnographic data with big data and other digital data sources. This paper presents ways that quantitative research designs can combine big data and ethnographic data and account for the synergies that such combinations can provide. We highlight the differences and similarities between ethnographic data and big data, focusing on the three dimensions: individuals, depth of information, and time. We outline how ethnographic data can validate big data by providing a “ground truth” and complement it by giving a “thick description.” Further, we lay out ways that analysis carried out using big data could benefit from collaboration with ethnographers, and we discuss the potential within the fields of machine learning and causal inference.}
}

@article{vanReekumDuyvendak2012,
    title     = {Running from our shadows: the performative impact of policy diagnoses in Dutch debates on immigrant integration},
    author    = {Rogier   van Reekum  and  Jan   Willem   Duyvendak},
    year      = 2012,
    journal   = {Patterns of Prejudice},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 46,
    number    = 5,
    pages     = {445--466},
    doi       = {10.1080/0031322X.2012.718164},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2012.718164},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2012.718164}
}

@article{vanReekumvandenBerg2015,
    title    = {Performing dialogical Dutchness: negotiating a national imaginary in parenting guidance},
    author   = {van Reekum, Rogier and {van den Berg}, Marguerite},
    year     = 2015,
    journal  = {Nations and Nationalism},
    volume   = 21,
    number   = 4,
    pages    = {741--760},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12101},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nana.12101},
    keywords = {Dutchness, imaginary, interpellation, parenting guidance, policy ethnography},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nana.12101},
    abstract = {Abstract In contemporary Europe, national identities are fiercely contested and governments have sought ways to strengthen national identification. Notwithstanding this European pattern, government policies are implemented differently and belonging to the nation comes to involve different images and enactments across contexts. In the Netherlands, especially, belonging to the nation is at stake in many high-profile public and political struggles. In this context, a pervasive public imaginary we call ‘dialogical Dutchness’ represents the Dutch as distinctly anti-nationalist and open to difference. This raises the question whether national boundaries actually become traversable in view of such a national imaginary. How does one become a Dutch subject if Dutchness entails not being nationalist? Through the analysis of a Dutch social policy practice – state-provided parenting courses – we show how dialogical Dutchness is negotiated and transformed in actual enactments of national difference and belonging. Although dialogical Dutchness foregrounds openness to difference and valorises discussion, it comes to perpetuate and substantiate boundaries between those who belong to the nation and those whose belonging is still in question.}
}

@incollection{Hondius2009,
    title     = {Race and the Dutch: on the uneasiness surrounding racial issues in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Hondius, D.},
    year      = 2009,
    booktitle = {Paradoxes of Cultural Recognition: Perspectives from Northern Europe},
    publisher = {Ashgate},
    editor    = {S. Alghasi and T. H. Erickson and H. Ghorashi}
}

@book{Chorus1964,
    title     = {De Nederlander uiterlijk en innerlijk},
    author    = {Chorus, A.},
    year      = 1964,
    publisher = {A.W. Sijthoff}
}

@book{Couwenberg1981,
    title     = {De Nederlandse Natie},
    author    = {Couwenberg, S.W.},
    year      = 1981,
    publisher = {Spectrum},
    editor    = {}
}

@book{vanGinkel1999,
    title     = {Op zoek naar eigenheid: Denkbeelden en Discussies over Cultuur en Identiteit in Nederland},
    author    = {van Ginkel, Rob},
    year      = 1999,
    publisher = {Sdu},
    editor    = {}
}

@incollection{Stengs2012,
    title     = {Inleiding},
    author    = {Irene Stengs},
    year      = 2012,
    booktitle = {Nieuw in Nederland: Feesten en Rituelen in Verandering},
    publisher = {Amsterdam University Press}
}

@article{Long2013,
    title   = {Exploring the Politics of Belonging through Theatrical Productions in Rotterdam, the Netherlands},
    author  = {Jennifer Long},
    year    = 2013,
    journal = {The International Journal of Community Diversity},
    volume  = 12,
    number  = 2
}

@article{Long2015a,
    title   = {Investigating Multiculturalism and Mono-Culturalism Through the Infrastructure of Integration in Rotterdam, the Netherlands},
    author  = {Jennifer Long},
    year    = 2015,
    journal = {Journal of Social Science Education},
    volume  = 14,
    number  = 3
}

@article{Long2022a,
    title     = {Intersectional Spatial Politics},
    author    = {Jennifer Long},
    year      = 2022,
    journal   = {Nordic Journal of Social Research},
    publisher = {Universitetsforlaget},
    volume    = 13,
    number    = 1,
    pages     = {23--36},
    doi       = {10.18261/njsr.13.1.3},
    url       = {https://www.idunn.no/doi/abs/10.18261/njsr.13.1.3},
    eprint    = {https://www.idunn.no/doi/pdf/10.18261/njsr.13.1.3},
    abstract  = {Recently, Dutch scholars have called attention to the “culturalization of citizenship,” a phenomenon in which racialized and Muslim immigrants are required not only to integrate politically or economically, but also publicly demonstrate Dutch cultural values. Using an ethnographic case study of cycling courses in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, I use Ryan Centner’s work on spatial capital to understand how privileged local inhabitants can consume and imbue public spaces with their own spatial practices and perceptions. It becomes apparent that women perceived as Muslim lack spatial capital because of others’ perceptions of their nonbelonging, here against a backdrop of local “Dutch” spaces, what I call “spatial poverty.” This concept calls attention to the racialized narratives of national belonging in the local uses of public places, highlighting the role of everyday white majority community members as state actors.}
}

@incollection{Long2015c,
    title     = {Reinforcing belonging and difference through neighborhood gentrification projects in Rotterdam, the netherlands},
    author    = {Jennifer Long},
    year      = 2016,
    booktitle = {Language, Immigration and Naturalization: Legal and Linguistic Issues},
    publisher = {Multilingual Matters},
    editor    = {Ariel Loring and Vaidehi Ramanathan}
}

@article{Mosher2015,
    title   = {Speaking of Belonging: Learning to be "Good Citizens" in the Context of Voluntary Language Coaching Projects in Amsterdam, the Netherlands},
    author  = {Rhiannon Mosher},
    year    = 2015,
    journal = {Journal of Social Science Education},
    volume  = 14,
    number  = 3
}

@incollection{DuyvendakEtal2010,
    title     = {Culturalization of Citizenship in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Duyvendak, J.W., M. Hurenkamp & E. Tonkens},
    year      = 2010,
    booktitle = {Managing Ethnic Diversity After 9/11: Integration, Security and Civil Liberties in Transatlantic Perspective},
    publisher = {Rutgers University Press},
    pages     = {233--252}
}

@incollection{Huizinga1935,
    title     = {Nederlands geestesmerk},
    author    = {Huizinga, J.},
    year      = {1982 [1935]},
    booktitle = {Verspreide opstellen over de geschiedenis van Nederland},
    publisher = {Sijthoff}
}

@book{Billig1995,
    title     = {Banal Nationalism},
    author    = {Billig, M},
    year      = 1995,
    publisher = {Sage}
}

@book{SchiffauerEtal2004,
    title     = {Civil enculturation: Nation-state, school and ethnic difference in the Netherlands, Britain, Germany, and France},
    author    = {Schiffauer, W. and Baumann, G. and Kastoryano, R. and Vertovec, S.},
    year      = 2004,
    publisher = {Berghahn Books}
}

@incollection{Levinson2011,
    title     = {Toward an anthropology of (Democratic) Citizenship Education},
    author    = {Levinson, B.},
    year      = 2011,
    booktitle = {A Blackwell Companion to the Anthropology of Education},
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    pages     = {279--298},
    editor    = {In Levinson, B. and Pollock, M.}
}

@book{Stoler1995,
    title     = {Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things},
    author    = {Stoler, A. L.},
    year      = 1995,
    publisher = {Duke University Press.}
}

@article{Schinkel2010,
    title   = {The Virtualization of Citizenship},
    author  = {Willem Schinkel},
    year    = 2010,
    journal = {Critical Sociology},
    volume  = 36,
    number  = 2,
    doi     = {10.1177/0896920509357506}
}

@article{Silverstein2005,
    title    = {Immigrant racialization and the new savage slot: Race, Migration, and Immigration in the New Europe},
    author   = {Silverstein, Paul A.},
    year     = 2005,
    journal  = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    volume   = 34,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {363--384},
    doi      = {10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120338},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120338},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120338},
    abstract = {AbstractThis review explores contemporary processes through which immigrants are categorized into shifting racial landscapes in the new Europe. Tracing the racial genealogy of the immigrant through European and Europeanist migration studies, the successive construction of overlapping tropes of the nomad, the laborer, the uprooted victim, the hybrid cosmopolite, and the (Muslim) transmigrant are examined. This history points to the perduring problematization of the immigrant as the object of national integration. If migration studies have effectively tended to racialize migrants into a new savage slot, recent ethnographies of the immigrant experience in Europe point to ways in which immigrant and diasporic groups cross racial frontiers and enact solidarity across class and cultural lines.}
}

@article{vanNieuwkerk2004,
    title   = {Veils and Wooden Clogs don't go Together},
    author  = {van Nieuwkerk, K.},
    year    = 2004,
    journal = {Ethnos},
    volume  = 69
}

@article{Ong1996,
    title   = {Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making},
    author  = {Aihwa Ong},
    year    = 1996,
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    volume  = 37,
    number  = 5,
    pages   = {737--762}
}

@book{Lipsky1980,
    title     = {Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services},
    author    = {Michael Lipsky},
    year      = 1980,
    publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
    isbn      = 9780871545244,
    url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713},
    urldate   = {2023-03-16},
    abstract  = {Street-Level Bureaucracy is an insightful study of how public service workers, in effect, function as policy decision makers, as they wield their considerable discretion in the day-to-day implementation of public programs.}
}

@incollection{Oomen&Leenders2020,
    title     = {Symbolic Laws, Street-Level Actors: Everyday Bordering in Dutch Participation Declaration Workshops},
    author    = {Barbara Oomen and Emma Leenders},
    year      = 2020,
    booktitle = {Migration, Borders and Citizenship: Between Policy and Public Spheres},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan Cham}
}

@article{BonjourDuyvendak2018,
    title     = {The "migrant with poor prospects": racialized intersections of class and culture in Dutch civic integration debates},
    author    = {Saskia Bonjour and Duyvendak, Jan Willem},
    year      = 2018,
    journal   = {Ethnic and Racial Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 41,
    number    = 5,
    pages     = {882--900},
    doi       = {10.1080/01419870.2017.1339897},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1339897},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1339897}
}

@incollection{SlootmanDuyvendak2015,
    title     = {Feeling Dutch: the culturalization and emotionalization of citizenship and second-generation belonging in the Netherlands},
    author    = {Marieke W. Slootman and J. Duyvendak},
    year      = 2015,
    booktitle = {Fear, Anxiety, and National Identity: Immigration and Belonging in North America and Western Europe},
    publisher = {Russell Sage Foundation},
    editor    = {Nancy Foner and Patrick Simon}
}

@article{Verkaaik2010,
    title     = {The Cachet Dilemma: Ritual and Agency in New Dutch Nationalism},
    author    = {Oskar Verkaaik},
    year      = 2010,
    journal   = {American Ethnologist},
    publisher = {Wiley},
    volume    = 37,
    number    = 1,
    pages     = {69--82},
    issn      = {00940496, 15481425},
    url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40389879},
    urldate   = {2023-03-16},
    abstract  = {In 2006, the Dutch government introduced a naturalization ceremony for foreigners wishing to become Dutch citizens. Local bureaucrats who organize the ceremony initially disapproved of the measure as symbolic of the neonationalist approach to migration. I analyze how their criticism is undermined in the process of designing the ritual, the form of which continues to express a culturalist message of citizenship, despite organizers' explicit criticism or ridicule. Using the concept of "cultural intimacy," I show how nationalism builds on a shared embarrassment among local bureaucrats, from which the new citizens are excluded by way of the ceremony.}
}

@misc{CBS,
    title   = {Persoon met een migratieachtergrond.},
    author  = {{CBS}},
    url     = {https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/begrippen/persoon-met-een-migratieachtergrond-},
    urldate = {2023-03-21}
}

@misc{GemeenteRotterdam,
    title   = {Uitslagen Rotterdam},
    author  = {{Gemeente Rotterdam}},
    url     = {https://uitslagen.stembureausinrotterdam.nl/gemeenteraadsverkiezing_2022/council},
    urldate = {2023-03-21}
}

@book{Wekker2016,
    title     = {White Innocence},
    author    = {Gloria Wekker},
    year      = 2016,
    publisher = {Duke University Press}
}

@incollection{BelabasEshuis2019,
    title     = {Superdiversity and City Branding: Rotterdam in Perspective},
    author    = {Warda Belabas and Jasper Eshuis},
    year      = 2019,
    booktitle = {Coming to Terms with Superdiversity: The Case of Rotterdam},
    publisher = {Springer},
    editor    = {Peter Scholten and Maurice Crul and Paul van de Laar}
}

@book{deBoer2023,
    title     = {De Vluchtelingenrepubliek},
    author    = {de Boer, David and Janssen, Geert},
    year      = 2023,
    publisher = {Prometheus},
    editor    = {}
}

@article{Koskela2014,
    title    = {{Boundaries of Belonging: Highly Skilled Migrants and the Migrant Hierarchy in Finland}},
    author   = {Koskela, Kaisu},
    year     = 2014,
    month    = {03},
    journal  = {Journal of Finnish Studies},
    volume   = 17,
    number   = {1-2},
    pages    = {19--41},
    doi      = {10.5406/28315081.17.1.2.03},
    issn     = {1206-6516},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.5406/28315081.17.1.2.03},
    abstract = {{This article introduces a concept of a “migrant hierarchy,” a framework that is formed from Finnish society's perceptions of different types of immigrants. The hierarchy places value on immigrants in Finland based on their ethnicity, socio-economic status, and various other interlinking factors, dividing them into differently valued categories. Against this framework, the relevance of such a hierarchy to the everyday lives of highly skilled migrants in Finland is explored, using data from ethnographic fieldwork and interviews. The data are used to describe these migrants’ experiences of being categorized and perceived as particular types of immigrants, and the relevance of these experiences to their social lives and their self-defined group identities. The data show, firstly, that highly skilled migrants in Finland are aware of the migrant hierarchy, and that it has an impact on their lives. Secondly, although they object to its homogenizing and hierarchizing aspects, the categorizations of the hierarchy are still internalized to a certain extent, affecting identity constructions. Exploring these issues reveals boundaries that imply underlying problems in regards to the social integration and feelings of belonging by highly skilled migrants in Finland.}},
    eprint   = {https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jfs/article-pdf/17/1-2/19/1624726/19koskela.pdf}
}

@incollection{Couwenberg2001,
    title     = {Nationale Identiteit: Van Nederlands probleem tot Nederlandse uitdaging},
    author    = {Couwenberg, S. W.},
    year      = 2001,
    booktitle = {Nationale Identiteit: Van Nederlands probleem tot Nederlandse uitdaging},
    publisher = {Damon},
    editor    = {S. W. Couwenberg}
}

@misc{GovernmentNd,
    title   = {Civic integration (inburgering) in the Netherlands},
    author  = {{Government of the Netherlands}},
    url     = {https://www.government.nl/topics/integration-in-the-netherlands/civic-integration-in-the-netherlands},
    urldate = {2023-03-23}
}

@article{HaynesEtal2019,
    title   = {Semiautomated text analytics for qualitative data synthesis},
    author  = {Haynes, E and Garside, R and Green, J and Kelly, MP and Thomas, J and Guell, C},
    year    = 2019,
    journal = {Res Synth Methods},
    volume  = 10,
    number  = 3
}

@article{ErwinEtal2011,
    title     = {Understanding Qualitative Metasynthesis: Issues and Opportunities in Early Childhood Intervention Research},
    author    = {Erwin, Elizabeth J. and Brotherson, Mary Jane and Summers, Jean Ann},
    year      = 2011,
    journal   = {Journal of early intervention},
    publisher = {SAGE Publications},
    address   = {Los Angeles, CA},
    volume    = 33,
    number    = 3,
    pages     = {186--200},
    issn      = {1053-8151},
    copyright = {2011 Division for Early Childhood of the Council for Exceptional Children},
    abstract  = {Qualitative metasynthesis is an intentional and coherent approach to analyzing data across qualitative studies. It is a process that enables researchers to identify a specific research question and then search for, select, appraise, summarize, and combine qualitative evidence to address the research question. This process uses rigorous qualitative methods to synthesize existing qualitative studies to construct greater meaning through an interpretative process. The purpose of this article is to describe qualitative metasynthesis as an innovative research approach for the field of early childhood intervention. Although this is not a new research approach in other fields, the authors suggest that it can offer a promising practice in the field of early childhood intervention. In this article, the authors explore how qualitative metasynthesis can be a practical and effective approach of inquiry as they continue to broaden their understanding about young children with disabilities and their families.},
    language  = {eng},
    keywords  = {Children & youth ; Disabled children ; Early intervention ; Education ; Evidence-based medicine ; Methods ; Qualitative research ; R&D ; Research & development ; Studies}
}

@book{NoblitHare1988,
    title     = {Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies},
    author    = {Noblit, G. W., & Hare, D. R.},
    year      = 1988,
    publisher = {Sage}
}

@book{Wiedemann2016,
    title     = {Text Mining for Qualitative Data Analysis in the Social Sciences},
    author    = {Gregor Wiedemann},
    year      = 2016,
    publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{YuEtal2011,
    title   = {Compatibility between Text Mining and Qualitative Research in the Perspectives of Grounded Theory, Content Analysis, and Reliability},
    author  = {Yu, C. H. and Jannasch-Pennell, A. and DiGangi, S.},
    year    = 2011,
    journal = {The Qualitative Report},
    volume  = 16,
    number  = 3
}

@book{Teddlie&Tashakkori2009,
    title     = {Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences},
    author    = {Teddlie, Charles and Tashakkori, Abbas},
    year      = 2009,
    publisher = {Sage}
}

@article{Patel2011,
    title   = {For a Ruthless Criticism of Everything Existing: Rebellion Against the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide},
    author  = {Neal H. Patel},
    year    = 2011,
    journal = {Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings 2011},
    pages   = {43--60}
}

@article{Slobin&Cherkasky2010,
    title    = {Ethnography in the Age of Analytics},
    author   = {Slobin, Adrian and Cherkasky, Todd},
    year     = 2010,
    journal  = {Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings},
    volume   = 2010,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {188--198},
    doi      = {https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2010.00017.x},
    url      = {https://anthrosource-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2010.00017.x},
    eprint   = {https://anthrosource-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2010.00017.x},
    abstract = {As North America begins to emerge from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, companies are turning up their investment dollars. This investment includes a renewed focus on what might loosely be called “the customer experience.” In our recent consulting engagements, this focus often comes in the form of a clearly stated client demand for a very unclear concept – a “360 view of my customer.” The metaphor conjures up a pantopticonal image of customer beliefs and behaviors which would precipitate a perfectly calibrated set of products and services. Ethnographic practice would, one would think, be well positioned to support this renewed focus on experience. However, we have found that the conversation about customer experience typically begins – and ends – with analytics and business intelligence. The metaphor of a “360 view of my customer” has led to an emphasis on data acquisition, with less of a focus on experiential understanding. That said, data modeling can be fruitfully employed with the interpretive practices of ethnography – as long as the focus returns to experience and away from data hoarding.}
}

@article{Zapata-BarreroEtAl2017,
    title   = {Theorizing the 'Local Turn' in a Multi-level Governance Framework of Analysis: A Case Study in Immigrant Policies},
    author  = {Zapata-Barrero, Ricard and Caponio, Tiziana and Scholten, Peter},
    year    = 2017,
    journal = {International Review of Administrative Sciences},
    volume  = 83,
    number  = 2,
    pages   = {241--246}
}

@article{Ghorashi&vanTilburg2006,
    title    = {"When is my Dutch good enough?" Experiences of refugee women with Dutch labour organizations},
    author   = {Ghorashi, Halleh and van Tilburg, Maria},
    year     = 2006,
    month    = {Dec},
    day      = {01},
    journal  = {Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale},
    volume   = 7,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {51--70},
    doi      = {10.1007/s12134-006-1002-4},
    issn     = {1874-6365},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-006-1002-4},
    abstract = {The basic assumption in the Dutch dominant discourse on integration is that knowledge of the Dutch language when combined with education is the key factor for integration into society. The aim of this article is to show how female refugees who have completed higher education in the Netherlands experience the process of integration into the Dutch labour market through contacts with and in Dutch organizations. We situate the narratives of these women in the broader discursive context of the Netherlands and show what these experiences can tell us about the policies and debates on integration in the Netherlands.}
}

@article{Bjornson2007,
    title   = {Speaking of citizenship: Language ideologies in Dutch citizenship regimes},
    author  = {Bjornson, Marnie},
    year    = 2007,
    journal = {Focaal},
    volume  = 49,
    pages   = {65--80},
    doi     = {https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.3167/foc.2007.490106}
}

@book{ScholtenEtAl2019,
    title     = {Coming to Terms with Superdiversity: The Case of Rotterdam},
    author    = {Peter Scholten and Maurice Crul and Paul van de Laar},
    year      = 2019,
    publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{LatourEtal2012,
    title   = {'The whole is always smaller than its parts' - A digital test of Gabriel Tarde's monads},
    author  = {Latour, Bruno and Jensen, Pablo and Venturini, Tommaso and Grauwin, Sebastian and Boullier, Dominique},
    year    = 2012,
    journal = {British Journal of Sociology},
    volume  = 63,
    number  = 4,
    pages   = {590--615}
}

@inbook{Moffat2017,
    title     = {Biological Identity},
    author    = {Moffat, Kevin G.},
    year      = 2017,
    booktitle = {Reconstructing Identity: A Transdisciplinary Approach},
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    address   = {Cham},
    pages     = {61--82},
    doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-58427-0_4},
    isbn      = {978-3-319-58427-0},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58427-0_4},
    editor    = {Monk, Nicholas and Lindgren, Mia and McDonald, Sarah and Pasfield-Neofitou, Sarah},
    abstract  = {Each of us has a biological identity. Many consider this simply a consequence of our DNA, our genes. Our DNA demonstrates our relatedness to each other, but if we understand the way in which it is shuffled in our offspring and how it is regulated throughout our lives, then we can see the biological reason for our own identity. As we begin to ask deep questions about our lives as socially organized beings, are three-parent babies really that bad? Should we eradicate all humans who may carry incurable genetic diseases? If my DNA is found at a crime scene, was I really there? This chapter will seek to use these questions to develop a broader understanding of biological identity.}
}

@inproceedings{StajnerYenikent2020,
    title     = {A Survey of Automatic Personality Detection from Texts},
    author    = {Štajner, Sanja  and Yenikent, Seren},
    year      = 2020,
    month     = dec,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
    publisher = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
    address   = {Barcelona, Spain (Online)},
    pages     = {6284--6295},
    doi       = {10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.553},
    url       = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.coling-main.553},
    abstract  = {Personality profiling has long been used in psychology to predict life outcomes. Recently, automatic detection of personality traits from written messages has gained significant attention in computational linguistics and natural language processing communities, due to its applicability in various fields. In this survey, we show the trajectory of research towards automatic personality detection from purely psychology approaches, through psycholinguistics, to the recent purely natural language processing approaches on large datasets automatically extracted from social media. We point out what has been gained and what lost during that trajectory, and show what can be realistic expectations in the field.}
}

@article{PhanRauthmann2021,
    title    = {Personality computing: New frontiers in personality assessment},
    author   = {Phan, Le Vy and Rauthmann, John F.},
    year     = 2021,
    journal  = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
    volume   = 15,
    number   = 7,
    pages    = {e12624},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12624},
    url      = {https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/spc3.12624},
    eprint   = {https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/spc3.12624},
    abstract = {Abstract Personality Computing (PC) is a burgeoning field at the intersection of personality and computer science that seeks to extract personality-relevant information (e.g., on Big Five trait levels) from sensor-assessed information (e.g., written texts, digital footprints, smartphone usage, non-verbal behavior, speech patterns, game-play, etc.). Such sensor-based personality assessment promises novel and often technologically sophisticated ways to unobtrusively measure individual differences in a highly precise, granular, and faking-resistant manner. We review the different conceptual underpinnings of PC; survey how well different types of sensors can capture different types of personality-relevant information; discuss the evaluation of PC performance and psychometric issues (reliability and validity) of sensor-derived scores as well as ethical, legal, and societal implications; and highlight how modern personality and computer science can be married more effectively to provide practically useful personality assessment. Together, this review aims to introduce readers to the opportunities, challenges, pitfalls, and implications of PC.}
}

@article{AshtonLee2007,
    title   = {Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure},
    author  = {Ashton, MC and Lee, K},
    year    = 2007,
    journal = {Pers Soc Psychol Rev},
    volume  = 11,
    number  = 2,
    pages   = {150--166}
}

@misc{FangEtal2022,
    title         = {On Text-based Personality Computing: Challenges and Future Directions},
    author        = {Qixiang Fang and Anastasia Giachanou and Ayoub Bagheri and Laura Boeschoten and Erik-Jan van Kesteren and Mahdi Shafiee Kamalabad and Daniel L Oberski},
    year          = 2022,
    eprint        = {2212.06711},
    archiveprefix = {arXiv},
    primaryclass  = {cs.CL}
}

@book{Miller2009,
    title     = {Stuff},
    author    = {Miller, Daniel},
    year      = 2009,
    publisher = {Polity}
}

@book{Goffman1959,
    title     = {The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life},
    author    = {Goffman, Erving},
    year      = 1959,
    publisher = {Bantam}
}

@article{Ashokkumar&Pennebaker2022,
    title    = {{Tracking group identity through natural language within groups}},
    author   = {Ashokkumar, Ashwini and Pennebaker, James W},
    year     = 2022,
    month    = {06},
    journal  = {PNAS Nexus},
    volume   = 1,
    number   = 2,
    doi      = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac022},
    issn     = {2752-6542},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac022},
    note     = {pgac022},
    abstract = {{To what degree can we determine people's connections with groups through the language they use? In recent years, large archives of behavioral data from social media communities have become available to social scientists, opening the possibility of tracking naturally occurring group identity processes. A feature of most digital groups is that they rely exclusively on the written word. Across 3 studies, we developed and validated a language-based metric of group identity strength and demonstrated its potential in tracking identity processes in online communities. In Studies 1a–1c, 873 people wrote about their connections to various groups (country, college, or religion). A total of 2 language markers of group identity strength were found: high affiliation (more words like we, togetherness) and low cognitive processing or questioning (fewer words like think, unsure). Using these markers, a language-based unquestioning affiliation index was developed and applied to in-class stream-of-consciousness essays of 2,161 college students (Study 2). Greater levels of unquestioning affiliation expressed in language predicted not only self-reported university identity but also students’ likelihood of remaining enrolled in college a year later. In Study 3, the index was applied to naturalistic Reddit conversations of 270,784 people in 2 online communities of supporters of the 2016 presidential candidates—Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The index predicted how long people would remain in the group (3a) and revealed temporal shifts mirroring members’ joining and leaving of groups (3b). Together, the studies highlight the promise of a language-based approach for tracking and studying group identity processes in online groups.}},
    eprint   = {https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article-pdf/1/2/pgac022/47087259/pgac022.pdf}
}

@article{Vinciarelli&Mohammadi2014,
    title   = {A Survey of Personality Computing},
    author  = {Vinciarelli, Alessandro and Mohammadi, Gelareh},
    year    = 2014,
    journal = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
    volume  = 5,
    number  = 3,
    pages   = {273--291},
    doi     = {10.1109/TAFFC.2014.2330816}
}

@inproceedings{He&DeMelo2021,
    title     = {Personality Predictive Lexical Cues and Their Correlations},
    author    = {He, Xiaoli  and de Melo, Gerard},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = sep,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2021)},
    publisher = {INCOMA Ltd.},
    address   = {Held Online},
    pages     = {514--523},
    url       = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.ranlp-1.58},
    abstract  = {In recent years, a number of studies have used linear models for personality prediction based on text. In this paper, we empirically analyze and compare the lexical signals captured in such models. We identify lexical cues for each dimension of the MBTI personality scheme in several different ways, considering different datasets, feature sets, and learning algorithms. We conduct a series of correlation analyses between the resulting MBTI data and explore their connection to other signals, such as for Big-5 traits, emotion, sentiment, age, and gender. The analysis shows intriguing correlation patterns between different personality dimensions and other traits, and also provides evidence for the robustness of the data.}
}

@incollection{Hall&DuGay1996,
    title     = {Introduction: Who Needs 'Identity'?},
    author    = {Hall, Stuart and {du Gay}, Paul},
    year      = 1996,
    booktitle = {(Eds.). (1996). Questions of cultural identity},
    publisher = {Sage},
    editor    = {Hall, Stuart and {du Gay}, Paul}
}

@article{CazaEtal2018,
    title    = {Identity work in organizations and occupations: Definitions, theories, and pathways forward},
    author   = {Caza, Brianna Barker and Vough, Heather and Puranik, Harshad},
    year     = 2018,
    journal  = {Journal of Organizational Behavior},
    volume   = 39,
    number   = 7,
    pages    = {889--910},
    doi      = {https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1002/job.2318},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/abs/10.1002/job.2318},
    keywords = {identity work, identity, self, self-concept},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/pdf/10.1002/job.2318},
    abstract = {Summary Understanding how, why, and when individuals create particular self-meanings has preoccupied scholars for decades, leading to an explosion of research on identity work. We conducted a wide-ranging review of this literature with the aim of presenting an overarching framework that comprehensively summarizes and integrates the vast amount of recent research in this domain. Drawing on our analysis of the empirical literature, we present an enhanced conceptual understanding of identity work. We then summarize the four dominant theoretical approaches researchers have used to explain how, when, and why individuals engage in identity work. This side-by-side comparison of these theoretical perspectives allows us to parse out the unique contribution of each theoretical lens and highlights how these theories can be integrated into a holistic view of an inherently multifaceted concept. Lastly, we critically analyze the state of the field and lay a detailed roadmap for future researchers to draw from to expand our current understanding of how individuals work on their identities in occupations and organizations.}
}

@article{HuntEtal2011,
    title    = {Embarking on large-scale qualitative research: reaping the benefits of mixed methods in studying youth, clubs and drugs},
    author   = {Geoffrey Hunt and Molly Moloney and Adam Fazio},
    year     = 2011,
    journal  = {Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs},
    volume   = 28,
    number   = {5-6},
    pages    = {433--452},
    doi      = {10.2478/v10199-011-0040-1},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.2478/v10199-011-0040-1},
    note     = {PMID: 22308079},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.2478/v10199-011-0040-1},
    abstract = {Qualitative research is often conceptualized as inherently small-scale research, while larger-scale projects are often assumed to be solely the domain of quantitative researchers, The aim of this paper is to discuss qualitative research done on a comparatively larger scale. In addition to the centrality of a qualitative perspective, the research incorporates some quantitative elements into the design, data collection, and analysis. Larger-scale qualitative research shares some of the challenges and promises of smaller-scale qualitative work. However, there are additional challenges specific to the scale of qualitative research such as data overload, time constraints, and mentoring large research teams. Yet large samples can prove to be essential for enabling researchers to conduct comparative research, whether that be cross-national research or cross-cultural research.}
}

@misc{MerriamWebster2023,
    title   = {Identity},
    author  = {{Merriam-Webster}},
    year    = 2023,
    url     = {https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/identity},
    urldate = {2023-04-19}
}

@article{vanDerLand2014,
    title     = {Citizens policing citizens: are citizen watches manifestations of contemporary responsible citizenship?},
    author    = {Marco van der Land},
    year      = 2014,
    journal   = {Citizenship Studies},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 18,
    number    = {3-4},
    pages     = {423--434},
    doi       = {10.1080/13621025.2014.905282},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905282},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905282}
}

@article{vanDamEtal2015,
    title     = {Delineating Active Citizenship: The Subjectification of Citizens' Initiatives},
    author    = {Rosalie van Dam and Martijn Duineveld and Roel During},
    year      = 2015,
    journal   = {Journal of Environmental Policy \& Planning},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 17,
    number    = 2,
    pages     = {163--179},
    doi       = {10.1080/1523908X.2014.918502},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2014.918502},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2014.918502}
}

@article{Schinkel&VanHoudt2010,
    title    = {The double helix of cultural assimilationism and neo-liberalism: citizenship in contemporary governmentality},
    author   = {Schinkel, Willem and Van Houdt, Friso},
    year     = 2010,
    journal  = {The British Journal of Sociology},
    volume   = 61,
    number   = 4,
    pages    = {696--715},
    doi      = {https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01337.x},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01337.x},
    keywords = {Governmentality, citizenship, neo-liberal communitarianism, responsibilization, cultural assimilationism},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01337.x},
    abstract = {Abstract In this article the recent transformations of citizenship in the Netherlands are analysed in relation to a developing form of governmentality. We regard citizenship as a state regulated technique of in- and exclusion and a crucial instrument in the management of populations. Taking the Dutch contexts of immigration and integration as our case, we argue that cultural assimilationism and neo-liberalism appear in a double helix: they combine to form a new governmental strategy we call neo-liberal communitarianism. Neo-liberal communitarianism is the underlying rationale of a population management that operates both in an individualizing (citizenship as individual participation and responsibility) and a de-individualizing way (‘community’ at various aggregate and localized levels as frame of ‘integration’). It thus combines a communitarian care of a Dutch culturally grounded national community – conceived as traditionally‘enlightened’ and ‘liberal’– with a neo-liberal emphasis on the individual's responsibility to achieve membership of that community. ‘Community’ is thereby selectively seen as mobilized and present (when immigrant integration is concerned) or as latently present and still in need of mobilization (when indigenous Dutch are concerned). Concomitantly, a repressive responsibilization and a facilitative responsibilization are aimed at these two governmentally differentiated populations.}
}

@article{Rytter2019,
    title     = {Writing Against Integration: Danish Imaginaries of Culture, Race and Belonging},
    author    = {Mikkel Rytter},
    year      = 2019,
    journal   = {Ethnos},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 84,
    number    = 4,
    pages     = {678--697},
    doi       = {10.1080/00141844.2018.1458745},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2018.1458745},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2018.1458745}
}

@misc{SCPonline,
    title   = {Denkend aan Nederland},
    author  = {SCP},
    url     = {https://www.scp.nl/publicaties/monitors/2019/06/26/denkend-aan-nederland},
    urldate = {2023-06-27}
}

@techreport{SCP2019,
    title       = {Denkend aan Nederland: Sociaal en Cultureel Rapport},
    author      = {Sjoerd Beugelsdijk and Joep de Hart and Pepijn van Houwelingen and Maroesjka Versantvoort},
    year        = 2019,
    institution = {Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau}
}

@inbook{HurenkampEtal2012,
    title     = {The Three Freedoms of the Dutch: The Culturalization of Citizenship in the Netherlands Put into an International Perspective},
    author    = {Hurenkamp, Menno and Tonkens, Evelien and Duyvendak, Jan Willem},
    year      = 2012,
    booktitle = {Crafting Citizenship: Negotiating Tensions in Modern Society},
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
    address   = {London},
    pages     = {122--134},
    doi       = {10.1057/9781137033611_6},
    isbn      = {978-1-137-03361-1},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137033611_6},
    abstract  = {We need to empirically examine what has happened since the 1960s to properly understand the Dutch case. The Netherlands indeed emerged as one of the most progressive countries in the world -- a fact that both Dutch politicians and citizens are proud of. In its early days, Dutch `progressive monoculturalism' was relatively tolerant. But this changed over the course of the 1990s. However, it is not our claim that a multicultural model has been replaced by a `monocultural' one: `models' as such presuppose much more coherence over time and policy levels than the facts in our case warrant. Our claim, rather, is that the past decade has witnessed the rise of a discourse that perceives Dutch citizenship primarily in cultural terms. This chapter examines the defining aspects of this culturalist framing of Dutch citizenship in comparison to definitions of citizenship in France and the UK.}
}

@misc{RotterdamSamenLeven,
    title   = {Samen Leven},
    author  = {{Gemeente Rotterdam}},
    url     = {https://www.rotterdam.nl/samen-leven},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@misc{RotterdamTegenRacisme,
    title   = {Tegen racisme en discriminatie},
    author  = {{Gemeente Rotterdam}},
    url     = {https://www.rotterdam.nl/tegen-racisme-en-discriminatie},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@techreport{RotterdamRelax,
    title       = {"Relax. Dit is Rotterdam.": Samenleven in een stad waar niemand in de meerderheid is. Actieprogramma Integratie & Samenleven 2019 - 2022},
    author      = {{Gemeente Rotterdam}},
    year        = 2018,
    institution = {{Gemeente Rotterdam}}
}

@misc{Indebuurt,
    title   = {Rotterdammers gezocht! De Vlaggenparade maakt portretten van alle 174 nationaliteiten},
    author  = {{In de Buurt}},
    url     = {https://indebuurt.nl/rotterdam/rotterdammers/rotterdammers-gezocht-de-vlaggenparade-maakt-portretten-van-alle-174-nationaliteiten~169518/},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@misc{RotterdamCarnisseEiland,
    title   = {Carnisse Eiland},
    author  = {{Gemeente Rotterdam}},
    url     = {https://www.rotterdam.nl/carnisse-eiland},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@misc{WoneninRotterdam,
    title   = {Een nieuwe groene stadsbuurt op Zuid waar recreëren, spelen en ontmoeten centraal staan},
    author  = {{Wonen in Rotterdam}},
    url     = {https://www.woneninrotterdam.nl/gebiedsontwikkeling/carnisse-eiland/},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@misc{MarjanenEtal2020,
    title         = {Topic modelling discourse dynamics in historical newspapers},
    author        = {Jani Marjanen and Elaine Zosa and Simon Hengchen and Lidia Pivovarova and Mikko Tolonen},
    year          = 2020,
    eprint        = {2011.10428},
    archiveprefix = {arXiv},
    primaryclass  = {cs.CL}
}

@article{Centner2008,
    title    = {Places of Privileged Consumption Practices: Spatial Capital, the Dot–Com Habitus, and San Francisco's Internet Boom},
    author   = {Ryan Centner},
    year     = 2008,
    journal  = {City \& Community},
    volume   = 7,
    number   = 3,
    pages    = {193--223},
    doi      = {10.1111/j.1540-6040.2008.00258.x},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2008.00258.x},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2008.00258.x},
    abstract = {Drawing from interviews and fieldwork with former dot–com workers in San Francisco, this article examines how their spatialized consumption practices formed exclusionary places of privilege during the city's millennial boom of internet companies. I focus especially on the personalized deployment of uneven social power in situations where space is at stake. After considering how this group differed from a history of other urban newcomers, I develop a framework for addressing their spatial effects as gentrification involving privileged consumption practices that surpass residential encroachments. I argue there is an exertion of spatial capital that represents the misrecognition of territorial claims, enabling this cohort to literally take place. I show this through several consumption practices that convert to and from economic, cultural, and social capital. A concluding discussion reflects on the usefulness of this case and framework for reinvigorating key urban–sociological analytics while confronting influential but unsociological characterizations of contemporary city life.}
}

@misc{NOSKoningsdag2023,
    title   = {{Zwart protest op Koningsdag tegen duur verjaardagsfeestje Willem-Alexander: ‘Alsof de koninklijke familie op armoede-safari gaat'}},
    author  = {{NOS}},
    year    = 2023,
    url     = {https://nos.nl/regio/zh-rijnmond/artikel/387703-zwart-protest-op-koningsdag-tegen-duur-verjaardagsfeestje-willem-alexander-alsof-de-koninklijke-familie-op-armoede-safari-gaat},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@article{vanZolingenEtal2012,
    title    = {Cross-cultural training for Dutch expatriates going to India},
    author   = {van Zolingen, Simone J. and Essers, Caroline and Vermeer, Lisan},
    year     = 2012,
    journal  = {European Journal of International Management},
    volume   = 6,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {10--28},
    doi      = {10.1504/EJIM.2012.044755},
    url      = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/EJIM.2012.044755},
    note     = {PMID: 44755},
    eprint   = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1504/EJIM.2012.044755},
    abstract = {The aim of this study is to gain insight into the challenges encountered by Dutch expatriates during their stay in India and into how Cross- Cultural Training (CCT) can be improved to help them handle these challenges adequately. For this explorative, in-depth study, CCT was split into five areas: adjustment to work; adjustment to interacting with host country nationals; adjustment to the general non-work environment; adjustment to Indian culture; and adjustment to the Indian context. Eighteen Dutch expatriates were interviewed. Data analysis included a discursive interpretation of the relevant quotes. A number of elements that can be improved in received CCT were identified in the five areas mentioned above.}
}

@article{vanBakelEtal2014,
    title     = {Impact of a local host on the intercultural competence of expatriates},
    author    = {Marian Van Bakel and Marinel Gerritsen and Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven},
    year      = 2014,
    journal   = {The International Journal of Human Resource Management},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 25,
    number    = 14,
    pages     = {2050--2067},
    doi       = {10.1080/09585192.2013.870292},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.870292},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.870292}
}

@article{vanBochove&Engbersen2015,
    title    = {Beyond Cosmopolitanism and Expat Bubbles: Challenging Dominant Representations of Knowledge Workers and Trailing Spouses},
    author   = {van Bochove, Marianne and Engbersen, Godfried},
    year     = 2015,
    journal  = {Population, Space and Place},
    volume   = 21,
    number   = 4,
    pages    = {295--309},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1839},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/psp.1839},
    keywords = {highly skilled migration, spatial mobility, expatriates, cosmopolitanism, identification},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/psp.1839},
    abstract = {Abstract Expatriates – in this paper understood as highly skilled temporary migrants and accompanying spouses – are generally portrayed either as cosmopolitans with universal ties or as organisation men or women who live in a local expat bubble. On the basis of 75 interviews with expatriates in the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, we argue that both dominant images are partly true but do not do justice to the fragmented nature of expatriates' local and cross-border involvement. First, our study shows that expatriates' identifications are characterised by fragmentation. Instead of seeing themselves solely as cosmopolitans or expats, they have multilayered identities, of which national identity is often an important component. Second, our study proves that the scale and nature of expatriates' activities depend on what aspect of life is taken into account: many can be characterised as organisation men or women in the economic sphere, moderate cosmopolitans in the political sphere, and ‘wannabe’ locals in the sociocultural sphere. The dominant representations of expatriates thus need to be reconsidered. Expatriates actually have particularistic ties (with people who are like them, based on a shared expat existence or nationality) as well as a universal, cosmopolitan orientation (i.e. the wish to bridge cultural differences). Instead of setting expatriates apart as an extraordinary type of people, their differences and similarities with other types of migrants deserve more future attention. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}
}

@article{CarlingEtal2021,
    title    = {Living in two countries: Transnational living as an alternative to migration},
    author   = {Carling, Jørgen and Erdal, Marta Bivand and Talleraas, Cathrine},
    year     = 2021,
    journal  = {Population, Space and Place},
    volume   = 27,
    number   = 5,
    pages    = {e2471},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2471},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/psp.2471},
    keywords = {attachments, migration, temporality, transnational living, transnationalism},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/psp.2471},
    abstract = {Abstract After three decades of scholarship, transnationalism remains understood as connections between people who have migrated and people who remain in the country of origin. Such ties are important and prevalent. But perhaps a radical extension of transnationalism is also warranted: There are people who are neither ‘migrants’ nor ‘non-migrants’ but lead transnational lives that evade these categories. In such cases, transnationalism is not a consequence of migration, but rather a fundamental challenge to it. This article connects the established literature on transnationalism with this potentially significant perspective. We draw on the phrase ‘living in two countries’, which incorporates the tensions and contradictions that transnational living entails. Drawing upon diverse empirical data, we ask how we might identify lives that span two countries and, how such lives are differentiated, and why they are significant even if they are rare.}
}

@misc{NederlandersBuitenNederland,
    title   = {Over Stichting Nederlanders Buiten Nederland},
    author  = {{Nederlanders Buiten Nederland}},
    url     = {https://www.nederlandersbuitennederland.nl/over-de-stichting/},
    urldate = {2023-06-28}
}

@article{HulsenEtal2002,
    title       = {Between two worlds. Social networks, language shift, and language processing in three generations of Dutch migrants in New Zealand},
    author      = {Madeleine Hulsen and Kees de Bot and Bert Weltens},
    year        = 2002,
    journal     = {},
    volume      = 2002,
    number      = 153,
    pages       = {27--52},
    doi         = {doi:10.1515/ijsl.2002.004},
    url         = {https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2002.004},
    lastchecked = {2023-06-28}
}

@article{DeBot&Clyne1994,
    title     = {A 16‐year longitudinal study of language attrition in Dutch immigrants in Australia},
    author    = {Kees de Bot and Michael Clyne},
    year      = 1994,
    journal   = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 15,
    number    = 1,
    pages     = {17--28},
    doi       = {10.1080/01434632.1994.9994554},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1994.9994554},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1994.9994554}
}

@article{Leinonen2012,
    title   = {Invisible Immigrants, Visible Expats?},
    author  = {Johanna Leinonen},
    year    = 2012,
    journal = {Nordic Journal of Migration Research},
    volume  = 2,
    number  = 3,
    pages   = {213--223}
}

@article{Butcher&Dickens2016,
    title    = {Spatial Dislocation and Affective Displacement: Youth Perspectives on Gentrification in London},
    author   = {Butcher, Melissa and Dickens, Luke},
    year     = 2016,
    journal  = {International Journal of Urban and Regional Research},
    volume   = 40,
    number   = 4,
    pages    = {800--816},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12432},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2427.12432},
    keywords = {affect, displacement, gentrification, London, youth},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-2427.12432},
    abstract = {Abstract Analyses of contemporary processes of gentrification have been primarily produced from adult perspectives with little focus on how age affects or mediates urban change. However, in analysing young people's responses to transformations in their neighbourhood we argue that there is evidence for a more complex relationship between ‘gentrifiers' and residents than existing arguments of antagonism or tolerance would suggest. Using a participatory video methodology to document experiences of gentrification in the east London borough of Hackney, we found that young people involved in this study experienced their transforming city through processes of spatial dislocation and affective displacement. The former incorporated a sense of disorientation in the temporal disjunctions of the speed of change, while the latter invoked the embodiment of a sense of not belonging generated within classed and intercultural interactions. However, there are expressions of ambivalence rather than straightforward rejection. Benefits of gentrification were noted, including conditions of alterity and the possibility to transcend normative behaviours that they found uncomfortable. Young people demonstrated the capacity to reimagine their relationship with the complex spaces they call home. The findings suggest a need to reframe debates on gentrification to include a more nuanced understanding of its differential impact on young people.}
}

@inproceedings{Stajner&Yenikent2021,
    title     = {Why Is {MBTI} Personality Detection from Texts a Difficult Task?},
    author    = {Stajner, Sanja  and Yenikent, Seren},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = apr,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume},
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    address   = {Online},
    pages     = {3580--3589},
    doi       = {10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.312},
    url       = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.312},
    abstract  = {Automatic detection of the four MBTI personality dimensions from texts has recently attracted noticeable attention from the natural language processing and computational linguistic communities. Despite the large collections of Twitter data for training, the best systems rarely even outperform the majority-class baseline. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical reasons for such low results and present the insights from an annotation study that further shed the light on this issue.}
}

@inbook{John&Srivastava1999,
    title     = {The Big Five Trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.},
    author    = {John, Oliver P. and Srivastava, Sanjay},
    year      = 1999,
    publisher = {Guilford Press},
    address   = {New York,  NY,  US},
    series    = {Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed.},
    pages     = {102--138},
    isbn      = {1-57230-483-9 (Hardcover)},
    keywords  = {*Five Factor Personality Model; *Personality Theory; *Taxonomies; History of Psychology; Psychometrics},
    abstract  = {Reviews the history of the Big Five taxonomy of personality trait dimensions, including the discovery of the five dimensions (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness), research replicating and extending the model, its convergence with research in the questionnaire tradition, and the development of several instruments to measure the Big Five. The authors then compare three of the most frequently used instruments (P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae's (1992) NEO Personality Inventory instruments, L. R. Goldberg's (1992) Trait Descriptive Adjectives, and O. P. John, E. M. Donohue, and B. L. Kentle's (1991) Big Five Inventory) and report data regarding their reliability and convergent validity. Finally, they address a number of critical issues, including how the Big Five taxonomy is structured hierarchically, whether the five dimensions predict important life outcomes, how they develop, how they combine into personality types, and whether they are descriptive or explanatory concepts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@inproceedings{ChenEtal2017,
    title     = {People opinion topic model: opinion based user clustering in social networks},
    author    = {Chen, H. and Yin, H. and Li, X. and Wang, M. and Chen, W. and Chen, T.},
    year      = 2017,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web companion},
    pages     = {1353--1359}
}

@inproceedings{RoshchinaEtal2011,
    title     = {A Comparative Evaluation of Personality Estimation Algorithms for the Twin Recommender System},
    author    = {Roshchina, Alexandra and Cardiff, John and Rosso, Paolo},
    year      = 2011,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Search and Mining User-Generated Contents},
    location  = {Glasgow, Scotland, UK},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address   = {New York, NY, USA},
    series    = {SMUC '11},
    pages     = {11–18},
    doi       = {10.1145/2065023.2065028},
    isbn      = 9781450309493,
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2065023.2065028},
    abstract  = {The appearance of the so-called recommender systems has led to the possibility of reducing the information overload experienced by individuals searching among online resources. One of the areas of application of recommender systems is the online tourism domain where sites like TripAdvisor allow people to post reviews of various hotels to help others make a good choice when planning their trip. As the number of such reviews grows in size every day, clearly it is impractical for the individual to go through all of them. We propose the TWIN ("Tell me What I Need") Personality-based Recommender System that analyzes the textual content of the reviews and estimates the personality of the user according to the Big Five model to suggest the reviews written by "twin-minded" people. In this paper we compare a number of algorithms to select the better option for personality estimation in the task of user profile construction.},
    numpages  = 8,
    keywords  = {recommender system, personality from the text, natural language processing, personality-based profile}
}

@inbook{Tkalcic&Chen2015G,
    title     = {Personality and Recommender Systems},
    author    = {Tkalcic, Marko and Chen, Li},
    year      = 2015,
    booktitle = {Recommender Systems Handbook},
    publisher = {Springer US},
    address   = {Boston, MA},
    pages     = {715--739},
    doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4899-7637-6_21},
    isbn      = {978-1-4899-7637-6},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7637-6_21},
    editor    = {Ricci, Francesco and Rokach, Lior and Shapira, Bracha},
    abstract  = {Personality, as defined in psychology, accounts for the individual differences in users' preferences and behaviour. It has been found that there are significant correlations between personality and users' characteristics that are traditionally used by recommender systems (e.g. music preferences, social media behaviour, learning styles etc.). Among the many models of personality, the Five Factor Model (FFM) appears suitable for usage in recommender systems as it can be quantitatively measured (i.e. numerical values for each of the factors, namely, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism). The acquisition of the personality factors for an observed user can be done explicitly through questionnaires or implicitly using machine learning techniques with features extracted from social media streams or mobile phone call logs. There are, although limited, a number of available datasets to use in offline recommender systems experiment. Studies have shown that personality was successful at tackling the cold-start problem, making group recommendations, addressing cross-domain preferences and at generating diverse recommendations. However, a number of challenges still remain.}
}

@article{DonnellanEtal2004,
    title    = {The Big Five and enduring marriages},
    author   = {M.Brent Donnellan and Rand D. Conger and Chalandra M. Bryant},
    year     = 2004,
    journal  = {Journal of Research in Personality},
    volume   = 38,
    number   = 5,
    pages    = {481--504},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.01.001},
    issn     = {0092-6566},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656604000121},
    keywords = {Big five, Personality, Marriage, Marital interaction, Close relationships},
    abstract = {The present investigation tested the relations between the Big Five dimensions of personality and the marital relationships of over 400 couples using both observational and questionnaire data. Four major findings emerged from these analyses. First, self-reports of neuroticism were positively correlated with negative interactions and negatively correlated with global evaluations of the marriage. Second, self-reports of agreeableness were negatively correlated with negative interactions and generally positively correlated with global evaluations of the marriage. Third, self-reports of openness were negatively correlated with observer reports of negative interactions. Fourth, self-reports of openness by wives were positively correlated with global reports of sexual satisfaction. These findings suggest that agreeableness and openness deserve increased attention as significant correlates of close relationships. Discussion emphasizes the importance of intrapersonal factors for understanding marital relationships.}
}

@article{Wen2023,
    title    = {DesPrompt: Personality-descriptive prompt tuning for few-shot personality recognition},
    author   = {Zhiyuan Wen and Jiannong Cao and Yu Yang and Haoli Wang and Ruosong Yang and Shuaiqi Liu},
    year     = 2023,
    journal  = {Information Processing & Management},
    volume   = 60,
    number   = 5,
    pages    = 103422,
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103422},
    issn     = {0306-4573},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457323001590},
    keywords = {Personality recognition, Prompt-tuning, Text classification},
    abstract = {Personality recognition in text is a critical problem in classifying personality traits from the input content of users. Recent studies address this issue by fine-tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs) with additional classification heads. However, the classification heads are often insufficiently trained when annotated data is scarce, resulting in poor recognition performance. To this end, we propose DesPrompt to tune PLM through personality-descriptive prompts for few-shot personality recognition, without introducing additional parameters. DesPrompt is based on the lexical hypothesis of personality, which suggests that personalities are revealed by descriptive adjectives. Specifically, DesPrompt models personality recognition as a word-filling task. The input content is first encapsulated with personality-descriptive prompts. Then, the PLM is supervised to fill in the prompts with label words describing personality traits. The label words are selected from trait-descriptive adjectives from psychology findings and lexical knowledge. Finally, the label words filled in by PLM are mapped into the personality labels for recognition. Our approach aligns with the Masked Language Modeling (MLM) task in pre-training PLMs. So, it efficiently utilizes pre-trained parameters to reduce dependence on annotated data. Experiments on four public datasets show that DesPrompt outperforms conventional fine-tuning and other prompt-based methods, especially in zero-shot and few-shot settings.}
}

@inproceedings{JaimesMorenoEtal2019,
    title     = {Prediction of Personality Traits in Twitter Users with Latent Features},
    author    = {Jaimes Moreno, Daniel Ricardo and Carlos Gomez, Juan and Almanza-Ojeda, Dora-Luz and Ibarra-Manzano, Mario-Alberto},
    year      = 2019,
    booktitle = {2019 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computers (CONIELECOMP)},
    volume    = {},
    number    = {},
    pages     = {176--181},
    doi       = {10.1109/CONIELECOMP.2019.8673242}
}

@article{ZhaoEtal2022,
    title    = {Deep Personality Trait Recognition: A Survey},
    author   = {Zhao, Xiaoming and Tang, Zhiwei and Zhang, Shiqing},
    year     = 2022,
    journal  = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    volume   = 13,
    doi      = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.839619},
    issn     = {1664-1078},
    url      = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.839619},
    abstract = {Automatic personality trait recognition has attracted increasing interest in psychology, neuropsychology, and computer science, etc. Motivated by the great success of deep learning methods in various tasks, a variety of deep neural networks have increasingly been employed to learn high-level feature representations for automatic personality trait recognition. This paper systematically presents a comprehensive survey on existing personality trait recognition methods from a computational perspective. Initially, we provide available personality trait data sets in the literature. Then, we review the principles and recent advances of typical deep learning techniques, including deep belief networks (DBNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Next, we describe the details of state-of-the-art personality trait recognition methods with specific focus on hand-crafted and deep learning-based feature extraction. These methods are analyzed and summarized in both single modality and multiple modalities, such as audio, visual, text, and physiological signals. Finally, we analyze the challenges and opportunities in this field and point out its future directions.}
}

@article{Feizi-DerakhshiEtal2022,
    title    = {Text-based automatic personality prediction: a bibliographic review},
    author   = {Feizi-Derakhshi, Ali-Reza and Feizi-Derakhshi, Mohammad-Reza and Ramezani, Majid and Nikzad-Khasmakhi, Narjes and Asgari-Chenaghlu, Meysam and Akan, Taymaz and Ranjbar-Khadivi, Mehrdad and Zafarni-Moattar, Elnaz and Jahanbakhsh-Naghadeh, Zoleikha},
    year     = 2022,
    month    = {Nov},
    day      = {01},
    journal  = {Journal of Computational Social Science},
    volume   = 5,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = {1555--1593},
    doi      = {10.1007/s42001-022-00178-4},
    issn     = {2432-2725},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-022-00178-4},
    abstract = {Personality detection is an old topic in psychology and automatic personality prediction (or perception) (APP) is the automated (computationally) forecasting of the personality on different types of human generated/exchanged contents (such as text, speech, image, and video). The principal objective of this study is to offer a shallow (overall) review of natural language processing approaches on APP since 2010. With the advent of deep learning and following it transfer-learning and pre-trained model in NLP, APP research area has been a hot topic, so in this review, methods are categorized into three: pre-trained independent, pre-trained model based, and multimodal approaches. In addition, to achieve a comprehensive comparison, reported results are informed by datasets.}
}

@misc{Magueresse2020,
    title         = {Low-resource Languages: A Review of Past Work and Future Challenges},
    author        = {Alexandre Magueresse and Vincent Carles and Evan Heetderks},
    year          = 2020,
    eprint        = {2006.07264},
    archiveprefix = {arXiv},
    primaryclass  = {cs.CL}
}

@misc{LSA,
    title   = {How many languages are there in the world?},
    author  = {Linguistic Society of America},
    url     = {https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/how-many-languages-are-there-world},
    urldate = {2023-10-13}
}

@article{Alvesson&Willmott2002,
    title    = {Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual},
    author   = {Alvesson, Mats and Willmott, Hugh},
    year     = 2002,
    journal  = {Journal of Management Studies},
    volume   = 39,
    number   = 5,
    pages    = {619--644},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00305},
    url      = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-6486.00305},
    eprint   = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-6486.00305},
    abstract = {This paper takes the regulation of identity as a focus for examining organizational control. It considers how employees are enjoined to develop self-images and work orientations that are deemed congruent with managerially defined objectives. This focus on identity extends and deepens themes developed within other analyses of normative control. Empirical materials are deployed to illustrate how managerial intervention operates, more or less intentionally and in/effectively, to influence employees’ self-constructions in terms of coherence, distinctiveness and commitment. The processual nature of such control is emphasized, arguing that it exists in tension with other intra and extra-organizational claims upon employees’ sense of identity in a way that can open a space for forms of micro-emancipation.}
}

@article{Johnston1987,
    title     = {Human Beings},
    author    = {Mark Johnston},
    year      = 1987,
    journal   = {The Journal of Philosophy},
    publisher = {Journal of Philosophy, Inc.},
    volume    = 84,
    number    = 2,
    pages     = {59--83},
    issn      = {0022362X},
    url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2026626},
    urldate   = {2023-10-27}
}

@article{Madden2016,
    title   = {Human Persistence},
    author  = {Rory Madden},
    year    = 2016,
    journal = {Philosophers' Imprint},
    volume  = 16
}

@article{Gleason1983,
    title     = {Identifying Identity: A Semantic History},
    author    = {Philip Gleason},
    year      = 1983,
    journal   = {The Journal of American History},
    publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians]},
    volume    = 69,
    number    = 4,
    pages     = {910--931},
    issn      = {00218723, 19360967},
    url       = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1901196},
    urldate   = {2023-10-27}
}

@article{VannWoodward1958,
    title   = {The Search for Southern Identity},
    author  = {C. Vann Woodward},
    year    = 1958,
    journal = {Virginia Quarterly Review},
    volume  = 34,
    pages   = {321--38}
}

@book{Morton1961,
    title   = {The Canadian Identity},
    author  = {W. L. Morton},
    year    = 1961,
    address = {Madison}
}

@book{Wheelis1958,
    title   = {Quest for Identity},
    author  = {Allen Wheelis},
    year    = 1958,
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Lynd1958,
    title   = {On Shame and the Search for Identity},
    author  = {Helen Merrell Lynd},
    year    = 1958,
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Erikson1959,
    title   = {Identity and the Life Cycle: Selected Papers},
    author  = {Erik H. Erikson},
    year    = 1959,
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Strauss1959,
    title   = {Mirrors and Masks: The Search for Identity},
    author  = {Anselm Strauss},
    year    = 1959,
    address = {Glencoe, Ill.}
}

@book{SteinEtal1960,
    title   = {Identity and Anxiety: Survival of the Person in Mass Society},
    author  = {Maurice R. Stein and Arthur J. Vidich and David Manning White},
    year    = 1960,
    address = {Glencoe, Ill.},
    pages   = 25
}

@incollection{Buckingham2008,
    title     = {Introducing Identity},
    author    = {David Buckingham},
    year      = 2008,
    booktitle = {Youth, Identity, and Digital Media},
    publisher = {The MIT Press},
    address   = {Cambridge, MA},
    series    = {The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning},
    pages     = {1–24},
    doi       = {10.1162/dmal.9780262524834.001},
    editor    = {David Buckingham}
}

@incollection{LovheimLundmark2021,
    title     = {Identity},
    author    = {Mia Lövheim and Evelina Lundmark},
    year      = 2021,
    booktitle = {Digital Religion},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    edition   = {2nd Edition}
}

@article{Cerulo1997,
    title   = {Identity Construction: New Issues, New Directions},
    author  = {Karen A. Cerulo},
    year    = 1997,
    journal = {Annu. Rev. Sociol.},
    volume  = 23,
    pages   = {385--409}
}

@article{Sökefeld2001,
    title   = {Reconsidering identity},
    author  = {Sökefeld , Martin},
    year    = 2001,
    month   = {01},
    journal = {Anthropos: International Review of Anthropology and Linguistics},
    volume  = 96,
    pages   = {527--544}
}

@article{SpechtEtal2014,
    title    = {What Drives Adult Personality Development? A Comparison of Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence},
    author   = {Jule Specht and Wiebke Bleidorn and Jaap J. A. Denissen and Marie Hennecke and Roos Hutteman and Christian Kandler and Maike Luhmann and Ulrich Orth and Anne K. Reitz and Julia Zimmermann},
    year     = 2014,
    journal  = {European Journal of Personality},
    volume   = 28,
    number   = 3,
    pages    = {216--230},
    doi      = {10.1002/per.1966},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1966},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1966},
    abstract = {Increasing numbers of empirical studies provide compelling evidence that personality traits change across the entire lifespan. What initiates this continuing personality development and how does this development proceed? In this paper, we compare six theoretical perspectives that offer testable predictions about why personality develops the way it does and identify limitations and potentials of these perspectives by reviewing how they hold up against the empirical evidence. While all of these perspectives have received some empirical support, there is only little direct evidence for propositions put forward by the five–factor theory of personality and the theory of genotype → environment effects. In contrast, the neo–socioanalytic theory appears to offer a comprehensive framework that fits the empirical findings and allows the integration of other, more specialized, perspectives that focus on specific aspects of personality development like the role of time, systematic differences between categories of social roles or the active partake of the person himself or herself. We draw conclusions on the likely driving factors for adult personality development and identify avenues for future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology}
}

@article{Roberts&DelVecchio2000,
    title     = {The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies.},
    author    = {Roberts, Brent W. and DelVecchio, Wendy F.},
    year      = 2000,
    journal   = {Psychological Bulletin},
    publisher = {American Psychological Association},
    address   = {US},
    volume    = 126,
    number    = 1,
    pages     = {3--25},
    doi       = {10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3},
    keywords  = {*Age Differences; *Consistency (Measurement); *Personality Traits; Older Adulthood},
    abstract  = {The present study used meta-analytic techniques to test whether trait consistency maximizes and stabilizes at a specific period in the life course. From 152 longitudinal studies, 3,217 test--retest correlation coefficients were compiled. Meta-analytic estimates of mean population test--retest correlation coefficients showed that trait consistency increased from .31 in childhood to .54 during the college years, to .64 at age 30, and then reached a plateau around .74 between ages 50 and 70 when time interval was held constant at 6.7 years. Analysis of moderators of consistency showed that the longitudinal time interval had a negative relation to trait consistency and that temperament dimensions were less consistent than adult personality traits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@article{RobertsEtal2006,
    title   = {Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies},
    author  = {Roberts, Brent W and Walton, Kate E and Viechtbauer, Wolfgang},
    year    = 2006,
    journal = {Psychol Bull},
    volume  = 132,
    number  = 1,
    pages   = {1--25}
}

@article{Asendorpf&vanAken2003,
    title     = {Personality-Relationship Transaction in Adolescence: Core Versus Surface Personality Characteristics.},
    author    = {Asendorpf, Jens B. and van Aken, Marcel A. G.},
    year      = 2003,
    journal   = {Journal of Personality},
    publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
    address   = {United Kingdom},
    volume    = 71,
    number    = 4,
    pages     = {629--666},
    doi       = {10.1111/1467-6494.7104005},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7104005},
    keywords  = {*Adolescent Development; *Personality Traits; *Social Interaction; *Social Support; Parent Child Relations; Peer Relations},
    abstract  = {Personality effects on perceived support from social relationships and vice versa were longitudinally studied over adolescence. Within personality, core (Big Five personality traits) and surface characteristics (global self-worth, perceived peer acceptance, and loneliness) were distinguished. Core, but not surface, characteristics at age 12 predicted support from both parents and peers at age 17 after controlling for support at age 12. Support at age 12 predicted surface, but not core, characteristics at age 17 after controlling for personality at age 12. These findings are interpreted within a dual model of personality-relationship transaction. Core characteristics are relatively stable traits that are largely immune against experiences in relationships and continuously influence their flux and flow. Surface characteristics are more open to relationship influences, and are therefore less stable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@article{KandlerEtal2014,
    title     = {Core and surface characteristics for the description and theory of personality differences and development.},
    author    = {Kandler, Christian and Zimmermann, Julia and McAdams, Dan P.},
    year      = 2014,
    journal   = {European Journal of Personality},
    publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons},
    address   = {US},
    volume    = 28,
    number    = 3,
    pages     = {231--243},
    doi       = {10.1002/per.1952},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1952},
    keywords  = {*Emotions; *Personality Development; Cognitions; Personality Theory; Social Adjustment; Personality Differences},
    abstract  = {AbstractIndividual differences in personality are often described on the basis of a small set of dimensional core characteristics that are commonly defined as largely consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions across time and situations. Some theoretical approaches even consider them to provide the biologically founded basis for individual differences in so‐called surface characteristics such as self‐related evaluations, social attitudes, values, goals or interests, which are commonly hypothesized to be less stable or more environmentally malleable than core characteristics. We examine these hypotheses by reviewing findings about potential core and surface characteristics on the basis of four criteria: (i) level of stability in individual differences; (ii) level of heritability; (iii) direction of causation; and (iv) shared genetic variance. The results from our review call into serious question the labelling of some sets of constructs as either core or surface characteristics of personality. Although certain dimensions---often labelled as basic traits (e.g. extraversion)---are systematically linked to more specific characteristics (e.g. social attitudes and interests), the so‐called basic traits do not appear to provide an essential basis (i.e. the more stable and genetically anchored source) for these characteristics. We argue for more integrative models of personality in adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@article{CaspiEtal2005,
    title   = {Personality Development: Stability and Change},
    author  = {Caspi, A. and Roberts, B. W. and Shiner, R. L.},
    year    = 2005,
    journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
    volume  = 56,
    pages   = {453--484}
}

@article{SchwartzEtAl2013,
    title     = {Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach},
    author    = {Schwartz, H. Andrew AND Eichstaedt, Johannes C. AND Kern, Margaret L. AND Dziurzynski, Lukasz AND Ramones, Stephanie M. AND Agrawal, Megha AND Shah, Achal AND Kosinski, Michal AND Stillwell, David AND Seligman, Martin E. P. AND Ungar, Lyle H.},
    year      = 2013,
    month     = {09},
    journal   = {PLOS ONE},
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    volume    = 8,
    number    = 9,
    pages     = {1--16},
    doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0073791},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073791},
    abstract  = {We analyzed 700 million words, phrases, and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers, who also took standard personality tests, and found striking variations in language with personality, gender, and age. In our open-vocabulary technique, the data itself drives a comprehensive exploration of language that distinguishes people, finding connections that are not captured with traditional closed-vocabulary word-category analyses. Our analyses shed new light on psychosocial processes yielding results that are face valid (e.g., subjects living in high elevations talk about the mountains), tie in with other research (e.g., neurotic people disproportionately use the phrase ‘sick of’ and the word ‘depressed’), suggest new hypotheses (e.g., an active life implies emotional stability), and give detailed insights (males use the possessive ‘my’ when mentioning their ‘wife’ or ‘girlfriend’ more often than females use ‘my’ with ‘husband’ or 'boyfriend’). To date, this represents the largest study, by an order of magnitude, of language and personality.}
}

@incollection{Jofn&Srivastavma1999,
    title     = {The Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives},
    author    = {John, Oliver P. and Srivastava, Sanjay},
    year      = 1999,
    booktitle = {Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research},
    publisher = {Guilford Press},
    pages     = {102--138},
    editor    = {Pervin, Lawrence A. and John, Oliver P.}
}

@inproceedings{Safari&Chalechale2023,
    title     = {Classification of Personality Traits on Facebook Using Key Phrase Extraction, Language Models and Machine Learning},
    author    = {Safari, Faezeh and Chalechale, Abdolah},
    year      = 2022,
    booktitle = {2022 13th International Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology (IKT)},
    volume    = {},
    number    = {},
    pages     = {1--5},
    doi       = {10.1109/IKT57960.2022.10039020}
}

@inbook{Tkalcic&Chen2015,
    title     = {Personality and Recommender Systems},
    author    = {Tkalcic, Marko and Chen, Li},
    year      = 2015,
    booktitle = {Recommender Systems Handbook},
    publisher = {Springer US},
    address   = {Boston, MA},
    pages     = {715--739},
    doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4899-7637-6_21},
    isbn      = {978-1-4899-7637-6},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7637-6_21},
    editor    = {Ricci, Francesco and Rokach, Lior and Shapira, Bracha},
    abstract  = {Personality, as defined in psychology, accounts for the individual differences in users' preferences and behaviour. It has been found that there are significant correlations between personality and users' characteristics that are traditionally used by recommender systems (e.g. music preferences, social media behaviour, learning styles etc.). Among the many models of personality, the Five Factor Model (FFM) appears suitable for usage in recommender systems as it can be quantitatively measured (i.e. numerical values for each of the factors, namely, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism). The acquisition of the personality factors for an observed user can be done explicitly through questionnaires or implicitly using machine learning techniques with features extracted from social media streams or mobile phone call logs. There are, although limited, a number of available datasets to use in offline recommender systems experiment. Studies have shown that personality was successful at tackling the cold-start problem, making group recommendations, addressing cross-domain preferences and at generating diverse recommendations. However, a number of challenges still remain.}
}

@article{ChristianEtal2021,
    title    = {Text based personality prediction from multiple social media data sources using pre-trained language model and model averaging},
    author   = {Christian, Hans and Suhartono, Derwin and Chowanda, Andry and Zamli, Kamal Z.},
    year     = 2021,
    month    = {May},
    day      = 17,
    journal  = {Journal of Big Data},
    volume   = 8,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = 68,
    doi      = {10.1186/s40537-021-00459-1},
    issn     = {2196-1115},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00459-1},
    abstract = {The ever-increasing social media users has dramatically contributed to significant growth as far as the volume of online information is concerned. Often, the contents that these users put in social media can give valuable insights on their personalities (e.g., in terms of predicting job satisfaction, specific preferences, as well as the success of professional and romantic relationship) and getting it without the hassle of taking formal personality test. Termed personality prediction, the process involves extracting the digital content into features and mapping it according to a personality model. Owing to its simplicity and proven capability, a well-known personality model, called the big five personality traits, has often been adopted in the literature as the de facto standard for personality assessment. To date, there are many algorithms that can be used to extract embedded contextualized word from textual data for personality prediction system; some of them are based on ensembled model and deep learning. Although useful, existing algorithms such as RNN and LSTM suffers from the following limitations. Firstly, these algorithms take a long time to train the model owing to its sequential inputs. Secondly, these algorithms also lack the ability to capture the true (semantic) meaning of words; therefore, the context is slightly lost. To address these aforementioned limitations, this paper introduces a new prediction using multi model deep learning architecture combined with multiple pre-trained language model such as BERT, RoBERTa, and XLNet as features extraction method on social media data sources. Finally, the system takes the decision based on model averaging to make prediction. Unlike earlier work which adopts a single social media data with open and close vocabulary extraction method, the proposed work uses multiple social media data sources namely Facebook and Twitter and produce a predictive model for each trait using bidirectional context feature combine with extraction method. Our experience with the proposed work has been encouraging as it has outperformed similar existing works in the literature. More precisely, our results achieve a maximum accuracy of 86.2{\%} and 0.912 f1 measure score on the Facebook dataset; 88.5{\%} accuracy and 0.882 f1 measure score on the Twitter dataset.}
}

@inproceedings{HowladerEtal2018,
    title     = {Predicting Facebook-Users' Personality Based on Status and Linguistic Features via Flexible Regression Analysis Techniques},
    author    = {Howlader, Prantik and Pal, Kuntal Kumar and Cuzzocrea, Alfredo and Kumar, S. D. Madhu},
    year      = 2018,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing},
    location  = {Pau, France},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address   = {New York, NY, USA},
    series    = {SAC '18},
    pages     = {339–345},
    doi       = {10.1145/3167132.3167166},
    isbn      = 9781450351911,
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3167132.3167166},
    abstract  = {The psychological constructs of a user of social media are clearly visible from his/her posts and other activities. But predicting this is a challenging task. This paper explores the use of Linear Regression (LR) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) for predicting the Big Five Personality scores, which provide a quantitative measure of the personality traits of users. A performance comparison is made about the regression models on topics from Facebook users' statuses and topics from Facebook statuses along with features extracted via using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool. Further, we have investigated the effect of number of topics found by Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) on the performance of regression models. We found that SVR with Polynomial and Radial Basis Function kernel, respectively, provides better results in predicting big five personality traits. We found that the mean squared error of LR increases with the number of topics. But this increase is less in the case when we consider additional LIWC features for regression.},
    numpages  = 7,
    keywords  = {linguistic inquiry and wordcount, latent dirichlet allocation, big five personality model, support vector regression}
}

@inproceedings{Aung&Myint2019,
    title     = {Personality Prediction Based on Content of Facebook Users:A Literature Review},
    author    = {Aung, Zan Mo Mo and Myint, Phyu Hninn},
    year      = 2019,
    booktitle = {2019 20th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD)},
    volume    = {},
    number    = {},
    pages     = {34--38},
    doi       = {10.1109/SNPD.2019.8935692}
}

@article{KazameiniEtal2020,
    title      = {Personality Trait Detection Using Bagged {SVM} over {BERT} Word Embedding Ensembles},
    author     = {Amirmohammad Kazameini and Samin Fatehi and Yash Mehta and Sauleh Eetemadi and Erik Cambria},
    year       = 2020,
    journal    = {CoRR},
    volume     = {abs/2010.01309},
    url        = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01309},
    eprinttype = {arXiv},
    eprint     = {2010.01309},
    timestamp  = {Mon, 12 Oct 2020 17:53:10 +0200},
    biburl     = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2010-01309.bib},
    bibsource  = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{Mohammad&Kiritchenko2021,
    title        = {Using Nuances of Emotion to Identify Personality},
    author       = {Mohammad, Saif and Kiritchenko, Svetlana},
    year         = 2021,
    month        = {Aug.},
    journal      = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
    volume       = 7,
    number       = 2,
    pages        = {27--30},
    doi          = {10.1609/icwsm.v7i2.14468},
    url          = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14468},
    abstractnote = {<p> Past work on personality detection has shown that frequency of lexical categories such as first person pronouns, past tense verbs, and sentiment words have significant correlationswith personality traits.  In this paper, for the first time, we show that fine affect(emotion) categories such as that of excitement, guilt, yearning, and admiration aresignificant indicators of personality.  Additionally, we perform experiments to show thatthe gains provided by the fine affect categories are not obtained by using coarse affectcategories alone or with specificity features alone.  We employ these features in five SVMclassifiers for detecting five personality traits through essays.  We find that the use offine emotion features leads to statistically significant improvement over a competitivebaseline, whereas the use of coarse affect and specificity features does not. </p>}
}

@article{BounabEtal2024,
    title    = {Towards job screening and personality traits estimation from video transcriptions},
    author   = {Yazid Bounab and Mourad Oussalah and Nabil Arhab and Salah Bekhouche},
    year     = 2024,
    journal  = {Expert Systems with Applications},
    volume   = 238,
    pages    = 122016,
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122016},
    issn     = {0957-4174},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417423025186},
    keywords = {Big-five personality, Deep learning, Human behavior},
    abstract = {In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) has gained new territory beyond its traditional use in text mining applications. This paper shows the effectiveness of NLP techniques in assessing the apparent human personality from his/her video transcript, building a bridge between NLP and computer vision-based reasoning. In this paper, a new deep learning model using attention mechanism and bidirectional LSTM layers for estimating the Big-five personality traits is provided and then tested on ChatLearn video dataset. The robustness of the approach is then tested by generalizing the method to two other datasets (B5 corpus and Mypersonality datasets). Several empirical evaluations taking into account the various inputs of the data processing pipeline have been performed to yield optimal model parameters. The developed model is tested on the APA’2016 competition dataset from Chalearn V2 Challenge Workshop for both Big-five personality trait estimation and interview score estimation. We achieved an average of 89.27% in personality trait recognition rate and 89.16% score in the Job Interview challenge. Similar trends of high accuracy score estimation is held for B5-corpus and MyPersonality datasets as well. The results outperformed several state-of-art approaches, demonstrating our approach’s feasibility in extending the computer vision approach of first impression personality to natural language processing. This opens up a new direction in multimedia analysis.}
}

@article{Beuving2020,
    title     = {Ethnography’s future in the big data era},
    author    = {J. Joost Beuving},
    year      = 2020,
    journal   = {Information, Communication \& Society},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 23,
    number    = 11,
    pages     = {1625--1639},
    doi       = {10.1080/1369118X.2019.1602664}
}

@book{Stephens-Davidowitz2017,
    title     = {Everybody lies. Big data, new data, and what the internet can tell us about who we really are.},
    author    = {S. Stephens-Davidowitz},
    year      = 2017,
    publisher = {HarperCollins}
}

@article{MehtaEtal2020,
    title    = {Recent trends in deep learning based personality detection},
    author   = {Mehta, Yash and Majumder, Navonil and Gelbukh, Alexander and Cambria, Erik},
    year     = 2020,
    month    = {Apr},
    day      = {01},
    journal  = {Artificial Intelligence Review},
    volume   = 53,
    number   = 4,
    pages    = {2313--2339},
    doi      = {10.1007/s10462-019-09770-z},
    issn     = {1573-7462},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09770-z},
    abstract = {Recently, the automatic prediction of personality traits has received a lot of attention. Specifically, personality trait prediction from multimodal data has emerged as a hot topic within the field of affective computing. In this paper, we review significant machine learning models which have been employed for personality detection, with an emphasis on deep learning-based methods. This review paper provides an overview of the most popular approaches to automated personality detection, various computational datasets, its industrial applications, and state-of-the-art machine learning models for personality detection with specific focus on multimodal approaches. Personality detection is a very broad and diverse topic: this survey only focuses on computational approaches and leaves out psychological studies on personality detection.}
}

@article{Lloyd2012,
    title     = {The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® and mainstream psychology: analysis and evaluation of an unresolved hostility},
    author    = {John B. Lloyd},
    year      = 2012,
    journal   = {Journal of Beliefs \& Values},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 33,
    number    = 1,
    pages     = {23--34},
    doi       = {10.1080/13617672.2012.650028},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2012.650028},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2012.650028}
}

@article{Moyle&Hackston2018,
    title     = {Personality Assessment for Employee Development: Ivory Tower or Real World?},
    author    = {Penny Moyle and John Hackston},
    year      = 2018,
    journal   = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
    publisher = {Routledge},
    volume    = 100,
    number    = 5,
    pages     = {507--517},
    doi       = {10.1080/00223891.2018.1481078},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1481078},
    note      = {PMID: 29932745},
    eprint    = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1481078}
}

@book{Cervone&Pervin2022,
    title     = {Personality: Theory and Research},
    author    = {Cervone, Daniel and Pervin, Lawrence A.},
    year      = 2022,
    publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@inproceedings{YangEtal2021b,
    title     = {Learning to Answer Psychological Questionnaire for Personality Detection},
    author    = {Yang, Feifan  and Yang, Tao  and Quan, Xiaojun  and Su, Qinliang},
    year      = 2021,
    month     = nov,
    booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021},
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    address   = {Punta Cana, Dominican Republic},
    pages     = {1131--1142},
    doi       = {10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.98},
    url       = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-emnlp.98},
    editor    = {Moens, Marie-Francine  and Huang, Xuanjing  and Specia, Lucia  and Yih, Scott Wen-tau},
    abstract  = {Existing text-based personality detection research mostly relies on data-driven approaches to implicitly capture personality cues in online posts, lacking the guidance of psychological knowledge. Psychological questionnaire, which contains a series of dedicated questions highly related to personality traits, plays a critical role in self-report personality assessment. We argue that the posts created by a user contain critical contents that could help answer the questions in a questionnaire, resulting in an assessment of his personality by linking the texts and the questionnaire. To this end, we propose a new model named Psychological Questionnaire enhanced Network (PQ-Net) to guide personality detection by tracking critical information in texts with a questionnaire. Specifically, PQ-Net contains two streams: a context stream to encode each piece of text into a contextual text representation, and a questionnaire stream to capture relevant information in the contextual text representation to generate potential answer representations for a questionnaire. The potential answer representations are used to enhance the contextual text representation and to benefit personality prediction. Experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the superiority of PQ-Net in capturing useful cues from the posts for personality detection.}
}

@article{TalasbekEtal2020,
    title        = {Personality Classification Experiment by Applying k-Means Clustering},
    author       = {Talasbek, Assem and Serek, Azamat and Zhaparov, Meirambek and Yoo, Seong-Moo and Kim, Young-Kab and Jeong, Geun-Ho},
    year         = 2020,
    month        = {Aug.},
    journal      = {International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)},
    volume       = 15,
    number       = 16,
    pages        = {pp. 162–177},
    doi          = {10.3991/ijet.v15i16.15049},
    url          = {https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/view/15049},
    abstractnote = {This paper describes personality classification experiment by applying k-means clustering machine learning algorithms. Several previous studies have been attempted to predict personality types of human beings automatically by using various machine learning algorithms. However, only few of them have obtained good accuracy results. To classify a person into personality types, we used Jungian Type Inventory. Our method consists of three parts: data collection, data preparation, and hyper-parameter tuning. Our testing results showed that the k-means model has 107 inertia value, which is a good number for an unsupervised learning model as an interim result. With the result, we divided the data into 16 clusters, which can be considered as personality types. We continue this research with analysis of large data to be collected in the future.}
}

@article{GhassemiEtal2023,
    title    = {Unsupervised Multimodal Learning for Dependency-Free Personality Recognition},
    author   = {Ghassemi, Sina and Zhang, Tianyi and Breda, Ward van and Koutsoumpis, Antonis and Oostrom, Janneke K. and Holtrop, Djurre and Vries, Reinout E. de},
    year     = 2023,
    journal  = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
    volume   = {},
    number   = {},
    pages    = {1--14},
    doi      = {10.1109/TAFFC.2023.3318367},
    keywords = {Feature extraction;Training;Visualization;Annotations;Testing;Prediction algorithms;Deep learning;Feature fusion;generalization performance;multimedia signal processing;multimodal systems;personality assessment;transfer learning;unsupervised learning}
}

@inproceedings{SidorovEtal2014,
    title     = {Automatic Recognition of Personality Traits: A Multimodal Approach},
    author    = {Sidorov, Maxim and Ultes, Stefan and Schmitt, Alexander},
    year      = 2014,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on Mapping Personality Traits Challenge and Workshop},
    location  = {Istanbul, Turkey},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address   = {New York, NY, USA},
    series    = {MAPTRAITS '14},
    pages     = {11–15},
    doi       = {10.1145/2668024.2668028},
    isbn      = 9781450339568,
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2668024.2668028},
    abstract  = {A system being capable of recognize personality traits may be utilized in an enormous number of applications. Adding personality-dependency may be useful to build speaker-adaptive models, e.g., to improve Spoken Dialogue Systems (SDSs) or to monitor agents in call-centers. Therefore, the First Audio/Visual Mapping Personality Traits Challenge (MAPTRAITS 2014) focuses on estimating personality traits. In this context, this study presents the results for multimodal recognition of personality traits using support vector machines. As only small portions of the data is used for personality estimation at a time (which are later combined to a final estimate), different segmentation methods (and how to derive a final hypothesis) are analyzed regarding the task as both a regression and a classification problem.},
    numpages  = 5,
    keywords  = {support vector machine, personality traits, feature-based fusion, audio-visual features}
}

@article{Vukojicic&Veinovic2023,
    title   = {Trait analysis based on multimodal prediction and optimization of the output parameters: A survey},
    author  = {Vukoji{\v{c}}i{\'c} Mili{\'c} and Veinovi{\'c} Mladen},
    year    = 2023,
    journal = {Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering},
    volume  = 20,
    number  = 2,
    pages   = {229--242}
}

@inproceedings{PianesiEtal2008,
    title     = {Multimodal recognition of personality traits in social interactions},
    author    = {Pianesi, Fabio and Mana, Nadia and Cappelletti, Alessandro and Lepri, Bruno and Zancanaro, Massimo},
    year      = 2008,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces},
    location  = {Chania, Crete, Greece},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address   = {New York, NY, USA},
    series    = {ICMI '08},
    pages     = {53–60},
    doi       = {10.1145/1452392.1452404},
    isbn      = 9781605581989,
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1452392.1452404},
    abstract  = {This paper targets the automatic detection of personality traits in a meeting environment by means of audio and visual features; information about the relational context is captured by means of acoustic features designed to that purpose. Two personality traits are considered: Extraversion (from the Big Five) and the Locus of Control. The classification task is applied to thin slices of behaviour, in the form of 1-minute sequences. SVM were used to test the performances of several training and testing instance setups, including a restricted set of audio features obtained through feature selection. The outcomes improve considerably over existing results, provide evidence about the feasibility of the multimodal analysis of personality, the role of social context, and pave the way to further studies addressing different features setups and/or targeting different personality traits.},
    numpages  = 8,
    keywords  = {support vector machines, personality modeling, intelligent environments, group interaction}
}

@inproceedings{GüçlütürkEtal2016,
    title     = {Deep Impression: Audiovisual Deep Residual Networks for Multimodal Apparent Personality Trait Recognition},
    author    = {G{\"u}{\c{c}}l{\"u}t{\"u}rk, Ya{\u{g}}mur and G{\"u}{\c{c}}l{\"u}, Umut and van Gerven, Marcel A. J. and van Lier, Rob},
    year      = 2016,
    booktitle = {Computer Vision -- ECCV 2016 Workshops},
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    address   = {Cham},
    pages     = {349--358},
    isbn      = {978-3-319-49409-8},
    editor    = {Hua, Gang and J{\'e}gou, Herv{\'e}},
    abstract  = {Here, we develop an audiovisual deep residual network for multimodal apparent personality trait recognition. The network is trained end-to-end for predicting the Big Five personality traits of people from their videos. That is, the network does not require any feature engineering or visual analysis such as face detection, face landmark alignment or facial expression recognition. Recently, the network won the third place in the ChaLearn First Impressions Challenge with a test accuracy of 0.9109.}
}

@article{KindirogluEtal2017,
    title    = {Multi-domain and multi-task prediction of extraversion and leadership from meeting videos},
    author   = {Kindiroglu, Ahmet Alp and Akarun, Lale and Aran, Oya},
    year     = 2017,
    month    = {Nov},
    day      = 21,
    journal  = {EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing},
    volume   = 2017,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = 77,
    doi      = {10.1186/s13640-017-0224-z},
    issn     = {1687-5281},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-017-0224-z},
    abstract = {Automatic prediction of personalities from meeting videos is a classical machine learning problem. Psychologists define personality traits as uncorrelated long-term characteristics of human beings. However, human annotations of personality traits introduce cultural and cognitive bias. In this study, we present methods to automatically predict emergent leadership and personality traits in the group meeting videos of the Emergent LEAdership corpus. Prediction of extraversion has attracted the attention of psychologists as it is able to explain a wide range of behaviors, predict performance, and assess risk. Prediction of emergent leadership, on the other hand, is of great importance for the business community. Therefore, we focus on the prediction of extraversion and leadership since these traits are also strongly manifested in a meeting scenario through the extracted features. We use feature analysis and multi-task learning methods in conjunction with the non-verbal features and crowd-sourced annotations from the Video bLOG (VLOG) corpus to perform a multi-domain and multi-task prediction of personality traits. Our results indicate that multi-task learning methods using 10 personality annotations as tasks and with a transfer from two different datasets from different domains improve the overall recognition performance. Preventing negative transfer by using a forward task selection scheme yields the best recognition results with 74.5{\%} accuracy in leadership and 81.3{\%} accuracy in extraversion traits. These results demonstrate the presence of annotation bias as well as the benefit of transferring information from weakly similar domains.}
}

@inproceedings{Alam&Riccardi2014,
    title     = {Predicting Personality Traits using Multimodal Information},
    author    = {Alam, Firoj and Riccardi, Giuseppe},
    year      = 2014,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Multi Media on Workshop on Computational Personality Recognition},
    location  = {Orlando, Florida, USA},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address   = {New York, NY, USA},
    series    = {WCPR '14},
    pages     = {15–18},
    doi       = {10.1145/2659522.2659531},
    isbn      = 9781450331296,
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2659522.2659531},
    abstract  = {Measuring personality traits has a long story in psychology where analysis has been done by asking sets of questions. These question sets (inventories) have been designed by investigating lexical terms that we use in our daily communications or by analyzing biological phenomena. Whether consciously or unconsciously we express our thoughts and behaviors when communicating with others, either verbally, non-verbally or using visual expressions. Recently, research in behavioral signal processing has focused on automatically measuring personality traits using different behavioral cues that appear in our daily communication. In this study, we present an approach to automatically recognize personality traits using a video-blog (vlog) corpus, consisting of transcription and extracted audio-visual features. We analyzed linguistic, psycholinguistic and emotional features in addition to the audio-visual features provided with the dataset. We also studied whether we can better predict a trait by identifying other traits. Using our best models we obtained very promising results compared to the official baseline.},
    numpages  = 4,
    keywords  = {behavioral signal processing, multimodal personality recognition}
}

@inproceedings{KalimeriEtal2013,
    title     = {Going beyond traits: multimodal classification of personality states in the wild},
    author    = {Kalimeri, Kyriaki and Lepri, Bruno and Pianesi, Fabio},
    year      = 2013,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction},
    location  = {Sydney, Australia},
    publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address   = {New York, NY, USA},
    series    = {ICMI '13},
    pages     = {27–34},
    doi       = {10.1145/2522848.2522878},
    isbn      = 9781450321297,
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2522848.2522878},
    abstract  = {Recent studies in social and personality psychology introduced the notion of personality states conceived as concrete behaviors that can be described as having the same contents as traits. Our paper is a first step towards addressing automatically this new perspective. In particular, we will focus on the classification of excerpts of social behavior into personality states corresponding to the Big Five traits, rather than focusing on the more traditional goal of using those behaviors to directly infer about the personality traits of the person producing them. The multimodal behavioral cues we exploit were obtained by means of the Sociometric Badges worn by people working at a research institution for a period of six weeks. We investigate the effectiveness of cues concerning acted social behaviors as well as of other situational characteristics for the sake of personality state classification. The encouraging results show that our classifiers always, and sometimes greatly, improve the performances of a random baseline classifier (from 1.5 to 1.8 better than chance). At a general level, we believe that these results support the proposed shift from the classification of personality traits to the classification of personality states.},
    numpages  = 8,
    keywords  = {classification, mobile sensors, personality states, social computing, svm}
}

@article{Fleeson2001,
    title     = {Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.},
    author    = {Fleeson, William},
    year      = 2001,
    journal   = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
    publisher = {American Psychological Association},
    address   = {US},
    volume    = 80,
    number    = 6,
    pages     = {1011--1027},
    doi       = {10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011},
    keywords  = {*Daily Activities; *Five Factor Personality Model; *Individual Differences; Personality Traits},
    abstract  = {Three experience sampling studies explored the distributions of Big-Five-relevant states (behavior) across 2 to 3 weeks of everyday life. Within-person variability was high, such that the typical individual regularly and routinely manifested nearly all levels of all traits in his or her everyday behavior. Second, individual differences in central tendencies of behavioral distributions were almost perfectly stable. Third, amount of behavioral variability (and skew and kurtosis) were revealed as stable individual differences. Finally, amount of within-person variability in extraversion was shown to reflect individual differences in reactivity to extraversion-relevant situational cues. Thus, decontextualized and noncontigent Big-Five content is highly useful for descriptions of individuals' density distributions as wholes. Simultaneously, contextualized and contingent personality units (e.g., conditional traits, goals) are needed for describing the considerable within-person variation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@article{Veroff1983,
    title    = {Contextual Determinants of Personality},
    author   = {Joseph Veroff},
    year     = 1983,
    journal  = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
    volume   = 9,
    number   = 3,
    pages    = {331--343},
    doi      = {10.1177/0146167283093002},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093002},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093002},
    abstract = {An approach is developed that relies on the principle that an individual's personality is best described and understood in terms of various contexts in which that individual is embedded. Five different kinds of contexts are considered: historical, cultural (and subcultural), developmental, organizational, and interpersonal. Each is illustrated with findings from two national sample surveys (one done in 1957; the other in 1976) that measured social motives through thematic apperceptive techniques. This contextual approach implies that personality is dynamically accumulative over the life span and that it is best assessed by subdividing a given personality characteristic into variants of that characteristic, which, if measured, can accurately pick up the contextual effects on the characteristic.}
}

@article{SteinEtal1986,
    title    = {Stability and change in personality: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood},
    author   = {Judith A Stein and Michael D Newcomb and P.M Bentler},
    year     = 1986,
    journal  = {Journal of Research in Personality},
    volume   = 20,
    number   = 3,
    pages    = {276--291},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90135-2},
    issn     = {0092-6566},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0092656686901352},
    abstract = {This study examines change and stability in personality between early adolescence and young adulthood. Subjects were 654 young adults (193 males, 461 females) who have been participating in an 8-year longitudinal study. Comparisons were made between measurements on 15 personality traits taken at 4-year intervals: Year 1, Year 5, and Year 9. Stability was assessed using correlations and change was measured through comparisons of mean levels of trait scores. Correlational results indicated continuity of personality between all intervals with the greatest stability to be found between the last two testing periods. Significant changes in mean levels were also evidenced for 10 out of the 15 personality traits. Changes, influenced by the moderator variable of sex, were in the direction of becoming more like societal expectations for adult roles.}
}

@article{Cobb-Clark&Schurer2012,
    title    = {The stability of big-five personality traits},
    author   = {Deborah A. Cobb-Clark and Stefanie Schurer},
    year     = 2012,
    journal  = {Economics Letters},
    volume   = 115,
    number   = 1,
    pages    = {11--15},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.015},
    issn     = {0165-1765},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176511004666},
    keywords = {Non-cognitive skills, Big-five personality traits, Stability, Wages},
    abstract = {We demonstrate that Big-Five personality traits are stable for working-age adults over a four-year period. Mean population changes are small and constant across age groups. Intra-individual changes are generally unrelated to adverse life events and are not economically meaningful.}
}

@article{BleidornEtal2021,
    title        = {Personality Trait Stability and Change},
    author       = {Bleidorn, Wiebke and Hopwood, Christopher J. and Back, Mitja D. and Denissen, Jaap J. A. and Hennecke, Marie and Hill, Patrick L. and Jokela, Markus and Kandler, Christian and Lucas, Richard E. and Luhmann, Maike and Orth, Ulrich and Roberts, Brent W. and Wagner, Jenny and Wrzus, Cornelia and Zimmermann, Johannes},
    year         = 2021,
    month        = {Jun.},
    journal      = {Personality Science},
    volume       = 2,
    pages        = {1--20},
    doi          = {10.5964/ps.6009},
    url          = {https://ps.psychopen.eu/index.php/ps/article/view/6009},
    abstractnote = {<p>Personality traits continue to change throughout the lifespan. However, we still know little about when, why, and how personality traits change. In this paper, we review the current state of scientific evidence regarding the nature, sources, and processes of personality trait stability and change. We revisit past disputes over the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences, discuss studies on life events and personality trait development, and summarize theory and research on personality change processes. In doing so, we derive general principles of personality trait development, highlight limitations of past research, and present the broad outlines for future research on personality trait development, with a particular emphasis on relevant methodological issues and conceptual challenges.</p>}
}

@article{LaajajEtal2019,
    title   = {Challenges to capture the big five personality traits in non-WEIRD populations},
    author  = {Laajaj, Rachid and Macours, Karen and Pinzon Hernandez, Daniel Alejandro and Arias, Oscar and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff and Rubio-Codina, Marta and Vakis, Renos},
    year    = 2019,
    journal = {Science Advances},
    volume  = 5,
    number  = 7,
    pages   = {eaaw5226},
    doi     = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw5226}
}

@article{DeRaad1998,
    title   = {Five Big, Big Five Issues},
    author  = {De Raad, B.},
    year    = 1998,
    journal = {European Psychologist},
    volume  = 3,
    number  = 2,
    pages   = {113--124}
}

@article{GuvenEtal2013,
    title     = {How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager--farmers in the Bolivian Amazon.},
    author    = {Gurven, Michael and von Rueden, Christopher and Massenkoff, Maxim and Kaplan, Hillard and Lero Vie, Marino},
    year      = 2013,
    journal   = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
    publisher = {American Psychological Association},
    address   = {US},
    volume    = 104,
    number    = 2,
    pages     = {354--370},
    doi       = {10.1037/a0030841},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030841},
    keywords  = {*Five Factor Personality Model; *Indigenous Populations; *Personality Measures; *Personality Traits; Agricultural Workers; Test Reliability; Test Validity},
    abstract  = {The five-factor model (FFM) of personality variation has been replicated across a range of human societies, suggesting the FFM is a human universal. However, most studies of the FFM have been restricted to literate, urban populations, which are uncharacteristic of the majority of human evolutionary history. We present the first test of the FFM in a largely illiterate, indigenous society. Tsimane forager--horticulturalist men and women of Bolivia (n = 632) completed a translation of the 44-item Big Five Inventory (Benet-Mart{\'i}nez {\&} John, 1998), a widely used metric of the FFM. We failed to find robust support for the FFM, based on tests of (a) internal consistency of items expected to segregate into the Big Five factors, (b) response stability of the Big Five, (c) external validity of the Big Five with respect to observed behavior, (d) factor structure according to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and (e) similarity with a U.S. target structure based on Procrustes rotation analysis. Replication of the FFM was not improved in a separate sample of Tsimane adults (n = 430), who evaluated their spouses on the Big Five Inventory. Removal of reverse-scored items that may have elicited response biases produced factors suggestive of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, but fit to the FFM remained poor. Response styles may covary with exposure to education, but we found no better fit to the FFM among Tsimane who speak Spanish or have attended school. We argue that Tsimane personality variation displays 2 principal factors that may reflect socioecological characteristics common to small-scale societies. We offer evolutionary perspectives on why the structure of personality variation may not be invariant across human societies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)}
}

@article{Cloninger1993,
    title   = {A psychobiological model of temperament and character},
    author  = {Cloninger, C. R. and Svrakic, D. M. and Przybeck, T. R.},
    year    = 1993,
    journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
    volume  = 50,
    number  = 12,
    pages   = {975--990},
    doi     = {10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008},
    pmid    = 8250684
}

@inbook{Hong&Ong2017,
    title     = {The Supernumerary Personality Inventory},
    author    = {Hong, Ryan Y. and Ong, Xiang Ling},
    year      = 2017,
    booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences},
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    address   = {Cham},
    pages     = {1--4},
    doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_89-1},
    isbn      = {978-3-319-28099-8},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_89-1},
    editor    = {Zeigler-Hill, Virgil and Shackelford, Todd K.}
}

@article{Feher&Vernon2021,
    title    = {Looking beyond the Big Five: A selective review of alternatives to the Big Five model of personality},
    author   = {Feher, Anita and Vernon, Philip. A.},
    year     = 2021,
    journal  = {Personality and Individual Differences},
    volume   = 169,
    pages    = 110002,
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110002},
    issn     = {0191-8869},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886920301914},
    note     = {Celebrating 40th anniversary of the journal in 2020},
    keywords = {Big Five, personality models, narrow personality traits, incremental validity},
    abstract = {For decades, the Big 5 model of personality has dominated as one of the most popular and widely used models of personality. The current article reviews the development and prevalence of the Big 5 model and explores the position of other personality variables not (or not fully) encompassed by this model, to see what lies ‘beyond the Big 5’. We start by comparing the Big 5 to the alternative six-factor HEXACO model, the Supernumerary Personality Traits, and a psychobiological model of personality. We then discuss the Dark Tetrad traits, self-defeating interpersonal styles, and trait emotional intelligence as examples of narrower personality traits which predict outcomes over and above the Big 5. Comparisons between these different personality models and the extent to which other personality traits can predict different psychological outcomes will be used to address the discussion of whether the Big 5 is a sufficient measure of personality, or whether other personality variables need to be also considered for a more comprehensive model of personality. Areas of consideration for researchers investigating Big 5 personality will also be discussed.}
}

@book{Christiansen&Tett2013,
    title     = {Handbook of personality at work},
    author    = {Christiansen, Neil. and Tett, Robert.},
    year      = 2013,
    publisher = {Brunner-Routledge}
}

@article{KomarrajuEtal2011,
    title    = {The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement},
    author   = {Meera Komarraju and Steven J. Karau and Ronald R. Schmeck and Alen Avdic},
    year     = 2011,
    journal  = {Personality and Individual Differences},
    volume   = 51,
    number   = 4,
    pages    = {472--477},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.019},
    issn     = {0191-8869},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911002194},
    note     = {Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Individual Differences Research},
    keywords = {Learning styles, Big Five, Academic achievement, Synthesis-analysis, Conscientiousness, Reflective, Openness, Elaborative processing},
    abstract = {Personality and learning styles are both likely to play significant roles in influencing academic achievement. College students (308 undergraduates) completed the Five Factor Inventory and the Inventory of Learning Processes and reported their grade point average. Two of the Big Five traits, conscientiousness and agreeableness, were positively related with all four learning styles (synthesis analysis, methodical study, fact retention, and elaborative processing), whereas neuroticism was negatively related with all four learning styles. In addition, extraversion and openness were positively related with elaborative processing. The Big Five together explained 14% of the variance in grade point average (GPA), and learning styles explained an additional 3%, suggesting that both personality traits and learning styles contribute to academic performance. Further, the relationship between openness and GPA was mediated by reflective learning styles (synthesis-analysis and elaborative processing). These latter results suggest that being intellectually curious fully enhances academic performance when students combine this scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of teaching techniques and curriculum design.}
}

@article{WangEtal2023,
    title     = {The influences of the Big Five personality traits on academic achievements: Chain mediating effect based on major identity and self-efficacy},
    author    = {Wang, Hui and Liu, Yuxia and Wang, Zhanying and Wang, Ting},
    year      = 2023,
    journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
    publisher = {Frontiers},
    volume    = 14,
    pages     = 1065554,
    doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1065554},
    issn      = {1664-1078},
    url       = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1065554},
    note      = {PMID: 36777199},
    eprint    = {PMC9911834},
    pmid      = 36777199
}

@article{Watson2023,
    title    = {On the Philosophy of Unsupervised Learning},
    author   = {Watson, David S.},
    year     = 2023,
    month    = {Apr},
    day      = 21,
    journal  = {Philosophy {\&} Technology},
    volume   = 36,
    number   = 2,
    pages    = 28,
    doi      = {10.1007/s13347-023-00635-6},
    issn     = {2210-5441},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00635-6},
    abstract = {Unsupervised learning algorithms are widely used for many important statistical tasks with numerous applications in science and industry. Yet despite their prevalence, they have attracted remarkably little philosophical scrutiny to date. This stands in stark contrast to supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms, which have been widely studied and critically evaluated, often with an emphasis on ethical concerns. In this article, I analyze three canonical unsupervised learning problems: clustering, abstraction, and generative modeling. I argue that these methods raise unique epistemological and ontological questions, providing data-driven tools for discovering natural kinds and distinguishing essence from contingency. This analysis goes some way toward filling the lacuna in contemporary philosophical discourse on unsupervised learning, as well as bringing conceptual unity to a heterogeneous field more often described by what it is not (i.e., supervised or reinforcement learning) than by what it is. I submit that unsupervised learning is not just a legitimate subject of philosophical inquiry but perhaps the most fundamental branch of all AI. However, an uncritical overreliance on unsupervised methods poses major epistemic and ethical risks. I conclude by advocating for a pragmatic, error-statistical approach that embraces the opportunities and mitigates the challenges posed by this powerful class of algorithms.}
}

@article{YangEtal2021a,
    title        = {Multi-Document Transformer for Personality Detection},
    author       = {Yang, Feifan and Quan, Xiaojun and Yang, Yunyi and Yu, Jianxing},
    year         = 2021,
    month        = {May},
    journal      = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
    volume       = 35,
    number       = 16,
    pages        = {14221--14229},
    doi          = {10.1609/aaai.v35i16.17673},
    url          = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/17673},
    abstractnote = {Personality detection aims to identify the personality traits implied in social media posts. The core of this task is to put together information in multiple scattered posts to depict an overall personality profile for each user. Existing approaches either encode each post individually or assemble posts arbitrarily into a new document that can be encoded sequentially or hierarchically. While the first approach ignores the connection between posts, the second tends to introduce unnecessary post-order bias into posts. In this paper, we propose a multi-document Transformer, namely Transformer-MD, to tackle the above issues. When encoding each post, Transformer-MD allows access to information in the other posts of the user through Transformer-XL’s memory tokens which share the same position embedding.Besides, personality is usually defined along different traits and each trait may need to attend to different post information, which has rarely been touched by existing research. To address this concern, we propose a dimension attention mechanism on top of Transformer-MD to obtain trait-specific representations for multi-trait personality detection. We evaluate the proposed model on the Kaggle and Pandora MBTI datasets and the experimental results show that it compares favorably with baseline methods.}
}

@article{Yang&Huang2018,
    author  = {Yang, Hsin-Chang and Huang, Zi-Rui},
    year    = {2018},
    month   = {11},
    pages   = {},
    title   = {Mining personality traits from social messages for game recommender systems},
    volume  = {165},
    journal = {Knowledge-Based Systems},
    doi     = {10.1016/j.knosys.2018.11.025}
}

@inproceedings{YinEtal2018,
    title     = {A Network-enhanced Prediction Method for Automobile Purchase Classification using Deep Learning},
    author    = {Han Yin and Yue Wang and Qian Li and Wei Xu and Yingwei Yu and Zhang Tao},
    booktitle = {Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems},
    year      = {2018},
    url       = {https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53225260}
}

@misc{QianEtal2017,
    title         = {Assigning personality/identity to a chatting machine for coherent conversation generation},
    author        = {Qiao Qian and Minlie Huang and Haizhou Zhao and Jingfang Xu and Xiaoyan Zhu},
    year          = {2017},
    eprint        = {1706.02861},
    archiveprefix = {arXiv},
    primaryclass  = {cs.CL}
}

@inbook{LiemEtal2018,
    title     = {Psychology Meets Machine Learning: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Algorithmic Job Candidate Screening},
    abstract  = {In a rapidly digitizing world, machine learning algorithms are increasingly employed in scenarios that directly impact humans. This also is seen in job candidate screening. Data-driven candidate assessment is gaining interest, due to high scalability and more systematic assessment mechanisms. However, it will only be truly accepted and trusted if explainability and transparency can be guaranteed. The current chapter emerged from ongoing discussions between psychologists and computer scientists with machine learning interests, and discusses the job candidate screening problem from an interdisciplinary viewpoint. After introducing the general problem, we present a tutorial on common important methodological focus points in psychological and machine learning research. Following this, we both contrast and combine psychological and machine learning approaches, and present a use case example of a data-driven job candidate assessment system, intended to be explainable towards non-technical hiring specialists. In connection to this, we also give an overview of more traditional job candidate assessment approaches, and discuss considerations for optimizing the acceptability of technology-supported hiring solutions by relevant stakeholders. Finally, we present several recommendations on how interdisciplinary collaboration on the topic may be fostered.},
    keywords  = {Psychology, Machine learning, Job candidate screening, Methodology , Explainability , Multimodal analysis, Interdisciplinarity },
    author    = {Liem, {Cynthia C.S.} and Markus Langer and Andrew Demetriou and Hiemstra, {Annemarie M.F.} and {Achmadnoer Sukma Wicaksana}, Sukma and Born, {Marise Ph.} and K{\"o}nig, {Cornelis J.}},
    note      = {Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository {\textquoteleft}You share, we take care!{\textquoteright} – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.},
    year      = {2018},
    doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-98131-4_9},
    language  = {English},
    isbn      = {978-3-319-98130-7},
    series    = {The Springer Series on Challenges in Machine Learning},
    publisher = {Springer},
    pages     = {197--253},
    editor    = {{Jair Escalante}, H. and S. Escalera and I. Guyon and X. Bar{\'o} and Y G{\"u}{\c c}l{\"u}t{\"u}rk},
    booktitle = {Explainable and Interpretable Models in Computer Vision and Machine Learning}
}

@inproceedings{ChittaranjanEtal2011,
    author    = {Chittaranjan, Gokul and Blom, Jan and Gatica-Perez, Daniel},
    booktitle = {2011 15th Annual International Symposium on Wearable Computers},
    title     = {Who's Who with Big-Five: Analyzing and Classifying Personality Traits with Smartphones},
    year      = {2011},
    volume    = {},
    number    = {},
    pages     = {29-36},
    keywords  = {Smart phones;Feature extraction;Correlation;Psychology;Stability analysis;Context},
    doi       = {10.1109/ISWC.2011.29}
}

@inproceedings{GüçlütürkEtal2017,
    title     = {{Visualizing Apparent Personality Analysis with Deep Residual Networks}},
    author    = {G{\"u}{\c c}l{\"u}t{\"u}rk, Ya{\u g}mur and G{\"u}{\c c}l{\"u}, Umut and Perez, Marc and Escalante Balderas, Hugo Jair and Bar{\'o}, Xavier and Guyon, Isabelle and Andujar, Carlos and Junior, Julio Jacques and Madadi, Meysam and Escalera, Sergio and van Gerven, Marcel a J and van Lier, Rob},
    url       = {https://inria.hal.science/hal-01677962},
    booktitle = {{International Conference on Computer Vision - ICCV 2017}},
    address   = {Venice, Italy},
    year      = {2017},
    month     = Oct,
    pdf       = {https://inria.hal.science/hal-01677962/file/apparent_personality.pdf}
}

@article{BucherEtal2019,
    title    = {A meta-analytic review of personality traits and their associations with mental health treatment outcomes},
    journal  = {Clinical Psychology Review},
    volume   = {70},
    pages    = {51-63},
    year     = {2019},
    issn     = {0272-7358},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.04.002},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027273581830285X},
    author   = {Meredith A. Bucher and Takakuni Suzuki and Douglas B. Samuel},
    keywords = {Five-factor model, FFM, Personality traits, Clinical outcomes, Therapeutic outcomes},
    abstract = {Personality traits have been hypothesized to be clinically useful for diagnosis, client conceptualization, treatment planning, as well as for predicting treatment outcomes. Although several studies examined the relation between personality traits and specific therapy outcomes, this literature has not yet been systematically reviewed. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the relations between personality traits and various therapeutic outcomes. Traits were organized via the domains of the five-factor model to provide a common framework for interpreting effects. Across 99 studies (N = 107, 206), overall findings indicated that traits were systematically related to outcomes, with many specific relations congruent with theorized predictions. Generally, lower levels of neuroticism and higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were associated with more favorable outcomes. More specifically, agreeableness had positive associations with therapeutic alliance and conscientiousness was positively related to abstinence from substances suggesting these traits are likely a beneficial factor to consider at the outset of services. Personality traits also related to various outcomes differently based on moderators. For example, duration of treatment moderated links between traits and outcomes suggesting these effects are amplified over longer services. Overall results suggest that personality assessment can aid with case conceptualization by suggesting potential strengths as well as barriers to treatment.}
}

@article{OngEtal2017,
    author = {Ong, Veronica and Rahmanto, A.D.S. and Williem, Williem and Suhartono, Derwin},
    year   = {2017},
    month  = {01},
    pages  = {65-70},
    title  = {Exploring personality prediction from text on social media: A literature review},
    volume = {9}
}

@article{RenEtal2021,
    title    = {A sentiment-aware deep learning approach for personality detection from text},
    journal  = {Information Processing & Management},
    volume   = {58},
    number   = {3},
    pages    = {102532},
    year     = {2021},
    issn     = {0306-4573},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102532},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457321000406},
    author   = {Zhancheng Ren and Qiang Shen and Xiaolei Diao and Hao Xu},
    keywords = {Personality detection, Deep learning, BERT, Multi-label classification},
    abstract = {Personality detection based on user-generated text content analysis has a significant impact on information science, for instance, information seeking. Existing deep learning-based approaches, however, have two major limitations. Firstly, they extract only keywords for personality detection and lack the analysis of sentiment information and psycholinguistic features. Secondly, the information about the context and polysemous words are ignored. To tackle these problems, we propose a novel multi-label personality detection model based on neural networks, which combines emotional and semantic features. Specifically, we leverage Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) to generate sentence-level embedding for text semantic extraction. In addition, a sentiment dictionary is used for text sentiment analysis in order to consider sentiment information. Finally, we input the above semantic information and emotional information into the neural network to construct an automatic personality detection model. The performance of the model has been evaluated on two public personality datasets. The experiments show that we obtain average accuracy improvements of 6.91% and 6.04% on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Big Five datasets, respectively, compared with the state-of-the-art techniques.}
}

@article{McAdamsEtal2021,
    title        = {Self and Identity in Personality Psychology},
    volume       = {2},
    url          = {https://ps.psychopen.eu/index.php/ps/article/view/6035},
    doi          = {10.5964/ps.6035},
    abstractnote = {<p>Research on self and identity has greatly enhanced personality science by directing inquiry more deeply into the person’s conscious mind and more expansively outward into the social environments that contextualize individual differences in behavior, thought, and feeling. After delineating key concepts and offering reasons why personality psychologists should care about self and identity processes, we highlight important empirical discoveries that are of special relevance to personality science in the areas of (1) self-insight, (2) self-conscious emotions, (3) self-esteem, (4) narrative identity, and (5) the role of culture in shaping self, identity, and the integration of personality. We anticipate that future research will also move vigorously to (1) develop more comprehensive and precise accounts of how life experiences influence the development of self and identity, (2) explore more fully how the brain builds a sense of self, and (3) harness what we know about self and identity to improve people’s lives and promote personality development.</p>},
    journal      = {Personality Science},
    author       = {McAdams, Dan P. and Trzesniewski, Kali and Lilgendahl, Jennifer and Benet-Martinez, Veronica and Robins, Richard W.},
    year         = {2021},
    month        = {Jun.},
    pages        = {1-20}
}

@article{ShiffmanEtal2008,
    author   = {Shiffman, Saul and Stone, Arthur A. and Hufford, Michael R.},
    title    = {Ecological Momentary Assessment},
    journal  = {Annual Review of Clinical Psychology},
    volume   = {4},
    number   = {1},
    pages    = {1-32},
    year     = {2008},
    doi      = {10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415},
    note     = {PMID: 18509902},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415},
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415},
    abstract = {Assessment in clinical psychology typically relies on global retrospective self-reports collected at research or clinic visits, which are limited by recall bias and are not well suited to address how behavior changes over time and across contexts. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated sampling of subjects’ current behaviors and experiences in real time, in subjects’ natural environments. EMA aims to minimize recall bias, maximize ecological validity, and allow study of microprocesses that influence behavior in real-world contexts. EMA studies assess particular events in subjects’ lives or assess subjects at periodic intervals, often by random time sampling, using technologies ranging from written diaries and telephones to electronic diaries and physiological sensors. We discuss the rationale for EMA, EMA designs, methodological and practical issues, and comparisons of EMA and recall data. EMA holds unique promise to advance the science and practice of clinical psychology by shedding light on the dynamics of behavior in real-world settings.}
}

@book{Deaux&Snyder2018,
    author    = {Deaux, Kay and Snyder, Mark},
    title     = {{The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology}},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    year      = {2018},
    month     = {11},
    abstract  = {{The second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology captures the history, current status, and future prospects of personality and social psychology—presented not as a set of parallel accounts, but as an integrated perspective on the behavior of persons in social contexts. This handbook combines these two fields in a single integrated volume, offering a unique and generative agenda for psychology. It is dedicated to the proposition that personality and social psychology are best viewed in conjunction with one another and that the synergy to be gained from considering links between the two fields can do much to move both fields forward and to enrich our understanding of human nature. Such interdependence is particularly crucial if one wishes to address the ongoing functioning of persons in their natural environments, where splits between person and situation are not so easily fashioned. The chapters of the Handbook weave together work from personality and social psychology, not only in areas of long-standing concern, but also in newly emerging fields of inquiry, addressing both distinctive contributions and common ground. In so doing, they offer compelling evidence for the power and the potential of an integrated approach to personality and social psychology.}},
    isbn      = {9780190224837},
    doi       = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190224837.001.0001},
    url       = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190224837.001.0001}
}

@book{Kurt1936,
    title     = {Principles of Topological Psychology},
    author    = {Lewin, Kurt},
    year      = {1936},
    publisher = {McGraw-Hill}
}

@inbook{Snyder2006,
    author    = {Mark Snyder},
    editor    = {Paul A.M. Van Lange},
    pages     = {187-192},
    publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
    title     = {Building Bridges Between Personality and Social Psychology: Understanding the Ties That Bind Persons and Situations},
    year      = {2006},
    booktitle = {Bridging Social Psychology}
}

@article{Sökefeld1999,
    author   = {S\"{o}kefeld, Martin},
    title    = {Debating Self, Identity, and Culture in Anthropology},
    journal  = {Current Anthropology},
    volume   = {40},
    number   = {4},
    pages    = {417-448},
    year     = {1999},
    doi      = {10.1086/200042},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1086/200042 },
    eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1086/200042},
    abstract = { This paper explores relations between “identity” and “self”—concepts that tend to be approached separately in anthropological discourse. In the conceptualization of the self, the “Western” self, characterized as autonomous and egocentric, is generally taken as a point of departure. Non‐Western (concepts of) selves—the selves of the people anthropology traditionally studies—are defined by the negation of these qualities. Similar to anthropological conceptualizations of identity, this understanding of non‐Western selves points exclusively to elements shared with others and not to individual features. Consequently, anthropological discourse diverts attention from actual individuals and selves. A different approach is exemplified by a case from northern Pakistan in a social setting characterized by a plurality of contradictory identities. It is argued that an analysis of how a particular individual acts in situations involving contradictory identities requires a concept of a self as it emerges from the actions of individuals that is capable managing the respectively shared identities. Besides any culture‐specific attributes, this self is endowed with reflexivity and agency. This concept of self is a necessary supplement to the concept of culture in anthropology and should be regarded as a human universal. }
}

@article{Verschuren2001,
    author   = {Verschuren, Piet J. M.},
    title    = {Holism versus Reductionism in Modern Social Science Research},
    journal  = {Quality and Quantity},
    year     = {2001},
    month    = {Nov},
    day      = {01},
    volume   = {35},
    number   = {4},
    pages    = {389-405},
    abstract = {Since an early stage in most of thetechnical sciences, and during the last fewdecades in many of the social sciences,reductionistic research has become a mainstream typeof empirical research. This research, to becharacterised methodologically in this article, hasproven to be very successful in buildinga body of abstract and generalisable theoreticalknowledge, for reasons that are made clearin this article. However, does reductionism graspreality in its full extent, the whole beingmore than the sum of its parts? In this articlearguments and research strategies for holisticempirical research are presented, offering advantagesand possibilities for modern social scienceresearch.},
    issn     = {1573-7845},
    doi      = {10.1023/A:1012242620544},
    url      = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012242620544}
}

@article{LiuEtal2016,
    title    = {PT-LDA: A latent variable model to predict personality traits of social network users},
    journal  = {Neurocomputing},
    volume   = {210},
    pages    = {155-163},
    year     = {2016},
    note     = {SI:Behavior Analysis In SN},
    issn     = {0925-2312},
    doi      = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2015.10.144},
    url      = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092523121630604X},
    author   = {Yezheng Liu and Jiajia Wang and Yuanchun Jiang},
    keywords = {Latent dirichlet allocation, Personality recognition, Personality-specific topic, Social network, Mixture model},
    abstract = {Online social network presents a great opportunity to analyze user behavior and mine the implicit personality traits from the social network data. Considering the personality recognition as a multi-label classification problem, this paper proposes a new probabilistic topic model (PT-LDA model) to predict the personality traits within the framework of Five Factor Model. The proposed model extends the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to integrate the n-gram features into few latent topics and each topic is characterized by not only the multinomial distribution over words but also the Gaussian distributions over personality traits. This paper develops a Gibbs-EM algorithm to solve the proposed model iteratively based on Gibbs sampling and expectation maximization. Quantitative evaluation shows that PT-LDA is more accurate, efficient and robust than several baselines. Our experiment also shows that the proposed model can be used to extract the interpretable topics associated with each personality trait, which provides a new way to uncover user behaviors in online social network.}
}

@article{BoyceEtal2015,
    title     = {Personality change following unemployment},
    author    = {Boyce, Christopher J. and Wood, Alex M. and Daly, Michael and Sedikides, Constantine},
    journal   = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
    volume    = {100},
    issue     = {4},
    pages     = {991-1011},
    year      = {2015},
    publisher = {American Psychological Association},
    doi       = {10.1037/a0038647},
    pmid      = {25664474},
    abstract  = {Unemployment has a strongly negative influence on well-being, but it is unclear whether it also alters basic personality traits. Whether personality changes arise through natural maturation processes or contextual/environmental factors is still a matter of debate. Unemployment, a relatively unexpected and commonly occurring life event, may shed light on the relevance of context for personality change. We examined, using a latent change model, the influence of unemployment on the five-factor model of personality in a sample of 6,769 German adults, who completed personality measures at 2 time points 4 years apart. All participants were employed at the first time point, and a subset became unemployed over the course of the study. By the second time point, participants had either remained in employment, been unemployed from 1 to 4 years, or had experienced some unemployment but become reemployed. Compared with those who had remained in employment, unemployed men and women experienced significant patterns of change in their mean levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, whereas reemployed individuals experienced limited change. The results indicate that unemployment has wider psychological implications than previously thought. In addition, the results are consistent with the view that personality changes as a function of contextual and environmental factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
    keywords  = {*Five Factor Personality Model, *Personality Change, *Personality Traits, *Unemployment, Well Being}
}