diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58d7c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# This workflow will build a golang project
+# For more information see: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/automating-builds-and-tests/building-and-testing-go
+
+name: Go
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ main ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ main ]
+
+jobs:
+
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    - name: Set up Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+      with:
+        go-version: 1.19
+
+    - name: Build
+      run: make ast
+
+    - name: Test
+      run: go test -v ./...
+      
+    - name: Benchmark
+      run: go test -bench ./...
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..766688e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: Release
+
+# Uncomment the following to let goreleaser automatically
+# create a GitHub release when a tag is pushed.
+# permissions:
+#   contents: write
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches-ignore:
+      - '**'
+    tags:
+      - 'v*.*.*'
+      # to be used by fork patch-releases ^^
+      - 'v*.*.*-*'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  goreleaser:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: dockerhub-login
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        with:
+          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_KEY }}
+
+      - name: Prepare
+        id: prepare
+        run: |
+          TAG=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}
+          echo ::set-output name=tag_name::${TAG}
+
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+
+      - run: echo ${{ steps.prepare.outputs.tag_name }}
+
+      - name: Run GoReleaser
+        run: |
+          make release
+          docker images
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.TOKEN }}
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.prepare.outputs.tag_name }}
+          DOCKER_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB }}
+          DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_KEY }}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..701c594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binaries for programs and plugins
+*.exe
+*.exe~
+*.dll
+*.so
+*.dylib
+
+# Test binary, built with `go test -c`
+*.test
+
+# Output of the go coverage tool, specifically when used with LiteIDE
+*.out
+
+# Dependency directories (remove the comment below to include it)
+# vendor/
+
+#
+build/
+.idea
+
+#vscode
+.vscode/
+
+# utests
+modules/rawdb/mdbx.db/
+
+# mobile outputs
+mobile/
+
+.DS_Store
+ast
+
+genesis*.json
+
+./deployments/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.goreleaser.yml b/.goreleaser.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d57f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.goreleaser.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+project_name: ast
+
+release:
+  disable: false
+  draft: true
+  prerelease: auto
+
+builds:
+  - id: darwin-amd64
+    main: ./cmd/ast
+    binary: astranet
+    goos: [ darwin ]
+    goarch: [ amd64 ]
+    env:
+      - CC=o64-clang
+      - CXX=o64-clang++
+    tags: [ nosqlite, noboltdb ]
+    ldflags: -s -w
+
+  - id: darwin-arm64
+    main: ./cmd/ast
+    binary: astranet
+    goos: [ darwin ]
+    goarch: [ arm64 ]
+    env:
+      - CC=oa64-clang
+      - CXX=oa64-clang++
+    tags: [ nosqlite, noboltdb ]
+    ldflags: -s -w
+
+  - id: linux-amd64
+    main: ./cmd/ast
+    binary: astranet
+    goos: [ linux ]
+    goarch: [ amd64 ]
+    env:
+      - CC=x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc
+      - CXX=x86_64-linux-gnu-g++
+    tags: [ nosqlite, noboltdb ]
+    ldflags: -s -w -extldflags "-static" # We need to build a static binary because we are building in a glibc based system and running in a musl container
+
+  - id: linux-arm64
+    main: ./cmd/ast
+    binary: astranet
+    goos: [ linux ]
+    goarch: [ arm64 ]
+    env:
+      - CC=aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc
+      - CXX=aarch64-linux-gnu-g++
+    tags: [ nosqlite, noboltdb ]
+    ldflags: -s -w -extldflags "-static" # We need to build a static binary because we are building in a glibc based system and running in a musl container
+
+  - id: windows-amd64
+    main: ./cmd/ast
+    binary: astranet
+    goos: [ windows ]
+    goarch: [ amd64 ]
+    env:
+      - CC=x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
+      - CXX=x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
+    tags: [ nosqlite, noboltdb ]
+    ldflags: -s -w
+
+
+dockers:
+  - image_templates:
+      - astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}-amd64
+    dockerfile: Dockerfile.release
+    use: buildx
+    skip_push: true
+    goarch: amd64
+    ids:
+      - linux-amd64
+    build_flag_templates:
+      - --platform=linux/amd64
+
+  - image_templates:
+      - astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}-arm64
+    dockerfile: Dockerfile.release
+    skip_push: true
+    use: buildx
+    goarch: arm64
+    ids:
+      - linux-arm64
+    build_flag_templates:
+      - --platform=linux/arm64/v8
+
+docker_manifests:
+  - name_template: astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}
+    skip_push: true
+    image_templates:
+      - astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}-amd64
+      - astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}-arm64
+
+  - name_template: astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:latest
+    skip_push: true
+    image_templates:
+      - astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}-amd64
+      - astranet/{{ .ProjectName }}:{{ .Version }}-arm64
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16653ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Build
+FROM golang:1.19-alpine3.15 AS builder
+
+# RUN apk add --no-cache gcc musl-dev linux-headers git make
+RUN apk add --no-cache build-base  linux-headers git bash ca-certificates  libstdc++
+
+WORKDIR /ast
+ADD . .
+ENV GO111MODULE="on"
+RUN go mod tidy && go build  -o ./build/bin/astranet ./cmd/ast
+
+
+FROM alpine:3.15
+#libstdc++
+RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates curl tzdata
+# copy compiled artifacts from builder
+COPY --from=builder /ast/build/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
+
+# Setup user and group
+#
+# from the perspective of the container, uid=1000, gid=1000 is a sensible choice, but if caller creates a .env
+# (example in repo root), these defaults will get overridden when make calls docker-compose
+ARG UID=1000
+ARG GID=1000
+RUN adduser -D -u $UID -g $GID ast
+
+
+ENV astDATA /home/ast/data
+# this 777 will be replaced by 700 at runtime (allows semi-arbitrary "--user" values)
+RUN mkdir -p "$astDATA" && chown -R ast:ast "$astDATA" && chmod 777 "$astDATA"
+VOLUME /home/ast/data
+
+USER ast
+WORKDIR /home/ast
+
+RUN echo $UID
+
+EXPOSE 20012 20013 20014 61015/udp 61016  6060
+ENTRYPOINT ["astranet"]
diff --git a/Dockerfile.release b/Dockerfile.release
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b17f3af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dockerfile.release
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+FROM alpine:3.15
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates curl tzdata
+
+COPY astranet /usr/local/bin/
+
+ARG UID=1000
+ARG GID=1000
+RUN adduser -D -u $UID -g $GID ast
+
+
+ENV astDATA /home/ast/data
+# this 777 will be replaced by 700 at runtime (allows semi-arbitrary "--user" values)
+RUN mkdir -p "$astDATA" && chown -R ast:ast "$astDATA" && chmod 777 "$astDATA"
+VOLUME /home/ast/data
+
+USER ast
+WORKDIR /home/ast
+
+EXPOSE 20012 20013 20014 61015/udp 61016  6060
+ENTRYPOINT ["astranet"]
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94a9ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
+  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works.
+
+  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
+the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
+GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
+any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
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+certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
+you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
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+
+  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
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+authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
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+
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+  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
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+  A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
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+  If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
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+receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
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+you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
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+
+  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
+the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
+conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
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+contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
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+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
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+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
+under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
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+
+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
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+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
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+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
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+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
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+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
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+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
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+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
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+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0657503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+BUILD_TIME := $(shell date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+#GIT_COMMIT := $(shell git show -s --pretty=format:%h)
+GO_VERSION := $(shell go version)
+BUILD_PATH := ./build/bin/
+APP_NAME := astranet
+APP_PATH := ./cmd/ast
+SHELL := /bin/bash
+GO = go
+#LDFLAGS := -ldflags "-w -s -X github.com/astranetworld/ast/version.BuildNumber=${GIT_COMMIT} -X 'github.com/astranetworld/ast/version.BuildTime=${BUILD_TIME}' -X 'github.com/astranetworld/ast/version.GoVersion=${GO_VERSION}'"
+
+
+# Variables below for building on host OS, and are ignored for docker
+#
+# Pipe error below to /dev/null since Makefile structure kind of expects
+# Go to be available, but with docker it's not strictly necessary
+CGO_CFLAGS := $(shell $(GO) env CGO_CFLAGS 2>/dev/null) # don't lose default
+CGO_CFLAGS += -DMDBX_FORCE_ASSERTIONS=0 # Enable MDBX's asserts by default in 'devel' branch and disable in releases
+#CGO_CFLAGS += -DMDBX_DISABLE_VALIDATION=1 # This feature is not ready yet
+#CGO_CFLAGS += -DMDBX_ENABLE_PROFGC=0 # Disabled by default, but may be useful for performance debugging
+#CGO_CFLAGS += -DMDBX_ENABLE_PGOP_STAT=0 # Disabled by default, but may be useful for performance debugging
+#CGO_CFLAGS += -DMDBX_ENV_CHECKPID=0 # Erigon doesn't do fork() syscall
+CGO_CFLAGS += -O
+CGO_CFLAGS += -D__BLST_PORTABLE__
+CGO_CFLAGS += -Wno-unknown-warning-option -Wno-enum-int-mismatch -Wno-strict-prototypes
+#CGO_CFLAGS += -Wno-error=strict-prototypes
+
+GIT_COMMIT ?= $(shell git rev-list -1 HEAD)
+GIT_BRANCH ?= $(shell git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD)
+GIT_TAG    ?= $(shell git describe --tags '--match=v*' --dirty)
+PACKAGE = github.com/astranetworld/ast
+
+BUILD_TAGS = nosqlite,noboltdb
+GO_FLAGS += -trimpath -tags $(BUILD_TAGS) -buildvcs=false
+GO_FLAGS += -ldflags  "-X ${PACKAGE}/params.GitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT} -X ${PACKAGE}/params.GitBranch=${GIT_BRANCH} -X ${PACKAGE}/params.GitTag=${GIT_TAG}"
+GOBUILD = CGO_CFLAGS="$(CGO_CFLAGS)" go build -v $(GO_FLAGS)
+
+
+# if using volume-mounting data dir, then must exist on host OS
+DOCKER_UID ?= $(shell id -u)
+DOCKER_GID ?= $(shell id -g)
+
+
+# == mobiles
+#OSFLAG=$(shell uname -sm)
+
+ANDROID_SDK=$(ANDROID_HOME)
+NDK_VERSION=25.2.9519653
+NDK_HOME=$(ANDROID_SDK)/ndk/$(NDK_VERSION)
+#ANDROID_SDK=/Users/mac/Library/Android/sdk
+MOBILE_GO_FLAGS = -ldflags "-X ${PACKAGE}/cmd/evmsdk/common.VERSION=${GIT_COMMIT}"
+MOBILE_PACKAGE= $(shell pwd)/cmd/evmsdk
+BUILD_MOBILE_PATH = ./build/mobile/
+
+
+# --build-arg UID=${DOCKER_UID} --build-arg GID=${DOCKER_GID}
+
+## go-version:                        print and verify go version
+go-version:
+	@if [ $(shell go version | cut -c 16-17) -lt 18 ]; then \
+		echo "minimum required Golang version is 1.18"; \
+		exit 1 ;\
+	fi
+gen:
+	@echo "Generate go code ..."
+	go generate ./...
+	@echo "Generate done!"
+deps: go-version
+	@echo "setup go deps..."
+	go mod tidy
+	@echo "deps done!"
+
+ast: deps
+	@echo "start build $(APP_NAME)..."
+	#go build -v ${LDFLAGS} -o $(BUILD_PATH)$(APP_NAME)  ${APP_PATH}
+	$(GOBUILD) -o $(BUILD_PATH)$(APP_NAME)  ${APP_PATH}
+	@echo "Compile done!"
+
+images:
+	@echo "docker images build ..."
+	DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build -t astranet/ast:local .
+	@echo "Compile done!"
+
+up:
+	@echo "docker compose up $(APP_NAME) ..."
+	docker-compose  --project-name $(APP_NAME) up -d
+	docker-compose  --project-name $(APP_NAME) logs -f
+down:
+	@echo "docker compose down $(APP_NAME) ..."
+	docker-compose  --project-name $(APP_NAME) down
+	docker volume ls -q | grep 'astranet' | xargs -I % docker volume rm %
+	@echo "done!"
+stop:
+	@echo "docker compose stop $(APP_NAME) ..."
+	docker-compose  --project-name $(APP_NAME) stop
+	@echo "done!"
+start:
+	@echo "docker compose stop $(APP_NAME) ..."
+	docker-compose  --project-name $(APP_NAME) start
+	docker-compose  --project-name $(APP_NAME) logs -f
+clean:
+	go clean
+	@rm -rf  build
+
+devtools:
+	env GOBIN= go install github.com/fjl/gencodec@latest
+	env GOBIN= go install github.com/golang/protobuf/protoc-gen-go@latest
+	env GOBIN= go install github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz/sszgen@latest
+	env GOBIN= go install github.com/prysmaticlabs/protoc-gen-go-cast@latest
+
+
+PACKAGE_NAME          := github.com/WeAreAmaze/ast
+GOLANG_CROSS_VERSION  ?= v1.20.7
+
+.PHONY: release
+release:
+	@docker run \
+		--rm \
+		--privileged \
+		-e CGO_ENABLED=1 \
+		-e GITHUB_TOKEN \
+		-e DOCKER_USERNAME \
+		-e DOCKER_PASSWORD \
+		-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
+		-v `pwd`:/go/src/$(PACKAGE_NAME) \
+		-w /go/src/$(PACKAGE_NAME) \
+		ghcr.io/goreleaser/goreleaser-cross:${GOLANG_CROSS_VERSION} \
+		--clean --skip-validate
+
+		@docker image push --all-tags astranet/ast
+
+
+#== mobiles start
+mobile: clean mobile-dir android ios
+
+mobile-dir:
+	#go get golang.org/x/mobile/bind/objc
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_MOBILE_PATH)/android
+ios:
+	GOOS=ios CGO_ENABLED=1 GOARCH=arm64 gomobile bind ${MOBILE_GO_FLAGS}  -o $(BUILD_MOBILE_PATH)/evmsdk.xcframework -target=ios/arm64  $(MOBILE_PACKAGE)
+android:
+	CGO_ENABLED=1 ANDROID_HOME=$(ANDROID_SDK) ANDROID_NDK_HOME=$(NDK_HOME) gomobile bind -x ${MOBILE_GO_FLAGS} -androidapi 23 -o $(BUILD_MOBILE_PATH)/android/evmsdk.aar -target=android/arm -v $(MOBILE_PACKAGE)
+#   ANDROID_NDK_CC=$(NDK_HOME)/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-gcc NDK_CC=$(NDK_HOME)/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-gcc
+# GOARCH=arm GOOS=android CGO_ENABLED=1
+open-output:
+	open ./mobile
+
+#== mobiles end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50cf740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# astranet
+astranet(ast) is an implementation of public blockchain (execution client), on the efficiency frontier, written in Go.
+
+**Disclaimer: this software is currently a tech preview. We will do our best to keep it stable and make no breaking changes, but we don't guarantee anything. Things can and will break.**
+
+## System Requirements
+
+* For an Full node :  >=200GB  storage space.
+
+SSD or NVMe. Do not recommend HDD.
+
+RAM: >=16GB, 64-bit architecture, [Golang version >= 1.19](https://golang.org/doc/install)
+
+
+## Build from source code
+For building the latest alpha release (this will be suitable for most users just wanting to run a node):
+
+### Most Linux systems and macOS
+
+ast is written in Go, so building from source code requires the most recent version of Go to be installed.
+Instructions for installing Go are available at the [Go installation page](https://golang.org/doc/install) and necessary bundles can be downloaded from the [Go download page](https://golang.org/dl/).
+And the repository should be cloned to a local repository. Then, the command make ast configures everything for a temporary build and cleans up afterwards. This method of building only works on UNIX-like operating systems
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/astranetworld/ast.git
+cd ast
+make ast
+./build/bin/ast
+```
+### Windows
+
+Windows users may run ast in 3 possible ways:
+
+* Build executable binaries natively for Windows using [Chocolatey package manager](https://chocolatey.org/)
+* Use Docker :  see [docker-compose.yml](./docker-compose.yml)
+* Use WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) **strictly on version 2**. Under this option you can build ast just as you would on a regular Linux distribution. You can point your data also to any of the mounted Windows partitions (eg. `/mnt/c/[...]`, `/mnt/d/[...]` etc) but in such case be advised performance is impacted: this is due to the fact those mount points use `DrvFS` which is a [network file system](#blocks-execution-is-slow-on-cloud-network-drives) and, additionally, MDBX locks the db for exclusive access which implies only one process at a time can access data.  This has consequences on the running of `rpcdaemon` which has to be configured as [Remote DB](#for-remote-db) even if it is executed on the very same computer. If instead your data is hosted on the native Linux filesystem non limitations apply. **Please also note the default WSL2 environment has its own IP address which does not match the one of the network interface of Windows host: take this into account when configuring NAT for port 30303 on your router.**
+
+
+### Docker container
+Docker allows for building and running ast via containers. This alleviates the need for installing build dependencies onto the host OS.
+see [docker-compose.yml](./docker-compose.yml) [dockerfile](./Dockerfile).
+For convenience we provide the following commands:
+```sh
+make images # build docker images than contain executable ast binaries
+make up # alias for docker-compose up -d && docker-compose logs -f 
+make down # alias for docker-compose down && clean docker data
+make start #  alias for docker-compose start && docker-compose logs -f 
+make stop # alias for docker-compose stop
+```
+
+## Executables
+
+The astranet project comes with one wrappers/executables found in the `cmd`
+directory.
+
+|    Command    | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| :-----------: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+|  **`astranet`**   | Our main astranet CLI client.  It can be used by other processes as a gateway into the astranet network via JSON RPC endpoints exposed on top of HTTP transports. `astranet --help`  for command line options.          |
+
+
+## ast ports
+
+| Port  | Protocol |         Purpose          |       Expose       |
+|:-----:|:--------:|:------------------------:|:------------------:|
+| 61015 |   UDP    | The port used by discv5. |       Public       |
+| 61016 |   TCP    | The port used by libp2p. |       Public       |
+| 20012 |   TCP    |      Json rpc/HTTP       |       Public       |
+| 20013 |   TCP    |    Json rpc/Websocket    |       Public       |
+| 20014 |   TCP    | Json rpc/HTTP/Websocket  | JWT Authentication |
+| 4000  |   TCP    |   BlockChain Explorer    |       Public       |
+| 6060  |   TCP    |         Metrics          |      Private       | 
+| 6060  |   TCP    |          Pprof           |      Private       | 
+
+## License
+The astranet library is licensed under the
+[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html).
+
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a7688c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+Use this section to tell people about which versions of your project are
+currently being supported with security updates.
+
+| Version | Supported          |
+|---------|--------------------|
+| 5.1.x   | :white_check_mark: |
+| 5.0.x   | :x:                |
+| 4.0.x   | :white_check_mark: |
+| < 4.0   | :x:                |
+
+## Audit reports
+
+Audit reports are published in the `docs` folder
+
+| Scope | Date | Report Link |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+**Please do not file a public ticket** mentioning the vulnerability.
+
+To find out how to disclose a vulnerability in astranet email support@astranet.com. Please read the [disclosure page] for more information about publicly disclosed security vulnerabilities.
+
+Use the built-in `ast version-check` feature to check whether the software is affected by any known vulnerability. This command will fetch the latest [`vulnerabilities.json`] file which contains known security vulnerabilities concerning `ast`, and cross-check the data against its own version number.
+
+The following key may be used to communicate sensitive information to developers.
+
+Fingerprint:
+
+```
+-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
+Version: SKS 1.1.6
+Comment: Hostname: pgp.mit.edu
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abi.go b/accounts/abi/abi.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e15b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/abi.go
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// The ABI holds information about a contract's context and available
+// invokable methods. It will allow you to type check function calls and
+// packs data accordingly.
+type ABI struct {
+	Constructor Method
+	Methods     map[string]Method
+	Events      map[string]Event
+	Errors      map[string]Error
+
+	// Additional "special" functions introduced in solidity v0.6.0.
+	// It's separated from the original default fallback. Each contract
+	// can only define one fallback and receive function.
+	Fallback Method // Note it's also used to represent legacy fallback before v0.6.0
+	Receive  Method
+}
+
+// JSON returns a parsed ABI interface and error if it failed.
+func JSON(reader io.Reader) (ABI, error) {
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(reader)
+
+	var abi ABI
+	if err := dec.Decode(&abi); err != nil {
+		return ABI{}, err
+	}
+	return abi, nil
+}
+
+// Pack the given method name to conform the ABI. Method call's data
+// will consist of method_id, args0, arg1, ... argN. Method id consists
+// of 4 bytes and arguments are all 32 bytes.
+// Method ids are created from the first 4 bytes of the hash of the
+// methods string signature. (signature = baz(uint32,string32))
+func (abi ABI) Pack(name string, args ...interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Fetch the ABI of the requested method
+	if name == "" {
+		// constructor
+		arguments, err := abi.Constructor.Inputs.Pack(args...)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return arguments, nil
+	}
+	method, exist := abi.Methods[name]
+	if !exist {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("method '%s' not found", name)
+	}
+	arguments, err := method.Inputs.Pack(args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Pack up the method ID too if not a constructor and return
+	return append(method.ID, arguments...), nil
+}
+
+func (abi ABI) getArguments(name string, data []byte) (Arguments, error) {
+	// since there can't be naming collisions with contracts and events,
+	// we need to decide whether we're calling a method or an event
+	var args Arguments
+	if method, ok := abi.Methods[name]; ok {
+		if len(data)%32 != 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: improperly formatted output: %q - Bytes: %+v", data, data)
+		}
+		args = method.Outputs
+	}
+	if event, ok := abi.Events[name]; ok {
+		args = event.Inputs
+	}
+	if args == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: could not locate named method or event: %s", name)
+	}
+	return args, nil
+}
+
+// Unpack unpacks the output according to the abi specification.
+func (abi ABI) Unpack(name string, data []byte) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	args, err := abi.getArguments(name, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return args.Unpack(data)
+}
+
+// UnpackIntoInterface unpacks the output in v according to the abi specification.
+// It performs an additional copy. Please only use, if you want to unpack into a
+// structure that does not strictly conform to the abi structure (e.g. has additional arguments)
+func (abi ABI) UnpackIntoInterface(v interface{}, name string, data []byte) error {
+	args, err := abi.getArguments(name, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	unpacked, err := args.Unpack(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return args.Copy(v, unpacked)
+}
+
+// UnpackIntoMap unpacks a log into the provided map[string]interface{}.
+func (abi ABI) UnpackIntoMap(v map[string]interface{}, name string, data []byte) (err error) {
+	args, err := abi.getArguments(name, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return args.UnpackIntoMap(v, data)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (abi *ABI) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var fields []struct {
+		Type    string
+		Name    string
+		Inputs  []Argument
+		Outputs []Argument
+
+		// Status indicator which can be: "pure", "view",
+		// "nonpayable" or "payable".
+		StateMutability string
+
+		// Deprecated Status indicators, but removed in v0.6.0.
+		Constant bool // True if function is either pure or view
+		Payable  bool // True if function is payable
+
+		// Event relevant indicator represents the event is
+		// declared as anonymous.
+		Anonymous bool
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &fields); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	abi.Methods = make(map[string]Method)
+	abi.Events = make(map[string]Event)
+	abi.Errors = make(map[string]Error)
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		switch field.Type {
+		case "constructor":
+			abi.Constructor = NewMethod("", "", Constructor, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, field.Inputs, nil)
+		case "function":
+			name := ResolveNameConflict(field.Name, func(s string) bool { _, ok := abi.Methods[s]; return ok })
+			abi.Methods[name] = NewMethod(name, field.Name, Function, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, field.Inputs, field.Outputs)
+		case "fallback":
+			// New introduced function type in v0.6.0, check more detail
+			// here https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.0/contracts.html#fallback-function
+			if abi.HasFallback() {
+				return errors.New("only single fallback is allowed")
+			}
+			abi.Fallback = NewMethod("", "", Fallback, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, nil, nil)
+		case "receive":
+			// New introduced function type in v0.6.0, check more detail
+			// here https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.0/contracts.html#fallback-function
+			if abi.HasReceive() {
+				return errors.New("only single receive is allowed")
+			}
+			if field.StateMutability != "payable" {
+				return errors.New("the statemutability of receive can only be payable")
+			}
+			abi.Receive = NewMethod("", "", Receive, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, nil, nil)
+		case "event":
+			name := ResolveNameConflict(field.Name, func(s string) bool { _, ok := abi.Events[s]; return ok })
+			abi.Events[name] = NewEvent(name, field.Name, field.Anonymous, field.Inputs)
+		case "error":
+			// Errors cannot be overloaded or overridden but are inherited,
+			// no need to resolve the name conflict here.
+			abi.Errors[field.Name] = NewError(field.Name, field.Inputs)
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("abi: could not recognize type %v of field %v", field.Type, field.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MethodById looks up a method by the 4-byte id,
+// returns nil if none found.
+func (abi *ABI) MethodById(sigdata []byte) (*Method, error) {
+	if len(sigdata) < 4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("data too short (%d bytes) for abi method lookup", len(sigdata))
+	}
+	for _, method := range abi.Methods {
+		if bytes.Equal(method.ID, sigdata[:4]) {
+			return &method, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no method with id: %#x", sigdata[:4])
+}
+
+// EventByID looks an event up by its topic hash in the
+// ABI and returns nil if none found.
+func (abi *ABI) EventByID(topic types.Hash) (*Event, error) {
+	for _, event := range abi.Events {
+		if bytes.Equal(event.ID.Bytes(), topic.Bytes()) {
+			return &event, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no event with id: %#x", topic.Hex())
+}
+
+// HasFallback returns an indicator whether a fallback function is included.
+func (abi *ABI) HasFallback() bool {
+	return abi.Fallback.Type == Fallback
+}
+
+// HasReceive returns an indicator whether a receive function is included.
+func (abi *ABI) HasReceive() bool {
+	return abi.Receive.Type == Receive
+}
+
+// revertSelector is a special function selector for revert reason unpacking.
+var revertSelector = crypto.Keccak256([]byte("Error(string)"))[:4]
+
+// UnpackRevert resolves the abi-encoded revert reason. According to the solidity
+// spec https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/control-structures.html#revert,
+// the provided revert reason is abi-encoded as if it were a call to a function
+// `Error(string)`. So it's a special tool for it.
+func UnpackRevert(data []byte) (string, error) {
+	if len(data) < 4 {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data[:4], revertSelector) {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	typ, _ := NewType("string", "", nil)
+	unpacked, err := (Arguments{{Type: typ}}).Unpack(data[4:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return unpacked[0].(string), nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/argument.go b/accounts/abi/argument.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a437e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/argument.go
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Argument holds the name of the argument and the corresponding type.
+// Types are used when packing and testing arguments.
+type Argument struct {
+	Name    string
+	Type    Type
+	Indexed bool // indexed is only used by events
+}
+
+type Arguments []Argument
+
+type ArgumentMarshaling struct {
+	Name         string
+	Type         string
+	InternalType string
+	Components   []ArgumentMarshaling
+	Indexed      bool
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (argument *Argument) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var arg ArgumentMarshaling
+	err := json.Unmarshal(data, &arg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("argument json err: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	argument.Type, err = NewType(arg.Type, arg.InternalType, arg.Components)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	argument.Name = arg.Name
+	argument.Indexed = arg.Indexed
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NonIndexed returns the arguments with indexed arguments filtered out.
+func (arguments Arguments) NonIndexed() Arguments {
+	var ret []Argument
+	for _, arg := range arguments {
+		if !arg.Indexed {
+			ret = append(ret, arg)
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+// isTuple returns true for non-atomic constructs, like (uint,uint) or uint[].
+func (arguments Arguments) isTuple() bool {
+	return len(arguments) > 1
+}
+
+// Unpack performs the operation hexdata -> Go format.
+func (arguments Arguments) Unpack(data []byte) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		if len(arguments.NonIndexed()) != 0 {
+			return nil, errors.New("abi: attempting to unmarshall an empty string while arguments are expected")
+		}
+		return make([]interface{}, 0), nil
+	}
+	return arguments.UnpackValues(data)
+}
+
+// UnpackIntoMap performs the operation hexdata -> mapping of argument name to argument value.
+func (arguments Arguments) UnpackIntoMap(v map[string]interface{}, data []byte) error {
+	// Make sure map is not nil
+	if v == nil {
+		return errors.New("abi: cannot unpack into a nil map")
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		if len(arguments.NonIndexed()) != 0 {
+			return errors.New("abi: attempting to unmarshall an empty string while arguments are expected")
+		}
+		return nil // Nothing to unmarshal, return
+	}
+	marshalledValues, err := arguments.UnpackValues(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for i, arg := range arguments.NonIndexed() {
+		v[arg.Name] = marshalledValues[i]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Copy performs the operation go format -> provided struct.
+func (arguments Arguments) Copy(v interface{}, values []interface{}) error {
+	// make sure the passed value is arguments pointer
+	if reflect.Ptr != reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi: Unpack(non-pointer %T)", v)
+	}
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		if len(arguments.NonIndexed()) != 0 {
+			return errors.New("abi: attempting to copy no values while arguments are expected")
+		}
+		return nil // Nothing to copy, return
+	}
+	if arguments.isTuple() {
+		return arguments.copyTuple(v, values)
+	}
+	return arguments.copyAtomic(v, values[0])
+}
+
+// unpackAtomic unpacks ( hexdata -> go ) a single value
+func (arguments Arguments) copyAtomic(v interface{}, marshalledValues interface{}) error {
+	dst := reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem()
+	src := reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValues)
+
+	if dst.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+		return set(dst.Field(0), src)
+	}
+	return set(dst, src)
+}
+
+// copyTuple copies a batch of values from marshalledValues to v.
+func (arguments Arguments) copyTuple(v interface{}, marshalledValues []interface{}) error {
+	value := reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem()
+	nonIndexedArgs := arguments.NonIndexed()
+
+	switch value.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		argNames := make([]string, len(nonIndexedArgs))
+		for i, arg := range nonIndexedArgs {
+			argNames[i] = arg.Name
+		}
+		var err error
+		abi2struct, err := mapArgNamesToStructFields(argNames, value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for i, arg := range nonIndexedArgs {
+			field := value.FieldByName(abi2struct[arg.Name])
+			if !field.IsValid() {
+				return fmt.Errorf("abi: field %s can't be found in the given value", arg.Name)
+			}
+			if err := set(field, reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValues[i])); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
+		if value.Len() < len(marshalledValues) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("abi: insufficient number of arguments for unpack, want %d, got %d", len(arguments), value.Len())
+		}
+		for i := range nonIndexedArgs {
+			if err := set(value.Index(i), reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValues[i])); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi:[2] cannot unmarshal tuple in to %v", value.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnpackValues can be used to unpack ABI-encoded hexdata according to the ABI-specification,
+// without supplying a struct to unpack into. Instead, this method returns a list containing the
+// values. An atomic argument will be a list with one element.
+func (arguments Arguments) UnpackValues(data []byte) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	nonIndexedArgs := arguments.NonIndexed()
+	retval := make([]interface{}, 0, len(nonIndexedArgs))
+	virtualArgs := 0
+	for index, arg := range nonIndexedArgs {
+		marshalledValue, err := toGoType((index+virtualArgs)*32, arg.Type, data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if arg.Type.T == ArrayTy && !isDynamicType(arg.Type) {
+			// If we have a static array, like [3]uint256, these are coded as
+			// just like uint256,uint256,uint256.
+			// This means that we need to add two 'virtual' arguments when
+			// we count the index from now on.
+			//
+			// Array values nested multiple levels deep are also encoded inline:
+			// [2][3]uint256: uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256
+			//
+			// Calculate the full array size to get the correct offset for the next argument.
+			// Decrement it by 1, as the normal index increment is still applied.
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(arg.Type)/32 - 1
+		} else if arg.Type.T == TupleTy && !isDynamicType(arg.Type) {
+			// If we have a static tuple, like (uint256, bool, uint256), these are
+			// coded as just like uint256,bool,uint256
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(arg.Type)/32 - 1
+		}
+		retval = append(retval, marshalledValue)
+	}
+	return retval, nil
+}
+
+// PackValues performs the operation Go format -> Hexdata.
+// It is the semantic opposite of UnpackValues.
+func (arguments Arguments) PackValues(args []interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	return arguments.Pack(args...)
+}
+
+// Pack performs the operation Go format -> Hexdata.
+func (arguments Arguments) Pack(args ...interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Make sure arguments match up and pack them
+	abiArgs := arguments
+	if len(args) != len(abiArgs) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("argument count mismatch: got %d for %d", len(args), len(abiArgs))
+	}
+	// variable input is the output appended at the end of packed
+	// output. This is used for strings and bytes types input.
+	var variableInput []byte
+
+	// input offset is the bytes offset for packed output
+	inputOffset := 0
+	for _, abiArg := range abiArgs {
+		inputOffset += getTypeSize(abiArg.Type)
+	}
+	var ret []byte
+	for i, a := range args {
+		input := abiArgs[i]
+		// pack the input
+		packed, err := input.Type.pack(reflect.ValueOf(a))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// check for dynamic types
+		if isDynamicType(input.Type) {
+			// set the offset
+			ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(inputOffset))...)
+			// calculate next offset
+			inputOffset += len(packed)
+			// append to variable input
+			variableInput = append(variableInput, packed...)
+		} else {
+			// append the packed value to the input
+			ret = append(ret, packed...)
+		}
+	}
+	// append the variable input at the end of the packed input
+	ret = append(ret, variableInput...)
+
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// ToCamelCase converts an under-score string to a camel-case string
+func ToCamelCase(input string) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(input, "_")
+	for i, s := range parts {
+		if len(s) > 0 {
+			parts[i] = strings.ToUpper(s[:1]) + s[1:]
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, "")
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go b/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..475d2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bind
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// ErrNoChainID is returned whenever the user failed to specify a chain id.
+var ErrNoChainID = errors.New("no chain id specified")
+
+// ErrNotAuthorized is returned when an account is not properly unlocked.
+var ErrNotAuthorized = errors.New("not authorized to sign this account")
+
+// NewTransactor is a utility method to easily create a transaction signer from
+// an encrypted json key stream and the associated passphrase.
+//
+// Deprecated: Use NewTransactorWithChainID instead.
+func NewTransactor(keyin io.Reader, passphrase string) (*TransactOpts, error) {
+	log.Warn("WARNING: NewTransactor has been deprecated in favour of NewTransactorWithChainID")
+	json, err := io.ReadAll(keyin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(json, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return NewKeyedTransactor(key.PrivateKey), nil
+}
+
+// NewKeyStoreTransactor is a utility method to easily create a transaction signer from
+// an decrypted key from a keystore.
+//
+// Deprecated: Use NewKeyStoreTransactorWithChainID instead.
+func NewKeyStoreTransactor(keystore *keystore.KeyStore, account accounts.Account) (*TransactOpts, error) {
+	log.Warn("WARNING: NewKeyStoreTransactor has been deprecated in favour of NewTransactorWithChainID")
+	signer := transaction.HomesteadSigner{}
+	return &TransactOpts{
+		From: account.Address,
+		Signer: func(address types.Address, tx *transaction.Transaction) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+			if address != account.Address {
+				return nil, ErrNotAuthorized
+			}
+			signature, err := keystore.SignHash(account, signer.Hash(tx).Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return tx.WithSignature(signer, signature)
+		},
+		Context: context.Background(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// NewKeyedTransactor is a utility method to easily create a transaction signer
+// from a single private key.
+//
+// Deprecated: Use NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID instead.
+func NewKeyedTransactor(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *TransactOpts {
+	log.Warn("WARNING: NewKeyedTransactor has been deprecated in favour of NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID")
+	keyAddr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+	signer := transaction.HomesteadSigner{}
+	return &TransactOpts{
+		From: keyAddr,
+		Signer: func(address types.Address, tx *transaction.Transaction) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+			if address != keyAddr {
+				return nil, ErrNotAuthorized
+			}
+			signature, err := crypto.Sign(signer.Hash(tx).Bytes(), key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return tx.WithSignature(signer, signature)
+		},
+		Context: context.Background(),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewTransactorWithChainID is a utility method to easily create a transaction signer from
+// an encrypted json key stream and the associated passphrase.
+func NewTransactorWithChainID(keyin io.Reader, passphrase string, chainID *big.Int) (*TransactOpts, error) {
+	json, err := io.ReadAll(keyin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(json, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID(key.PrivateKey, chainID)
+}
+
+// NewKeyStoreTransactorWithChainID is a utility method to easily create a transaction signer from
+// an decrypted key from a keystore.
+func NewKeyStoreTransactorWithChainID(keystore *keystore.KeyStore, account accounts.Account, chainID *big.Int) (*TransactOpts, error) {
+	if chainID == nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoChainID
+	}
+	signer := transaction.LatestSignerForChainID(chainID)
+	return &TransactOpts{
+		From: account.Address,
+		Signer: func(address types.Address, tx *transaction.Transaction) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+			if address != account.Address {
+				return nil, ErrNotAuthorized
+			}
+			signature, err := keystore.SignHash(account, signer.Hash(tx).Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return tx.WithSignature(signer, signature)
+		},
+		Context: context.Background(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID is a utility method to easily create a transaction signer
+// from a single private key.
+func NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, chainID *big.Int) (*TransactOpts, error) {
+	keyAddr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+	if chainID == nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoChainID
+	}
+	signer := transaction.LatestSignerForChainID(chainID)
+	return &TransactOpts{
+		From: keyAddr,
+		Signer: func(address types.Address, tx *transaction.Transaction) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+			if address != keyAddr {
+				return nil, ErrNotAuthorized
+			}
+			signature, err := crypto.Sign(signer.Hash(tx).Bytes(), key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return tx.WithSignature(signer, signature)
+		},
+		Context: context.Background(),
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/backend.go b/accounts/abi/bind/backend.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..285a60d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/backend.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bind
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	astranet "github.com/astranetworld/ast"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrNoCode is returned by call and transact operations for which the requested
+	// recipient contract to operate on does not exist in the state db or does not
+	// have any code associated with it (i.e. suicided).
+	ErrNoCode = errors.New("no contract code at given address")
+
+	// ErrNoPendingState is raised when attempting to perform a pending state action
+	// on a backend that doesn't implement PendingContractCaller.
+	ErrNoPendingState = errors.New("backend does not support pending state")
+
+	// ErrNoCodeAfterDeploy is returned by WaitDeployed if contract creation leaves
+	// an empty contract behind.
+	ErrNoCodeAfterDeploy = errors.New("no contract code after deployment")
+)
+
+// ContractCaller defines the methods needed to allow operating with a contract on a read
+// only basis.
+type ContractCaller interface {
+	// CodeAt returns the code of the given account. This is needed to differentiate
+	// between contract internal errors and the local chain being out of sync.
+	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract types.Address, blockNumber *uint256.Int) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// CallContract executes an Ethereum contract call with the specified data as the
+	// input.
+	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call astranet.CallMsg, blockNumber *uint256.Int) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// PendingContractCaller defines methods to perform contract calls on the pending state.
+// Call will try to discover this interface when access to the pending state is requested.
+// If the backend does not support the pending state, Call returns ErrNoPendingState.
+type PendingContractCaller interface {
+	// PendingCodeAt returns the code of the given account in the pending state.
+	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract types.Address) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// PendingCallContract executes an Ethereum contract call against the pending state.
+	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call astranet.CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// ContractTransactor defines the methods needed to allow operating with a contract
+// on a write only basis. Besides the transacting method, the remainder are helpers
+// used when the user does not provide some needed values, but rather leaves it up
+// to the transactor to decide.
+type ContractTransactor interface {
+	// HeaderByNumber returns a block header from the current canonical chain. If
+	// number is nil, the latest known header is returned.
+	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *uint256.Int) (*block.Header, error)
+
+	// PendingCodeAt returns the code of the given account in the pending state.
+	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// PendingNonceAt retrieves the current pending nonce associated with an account.
+	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address) (uint64, error)
+
+	// SuggestGasPrice retrieves the currently suggested gas price to allow a timely
+	// execution of a transaction.
+	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*uint256.Int, error)
+
+	// SuggestGasTipCap retrieves the currently suggested 1559 priority fee to allow
+	// a timely execution of a transaction.
+	SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*uint256.Int, error)
+
+	// EstimateGas tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a specific
+	// transaction based on the current pending state of the backend blockchain.
+	// There is no guarantee that this is the true gas limit requirement as other
+	// transactions may be added or removed by miners, but it should provide a basis
+	// for setting a reasonable default.
+	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call astranet.CallMsg) (gas uint64, err error)
+
+	// SendTransaction injects the transaction into the pending pool for execution.
+	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *transaction.Transaction) error
+}
+
+// ContractFilterer defines the methods needed to access log events using one-off
+// queries or continuous event subscriptions.
+type ContractFilterer interface {
+	// FilterLogs executes a log filter operation, blocking during execution and
+	// returning all the results in one batch.
+	//
+	// TODO(karalabe): Deprecate when the subscription one can return past data too.
+	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query astranet.FilterQuery) ([]block.Log, error)
+
+	// SubscribeFilterLogs creates a background log filtering operation, returning
+	// a subscription immediately, which can be used to stream the found events.
+	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, query astranet.FilterQuery, ch chan<- block.Log) (astranet.Subscription, error)
+}
+
+// DeployBackend wraps the operations needed by WaitMined and WaitDeployed.
+type DeployBackend interface {
+	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash types.Hash) (*block.Receipt, error)
+	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// ContractBackend defines the methods needed to work with contracts on a read-write basis.
+type ContractBackend interface {
+	ContractCaller
+	ContractTransactor
+	ContractFilterer
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/base.go b/accounts/abi/bind/base.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..467b81f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/base.go
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bind
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	astranet "github.com/astranetworld/ast"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+const basefeeWiggleMultiplier = 2
+
+// SignerFn is a signer function callback when a contract requires a method to
+// sign the transaction before submission.
+type SignerFn func(types.Address, *transaction.Transaction) (*transaction.Transaction, error)
+
+// CallOpts is the collection of options to fine tune a contract call request.
+type CallOpts struct {
+	Pending     bool            // Whether to operate on the pending state or the last known one
+	From        types.Address   // Optional the sender address, otherwise the first account is used
+	BlockNumber *uint256.Int    // Optional the block number on which the call should be performed
+	Context     context.Context // Network context to support cancellation and timeouts (nil = no timeout)
+}
+
+// TransactOpts is the collection of authorization data required to create a
+// valid Ethereum transaction.
+type TransactOpts struct {
+	From   types.Address // Ethereum account to send the transaction from
+	Nonce  *uint64       // Nonce to use for the transaction execution (nil = use pending state)
+	Signer SignerFn      // Method to use for signing the transaction (mandatory)
+
+	Value     *uint256.Int // Funds to transfer along the transaction (nil = 0 = no funds)
+	GasPrice  *uint256.Int // Gas price to use for the transaction execution (nil = gas price oracle)
+	GasFeeCap *uint256.Int // Gas fee cap to use for the 1559 transaction execution (nil = gas price oracle)
+	GasTipCap *uint256.Int // Gas priority fee cap to use for the 1559 transaction execution (nil = gas price oracle)
+	GasLimit  uint64       // Gas limit to set for the transaction execution (0 = estimate)
+
+	Context context.Context // Network context to support cancellation and timeouts (nil = no timeout)
+
+	NoSend bool // Do all transact steps but do not send the transaction
+}
+
+// FilterOpts is the collection of options to fine tune filtering for events
+// within a bound contract.
+type FilterOpts struct {
+	Start uint64  // Start of the queried range
+	End   *uint64 // End of the range (nil = latest)
+
+	Context context.Context // Network context to support cancellation and timeouts (nil = no timeout)
+}
+
+// WatchOpts is the collection of options to fine tune subscribing for events
+// within a bound contract.
+type WatchOpts struct {
+	Start   *uint64         // Start of the queried range (nil = latest)
+	Context context.Context // Network context to support cancellation and timeouts (nil = no timeout)
+}
+
+// MetaData collects all metadata for a bound contract.
+type MetaData struct {
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	Sigs map[string]string
+	Bin  string
+	ABI  string
+	ab   *abi.ABI
+}
+
+func (m *MetaData) GetAbi() (*abi.ABI, error) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if m.ab != nil {
+		return m.ab, nil
+	}
+	if parsed, err := abi.JSON(strings.NewReader(m.ABI)); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else {
+		m.ab = &parsed
+	}
+	return m.ab, nil
+}
+
+// BoundContract is the base wrapper object that reflects a contract on the
+// Ethereum network. It contains a collection of methods that are used by the
+// higher level contract bindings to operate.
+type BoundContract struct {
+	address    types.Address      // Deployment address of the contract on the Ethereum blockchain
+	abi        abi.ABI            // Reflect based ABI to access the correct Ethereum methods
+	caller     ContractCaller     // Read interface to interact with the blockchain
+	transactor ContractTransactor // Write interface to interact with the blockchain
+	filterer   ContractFilterer   // Event filtering to interact with the blockchain
+}
+
+// NewBoundContract creates a low level contract interface through which calls
+// and transactions may be made through.
+func NewBoundContract(address types.Address, abi abi.ABI, caller ContractCaller, transactor ContractTransactor, filterer ContractFilterer) *BoundContract {
+	return &BoundContract{
+		address:    address,
+		abi:        abi,
+		caller:     caller,
+		transactor: transactor,
+		filterer:   filterer,
+	}
+}
+
+// DeployContract deploys a contract onto the Ethereum blockchain and binds the
+// deployment address with a Go wrapper.
+func DeployContract(opts *TransactOpts, abi abi.ABI, bytecode []byte, backend ContractBackend, params ...interface{}) (types.Address, *transaction.Transaction, *BoundContract, error) {
+	// Otherwise try to deploy the contract
+	c := NewBoundContract(types.Address{}, abi, backend, backend, backend)
+
+	input, err := c.abi.Pack("", params...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	tx, err := c.transact(opts, nil, append(bytecode, input...))
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	c.address = crypto.CreateAddress(opts.From, tx.Nonce())
+	return c.address, tx, c, nil
+}
+
+// Call invokes the (constant) contract method with params as input values and
+// sets the output to result. The result type might be a single field for simple
+// returns, a slice of interfaces for anonymous returns and a struct for named
+// returns.
+func (c *BoundContract) Call(opts *CallOpts, results *[]interface{}, method string, params ...interface{}) error {
+	// Don't crash on a lazy user
+	if opts == nil {
+		opts = new(CallOpts)
+	}
+	if results == nil {
+		results = new([]interface{})
+	}
+	// Pack the input, call and unpack the results
+	input, err := c.abi.Pack(method, params...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var (
+		msg    = astranet.CallMsg{From: opts.From, To: &c.address, Data: input}
+		ctx    = ensureContext(opts.Context)
+		code   []byte
+		output []byte
+	)
+	if opts.Pending {
+		pb, ok := c.caller.(PendingContractCaller)
+		if !ok {
+			return ErrNoPendingState
+		}
+		output, err = pb.PendingCallContract(ctx, msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(output) == 0 {
+			// Make sure we have a contract to operate on, and bail out otherwise.
+			if code, err = pb.PendingCodeAt(ctx, c.address); err != nil {
+				return err
+			} else if len(code) == 0 {
+				return ErrNoCode
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		output, err = c.caller.CallContract(ctx, msg, opts.BlockNumber)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(output) == 0 {
+			// Make sure we have a contract to operate on, and bail out otherwise.
+			if code, err = c.caller.CodeAt(ctx, c.address, opts.BlockNumber); err != nil {
+				return err
+			} else if len(code) == 0 {
+				return ErrNoCode
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(*results) == 0 {
+		res, err := c.abi.Unpack(method, output)
+		*results = res
+		return err
+	}
+	res := *results
+	return c.abi.UnpackIntoInterface(res[0], method, output)
+}
+
+// Transact invokes the (paid) contract method with params as input values.
+func (c *BoundContract) Transact(opts *TransactOpts, method string, params ...interface{}) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// Otherwise pack up the parameters and invoke the contract
+	input, err := c.abi.Pack(method, params...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// todo(rjl493456442) check the method is payable or not,
+	// reject invalid transaction at the first place
+	return c.transact(opts, &c.address, input)
+}
+
+// RawTransact initiates a transaction with the given raw calldata as the input.
+// It's usually used to initiate transactions for invoking **Fallback** function.
+func (c *BoundContract) RawTransact(opts *TransactOpts, calldata []byte) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// todo(rjl493456442) check the method is payable or not,
+	// reject invalid transaction at the first place
+	return c.transact(opts, &c.address, calldata)
+}
+
+// Transfer initiates a plain transaction to move funds to the contract, calling
+// its default method if one is available.
+func (c *BoundContract) Transfer(opts *TransactOpts) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// todo(rjl493456442) check the payable fallback or receive is defined
+	// or not, reject invalid transaction at the first place
+	return c.transact(opts, &c.address, nil)
+}
+
+func (c *BoundContract) createDynamicTx(opts *TransactOpts, contract *types.Address, input []byte, head *block.Header) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// Normalize value
+	value := opts.Value
+	if value == nil {
+		value = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	// Estimate TipCap
+	gasTipCap := opts.GasTipCap
+	if gasTipCap == nil {
+		tip, err := c.transactor.SuggestGasTipCap(ensureContext(opts.Context))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		gasTipCap = tip
+	}
+	// Estimate FeeCap
+	gasFeeCap := opts.GasFeeCap
+	if gasFeeCap == nil {
+		gasFeeCap = gasTipCap.Add(gasTipCap, head.BaseFee.Mod(head.BaseFee, uint256.NewInt(basefeeWiggleMultiplier)))
+	}
+	if gasFeeCap.Cmp(gasTipCap) < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("maxFeePerGas (%v) < maxPriorityFeePerGas (%v)", gasFeeCap, gasTipCap)
+	}
+	// Estimate GasLimit
+	gasLimit := opts.GasLimit
+	if opts.GasLimit == 0 {
+		var err error
+		gasLimit, err = c.estimateGasLimit(opts, contract, input, uint256.NewInt(0), gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	// create the transaction
+	nonce, err := c.getNonce(opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	baseTx := &transaction.DynamicFeeTx{
+		To:        contract,
+		Nonce:     nonce,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		Gas:       gasLimit,
+		Value:     value,
+		Data:      input,
+	}
+	return transaction.NewTx(baseTx), nil
+}
+
+func (c *BoundContract) createLegacyTx(opts *TransactOpts, contract *types.Address, input []byte) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	if opts.GasFeeCap != nil || opts.GasTipCap != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("maxFeePerGas or maxPriorityFeePerGas specified but london is not active yet")
+	}
+	// Normalize value
+	value := opts.Value
+	if value == nil {
+		value = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	// Estimate GasPrice
+	gasPrice := opts.GasPrice
+	if gasPrice == nil {
+		price, err := c.transactor.SuggestGasPrice(ensureContext(opts.Context))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		gasPrice = price
+	}
+	// Estimate GasLimit
+	gasLimit := opts.GasLimit
+	if opts.GasLimit == 0 {
+		var err error
+		gasLimit, err = c.estimateGasLimit(opts, contract, input, gasPrice, uint256.NewInt(0), uint256.NewInt(0), value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	// create the transaction
+	nonce, err := c.getNonce(opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	baseTx := &transaction.LegacyTx{
+		To:       contract,
+		Nonce:    nonce,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Gas:      gasLimit,
+		Value:    value,
+		Data:     input,
+	}
+	return transaction.NewTx(baseTx), nil
+}
+
+func (c *BoundContract) estimateGasLimit(opts *TransactOpts, contract *types.Address, input []byte, gasPrice, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, value *uint256.Int) (uint64, error) {
+	if contract != nil {
+		// Gas estimation cannot succeed without code for method invocations.
+		if code, err := c.transactor.PendingCodeAt(ensureContext(opts.Context), c.address); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		} else if len(code) == 0 {
+			return 0, ErrNoCode
+		}
+	}
+	msg := astranet.CallMsg{
+		From:      opts.From,
+		To:        contract,
+		GasPrice:  gasPrice,
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+		Value:     value,
+		Data:      input,
+	}
+	return c.transactor.EstimateGas(ensureContext(opts.Context), msg)
+}
+
+func (c *BoundContract) getNonce(opts *TransactOpts) (uint64, error) {
+	if opts.Nonce == nil {
+		return c.transactor.PendingNonceAt(ensureContext(opts.Context), opts.From)
+	} else {
+		return *opts.Nonce, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// transact executes an actual transaction invocation, first deriving any missing
+// authorization fields, and then scheduling the transaction for execution.
+func (c *BoundContract) transact(opts *TransactOpts, contract *types.Address, input []byte) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	if opts.GasPrice != nil && (opts.GasFeeCap != nil || opts.GasTipCap != nil) {
+		return nil, errors.New("both gasPrice and (maxFeePerGas or maxPriorityFeePerGas) specified")
+	}
+	// Create the transaction
+	var (
+		rawTx *transaction.Transaction
+		err   error
+	)
+	if opts.GasPrice != nil {
+		rawTx, err = c.createLegacyTx(opts, contract, input)
+	} else if opts.GasFeeCap != nil && opts.GasTipCap != nil {
+		rawTx, err = c.createDynamicTx(opts, contract, input, nil)
+	} else {
+
+		// Only query for basefee if gasPrice not specified
+		if head, errHead := c.transactor.HeaderByNumber(ensureContext(opts.Context), uint256.NewInt(0) /* latest */); errHead != nil {
+			return nil, errHead
+		} else if head.BaseFee != nil {
+			rawTx, err = c.createDynamicTx(opts, contract, input, head)
+		} else {
+			// Chain is not London ready -> use legacy transaction
+			rawTx, err = c.createLegacyTx(opts, contract, input)
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Sign the transaction and schedule it for execution
+	if opts.Signer == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("no signer to authorize the transaction with")
+	}
+	signedTx, err := opts.Signer(opts.From, rawTx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if opts.NoSend {
+		return signedTx, nil
+	}
+	if err := c.transactor.SendTransaction(ensureContext(opts.Context), signedTx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return signedTx, nil
+}
+
+// FilterLogs filters contract logs for past blocks, returning the necessary
+// channels to construct a strongly typed bound iterator on top of them.
+func (c *BoundContract) FilterLogs(opts *FilterOpts, name string, query ...[]interface{}) (chan block.Log, event.Subscription, error) {
+	// Don't crash on a lazy user
+	if opts == nil {
+		opts = new(FilterOpts)
+	}
+	// Append the event selector to the query parameters and construct the topic set
+	query = append([][]interface{}{{c.abi.Events[name].ID}}, query...)
+
+	topics, err := abi.MakeTopics(query...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// Start the background filtering
+	logs := make(chan block.Log, 128)
+
+	config := astranet.FilterQuery{
+		Addresses: []types.Address{c.address},
+		Topics:    topics,
+		FromBlock: uint256.NewInt(opts.Start),
+	}
+	if opts.End != nil {
+		config.ToBlock = uint256.NewInt(*opts.End)
+	}
+	/* TODO(karalabe): Replace the rest of the method below with this when supported
+	sub, err := c.filterer.SubscribeFilterLogs(ensureContext(opts.Context), config, logs)
+	*/
+	buff, err := c.filterer.FilterLogs(ensureContext(opts.Context), config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	sub, err := event.NewSubscription(func(quit <-chan struct{}) error {
+		for _, log := range buff {
+			select {
+			case logs <- log:
+			case <-quit:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}), nil
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return logs, sub, nil
+}
+
+// WatchLogs filters subscribes to contract logs for future blocks, returning a
+// subscription object that can be used to tear down the watcher.
+func (c *BoundContract) WatchLogs(opts *WatchOpts, name string, query ...[]interface{}) (chan block.Log, event.Subscription, error) {
+	// Don't crash on a lazy user
+	if opts == nil {
+		opts = new(WatchOpts)
+	}
+	// Append the event selector to the query parameters and construct the topic set
+	query = append([][]interface{}{{c.abi.Events[name].ID}}, query...)
+
+	topics, err := abi.MakeTopics(query...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// Start the background filtering
+	logs := make(chan block.Log, 128)
+
+	config := astranet.FilterQuery{
+		Addresses: []types.Address{c.address},
+		Topics:    topics,
+	}
+	if opts.Start != nil {
+		config.FromBlock = uint256.NewInt(*opts.Start)
+	}
+	sub, err := c.filterer.SubscribeFilterLogs(ensureContext(opts.Context), config, logs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return logs, sub, nil
+}
+
+// UnpackLog unpacks a retrieved log into the provided output structure.
+func (c *BoundContract) UnpackLog(out interface{}, event string, log block.Log) error {
+	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return fmt.Errorf("event signature mismatch")
+	}
+	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
+		if err := c.abi.UnpackIntoInterface(out, event, log.Data); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	var indexed abi.Arguments
+	for _, arg := range c.abi.Events[event].Inputs {
+		if arg.Indexed {
+			indexed = append(indexed, arg)
+		}
+	}
+	return abi.ParseTopics(out, indexed, log.Topics[1:])
+}
+
+// UnpackLogIntoMap unpacks a retrieved log into the provided map.
+func (c *BoundContract) UnpackLogIntoMap(out map[string]interface{}, event string, log block.Log) error {
+	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return fmt.Errorf("event signature mismatch")
+	}
+	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
+		if err := c.abi.UnpackIntoMap(out, event, log.Data); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	var indexed abi.Arguments
+	for _, arg := range c.abi.Events[event].Inputs {
+		if arg.Indexed {
+			indexed = append(indexed, arg)
+		}
+	}
+	return abi.ParseTopicsIntoMap(out, indexed, log.Topics[1:])
+}
+
+// ensureContext is a helper method to ensure a context is not nil, even if the
+// user specified it as such.
+func ensureContext(ctx context.Context) context.Context {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		return context.Background()
+	}
+	return ctx
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/bind.go b/accounts/abi/bind/bind.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5228c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/bind.go
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings.
+//
+// Detailed usage document and tutorial available on the go-ethereum Wiki page:
+// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Native-DApps:-Go-bindings-to-Ethereum-contracts
+package bind
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"go/format"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"text/template"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// Lang is a target programming language selector to generate bindings for.
+type Lang int
+
+const (
+	LangGo Lang = iota
+	LangJava
+	LangObjC
+)
+
+func isKeyWord(arg string) bool {
+	switch arg {
+	case "break":
+	case "case":
+	case "chan":
+	case "const":
+	case "continue":
+	case "default":
+	case "defer":
+	case "else":
+	case "fallthrough":
+	case "for":
+	case "func":
+	case "go":
+	case "goto":
+	case "if":
+	case "import":
+	case "interface":
+	case "iota":
+	case "map":
+	case "make":
+	case "new":
+	case "package":
+	case "range":
+	case "return":
+	case "select":
+	case "struct":
+	case "switch":
+	case "type":
+	case "var":
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// Bind generates a Go wrapper around a contract ABI. This wrapper isn't meant
+// to be used as is in client code, but rather as an intermediate struct which
+// enforces compile time type safety and naming convention opposed to having to
+// manually maintain hard coded strings that break on runtime.
+func Bind(types []string, abis []string, bytecodes []string, fsigs []map[string]string, pkg string, lang Lang, libs map[string]string, aliases map[string]string) (string, error) {
+	var (
+		// contracts is the map of each individual contract requested binding
+		contracts = make(map[string]*tmplContract)
+
+		// structs is the map of all redeclared structs shared by passed contracts.
+		structs = make(map[string]*tmplStruct)
+
+		// isLib is the map used to flag each encountered library as such
+		isLib = make(map[string]struct{})
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < len(types); i++ {
+		// Parse the actual ABI to generate the binding for
+		evmABI, err := abi.JSON(strings.NewReader(abis[i]))
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		// Strip any whitespace from the JSON ABI
+		strippedABI := strings.Map(func(r rune) rune {
+			if unicode.IsSpace(r) {
+				return -1
+			}
+			return r
+		}, abis[i])
+
+		// Extract the call and transact methods; events, struct definitions; and sort them alphabetically
+		var (
+			calls     = make(map[string]*tmplMethod)
+			transacts = make(map[string]*tmplMethod)
+			events    = make(map[string]*tmplEvent)
+			fallback  *tmplMethod
+			receive   *tmplMethod
+
+			// identifiers are used to detect duplicated identifiers of functions
+			// and events. For all calls, transacts and events, abigen will generate
+			// corresponding bindings. However we have to ensure there is no
+			// identifier collisions in the bindings of these categories.
+			callIdentifiers     = make(map[string]bool)
+			transactIdentifiers = make(map[string]bool)
+			eventIdentifiers    = make(map[string]bool)
+		)
+
+		for _, input := range evmABI.Constructor.Inputs {
+			if hasStruct(input.Type) {
+				bindStructType[lang](input.Type, structs)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, original := range evmABI.Methods {
+			// Normalize the method for capital cases and non-anonymous inputs/outputs
+			normalized := original
+			normalizedName := methodNormalizer[lang](alias(aliases, original.Name))
+
+			// Ensure there is no duplicated identifier
+			var identifiers = callIdentifiers
+			if !original.IsConstant() {
+				identifiers = transactIdentifiers
+			}
+			if identifiers[normalizedName] {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("duplicated identifier \"%s\"(normalized \"%s\"), use --alias for renaming", original.Name, normalizedName)
+			}
+			identifiers[normalizedName] = true
+
+			normalized.Name = normalizedName
+			normalized.Inputs = make([]abi.Argument, len(original.Inputs))
+			copy(normalized.Inputs, original.Inputs)
+			for j, input := range normalized.Inputs {
+				if input.Name == "" || isKeyWord(input.Name) {
+					normalized.Inputs[j].Name = fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", j)
+				}
+				if hasStruct(input.Type) {
+					bindStructType[lang](input.Type, structs)
+				}
+			}
+			normalized.Outputs = make([]abi.Argument, len(original.Outputs))
+			copy(normalized.Outputs, original.Outputs)
+			for j, output := range normalized.Outputs {
+				if output.Name != "" {
+					normalized.Outputs[j].Name = capitalise(output.Name)
+				}
+				if hasStruct(output.Type) {
+					bindStructType[lang](output.Type, structs)
+				}
+			}
+			// Append the methods to the call or transact lists
+			if original.IsConstant() {
+				calls[original.Name] = &tmplMethod{Original: original, Normalized: normalized, Structured: structured(original.Outputs)}
+			} else {
+				transacts[original.Name] = &tmplMethod{Original: original, Normalized: normalized, Structured: structured(original.Outputs)}
+			}
+		}
+		for _, original := range evmABI.Events {
+			// Skip anonymous events as they don't support explicit filtering
+			if original.Anonymous {
+				continue
+			}
+			// Normalize the event for capital cases and non-anonymous outputs
+			normalized := original
+
+			// Ensure there is no duplicated identifier
+			normalizedName := methodNormalizer[lang](alias(aliases, original.Name))
+			if eventIdentifiers[normalizedName] {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("duplicated identifier \"%s\"(normalized \"%s\"), use --alias for renaming", original.Name, normalizedName)
+			}
+			eventIdentifiers[normalizedName] = true
+			normalized.Name = normalizedName
+
+			used := make(map[string]bool)
+			normalized.Inputs = make([]abi.Argument, len(original.Inputs))
+			copy(normalized.Inputs, original.Inputs)
+			for j, input := range normalized.Inputs {
+				if input.Name == "" || isKeyWord(input.Name) {
+					normalized.Inputs[j].Name = fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", j)
+				}
+				// Event is a bit special, we need to define event struct in binding,
+				// ensure there is no camel-case-style name conflict.
+				for index := 0; ; index++ {
+					if !used[capitalise(normalized.Inputs[j].Name)] {
+						used[capitalise(normalized.Inputs[j].Name)] = true
+						break
+					}
+					normalized.Inputs[j].Name = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", normalized.Inputs[j].Name, index)
+				}
+				if hasStruct(input.Type) {
+					bindStructType[lang](input.Type, structs)
+				}
+			}
+			// Append the event to the accumulator list
+			events[original.Name] = &tmplEvent{Original: original, Normalized: normalized}
+		}
+		// Add two special fallback functions if they exist
+		if evmABI.HasFallback() {
+			fallback = &tmplMethod{Original: evmABI.Fallback}
+		}
+		if evmABI.HasReceive() {
+			receive = &tmplMethod{Original: evmABI.Receive}
+		}
+		// There is no easy way to pass arbitrary java objects to the Go side.
+		if len(structs) > 0 && lang == LangJava {
+			return "", errors.New("java binding for tuple arguments is not supported yet")
+		}
+
+		contracts[types[i]] = &tmplContract{
+			Type:        capitalise(types[i]),
+			InputABI:    strings.ReplaceAll(strippedABI, "\"", "\\\""),
+			InputBin:    strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(bytecodes[i]), "0x"),
+			Constructor: evmABI.Constructor,
+			Calls:       calls,
+			Transacts:   transacts,
+			Fallback:    fallback,
+			Receive:     receive,
+			Events:      events,
+			Libraries:   make(map[string]string),
+		}
+		// Function 4-byte signatures are stored in the same sequence
+		// as types, if available.
+		if len(fsigs) > i {
+			contracts[types[i]].FuncSigs = fsigs[i]
+		}
+		// Parse library references.
+		for pattern, name := range libs {
+			matched, err := regexp.Match("__\\$"+pattern+"\\$__", []byte(contracts[types[i]].InputBin))
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Could not search for pattern", "pattern", pattern, "contract", contracts[types[i]], "err", err)
+			}
+			if matched {
+				contracts[types[i]].Libraries[pattern] = name
+				// keep track that this type is a library
+				if _, ok := isLib[name]; !ok {
+					isLib[name] = struct{}{}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Check if that type has already been identified as a library
+	for i := 0; i < len(types); i++ {
+		_, ok := isLib[types[i]]
+		contracts[types[i]].Library = ok
+	}
+	// Generate the contract template data content and render it
+	data := &tmplData{
+		Package:   pkg,
+		Contracts: contracts,
+		Libraries: libs,
+		Structs:   structs,
+	}
+	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+
+	funcs := map[string]interface{}{
+		"bindtype":      bindType[lang],
+		"bindtopictype": bindTopicType[lang],
+		"namedtype":     namedType[lang],
+		"capitalise":    capitalise,
+		"decapitalise":  decapitalise,
+	}
+	tmpl := template.Must(template.New("").Funcs(funcs).Parse(tmplSource[lang]))
+	if err := tmpl.Execute(buffer, data); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	// For Go bindings pass the code through gofmt to clean it up
+	if lang == LangGo {
+		code, err := format.Source(buffer.Bytes())
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("%v\n%s", err, buffer)
+		}
+		return string(code), nil
+	}
+	// For all others just return as is for now
+	return buffer.String(), nil
+}
+
+// bindType is a set of type binders that convert Solidity types to some supported
+// programming language types.
+var bindType = map[Lang]func(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string{
+	LangGo:   bindTypeGo,
+	LangJava: bindTypeJava,
+}
+
+// bindBasicTypeGo converts basic solidity types(except array, slice and tuple) to Go ones.
+func bindBasicTypeGo(kind abi.Type) string {
+	switch kind.T {
+	case abi.AddressTy:
+		return "common.Address"
+	case abi.IntTy, abi.UintTy:
+		parts := regexp.MustCompile(`(u)?int([0-9]*)`).FindStringSubmatch(kind.String())
+		switch parts[2] {
+		case "8", "16", "32", "64":
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%sint%s", parts[1], parts[2])
+		}
+		return "*big.Int"
+	case abi.FixedBytesTy:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("[%d]byte", kind.Size)
+	case abi.BytesTy:
+		return "[]byte"
+	case abi.FunctionTy:
+		return "[24]byte"
+	default:
+		// string, bool types
+		return kind.String()
+	}
+}
+
+// bindTypeGo converts solidity types to Go ones. Since there is no clear mapping
+// from all Solidity types to Go ones (e.g. uint17), those that cannot be exactly
+// mapped will use an upscaled type (e.g. BigDecimal).
+func bindTypeGo(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string {
+	switch kind.T {
+	case abi.TupleTy:
+		return structs[kind.TupleRawName+kind.String()].Name
+	case abi.ArrayTy:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("[%d]", kind.Size) + bindTypeGo(*kind.Elem, structs)
+	case abi.SliceTy:
+		return "[]" + bindTypeGo(*kind.Elem, structs)
+	default:
+		return bindBasicTypeGo(kind)
+	}
+}
+
+// bindBasicTypeJava converts basic solidity types(except array, slice and tuple) to Java ones.
+func bindBasicTypeJava(kind abi.Type) string {
+	switch kind.T {
+	case abi.AddressTy:
+		return "Address"
+	case abi.IntTy, abi.UintTy:
+		// Note that uint and int (without digits) are also matched,
+		// these are size 256, and will translate to BigInt (the default).
+		parts := regexp.MustCompile(`(u)?int([0-9]*)`).FindStringSubmatch(kind.String())
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			return kind.String()
+		}
+		// All unsigned integers should be translated to BigInt since gomobile doesn't
+		// support them.
+		if parts[1] == "u" {
+			return "BigInt"
+		}
+
+		namedSize := map[string]string{
+			"8":  "byte",
+			"16": "short",
+			"32": "int",
+			"64": "long",
+		}[parts[2]]
+
+		// default to BigInt
+		if namedSize == "" {
+			namedSize = "BigInt"
+		}
+		return namedSize
+	case abi.FixedBytesTy, abi.BytesTy:
+		return "byte[]"
+	case abi.BoolTy:
+		return "boolean"
+	case abi.StringTy:
+		return "String"
+	case abi.FunctionTy:
+		return "byte[24]"
+	default:
+		return kind.String()
+	}
+}
+
+// pluralizeJavaType explicitly converts multidimensional types to predefined
+// types in go side.
+func pluralizeJavaType(typ string) string {
+	switch typ {
+	case "boolean":
+		return "Bools"
+	case "String":
+		return "Strings"
+	case "Address":
+		return "Addresses"
+	case "byte[]":
+		return "Binaries"
+	case "BigInt":
+		return "BigInts"
+	}
+	return typ + "[]"
+}
+
+// bindTypeJava converts a Solidity type to a Java one. Since there is no clear mapping
+// from all Solidity types to Java ones (e.g. uint17), those that cannot be exactly
+// mapped will use an upscaled type (e.g. BigDecimal).
+func bindTypeJava(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string {
+	switch kind.T {
+	case abi.TupleTy:
+		return structs[kind.TupleRawName+kind.String()].Name
+	case abi.ArrayTy, abi.SliceTy:
+		return pluralizeJavaType(bindTypeJava(*kind.Elem, structs))
+	default:
+		return bindBasicTypeJava(kind)
+	}
+}
+
+// bindTopicType is a set of type binders that convert Solidity types to some
+// supported programming language topic types.
+var bindTopicType = map[Lang]func(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string{
+	LangGo:   bindTopicTypeGo,
+	LangJava: bindTopicTypeJava,
+}
+
+// bindTopicTypeGo converts a Solidity topic type to a Go one. It is almost the same
+// functionality as for simple types, but dynamic types get converted to hashes.
+func bindTopicTypeGo(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string {
+	bound := bindTypeGo(kind, structs)
+
+	// todo(rjl493456442) according solidity documentation, indexed event
+	// parameters that are not value types i.e. arrays and structs are not
+	// stored directly but instead a keccak256-hash of an encoding is stored.
+	//
+	// We only convert stringS and bytes to hash, still need to deal with
+	// array(both fixed-size and dynamic-size) and struct.
+	if bound == "string" || bound == "[]byte" {
+		bound = "common.Hash"
+	}
+	return bound
+}
+
+// bindTopicTypeJava converts a Solidity topic type to a Java one. It is almost the same
+// functionality as for simple types, but dynamic types get converted to hashes.
+func bindTopicTypeJava(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string {
+	bound := bindTypeJava(kind, structs)
+
+	// todo(rjl493456442) according solidity documentation, indexed event
+	// parameters that are not value types i.e. arrays and structs are not
+	// stored directly but instead a keccak256-hash of an encoding is stored.
+	//
+	// We only convert strings and bytes to hash, still need to deal with
+	// array(both fixed-size and dynamic-size) and struct.
+	if bound == "String" || bound == "byte[]" {
+		bound = "Hash"
+	}
+	return bound
+}
+
+// bindStructType is a set of type binders that convert Solidity tuple types to some supported
+// programming language struct definition.
+var bindStructType = map[Lang]func(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string{
+	LangGo:   bindStructTypeGo,
+	LangJava: bindStructTypeJava,
+}
+
+// bindStructTypeGo converts a Solidity tuple type to a Go one and records the mapping
+// in the given map.
+// Notably, this function will resolve and record nested struct recursively.
+func bindStructTypeGo(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string {
+	switch kind.T {
+	case abi.TupleTy:
+		// We compose a raw struct name and a canonical parameter expression
+		// together here. The reason is before solidity v0.5.11, kind.TupleRawName
+		// is empty, so we use canonical parameter expression to distinguish
+		// different struct definition. From the consideration of backward
+		// compatibility, we concat these two together so that if kind.TupleRawName
+		// is not empty, it can have unique id.
+		id := kind.TupleRawName + kind.String()
+		if s, exist := structs[id]; exist {
+			return s.Name
+		}
+		var (
+			names  = make(map[string]bool)
+			fields []*tmplField
+		)
+		for i, elem := range kind.TupleElems {
+			name := capitalise(kind.TupleRawNames[i])
+			name = abi.ResolveNameConflict(name, func(s string) bool { return names[s] })
+			names[name] = true
+			fields = append(fields, &tmplField{Type: bindStructTypeGo(*elem, structs), Name: name, SolKind: *elem})
+		}
+		name := kind.TupleRawName
+		if name == "" {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("Struct%d", len(structs))
+		}
+		name = capitalise(name)
+
+		structs[id] = &tmplStruct{
+			Name:   name,
+			Fields: fields,
+		}
+		return name
+	case abi.ArrayTy:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("[%d]", kind.Size) + bindStructTypeGo(*kind.Elem, structs)
+	case abi.SliceTy:
+		return "[]" + bindStructTypeGo(*kind.Elem, structs)
+	default:
+		return bindBasicTypeGo(kind)
+	}
+}
+
+// bindStructTypeJava converts a Solidity tuple type to a Java one and records the mapping
+// in the given map.
+// Notably, this function will resolve and record nested struct recursively.
+func bindStructTypeJava(kind abi.Type, structs map[string]*tmplStruct) string {
+	switch kind.T {
+	case abi.TupleTy:
+		// We compose a raw struct name and a canonical parameter expression
+		// together here. The reason is before solidity v0.5.11, kind.TupleRawName
+		// is empty, so we use canonical parameter expression to distinguish
+		// different struct definition. From the consideration of backward
+		// compatibility, we concat these two together so that if kind.TupleRawName
+		// is not empty, it can have unique id.
+		id := kind.TupleRawName + kind.String()
+		if s, exist := structs[id]; exist {
+			return s.Name
+		}
+		var fields []*tmplField
+		for i, elem := range kind.TupleElems {
+			field := bindStructTypeJava(*elem, structs)
+			fields = append(fields, &tmplField{Type: field, Name: decapitalise(kind.TupleRawNames[i]), SolKind: *elem})
+		}
+		name := kind.TupleRawName
+		if name == "" {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("Class%d", len(structs))
+		}
+		structs[id] = &tmplStruct{
+			Name:   name,
+			Fields: fields,
+		}
+		return name
+	case abi.ArrayTy, abi.SliceTy:
+		return pluralizeJavaType(bindStructTypeJava(*kind.Elem, structs))
+	default:
+		return bindBasicTypeJava(kind)
+	}
+}
+
+// namedType is a set of functions that transform language specific types to
+// named versions that may be used inside method names.
+var namedType = map[Lang]func(string, abi.Type) string{
+	LangGo:   func(string, abi.Type) string { panic("this shouldn't be needed") },
+	LangJava: namedTypeJava,
+}
+
+// namedTypeJava converts some primitive data types to named variants that can
+// be used as parts of method names.
+func namedTypeJava(javaKind string, solKind abi.Type) string {
+	switch javaKind {
+	case "byte[]":
+		return "Binary"
+	case "boolean":
+		return "Bool"
+	default:
+		parts := regexp.MustCompile(`(u)?int([0-9]*)(\[[0-9]*\])?`).FindStringSubmatch(solKind.String())
+		if len(parts) != 4 {
+			return javaKind
+		}
+		switch parts[2] {
+		case "8", "16", "32", "64":
+			if parts[3] == "" {
+				return capitalise(fmt.Sprintf("%sint%s", parts[1], parts[2]))
+			}
+			return capitalise(fmt.Sprintf("%sint%ss", parts[1], parts[2]))
+
+		default:
+			return javaKind
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// alias returns an alias of the given string based on the aliasing rules
+// or returns itself if no rule is matched.
+func alias(aliases map[string]string, n string) string {
+	if alias, exist := aliases[n]; exist {
+		return alias
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// methodNormalizer is a name transformer that modifies Solidity method names to
+// conform to target language naming conventions.
+var methodNormalizer = map[Lang]func(string) string{
+	LangGo:   abi.ToCamelCase,
+	LangJava: decapitalise,
+}
+
+// capitalise makes a camel-case string which starts with an upper case character.
+var capitalise = abi.ToCamelCase
+
+// decapitalise makes a camel-case string which starts with a lower case character.
+func decapitalise(input string) string {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return input
+	}
+
+	goForm := abi.ToCamelCase(input)
+	return strings.ToLower(goForm[:1]) + goForm[1:]
+}
+
+// structured checks whether a list of ABI data types has enough information to
+// operate through a proper Go struct or if flat returns are needed.
+func structured(args abi.Arguments) bool {
+	if len(args) < 2 {
+		return false
+	}
+	exists := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, out := range args {
+		// If the name is anonymous, we can't organize into a struct
+		if out.Name == "" {
+			return false
+		}
+		// If the field name is empty when normalized or collides (var, Var, _var, _Var),
+		// we can't organize into a struct
+		field := capitalise(out.Name)
+		if field == "" || exists[field] {
+			return false
+		}
+		exists[field] = true
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// hasStruct returns an indicator whether the given type is struct, struct slice
+// or struct array.
+func hasStruct(t abi.Type) bool {
+	switch t.T {
+	case abi.SliceTy:
+		return hasStruct(*t.Elem)
+	case abi.ArrayTy:
+		return hasStruct(*t.Elem)
+	case abi.TupleTy:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/template.go b/accounts/abi/bind/template.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94f30cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/template.go
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bind
+
+import "github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+
+// tmplData is the data structure required to fill the binding template.
+type tmplData struct {
+	Package   string                   // Name of the package to place the generated file in
+	Contracts map[string]*tmplContract // List of contracts to generate into this file
+	Libraries map[string]string        // Map the bytecode's link pattern to the library name
+	Structs   map[string]*tmplStruct   // Contract struct type definitions
+}
+
+// tmplContract contains the data needed to generate an individual contract binding.
+type tmplContract struct {
+	Type        string                 // Type name of the main contract binding
+	InputABI    string                 // JSON ABI used as the input to generate the binding from
+	InputBin    string                 // Optional EVM bytecode used to generate deploy code from
+	FuncSigs    map[string]string      // Optional map: string signature -> 4-byte signature
+	Constructor abi.Method             // Contract constructor for deploy parametrization
+	Calls       map[string]*tmplMethod // Contract calls that only read state data
+	Transacts   map[string]*tmplMethod // Contract calls that write state data
+	Fallback    *tmplMethod            // Additional special fallback function
+	Receive     *tmplMethod            // Additional special receive function
+	Events      map[string]*tmplEvent  // Contract events accessors
+	Libraries   map[string]string      // Same as tmplData, but filtered to only keep what the contract needs
+	Library     bool                   // Indicator whether the contract is a library
+}
+
+// tmplMethod is a wrapper around an abi.Method that contains a few preprocessed
+// and cached data fields.
+type tmplMethod struct {
+	Original   abi.Method // Original method as parsed by the abi package
+	Normalized abi.Method // Normalized version of the parsed method (capitalized names, non-anonymous args/returns)
+	Structured bool       // Whether the returns should be accumulated into a struct
+}
+
+// tmplEvent is a wrapper around an abi.Event that contains a few preprocessed
+// and cached data fields.
+type tmplEvent struct {
+	Original   abi.Event // Original event as parsed by the abi package
+	Normalized abi.Event // Normalized version of the parsed fields
+}
+
+// tmplField is a wrapper around a struct field with binding language
+// struct type definition and relative filed name.
+type tmplField struct {
+	Type    string   // Field type representation depends on target binding language
+	Name    string   // Field name converted from the raw user-defined field name
+	SolKind abi.Type // Raw abi type information
+}
+
+// tmplStruct is a wrapper around an abi.tuple and contains an auto-generated
+// struct name.
+type tmplStruct struct {
+	Name   string       // Auto-generated struct name(before solidity v0.5.11) or raw name.
+	Fields []*tmplField // Struct fields definition depends on the binding language.
+}
+
+// tmplSource is language to template mapping containing all the supported
+// programming languages the package can generate to.
+var tmplSource = map[Lang]string{
+	LangGo:   tmplSourceGo,
+	LangJava: tmplSourceJava,
+}
+
+// tmplSourceGo is the Go source template that the generated Go contract binding
+// is based on.
+const tmplSourceGo = `
+// Code generated - DO NOT EDIT.
+// This file is a generated binding and any manual changes will be lost.
+
+package {{.Package}}
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"strings"
+	"errors"
+
+)
+
+// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
+var (
+	_ = errors.New
+	_ = big.NewInt
+	_ = strings.NewReader
+	_ = ethereum.NotFound
+	_ = bind.Bind
+	_ = common.Big1
+	_ = types.BloomLookup
+	_ = event.NewSubscription
+	_ = abi.ConvertType
+)
+
+{{$structs := .Structs}}
+{{range $structs}}
+	// {{.Name}} is an auto generated low-level Go binding around an user-defined struct.
+	type {{.Name}} struct {
+	{{range $field := .Fields}}
+	{{$field.Name}} {{$field.Type}}{{end}}
+	}
+{{end}}
+
+{{range $contract := .Contracts}}
+	// {{.Type}}MetaData contains all metadata data concerning the {{.Type}} contract.
+	var {{.Type}}MetaData = &bind.MetaData{
+		ABI: "{{.InputABI}}",
+		{{if $contract.FuncSigs -}}
+		Sigs: map[string]string{
+			{{range $strsig, $binsig := .FuncSigs}}"{{$binsig}}": "{{$strsig}}",
+			{{end}}
+		},
+		{{end -}}
+		{{if .InputBin -}}
+		Bin: "0x{{.InputBin}}",
+		{{end}}
+	}
+	// {{.Type}}ABI is the input ABI used to generate the binding from.
+	// Deprecated: Use {{.Type}}MetaData.ABI instead.
+	var {{.Type}}ABI = {{.Type}}MetaData.ABI
+
+	{{if $contract.FuncSigs}}
+		// Deprecated: Use {{.Type}}MetaData.Sigs instead.
+		// {{.Type}}FuncSigs maps the 4-byte function signature to its string representation.
+		var {{.Type}}FuncSigs = {{.Type}}MetaData.Sigs
+	{{end}}
+
+	{{if .InputBin}}
+		// {{.Type}}Bin is the compiled bytecode used for deploying new contracts.
+		// Deprecated: Use {{.Type}}MetaData.Bin instead.
+		var {{.Type}}Bin = {{.Type}}MetaData.Bin
+
+		// Deploy{{.Type}} deploys a new Ethereum contract, binding an instance of {{.Type}} to it.
+		func Deploy{{.Type}}(auth *bind.TransactOpts, backend bind.ContractBackend {{range .Constructor.Inputs}}, {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}}{{end}}) (common.Address, *types.Transaction, *{{.Type}}, error) {
+		  parsed, err := {{.Type}}MetaData.GetAbi()
+		  if err != nil {
+		    return common.Address{}, nil, nil, err
+		  }
+		  if parsed == nil {
+			return common.Address{}, nil, nil, errors.New("GetABI returned nil")
+		  }
+		  {{range $pattern, $name := .Libraries}}
+			{{decapitalise $name}}Addr, _, _, _ := Deploy{{capitalise $name}}(auth, backend)
+			{{$contract.Type}}Bin = strings.ReplaceAll({{$contract.Type}}Bin, "__${{$pattern}}$__", {{decapitalise $name}}Addr.String()[2:])
+		  {{end}}
+		  address, tx, contract, err := bind.DeployContract(auth, *parsed, common.FromHex({{.Type}}Bin), backend {{range .Constructor.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+		  if err != nil {
+		    return common.Address{}, nil, nil, err
+		  }
+		  return address, tx, &{{.Type}}{ {{.Type}}Caller: {{.Type}}Caller{contract: contract}, {{.Type}}Transactor: {{.Type}}Transactor{contract: contract}, {{.Type}}Filterer: {{.Type}}Filterer{contract: contract} }, nil
+		}
+	{{end}}
+
+	// {{.Type}} is an auto generated Go binding around an Ethereum contract.
+	type {{.Type}} struct {
+	  {{.Type}}Caller     // Read-only binding to the contract
+	  {{.Type}}Transactor // Write-only binding to the contract
+	  {{.Type}}Filterer   // Log filterer for contract events
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}Caller is an auto generated read-only Go binding around an Ethereum contract.
+	type {{.Type}}Caller struct {
+	  contract *bind.BoundContract // Generic contract wrapper for the low level calls
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}Transactor is an auto generated write-only Go binding around an Ethereum contract.
+	type {{.Type}}Transactor struct {
+	  contract *bind.BoundContract // Generic contract wrapper for the low level calls
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}Filterer is an auto generated log filtering Go binding around an Ethereum contract events.
+	type {{.Type}}Filterer struct {
+	  contract *bind.BoundContract // Generic contract wrapper for the low level calls
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}Session is an auto generated Go binding around an Ethereum contract,
+	// with pre-set call and transact options.
+	type {{.Type}}Session struct {
+	  Contract     *{{.Type}}        // Generic contract binding to set the session for
+	  CallOpts     bind.CallOpts     // Call options to use throughout this session
+	  TransactOpts bind.TransactOpts // Transaction auth options to use throughout this session
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}CallerSession is an auto generated read-only Go binding around an Ethereum contract,
+	// with pre-set call options.
+	type {{.Type}}CallerSession struct {
+	  Contract *{{.Type}}Caller // Generic contract caller binding to set the session for
+	  CallOpts bind.CallOpts    // Call options to use throughout this session
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}TransactorSession is an auto generated write-only Go binding around an Ethereum contract,
+	// with pre-set transact options.
+	type {{.Type}}TransactorSession struct {
+	  Contract     *{{.Type}}Transactor // Generic contract transactor binding to set the session for
+	  TransactOpts bind.TransactOpts    // Transaction auth options to use throughout this session
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}Raw is an auto generated low-level Go binding around an Ethereum contract.
+	type {{.Type}}Raw struct {
+	  Contract *{{.Type}} // Generic contract binding to access the raw methods on
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}CallerRaw is an auto generated low-level read-only Go binding around an Ethereum contract.
+	type {{.Type}}CallerRaw struct {
+		Contract *{{.Type}}Caller // Generic read-only contract binding to access the raw methods on
+	}
+
+	// {{.Type}}TransactorRaw is an auto generated low-level write-only Go binding around an Ethereum contract.
+	type {{.Type}}TransactorRaw struct {
+		Contract *{{.Type}}Transactor // Generic write-only contract binding to access the raw methods on
+	}
+
+	// New{{.Type}} creates a new instance of {{.Type}}, bound to a specific deployed contract.
+	func New{{.Type}}(address common.Address, backend bind.ContractBackend) (*{{.Type}}, error) {
+	  contract, err := bind{{.Type}}(address, backend, backend, backend)
+	  if err != nil {
+	    return nil, err
+	  }
+	  return &{{.Type}}{ {{.Type}}Caller: {{.Type}}Caller{contract: contract}, {{.Type}}Transactor: {{.Type}}Transactor{contract: contract}, {{.Type}}Filterer: {{.Type}}Filterer{contract: contract} }, nil
+	}
+
+	// New{{.Type}}Caller creates a new read-only instance of {{.Type}}, bound to a specific deployed contract.
+	func New{{.Type}}Caller(address common.Address, caller bind.ContractCaller) (*{{.Type}}Caller, error) {
+	  contract, err := bind{{.Type}}(address, caller, nil, nil)
+	  if err != nil {
+	    return nil, err
+	  }
+	  return &{{.Type}}Caller{contract: contract}, nil
+	}
+
+	// New{{.Type}}Transactor creates a new write-only instance of {{.Type}}, bound to a specific deployed contract.
+	func New{{.Type}}Transactor(address common.Address, transactor bind.ContractTransactor) (*{{.Type}}Transactor, error) {
+	  contract, err := bind{{.Type}}(address, nil, transactor, nil)
+	  if err != nil {
+	    return nil, err
+	  }
+	  return &{{.Type}}Transactor{contract: contract}, nil
+	}
+
+	// New{{.Type}}Filterer creates a new log filterer instance of {{.Type}}, bound to a specific deployed contract.
+ 	func New{{.Type}}Filterer(address common.Address, filterer bind.ContractFilterer) (*{{.Type}}Filterer, error) {
+ 	  contract, err := bind{{.Type}}(address, nil, nil, filterer)
+ 	  if err != nil {
+ 	    return nil, err
+ 	  }
+ 	  return &{{.Type}}Filterer{contract: contract}, nil
+ 	}
+
+	// bind{{.Type}} binds a generic wrapper to an already deployed contract.
+	func bind{{.Type}}(address common.Address, caller bind.ContractCaller, transactor bind.ContractTransactor, filterer bind.ContractFilterer) (*bind.BoundContract, error) {
+	  parsed, err := {{.Type}}MetaData.GetAbi()
+	  if err != nil {
+	    return nil, err
+	  }
+	  return bind.NewBoundContract(address, *parsed, caller, transactor, filterer), nil
+	}
+
+	// Call invokes the (constant) contract method with params as input values and
+	// sets the output to result. The result type might be a single field for simple
+	// returns, a slice of interfaces for anonymous returns and a struct for named
+	// returns.
+	func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Raw) Call(opts *bind.CallOpts, result *[]interface{}, method string, params ...interface{}) error {
+		return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{$contract.Type}}Caller.contract.Call(opts, result, method, params...)
+	}
+
+	// Transfer initiates a plain transaction to move funds to the contract, calling
+	// its default method if one is available.
+	func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Raw) Transfer(opts *bind.TransactOpts) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{$contract.Type}}Transactor.contract.Transfer(opts)
+	}
+
+	// Transact invokes the (paid) contract method with params as input values.
+	func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Raw) Transact(opts *bind.TransactOpts, method string, params ...interface{}) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{$contract.Type}}Transactor.contract.Transact(opts, method, params...)
+	}
+
+	// Call invokes the (constant) contract method with params as input values and
+	// sets the output to result. The result type might be a single field for simple
+	// returns, a slice of interfaces for anonymous returns and a struct for named
+	// returns.
+	func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}CallerRaw) Call(opts *bind.CallOpts, result *[]interface{}, method string, params ...interface{}) error {
+		return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.contract.Call(opts, result, method, params...)
+	}
+
+	// Transfer initiates a plain transaction to move funds to the contract, calling
+	// its default method if one is available.
+	func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}TransactorRaw) Transfer(opts *bind.TransactOpts) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.contract.Transfer(opts)
+	}
+
+	// Transact invokes the (paid) contract method with params as input values.
+	func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}TransactorRaw) Transact(opts *bind.TransactOpts, method string, params ...interface{}) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.contract.Transact(opts, method, params...)
+	}
+
+	{{range .Calls}}
+		// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a free data retrieval call binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Caller) {{.Normalized.Name}}(opts *bind.CallOpts {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{end}}) ({{if .Structured}}struct{ {{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}};{{end}} },{{else}}{{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{bindtype .Type $structs}},{{end}}{{end}} error) {
+			var out []interface{}
+			err := _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.Call(opts, &out, "{{.Original.Name}}" {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+			{{if .Structured}}
+			outstruct := new(struct{ {{range .Normalized.Outputs}} {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}}; {{end}} })
+			if err != nil {
+				return *outstruct, err
+			}
+			{{range $i, $t := .Normalized.Outputs}} 
+			outstruct.{{.Name}} = *abi.ConvertType(out[{{$i}}], new({{bindtype .Type $structs}})).(*{{bindtype .Type $structs}}){{end}}
+
+			return *outstruct, err
+			{{else}}
+			if err != nil {
+				return {{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Outputs}}*new({{bindtype .Type $structs}}), {{end}} err
+			}
+			{{range $i, $t := .Normalized.Outputs}}
+			out{{$i}} := *abi.ConvertType(out[{{$i}}], new({{bindtype .Type $structs}})).(*{{bindtype .Type $structs}}){{end}}
+			
+			return {{range $i, $t := .Normalized.Outputs}}out{{$i}}, {{end}} err
+			{{end}}
+		}
+
+		// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a free data retrieval call binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Session) {{.Normalized.Name}}({{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if ne $i 0}},{{end}} {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{end}}) ({{if .Structured}}struct{ {{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}};{{end}} }, {{else}} {{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{bindtype .Type $structs}},{{end}} {{end}} error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{.Normalized.Name}}(&_{{$contract.Type}}.CallOpts {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+		}
+
+		// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a free data retrieval call binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}CallerSession) {{.Normalized.Name}}({{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if ne $i 0}},{{end}} {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{end}}) ({{if .Structured}}struct{ {{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}};{{end}} }, {{else}} {{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{bindtype .Type $structs}},{{end}} {{end}} error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{.Normalized.Name}}(&_{{$contract.Type}}.CallOpts {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+		}
+	{{end}}
+
+	{{range .Transacts}}
+		// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Transactor) {{.Normalized.Name}}(opts *bind.TransactOpts {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{end}}) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+			return _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.Transact(opts, "{{.Original.Name}}" {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+		}
+
+		// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Session) {{.Normalized.Name}}({{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if ne $i 0}},{{end}} {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{end}}) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{.Normalized.Name}}(&_{{$contract.Type}}.TransactOpts {{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+		}
+
+		// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}TransactorSession) {{.Normalized.Name}}({{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if ne $i 0}},{{end}} {{.Name}} {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{end}}) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.{{.Normalized.Name}}(&_{{$contract.Type}}.TransactOpts {{range $i, $_ := .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{.Name}}{{end}})
+		}
+	{{end}}
+
+	{{if .Fallback}} 
+		// Fallback is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract fallback function.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Fallback.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Transactor) Fallback(opts *bind.TransactOpts, calldata []byte) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+			return _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.RawTransact(opts, calldata)
+		}
+
+		// Fallback is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract fallback function.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Fallback.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Session) Fallback(calldata []byte) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.Fallback(&_{{$contract.Type}}.TransactOpts, calldata)
+		}
+	
+		// Fallback is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract fallback function.
+		// 
+		// Solidity: {{.Fallback.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}TransactorSession) Fallback(calldata []byte) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.Fallback(&_{{$contract.Type}}.TransactOpts, calldata)
+		}
+	{{end}}
+
+	{{if .Receive}} 
+		// Receive is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract receive function.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Receive.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Transactor) Receive(opts *bind.TransactOpts) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+			return _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.RawTransact(opts, nil) // calldata is disallowed for receive function
+		}
+
+		// Receive is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract receive function.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Receive.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Session) Receive() (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.Receive(&_{{$contract.Type}}.TransactOpts)
+		}
+	
+		// Receive is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract receive function.
+		// 
+		// Solidity: {{.Receive.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}TransactorSession) Receive() (*types.Transaction, error) {
+		  return _{{$contract.Type}}.Contract.Receive(&_{{$contract.Type}}.TransactOpts)
+		}
+	{{end}}
+
+	{{range .Events}}
+		// {{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator is returned from Filter{{.Normalized.Name}} and is used to iterate over the raw logs and unpacked data for {{.Normalized.Name}} events raised by the {{$contract.Type}} contract.
+		type {{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator struct {
+			Event *{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}} // Event containing the contract specifics and raw log
+
+			contract *bind.BoundContract // Generic contract to use for unpacking event data
+			event    string              // Event name to use for unpacking event data
+
+			logs chan types.Log        // Log channel receiving the found contract events
+			sub  ethereum.Subscription // Subscription for errors, completion and termination
+			done bool                  // Whether the subscription completed delivering logs
+			fail error                 // Occurred error to stop iteration
+		}
+		// Next advances the iterator to the subsequent event, returning whether there
+		// are any more events found. In case of a retrieval or parsing error, false is
+		// returned and Error() can be queried for the exact failure.
+		func (it *{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator) Next() bool {
+			// If the iterator failed, stop iterating
+			if (it.fail != nil) {
+				return false
+			}
+			// If the iterator completed, deliver directly whatever's available
+			if (it.done) {
+				select {
+				case log := <-it.logs:
+					it.Event = new({{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}})
+					if err := it.contract.UnpackLog(it.Event, it.event, log); err != nil {
+						it.fail = err
+						return false
+					}
+					it.Event.Raw = log
+					return true
+
+				default:
+					return false
+				}
+			}
+			// Iterator still in progress, wait for either a data or an error event
+			select {
+			case log := <-it.logs:
+				it.Event = new({{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}})
+				if err := it.contract.UnpackLog(it.Event, it.event, log); err != nil {
+					it.fail = err
+					return false
+				}
+				it.Event.Raw = log
+				return true
+
+			case err := <-it.sub.Err():
+				it.done = true
+				it.fail = err
+				return it.Next()
+			}
+		}
+		// Error returns any retrieval or parsing error occurred during filtering.
+		func (it *{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator) Error() error {
+			return it.fail
+		}
+		// Close terminates the iteration process, releasing any pending underlying
+		// resources.
+		func (it *{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator) Close() error {
+			it.sub.Unsubscribe()
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// {{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}} represents a {{.Normalized.Name}} event raised by the {{$contract.Type}} contract.
+		type {{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}} struct { {{range .Normalized.Inputs}}
+			{{capitalise .Name}} {{if .Indexed}}{{bindtopictype .Type $structs}}{{else}}{{bindtype .Type $structs}}{{end}}; {{end}}
+			Raw types.Log // Blockchain specific contextual infos
+		}
+
+		// Filter{{.Normalized.Name}} is a free log retrieval operation binding the contract event 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+ 		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Filterer) Filter{{.Normalized.Name}}(opts *bind.FilterOpts{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if .Indexed}}, {{.Name}} []{{bindtype .Type $structs}}{{end}}{{end}}) (*{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator, error) {
+			{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}
+			{{if .Indexed}}var {{.Name}}Rule []interface{}
+			for _, {{.Name}}Item := range {{.Name}} {
+				{{.Name}}Rule = append({{.Name}}Rule, {{.Name}}Item)
+			}{{end}}{{end}}
+
+			logs, sub, err := _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.FilterLogs(opts, "{{.Original.Name}}"{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if .Indexed}}, {{.Name}}Rule{{end}}{{end}})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return &{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}Iterator{contract: _{{$contract.Type}}.contract, event: "{{.Original.Name}}", logs: logs, sub: sub}, nil
+ 		}
+
+		// Watch{{.Normalized.Name}} is a free log subscription operation binding the contract event 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Filterer) Watch{{.Normalized.Name}}(opts *bind.WatchOpts, sink chan<- *{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if .Indexed}}, {{.Name}} []{{bindtype .Type $structs}}{{end}}{{end}}) (event.Subscription, error) {
+			{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}
+			{{if .Indexed}}var {{.Name}}Rule []interface{}
+			for _, {{.Name}}Item := range {{.Name}} {
+				{{.Name}}Rule = append({{.Name}}Rule, {{.Name}}Item)
+			}{{end}}{{end}}
+
+			logs, sub, err := _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.WatchLogs(opts, "{{.Original.Name}}"{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}{{if .Indexed}}, {{.Name}}Rule{{end}}{{end}})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return event.NewSubscription(func(quit <-chan struct{}) error {
+				defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+				for {
+					select {
+					case log := <-logs:
+						// New log arrived, parse the event and forward to the user
+						event := new({{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}})
+						if err := _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.UnpackLog(event, "{{.Original.Name}}", log); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+						event.Raw = log
+
+						select {
+						case sink <- event:
+						case err := <-sub.Err():
+							return err
+						case <-quit:
+							return nil
+						}
+					case err := <-sub.Err():
+						return err
+					case <-quit:
+						return nil
+					}
+				}
+			}), nil
+		}
+
+		// Parse{{.Normalized.Name}} is a log parse operation binding the contract event 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+		//
+		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+		func (_{{$contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}Filterer) Parse{{.Normalized.Name}}(log types.Log) (*{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}, error) {
+			event := new({{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}})
+			if err := _{{$contract.Type}}.contract.UnpackLog(event, "{{.Original.Name}}", log); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			event.Raw = log
+			return event, nil
+		}
+
+ 	{{end}}
+{{end}}
+`
+
+// tmplSourceJava is the Java source template that the generated Java contract binding
+// is based on.
+const tmplSourceJava = `
+// This file is an automatically generated Java binding. Do not modify as any
+// change will likely be lost upon the next re-generation!
+
+package {{.Package}};
+
+import org.ethereum.geth.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+{{$structs := .Structs}}
+{{range $contract := .Contracts}}
+{{if not .Library}}public {{end}}class {{.Type}} {
+	// ABI is the input ABI used to generate the binding from.
+	public final static String ABI = "{{.InputABI}}";
+	{{if $contract.FuncSigs}}
+		// {{.Type}}FuncSigs maps the 4-byte function signature to its string representation.
+		public final static Map<String, String> {{.Type}}FuncSigs;
+		static {
+			Hashtable<String, String> temp = new Hashtable<String, String>();
+			{{range $strsig, $binsig := .FuncSigs}}temp.put("{{$binsig}}", "{{$strsig}}");
+			{{end}}
+			{{.Type}}FuncSigs = Collections.unmodifiableMap(temp);
+		}
+	{{end}}
+	{{if .InputBin}}
+	// BYTECODE is the compiled bytecode used for deploying new contracts.
+	public final static String BYTECODE = "0x{{.InputBin}}";
+
+	// deploy deploys a new Ethereum contract, binding an instance of {{.Type}} to it.
+	public static {{.Type}} deploy(TransactOpts auth, EthereumClient client{{range .Constructor.Inputs}}, {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{.Name}}{{end}}) throws Exception {
+		Interfaces args = Geth.newInterfaces({{(len .Constructor.Inputs)}});
+		String bytecode = BYTECODE;
+		{{if .Libraries}}
+
+		// "link" contract to dependent libraries by deploying them first.
+		{{range $pattern, $name := .Libraries}}
+		{{capitalise $name}} {{decapitalise $name}}Inst = {{capitalise $name}}.deploy(auth, client);
+		bytecode = bytecode.replace("__${{$pattern}}$__", {{decapitalise $name}}Inst.Address.getHex().substring(2));
+		{{end}}
+		{{end}}
+		{{range $index, $element := .Constructor.Inputs}}Interface arg{{$index}} = Geth.newInterface();arg{{$index}}.set{{namedtype (bindtype .Type $structs) .Type}}({{.Name}});args.set({{$index}},arg{{$index}});
+		{{end}}
+		return new {{.Type}}(Geth.deployContract(auth, ABI, Geth.decodeFromHex(bytecode), client, args));
+	}
+
+	// Internal constructor used by contract deployment.
+	private {{.Type}}(BoundContract deployment) {
+		this.Address  = deployment.getAddress();
+		this.Deployer = deployment.getDeployer();
+		this.Contract = deployment;
+	}
+	{{end}}
+
+	// Ethereum address where this contract is located at.
+	public final Address Address;
+
+	// Ethereum transaction in which this contract was deployed (if known!).
+	public final Transaction Deployer;
+
+	// Contract instance bound to a blockchain address.
+	private final BoundContract Contract;
+
+	// Creates a new instance of {{.Type}}, bound to a specific deployed contract.
+	public {{.Type}}(Address address, EthereumClient client) throws Exception {
+		this(Geth.bindContract(address, ABI, client));
+	}
+
+	{{range .Calls}}
+	{{if gt (len .Normalized.Outputs) 1}}
+	// {{capitalise .Normalized.Name}}Results is the output of a call to {{.Normalized.Name}}.
+	public class {{capitalise .Normalized.Name}}Results {
+		{{range $index, $item := .Normalized.Outputs}}public {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{if ne .Name ""}}{{.Name}}{{else}}Return{{$index}}{{end}};
+		{{end}}
+	}
+	{{end}}
+
+	// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a free data retrieval call binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+	//
+	// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+	public {{if gt (len .Normalized.Outputs) 1}}{{capitalise .Normalized.Name}}Results{{else if eq (len .Normalized.Outputs) 0}}void{{else}}{{range .Normalized.Outputs}}{{bindtype .Type $structs}}{{end}}{{end}} {{.Normalized.Name}}(CallOpts opts{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{.Name}}{{end}}) throws Exception {
+		Interfaces args = Geth.newInterfaces({{(len .Normalized.Inputs)}});
+		{{range $index, $item := .Normalized.Inputs}}Interface arg{{$index}} = Geth.newInterface();arg{{$index}}.set{{namedtype (bindtype .Type $structs) .Type}}({{.Name}});args.set({{$index}},arg{{$index}});
+		{{end}}
+
+		Interfaces results = Geth.newInterfaces({{(len .Normalized.Outputs)}});
+		{{range $index, $item := .Normalized.Outputs}}Interface result{{$index}} = Geth.newInterface(); result{{$index}}.setDefault{{namedtype (bindtype .Type $structs) .Type}}(); results.set({{$index}}, result{{$index}});
+		{{end}}
+
+		if (opts == null) {
+			opts = Geth.newCallOpts();
+		}
+		this.Contract.call(opts, results, "{{.Original.Name}}", args);
+		{{if gt (len .Normalized.Outputs) 1}}
+			{{capitalise .Normalized.Name}}Results result = new {{capitalise .Normalized.Name}}Results();
+			{{range $index, $item := .Normalized.Outputs}}result.{{if ne .Name ""}}{{.Name}}{{else}}Return{{$index}}{{end}} = results.get({{$index}}).get{{namedtype (bindtype .Type $structs) .Type}}();
+			{{end}}
+			return result;
+		{{else}}{{range .Normalized.Outputs}}return results.get(0).get{{namedtype (bindtype .Type $structs) .Type}}();{{end}}
+		{{end}}
+	}
+	{{end}}
+
+	{{range .Transacts}}
+	// {{.Normalized.Name}} is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract method 0x{{printf "%x" .Original.ID}}.
+	//
+	// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
+	public Transaction {{.Normalized.Name}}(TransactOpts opts{{range .Normalized.Inputs}}, {{bindtype .Type $structs}} {{.Name}}{{end}}) throws Exception {
+		Interfaces args = Geth.newInterfaces({{(len .Normalized.Inputs)}});
+		{{range $index, $item := .Normalized.Inputs}}Interface arg{{$index}} = Geth.newInterface();arg{{$index}}.set{{namedtype (bindtype .Type $structs) .Type}}({{.Name}});args.set({{$index}},arg{{$index}});
+		{{end}}
+		return this.Contract.transact(opts, "{{.Original.Name}}"	, args);
+	}
+	{{end}}
+
+    {{if .Fallback}}
+	// Fallback is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract fallback function.
+	//
+	// Solidity: {{.Fallback.Original.String}}
+	public Transaction Fallback(TransactOpts opts, byte[] calldata) throws Exception { 
+		return this.Contract.rawTransact(opts, calldata);
+	}
+    {{end}}
+
+    {{if .Receive}}
+	// Receive is a paid mutator transaction binding the contract receive function.
+	//
+	// Solidity: {{.Receive.Original.String}}
+	public Transaction Receive(TransactOpts opts) throws Exception { 
+		return this.Contract.rawTransact(opts, null);
+	}
+    {{end}}
+}
+{{end}}
+`
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/util.go b/accounts/abi/bind/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5ac004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bind
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.
+var NotFound = errors.New("not found")
+
+// WaitMined waits for tx to be mined on the blockchain.
+// It stops waiting when the context is canceled.
+func WaitMined(ctx context.Context, b DeployBackend, tx *transaction.Transaction) (*block.Receipt, error) {
+	queryTicker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+	defer queryTicker.Stop()
+
+	logger := log.New("hash", tx.Hash())
+	for {
+		receipt, err := b.TransactionReceipt(ctx, tx.Hash())
+		if err == nil {
+			return receipt, nil
+		}
+
+		if errors.Is(err, NotFound) {
+			logger.Trace("Transaction not yet mined")
+		} else {
+			logger.Trace("Receipt retrieval failed", "err", err)
+		}
+
+		// Wait for the next round.
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		case <-queryTicker.C:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// WaitDeployed waits for a contract deployment transaction and returns the on-chain
+// contract address when it is mined. It stops waiting when ctx is canceled.
+func WaitDeployed(ctx context.Context, b DeployBackend, tx *transaction.Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	if tx.To() != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, errors.New("tx is not contract creation")
+	}
+	receipt, err := WaitMined(ctx, b, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, err
+	}
+	if receipt.ContractAddress == (types.Address{}) {
+		return types.Address{}, errors.New("zero address")
+	}
+	// Check that code has indeed been deployed at the address.
+	// This matters on pre-Homestead chains: OOG in the constructor
+	// could leave an empty account behind.
+	code, err := b.CodeAt(ctx, receipt.ContractAddress, nil)
+	if err == nil && len(code) == 0 {
+		err = ErrNoCodeAfterDeploy
+	}
+	return receipt.ContractAddress, err
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/doc.go b/accounts/abi/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f9ebcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary
+// Interface).
+//
+// The Ethereum ABI is strongly typed, known at compile time
+// and static. This ABI will handle basic type casting; unsigned
+// to signed and visa versa. It does not handle slice casting such
+// as unsigned slice to signed slice. Bit size type casting is also
+// handled. ints with a bit size of 32 will be properly cast to int256,
+// etc.
+package abi
diff --git a/accounts/abi/error.go b/accounts/abi/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d2b282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type Error struct {
+	Name   string
+	Inputs Arguments
+	str    string
+
+	// Sig contains the string signature according to the ABI spec.
+	// e.g.	 error foo(uint32 a, int b) = "foo(uint32,int256)"
+	// Please note that "int" is substitute for its canonical representation "int256"
+	Sig string
+
+	// ID returns the canonical representation of the error's signature used by the
+	// abi definition to identify event names and types.
+	ID types.Hash
+}
+
+func NewError(name string, inputs Arguments) Error {
+	// sanitize inputs to remove inputs without names
+	// and precompute string and sig representation.
+	names := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	typess := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	for i, input := range inputs {
+		if input.Name == "" {
+			inputs[i] = Argument{
+				Name:    fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", i),
+				Indexed: input.Indexed,
+				Type:    input.Type,
+			}
+		} else {
+			inputs[i] = input
+		}
+		// string representation
+		names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		if input.Indexed {
+			names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v indexed %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		}
+		// sig representation
+		typess[i] = input.Type.String()
+	}
+
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("error %v(%v)", name, strings.Join(names, ", "))
+	sig := fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v)", name, strings.Join(typess, ","))
+	id := types.BytesToHash(crypto.Keccak256([]byte(sig)))
+
+	return Error{
+		Name:   name,
+		Inputs: inputs,
+		str:    str,
+		Sig:    sig,
+		ID:     id,
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *Error) String() string {
+	return e.str
+}
+
+func (e *Error) Unpack(data []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	if len(data) < 4 {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data[:4], e.ID[:4]) {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	return e.Inputs.Unpack(data[4:])
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/error_handling.go b/accounts/abi/error_handling.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e24181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/error_handling.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+var (
+	errBadBool = errors.New("abi: improperly encoded boolean value")
+)
+
+// formatSliceString formats the reflection kind with the given slice size
+// and returns a formatted string representation.
+func formatSliceString(kind reflect.Kind, sliceSize int) string {
+	if sliceSize == -1 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("[]%v", kind)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[%d]%v", sliceSize, kind)
+}
+
+// sliceTypeCheck checks that the given slice can by assigned to the reflection
+// type in t.
+func sliceTypeCheck(t Type, val reflect.Value) error {
+	if val.Kind() != reflect.Slice && val.Kind() != reflect.Array {
+		return typeErr(formatSliceString(t.GetType().Kind(), t.Size), val.Type())
+	}
+
+	if t.T == ArrayTy && val.Len() != t.Size {
+		return typeErr(formatSliceString(t.Elem.GetType().Kind(), t.Size), formatSliceString(val.Type().Elem().Kind(), val.Len()))
+	}
+
+	if t.Elem.T == SliceTy || t.Elem.T == ArrayTy {
+		if val.Len() > 0 {
+			return sliceTypeCheck(*t.Elem, val.Index(0))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if val.Type().Elem().Kind() != t.Elem.GetType().Kind() {
+		return typeErr(formatSliceString(t.Elem.GetType().Kind(), t.Size), val.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// typeCheck checks that the given reflection value can be assigned to the reflection
+// type in t.
+func typeCheck(t Type, value reflect.Value) error {
+	if t.T == SliceTy || t.T == ArrayTy {
+		return sliceTypeCheck(t, value)
+	}
+
+	// Check base type validity. Element types will be checked later on.
+	if t.GetType().Kind() != value.Kind() {
+		return typeErr(t.GetType().Kind(), value.Kind())
+	} else if t.T == FixedBytesTy && t.Size != value.Len() {
+		return typeErr(t.GetType(), value.Type())
+	} else {
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// typeErr returns a formatted type casting error.
+func typeErr(expected, got interface{}) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot use %v as type %v as argument", got, expected)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/event.go b/accounts/abi/event.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d0932c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/event.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Event is an event potentially triggered by the EVM's LOG mechanism. The Event
+// holds type information (inputs) about the yielded output. Anonymous events
+// don't get the signature canonical representation as the first LOG topic.
+type Event struct {
+	// Name is the event name used for internal representation. It's derived from
+	// the raw name and a suffix will be added in the case of event overloading.
+	//
+	// e.g.
+	// These are two events that have the same name:
+	// * foo(int,int)
+	// * foo(uint,uint)
+	// The event name of the first one will be resolved as foo while the second one
+	// will be resolved as foo0.
+	Name string
+
+	// RawName is the raw event name parsed from ABI.
+	RawName   string
+	Anonymous bool
+	Inputs    Arguments
+	str       string
+
+	// Sig contains the string signature according to the ABI spec.
+	// e.g.	 event foo(uint32 a, int b) = "foo(uint32,int256)"
+	// Please note that "int" is substitute for its canonical representation "int256"
+	Sig string
+
+	// ID returns the canonical representation of the event's signature used by the
+	// abi definition to identify event names and types.
+	ID types.Hash
+}
+
+// NewEvent creates a new Event.
+// It sanitizes the input arguments to remove unnamed arguments.
+// It also precomputes the id, signature and string representation
+// of the event.
+func NewEvent(name, rawName string, anonymous bool, inputs Arguments) Event {
+	// sanitize inputs to remove inputs without names
+	// and precompute string and sig representation.
+	names := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	typess := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	for i, input := range inputs {
+		if input.Name == "" {
+			inputs[i] = Argument{
+				Name:    fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", i),
+				Indexed: input.Indexed,
+				Type:    input.Type,
+			}
+		} else {
+			inputs[i] = input
+		}
+		// string representation
+		names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		if input.Indexed {
+			names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v indexed %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		}
+		// sig representation
+		typess[i] = input.Type.String()
+	}
+
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("event %v(%v)", rawName, strings.Join(names, ", "))
+	sig := fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v)", rawName, strings.Join(typess, ","))
+	id := types.BytesToHash(crypto.Keccak256([]byte(sig)))
+
+	return Event{
+		Name:      name,
+		RawName:   rawName,
+		Anonymous: anonymous,
+		Inputs:    inputs,
+		str:       str,
+		Sig:       sig,
+		ID:        id,
+	}
+}
+
+func (e Event) String() string {
+	return e.str
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/method.go b/accounts/abi/method.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a076125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/method.go
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// FunctionType represents different types of functions a contract might have.
+type FunctionType int
+
+const (
+	// Constructor represents the constructor of the contract.
+	// The constructor function is called while deploying a contract.
+	Constructor FunctionType = iota
+	// Fallback represents the fallback function.
+	// This function is executed if no other function matches the given function
+	// signature and no receive function is specified.
+	Fallback
+	// Receive represents the receive function.
+	// This function is executed on plain Ether transfers.
+	Receive
+	// Function represents a normal function.
+	Function
+)
+
+// Method represents a callable given a `Name` and whether the method is a constant.
+// If the method is `Const` no transaction needs to be created for this
+// particular Method call. It can easily be simulated using a local VM.
+// For example a `Balance()` method only needs to retrieve something
+// from the storage and therefore requires no Tx to be sent to the
+// network. A method such as `Transact` does require a Tx and thus will
+// be flagged `false`.
+// Input specifies the required input parameters for this gives method.
+type Method struct {
+	// Name is the method name used for internal representation. It's derived from
+	// the raw name and a suffix will be added in the case of a function overload.
+	//
+	// e.g.
+	// These are two functions that have the same name:
+	// * foo(int,int)
+	// * foo(uint,uint)
+	// The method name of the first one will be resolved as foo while the second one
+	// will be resolved as foo0.
+	Name    string
+	RawName string // RawName is the raw method name parsed from ABI
+
+	// Type indicates whether the method is a
+	// special fallback introduced in solidity v0.6.0
+	Type FunctionType
+
+	// StateMutability indicates the mutability state of method,
+	// the default value is nonpayable. It can be empty if the abi
+	// is generated by legacy compiler.
+	StateMutability string
+
+	// Legacy indicators generated by compiler before v0.6.0
+	Constant bool
+	Payable  bool
+
+	Inputs  Arguments
+	Outputs Arguments
+	str     string
+	// Sig returns the methods string signature according to the ABI spec.
+	// e.g.		function foo(uint32 a, int b) = "foo(uint32,int256)"
+	// Please note that "int" is substitute for its canonical representation "int256"
+	Sig string
+	// ID returns the canonical representation of the method's signature used by the
+	// abi definition to identify method names and types.
+	ID []byte
+}
+
+// NewMethod creates a new Method.
+// A method should always be created using NewMethod.
+// It also precomputes the sig representation and the string representation
+// of the method.
+func NewMethod(name string, rawName string, funType FunctionType, mutability string, isConst, isPayable bool, inputs Arguments, outputs Arguments) Method {
+	var (
+		types       = make([]string, len(inputs))
+		inputNames  = make([]string, len(inputs))
+		outputNames = make([]string, len(outputs))
+	)
+	for i, input := range inputs {
+		inputNames[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", input.Type, input.Name)
+		types[i] = input.Type.String()
+	}
+	for i, output := range outputs {
+		outputNames[i] = output.Type.String()
+		if len(output.Name) > 0 {
+			outputNames[i] += fmt.Sprintf(" %v", output.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	// calculate the signature and method id. Note only function
+	// has meaningful signature and id.
+	var (
+		sig string
+		id  []byte
+	)
+	if funType == Function {
+		sig = fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v)", rawName, strings.Join(types, ","))
+		id = crypto.Keccak256([]byte(sig))[:4]
+	}
+	// Extract meaningful state mutability of solidity method.
+	// If it's default value, never print it.
+	state := mutability
+	if state == "nonpayable" {
+		state = ""
+	}
+	if state != "" {
+		state = state + " "
+	}
+	identity := fmt.Sprintf("function %v", rawName)
+	if funType == Fallback {
+		identity = "fallback"
+	} else if funType == Receive {
+		identity = "receive"
+	} else if funType == Constructor {
+		identity = "constructor"
+	}
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v) %sreturns(%v)", identity, strings.Join(inputNames, ", "), state, strings.Join(outputNames, ", "))
+
+	return Method{
+		Name:            name,
+		RawName:         rawName,
+		Type:            funType,
+		StateMutability: mutability,
+		Constant:        isConst,
+		Payable:         isPayable,
+		Inputs:          inputs,
+		Outputs:         outputs,
+		str:             str,
+		Sig:             sig,
+		ID:              id,
+	}
+}
+
+func (method Method) String() string {
+	return method.str
+}
+
+// IsConstant returns the indicator whether the method is read-only.
+func (method Method) IsConstant() bool {
+	return method.StateMutability == "view" || method.StateMutability == "pure" || method.Constant
+}
+
+// IsPayable returns the indicator whether the method can process
+// plain ether transfers.
+func (method Method) IsPayable() bool {
+	return method.StateMutability == "payable" || method.Payable
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/pack.go b/accounts/abi/pack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4139bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/pack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// packBytesSlice packs the given bytes as [L, V] as the canonical representation
+// bytes slice.
+func packBytesSlice(bytes []byte, l int) []byte {
+	len := packNum(reflect.ValueOf(l))
+	return append(len, types.RightPadBytes(bytes, (l+31)/32*32)...)
+}
+
+// packElement packs the given reflect value according to the abi specification in
+// t.
+func packElement(t Type, reflectValue reflect.Value) ([]byte, error) {
+	switch t.T {
+	case IntTy, UintTy:
+		return packNum(reflectValue), nil
+	case StringTy:
+		return packBytesSlice([]byte(reflectValue.String()), reflectValue.Len()), nil
+	case AddressTy:
+		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			reflectValue = mustArrayToByteSlice(reflectValue)
+		}
+
+		return types.LeftPadBytes(reflectValue.Bytes(), 32), nil
+	case BoolTy:
+		if reflectValue.Bool() {
+			return math.PaddedBigBytes(common.Big1, 32), nil
+		}
+		return math.PaddedBigBytes(common.Big0, 32), nil
+	case BytesTy:
+		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			reflectValue = mustArrayToByteSlice(reflectValue)
+		}
+		if reflectValue.Type() != reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}) {
+			return []byte{}, errors.New("Bytes type is neither slice nor array")
+		}
+		return packBytesSlice(reflectValue.Bytes(), reflectValue.Len()), nil
+	case FixedBytesTy, FunctionTy:
+		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			reflectValue = mustArrayToByteSlice(reflectValue)
+		}
+		return types.RightPadBytes(reflectValue.Bytes(), 32), nil
+	default:
+		return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("Could not pack element, unknown type: %v", t.T)
+	}
+}
+
+// packNum packs the given number (using the reflect value) and will cast it to appropriate number representation.
+func packNum(value reflect.Value) []byte {
+	switch kind := value.Kind(); kind {
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return math.U256Bytes(new(big.Int).SetUint64(value.Uint()))
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return math.U256Bytes(big.NewInt(value.Int()))
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		return math.U256Bytes(new(big.Int).Set(value.Interface().(*big.Int)))
+	default:
+		panic("abi: fatal error")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/reflect.go b/accounts/abi/reflect.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bbf882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/reflect.go
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ConvertType converts an interface of a runtime type into a interface of the
+// given type, e.g. turn this code:
+//
+//	var fields []reflect.StructField
+//
+//	fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+//			Name: "X",
+//			Type: reflect.TypeOf(new(big.Int)),
+//			Tag:  reflect.StructTag("json:\"" + "x" + "\""),
+//	}
+//
+// into:
+//
+//	type TupleT struct { X *big.Int }
+func ConvertType(in interface{}, proto interface{}) interface{} {
+	protoType := reflect.TypeOf(proto)
+	if reflect.TypeOf(in).ConvertibleTo(protoType) {
+		return reflect.ValueOf(in).Convert(protoType).Interface()
+	}
+	// Use set as a last ditch effort
+	if err := set(reflect.ValueOf(proto), reflect.ValueOf(in)); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return proto
+}
+
+// indirect recursively dereferences the value until it either gets the value
+// or finds a big.Int
+func indirect(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.Elem().Type() != reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{}) {
+		return indirect(v.Elem())
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// reflectIntType returns the reflect using the given size and
+// unsignedness.
+func reflectIntType(unsigned bool, size int) reflect.Type {
+	if unsigned {
+		switch size {
+		case 8:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint8(0))
+		case 16:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint16(0))
+		case 32:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint32(0))
+		case 64:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint64(0))
+		}
+	}
+	switch size {
+	case 8:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int8(0))
+	case 16:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int16(0))
+	case 32:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int32(0))
+	case 64:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))
+	}
+	return reflect.TypeOf(&big.Int{})
+}
+
+// mustArrayToByteSlice creates a new byte slice with the exact same size as value
+// and copies the bytes in value to the new slice.
+func mustArrayToByteSlice(value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}), value.Len(), value.Len())
+	reflect.Copy(slice, value)
+	return slice
+}
+
+// set attempts to assign src to dst by either setting, copying or otherwise.
+//
+// set is a bit more lenient when it comes to assignment and doesn't force an as
+// strict ruleset as bare `reflect` does.
+func set(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	dstType, srcType := dst.Type(), src.Type()
+	switch {
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Interface && dst.Elem().IsValid() && (dst.Elem().Type().Kind() == reflect.Ptr || dst.Elem().CanSet()):
+		return set(dst.Elem(), src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && dstType.Elem() != reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{}):
+		return set(dst.Elem(), src)
+	case srcType.AssignableTo(dstType) && dst.CanSet():
+		dst.Set(src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Slice && srcType.Kind() == reflect.Slice && dst.CanSet():
+		return setSlice(dst, src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Array:
+		return setArray(dst, src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Struct:
+		return setStruct(dst, src)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot unmarshal %v in to %v", src.Type(), dst.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// setSlice attempts to assign src to dst when slices are not assignable by default
+// e.g. src: [][]byte -> dst: [][15]byte
+// setSlice ignores if we cannot copy all of src' elements.
+func setSlice(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(dst.Type(), src.Len(), src.Len())
+	for i := 0; i < src.Len(); i++ {
+		if err := set(slice.Index(i), src.Index(i)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if dst.CanSet() {
+		dst.Set(slice)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errors.New("Cannot set slice, destination not settable")
+}
+
+func setArray(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	if src.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		return set(dst, indirect(src))
+	}
+	array := reflect.New(dst.Type()).Elem()
+	min := src.Len()
+	if src.Len() > dst.Len() {
+		min = dst.Len()
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < min; i++ {
+		if err := set(array.Index(i), src.Index(i)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if dst.CanSet() {
+		dst.Set(array)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errors.New("Cannot set array, destination not settable")
+}
+
+func setStruct(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	for i := 0; i < src.NumField(); i++ {
+		srcField := src.Field(i)
+		dstField := dst.Field(i)
+		if !dstField.IsValid() || !srcField.IsValid() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Could not find src field: %v value: %v in destination", srcField.Type().Name(), srcField)
+		}
+		if err := set(dstField, srcField); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mapArgNamesToStructFields maps a slice of argument names to struct fields.
+//
+// first round: for each Exportable field that contains a `abi:""` tag and this field name
+// exists in the given argument name list, pair them together.
+//
+// second round: for each argument name that has not been already linked, find what
+// variable is expected to be mapped into, if it exists and has not been used, pair them.
+//
+// Note this function assumes the given value is a struct value.
+func mapArgNamesToStructFields(argNames []string, value reflect.Value) (map[string]string, error) {
+	typ := value.Type()
+
+	abi2struct := make(map[string]string)
+	struct2abi := make(map[string]string)
+
+	// first round ~~~
+	for i := 0; i < typ.NumField(); i++ {
+		structFieldName := typ.Field(i).Name
+
+		// skip private struct fields.
+		if structFieldName[:1] != strings.ToUpper(structFieldName[:1]) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// skip fields that have no abi:"" tag.
+		tagName, ok := typ.Field(i).Tag.Lookup("abi")
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		// check if tag is empty.
+		if tagName == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("struct: abi tag in '%s' is empty", structFieldName)
+		}
+		// check which argument field matches with the abi tag.
+		found := false
+		for _, arg := range argNames {
+			if arg == tagName {
+				if abi2struct[arg] != "" {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("struct: abi tag in '%s' already mapped", structFieldName)
+				}
+				// pair them
+				abi2struct[arg] = structFieldName
+				struct2abi[structFieldName] = arg
+				found = true
+			}
+		}
+		// check if this tag has been mapped.
+		if !found {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("struct: abi tag '%s' defined but not found in abi", tagName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// second round ~~~
+	for _, argName := range argNames {
+		structFieldName := ToCamelCase(argName)
+
+		if structFieldName == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: purely underscored output cannot unpack to struct")
+		}
+
+		// this abi has already been paired, skip it... unless there exists another, yet unassigned
+		// struct field with the same field name. If so, raise an error:
+		//    abi: [ { "name": "value" } ]
+		//    struct { Value  *big.Int , Value1 *big.Int `abi:"value"`}
+		if abi2struct[argName] != "" {
+			if abi2struct[argName] != structFieldName &&
+				struct2abi[structFieldName] == "" &&
+				value.FieldByName(structFieldName).IsValid() {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: multiple variables maps to the same abi field '%s'", argName)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// return an error if this struct field has already been paired.
+		if struct2abi[structFieldName] != "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field '%s'", structFieldName)
+		}
+
+		if value.FieldByName(structFieldName).IsValid() {
+			// pair them
+			abi2struct[argName] = structFieldName
+			struct2abi[structFieldName] = argName
+		} else {
+			// not paired, but annotate as used, to detect cases like
+			//   abi : [ { "name": "value" }, { "name": "_value" } ]
+			//   struct { Value *big.Int }
+			struct2abi[structFieldName] = argName
+		}
+	}
+	return abi2struct, nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/selector_parser.go b/accounts/abi/selector_parser.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63352f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/selector_parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+type SelectorMarshaling struct {
+	Name   string               `json:"name"`
+	Type   string               `json:"type"`
+	Inputs []ArgumentMarshaling `json:"inputs"`
+}
+
+func isDigit(c byte) bool {
+	return c >= '0' && c <= '9'
+}
+
+func isAlpha(c byte) bool {
+	return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+}
+
+func isIdentifierSymbol(c byte) bool {
+	return c == '$' || c == '_'
+}
+
+func parseToken(unescapedSelector string, isIdent bool) (string, string, error) {
+	if len(unescapedSelector) == 0 {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("empty token")
+	}
+	firstChar := unescapedSelector[0]
+	position := 1
+	if !(isAlpha(firstChar) || (isIdent && isIdentifierSymbol(firstChar))) {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("invalid token start: %c", firstChar)
+	}
+	for position < len(unescapedSelector) {
+		char := unescapedSelector[position]
+		if !(isAlpha(char) || isDigit(char) || (isIdent && isIdentifierSymbol(char))) {
+			break
+		}
+		position++
+	}
+	return unescapedSelector[:position], unescapedSelector[position:], nil
+}
+
+func parseIdentifier(unescapedSelector string) (string, string, error) {
+	return parseToken(unescapedSelector, true)
+}
+
+func parseElementaryType(unescapedSelector string) (string, string, error) {
+	parsedType, rest, err := parseToken(unescapedSelector, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse elementary type: %v", err)
+	}
+	// handle arrays
+	for len(rest) > 0 && rest[0] == '[' {
+		parsedType = parsedType + string(rest[0])
+		rest = rest[1:]
+		for len(rest) > 0 && isDigit(rest[0]) {
+			parsedType = parsedType + string(rest[0])
+			rest = rest[1:]
+		}
+		if len(rest) == 0 || rest[0] != ']' {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse array: expected ']', got %c", unescapedSelector[0])
+		}
+		parsedType = parsedType + string(rest[0])
+		rest = rest[1:]
+	}
+	return parsedType, rest, nil
+}
+
+func parseCompositeType(unescapedSelector string) ([]interface{}, string, error) {
+	if len(unescapedSelector) == 0 || unescapedSelector[0] != '(' {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("expected '(', got %c", unescapedSelector[0])
+	}
+	parsedType, rest, err := parseType(unescapedSelector[1:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse type: %v", err)
+	}
+	result := []interface{}{parsedType}
+	for len(rest) > 0 && rest[0] != ')' {
+		parsedType, rest, err = parseType(rest[1:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse type: %v", err)
+		}
+		result = append(result, parsedType)
+	}
+	if len(rest) == 0 || rest[0] != ')' {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("expected ')', got '%s'", rest)
+	}
+	if len(rest) >= 3 && rest[1] == '[' && rest[2] == ']' {
+		return append(result, "[]"), rest[3:], nil
+	}
+	return result, rest[1:], nil
+}
+
+func parseType(unescapedSelector string) (interface{}, string, error) {
+	if len(unescapedSelector) == 0 {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("empty type")
+	}
+	if unescapedSelector[0] == '(' {
+		return parseCompositeType(unescapedSelector)
+	} else {
+		return parseElementaryType(unescapedSelector)
+	}
+}
+
+func assembleArgs(args []interface{}) ([]ArgumentMarshaling, error) {
+	arguments := make([]ArgumentMarshaling, 0)
+	for i, arg := range args {
+		// generate dummy name to avoid unmarshal issues
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("name%d", i)
+		if s, ok := arg.(string); ok {
+			arguments = append(arguments, ArgumentMarshaling{name, s, s, nil, false})
+		} else if components, ok := arg.([]interface{}); ok {
+			subArgs, err := assembleArgs(components)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to assemble components: %v", err)
+			}
+			tupleType := "tuple"
+			if len(subArgs) != 0 && subArgs[len(subArgs)-1].Type == "[]" {
+				subArgs = subArgs[:len(subArgs)-1]
+				tupleType = "tuple[]"
+			}
+			arguments = append(arguments, ArgumentMarshaling{name, tupleType, tupleType, subArgs, false})
+		} else {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to assemble args: unexpected type %T", arg)
+		}
+	}
+	return arguments, nil
+}
+
+// ParseSelector converts a method selector into a struct that can be JSON encoded
+// and consumed by other functions in this package.
+// Note, although uppercase letters are not part of the ABI spec, this function
+// still accepts it as the general format is valid.
+func ParseSelector(unescapedSelector string) (SelectorMarshaling, error) {
+	name, rest, err := parseIdentifier(unescapedSelector)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector '%s': %v", unescapedSelector, err)
+	}
+	args := []interface{}{}
+	if len(rest) >= 2 && rest[0] == '(' && rest[1] == ')' {
+		rest = rest[2:]
+	} else {
+		args, rest, err = parseCompositeType(rest)
+		if err != nil {
+			return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector '%s': %v", unescapedSelector, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(rest) > 0 {
+		return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector '%s': unexpected string '%s'", unescapedSelector, rest)
+	}
+
+	// Reassemble the fake ABI and construct the JSON
+	fakeArgs, err := assembleArgs(args)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return SelectorMarshaling{name, "function", fakeArgs}, nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/topics.go b/accounts/abi/topics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbe08fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/topics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// MakeTopics converts a filter query argument list into a filter topic set.
+func MakeTopics(query ...[]interface{}) ([][]types.Hash, error) {
+	topics := make([][]types.Hash, len(query))
+	for i, filter := range query {
+		for _, rule := range filter {
+			var topic types.Hash
+
+			// Try to generate the topic based on simple types
+			switch rule := rule.(type) {
+			case types.Hash:
+				copy(topic[:], rule[:])
+			case types.Address:
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-types.AddressLength:], rule[:])
+			case *big.Int:
+				blob := rule.Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case bool:
+				if rule {
+					topic[types.HashLength-1] = 1
+				}
+			case int8:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(int64(rule), 1))
+			case int16:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(int64(rule), 2))
+			case int32:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(int64(rule), 4))
+			case int64:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(rule, 8))
+			case uint8:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(rule)).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case uint16:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(rule)).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case uint32:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(rule)).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case uint64:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(rule).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case string:
+				hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte(rule))
+				copy(topic[:], hash[:])
+			case []byte:
+				hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(rule)
+				copy(topic[:], hash[:])
+
+			default:
+				// todo(rjl493456442) according solidity documentation, indexed event
+				// parameters that are not value types i.e. arrays and structs are not
+				// stored directly but instead a keccak256-hash of an encoding is stored.
+				//
+				// We only convert stringS and bytes to hash, still need to deal with
+				// array(both fixed-size and dynamic-size) and struct.
+
+				// Attempt to generate the topic from funky types
+				val := reflect.ValueOf(rule)
+				switch {
+				// static byte array
+				case val.Kind() == reflect.Array && reflect.TypeOf(rule).Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8:
+					reflect.Copy(reflect.ValueOf(topic[:val.Len()]), val)
+				default:
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported indexed type: %T", rule)
+				}
+			}
+			topics[i] = append(topics[i], topic)
+		}
+	}
+	return topics, nil
+}
+
+func genIntType(rule int64, size uint) []byte {
+	var topic [types.HashLength]byte
+	if rule < 0 {
+		// if a rule is negative, we need to put it into two's complement.
+		// extended to common.HashLength bytes.
+		topic = [types.HashLength]byte{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255}
+	}
+	for i := uint(0); i < size; i++ {
+		topic[types.HashLength-i-1] = byte(rule >> (i * 8))
+	}
+	return topic[:]
+}
+
+// ParseTopics converts the indexed topic fields into actual log field values.
+func ParseTopics(out interface{}, fields Arguments, topics []types.Hash) error {
+	return parseTopicWithSetter(fields, topics,
+		func(arg Argument, reconstr interface{}) {
+			field := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().FieldByName(ToCamelCase(arg.Name))
+			field.Set(reflect.ValueOf(reconstr))
+		})
+}
+
+// ParseTopicsIntoMap converts the indexed topic field-value pairs into map key-value pairs.
+func ParseTopicsIntoMap(out map[string]interface{}, fields Arguments, topics []types.Hash) error {
+	return parseTopicWithSetter(fields, topics,
+		func(arg Argument, reconstr interface{}) {
+			out[arg.Name] = reconstr
+		})
+}
+
+// parseTopicWithSetter converts the indexed topic field-value pairs and stores them using the
+// provided set function.
+//
+// Note, dynamic types cannot be reconstructed since they get mapped to Keccak256
+// hashes as the topic value!
+func parseTopicWithSetter(fields Arguments, topics []types.Hash, setter func(Argument, interface{})) error {
+	// Sanity check that the fields and topics match up
+	if len(fields) != len(topics) {
+		return errors.New("topic/field count mismatch")
+	}
+	// Iterate over all the fields and reconstruct them from topics
+	for i, arg := range fields {
+		if !arg.Indexed {
+			return errors.New("non-indexed field in topic reconstruction")
+		}
+		var reconstr interface{}
+		switch arg.Type.T {
+		case TupleTy:
+			return errors.New("tuple type in topic reconstruction")
+		case StringTy, BytesTy, SliceTy, ArrayTy:
+			// Array types (including strings and bytes) have their keccak256 hashes stored in the topic- not a hash
+			// whose bytes can be decoded to the actual value- so the best we can do is retrieve that hash
+			reconstr = topics[i]
+		case FunctionTy:
+			if garbage := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(topics[i][0:8]); garbage != 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("bind: got improperly encoded function type, got %v", topics[i].Bytes())
+			}
+			var tmp [24]byte
+			copy(tmp[:], topics[i][8:32])
+			reconstr = tmp
+		default:
+			var err error
+			reconstr, err = toGoType(0, arg.Type, topics[i].Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		// Use the setter function to store the value
+		setter(arg, reconstr)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/type.go b/accounts/abi/type.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22e5af2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+// Type enumerator
+const (
+	IntTy byte = iota
+	UintTy
+	BoolTy
+	StringTy
+	SliceTy
+	ArrayTy
+	TupleTy
+	AddressTy
+	FixedBytesTy
+	BytesTy
+	HashTy
+	FixedPointTy
+	FunctionTy
+)
+
+// Type is the reflection of the supported argument type.
+type Type struct {
+	Elem *Type
+	Size int
+	T    byte // Our own type checking
+
+	stringKind string // holds the unparsed string for deriving signatures
+
+	// Tuple relative fields
+	TupleRawName  string       // Raw struct name defined in source code, may be empty.
+	TupleElems    []*Type      // Type information of all tuple fields
+	TupleRawNames []string     // Raw field name of all tuple fields
+	TupleType     reflect.Type // Underlying struct of the tuple
+}
+
+var (
+	// typeRegex parses the abi sub types
+	typeRegex = regexp.MustCompile("([a-zA-Z]+)(([0-9]+)(x([0-9]+))?)?")
+)
+
+// NewType creates a new reflection type of abi type given in t.
+func NewType(t string, internalType string, components []ArgumentMarshaling) (typ Type, err error) {
+	// check that array brackets are equal if they exist
+	if strings.Count(t, "[") != strings.Count(t, "]") {
+		return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid arg type in abi")
+	}
+	typ.stringKind = t
+
+	// if there are brackets, get ready to go into slice/array mode and
+	// recursively create the type
+	if strings.Count(t, "[") != 0 {
+		// Note internalType can be empty here.
+		subInternal := internalType
+		if i := strings.LastIndex(internalType, "["); i != -1 {
+			subInternal = subInternal[:i]
+		}
+		// recursively embed the type
+		i := strings.LastIndex(t, "[")
+		embeddedType, err := NewType(t[:i], subInternal, components)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Type{}, err
+		}
+		// grab the last cell and create a type from there
+		sliced := t[i:]
+		// grab the slice size with regexp
+		re := regexp.MustCompile("[0-9]+")
+		intz := re.FindAllString(sliced, -1)
+
+		if len(intz) == 0 {
+			// is a slice
+			typ.T = SliceTy
+			typ.Elem = &embeddedType
+			typ.stringKind = embeddedType.stringKind + sliced
+		} else if len(intz) == 1 {
+			// is an array
+			typ.T = ArrayTy
+			typ.Elem = &embeddedType
+			typ.Size, err = strconv.Atoi(intz[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("abi: error parsing variable size: %v", err)
+			}
+			typ.stringKind = embeddedType.stringKind + sliced
+		} else {
+			return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid formatting of array type")
+		}
+		return typ, err
+	}
+	// parse the type and size of the abi-type.
+	matches := typeRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(t, -1)
+	if len(matches) == 0 {
+		return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid type '%v'", t)
+	}
+	parsedType := matches[0]
+
+	// varSize is the size of the variable
+	var varSize int
+	if len(parsedType[3]) > 0 {
+		var err error
+		varSize, err = strconv.Atoi(parsedType[2])
+		if err != nil {
+			return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("abi: error parsing variable size: %v", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if parsedType[0] == "uint" || parsedType[0] == "int" {
+			// this should fail because it means that there's something wrong with
+			// the abi type (the compiler should always format it to the size...always)
+			return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported arg type: %s", t)
+		}
+	}
+	// varType is the parsed abi type
+	switch varType := parsedType[1]; varType {
+	case "int":
+		typ.Size = varSize
+		typ.T = IntTy
+	case "uint":
+		typ.Size = varSize
+		typ.T = UintTy
+	case "bool":
+		typ.T = BoolTy
+	case "address":
+		typ.Size = 20
+		typ.T = AddressTy
+	case "string":
+		typ.T = StringTy
+	case "bytes":
+		if varSize == 0 {
+			typ.T = BytesTy
+		} else {
+			if varSize > 32 {
+				return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported arg type: %s", t)
+			}
+			typ.T = FixedBytesTy
+			typ.Size = varSize
+		}
+	case "tuple":
+		var (
+			fields     []reflect.StructField
+			elems      []*Type
+			names      []string
+			expression string // canonical parameter expression
+			used       = make(map[string]bool)
+		)
+		expression += "("
+		for idx, c := range components {
+			cType, err := NewType(c.Type, c.InternalType, c.Components)
+			if err != nil {
+				return Type{}, err
+			}
+			name := ToCamelCase(c.Name)
+			if name == "" {
+				return Type{}, errors.New("abi: purely anonymous or underscored field is not supported")
+			}
+			fieldName := ResolveNameConflict(name, func(s string) bool { return used[s] })
+			if err != nil {
+				return Type{}, err
+			}
+			used[fieldName] = true
+			if !isValidFieldName(fieldName) {
+				return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("field %d has invalid name", idx)
+			}
+			fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+				Name: fieldName, // reflect.StructOf will panic for any exported field.
+				Type: cType.GetType(),
+				Tag:  reflect.StructTag("json:\"" + c.Name + "\""),
+			})
+			elems = append(elems, &cType)
+			names = append(names, c.Name)
+			expression += cType.stringKind
+			if idx != len(components)-1 {
+				expression += ","
+			}
+		}
+		expression += ")"
+
+		typ.TupleType = reflect.StructOf(fields)
+		typ.TupleElems = elems
+		typ.TupleRawNames = names
+		typ.T = TupleTy
+		typ.stringKind = expression
+
+		const structPrefix = "struct "
+		// After solidity 0.5.10, a new field of abi "internalType"
+		// is introduced. From that we can obtain the struct name
+		// user defined in the source code.
+		if internalType != "" && strings.HasPrefix(internalType, structPrefix) {
+			// Foo.Bar type definition is not allowed in golang,
+			// convert the format to FooBar
+			typ.TupleRawName = strings.ReplaceAll(internalType[len(structPrefix):], ".", "")
+		}
+
+	case "function":
+		typ.T = FunctionTy
+		typ.Size = 24
+	default:
+		return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported arg type: %s", t)
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetType returns the reflection type of the ABI type.
+func (t Type) GetType() reflect.Type {
+	switch t.T {
+	case IntTy:
+		return reflectIntType(false, t.Size)
+	case UintTy:
+		return reflectIntType(true, t.Size)
+	case BoolTy:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(false)
+	case StringTy:
+		return reflect.TypeOf("")
+	case SliceTy:
+		return reflect.SliceOf(t.Elem.GetType())
+	case ArrayTy:
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(t.Size, t.Elem.GetType())
+	case TupleTy:
+		return t.TupleType
+	case AddressTy:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(types.Address{})
+	case FixedBytesTy:
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(t.Size, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case BytesTy:
+		return reflect.SliceOf(reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case HashTy:
+		// hashtype currently not used
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(32, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case FixedPointTy:
+		// fixedpoint type currently not used
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(32, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case FunctionTy:
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(24, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	default:
+		panic("Invalid type")
+	}
+}
+
+// String implements Stringer.
+func (t Type) String() (out string) {
+	return t.stringKind
+}
+
+func (t Type) pack(v reflect.Value) ([]byte, error) {
+	// dereference pointer first if it's a pointer
+	v = indirect(v)
+	if err := typeCheck(t, v); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch t.T {
+	case SliceTy, ArrayTy:
+		var ret []byte
+
+		if t.requiresLengthPrefix() {
+			// append length
+			ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(v.Len()))...)
+		}
+
+		// calculate offset if any
+		offset := 0
+		offsetReq := isDynamicType(*t.Elem)
+		if offsetReq {
+			offset = getTypeSize(*t.Elem) * v.Len()
+		}
+		var tail []byte
+		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+			val, err := t.Elem.pack(v.Index(i))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if !offsetReq {
+				ret = append(ret, val...)
+				continue
+			}
+			ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(offset))...)
+			offset += len(val)
+			tail = append(tail, val...)
+		}
+		return append(ret, tail...), nil
+	case TupleTy:
+		// (T1,...,Tk) for k >= 0 and any types T1, …, Tk
+		// enc(X) = head(X(1)) ... head(X(k)) tail(X(1)) ... tail(X(k))
+		// where X = (X(1), ..., X(k)) and head and tail are defined for Ti being a static
+		// type as
+		//     head(X(i)) = enc(X(i)) and tail(X(i)) = "" (the empty string)
+		// and as
+		//     head(X(i)) = enc(len(head(X(1)) ... head(X(k)) tail(X(1)) ... tail(X(i-1))))
+		//     tail(X(i)) = enc(X(i))
+		// otherwise, i.e. if Ti is a dynamic type.
+		fieldmap, err := mapArgNamesToStructFields(t.TupleRawNames, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Calculate prefix occupied size.
+		offset := 0
+		for _, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			offset += getTypeSize(*elem)
+		}
+		var ret, tail []byte
+		for i, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			field := v.FieldByName(fieldmap[t.TupleRawNames[i]])
+			if !field.IsValid() {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("field %s for tuple not found in the given struct", t.TupleRawNames[i])
+			}
+			val, err := elem.pack(field)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if isDynamicType(*elem) {
+				ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(offset))...)
+				tail = append(tail, val...)
+				offset += len(val)
+			} else {
+				ret = append(ret, val...)
+			}
+		}
+		return append(ret, tail...), nil
+
+	default:
+		return packElement(t, v)
+	}
+}
+
+// requireLengthPrefix returns whether the type requires any sort of length
+// prefixing.
+func (t Type) requiresLengthPrefix() bool {
+	return t.T == StringTy || t.T == BytesTy || t.T == SliceTy
+}
+
+// isDynamicType returns true if the type is dynamic.
+// The following types are called “dynamic”:
+// * bytes
+// * string
+// * T[] for any T
+// * T[k] for any dynamic T and any k >= 0
+// * (T1,...,Tk) if Ti is dynamic for some 1 <= i <= k
+func isDynamicType(t Type) bool {
+	if t.T == TupleTy {
+		for _, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			if isDynamicType(*elem) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+	return t.T == StringTy || t.T == BytesTy || t.T == SliceTy || (t.T == ArrayTy && isDynamicType(*t.Elem))
+}
+
+// getTypeSize returns the size that this type needs to occupy.
+// We distinguish static and dynamic types. Static types are encoded in-place
+// and dynamic types are encoded at a separately allocated location after the
+// current block.
+// So for a static variable, the size returned represents the size that the
+// variable actually occupies.
+// For a dynamic variable, the returned size is fixed 32 bytes, which is used
+// to store the location reference for actual value storage.
+func getTypeSize(t Type) int {
+	if t.T == ArrayTy && !isDynamicType(*t.Elem) {
+		// Recursively calculate type size if it is a nested array
+		if t.Elem.T == ArrayTy || t.Elem.T == TupleTy {
+			return t.Size * getTypeSize(*t.Elem)
+		}
+		return t.Size * 32
+	} else if t.T == TupleTy && !isDynamicType(t) {
+		total := 0
+		for _, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			total += getTypeSize(*elem)
+		}
+		return total
+	}
+	return 32
+}
+
+// isLetter reports whether a given 'rune' is classified as a Letter.
+// This method is copied from reflect/type.go
+func isLetter(ch rune) bool {
+	return 'a' <= ch && ch <= 'z' || 'A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z' || ch == '_' || ch >= utf8.RuneSelf && unicode.IsLetter(ch)
+}
+
+// isValidFieldName checks if a string is a valid (struct) field name or not.
+//
+// According to the language spec, a field name should be an identifier.
+//
+// identifier = letter { letter | unicode_digit } .
+// letter = unicode_letter | "_" .
+// This method is copied from reflect/type.go
+func isValidFieldName(fieldName string) bool {
+	for i, c := range fieldName {
+		if i == 0 && !isLetter(c) {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		if !(isLetter(c) || unicode.IsDigit(c)) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return len(fieldName) > 0
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/unpack.go b/accounts/abi/unpack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4ef8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/unpack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+var (
+	// MaxUint256 is the maximum value that can be represented by a uint256.
+	MaxUint256 = new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Lsh(common.Big1, 256), common.Big1)
+	// MaxInt256 is the maximum value that can be represented by a int256.
+	MaxInt256 = new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Lsh(common.Big1, 255), common.Big1)
+)
+
+// ReadInteger reads the integer based on its kind and returns the appropriate value.
+func ReadInteger(typ Type, b []byte) interface{} {
+	if typ.T == UintTy {
+		switch typ.Size {
+		case 8:
+			return b[len(b)-1]
+		case 16:
+			return binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b[len(b)-2:])
+		case 32:
+			return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[len(b)-4:])
+		case 64:
+			return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[len(b)-8:])
+		default:
+			// the only case left for unsigned integer is uint256.
+			return new(big.Int).SetBytes(b)
+		}
+	}
+	switch typ.Size {
+	case 8:
+		return int8(b[len(b)-1])
+	case 16:
+		return int16(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b[len(b)-2:]))
+	case 32:
+		return int32(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[len(b)-4:]))
+	case 64:
+		return int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[len(b)-8:]))
+	default:
+		// the only case left for integer is int256
+		// big.SetBytes can't tell if a number is negative or positive in itself.
+		// On EVM, if the returned number > max int256, it is negative.
+		// A number is > max int256 if the bit at position 255 is set.
+		ret := new(big.Int).SetBytes(b)
+		if ret.Bit(255) == 1 {
+			ret.Add(MaxUint256, new(big.Int).Neg(ret))
+			ret.Add(ret, common.Big1)
+			ret.Neg(ret)
+		}
+		return ret
+	}
+}
+
+// readBool reads a bool.
+func readBool(word []byte) (bool, error) {
+	for _, b := range word[:31] {
+		if b != 0 {
+			return false, errBadBool
+		}
+	}
+	switch word[31] {
+	case 0:
+		return false, nil
+	case 1:
+		return true, nil
+	default:
+		return false, errBadBool
+	}
+}
+
+// A function type is simply the address with the function selection signature at the end.
+//
+// readFunctionType enforces that standard by always presenting it as a 24-array (address + sig = 24 bytes)
+func readFunctionType(t Type, word []byte) (funcTy [24]byte, err error) {
+	if t.T != FunctionTy {
+		return [24]byte{}, fmt.Errorf("abi: invalid type in call to make function type byte array")
+	}
+	if garbage := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(word[24:32]); garbage != 0 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("abi: got improperly encoded function type, got %v", word)
+	} else {
+		copy(funcTy[:], word[0:24])
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// ReadFixedBytes uses reflection to create a fixed array to be read from.
+func ReadFixedBytes(t Type, word []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	if t.T != FixedBytesTy {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: invalid type in call to make fixed byte array")
+	}
+	// convert
+	array := reflect.New(t.GetType()).Elem()
+
+	reflect.Copy(array, reflect.ValueOf(word[0:t.Size]))
+	return array.Interface(), nil
+}
+
+// forEachUnpack iteratively unpack elements.
+func forEachUnpack(t Type, output []byte, start, size int) (interface{}, error) {
+	if size < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot marshal input to array, size is negative (%d)", size)
+	}
+	if start+32*size > len(output) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal into go array: offset %d would go over slice boundary (len=%d)", len(output), start+32*size)
+	}
+
+	// this value will become our slice or our array, depending on the type
+	var refSlice reflect.Value
+
+	if t.T == SliceTy {
+		// declare our slice
+		refSlice = reflect.MakeSlice(t.GetType(), size, size)
+	} else if t.T == ArrayTy {
+		// declare our array
+		refSlice = reflect.New(t.GetType()).Elem()
+	} else {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: invalid type in array/slice unpacking stage")
+	}
+
+	// Arrays have packed elements, resulting in longer unpack steps.
+	// Slices have just 32 bytes per element (pointing to the contents).
+	elemSize := getTypeSize(*t.Elem)
+
+	for i, j := start, 0; j < size; i, j = i+elemSize, j+1 {
+		inter, err := toGoType(i, *t.Elem, output)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// append the item to our reflect slice
+		refSlice.Index(j).Set(reflect.ValueOf(inter))
+	}
+
+	// return the interface
+	return refSlice.Interface(), nil
+}
+
+func forTupleUnpack(t Type, output []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	retval := reflect.New(t.GetType()).Elem()
+	virtualArgs := 0
+	for index, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+		marshalledValue, err := toGoType((index+virtualArgs)*32, *elem, output)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if elem.T == ArrayTy && !isDynamicType(*elem) {
+			// If we have a static array, like [3]uint256, these are coded as
+			// just like uint256,uint256,uint256.
+			// This means that we need to add two 'virtual' arguments when
+			// we count the index from now on.
+			//
+			// Array values nested multiple levels deep are also encoded inline:
+			// [2][3]uint256: uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256
+			//
+			// Calculate the full array size to get the correct offset for the next argument.
+			// Decrement it by 1, as the normal index increment is still applied.
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(*elem)/32 - 1
+		} else if elem.T == TupleTy && !isDynamicType(*elem) {
+			// If we have a static tuple, like (uint256, bool, uint256), these are
+			// coded as just like uint256,bool,uint256
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(*elem)/32 - 1
+		}
+		retval.Field(index).Set(reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValue))
+	}
+	return retval.Interface(), nil
+}
+
+// toGoType parses the output bytes and recursively assigns the value of these bytes
+// into a go type with accordance with the ABI spec.
+func toGoType(index int, t Type, output []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	if index+32 > len(output) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go type: length insufficient %d require %d", len(output), index+32)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		returnOutput  []byte
+		begin, length int
+		err           error
+	)
+
+	// if we require a length prefix, find the beginning word and size returned.
+	if t.requiresLengthPrefix() {
+		begin, length, err = lengthPrefixPointsTo(index, output)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		returnOutput = output[index : index+32]
+	}
+
+	switch t.T {
+	case TupleTy:
+		if isDynamicType(t) {
+			begin, err := tuplePointsTo(index, output)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return forTupleUnpack(t, output[begin:])
+		}
+		return forTupleUnpack(t, output[index:])
+	case SliceTy:
+		return forEachUnpack(t, output[begin:], 0, length)
+	case ArrayTy:
+		if isDynamicType(*t.Elem) {
+			offset := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(returnOutput[len(returnOutput)-8:])
+			if offset > uint64(len(output)) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: toGoType offset greater than output length: offset: %d, len(output): %d", offset, len(output))
+			}
+			return forEachUnpack(t, output[offset:], 0, t.Size)
+		}
+		return forEachUnpack(t, output[index:], 0, t.Size)
+	case StringTy: // variable arrays are written at the end of the return bytes
+		return string(output[begin : begin+length]), nil
+	case IntTy, UintTy:
+		return ReadInteger(t, returnOutput), nil
+	case BoolTy:
+		return readBool(returnOutput)
+	case AddressTy:
+		return types.BytesToAddress(returnOutput), nil
+	case HashTy:
+		return types.BytesToHash(returnOutput), nil
+	case BytesTy:
+		return output[begin : begin+length], nil
+	case FixedBytesTy:
+		return ReadFixedBytes(t, returnOutput)
+	case FunctionTy:
+		return readFunctionType(t, returnOutput)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: unknown type %v", t.T)
+	}
+}
+
+// lengthPrefixPointsTo interprets a 32 byte slice as an offset and then determines which indices to look to decode the type.
+func lengthPrefixPointsTo(index int, output []byte) (start int, length int, err error) {
+	bigOffsetEnd := new(big.Int).SetBytes(output[index : index+32])
+	bigOffsetEnd.Add(bigOffsetEnd, common.Big32)
+	outputLength := big.NewInt(int64(len(output)))
+
+	if bigOffsetEnd.Cmp(outputLength) > 0 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go slice: offset %v would go over slice boundary (len=%v)", bigOffsetEnd, outputLength)
+	}
+
+	if bigOffsetEnd.BitLen() > 63 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi offset larger than int64: %v", bigOffsetEnd)
+	}
+
+	offsetEnd := int(bigOffsetEnd.Uint64())
+	lengthBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(output[offsetEnd-32 : offsetEnd])
+
+	totalSize := new(big.Int).Add(bigOffsetEnd, lengthBig)
+	if totalSize.BitLen() > 63 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: length larger than int64: %v", totalSize)
+	}
+
+	if totalSize.Cmp(outputLength) > 0 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go type: length insufficient %v require %v", outputLength, totalSize)
+	}
+	start = int(bigOffsetEnd.Uint64())
+	length = int(lengthBig.Uint64())
+	return
+}
+
+// tuplePointsTo resolves the location reference for dynamic tuple.
+func tuplePointsTo(index int, output []byte) (start int, err error) {
+	offset := new(big.Int).SetBytes(output[index : index+32])
+	outputLen := big.NewInt(int64(len(output)))
+
+	if offset.Cmp(outputLen) > 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go slice: offset %v would go over slice boundary (len=%v)", offset, outputLen)
+	}
+	if offset.BitLen() > 63 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("abi offset larger than int64: %v", offset)
+	}
+	return int(offset.Uint64()), nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/abi/utils.go b/accounts/abi/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fdef8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/abi/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// ResolveNameConflict returns the next available name for a given thing.
+// This helper can be used for lots of purposes:
+//
+//   - In solidity function overloading is supported, this function can fix
+//     the name conflicts of overloaded functions.
+//   - In golang binding generation, the parameter(in function, event, error,
+//     and struct definition) name will be converted to camelcase style which
+//     may eventually lead to name conflicts.
+//
+// Name conflicts are mostly resolved by adding number suffix. e.g. if the abi contains
+// Methods "send" and "send1", ResolveNameConflict would return "send2" for input "send".
+func ResolveNameConflict(rawName string, used func(string) bool) string {
+	name := rawName
+	ok := used(name)
+	for idx := 0; ok; idx++ {
+		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", rawName, idx)
+		ok = used(name)
+	}
+	return name
+}
diff --git a/accounts/accounts.go b/accounts/accounts.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98bc9bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/accounts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// Account represents an Ethereum account located at a specific location defined
+// by the optional URL field.
+type Account struct {
+	Address types.Address `json:"address"` // Ethereum account address derived from the key
+	URL     URL           `json:"url"`     // Optional resource locator within a backend
+}
+
+const (
+	MimetypeDataWithValidator = "data/validator"
+	MimetypeTypedData         = "data/typed"
+	MimetypeClique            = "application/x-clique-header"
+	MimetypeTextPlain         = "text/plain"
+)
+
+// Wallet represents a software or hardware wallet that might contain one or more
+// accounts (derived from the same seed).
+type Wallet interface {
+	// URL retrieves the canonical path under which this wallet is reachable. It is
+	// used by upper layers to define a sorting order over all wallets from multiple
+	// backends.
+	URL() URL
+
+	// Status returns a textual status to aid the user in the current state of the
+	// wallet. It also returns an error indicating any failure the wallet might have
+	// encountered.
+	Status() (string, error)
+
+	// Open initializes access to a wallet instance. It is not meant to unlock or
+	// decrypt account keys, rather simply to establish a connection to hardware
+	// wallets and/or to access derivation seeds.
+	//
+	// The passphrase parameter may or may not be used by the implementation of a
+	// particular wallet instance. The reason there is no passwordless open method
+	// is to strive towards a uniform wallet handling, oblivious to the different
+	// backend providers.
+	//
+	// Please note, if you open a wallet, you must close it to release any allocated
+	// resources (especially important when working with hardware wallets).
+	Open(passphrase string) error
+
+	// Close releases any resources held by an open wallet instance.
+	Close() error
+
+	// Accounts retrieves the list of signing accounts the wallet is currently aware
+	// of. For hierarchical deterministic wallets, the list will not be exhaustive,
+	// rather only contain the accounts explicitly pinned during account derivation.
+	Accounts() []Account
+
+	// Contains returns whether an account is part of this particular wallet or not.
+	Contains(account Account) bool
+
+	// Derive attempts to explicitly derive a hierarchical deterministic account at
+	// the specified derivation path. If requested, the derived account will be added
+	// to the wallet's tracked account list.
+	Derive(path DerivationPath, pin bool) (Account, error)
+
+	// SelfDerive sets a base account derivation path from which the wallet attempts
+	// to discover non zero accounts and automatically add them to list of tracked
+	// accounts.
+	//
+	// Note, self derivation will increment the last component of the specified path
+	// opposed to descending into a child path to allow discovering accounts starting
+	// from non zero components.
+	//
+	// Some hardware wallets switched derivation paths through their evolution, so
+	// this method supports providing multiple bases to discover old user accounts
+	// too. Only the last base will be used to derive the next empty account.
+	//
+	// You can disable automatic account discovery by calling SelfDerive with a nil
+	// chain state reader.
+	SelfDerive(bases []DerivationPath, chain common.ChainStateReader)
+
+	// SignData requests the wallet to sign the hash of the given data
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	//
+	// If the wallet requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
+	// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code to verify the transaction),
+	// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
+	// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
+	// the needed details via SignDataWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
+	// the account in a keystore).
+	SignData(account Account, mimeType string, data []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// SignDataWithPassphrase is identical to SignData, but also takes a password
+	// NOTE: there's a chance that an erroneous call might mistake the two strings, and
+	// supply password in the mimetype field, or vice versa. Thus, an implementation
+	// should never echo the mimetype or return the mimetype in the error-response
+	SignDataWithPassphrase(account Account, passphrase, mimeType string, data []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// SignText requests the wallet to sign the hash of a given piece of data, prefixed
+	// by the Ethereum prefix scheme
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	//
+	// If the wallet requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
+	// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code to verify the transaction),
+	// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
+	// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
+	// the needed details via SignTextWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
+	// the account in a keystore).
+	//
+	// This method should return the signature in 'canonical' format, with v 0 or 1.
+	SignText(account Account, text []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// SignTextWithPassphrase is identical to Signtext, but also takes a password
+	SignTextWithPassphrase(account Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// SignTx requests the wallet to sign the given transaction.
+	//
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	//
+	// If the wallet requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
+	// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code to verify the transaction),
+	// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
+	// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
+	// the needed details via SignTxWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
+	// the account in a keystore).
+	SignTx(account Account, tx *transaction.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error)
+
+	// SignTxWithPassphrase is identical to SignTx, but also takes a password
+	SignTxWithPassphrase(account Account, passphrase string, tx *transaction.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error)
+}
+
+// Backend is a "wallet provider" that may contain a batch of accounts they can
+// sign transactions with and upon request, do so.
+type Backend interface {
+	// Wallets retrieves the list of wallets the backend is currently aware of.
+	//
+	// The returned wallets are not opened by default. For software HD wallets this
+	// means that no base seeds are decrypted, and for hardware wallets that no actual
+	// connection is established.
+	//
+	// The resulting wallet list will be sorted alphabetically based on its internal
+	// URL assigned by the backend. Since wallets (especially hardware) may come and
+	// go, the same wallet might appear at a different positions in the list during
+	// subsequent retrievals.
+	Wallets() []Wallet
+
+	// Subscribe creates an async subscription to receive notifications when the
+	// backend detects the arrival or departure of a wallet.
+	Subscribe(sink chan<- WalletEvent) event.Subscription
+}
+
+// TextHash is a helper function that calculates a hash for the given message that can be
+// safely used to calculate a signature from.
+//
+// The hash is calculated as
+//
+//	keccak256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n"${message length}${message}).
+//
+// This gives context to the signed message and prevents signing of transactions.
+func TextHash(data []byte) []byte {
+	hash, _ := TextAndHash(data)
+	return hash
+}
+
+// TextAndHash is a helper function that calculates a hash for the given message that can be
+// safely used to calculate a signature from.
+//
+// The hash is calculated as
+//
+//	keccak256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n"${message length}${message}).
+//
+// This gives context to the signed message and prevents signing of transactions.
+func TextAndHash(data []byte) ([]byte, string) {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n%d%s", len(data), string(data))
+	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	hasher.Write([]byte(msg))
+	return hasher.Sum(nil), msg
+}
+
+// WalletEventType represents the different event types that can be fired by
+// the wallet subscription subsystem.
+type WalletEventType int
+
+const (
+	// WalletArrived is fired when a new wallet is detected either via USB or via
+	// a filesystem event in the keystore.
+	WalletArrived WalletEventType = iota
+
+	// WalletOpened is fired when a wallet is successfully opened with the purpose
+	// of starting any background processes such as automatic key derivation.
+	WalletOpened
+
+	// WalletDropped
+	WalletDropped
+)
+
+// WalletEvent is an event fired by an account backend when a wallet arrival or
+// departure is detected.
+type WalletEvent struct {
+	Wallet Wallet          // Wallet instance arrived or departed
+	Kind   WalletEventType // Event type that happened in the system
+}
diff --git a/accounts/accounts_test.go b/accounts/accounts_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55ff70b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/accounts_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/secp256k1"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+)
+
+func TestTextHash(t *testing.T) {
+	hash := TextHash([]byte("Hello Joe"))
+	want := hexutil.MustDecode("0xa080337ae51c4e064c189e113edd0ba391df9206e2f49db658bb32cf2911730b")
+	if !bytes.Equal(hash, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("wrong hash: %x", hash)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
+	private, err := crypto.HexToECDSA("DEBF9EAE7820E23201EEE9D51413B6D2CDF06C320D7152C2D3BC1FB6C42DA23D")
+	if nil != err {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	seckey := math.PaddedBigBytes(private.D, private.Params().BitSize/8)
+	defer zeroBytes(seckey)
+
+	msg, _ := hexutil.Decode("0x08712134afd46d42a45a5ed0e9311933138a06041b88062e590a613c2673c29f")
+	signature, err := secp256k1.Sign(msg, seckey)
+
+	t.Logf("%v", err)
+	t.Logf("%s", hexutil.Encode(signature))
+}
+
+func zeroBytes(bytes []byte) {
+	for i := range bytes {
+		bytes[i] = 0
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/errors.go b/accounts/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fab58ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// ErrUnknownAccount is returned for any requested operation for which no backend
+// provides the specified account.
+var ErrUnknownAccount = errors.New("unknown account")
+
+// ErrUnknownWallet is returned for any requested operation for which no backend
+// provides the specified wallet.
+var ErrUnknownWallet = errors.New("unknown wallet")
+
+// ErrNotSupported is returned when an operation is requested from an account
+// backend that it does not support.
+var ErrNotSupported = errors.New("not supported")
+
+// ErrInvalidPassphrase is returned when a decryption operation receives a bad
+// passphrase.
+var ErrInvalidPassphrase = errors.New("invalid password")
+
+// ErrWalletAlreadyOpen is returned if a wallet is attempted to be opened the
+// second time.
+var ErrWalletAlreadyOpen = errors.New("wallet already open")
+
+// ErrWalletClosed is returned if a wallet is offline.
+var ErrWalletClosed = errors.New("wallet closed")
+
+// AuthNeededError is returned by backends for signing requests where the user
+// is required to provide further authentication before signing can succeed.
+//
+// This usually means either that a password needs to be supplied, or perhaps a
+// one time PIN code displayed by some hardware device.
+type AuthNeededError struct {
+	Needed string // Extra authentication the user needs to provide
+}
+
+// NewAuthNeededError creates a new authentication error with the extra details
+// about the needed fields set.
+func NewAuthNeededError(needed string) error {
+	return &AuthNeededError{
+		Needed: needed,
+	}
+}
+
+// Error implements the standard error interface.
+func (err *AuthNeededError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("authentication needed: %s", err.Needed)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/external/backend.go b/accounts/external/backend.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d7fbb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/external/backend.go
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package external
+
+//import (
+//	"fmt"
+//	"math/big"
+//	"sync"
+//
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+//	types2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common/hexutil"
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+//	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/rpc"
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/signer/core/apitypes"
+//)
+//
+//type ExternalBackend struct {
+//	signers []accounts.Wallet
+//}
+//
+//func (eb *ExternalBackend) Wallets() []accounts.Wallet {
+//	return eb.signers
+//}
+//
+//func NewExternalBackend(endpoint string) (*ExternalBackend, error) {
+//	signer, err := NewExternalSigner(endpoint)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	return &ExternalBackend{
+//		signers: []accounts.Wallet{signer},
+//	}, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (eb *ExternalBackend) Subscribe(sink chan<- accounts.WalletEvent) event.Subscription {
+//	return event.NewSubscription(func(quit <-chan struct{}) error {
+//		<-quit
+//		return nil
+//	})
+//}
+//
+//// ExternalSigner provides an API to interact with an external signer (clef)
+//// It proxies request to the external signer while forwarding relevant
+//// request headers
+//type ExternalSigner struct {
+//	client   *rpc.Client
+//	endpoint string
+//	status   string
+//	cacheMu  sync.RWMutex
+//	cache    []accounts.Account
+//}
+//
+//func NewExternalSigner(endpoint string) (*ExternalSigner, error) {
+//	client, err := rpc.Dial(endpoint)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	extsigner := &ExternalSigner{
+//		client:   client,
+//		endpoint: endpoint,
+//	}
+//	// Check if reachable
+//	version, err := extsigner.pingVersion()
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	extsigner.status = fmt.Sprintf("ok [version=%v]", version)
+//	return extsigner, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) URL() accounts.URL {
+//	return accounts.URL{
+//		Scheme: "extapi",
+//		Path:   api.endpoint,
+//	}
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) Status() (string, error) {
+//	return api.status, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) Open(passphrase string) error {
+//	return fmt.Errorf("operation not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) Close() error {
+//	return fmt.Errorf("operation not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) Accounts() []accounts.Account {
+//	var accnts []accounts.Account
+//	res, err := api.listAccounts()
+//	if err != nil {
+//		log.Error("account listing failed", "error", err)
+//		return accnts
+//	}
+//	for _, addr := range res {
+//		accnts = append(accnts, accounts.Account{
+//			URL: accounts.URL{
+//				Scheme: "extapi",
+//				Path:   api.endpoint,
+//			},
+//			Address: addr,
+//		})
+//	}
+//	api.cacheMu.Lock()
+//	api.cache = accnts
+//	api.cacheMu.Unlock()
+//	return accnts
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) Contains(account accounts.Account) bool {
+//	api.cacheMu.RLock()
+//	defer api.cacheMu.RUnlock()
+//	if api.cache == nil {
+//		// If we haven't already fetched the accounts, it's time to do so now
+//		api.cacheMu.RUnlock()
+//		api.Accounts()
+//		api.cacheMu.RLock()
+//	}
+//	for _, a := range api.cache {
+//		if a.Address == account.Address && (account.URL == (accounts.URL{}) || account.URL == api.URL()) {
+//			return true
+//		}
+//	}
+//	return false
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) Derive(path accounts.DerivationPath, pin bool) (accounts.Account, error) {
+//	return accounts.Account{}, fmt.Errorf("operation not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SelfDerive(bases []accounts.DerivationPath, chain common.ChainStateReader) {
+//	log.Error("operation SelfDerive not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//
+//// SignData signs keccak256(data). The mimetype parameter describes the type of data being signed
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SignData(account accounts.Account, mimeType string, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+//	var res hexutil.Bytes
+//	var signAddress = common.NewMixedcaseAddress(account.Address)
+//	if err := api.client.Call(&res, "account_signData",
+//		mimeType,
+//		&signAddress, // Need to use the pointer here, because of how MarshalJSON is defined
+//		hexutil.Encode(data)); err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	// If V is on 27/28-form, convert to 0/1 for Clique
+//	if mimeType == accounts.MimetypeClique && (res[64] == 27 || res[64] == 28) {
+//		res[64] -= 27 // Transform V from 27/28 to 0/1 for Clique use
+//	}
+//	return res, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SignText(account accounts.Account, text []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+//	var signature hexutil.Bytes
+//	var signAddress = common.NewMixedcaseAddress(account.Address)
+//	if err := api.client.Call(&signature, "account_signData",
+//		accounts.MimetypeTextPlain,
+//		&signAddress, // Need to use the pointer here, because of how MarshalJSON is defined
+//		hexutil.Encode(text)); err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	if signature[64] == 27 || signature[64] == 28 {
+//		// If clef is used as a backend, it may already have transformed
+//		// the signature to ethereum-type signature.
+//		signature[64] -= 27 // Transform V from Ethereum-legacy to 0/1
+//	}
+//	return signature, nil
+//}
+//
+//// signTransactionResult represents the signinig result returned by clef.
+//type signTransactionResult struct {
+//	Raw hexutil.Bytes      `json:"raw"`
+//	Tx  *types.Transaction `json:"tx"`
+//}
+//
+//// SignTx sends the transaction to the external signer.
+//// If chainID is nil, or tx.ChainID is zero, the chain ID will be assigned
+//// by the external signer. For non-legacy transactions, the chain ID of the
+//// transaction overrides the chainID parameter.
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SignTx(account accounts.Account, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+//	data := hexutil.Bytes(tx.Data())
+//	var to *common.MixedcaseAddress
+//	if tx.To() != nil {
+//		t := common.NewMixedcaseAddress(*tx.To())
+//		to = &t
+//	}
+//	args := &apitypes.SendTxArgs{
+//		Data:  &data,
+//		Nonce: hexutil.Uint64(tx.Nonce()),
+//		Value: hexutil.Big(*tx.Value()),
+//		Gas:   hexutil.Uint64(tx.Gas()),
+//		To:    to,
+//		From:  common.NewMixedcaseAddress(account.Address),
+//	}
+//	switch tx.Type() {
+//	case types.LegacyTxType, types.AccessListTxType:
+//		args.GasPrice = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasPrice())
+//	case types.DynamicFeeTxType:
+//		args.MaxFeePerGas = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasFeeCap())
+//		args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasTipCap())
+//	default:
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported tx type %d", tx.Type())
+//	}
+//	// We should request the default chain id that we're operating with
+//	// (the chain we're executing on)
+//	if chainID != nil && chainID.Sign() != 0 {
+//		args.ChainID = (*hexutil.Big)(chainID)
+//	}
+//	if tx.Type() != types.LegacyTxType {
+//		// However, if the user asked for a particular chain id, then we should
+//		// use that instead.
+//		if tx.ChainId().Sign() != 0 {
+//			args.ChainID = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.ChainId())
+//		}
+//		accessList := tx.AccessList()
+//		args.AccessList = &accessList
+//	}
+//	var res signTransactionResult
+//	if err := api.client.Call(&res, "account_signTransaction", args); err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	return res.Tx, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SignTextWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, text []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+//	return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("password-operations not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SignTxWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+//	return nil, fmt.Errorf("password-operations not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) SignDataWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase, mimeType string, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+//	return nil, fmt.Errorf("password-operations not supported on external signers")
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) listAccounts() ([]types2.Address, error) {
+//	var res []types2.Address
+//	if err := api.client.Call(&res, "account_list"); err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	return res, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (api *ExternalSigner) pingVersion() (string, error) {
+//	var v string
+//	if err := api.client.Call(&v, "account_version"); err != nil {
+//		return "", err
+//	}
+//	return v, nil
+//}
diff --git a/accounts/hd.go b/accounts/hd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cab830e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/hd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// DefaultRootDerivationPath is the root path to which custom derivation endpoints
+// are appended. As such, the first account will be at m/44'/60'/0'/0, the second
+// at m/44'/60'/0'/1, etc.
+var DefaultRootDerivationPath = DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}
+
+// DefaultBaseDerivationPath is the base path from which custom derivation endpoints
+// are incremented. As such, the first account will be at m/44'/60'/0'/0/0, the second
+// at m/44'/60'/0'/0/1, etc.
+var DefaultBaseDerivationPath = DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0}
+
+// LegacyLedgerBaseDerivationPath is the legacy base path from which custom derivation
+// endpoints are incremented. As such, the first account will be at m/44'/60'/0'/0, the
+// second at m/44'/60'/0'/1, etc.
+var LegacyLedgerBaseDerivationPath = DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}
+
+// DerivationPath represents the computer friendly version of a hierarchical
+// deterministic wallet account derivation path.
+//
+// The BIP-32 spec https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki
+// defines derivation paths to be of the form:
+//
+//	m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index
+//
+// The BIP-44 spec https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki
+// defines that the `purpose` be 44' (or 0x8000002C) for crypto currencies, and
+// SLIP-44 https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0044.md assigns
+// the `coin_type` 60' (or 0x8000003C) to Ethereum.
+//
+// The root path for Ethereum is m/44'/60'/0'/0 according to the specification
+// from https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/84, albeit it's not set in stone
+// yet whether accounts should increment the last component or the children of
+// that. We will go with the simpler approach of incrementing the last component.
+type DerivationPath []uint32
+
+// ParseDerivationPath converts a user specified derivation path string to the
+// internal binary representation.
+//
+// Full derivation paths need to start with the `m/` prefix, relative derivation
+// paths (which will get appended to the default root path) must not have prefixes
+// in front of the first element. Whitespace is ignored.
+func ParseDerivationPath(path string) (DerivationPath, error) {
+	var result DerivationPath
+
+	// Handle absolute or relative paths
+	components := strings.Split(path, "/")
+	switch {
+	case len(components) == 0:
+		return nil, errors.New("empty derivation path")
+
+	case strings.TrimSpace(components[0]) == "":
+		return nil, errors.New("ambiguous path: use 'm/' prefix for absolute paths, or no leading '/' for relative ones")
+
+	case strings.TrimSpace(components[0]) == "m":
+		components = components[1:]
+
+	default:
+		result = append(result, DefaultRootDerivationPath...)
+	}
+	// All remaining components are relative, append one by one
+	if len(components) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("empty derivation path") // Empty relative paths
+	}
+	for _, component := range components {
+		// Ignore any user added whitespace
+		component = strings.TrimSpace(component)
+		var value uint32
+
+		// Handle hardened paths
+		if strings.HasSuffix(component, "'") {
+			value = 0x80000000
+			component = strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimSuffix(component, "'"))
+		}
+		// Handle the non hardened component
+		bigval, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(component, 0)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid component: %s", component)
+		}
+		max := math.MaxUint32 - value
+		if bigval.Sign() < 0 || bigval.Cmp(big.NewInt(int64(max))) > 0 {
+			if value == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("component %v out of allowed range [0, %d]", bigval, max)
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("component %v out of allowed hardened range [0, %d]", bigval, max)
+		}
+		value += uint32(bigval.Uint64())
+
+		// Append and repeat
+		result = append(result, value)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, converting a binary derivation path
+// to its canonical representation.
+func (path DerivationPath) String() string {
+	result := "m"
+	for _, component := range path {
+		var hardened bool
+		if component >= 0x80000000 {
+			component -= 0x80000000
+			hardened = true
+		}
+		result = fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", result, component)
+		if hardened {
+			result += "'"
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON turns a derivation path into its json-serialized string
+func (path DerivationPath) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(path.String())
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON a json-serialized string back into a derivation path
+func (path *DerivationPath) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	var dp string
+	var err error
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(b, &dp); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*path, err = ParseDerivationPath(dp)
+	return err
+}
+
+// DefaultIterator creates a BIP-32 path iterator, which progresses by increasing the last component:
+// i.e. m/44'/60'/0'/0/0, m/44'/60'/0'/0/1, m/44'/60'/0'/0/2, ... m/44'/60'/0'/0/N.
+func DefaultIterator(base DerivationPath) func() DerivationPath {
+	path := make(DerivationPath, len(base))
+	copy(path[:], base[:])
+	// Set it back by one, so the first call gives the first result
+	path[len(path)-1]--
+	return func() DerivationPath {
+		path[len(path)-1]++
+		return path
+	}
+}
+
+// LedgerLiveIterator creates a bip44 path iterator for Ledger Live.
+// Ledger Live increments the third component rather than the fifth component
+// i.e. m/44'/60'/0'/0/0, m/44'/60'/1'/0/0, m/44'/60'/2'/0/0, ... m/44'/60'/N'/0/0.
+func LedgerLiveIterator(base DerivationPath) func() DerivationPath {
+	path := make(DerivationPath, len(base))
+	copy(path[:], base[:])
+	// Set it back by one, so the first call gives the first result
+	path[2]--
+	return func() DerivationPath {
+		// ledgerLivePathIterator iterates on the third component
+		path[2]++
+		return path
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/hd_test.go b/accounts/hd_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..756aebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/hd_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Tests that HD derivation paths can be correctly parsed into our internal binary
+// representation.
+func TestHDPathParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input  string
+		output DerivationPath
+	}{
+		// Plain absolute derivation paths
+		{"m/44'/60'/0'/0", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}},
+		{"m/44'/60'/0'/128", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 128}},
+		{"m/44'/60'/0'/0'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+		{"m/44'/60'/0'/128'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0x80000000 + 128}},
+		{"m/2147483692/2147483708/2147483648/0", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}},
+		{"m/2147483692/2147483708/2147483648/2147483648", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+
+		// Plain relative derivation paths
+		{"0", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0}},
+		{"128", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 128}},
+		{"0'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+		{"128'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0x80000000 + 128}},
+		{"2147483648", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+
+		// Hexadecimal absolute derivation paths
+		{"m/0x2C'/0x3c'/0x00'/0x00", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}},
+		{"m/0x2C'/0x3c'/0x00'/0x80", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 128}},
+		{"m/0x2C'/0x3c'/0x00'/0x00'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+		{"m/0x2C'/0x3c'/0x00'/0x80'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0x80000000 + 128}},
+		{"m/0x8000002C/0x8000003c/0x80000000/0x00", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}},
+		{"m/0x8000002C/0x8000003c/0x80000000/0x80000000", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+
+		// Hexadecimal relative derivation paths
+		{"0x00", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0}},
+		{"0x80", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 128}},
+		{"0x00'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+		{"0x80'", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0x80000000 + 128}},
+		{"0x80000000", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0, 0x80000000 + 0}},
+
+		// Weird inputs just to ensure they work
+		{"	m  /   44			'\n/\n   60	\n\n\t'   /\n0 ' /\t\t	0", DerivationPath{0x80000000 + 44, 0x80000000 + 60, 0x80000000 + 0, 0}},
+
+		// Invalid derivation paths
+		{"", nil},              // Empty relative derivation path
+		{"m", nil},             // Empty absolute derivation path
+		{"m/", nil},            // Missing last derivation component
+		{"/44'/60'/0'/0", nil}, // Absolute path without m prefix, might be user error
+		{"m/2147483648'", nil}, // Overflows 32 bit integer
+		{"m/-1'", nil},         // Cannot contain negative number
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		if path, err := ParseDerivationPath(tt.input); !reflect.DeepEqual(path, tt.output) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: parse mismatch: have %v (%v), want %v", i, path, err, tt.output)
+		} else if path == nil && err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: nil path and error: %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func testDerive(t *testing.T, next func() DerivationPath, expected []string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for i, want := range expected {
+		if have := next(); fmt.Sprintf("%v", have) != want {
+			t.Errorf("step %d, have %v, want %v", i, have, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHdPathIteration(t *testing.T) {
+	testDerive(t, DefaultIterator(DefaultBaseDerivationPath),
+		[]string{
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0/0", "m/44'/60'/0'/0/1",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0/2", "m/44'/60'/0'/0/3",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0/4", "m/44'/60'/0'/0/5",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0/6", "m/44'/60'/0'/0/7",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0/8", "m/44'/60'/0'/0/9",
+		})
+
+	testDerive(t, DefaultIterator(LegacyLedgerBaseDerivationPath),
+		[]string{
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0", "m/44'/60'/0'/1",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/2", "m/44'/60'/0'/3",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/4", "m/44'/60'/0'/5",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/6", "m/44'/60'/0'/7",
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/8", "m/44'/60'/0'/9",
+		})
+
+	testDerive(t, LedgerLiveIterator(DefaultBaseDerivationPath),
+		[]string{
+			"m/44'/60'/0'/0/0", "m/44'/60'/1'/0/0",
+			"m/44'/60'/2'/0/0", "m/44'/60'/3'/0/0",
+			"m/44'/60'/4'/0/0", "m/44'/60'/5'/0/0",
+			"m/44'/60'/6'/0/0", "m/44'/60'/7'/0/0",
+			"m/44'/60'/8'/0/0", "m/44'/60'/9'/0/0",
+		})
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/account_cache.go b/accounts/keystore/account_cache.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e1d957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/account_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2"
+)
+
+// Minimum amount of time between cache reloads. This limit applies if the platform does
+// not support change notifications. It also applies if the keystore directory does not
+// exist yet, the code will attempt to create a watcher at most this often.
+const minReloadInterval = 2 * time.Second
+
+type accountsByURL []accounts.Account
+
+func (s accountsByURL) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s accountsByURL) Less(i, j int) bool { return s[i].URL.Cmp(s[j].URL) < 0 }
+func (s accountsByURL) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+// AmbiguousAddrError is returned when attempting to unlock
+// an address for which more than one file exists.
+type AmbiguousAddrError struct {
+	Addr    types.Address
+	Matches []accounts.Account
+}
+
+func (err *AmbiguousAddrError) Error() string {
+	files := ""
+	for i, a := range err.Matches {
+		files += a.URL.Path
+		if i < len(err.Matches)-1 {
+			files += ", "
+		}
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("multiple keys match address (%s)", files)
+}
+
+// accountCache is a live index of all accounts in the keystore.
+type accountCache struct {
+	keydir   string
+	watcher  *watcher
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	all      accountsByURL
+	byAddr   map[types.Address][]accounts.Account
+	throttle *time.Timer
+	notify   chan struct{}
+	fileC    fileCache
+}
+
+func newAccountCache(keydir string) (*accountCache, chan struct{}) {
+	ac := &accountCache{
+		keydir: keydir,
+		byAddr: make(map[types.Address][]accounts.Account),
+		notify: make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		fileC:  fileCache{all: mapset.NewThreadUnsafeSet[string]()},
+	}
+	ac.watcher = newWatcher(ac)
+	return ac, ac.notify
+}
+
+func (ac *accountCache) accounts() []accounts.Account {
+	ac.maybeReload()
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
+	cpy := make([]accounts.Account, len(ac.all))
+	copy(cpy, ac.all)
+	return cpy
+}
+
+func (ac *accountCache) hasAddress(addr types.Address) bool {
+	ac.maybeReload()
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
+	return len(ac.byAddr[addr]) > 0
+}
+
+func (ac *accountCache) add(newAccount accounts.Account) {
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
+
+	i := sort.Search(len(ac.all), func(i int) bool { return ac.all[i].URL.Cmp(newAccount.URL) >= 0 })
+	if i < len(ac.all) && ac.all[i] == newAccount {
+		return
+	}
+	// newAccount is not in the cache.
+	ac.all = append(ac.all, accounts.Account{})
+	copy(ac.all[i+1:], ac.all[i:])
+	ac.all[i] = newAccount
+	ac.byAddr[newAccount.Address] = append(ac.byAddr[newAccount.Address], newAccount)
+}
+
+// note: removed needs to be unique here (i.e. both File and Address must be set).
+func (ac *accountCache) delete(removed accounts.Account) {
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ac.all = removeAccount(ac.all, removed)
+	if ba := removeAccount(ac.byAddr[removed.Address], removed); len(ba) == 0 {
+		delete(ac.byAddr, removed.Address)
+	} else {
+		ac.byAddr[removed.Address] = ba
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteByFile removes an account referenced by the given path.
+func (ac *accountCache) deleteByFile(path string) {
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
+	i := sort.Search(len(ac.all), func(i int) bool { return ac.all[i].URL.Path >= path })
+
+	if i < len(ac.all) && ac.all[i].URL.Path == path {
+		removed := ac.all[i]
+		ac.all = append(ac.all[:i], ac.all[i+1:]...)
+		if ba := removeAccount(ac.byAddr[removed.Address], removed); len(ba) == 0 {
+			delete(ac.byAddr, removed.Address)
+		} else {
+			ac.byAddr[removed.Address] = ba
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// watcherStarted returns true if the watcher loop started running (even if it
+// has since also ended).
+func (ac *accountCache) watcherStarted() bool {
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
+	return ac.watcher.running || ac.watcher.runEnded
+}
+
+func removeAccount(slice []accounts.Account, elem accounts.Account) []accounts.Account {
+	for i := range slice {
+		if slice[i] == elem {
+			return append(slice[:i], slice[i+1:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	return slice
+}
+
+// find returns the cached account for address if there is a unique match.
+// The exact matching rules are explained by the documentation of accounts.Account.
+// Callers must hold ac.mu.
+func (ac *accountCache) find(a accounts.Account) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	// Limit search to address candidates if possible.
+	matches := ac.all
+	if (a.Address != types.Address{}) {
+		matches = ac.byAddr[a.Address]
+	}
+	if a.URL.Path != "" {
+		// If only the basename is specified, complete the path.
+		if !strings.ContainsRune(a.URL.Path, filepath.Separator) {
+			a.URL.Path = filepath.Join(ac.keydir, a.URL.Path)
+		}
+		for i := range matches {
+			if matches[i].URL == a.URL {
+				return matches[i], nil
+			}
+		}
+		if (a.Address == types.Address{}) {
+			return accounts.Account{}, ErrNoMatch
+		}
+	}
+	switch len(matches) {
+	case 1:
+		return matches[0], nil
+	case 0:
+		return accounts.Account{}, ErrNoMatch
+	default:
+		err := &AmbiguousAddrError{Addr: a.Address, Matches: make([]accounts.Account, len(matches))}
+		copy(err.Matches, matches)
+		sort.Sort(accountsByURL(err.Matches))
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+}
+
+func (ac *accountCache) maybeReload() {
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+
+	if ac.watcher.running {
+		ac.mu.Unlock()
+		return // A watcher is running and will keep the cache up-to-date.
+	}
+	if ac.throttle == nil {
+		ac.throttle = time.NewTimer(0)
+	} else {
+		select {
+		case <-ac.throttle.C:
+		default:
+			ac.mu.Unlock()
+			return // The cache was reloaded recently.
+		}
+	}
+	// No watcher running, start it.
+	ac.watcher.start()
+	ac.throttle.Reset(minReloadInterval)
+	ac.mu.Unlock()
+	err := ac.scanAccounts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func (ac *accountCache) close() {
+	ac.mu.Lock()
+	ac.watcher.close()
+	if ac.throttle != nil {
+		ac.throttle.Stop()
+	}
+	if ac.notify != nil {
+		close(ac.notify)
+		ac.notify = nil
+	}
+	ac.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// scanAccounts checks if any changes have occurred on the filesystem, and
+// updates the account cache accordingly
+func (ac *accountCache) scanAccounts() error {
+	// Scan the entire folder metadata for file changes
+	creates, deletes, updates, err := ac.fileC.scan(ac.keydir)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Failed to reload keystore contents", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if creates.Cardinality() == 0 && deletes.Cardinality() == 0 && updates.Cardinality() == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Create a helper method to scan the contents of the key files
+	var (
+		buf = new(bufio.Reader)
+		key struct {
+			Address string `json:"address"`
+		}
+	)
+	readAccount := func(path string) *accounts.Account {
+		fd, err := os.Open(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			//log.Trace("Failed to open keystore file", "path", path, "err", err)
+			log.Debug("Failed to open keystore file", "path", path, "err", err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		defer func(fd *os.File) {
+			err := fd.Close()
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}(fd)
+		buf.Reset(fd)
+		// Parse the address.
+		key.Address = ""
+		err = json.NewDecoder(buf).Decode(&key)
+		addr := types.HexToAddress(key.Address)
+		switch {
+		case err != nil:
+			log.Debug("Failed to decode keystore key", "path", path, "err", err)
+		case addr == types.Address{}:
+			log.Debug("Failed to decode keystore key", "path", path, "err", "missing or zero address")
+		default:
+			return &accounts.Account{
+				Address: addr,
+				URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: path},
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Process all the file diffs
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	for _, path := range creates.ToSlice() {
+		if a := readAccount(path); a != nil {
+			ac.add(*a)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, path := range deletes.ToSlice() {
+		ac.deleteByFile(path)
+	}
+	for _, path := range updates.ToSlice() {
+		ac.deleteByFile(path)
+		if a := readAccount(path); a != nil {
+			ac.add(*a)
+		}
+	}
+	end := time.Now()
+
+	select {
+	case ac.notify <- struct{}{}:
+	default:
+	}
+	log.Trace("Handled keystore changes", "time", end.Sub(start))
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/account_cache_test.go b/accounts/keystore/account_cache_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19bf2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/account_cache_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/cespare/cp"
+	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
+)
+
+var (
+	cachetestDir, _   = filepath.Abs(filepath.Join("testdata", "keystore"))
+	cachetestAccounts = []accounts.Account{
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8")},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "aaa")},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("289d485d9771714cce91d3393d764e1311907acc"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "zzz")},
+		},
+	}
+)
+
+func TestWatchNewFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
+
+	// Ensure the watcher is started before adding any files.
+	ks.Accounts()
+	time.Sleep(1000 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Move in the files.
+	wantAccounts := make([]accounts.Account, len(cachetestAccounts))
+	for i := range cachetestAccounts {
+		wantAccounts[i] = accounts.Account{
+			Address: cachetestAccounts[i].Address,
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(dir, filepath.Base(cachetestAccounts[i].URL.Path))},
+		}
+		if err := cp.CopyFile(wantAccounts[i].URL.Path, cachetestAccounts[i].URL.Path); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ks should see the accounts.
+	var list []accounts.Account
+	for d := 200 * time.Millisecond; d < 5*time.Second; d *= 2 {
+		list = ks.Accounts()
+		if reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
+			// ks should have also received change notifications
+			select {
+			case <-ks.changes:
+			default:
+				t.Fatalf("wasn't notified of new accounts")
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(d)
+	}
+	t.Errorf("got %s, want %s", spew.Sdump(list), spew.Sdump(wantAccounts))
+}
+
+func TestWatchNoDir(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create ks but not the directory that it watches.
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+	dir := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("eth-keystore-watchnodir-test-%d-%d", os.Getpid(), rand.Int()))
+	ks := NewKeyStore(dir, LightScryptN, LightScryptP)
+
+	list := ks.Accounts()
+	if len(list) > 0 {
+		t.Error("initial account list not empty:", list)
+	}
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Create the directory and copy a key file into it.
+	os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+	file := filepath.Join(dir, "aaa")
+	if err := cp.CopyFile(file, cachetestAccounts[0].URL.Path); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// ks should see the account.
+	wantAccounts := []accounts.Account{cachetestAccounts[0]}
+	wantAccounts[0].URL = accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: file}
+	for d := 200 * time.Millisecond; d < 8*time.Second; d *= 2 {
+		list = ks.Accounts()
+		if reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
+			// ks should have also received change notifications
+			select {
+			case <-ks.changes:
+			default:
+				t.Fatalf("wasn't notified of new accounts")
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(d)
+	}
+	t.Errorf("\ngot  %v\nwant %v", list, wantAccounts)
+}
+
+func TestCacheInitialReload(t *testing.T) {
+	cache, _ := newAccountCache(cachetestDir)
+	accounts := cache.accounts()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(accounts, cachetestAccounts) {
+		t.Fatalf("got initial accounts: %swant %s", spew.Sdump(accounts), spew.Sdump(cachetestAccounts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCacheAddDeleteOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	cache, _ := newAccountCache("testdata/no-such-dir")
+	cache.watcher.running = true // prevent unexpected reloads
+
+	accs := []accounts.Account{
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "-309830980"},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("2cac1adea150210703ba75ed097ddfe24e14f213"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "ggg"},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("8bda78331c916a08481428e4b07c96d3e916d165"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "zzzzzz-the-very-last-one.keyXXX"},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("d49ff4eeb0b2686ed89c0fc0f2b6ea533ddbbd5e"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "SOMETHING.key"},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "aaa"},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("289d485d9771714cce91d3393d764e1311907acc"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "zzz"},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, a := range accs {
+		cache.add(a)
+	}
+	// Add some of them twice to check that they don't get reinserted.
+	cache.add(accs[0])
+	cache.add(accs[2])
+
+	// Check that the account list is sorted by filename.
+	wantAccounts := make([]accounts.Account, len(accs))
+	copy(wantAccounts, accs)
+	sort.Sort(accountsByURL(wantAccounts))
+	list := cache.accounts()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
+		t.Fatalf("got accounts: %s\nwant %s", spew.Sdump(accs), spew.Sdump(wantAccounts))
+	}
+	for _, a := range accs {
+		if !cache.hasAddress(a.Address) {
+			t.Errorf("expected hasAccount(%x) to return true", a.Address)
+		}
+	}
+	if cache.hasAddress(common.HexToAddress("fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e")) {
+		t.Errorf("expected hasAccount(%x) to return false", common.HexToAddress("fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e"))
+	}
+
+	// Delete a few keys from the cache.
+	for i := 0; i < len(accs); i += 2 {
+		cache.delete(wantAccounts[i])
+	}
+	cache.delete(accounts.Account{Address: common.HexToAddress("fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e"), URL: accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: "something"}})
+
+	// Check content again after deletion.
+	wantAccountsAfterDelete := []accounts.Account{
+		wantAccounts[1],
+		wantAccounts[3],
+		wantAccounts[5],
+	}
+	list = cache.accounts()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccountsAfterDelete) {
+		t.Fatalf("got accounts after delete: %s\nwant %s", spew.Sdump(list), spew.Sdump(wantAccountsAfterDelete))
+	}
+	for _, a := range wantAccountsAfterDelete {
+		if !cache.hasAddress(a.Address) {
+			t.Errorf("expected hasAccount(%x) to return true", a.Address)
+		}
+	}
+	if cache.hasAddress(wantAccounts[0].Address) {
+		t.Errorf("expected hasAccount(%x) to return false", wantAccounts[0].Address)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCacheFind(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := filepath.Join("testdata", "dir")
+	cache, _ := newAccountCache(dir)
+	cache.watcher.running = true // prevent unexpected reloads
+
+	accs := []accounts.Account{
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(dir, "a.key")},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("2cac1adea150210703ba75ed097ddfe24e14f213"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(dir, "b.key")},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("d49ff4eeb0b2686ed89c0fc0f2b6ea533ddbbd5e"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(dir, "c.key")},
+		},
+		{
+			Address: common.HexToAddress("d49ff4eeb0b2686ed89c0fc0f2b6ea533ddbbd5e"),
+			URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(dir, "c2.key")},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, a := range accs {
+		cache.add(a)
+	}
+
+	nomatchAccount := accounts.Account{
+		Address: common.HexToAddress("f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a"),
+		URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Join(dir, "something")},
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		Query      accounts.Account
+		WantResult accounts.Account
+		WantError  error
+	}{
+		// by address
+		{Query: accounts.Account{Address: accs[0].Address}, WantResult: accs[0]},
+		// by file
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: accs[0].URL}, WantResult: accs[0]},
+		// by basename
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Base(accs[0].URL.Path)}}, WantResult: accs[0]},
+		// by file and address
+		{Query: accs[0], WantResult: accs[0]},
+		// ambiguous address, tie resolved by file
+		{Query: accs[2], WantResult: accs[2]},
+		// ambiguous address error
+		{
+			Query: accounts.Account{Address: accs[2].Address},
+			WantError: &AmbiguousAddrError{
+				Addr:    accs[2].Address,
+				Matches: []accounts.Account{accs[2], accs[3]},
+			},
+		},
+		// no match error
+		{Query: nomatchAccount, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: nomatchAccount.URL}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: filepath.Base(nomatchAccount.URL.Path)}}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{Address: nomatchAccount.Address}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+	}
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		a, err := cache.find(test.Query)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(err, test.WantError) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: error mismatch for query %v\ngot %q\nwant %q", i, test.Query, err, test.WantError)
+			continue
+		}
+		if a != test.WantResult {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: result mismatch for query %v\ngot %v\nwant %v", i, test.Query, a, test.WantResult)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func waitForAccounts(wantAccounts []accounts.Account, ks *KeyStore) error {
+	var list []accounts.Account
+	for d := 200 * time.Millisecond; d < 8*time.Second; d *= 2 {
+		list = ks.Accounts()
+		if reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
+			// ks should have also received change notifications
+			select {
+			case <-ks.changes:
+			default:
+				return fmt.Errorf("wasn't notified of new accounts")
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		time.Sleep(d)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("\ngot  %v\nwant %v", list, wantAccounts)
+}
+
+// TestUpdatedKeyfileContents tests that updating the contents of a keystore file
+// is noticed by the watcher, and the account cache is updated accordingly
+func TestUpdatedKeyfileContents(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create a temporary keystore to test with
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+	dir := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("eth-keystore-updatedkeyfilecontents-test-%d-%d", os.Getpid(), rand.Int()))
+	ks := NewKeyStore(dir, LightScryptN, LightScryptP)
+
+	list := ks.Accounts()
+	if len(list) > 0 {
+		t.Error("initial account list not empty:", list)
+	}
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Create the directory and copy a key file into it.
+	os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+	file := filepath.Join(dir, "aaa")
+
+	// Place one of our testfiles in there
+	if err := cp.CopyFile(file, cachetestAccounts[0].URL.Path); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// ks should see the account.
+	wantAccounts := []accounts.Account{cachetestAccounts[0]}
+	wantAccounts[0].URL = accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: file}
+	if err := waitForAccounts(wantAccounts, ks); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// needed so that modTime of `file` is different to its current value after forceCopyFile
+	time.Sleep(1000 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Now replace file contents
+	if err := forceCopyFile(file, cachetestAccounts[1].URL.Path); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+		return
+	}
+	wantAccounts = []accounts.Account{cachetestAccounts[1]}
+	wantAccounts[0].URL = accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: file}
+	if err := waitForAccounts(wantAccounts, ks); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("First replacement failed")
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// needed so that modTime of `file` is different to its current value after forceCopyFile
+	time.Sleep(1000 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Now replace file contents again
+	if err := forceCopyFile(file, cachetestAccounts[2].URL.Path); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+		return
+	}
+	wantAccounts = []accounts.Account{cachetestAccounts[2]}
+	wantAccounts[0].URL = accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: file}
+	if err := waitForAccounts(wantAccounts, ks); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Second replacement failed")
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// needed so that modTime of `file` is different to its current value after os.WriteFile
+	time.Sleep(1000 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Now replace file contents with crap
+	if err := os.WriteFile(file, []byte("foo"), 0600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+		return
+	}
+	if err := waitForAccounts([]accounts.Account{}, ks); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Emptying account file failed")
+		t.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// forceCopyFile is like cp.CopyFile, but doesn't complain if the destination exists.
+func forceCopyFile(dst, src string) error {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(src)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.WriteFile(dst, data, 0644)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/file_cache.go b/accounts/keystore/file_cache.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45fa87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/file_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2"
+)
+
+// fileCache is a cache of files seen during scan of keystore.
+type fileCache struct {
+	all     mapset.Set[string] // Set of all files from the keystore folder
+	lastMod time.Time          // Last time instance when a file was modified
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// scan performs a new scan on the given directory, compares against the already
+// cached filenames, and returns file sets: creates, deletes, updates.
+func (fc *fileCache) scan(keyDir string) (mapset.Set[string], mapset.Set[string], mapset.Set[string], error) {
+	t0 := time.Now()
+
+	// List all the files from the keystore folder
+	files, err := os.ReadDir(keyDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	t1 := time.Now()
+
+	fc.mu.Lock()
+	defer fc.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Iterate all the files and gather their metadata
+	all := mapset.NewThreadUnsafeSet[string]()
+	mods := mapset.NewThreadUnsafeSet[string]()
+
+	var newLastMod time.Time
+	for _, fi := range files {
+		path := filepath.Join(keyDir, fi.Name())
+		// Skip any non-key files from the folder
+		if nonKeyFile(fi) {
+			//log.Trace("Ignoring file on account scan", "path", path)
+			log.Debug("Ignoring file on account scan", "path", path)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Gather the set of all and freshly modified files
+		all.Add(path)
+
+		info, err := fi.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, nil, err
+		}
+		modified := info.ModTime()
+		if modified.After(fc.lastMod) {
+			mods.Add(path)
+		}
+		if modified.After(newLastMod) {
+			newLastMod = modified
+		}
+	}
+	t2 := time.Now()
+
+	// Update the tracked files and return the three sets
+	deletes := fc.all.Difference(all)   // Deletes = previous - current
+	creates := all.Difference(fc.all)   // Creates = current - previous
+	updates := mods.Difference(creates) // Updates = modified - creates
+
+	fc.all, fc.lastMod = all, newLastMod
+	t3 := time.Now()
+
+	// Report on the scanning stats and return
+	log.Debug("FS scan times", "list", t1.Sub(t0), "set", t2.Sub(t1), "diff", t3.Sub(t2))
+	return creates, deletes, updates, nil
+}
+
+// nonKeyFile ignores editor backups, hidden files and folders/symlinks.
+func nonKeyFile(fi os.DirEntry) bool {
+	// Skip editor backups and UNIX-style hidden files.
+	if strings.HasSuffix(fi.Name(), "~") || strings.HasPrefix(fi.Name(), ".") {
+		return true
+	}
+	// Skip misc special files, directories (yes, symlinks too).
+	if fi.IsDir() || !fi.Type().IsRegular() {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/key.go b/accounts/keystore/key.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6adbf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/key.go
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+const (
+	version = 3
+)
+
+type Key struct {
+	Id uuid.UUID // Version 4 "random" for unique id not derived from key data
+	// to simplify lookups we also store the address
+	Address types.Address
+	// we only store privkey as pubkey/address can be derived from it
+	// privkey in this struct is always in plaintext
+	PrivateKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+}
+
+type keyStore interface {
+	// Loads and decrypts the key from disk.
+	GetKey(addr types.Address, filename string, auth string) (*Key, error)
+	// Writes and encrypts the key.
+	StoreKey(filename string, k *Key, auth string) error
+	// Joins filename with the key directory unless it is already absolute.
+	JoinPath(filename string) string
+}
+
+type plainKeyJSON struct {
+	Address    string `json:"address"`
+	PrivateKey string `json:"privatekey"`
+	Id         string `json:"id"`
+	Version    int    `json:"version"`
+}
+
+type encryptedKeyJSONV3 struct {
+	Address string     `json:"address"`
+	Crypto  CryptoJSON `json:"crypto"`
+	Id      string     `json:"id"`
+	Version int        `json:"version"`
+}
+
+type encryptedKeyJSONV1 struct {
+	Address string     `json:"address"`
+	Crypto  CryptoJSON `json:"crypto"`
+	Id      string     `json:"id"`
+	Version string     `json:"version"`
+}
+
+type CryptoJSON struct {
+	Cipher       string                 `json:"cipher"`
+	CipherText   string                 `json:"ciphertext"`
+	CipherParams cipherparamsJSON       `json:"cipherparams"`
+	KDF          string                 `json:"kdf"`
+	KDFParams    map[string]interface{} `json:"kdfparams"`
+	MAC          string                 `json:"mac"`
+}
+
+type cipherparamsJSON struct {
+	IV string `json:"iv"`
+}
+
+func (k *Key) MarshalJSON() (j []byte, err error) {
+	jStruct := plainKeyJSON{
+		hex.EncodeToString(k.Address[:]),
+		hex.EncodeToString(crypto.FromECDSA(k.PrivateKey)),
+		k.Id.String(),
+		version,
+	}
+	j, err = json.Marshal(jStruct)
+	return j, err
+}
+
+func (k *Key) UnmarshalJSON(j []byte) (err error) {
+	keyJSON := new(plainKeyJSON)
+	err = json.Unmarshal(j, &keyJSON)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	u := new(uuid.UUID)
+	*u, err = uuid.Parse(keyJSON.Id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	k.Id = *u
+	addr, err := hex.DecodeString(keyJSON.Address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	privkey, err := crypto.HexToECDSA(keyJSON.PrivateKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	k.Address = types.BytesToAddress(addr)
+	k.PrivateKey = privkey
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newKeyFromECDSA(privateKeyECDSA *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *Key {
+	id, err := uuid.NewRandom()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Could not create random uuid: %v", err))
+	}
+	key := &Key{
+		Id:         id,
+		Address:    crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKeyECDSA.PublicKey),
+		PrivateKey: privateKeyECDSA,
+	}
+	return key
+}
+
+// NewKeyForDirectICAP generates a key whose address fits into < 155 bits so it can fit
+// into the Direct ICAP spec. for simplicity and easier compatibility with other libs, we
+// retry until the first byte is 0.
+func NewKeyForDirectICAP(rand io.Reader) *Key {
+	randBytes := make([]byte, 64)
+	_, err := rand.Read(randBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("key generation: could not read from random source: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	reader := bytes.NewReader(randBytes)
+	privateKeyECDSA, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(crypto.S256(), reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("key generation: ecdsa.GenerateKey failed: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	key := newKeyFromECDSA(privateKeyECDSA)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(key.Address.Hex(), "0x00") {
+		return NewKeyForDirectICAP(rand)
+	}
+	return key
+}
+
+func newKey(rand io.Reader) (*Key, error) {
+	privateKeyECDSA, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(crypto.S256(), rand)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return newKeyFromECDSA(privateKeyECDSA), nil
+}
+
+func storeNewKey(ks keyStore, rand io.Reader, auth string) (*Key, accounts.Account, error) {
+	key, err := newKey(rand)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	a := accounts.Account{
+		Address: key.Address,
+		URL:     accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: ks.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))},
+	}
+	if err := ks.StoreKey(a.URL.Path, key, auth); err != nil {
+		zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+		return nil, a, err
+	}
+	return key, a, err
+}
+
+func writeTemporaryKeyFile(file string, content []byte) (string, error) {
+	// Create the keystore directory with appropriate permissions
+	// in case it is not present yet.
+	const dirPerm = 0700
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(file), dirPerm); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	// Atomic write: create a temporary hidden file first
+	// then move it into place. TempFile assigns mode 0600.
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(filepath.Dir(file), "."+filepath.Base(file)+".tmp")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if _, err := f.Write(content); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		os.Remove(f.Name())
+		return "", err
+	}
+	f.Close()
+	return f.Name(), nil
+}
+
+func writeKeyFile(file string, content []byte) error {
+	name, err := writeTemporaryKeyFile(file, content)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.Rename(name, file)
+}
+
+// keyFileName implements the naming convention for keyfiles:
+// UTC--<created_at UTC ISO8601>-<address hex>
+func keyFileName(keyAddr types.Address) string {
+	ts := time.Now().UTC()
+	return fmt.Sprintf("UTC--%s--%s", toISO8601(ts), hex.EncodeToString(keyAddr[:]))
+}
+
+func toISO8601(t time.Time) string {
+	var tz string
+	name, offset := t.Zone()
+	if name == "UTC" {
+		tz = "Z"
+	} else {
+		tz = fmt.Sprintf("%03d00", offset/3600)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d-%02d-%02d.%09d%s",
+		t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), t.Hour(), t.Minute(), t.Second(), t.Nanosecond(), tz)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae8d196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
+//
+// Keys are stored as encrypted JSON files according to the Web3 Secret Storage specification.
+// See https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition for more information.
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrLocked  = accounts.NewAuthNeededError("password or unlock")
+	ErrNoMatch = errors.New("no key for given address or file")
+	ErrDecrypt = errors.New("could not decrypt key with given password")
+
+	// ErrAccountAlreadyExists is returned if an account attempted to import is
+	// already present in the keystore.
+	ErrAccountAlreadyExists = errors.New("account already exists")
+)
+
+// KeyStoreType is the reflect type of a keystore backend.
+var KeyStoreType = reflect.TypeOf(&KeyStore{})
+
+// KeyStoreScheme is the protocol scheme prefixing account and wallet URLs.
+const KeyStoreScheme = "keystore"
+
+// Maximum time between wallet refreshes (if filesystem notifications don't work).
+const walletRefreshCycle = 3 * time.Second
+
+// KeyStore manages a key storage directory on disk.
+type KeyStore struct {
+	storage  keyStore                    // Storage backend, might be cleartext or encrypted
+	cache    *accountCache               // In-memory account cache over the filesystem storage
+	changes  chan struct{}               // Channel receiving change notifications from the cache
+	unlocked map[types.Address]*unlocked // Currently unlocked account (decrypted private keys)
+
+	wallets     []accounts.Wallet       // Wallet wrappers around the individual key files
+	updateFeed  event.Feed              // Event feed to notify wallet additions/removals
+	updateScope event.SubscriptionScope // Subscription scope tracking current live listeners
+	updating    bool                    // Whether the event notification loop is running
+
+	mu       sync.RWMutex
+	importMu sync.Mutex // Import Mutex locks the import to prevent two insertions from racing
+}
+
+type unlocked struct {
+	*Key
+	abort chan struct{}
+}
+
+// NewKeyStore creates a keystore for the given directory.
+func NewKeyStore(keydir string, scryptN, scryptP int) *KeyStore {
+	keydir, _ = filepath.Abs(keydir)
+	ks := &KeyStore{storage: &keyStorePassphrase{keydir, scryptN, scryptP, false}}
+	ks.init(keydir)
+	return ks
+}
+
+// NewPlaintextKeyStore creates a keystore for the given directory.
+// Deprecated: Use NewKeyStore.
+func NewPlaintextKeyStore(keydir string) *KeyStore {
+	keydir, _ = filepath.Abs(keydir)
+	ks := &KeyStore{storage: &keyStorePlain{keydir}}
+	ks.init(keydir)
+	return ks
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) init(keydir string) {
+	// Lock the mutex since the account cache might call back with events
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	defer ks.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Initialize the set of unlocked keys and the account cache
+	ks.unlocked = make(map[types.Address]*unlocked)
+	ks.cache, ks.changes = newAccountCache(keydir)
+
+	// TODO: In order for this finalizer to work, there must be no references
+	// to ks. addressCache doesn't keep a reference but unlocked keys do,
+	// so the finalizer will not trigger until all timed unlocks have expired.
+	runtime.SetFinalizer(ks, func(m *KeyStore) {
+		m.cache.close()
+	})
+	// Create the initial list of wallets from the cache
+	accs := ks.cache.accounts()
+	ks.wallets = make([]accounts.Wallet, len(accs))
+	for i := 0; i < len(accs); i++ {
+		ks.wallets[i] = &keystoreWallet{account: accs[i], keystore: ks}
+	}
+}
+
+// Wallets implements accounts.Backend, returning all single-key wallets from the
+// keystore directory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Wallets() []accounts.Wallet {
+	// Make sure the list of wallets is in sync with the account cache
+	ks.refreshWallets()
+
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	defer ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	cpy := make([]accounts.Wallet, len(ks.wallets))
+	copy(cpy, ks.wallets)
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// refreshWallets retrieves the current account list and based on that does any
+// necessary wallet refreshes.
+func (ks *KeyStore) refreshWallets() {
+	// Retrieve the current list of accounts
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	accs := ks.cache.accounts()
+
+	// Transform the current list of wallets into the new one
+	var (
+		wallets = make([]accounts.Wallet, 0, len(accs))
+		events  []accounts.WalletEvent
+	)
+
+	for _, account := range accs {
+		// Drop wallets while they were in front of the next account
+		for len(ks.wallets) > 0 && ks.wallets[0].URL().Cmp(account.URL) < 0 {
+			events = append(events, accounts.WalletEvent{Wallet: ks.wallets[0], Kind: accounts.WalletDropped})
+			ks.wallets = ks.wallets[1:]
+		}
+		// If there are no more wallets or the account is before the next, wrap new wallet
+		if len(ks.wallets) == 0 || ks.wallets[0].URL().Cmp(account.URL) > 0 {
+			wallet := &keystoreWallet{account: account, keystore: ks}
+
+			events = append(events, accounts.WalletEvent{Wallet: wallet, Kind: accounts.WalletArrived})
+			wallets = append(wallets, wallet)
+			continue
+		}
+		// If the account is the same as the first wallet, keep it
+		if ks.wallets[0].Accounts()[0] == account {
+			wallets = append(wallets, ks.wallets[0])
+			ks.wallets = ks.wallets[1:]
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+	// Drop any leftover wallets and set the new batch
+	for _, wallet := range ks.wallets {
+		events = append(events, accounts.WalletEvent{Wallet: wallet, Kind: accounts.WalletDropped})
+	}
+	ks.wallets = wallets
+	ks.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Fire all wallet events and return
+	for _, event := range events {
+		ks.updateFeed.Send(event)
+	}
+}
+
+// Subscribe implements accounts.Backend, creating an async subscription to
+// receive notifications on the addition or removal of keystore wallets.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Subscribe(sink chan<- accounts.WalletEvent) event.Subscription {
+	// We need the mutex to reliably start/stop the update loop
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	defer ks.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Subscribe the caller and track the subscriber count
+	sub := ks.updateScope.Track(ks.updateFeed.Subscribe(sink))
+
+	// Subscribers require an active notification loop, start it
+	if !ks.updating {
+		ks.updating = true
+		go ks.updater()
+	}
+	return sub
+}
+
+// updater is responsible for maintaining an up-to-date list of wallets stored in
+// the keystore, and for firing wallet addition/removal events. It listens for
+// account change events from the underlying account cache, and also periodically
+// forces a manual refresh (only triggers for systems where the filesystem notifier
+// is not running).
+func (ks *KeyStore) updater() {
+	for {
+		// Wait for an account update or a refresh timeout
+		select {
+		case <-ks.changes:
+		case <-time.After(walletRefreshCycle):
+		}
+		// Run the wallet refresher
+		ks.refreshWallets()
+
+		// If all our subscribers left, stop the updater
+		ks.mu.Lock()
+		if ks.updateScope.Count() == 0 {
+			ks.updating = false
+			ks.mu.Unlock()
+			return
+		}
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+}
+
+// HasAddress reports whether a key with the given address is present.
+func (ks *KeyStore) HasAddress(addr types.Address) bool {
+	return ks.cache.hasAddress(addr)
+}
+
+// Accounts returns all key files present in the directory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Accounts() []accounts.Account {
+	return ks.cache.accounts()
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the key matched by account if the passphrase is correct.
+// If the account contains no filename, the address must match a unique key.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Delete(a accounts.Account, passphrase string) error {
+	// Decrypting the key isn't really necessary, but we do
+	// it anyway to check the password and zero out the key
+	// immediately afterwards.
+	a, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if key != nil {
+		zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// The order is crucial here. The key is dropped from the
+	// cache after the file is gone so that a reload happening in
+	// between won't insert it into the cache again.
+	err = os.Remove(a.URL.Path)
+	if err == nil {
+		ks.cache.delete(a)
+		ks.refreshWallets()
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SignHash calculates a ECDSA signature for the given hash. The produced
+// signature is in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignHash(a accounts.Account, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Look up the key to sign with and abort if it cannot be found
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	defer ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	unlockedKey, found := ks.unlocked[a.Address]
+	if !found {
+		return nil, ErrLocked
+	}
+	// Sign the hash using plain ECDSA operations
+	return crypto.Sign(hash, unlockedKey.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// SignTx signs the given transaction with the requested account.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignTx(a accounts.Account, tx *transaction.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// Look up the key to sign with and abort if it cannot be found
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	defer ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	unlockedKey, found := ks.unlocked[a.Address]
+	if !found {
+		return nil, ErrLocked
+	}
+	// Depending on the presence of the chain ID, sign with 2718 or homestead
+	signer := transaction.LatestSignerForChainID(chainID)
+	return transaction.SignTx(tx, signer, unlockedKey.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// SignHashWithPassphrase signs hash if the private key matching the given address
+// can be decrypted with the given passphrase. The produced signature is in the
+// [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignHashWithPassphrase(a accounts.Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) (signature []byte, err error) {
+	_, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	return crypto.Sign(hash, key.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// SignTxWithPassphrase signs the transaction if the private key matching the
+// given address can be decrypted with the given passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignTxWithPassphrase(a accounts.Account, passphrase string, tx *transaction.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	_, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	// Depending on the presence of the chain ID, sign with or without replay protection.
+	signer := transaction.LatestSignerForChainID(chainID)
+	return transaction.SignTx(tx, signer, key.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// Unlock unlocks the given account indefinitely.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Unlock(a accounts.Account, passphrase string) error {
+	return ks.TimedUnlock(a, passphrase, 0)
+}
+
+// Lock removes the private key with the given address from memory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Lock(addr types.Address) error {
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	if unl, found := ks.unlocked[addr]; found {
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+		ks.expire(addr, unl, time.Duration(0)*time.Nanosecond)
+	} else {
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TimedUnlock unlocks the given account with the passphrase. The account
+// stays unlocked for the duration of timeout. A timeout of 0 unlocks the account
+// until the program exits. The account must match a unique key file.
+//
+// If the account address is already unlocked for a duration, TimedUnlock extends or
+// shortens the active unlock timeout. If the address was previously unlocked
+// indefinitely the timeout is not altered.
+func (ks *KeyStore) TimedUnlock(a accounts.Account, passphrase string, timeout time.Duration) error {
+	a, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	defer ks.mu.Unlock()
+	u, found := ks.unlocked[a.Address]
+	if found {
+		if u.abort == nil {
+			// The address was unlocked indefinitely, so unlocking
+			// it with a timeout would be confusing.
+			zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+			return nil
+		}
+		// Terminate the expire goroutine and replace it below.
+		close(u.abort)
+	}
+	if timeout > 0 {
+		u = &unlocked{Key: key, abort: make(chan struct{})}
+		go ks.expire(a.Address, u, timeout)
+	} else {
+		u = &unlocked{Key: key}
+	}
+	ks.unlocked[a.Address] = u
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Find resolves the given account into a unique entry in the keystore.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Find(a accounts.Account) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	ks.cache.maybeReload()
+	ks.cache.mu.Lock()
+	a, err := ks.cache.find(a)
+	ks.cache.mu.Unlock()
+	return a, err
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) getDecryptedKey(a accounts.Account, auth string) (accounts.Account, *Key, error) {
+	a, err := ks.Find(a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return a, nil, err
+	}
+	key, err := ks.storage.GetKey(a.Address, a.URL.Path, auth)
+	return a, key, err
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) expire(addr types.Address, u *unlocked, timeout time.Duration) {
+	t := time.NewTimer(timeout)
+	defer t.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-u.abort:
+		// just quit
+	case <-t.C:
+		ks.mu.Lock()
+		// only drop if it's still the same key instance that dropLater
+		// was launched with. we can check that using pointer equality
+		// because the map stores a new pointer every time the key is
+		// unlocked.
+		if ks.unlocked[addr] == u {
+			zeroKey(u.PrivateKey)
+			delete(ks.unlocked, addr)
+		}
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+}
+
+// NewAccount generates a new key and stores it into the key directory,
+// encrypting it with the passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) NewAccount(passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	_, account, err := storeNewKey(ks.storage, crand.Reader, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	// Add the account to the cache immediately rather
+	// than waiting for file system notifications to pick it up.
+	ks.cache.add(account)
+	ks.refreshWallets()
+	return account, nil
+}
+
+// Export exports as a JSON key, encrypted with newPassphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Export(a accounts.Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (keyJSON []byte, err error) {
+	_, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var N, P int
+	if store, ok := ks.storage.(*keyStorePassphrase); ok {
+		N, P = store.scryptN, store.scryptP
+	} else {
+		N, P = StandardScryptN, StandardScryptP
+	}
+	return EncryptKey(key, newPassphrase, N, P)
+}
+
+// Import stores the given encrypted JSON key into the key directory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Import(keyJSON []byte, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	key, err := DecryptKey(keyJSON, passphrase)
+	if key != nil && key.PrivateKey != nil {
+		defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	ks.importMu.Lock()
+	defer ks.importMu.Unlock()
+
+	if ks.cache.hasAddress(key.Address) {
+		return accounts.Account{
+			Address: key.Address,
+		}, ErrAccountAlreadyExists
+	}
+	return ks.importKey(key, newPassphrase)
+}
+
+// ImportECDSA stores the given key into the key directory, encrypting it with the passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) ImportECDSA(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	ks.importMu.Lock()
+	defer ks.importMu.Unlock()
+
+	key := newKeyFromECDSA(priv)
+	if ks.cache.hasAddress(key.Address) {
+		return accounts.Account{
+			Address: key.Address,
+		}, ErrAccountAlreadyExists
+	}
+	return ks.importKey(key, passphrase)
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) importKey(key *Key, passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	a := accounts.Account{Address: key.Address, URL: accounts.URL{Scheme: KeyStoreScheme, Path: ks.storage.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}}
+	if err := ks.storage.StoreKey(a.URL.Path, key, passphrase); err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	ks.cache.add(a)
+	ks.refreshWallets()
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// Update changes the passphrase of an existing account.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Update(a accounts.Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) error {
+	a, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ks.storage.StoreKey(a.URL.Path, key, newPassphrase)
+}
+
+// ImportPreSaleKey decrypts the given Ethereum presale wallet and stores
+// a key file in the key directory. The key file is encrypted with the same passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	a, _, err := importPreSaleKey(ks.storage, keyJSON, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return a, err
+	}
+	ks.cache.add(a)
+	ks.refreshWallets()
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// isUpdating returns whether the event notification loop is running.
+// This method is mainly meant for tests.
+func (ks *KeyStore) isUpdating() bool {
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	defer ks.mu.RUnlock()
+	return ks.updating
+}
+
+// zeroKey zeroes a private key in memory.
+func zeroKey(k *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
+	b := k.D.Bits()
+	for i := range b {
+		b[i] = 0
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore_test.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeff858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+)
+
+var testSigData = make([]byte, 32)
+
+func TestKeyStore(t *testing.T) {
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+
+	a, err := ks.NewAccount("foo")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(a.URL.Path, dir) {
+		t.Errorf("account file %s doesn't have dir prefix", a.URL)
+	}
+	stat, err := os.Stat(a.URL.Path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("account file %s doesn't exist (%v)", a.URL, err)
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" && stat.Mode() != 0600 {
+		t.Fatalf("account file has wrong mode: got %o, want %o", stat.Mode(), 0600)
+	}
+	if !ks.HasAddress(a.Address) {
+		t.Errorf("HasAccount(%x) should've returned true", a.Address)
+	}
+	if err := ks.Update(a, "foo", "bar"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Update error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := ks.Delete(a, "bar"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Delete error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if common.FileExist(a.URL.Path) {
+		t.Errorf("account file %s should be gone after Delete", a.URL)
+	}
+	if ks.HasAddress(a.Address) {
+		t.Errorf("HasAccount(%x) should've returned true after Delete", a.Address)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+
+	pass := "" // not used but required by API
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := ks.Unlock(a1, ""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSignWithPassphrase(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+
+	pass := "passwd"
+	acc, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if _, unlocked := ks.unlocked[acc.Address]; unlocked {
+		t.Fatal("expected account to be locked")
+	}
+
+	_, err = ks.SignHashWithPassphrase(acc, pass, testSigData)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if _, unlocked := ks.unlocked[acc.Address]; unlocked {
+		t.Fatal("expected account to be locked")
+	}
+
+	if _, err = ks.SignHashWithPassphrase(acc, "invalid passwd", testSigData); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected SignHashWithPassphrase to fail with invalid password")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTimedUnlock(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+
+	pass := "foo"
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing without passphrase fails because account is locked
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != ErrLocked {
+		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrLocked before unlocking, got ", err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing with passphrase works
+	if err = ks.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 100*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing without passphrase works because account is temp unlocked
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("Signing shouldn't return an error after unlocking, got ", err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing fails again after automatic locking
+	time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != ErrLocked {
+		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrLocked timeout expired, got ", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOverrideUnlock(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
+
+	pass := "foo"
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Unlock indefinitely.
+	if err = ks.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 5*time.Minute); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing without passphrase works because account is temp unlocked
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("Signing shouldn't return an error after unlocking, got ", err)
+	}
+
+	// reset unlock to a shorter period, invalidates the previous unlock
+	if err = ks.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 100*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing without passphrase still works because account is temp unlocked
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("Signing shouldn't return an error after unlocking, got ", err)
+	}
+
+	// Signing fails again after automatic locking
+	time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != ErrLocked {
+		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrLocked timeout expired, got ", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// This test should fail under -race if signing races the expiration goroutine.
+func TestSignRace(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
+
+	// Create a test account.
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount("")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("could not create the test account", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := ks.TimedUnlock(a1, "", 15*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("could not unlock the test account", err)
+	}
+	end := time.Now().Add(500 * time.Millisecond)
+	for time.Now().Before(end) {
+		if _, err := ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData); err == ErrLocked {
+			return
+		} else if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Sign error: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	t.Errorf("Account did not lock within the timeout")
+}
+
+// Tests that the wallet notifier loop starts and stops correctly based on the
+// addition and removal of wallet event subscriptions.
+func TestWalletNotifierLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary keystore to test with
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
+
+	// Ensure that the notification updater is not running yet
+	time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	updating := ks.updating
+	ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if updating {
+		t.Errorf("wallet notifier running without subscribers")
+	}
+	// Subscribe to the wallet feed and ensure the updater boots up
+	updates := make(chan accounts.WalletEvent)
+
+	subs := make([]event.Subscription, 2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(subs); i++ {
+		// Create a new subscription
+		subs[i] = ks.Subscribe(updates)
+
+		// Ensure the notifier comes online
+		time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
+		ks.mu.RLock()
+		updating = ks.updating
+		ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+		if !updating {
+			t.Errorf("sub %d: wallet notifier not running after subscription", i)
+		}
+	}
+	// Unsubscribe and ensure the updater terminates eventually
+	for i := 0; i < len(subs); i++ {
+		// Close an existing subscription
+		subs[i].Unsubscribe()
+
+		// Ensure the notifier shuts down at and only at the last close
+		for k := 0; k < int(walletRefreshCycle/(250*time.Millisecond))+2; k++ {
+			ks.mu.RLock()
+			updating = ks.updating
+			ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+			if i < len(subs)-1 && !updating {
+				t.Fatalf("sub %d: event notifier stopped prematurely", i)
+			}
+			if i == len(subs)-1 && !updating {
+				return
+			}
+			time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Errorf("wallet notifier didn't terminate after unsubscribe")
+}
+
+type walletEvent struct {
+	accounts.WalletEvent
+	a accounts.Account
+}
+
+// Tests that wallet notifications and correctly fired when accounts are added
+// or deleted from the keystore.
+func TestWalletNotifications(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
+
+	// Subscribe to the wallet feed and collect events.
+	var (
+		events  []walletEvent
+		updates = make(chan accounts.WalletEvent)
+		sub     = ks.Subscribe(updates)
+	)
+	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case ev := <-updates:
+				events = append(events, walletEvent{ev, ev.Wallet.Accounts()[0]})
+			case <-sub.Err():
+				close(updates)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Randomly add and remove accounts.
+	var (
+		live       = make(map[types.Address]accounts.Account)
+		wantEvents []walletEvent
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 1024; i++ {
+		if create := len(live) == 0 || rand.Int()%4 > 0; create {
+			// Add a new account and ensure wallet notifications arrives
+			account, err := ks.NewAccount("")
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to create test account: %v", err)
+			}
+			live[account.Address] = account
+			wantEvents = append(wantEvents, walletEvent{accounts.WalletEvent{Kind: accounts.WalletArrived}, account})
+		} else {
+			// Delete a random account.
+			var account accounts.Account
+			for _, a := range live {
+				account = a
+				break
+			}
+			if err := ks.Delete(account, ""); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to delete test account: %v", err)
+			}
+			delete(live, account.Address)
+			wantEvents = append(wantEvents, walletEvent{accounts.WalletEvent{Kind: accounts.WalletDropped}, account})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Shut down the event collector and check events.
+	sub.Unsubscribe()
+	for ev := range updates {
+		events = append(events, walletEvent{ev, ev.Wallet.Accounts()[0]})
+	}
+	checkAccounts(t, live, ks.Wallets())
+	checkEvents(t, wantEvents, events)
+}
+
+// TestImportExport tests the import functionality of a keystore.
+func TestImportECDSA(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	key, err := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to generate key: %v", key)
+	}
+	if _, err = ks.ImportECDSA(key, "old"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("importing failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err = ks.ImportECDSA(key, "old"); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("importing same key twice succeeded")
+	}
+	if _, err = ks.ImportECDSA(key, "new"); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("importing same key twice succeeded")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestImportECDSA tests the import and export functionality of a keystore.
+func TestImportExport(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	acc, err := ks.NewAccount("old")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create account: %v", acc)
+	}
+	json, err := ks.Export(acc, "old", "new")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to export account: %v", acc)
+	}
+	_, ks2 := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	if _, err = ks2.Import(json, "old", "old"); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("importing with invalid password succeeded")
+	}
+	acc2, err := ks2.Import(json, "new", "new")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("importing failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc.Address != acc2.Address {
+		t.Error("imported account does not match exported account")
+	}
+	if _, err = ks2.Import(json, "new", "new"); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("importing a key twice succeeded")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestImportRace tests the keystore on races.
+// This test should fail under -race if importing races.
+func TestImportRace(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	acc, err := ks.NewAccount("old")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create account: %v", acc)
+	}
+	json, err := ks.Export(acc, "old", "new")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to export account: %v", acc)
+	}
+	_, ks2 := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	var atom uint32
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			if _, err := ks2.Import(json, "new", "new"); err != nil {
+				atomic.AddUint32(&atom, 1)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	if atom != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Import is racy")
+	}
+}
+
+// checkAccounts checks that all known live accounts are present in the wallet list.
+func checkAccounts(t *testing.T, live map[types.Address]accounts.Account, wallets []accounts.Wallet) {
+	if len(live) != len(wallets) {
+		t.Errorf("wallet list doesn't match required accounts: have %d, want %d", len(wallets), len(live))
+		return
+	}
+	liveList := make([]accounts.Account, 0, len(live))
+	for _, account := range live {
+		liveList = append(liveList, account)
+	}
+	sort.Sort(accountsByURL(liveList))
+	for j, wallet := range wallets {
+		if accs := wallet.Accounts(); len(accs) != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("wallet %d: contains invalid number of accounts: have %d, want 1", j, len(accs))
+		} else if accs[0] != liveList[j] {
+			t.Errorf("wallet %d: account mismatch: have %v, want %v", j, accs[0], liveList[j])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// checkEvents checks that all events in 'want' are present in 'have'. Events may be present multiple times.
+func checkEvents(t *testing.T, want []walletEvent, have []walletEvent) {
+	for _, wantEv := range want {
+		nmatch := 0
+		for ; len(have) > 0; nmatch++ {
+			if have[0].Kind != wantEv.Kind || have[0].a != wantEv.a {
+				break
+			}
+			have = have[1:]
+		}
+		if nmatch == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("can't find event with Kind=%v for %x", wantEv.Kind, wantEv.a.Address)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func tmpKeyStore(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (string, *KeyStore) {
+	d := t.TempDir()
+	newKs := NewPlaintextKeyStore
+	if encrypted {
+		newKs = func(kd string) *KeyStore { return NewKeyStore(kd, veryLightScryptN, veryLightScryptP) }
+	}
+	return d, newKs(d)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/passphrase.go b/accounts/keystore/passphrase.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0151f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/passphrase.go
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+/*
+
+This key store behaves as KeyStorePlain with the difference that
+the private key is encrypted and on disk uses another JSON encoding.
+
+The crypto is documented at https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition
+
+*/
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/pbkdf2"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/scrypt"
+)
+
+const (
+	keyHeaderKDF = "scrypt"
+
+	// StandardScryptN is the N parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 256MB
+	// memory and taking approximately 1s CPU time on a modern processor.
+	StandardScryptN = 1 << 18
+
+	// StandardScryptP is the P parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 256MB
+	// memory and taking approximately 1s CPU time on a modern processor.
+	StandardScryptP = 1
+
+	// LightScryptN is the N parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 4MB
+	// memory and taking approximately 100ms CPU time on a modern processor.
+	LightScryptN = 1 << 12
+
+	// LightScryptP is the P parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 4MB
+	// memory and taking approximately 100ms CPU time on a modern processor.
+	LightScryptP = 6
+
+	scryptR     = 8
+	scryptDKLen = 32
+)
+
+type keyStorePassphrase struct {
+	keysDirPath string
+	scryptN     int
+	scryptP     int
+	// skipKeyFileVerification disables the security-feature which does
+	// reads and decrypts any newly created keyfiles. This should be 'false' in all
+	// cases except tests -- setting this to 'true' is not recommended.
+	skipKeyFileVerification bool
+}
+
+func (ks keyStorePassphrase) GetKey(addr types.Address, filename, auth string) (*Key, error) {
+	// Load the key from the keystore and decrypt its contents
+	keyjson, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	key, err := DecryptKey(keyjson, auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Make sure we're really operating on the requested key (no swap attacks)
+	if key.Address != addr {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key content mismatch: have account %x, want %x", key.Address, addr)
+	}
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+// StoreKey generates a key, encrypts with 'auth' and stores in the given directory
+func StoreKey(dir, auth string, scryptN, scryptP int) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	_, a, err := storeNewKey(&keyStorePassphrase{dir, scryptN, scryptP, false}, rand.Reader, auth)
+	return a, err
+}
+
+func (ks keyStorePassphrase) StoreKey(filename string, key *Key, auth string) error {
+	keyjson, err := EncryptKey(key, auth, ks.scryptN, ks.scryptP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Write into temporary file
+	tmpName, err := writeTemporaryKeyFile(filename, keyjson)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !ks.skipKeyFileVerification {
+		// Verify that we can decrypt the file with the given password.
+		_, err = ks.GetKey(key.Address, tmpName, auth)
+		if err != nil {
+			msg := "An error was encountered when saving and verifying the keystore file. \n" +
+				"This indicates that the keystore is corrupted. \n" +
+				"The corrupted file is stored at \n%v\n" +
+				"Please file a ticket at:\n\n" +
+				"https://github.com/astranetworld/ast/issues." +
+				"The error was : %s"
+			//lint:ignore ST1005 This is a message for the user
+			return fmt.Errorf(msg, tmpName, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return os.Rename(tmpName, filename)
+}
+
+func (ks keyStorePassphrase) JoinPath(filename string) string {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(filename) {
+		return filename
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(ks.keysDirPath, filename)
+}
+
+// Encryptdata encrypts the data given as 'data' with the password 'auth'.
+func EncryptDataV3(data, auth []byte, scryptN, scryptP int) (CryptoJSON, error) {
+	salt := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, salt); err != nil {
+		panic("reading from crypto/rand failed: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	derivedKey, err := scrypt.Key(auth, salt, scryptN, scryptR, scryptP, scryptDKLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		return CryptoJSON{}, err
+	}
+	encryptKey := derivedKey[:16]
+
+	iv := make([]byte, aes.BlockSize) // 16
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, iv); err != nil {
+		panic("reading from crypto/rand failed: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	cipherText, err := aesCTRXOR(encryptKey, data, iv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return CryptoJSON{}, err
+	}
+	mac := crypto.Keccak256(derivedKey[16:32], cipherText)
+
+	scryptParamsJSON := make(map[string]interface{}, 5)
+	scryptParamsJSON["n"] = scryptN
+	scryptParamsJSON["r"] = scryptR
+	scryptParamsJSON["p"] = scryptP
+	scryptParamsJSON["dklen"] = scryptDKLen
+	scryptParamsJSON["salt"] = hex.EncodeToString(salt)
+	cipherParamsJSON := cipherparamsJSON{
+		IV: hex.EncodeToString(iv),
+	}
+
+	cryptoStruct := CryptoJSON{
+		Cipher:       "aes-128-ctr",
+		CipherText:   hex.EncodeToString(cipherText),
+		CipherParams: cipherParamsJSON,
+		KDF:          keyHeaderKDF,
+		KDFParams:    scryptParamsJSON,
+		MAC:          hex.EncodeToString(mac),
+	}
+	return cryptoStruct, nil
+}
+
+// EncryptKey encrypts a key using the specified scrypt parameters into a json
+// blob that can be decrypted later on.
+func EncryptKey(key *Key, auth string, scryptN, scryptP int) ([]byte, error) {
+	keyBytes := math.PaddedBigBytes(key.PrivateKey.D, 32)
+	cryptoStruct, err := EncryptDataV3(keyBytes, []byte(auth), scryptN, scryptP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	encryptedKeyJSONV3 := encryptedKeyJSONV3{
+		hex.EncodeToString(key.Address[:]),
+		cryptoStruct,
+		key.Id.String(),
+		version,
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(encryptedKeyJSONV3)
+}
+
+// DecryptKey decrypts a key from a json blob, returning the private key itself.
+func DecryptKey(keyjson []byte, auth string) (*Key, error) {
+	// Parse the json into a simple map to fetch the key version
+	m := make(map[string]interface{})
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(keyjson, &m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Depending on the version try to parse one way or another
+	var (
+		keyBytes, keyId []byte
+		err             error
+	)
+	if version, ok := m["version"].(string); ok && version == "1" {
+		k := new(encryptedKeyJSONV1)
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(keyjson, k); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		keyBytes, keyId, err = decryptKeyV1(k, auth)
+	} else {
+		k := new(encryptedKeyJSONV3)
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(keyjson, k); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		keyBytes, keyId, err = decryptKeyV3(k, auth)
+	}
+	// Handle any decryption errors and return the key
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	key := crypto.ToECDSAUnsafe(keyBytes)
+	id, err := uuid.FromBytes(keyId)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Key{
+		Id:         id,
+		Address:    crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey),
+		PrivateKey: key,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func DecryptDataV3(cryptoJson CryptoJSON, auth string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if cryptoJson.Cipher != "aes-128-ctr" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cipher not supported: %v", cryptoJson.Cipher)
+	}
+	mac, err := hex.DecodeString(cryptoJson.MAC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	iv, err := hex.DecodeString(cryptoJson.CipherParams.IV)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cipherText, err := hex.DecodeString(cryptoJson.CipherText)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	derivedKey, err := getKDFKey(cryptoJson, auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	calculatedMAC := crypto.Keccak256(derivedKey[16:32], cipherText)
+	if !bytes.Equal(calculatedMAC, mac) {
+		return nil, ErrDecrypt
+	}
+
+	plainText, err := aesCTRXOR(derivedKey[:16], cipherText, iv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return plainText, err
+}
+
+func decryptKeyV3(keyProtected *encryptedKeyJSONV3, auth string) (keyBytes []byte, keyId []byte, err error) {
+	if keyProtected.Version != version {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("version not supported: %v", keyProtected.Version)
+	}
+	keyUUID, err := uuid.Parse(keyProtected.Id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	keyId = keyUUID[:]
+	plainText, err := DecryptDataV3(keyProtected.Crypto, auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return plainText, keyId, err
+}
+
+func decryptKeyV1(keyProtected *encryptedKeyJSONV1, auth string) (keyBytes []byte, keyId []byte, err error) {
+	keyUUID, err := uuid.Parse(keyProtected.Id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	keyId = keyUUID[:]
+	mac, err := hex.DecodeString(keyProtected.Crypto.MAC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	iv, err := hex.DecodeString(keyProtected.Crypto.CipherParams.IV)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	cipherText, err := hex.DecodeString(keyProtected.Crypto.CipherText)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	derivedKey, err := getKDFKey(keyProtected.Crypto, auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	calculatedMAC := crypto.Keccak256(derivedKey[16:32], cipherText)
+	if !bytes.Equal(calculatedMAC, mac) {
+		return nil, nil, ErrDecrypt
+	}
+
+	plainText, err := aesCBCDecrypt(crypto.Keccak256(derivedKey[:16])[:16], cipherText, iv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return plainText, keyId, err
+}
+
+func getKDFKey(cryptoJSON CryptoJSON, auth string) ([]byte, error) {
+	authArray := []byte(auth)
+	salt, err := hex.DecodeString(cryptoJSON.KDFParams["salt"].(string))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	dkLen := ensureInt(cryptoJSON.KDFParams["dklen"])
+
+	if cryptoJSON.KDF == keyHeaderKDF {
+		n := ensureInt(cryptoJSON.KDFParams["n"])
+		r := ensureInt(cryptoJSON.KDFParams["r"])
+		p := ensureInt(cryptoJSON.KDFParams["p"])
+		return scrypt.Key(authArray, salt, n, r, p, dkLen)
+	} else if cryptoJSON.KDF == "pbkdf2" {
+		c := ensureInt(cryptoJSON.KDFParams["c"])
+		prf := cryptoJSON.KDFParams["prf"].(string)
+		if prf != "hmac-sha256" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported PBKDF2 PRF: %s", prf)
+		}
+		key := pbkdf2.Key(authArray, salt, c, dkLen, sha256.New)
+		return key, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported KDF: %s", cryptoJSON.KDF)
+}
+
+// TODO: can we do without this when unmarshalling dynamic JSON?
+// why do integers in KDF params end up as float64 and not int after
+// unmarshal?
+func ensureInt(x interface{}) int {
+	res, ok := x.(int)
+	if !ok {
+		res = int(x.(float64))
+	}
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/passphrase_test.go b/accounts/keystore/passphrase_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9af94a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/passphrase_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+const (
+	veryLightScryptN = 2
+	veryLightScryptP = 1
+)
+
+// Tests that a json key file can be decrypted and encrypted in multiple rounds.
+func TestKeyEncryptDecrypt(t *testing.T) {
+	keyjson, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/very-light-scrypt.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	password := ""
+	address := common.HexToAddress("45dea0fb0bba44f4fcf290bba71fd57d7117cbb8")
+
+	// Do a few rounds of decryption and encryption
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		// Try a bad password first
+		if _, err := DecryptKey(keyjson, password+"bad"); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: json key decrypted with bad password", i)
+		}
+		// Decrypt with the correct password
+		key, err := DecryptKey(keyjson, password)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("test %d: json key failed to decrypt: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if key.Address != address {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: key address mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, key.Address, address)
+		}
+		// Recrypt with a new password and start over
+		password += "new data appended" // nolint: gosec
+		if keyjson, err = EncryptKey(key, password, veryLightScryptN, veryLightScryptP); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failed to recrypt key %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/plain.go b/accounts/keystore/plain.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..840ea88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/plain.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+type keyStorePlain struct {
+	keysDirPath string
+}
+
+func (ks keyStorePlain) GetKey(addr types.Address, filename, auth string) (*Key, error) {
+	fd, err := os.Open(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer fd.Close()
+	key := new(Key)
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(fd).Decode(key); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if key.Address != addr {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key content mismatch: have address %x, want %x", key.Address, addr)
+	}
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+func (ks keyStorePlain) StoreKey(filename string, key *Key, auth string) error {
+	content, err := json.Marshal(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return writeKeyFile(filename, content)
+}
+
+func (ks keyStorePlain) JoinPath(filename string) string {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(filename) {
+		return filename
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(ks.keysDirPath, filename)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/plain_test.go b/accounts/keystore/plain_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02e16c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/plain_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+func tmpKeyStoreIface(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (dir string, ks keyStore) {
+	d := t.TempDir()
+	if encrypted {
+		ks = &keyStorePassphrase{d, veryLightScryptN, veryLightScryptP, true}
+	} else {
+		ks = &keyStorePlain{d}
+	}
+	return d, ks
+}
+
+func TestKeyStorePlain(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, false)
+
+	pass := "" // not used but required by API
+	k1, account, err := storeNewKey(ks, rand.Reader, pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	k2, err := ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.URL.Path, pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(k1.Address, k2.Address) {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(k1.PrivateKey, k2.PrivateKey) {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestKeyStorePassphrase(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, true)
+
+	pass := "foo"
+	k1, account, err := storeNewKey(ks, rand.Reader, pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	k2, err := ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.URL.Path, pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(k1.Address, k2.Address) {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(k1.PrivateKey, k2.PrivateKey) {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestKeyStorePassphraseDecryptionFail(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, true)
+
+	pass := "foo"
+	k1, account, err := storeNewKey(ks, rand.Reader, pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err = ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.URL.Path, "bar"); err != ErrDecrypt {
+		t.Fatalf("wrong error for invalid password\ngot %q\nwant %q", err, ErrDecrypt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImportPreSaleKey(t *testing.T) {
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, true)
+
+	// file content of a presale key file generated with:
+	// python pyethsaletool.py genwallet
+	// with password "foo"
+	fileContent := "{\"encseed\": \"26d87f5f2bf9835f9a47eefae571bc09f9107bb13d54ff12a4ec095d01f83897494cf34f7bed2ed34126ecba9db7b62de56c9d7cd136520a0427bfb11b8954ba7ac39b90d4650d3448e31185affcd74226a68f1e94b1108e6e0a4a91cdd83eba\", \"ethaddr\": \"d4584b5f6229b7be90727b0fc8c6b91bb427821f\", \"email\": \"gustav.simonsson@gmail.com\", \"btcaddr\": \"1EVknXyFC68kKNLkh6YnKzW41svSRoaAcx\"}"
+	pass := "foo"
+	account, _, err := importPreSaleKey(ks, []byte(fileContent), pass)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if account.Address != types.HexToAddress("d4584b5f6229b7be90727b0fc8c6b91bb427821f") {
+		t.Errorf("imported account has wrong address %x", account.Address)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(account.URL.Path, dir) {
+		t.Errorf("imported account file not in keystore directory: %q", account.URL)
+	}
+}
+
+// Test and utils for the key store tests in the Ethereum JSON tests;
+// testdataKeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json
+type KeyStoreTestV3 struct {
+	Json     encryptedKeyJSONV3
+	Password string
+	Priv     string
+}
+
+type KeyStoreTestV1 struct {
+	Json     encryptedKeyJSONV1
+	Password string
+	Priv     string
+}
+
+func TestV3_PBKDF2_1(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("testdata/v3_test_vector.json", t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["wikipage_test_vector_pbkdf2"], t)
+}
+
+var testsSubmodule = filepath.Join("..", "..", "tests", "testdata", "KeyStoreTests")
+
+func skipIfSubmoduleMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	if !common.FileExist(testsSubmodule) {
+		t.Skipf("can't find JSON tests from submodule at %s", testsSubmodule)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestV3_PBKDF2_2(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfSubmoduleMissing(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3(filepath.Join(testsSubmodule, "basic_tests.json"), t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["test1"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV3_PBKDF2_3(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfSubmoduleMissing(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3(filepath.Join(testsSubmodule, "basic_tests.json"), t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["python_generated_test_with_odd_iv"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV3_PBKDF2_4(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfSubmoduleMissing(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3(filepath.Join(testsSubmodule, "basic_tests.json"), t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["evilnonce"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV3_Scrypt_1(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("testdata/v3_test_vector.json", t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["wikipage_test_vector_scrypt"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV3_Scrypt_2(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfSubmoduleMissing(t)
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3(filepath.Join(testsSubmodule, "basic_tests.json"), t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["test2"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV1_1(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV1("testdata/v1_test_vector.json", t)
+	testDecryptV1(tests["test1"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV1_2(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	ks := &keyStorePassphrase{"testdata/v1", LightScryptN, LightScryptP, true}
+	addr := types.HexToAddress("cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e")
+	file := "testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e"
+	k, err := ks.GetKey(addr, file, "g")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	privHex := hex.EncodeToString(crypto.FromECDSA(k.PrivateKey))
+	expectedHex := "d1b1178d3529626a1a93e073f65028370d14c7eb0936eb42abef05db6f37ad7d"
+	if privHex != expectedHex {
+		t.Fatal(fmt.Errorf("Unexpected privkey: %v, expected %v", privHex, expectedHex))
+	}
+}
+
+func testDecryptV3(test KeyStoreTestV3, t *testing.T) {
+	privBytes, _, err := decryptKeyV3(&test.Json, test.Password)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	privHex := hex.EncodeToString(privBytes)
+	if test.Priv != privHex {
+		t.Fatal(fmt.Errorf("Decrypted bytes not equal to test, expected %v have %v", test.Priv, privHex))
+	}
+}
+
+func testDecryptV1(test KeyStoreTestV1, t *testing.T) {
+	privBytes, _, err := decryptKeyV1(&test.Json, test.Password)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	privHex := hex.EncodeToString(privBytes)
+	if test.Priv != privHex {
+		t.Fatal(fmt.Errorf("Decrypted bytes not equal to test, expected %v have %v", test.Priv, privHex))
+	}
+}
+
+func loadKeyStoreTestV3(file string, t *testing.T) map[string]KeyStoreTestV3 {
+	tests := make(map[string]KeyStoreTestV3)
+	err := common.LoadJSON(file, &tests)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return tests
+}
+
+func loadKeyStoreTestV1(file string, t *testing.T) map[string]KeyStoreTestV1 {
+	tests := make(map[string]KeyStoreTestV1)
+	err := common.LoadJSON(file, &tests)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return tests
+}
+
+func TestKeyForDirectICAP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	key := NewKeyForDirectICAP(rand.Reader)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(key.Address.Hex(), "0x00") {
+		t.Errorf("Expected first address byte to be zero, have: %s", key.Address.Hex())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestV3_31_Byte_Key(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("testdata/v3_test_vector.json", t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["31_byte_key"], t)
+}
+
+func TestV3_30_Byte_Key(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("testdata/v3_test_vector.json", t)
+	testDecryptV3(tests["30_byte_key"], t)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/presale.go b/accounts/keystore/presale.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8d7234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/presale.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/pbkdf2"
+)
+
+// creates a Key and stores that in the given KeyStore by decrypting a presale key JSON
+func importPreSaleKey(keyStore keyStore, keyJSON []byte, password string) (accounts.Account, *Key, error) {
+	key, err := decryptPreSaleKey(keyJSON, password)
+	if err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, nil, err
+	}
+	key.Id, err = uuid.NewRandom()
+	if err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, nil, err
+	}
+	a := accounts.Account{
+		Address: key.Address,
+		URL: accounts.URL{
+			Scheme: KeyStoreScheme,
+			Path:   keyStore.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address)),
+		},
+	}
+	err = keyStore.StoreKey(a.URL.Path, key, password)
+	return a, key, err
+}
+
+func decryptPreSaleKey(fileContent []byte, password string) (key *Key, err error) {
+	preSaleKeyStruct := struct {
+		EncSeed string
+		EthAddr string
+		Email   string
+		BtcAddr string
+	}{}
+	err = json.Unmarshal(fileContent, &preSaleKeyStruct)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	encSeedBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(preSaleKeyStruct.EncSeed)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid hex in encSeed")
+	}
+	if len(encSeedBytes) < 16 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid encSeed, too short")
+	}
+	iv := encSeedBytes[:16]
+	cipherText := encSeedBytes[16:]
+	/*
+		See https://github.com/ethereum/pyethsaletool
+
+		pyethsaletool generates the encryption key from password by
+		2000 rounds of PBKDF2 with HMAC-SHA-256 using password as salt (:().
+		16 byte key length within PBKDF2 and resulting key is used as AES key
+	*/
+	passBytes := []byte(password)
+	derivedKey := pbkdf2.Key(passBytes, passBytes, 2000, 16, sha256.New)
+	plainText, err := aesCBCDecrypt(derivedKey, cipherText, iv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ethPriv := crypto.Keccak256(plainText)
+	ecKey := crypto.ToECDSAUnsafe(ethPriv)
+
+	key = &Key{
+		Id:         uuid.UUID{},
+		Address:    crypto.PubkeyToAddress(ecKey.PublicKey),
+		PrivateKey: ecKey,
+	}
+	derivedAddr := hex.EncodeToString(key.Address.Bytes()) // needed because .Hex() gives leading "0x"
+	expectedAddr := preSaleKeyStruct.EthAddr
+	if derivedAddr != expectedAddr {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("decrypted addr '%s' not equal to expected addr '%s'", derivedAddr, expectedAddr)
+	}
+	return key, err
+}
+
+func aesCTRXOR(key, inText, iv []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// AES-128 is selected due to size of encryptKey.
+	aesBlock, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stream := cipher.NewCTR(aesBlock, iv)
+	outText := make([]byte, len(inText))
+	stream.XORKeyStream(outText, inText)
+	return outText, err
+}
+
+func aesCBCDecrypt(key, cipherText, iv []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	aesBlock, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	decrypter := cipher.NewCBCDecrypter(aesBlock, iv)
+	paddedPlaintext := make([]byte, len(cipherText))
+	decrypter.CryptBlocks(paddedPlaintext, cipherText)
+	plaintext := pkcs7Unpad(paddedPlaintext)
+	if plaintext == nil {
+		return nil, ErrDecrypt
+	}
+	return plaintext, err
+}
+
+// From https://leanpub.com/gocrypto/read#leanpub-auto-block-cipher-modes
+func pkcs7Unpad(in []byte) []byte {
+	if len(in) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	padding := in[len(in)-1]
+	if int(padding) > len(in) || padding > aes.BlockSize {
+		return nil
+	} else if padding == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for i := len(in) - 1; i > len(in)-int(padding)-1; i-- {
+		if in[i] != padding {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return in[:len(in)-int(padding)]
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/1 b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3868ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/1
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"cb664472deacb41a2e995fa7f96fe29ce744471deb8d146a0e43c7898c9ddd4d","cipherparams":{"iv":"dfd9ee70812add5f4b8f89d0811c9158"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"0d6769bf016d45c479213990d6a08d938469c4adad8a02ce507b4a4e7b7739f1"},"mac":"bac9af994b15a45dd39669fc66f9aa8a3b9dd8c22cb16e4d8d7ea089d0f1a1a9"},"id":"472e8b3d-afb6-45b5-8111-72c89895099a","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/2 b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3868ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/2
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"cb664472deacb41a2e995fa7f96fe29ce744471deb8d146a0e43c7898c9ddd4d","cipherparams":{"iv":"dfd9ee70812add5f4b8f89d0811c9158"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"0d6769bf016d45c479213990d6a08d938469c4adad8a02ce507b4a4e7b7739f1"},"mac":"bac9af994b15a45dd39669fc66f9aa8a3b9dd8c22cb16e4d8d7ea089d0f1a1a9"},"id":"472e8b3d-afb6-45b5-8111-72c89895099a","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/foo b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/foo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c57060a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/foo
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"1d0839166e7a15b9c1333fc865d69858b22df26815ccf601b28219b6192974e1","cipherparams":{"iv":"8df6caa7ff1b00c4e871f002cb7921ed"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"e5e6ef3f4ea695f496b643ebd3f75c0aa58ef4070e90c80c5d3fb0241bf1595c"},"mac":"6d16dfde774845e4585357f24bce530528bc69f4f84e1e22880d34fa45c273e5"},"id":"950077c7-71e3-4c44-a4a1-143919141ed4","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d91facc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"cb664472deacb41a2e995fa7f96fe29ce744471deb8d146a0e43c7898c9ddd4d","cipherparams":{"iv":"dfd9ee70812add5f4b8f89d0811c9158"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"0d6769bf016d45c479213990d6a08d938469c4adad8a02ce507b4a4e7b7739f1"},"mac":"bac9af994b15a45dd39669fc66f9aa8a3b9dd8c22cb16e4d8d7ea089d0f1a1a9"},"id":"472e8b3d-afb6-45b5-8111-72c89895099a","version":3}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/README b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6af9ac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/README
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+This directory contains accounts for testing.
+The password that unlocks them is "foobar".
+
+The "good" key files which are supposed to be loadable are:
+
+- File: UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
+  Address: 0x7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
+- File: aaa
+  Address: 0xf466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a
+- File: zzz
+  Address: 0x289d485d9771714cce91d3393d764e1311907acc
+
+The other files (including this README) are broken in various ways
+and should not be picked up by package accounts:
+
+- File: no-address (missing address field, otherwise same as "aaa")
+- File: garbage (file with random data)
+- File: empty (file with no content)
+- File: swapfile~ (should be skipped)
+- File: .hiddenfile (should be skipped)
+- File: foo/... (should be skipped because it is a directory)
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8 b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c57060a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"1d0839166e7a15b9c1333fc865d69858b22df26815ccf601b28219b6192974e1","cipherparams":{"iv":"8df6caa7ff1b00c4e871f002cb7921ed"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"e5e6ef3f4ea695f496b643ebd3f75c0aa58ef4070e90c80c5d3fb0241bf1595c"},"mac":"6d16dfde774845e4585357f24bce530528bc69f4f84e1e22880d34fa45c273e5"},"id":"950077c7-71e3-4c44-a4a1-143919141ed4","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/aaa b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/aaa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3868ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/aaa
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"cb664472deacb41a2e995fa7f96fe29ce744471deb8d146a0e43c7898c9ddd4d","cipherparams":{"iv":"dfd9ee70812add5f4b8f89d0811c9158"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"0d6769bf016d45c479213990d6a08d938469c4adad8a02ce507b4a4e7b7739f1"},"mac":"bac9af994b15a45dd39669fc66f9aa8a3b9dd8c22cb16e4d8d7ea089d0f1a1a9"},"id":"472e8b3d-afb6-45b5-8111-72c89895099a","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/empty b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/empty
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..309841e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"8124d5134aa4a927c79fd852989e4b5419397566f04b0936a1eb1d168c7c68a5","cipherparams":{"iv":"e2febe17176414dd2cda28287947eb2f"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":4096,"p":6,"r":8,"salt":"44b415ede89f3bdd6830390a21b78965f571b347a589d1d943029f016c5e8bd5"},"mac":"5e149ff25bfd9dd45746a84bb2bcd2f015f2cbca2b6d25c5de8c29617f71fe5b"},"id":"d6ac5452-2b2c-4d3c-ad80-4bf0327d971c","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/garbage b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/garbage
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff45091
Binary files /dev/null and b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/garbage differ
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/no-address b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/no-address
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad51269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/no-address
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"cb664472deacb41a2e995fa7f96fe29ce744471deb8d146a0e43c7898c9ddd4d","cipherparams":{"iv":"dfd9ee70812add5f4b8f89d0811c9158"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"0d6769bf016d45c479213990d6a08d938469c4adad8a02ce507b4a4e7b7739f1"},"mac":"bac9af994b15a45dd39669fc66f9aa8a3b9dd8c22cb16e4d8d7ea089d0f1a1a9"},"id":"472e8b3d-afb6-45b5-8111-72c89895099a","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zero b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zero
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b52617f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zero
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"cb664472deacb41a2e995fa7f96fe29ce744471deb8d146a0e43c7898c9ddd4d","cipherparams":{"iv":"dfd9ee70812add5f4b8f89d0811c9158"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"0d6769bf016d45c479213990d6a08d938469c4adad8a02ce507b4a4e7b7739f1"},"mac":"bac9af994b15a45dd39669fc66f9aa8a3b9dd8c22cb16e4d8d7ea089d0f1a1a9"},"id":"472e8b3d-afb6-45b5-8111-72c89895099a","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zzz b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zzz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfd8a47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zzz
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"289d485d9771714cce91d3393d764e1311907acc","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"faf32ca89d286b107f5e6d842802e05263c49b78d46eac74e6109e9a963378ab","cipherparams":{"iv":"558833eec4a665a8c55608d7d503407d"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":8,"p":16,"r":8,"salt":"d571fff447ffb24314f9513f5160246f09997b857ac71348b73e785aab40dc04"},"mac":"21edb85ff7d0dab1767b9bf498f2c3cb7be7609490756bd32300bb213b59effe"},"id":"3279afcf-55ba-43ff-8997-02dcc46a6525","version":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..498d813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e","Crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-cbc","ciphertext":"6143d3192db8b66eabd693d9c4e414dcfaee52abda451af79ccf474dafb35f1bfc7ea013aa9d2ee35969a1a2e8d752d0","cipherparams":{"iv":"35337770fc2117994ecdcad026bccff4"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"n":262144,"r":8,"p":1,"dklen":32,"salt":"9afcddebca541253a2f4053391c673ff9fe23097cd8555d149d929e4ccf1257f"},"mac":"3f3d5af884b17a100b0b3232c0636c230a54dc2ac8d986227219b0dd89197644","version":"1"},"id":"e25f7c1f-d318-4f29-b62c-687190d4d299","version":"1"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1_test_vector.json b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1_test_vector.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d09b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1_test_vector.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+    "test1": {
+        "json": {
+            "Crypto": {
+                "cipher": "aes-128-cbc",
+                "cipherparams": {
+                    "iv": "35337770fc2117994ecdcad026bccff4"
+                },
+                "ciphertext": "6143d3192db8b66eabd693d9c4e414dcfaee52abda451af79ccf474dafb35f1bfc7ea013aa9d2ee35969a1a2e8d752d0",
+                "kdf": "scrypt",
+                "kdfparams": {
+                    "dklen": 32,
+                    "n": 262144,
+                    "p": 1,
+                    "r": 8,
+                    "salt": "9afcddebca541253a2f4053391c673ff9fe23097cd8555d149d929e4ccf1257f"
+                },
+                "mac": "3f3d5af884b17a100b0b3232c0636c230a54dc2ac8d986227219b0dd89197644",
+                "version": "1"
+            },
+            "address": "cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e",
+            "id": "e25f7c1f-d318-4f29-b62c-687190d4d299",
+            "version": "1"
+        },
+        "password": "g",
+        "priv": "d1b1178d3529626a1a93e073f65028370d14c7eb0936eb42abef05db6f37ad7d"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/v3_test_vector.json b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v3_test_vector.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e7f790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v3_test_vector.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
+    "wikipage_test_vector_scrypt": {
+        "json": {
+            "crypto" : {
+                "cipher" : "aes-128-ctr",
+                "cipherparams" : {
+                    "iv" : "83dbcc02d8ccb40e466191a123791e0e"
+                },
+                "ciphertext" : "d172bf743a674da9cdad04534d56926ef8358534d458fffccd4e6ad2fbde479c",
+                "kdf" : "scrypt",
+                "kdfparams" : {
+                    "dklen" : 32,
+                    "n" : 262144,
+                    "r" : 1,
+                    "p" : 8,
+                    "salt" : "ab0c7876052600dd703518d6fc3fe8984592145b591fc8fb5c6d43190334ba19"
+                },
+                "mac" : "2103ac29920d71da29f15d75b4a16dbe95cfd7ff8faea1056c33131d846e3097"
+            },
+            "id" : "3198bc9c-6672-5ab3-d995-4942343ae5b6",
+            "version" : 3
+        },
+        "password": "testpassword",
+        "priv": "7a28b5ba57c53603b0b07b56bba752f7784bf506fa95edc395f5cf6c7514fe9d"
+    },
+    "wikipage_test_vector_pbkdf2": {
+        "json": {
+            "crypto" : {
+                "cipher" : "aes-128-ctr",
+                "cipherparams" : {
+                    "iv" : "6087dab2f9fdbbfaddc31a909735c1e6"
+                },
+                "ciphertext" : "5318b4d5bcd28de64ee5559e671353e16f075ecae9f99c7a79a38af5f869aa46",
+                "kdf" : "pbkdf2",
+                "kdfparams" : {
+                    "c" : 262144,
+                    "dklen" : 32,
+                    "prf" : "hmac-sha256",
+                    "salt" : "ae3cd4e7013836a3df6bd7241b12db061dbe2c6785853cce422d148a624ce0bd"
+                },
+                "mac" : "517ead924a9d0dc3124507e3393d175ce3ff7c1e96529c6c555ce9e51205e9b2"
+            },
+            "id" : "3198bc9c-6672-5ab3-d995-4942343ae5b6",
+            "version" : 3
+        },
+        "password": "testpassword",
+        "priv": "7a28b5ba57c53603b0b07b56bba752f7784bf506fa95edc395f5cf6c7514fe9d"
+    },
+    "31_byte_key": {
+        "json": {
+            "crypto" : {
+                "cipher" : "aes-128-ctr",
+                "cipherparams" : {
+                    "iv" : "e0c41130a323adc1446fc82f724bca2f"
+                },
+                "ciphertext" : "9517cd5bdbe69076f9bf5057248c6c050141e970efa36ce53692d5d59a3984",
+                "kdf" : "scrypt",
+                "kdfparams" : {
+                    "dklen" : 32,
+                    "n" : 2,
+                    "r" : 8,
+                    "p" : 1,
+                    "salt" : "711f816911c92d649fb4c84b047915679933555030b3552c1212609b38208c63"
+                },
+                "mac" : "d5e116151c6aa71470e67a7d42c9620c75c4d23229847dcc127794f0732b0db5"
+            },
+            "id" : "fecfc4ce-e956-48fd-953b-30f8b52ed66c",
+            "version" : 3
+        },
+        "password": "foo",
+        "priv": "fa7b3db73dc7dfdf8c5fbdb796d741e4488628c41fc4febd9160a866ba0f35"
+    },
+    "30_byte_key": {
+        "json": {
+            "crypto" : {
+                "cipher" : "aes-128-ctr",
+                "cipherparams" : {
+                    "iv" : "3ca92af36ad7c2cd92454c59cea5ef00"
+                },
+                "ciphertext" : "108b7d34f3442fc26ab1ab90ca91476ba6bfa8c00975a49ef9051dc675aa",
+                "kdf" : "scrypt",
+                "kdfparams" : {
+                    "dklen" : 32,
+                    "n" : 2,
+                    "r" : 8,
+                    "p" : 1,
+                    "salt" : "d0769e608fb86cda848065642a9c6fa046845c928175662b8e356c77f914cd3b"
+                },
+                "mac" : "75d0e6759f7b3cefa319c3be41680ab6beea7d8328653474bd06706d4cc67420"
+            },
+            "id" : "a37e1559-5955-450d-8075-7b8931b392b2",
+            "version" : 3
+        },
+        "password": "foo",
+        "priv": "81c29e8142bb6a81bef5a92bda7a8328a5c85bb2f9542e76f9b0f94fc018"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json b/accounts/keystore/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d23b9b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"address":"45dea0fb0bba44f4fcf290bba71fd57d7117cbb8","crypto":{"cipher":"aes-128-ctr","ciphertext":"b87781948a1befd247bff51ef4063f716cf6c2d3481163e9a8f42e1f9bb74145","cipherparams":{"iv":"dc4926b48a105133d2f16b96833abf1e"},"kdf":"scrypt","kdfparams":{"dklen":32,"n":2,"p":1,"r":8,"salt":"004244bbdc51cadda545b1cfa43cff9ed2ae88e08c61f1479dbb45410722f8f0"},"mac":"39990c1684557447940d4c69e06b1b82b2aceacb43f284df65c956daf3046b85"},"id":"ce541d8d-c79b-40f8-9f8c-20f59616faba","version":3}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/wallet.go b/accounts/keystore/wallet.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5bc5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/wallet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+)
+
+// keystoreWallet implements the accounts.Wallet interface for the original
+// keystore.
+type keystoreWallet struct {
+	account  accounts.Account // Single account contained in this wallet
+	keystore *KeyStore        // Keystore where the account originates from
+}
+
+// URL implements accounts.Wallet, returning the URL of the account within.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) URL() accounts.URL {
+	return w.account.URL
+}
+
+// Status implements accounts.Wallet, returning whether the account held by the
+// keystore wallet is unlocked or not.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) Status() (string, error) {
+	w.keystore.mu.RLock()
+	defer w.keystore.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if _, ok := w.keystore.unlocked[w.account.Address]; ok {
+		return "Unlocked", nil
+	}
+	return "Locked", nil
+}
+
+// Open implements accounts.Wallet, but is a noop for plain wallets since there
+// is no connection or decryption step necessary to access the list of accounts.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) Open(passphrase string) error { return nil }
+
+// Close implements accounts.Wallet, but is a noop for plain wallets since there
+// is no meaningful open operation.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) Close() error { return nil }
+
+// Accounts implements accounts.Wallet, returning an account list consisting of
+// a single account that the plain keystore wallet contains.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) Accounts() []accounts.Account {
+	return []accounts.Account{w.account}
+}
+
+// Contains implements accounts.Wallet, returning whether a particular account is
+// or is not wrapped by this wallet instance.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) Contains(account accounts.Account) bool {
+	return account.Address == w.account.Address && (account.URL == (accounts.URL{}) || account.URL == w.account.URL)
+}
+
+// Derive implements accounts.Wallet, but is a noop for plain wallets since there
+// is no notion of hierarchical account derivation for plain keystore accounts.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) Derive(path accounts.DerivationPath, pin bool) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	return accounts.Account{}, accounts.ErrNotSupported
+}
+
+// SelfDerive implements accounts.Wallet, but is a noop for plain wallets since
+// there is no notion of hierarchical account derivation for plain keystore accounts.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SelfDerive(bases []accounts.DerivationPath, chain common.ChainStateReader) {
+}
+
+// signHash attempts to sign the given hash with
+// the given account. If the wallet does not wrap this particular account, an
+// error is returned to avoid account leakage (even though in theory we may be
+// able to sign via our shared keystore backend).
+func (w *keystoreWallet) signHash(account accounts.Account, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Make sure the requested account is contained within
+	if !w.Contains(account) {
+		return nil, accounts.ErrUnknownAccount
+	}
+	// Account seems valid, request the keystore to sign
+	return w.keystore.SignHash(account, hash)
+}
+
+// SignData signs keccak256(data). The mimetype parameter describes the type of data being signed.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SignData(account accounts.Account, mimeType string, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return w.signHash(account, crypto.Keccak256(data))
+}
+
+// SignDataWithPassphrase signs keccak256(data). The mimetype parameter describes the type of data being signed.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SignDataWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase, mimeType string, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Make sure the requested account is contained within
+	if !w.Contains(account) {
+		return nil, accounts.ErrUnknownAccount
+	}
+	// Account seems valid, request the keystore to sign
+	return w.keystore.SignHashWithPassphrase(account, passphrase, crypto.Keccak256(data))
+}
+
+// SignText implements accounts.Wallet, attempting to sign the hash of
+// the given text with the given account.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SignText(account accounts.Account, text []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return w.signHash(account, accounts.TextHash(text))
+}
+
+// SignTextWithPassphrase implements accounts.Wallet, attempting to sign the
+// hash of the given text with the given account using passphrase as extra authentication.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SignTextWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, text []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Make sure the requested account is contained within
+	if !w.Contains(account) {
+		return nil, accounts.ErrUnknownAccount
+	}
+	// Account seems valid, request the keystore to sign
+	return w.keystore.SignHashWithPassphrase(account, passphrase, accounts.TextHash(text))
+}
+
+// SignTx implements accounts.Wallet, attempting to sign the given transaction
+// with the given account. If the wallet does not wrap this particular account,
+// an error is returned to avoid account leakage (even though in theory we may
+// be able to sign via our shared keystore backend).
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SignTx(account accounts.Account, tx *transaction.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// Make sure the requested account is contained within
+	if !w.Contains(account) {
+		return nil, accounts.ErrUnknownAccount
+	}
+	// Account seems valid, request the keystore to sign
+	return w.keystore.SignTx(account, tx, chainID)
+}
+
+// SignTxWithPassphrase implements accounts.Wallet, attempting to sign the given
+// transaction with the given account using passphrase as extra authentication.
+func (w *keystoreWallet) SignTxWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, tx *transaction.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	// Make sure the requested account is contained within
+	if !w.Contains(account) {
+		return nil, accounts.ErrUnknownAccount
+	}
+	// Account seems valid, request the keystore to sign
+	return w.keystore.SignTxWithPassphrase(account, passphrase, tx, chainID)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/watch.go b/accounts/keystore/watch.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4116d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/watch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build (darwin && !ios && cgo) || freebsd || (linux && !arm64) || netbsd || solaris
+// +build darwin,!ios,cgo freebsd linux,!arm64 netbsd solaris
+
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+)
+
+type watcher struct {
+	ac       *accountCache
+	running  bool // set to true when runloop begins
+	runEnded bool // set to true when runloop ends
+	starting bool // set to true prior to runloop starting
+	quit     chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newWatcher(ac *accountCache) *watcher {
+	return &watcher{
+		ac:   ac,
+		quit: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// enabled returns false on systems not supported.
+func (*watcher) enabled() bool { return true }
+
+// starts the watcher loop in the background.
+// Start a watcher in the background if that's not already in progress.
+// The caller must hold w.ac.mu.
+func (w *watcher) start() {
+	if w.starting || w.running {
+		return
+	}
+	w.starting = true
+	go w.loop()
+}
+
+func (w *watcher) close() {
+	close(w.quit)
+}
+
+func (w *watcher) loop() {
+	defer func() {
+		w.ac.mu.Lock()
+		w.running = false
+		w.starting = false
+		w.runEnded = true
+		w.ac.mu.Unlock()
+	}()
+	logger := log.New("path", w.ac.keydir)
+
+	// Create new watcher.
+	watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to start filesystem watcher", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	defer watcher.Close()
+	if err := watcher.Add(w.ac.keydir); err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Failed to watch keystore folder", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	logger.Trace("Started watching keystore folder", "folder", w.ac.keydir)
+	defer logger.Trace("Stopped watching keystore folder")
+
+	w.ac.mu.Lock()
+	w.running = true
+	w.ac.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Wait for file system events and reload.
+	// When an event occurs, the reload call is delayed a bit so that
+	// multiple events arriving quickly only cause a single reload.
+	var (
+		debounceDuration = 500 * time.Millisecond
+		rescanTriggered  = false
+		debounce         = time.NewTimer(0)
+	)
+	// Ignore initial trigger
+	if !debounce.Stop() {
+		<-debounce.C
+	}
+	defer debounce.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-w.quit:
+			return
+		case _, ok := <-watcher.Events:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			// Trigger the scan (with delay), if not already triggered
+			if !rescanTriggered {
+				debounce.Reset(debounceDuration)
+				rescanTriggered = true
+			}
+			// The fsnotify library does provide more granular event-info, it
+			// would be possible to refresh individual affected files instead
+			// of scheduling a full rescan. For most cases though, the
+			// full rescan is quick and obviously simplest.
+		case err, ok := <-watcher.Errors:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			log.Info("Filsystem watcher error", "err", err)
+		case <-debounce.C:
+			w.ac.scanAccounts()
+			rescanTriggered = false
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/watch_fallback.go b/accounts/keystore/watch_fallback.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecd38da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/watch_fallback.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build (darwin && !cgo) || ios || (linux && arm64) || windows || (!darwin && !freebsd && !linux && !netbsd && !solaris)
+// +build darwin,!cgo ios linux,arm64 windows !darwin,!freebsd,!linux,!netbsd,!solaris
+
+// This is the fallback implementation of directory watching.
+// It is used on unsupported platforms.
+
+package keystore
+
+type watcher struct {
+	running  bool
+	runEnded bool
+}
+
+func newWatcher(*accountCache) *watcher { return new(watcher) }
+func (*watcher) start()                 {}
+func (*watcher) close()                 {}
+
+// enabled returns false on systems not supported.
+func (*watcher) enabled() bool { return false }
diff --git a/accounts/manager.go b/accounts/manager.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07f24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/manager.go
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+)
+
+// managerSubBufferSize determines how many incoming wallet events
+// the manager will buffer in its channel.
+const managerSubBufferSize = 50
+
+// Config contains the settings of the global account manager.
+//
+// TODO(rjl493456442, karalabe, holiman): Get rid of this when account management
+// is removed in favor of Clef.
+type Config struct {
+	InsecureUnlockAllowed bool // Whether account unlocking in insecure environment is allowed
+}
+
+// newBackendEvent lets the manager know it should
+// track the given backend for wallet updates.
+type newBackendEvent struct {
+	backend   Backend
+	processed chan struct{} // Informs event emitter that backend has been integrated
+}
+
+// Manager is an overarching account manager that can communicate with various
+// backends for signing transactions.
+type Manager struct {
+	config      *Config                    // Global account manager configurations
+	backends    map[reflect.Type][]Backend // Index of backends currently registered
+	updaters    []event.Subscription       // Wallet update subscriptions for all backends
+	updates     chan WalletEvent           // Subscription sink for backend wallet changes
+	newBackends chan newBackendEvent       // Incoming backends to be tracked by the manager
+	wallets     []Wallet                   // Cache of all wallets from all registered backends
+
+	quit chan chan error
+	term chan struct{} // Channel is closed upon termination of the update loop
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewManager creates a generic account manager to sign transaction via various
+// supported backends.
+func NewManager(config *Config, backends ...Backend) *Manager {
+	// Retrieve the initial list of wallets from the backends and sort by URL
+	var wallets []Wallet
+	for _, backend := range backends {
+		wallets = merge(wallets, backend.Wallets()...)
+	}
+	// Subscribe to wallet notifications from all backends
+	updates := make(chan WalletEvent, managerSubBufferSize)
+
+	subs := make([]event.Subscription, len(backends))
+	for i, backend := range backends {
+		subs[i] = backend.Subscribe(updates)
+	}
+	// Assemble the account manager and return
+	am := &Manager{
+		config:      config,
+		backends:    make(map[reflect.Type][]Backend),
+		updaters:    subs,
+		updates:     updates,
+		newBackends: make(chan newBackendEvent),
+		wallets:     wallets,
+		quit:        make(chan chan error),
+		term:        make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	for _, backend := range backends {
+		kind := reflect.TypeOf(backend)
+		am.backends[kind] = append(am.backends[kind], backend)
+	}
+	go am.update()
+
+	return am
+}
+
+// Close terminates the account manager's internal notification processes.
+func (am *Manager) Close() error {
+	errc := make(chan error)
+	am.quit <- errc
+	return <-errc
+}
+
+// Config returns the configuration of account manager.
+func (am *Manager) Config() *Config {
+	return am.config
+}
+
+// AddBackend starts the tracking of an additional backend for wallet updates.
+// cmd/geth assumes once this func returns the backends have been already integrated.
+func (am *Manager) AddBackend(backend Backend) {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	am.newBackends <- newBackendEvent{backend, done}
+	<-done
+}
+
+// update is the wallet event loop listening for notifications from the backends
+// and updating the cache of wallets.
+func (am *Manager) update() {
+	// Close all subscriptions when the manager terminates
+	defer func() {
+		am.lock.Lock()
+		for _, sub := range am.updaters {
+			sub.Unsubscribe()
+		}
+		am.updaters = nil
+		am.lock.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	// Loop until termination
+	for {
+		select {
+		case walletEvent := <-am.updates:
+			// Wallet event arrived, update local cache
+			am.lock.Lock()
+			switch walletEvent.Kind {
+			case WalletArrived:
+				am.wallets = merge(am.wallets, walletEvent.Wallet)
+			case WalletDropped:
+				am.wallets = drop(am.wallets, walletEvent.Wallet)
+			}
+			am.lock.Unlock()
+
+			// Notify any listeners of the event
+
+			//am.feed.Send(&walletEvent)
+			event.GlobalEvent.Send(walletEvent)
+		case backendEvent := <-am.newBackends:
+			am.lock.Lock()
+			// Update caches
+			backend := backendEvent.backend
+			am.wallets = merge(am.wallets, backend.Wallets()...)
+			am.updaters = append(am.updaters, backend.Subscribe(am.updates))
+			kind := reflect.TypeOf(backend)
+			am.backends[kind] = append(am.backends[kind], backend)
+			am.lock.Unlock()
+			close(backendEvent.processed)
+		case errc := <-am.quit:
+			// Manager terminating, return
+			errc <- nil
+			// Signals event emitters the loop is not receiving values
+			// to prevent them from getting stuck.
+			close(am.term)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Backends retrieves the backend(s) with the given type from the account manager.
+func (am *Manager) Backends(kind reflect.Type) []Backend {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return am.backends[kind]
+}
+
+// Wallets returns all signer accounts registered under this account manager.
+func (am *Manager) Wallets() []Wallet {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return am.walletsNoLock()
+}
+
+// walletsNoLock returns all registered wallets. Callers must hold am.lock.
+func (am *Manager) walletsNoLock() []Wallet {
+	cpy := make([]Wallet, len(am.wallets))
+	copy(cpy, am.wallets)
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// Wallet retrieves the wallet associated with a particular URL.
+func (am *Manager) Wallet(url string) (Wallet, error) {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	parsed, err := parseURL(url)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, wallet := range am.walletsNoLock() {
+		if wallet.URL() == parsed {
+			return wallet, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, ErrUnknownWallet
+}
+
+// Accounts returns all account addresses of all wallets within the account manager
+func (am *Manager) Accounts() []types.Address {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	addresses := make([]types.Address, 0) // return [] instead of nil if empty
+	for _, wallet := range am.wallets {
+		for _, account := range wallet.Accounts() {
+			addresses = append(addresses, account.Address)
+		}
+	}
+	return addresses
+}
+
+// Find attempts to locate the wallet corresponding to a specific account. Since
+// accounts can be dynamically added to and removed from wallets, this method has
+// a linear runtime in the number of wallets.
+func (am *Manager) Find(account Account) (Wallet, error) {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, wallet := range am.wallets {
+		if wallet.Contains(account) {
+			return wallet, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, ErrUnknownAccount
+}
+
+// Subscribe creates an async subscription to receive notifications when the
+// manager detects the arrival or departure of a wallet from any of its backends.
+func (am *Manager) Subscribe(sink chan<- WalletEvent) event.Subscription {
+	return event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(sink)
+}
+
+// merge is a sorted analogue of append for wallets, where the ordering of the
+// origin list is preserved by inserting new wallets at the correct position.
+//
+// The original slice is assumed to be already sorted by URL.
+func merge(slice []Wallet, wallets ...Wallet) []Wallet {
+	for _, wallet := range wallets {
+		n := sort.Search(len(slice), func(i int) bool { return slice[i].URL().Cmp(wallet.URL()) >= 0 })
+		if n == len(slice) {
+			slice = append(slice, wallet)
+			continue
+		}
+		slice = append(slice[:n], append([]Wallet{wallet}, slice[n:]...)...)
+	}
+	return slice
+}
+
+// drop is the couterpart of merge, which looks up wallets from within the sorted
+// cache and removes the ones specified.
+func drop(slice []Wallet, wallets ...Wallet) []Wallet {
+	for _, wallet := range wallets {
+		n := sort.Search(len(slice), func(i int) bool { return slice[i].URL().Cmp(wallet.URL()) >= 0 })
+		if n == len(slice) {
+			// Wallet not found, may happen during startup
+			continue
+		}
+		slice = append(slice[:n], slice[n+1:]...)
+	}
+	return slice
+}
diff --git a/accounts/sort.go b/accounts/sort.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3ec6d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/sort.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+// AccountsByURL implements sort.Interface for []Account based on the URL field.
+type AccountsByURL []Account
+
+func (a AccountsByURL) Len() int           { return len(a) }
+func (a AccountsByURL) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
+func (a AccountsByURL) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].URL.Cmp(a[j].URL) < 0 }
+
+// WalletsByURL implements sort.Interface for []Wallet based on the URL field.
+type WalletsByURL []Wallet
+
+func (w WalletsByURL) Len() int           { return len(w) }
+func (w WalletsByURL) Swap(i, j int)      { w[i], w[j] = w[j], w[i] }
+func (w WalletsByURL) Less(i, j int) bool { return w[i].URL().Cmp(w[j].URL()) < 0 }
diff --git a/accounts/url.go b/accounts/url.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2350658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/url.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// URL represents the canonical identification URL of a wallet or account.
+//
+// It is a simplified version of url.URL, with the important limitations (which
+// are considered features here) that it contains value-copyable components only,
+// as well as that it doesn't do any URL encoding/decoding of special characters.
+//
+// The former is important to allow an account to be copied without leaving live
+// references to the original version, whereas the latter is important to ensure
+// one single canonical form opposed to many allowed ones by the RFC 3986 spec.
+//
+// As such, these URLs should not be used outside of the scope of an Ethereum
+// wallet or account.
+type URL struct {
+	Scheme string // Protocol scheme to identify a capable account backend
+	Path   string // Path for the backend to identify a unique entity
+}
+
+// parseURL converts a user supplied URL into the accounts specific structure.
+func parseURL(url string) (URL, error) {
+	parts := strings.Split(url, "://")
+	if len(parts) != 2 || parts[0] == "" {
+		return URL{}, errors.New("protocol scheme missing")
+	}
+	return URL{
+		Scheme: parts[0],
+		Path:   parts[1],
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface.
+func (u URL) String() string {
+	if u.Scheme != "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s", u.Scheme, u.Path)
+	}
+	return u.Path
+}
+
+// TerminalString implements the log.TerminalStringer interface.
+func (u URL) TerminalString() string {
+	url := u.String()
+	if len(url) > 32 {
+		return url[:31] + ".."
+	}
+	return url
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaller interface.
+func (u URL) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(u.String())
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses url.
+func (u *URL) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	var textURL string
+	err := json.Unmarshal(input, &textURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	url, err := parseURL(textURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	u.Scheme = url.Scheme
+	u.Path = url.Path
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Cmp compares x and y and returns:
+//
+//	-1 if x <  y
+//	 0 if x == y
+//	+1 if x >  y
+func (u URL) Cmp(url URL) int {
+	if u.Scheme == url.Scheme {
+		return strings.Compare(u.Path, url.Path)
+	}
+	return strings.Compare(u.Scheme, url.Scheme)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/url_test.go b/accounts/url_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4822043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/url_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestURLParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	url, err := parseURL("https://ethereum.org")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if url.Scheme != "https" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "https", url.Scheme)
+	}
+	if url.Path != "ethereum.org" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "ethereum.org", url.Path)
+	}
+
+	for _, u := range []string{"ethereum.org", ""} {
+		if _, err = parseURL(u); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("input %v, expected err, got: nil", u)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestURLString(t *testing.T) {
+	url := URL{Scheme: "https", Path: "ethereum.org"}
+	if url.String() != "https://ethereum.org" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "https://ethereum.org", url.String())
+	}
+
+	url = URL{Scheme: "", Path: "ethereum.org"}
+	if url.String() != "ethereum.org" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "ethereum.org", url.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestURLMarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	url := URL{Scheme: "https", Path: "ethereum.org"}
+	json, err := url.MarshalJSON()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("unexpcted error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(json) != "\"https://ethereum.org\"" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "\"https://ethereum.org\"", string(json))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestURLUnmarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	url := &URL{}
+	err := url.UnmarshalJSON([]byte("\"https://ethereum.org\""))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("unexpcted error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if url.Scheme != "https" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "https", url.Scheme)
+	}
+	if url.Path != "ethereum.org" {
+		t.Errorf("expected: %v, got: %v", "https", url.Path)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestURLComparison(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		urlA   URL
+		urlB   URL
+		expect int
+	}{
+		{URL{"https", "ethereum.org"}, URL{"https", "ethereum.org"}, 0},
+		{URL{"http", "ethereum.org"}, URL{"https", "ethereum.org"}, -1},
+		{URL{"https", "ethereum.org/a"}, URL{"https", "ethereum.org"}, 1},
+		{URL{"https", "abc.org"}, URL{"https", "ethereum.org"}, -1},
+	}
+
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		result := tt.urlA.Cmp(tt.urlB)
+		if result != tt.expect {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: cmp mismatch: expected: %d, got: %d", i, tt.expect, result)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/consensus_proto/consensus.pb.go b/api/protocol/consensus_proto/consensus.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce759aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/consensus_proto/consensus.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.28.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: consensus.proto
+
+package consensus_proto
+
+import (
+	types_pb "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type PBSigners struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Signer []*PBSigner `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=signer,proto3" json:"signer,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigners) Reset() {
+	*x = PBSigners{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigners) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*PBSigners) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *PBSigners) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use PBSigners.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*PBSigners) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_consensus_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigners) GetSigner() []*PBSigner {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Signer
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type PBSigner struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Public  string         `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=public,proto3" json:"public,omitempty"`
+	Address *types_pb.H160 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=address,proto3" json:"address,omitempty"`
+	Version string         `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=version,proto3" json:"version,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigner) Reset() {
+	*x = PBSigner{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigner) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*PBSigner) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *PBSigner) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use PBSigner.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*PBSigner) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_consensus_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigner) GetPublic() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Public
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigner) GetAddress() *types_pb.H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Address
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *PBSigner) GetVersion() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Version
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type PBVote struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *PBVote) Reset() {
+	*x = PBVote{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *PBVote) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*PBVote) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *PBVote) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use PBVote.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*PBVote) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_consensus_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+type PBPoaInfo struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Public string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=public,proto3" json:"public,omitempty"`
+	Sign   []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=sign,proto3" json:"sign,omitempty"`
+	Type   int64  `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=type,proto3" json:"type,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *PBPoaInfo) Reset() {
+	*x = PBPoaInfo{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *PBPoaInfo) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*PBPoaInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *PBPoaInfo) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use PBPoaInfo.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*PBPoaInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_consensus_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *PBPoaInfo) GetPublic() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Public
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *PBPoaInfo) GetSign() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Sign
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *PBPoaInfo) GetType() int64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Type
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+var File_consensus_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_consensus_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x0f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x75, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74,
+	0x6f, 0x12, 0x0c, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x75, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x1a,
+	0x14, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2f, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x2e,
+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x22, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x50, 0x42, 0x53, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x65,
+	0x72, 0x73, 0x12, 0x2e, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x03,
+	0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x16, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x75, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70,
+	0x62, 0x2e, 0x50, 0x42, 0x53, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72, 0x52, 0x06, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e,
+	0x65, 0x72, 0x22, 0x66, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x50, 0x42, 0x53, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72, 0x12, 0x16,
+	0x0a, 0x06, 0x70, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x06,
+	0x70, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x12, 0x28, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x72, 0x65, 0x73,
+	0x73, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f,
+	0x70, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x48, 0x31, 0x36, 0x30, 0x52, 0x07, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x72, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73,
+	0x12, 0x18, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28,
+	0x09, 0x52, 0x07, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x22, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x50, 0x42,
+	0x56, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x65, 0x22, 0x4b, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x50, 0x42, 0x50, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x66,
+	0x6f, 0x12, 0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x70, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28,
+	0x09, 0x52, 0x06, 0x70, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67,
+	0x6e, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0c, 0x52, 0x04, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0a,
+	0x04, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x03, 0x52, 0x04, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70,
+	0x65, 0x42, 0x38, 0x5a, 0x36, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f,
+	0x61, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x2f, 0x61,
+	0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73,
+	0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x75, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f,
+	0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_consensus_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_consensus_proto_rawDescData = file_consensus_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_consensus_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_consensus_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_consensus_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_consensus_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_consensus_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_consensus_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 4)
+var file_consensus_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*PBSigners)(nil),     // 0: consensus_pb.PBSigners
+	(*PBSigner)(nil),      // 1: consensus_pb.PBSigner
+	(*PBVote)(nil),        // 2: consensus_pb.PBVote
+	(*PBPoaInfo)(nil),     // 3: consensus_pb.PBPoaInfo
+	(*types_pb.H160)(nil), // 4: types_pb.H160
+}
+var file_consensus_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	1, // 0: consensus_pb.PBSigners.signer:type_name -> consensus_pb.PBSigner
+	4, // 1: consensus_pb.PBSigner.address:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	2, // [2:2] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	2, // [2:2] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	2, // [2:2] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	2, // [2:2] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:2] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_consensus_proto_init() }
+func file_consensus_proto_init() {
+	if File_consensus_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*PBSigners); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*PBSigner); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*PBVote); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_consensus_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*PBPoaInfo); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_consensus_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   4,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_consensus_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_consensus_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_consensus_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_consensus_proto = out.File
+	file_consensus_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_consensus_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_consensus_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/consensus_proto/consensus.proto b/api/protocol/consensus_proto/consensus.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ebc990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/consensus_proto/consensus.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package consensus_pb;
+
+import "types_pb/types.proto";
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/consensus_proto";
+
+message PBSigners {
+  repeated PBSigner signer = 1;
+}
+
+message PBSigner {
+  string public = 1;
+  types_pb.H160 address = 2;
+  string version = 3;
+}
+
+message PBVote {
+
+}
+
+message PBPoaInfo {
+  string public = 1;
+  bytes sign = 2;
+  int64 type = 3;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/consensus_proto/gen.go b/api/protocol/consensus_proto/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4143321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/consensus_proto/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package consensus_proto
+
+//go:generate protoc -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go_out=paths=source_relative:. consensus.proto
diff --git a/api/protocol/ext/gen.go b/api/protocol/ext/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c10c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/ext/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ext
+
+//go:generate protoc -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go_out=paths=source_relative:. options.proto
diff --git a/api/protocol/ext/options.pb.go b/api/protocol/ext/options.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bd9f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/ext/options.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.28.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: options.proto
+
+package ext
+
+import (
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	descriptorpb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/descriptorpb"
+	reflect "reflect"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+var file_options_proto_extTypes = []protoimpl.ExtensionInfo{
+	{
+		ExtendedType:  (*descriptorpb.FieldOptions)(nil),
+		ExtensionType: (*string)(nil),
+		Field:         50000,
+		Name:          "ext.cast_type",
+		Tag:           "bytes,50000,opt,name=cast_type",
+		Filename:      "options.proto",
+	},
+	{
+		ExtendedType:  (*descriptorpb.FieldOptions)(nil),
+		ExtensionType: (*string)(nil),
+		Field:         50001,
+		Name:          "ext.ssz_size",
+		Tag:           "bytes,50001,opt,name=ssz_size",
+		Filename:      "options.proto",
+	},
+	{
+		ExtendedType:  (*descriptorpb.FieldOptions)(nil),
+		ExtensionType: (*string)(nil),
+		Field:         50002,
+		Name:          "ext.ssz_max",
+		Tag:           "bytes,50002,opt,name=ssz_max",
+		Filename:      "options.proto",
+	},
+	{
+		ExtendedType:  (*descriptorpb.FieldOptions)(nil),
+		ExtensionType: (*string)(nil),
+		Field:         50003,
+		Name:          "ext.spec_name",
+		Tag:           "bytes,50003,opt,name=spec_name",
+		Filename:      "options.proto",
+	},
+}
+
+// Extension fields to descriptorpb.FieldOptions.
+var (
+	// optional string cast_type = 50000;
+	E_CastType = &file_options_proto_extTypes[0]
+	// optional string ssz_size = 50001;
+	E_SszSize = &file_options_proto_extTypes[1]
+	// optional string ssz_max = 50002;
+	E_SszMax = &file_options_proto_extTypes[2]
+	// optional string spec_name = 50003;
+	E_SpecName = &file_options_proto_extTypes[3]
+)
+
+var File_options_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_options_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x0d, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12,
+	0x03, 0x65, 0x78, 0x74, 0x1a, 0x20, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f,
+	0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x73, 0x63, 0x72, 0x69, 0x70, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x72,
+	0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x63, 0x61, 0x73, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x74,
+	0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f,
+	0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x46, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x4f, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f,
+	0x6e, 0x73, 0x18, 0xd0, 0x86, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x08, 0x63, 0x61, 0x73, 0x74,
+	0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x73, 0x73, 0x7a, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x69, 0x7a, 0x65,
+	0x12, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62,
+	0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x46, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x4f, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x18,
+	0xd1, 0x86, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x07, 0x73, 0x73, 0x7a, 0x53, 0x69, 0x7a, 0x65,
+	0x3a, 0x38, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x73, 0x73, 0x7a, 0x5f, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x78, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f,
+	0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x46, 0x69,
+	0x65, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x4f, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x18, 0xd2, 0x86, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01,
+	0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x06, 0x73, 0x73, 0x7a, 0x4d, 0x61, 0x78, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x73, 0x70,
+	0x65, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65,
+	0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x46, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x4f,
+	0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x18, 0xd3, 0x86, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x08,
+	0x73, 0x70, 0x65, 0x63, 0x4e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x42, 0x2c, 0x5a, 0x2a, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68,
+	0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x69,
+	0x6e, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x63,
+	0x6f, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x65, 0x78, 0x74, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var file_options_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*descriptorpb.FieldOptions)(nil), // 0: google.protobuf.FieldOptions
+}
+var file_options_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	0, // 0: ext.cast_type:extendee -> google.protobuf.FieldOptions
+	0, // 1: ext.ssz_size:extendee -> google.protobuf.FieldOptions
+	0, // 2: ext.ssz_max:extendee -> google.protobuf.FieldOptions
+	0, // 3: ext.spec_name:extendee -> google.protobuf.FieldOptions
+	4, // [4:4] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	4, // [4:4] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	4, // [4:4] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	0, // [0:4] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_options_proto_init() }
+func file_options_proto_init() {
+	if File_options_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_options_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   0,
+			NumExtensions: 4,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_options_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_options_proto_depIdxs,
+		ExtensionInfos:    file_options_proto_extTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_options_proto = out.File
+	file_options_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_options_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_options_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/ext/options.proto b/api/protocol/ext/options.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9319e70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/ext/options.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package ext;
+
+import "google/protobuf/descriptor.proto";
+
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/ext";
+
+extend google.protobuf.FieldOptions {
+  string cast_type = 50000;
+  string ssz_size = 50001;
+  string ssz_max = 50002;
+  string spec_name = 50003;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/api/annotations.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/api/annotations.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85c361b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/api/annotations.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2015, Google Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.api;
+
+import "google/api/http.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/descriptor.proto";
+
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api/annotations;annotations";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option java_outer_classname = "AnnotationsProto";
+option java_package = "com.google.api";
+option objc_class_prefix = "GAPI";
+
+extend google.protobuf.MethodOptions {
+  // See `HttpRule`.
+  HttpRule http = 72295728;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/api/http.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/api/http.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bd3a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/api/http.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.api;
+
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api/annotations;annotations";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option java_outer_classname = "HttpProto";
+option java_package = "com.google.api";
+option objc_class_prefix = "GAPI";
+
+
+// Defines the HTTP configuration for an API service. It contains a list of
+// [HttpRule][google.api.HttpRule], each specifying the mapping of an RPC method
+// to one or more HTTP REST API methods.
+message Http {
+  // A list of HTTP configuration rules that apply to individual API methods.
+  //
+  // **NOTE:** All service configuration rules follow "last one wins" order.
+  repeated HttpRule rules = 1;
+
+  // When set to true, URL path parmeters will be fully URI-decoded except in
+  // cases of single segment matches in reserved expansion, where "%2F" will be
+  // left encoded.
+  //
+  // The default behavior is to not decode RFC 6570 reserved characters in multi
+  // segment matches.
+  bool fully_decode_reserved_expansion = 2;
+}
+
+// `HttpRule` defines the mapping of an RPC method to one or more HTTP
+// REST API methods. The mapping specifies how different portions of the RPC
+// request message are mapped to URL path, URL query parameters, and
+// HTTP request body. The mapping is typically specified as an
+// `google.api.http` annotation on the RPC method,
+// see "google/api/annotations.proto" for details.
+//
+// The mapping consists of a field specifying the path template and
+// method kind.  The path template can refer to fields in the request
+// message, as in the example below which describes a REST GET
+// operation on a resource collection of messages:
+//
+//
+//     service Messaging {
+//       rpc GetMessage(GetMessageRequest) returns (Message) {
+//         option (google.api.http).get = "/v1/messages/{message_id}/{sub.subfield}";
+//       }
+//     }
+//     message GetMessageRequest {
+//       message SubMessage {
+//         string subfield = 1;
+//       }
+//       string message_id = 1; // mapped to the URL
+//       SubMessage sub = 2;    // `sub.subfield` is url-mapped
+//     }
+//     message Message {
+//       string text = 1; // content of the resource
+//     }
+//
+// The same http annotation can alternatively be expressed inside the
+// `GRPC API Configuration` YAML file.
+//
+//     http:
+//       rules:
+//         - selector: <proto_package_name>.Messaging.GetMessage
+//           get: /v1/messages/{message_id}/{sub.subfield}
+//
+// This definition enables an automatic, bidrectional mapping of HTTP
+// JSON to RPC. Example:
+//
+// HTTP | RPC
+// -----|-----
+// `GET /v1/messages/123456/foo`  | `GetMessage(message_id: "123456" sub: SubMessage(subfield: "foo"))`
+//
+// In general, not only fields but also field paths can be referenced
+// from a path pattern. Fields mapped to the path pattern cannot be
+// repeated and must have a primitive (non-message) type.
+//
+// Any fields in the request message which are not bound by the path
+// pattern automatically become (optional) HTTP query
+// parameters. Assume the following definition of the request message:
+//
+//
+//     service Messaging {
+//       rpc GetMessage(GetMessageRequest) returns (Message) {
+//         option (google.api.http).get = "/v1/messages/{message_id}";
+//       }
+//     }
+//     message GetMessageRequest {
+//       message SubMessage {
+//         string subfield = 1;
+//       }
+//       string message_id = 1; // mapped to the URL
+//       int64 revision = 2;    // becomes a parameter
+//       SubMessage sub = 3;    // `sub.subfield` becomes a parameter
+//     }
+//
+//
+// This enables a HTTP JSON to RPC mapping as below:
+//
+// HTTP | RPC
+// -----|-----
+// `GET /v1/messages/123456?revision=2&sub.subfield=foo` | `GetMessage(message_id: "123456" revision: 2 sub: SubMessage(subfield: "foo"))`
+//
+// Note that fields which are mapped to HTTP parameters must have a
+// primitive type or a repeated primitive type. Message types are not
+// allowed. In the case of a repeated type, the parameter can be
+// repeated in the URL, as in `...?param=A&param=B`.
+//
+// For HTTP method kinds which allow a request body, the `body` field
+// specifies the mapping. Consider a REST update method on the
+// message resource collection:
+//
+//
+//     service Messaging {
+//       rpc UpdateMessage(UpdateMessageRequest) returns (Message) {
+//         option (google.api.http) = {
+//           put: "/v1/messages/{message_id}"
+//           body: "message"
+//         };
+//       }
+//     }
+//     message UpdateMessageRequest {
+//       string message_id = 1; // mapped to the URL
+//       Message message = 2;   // mapped to the body
+//     }
+//
+//
+// The following HTTP JSON to RPC mapping is enabled, where the
+// representation of the JSON in the request body is determined by
+// protos JSON encoding:
+//
+// HTTP | RPC
+// -----|-----
+// `PUT /v1/messages/123456 { "text": "Hi!" }` | `UpdateMessage(message_id: "123456" message { text: "Hi!" })`
+//
+// The special name `*` can be used in the body mapping to define that
+// every field not bound by the path template should be mapped to the
+// request body.  This enables the following alternative definition of
+// the update method:
+//
+//     service Messaging {
+//       rpc UpdateMessage(Message) returns (Message) {
+//         option (google.api.http) = {
+//           put: "/v1/messages/{message_id}"
+//           body: "*"
+//         };
+//       }
+//     }
+//     message Message {
+//       string message_id = 1;
+//       string text = 2;
+//     }
+//
+//
+// The following HTTP JSON to RPC mapping is enabled:
+//
+// HTTP | RPC
+// -----|-----
+// `PUT /v1/messages/123456 { "text": "Hi!" }` | `UpdateMessage(message_id: "123456" text: "Hi!")`
+//
+// Note that when using `*` in the body mapping, it is not possible to
+// have HTTP parameters, as all fields not bound by the path end in
+// the body. This makes this option more rarely used in practice of
+// defining REST APIs. The common usage of `*` is in custom methods
+// which don't use the URL at all for transferring data.
+//
+// It is possible to define multiple HTTP methods for one RPC by using
+// the `additional_bindings` option. Example:
+//
+//     service Messaging {
+//       rpc GetMessage(GetMessageRequest) returns (Message) {
+//         option (google.api.http) = {
+//           get: "/v1/messages/{message_id}"
+//           additional_bindings {
+//             get: "/v1/users/{user_id}/messages/{message_id}"
+//           }
+//         };
+//       }
+//     }
+//     message GetMessageRequest {
+//       string message_id = 1;
+//       string user_id = 2;
+//     }
+//
+//
+// This enables the following two alternative HTTP JSON to RPC
+// mappings:
+//
+// HTTP | RPC
+// -----|-----
+// `GET /v1/messages/123456` | `GetMessage(message_id: "123456")`
+// `GET /v1/users/me/messages/123456` | `GetMessage(user_id: "me" message_id: "123456")`
+//
+// # Rules for HTTP mapping
+//
+// The rules for mapping HTTP path, query parameters, and body fields
+// to the request message are as follows:
+//
+// 1. The `body` field specifies either `*` or a field path, or is
+//    omitted. If omitted, it indicates there is no HTTP request body.
+// 2. Leaf fields (recursive expansion of nested messages in the
+//    request) can be classified into three types:
+//     (a) Matched in the URL template.
+//     (b) Covered by body (if body is `*`, everything except (a) fields;
+//         else everything under the body field)
+//     (c) All other fields.
+// 3. URL query parameters found in the HTTP request are mapped to (c) fields.
+// 4. Any body sent with an HTTP request can contain only (b) fields.
+//
+// The syntax of the path template is as follows:
+//
+//     Template = "/" Segments [ Verb ] ;
+//     Segments = Segment { "/" Segment } ;
+//     Segment  = "*" | "**" | LITERAL | Variable ;
+//     Variable = "{" FieldPath [ "=" Segments ] "}" ;
+//     FieldPath = IDENT { "." IDENT } ;
+//     Verb     = ":" LITERAL ;
+//
+// The syntax `*` matches a single path segment. The syntax `**` matches zero
+// or more path segments, which must be the last part of the path except the
+// `Verb`. The syntax `LITERAL` matches literal text in the path.
+//
+// The syntax `Variable` matches part of the URL path as specified by its
+// template. A variable template must not contain other variables. If a variable
+// matches a single path segment, its template may be omitted, e.g. `{var}`
+// is equivalent to `{var=*}`.
+//
+// If a variable contains exactly one path segment, such as `"{var}"` or
+// `"{var=*}"`, when such a variable is expanded into a URL path, all characters
+// except `[-_.~0-9a-zA-Z]` are percent-encoded. Such variables show up in the
+// Discovery Document as `{var}`.
+//
+// If a variable contains one or more path segments, such as `"{var=foo/*}"`
+// or `"{var=**}"`, when such a variable is expanded into a URL path, all
+// characters except `[-_.~/0-9a-zA-Z]` are percent-encoded. Such variables
+// show up in the Discovery Document as `{+var}`.
+//
+// NOTE: While the single segment variable matches the semantics of
+// [RFC 6570](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570) Section 3.2.2
+// Simple String Expansion, the multi segment variable **does not** match
+// RFC 6570 Reserved Expansion. The reason is that the Reserved Expansion
+// does not expand special characters like `?` and `#`, which would lead
+// to invalid URLs.
+//
+// NOTE: the field paths in variables and in the `body` must not refer to
+// repeated fields or map fields.
+message HttpRule {
+  // Selects methods to which this rule applies.
+  //
+  // Refer to [selector][google.api.DocumentationRule.selector] for syntax details.
+  string selector = 1;
+
+  // Determines the URL pattern is matched by this rules. This pattern can be
+  // used with any of the {get|put|post|delete|patch} methods. A custom method
+  // can be defined using the 'custom' field.
+  oneof pattern {
+    // Used for listing and getting information about resources.
+    string get = 2;
+
+    // Used for updating a resource.
+    string put = 3;
+
+    // Used for creating a resource.
+    string post = 4;
+
+    // Used for deleting a resource.
+    string delete = 5;
+
+    // Used for updating a resource.
+    string patch = 6;
+
+    // The custom pattern is used for specifying an HTTP method that is not
+    // included in the `pattern` field, such as HEAD, or "*" to leave the
+    // HTTP method unspecified for this rule. The wild-card rule is useful
+    // for services that provide content to Web (HTML) clients.
+    CustomHttpPattern custom = 8;
+  }
+
+  // The name of the request field whose value is mapped to the HTTP body, or
+  // `*` for mapping all fields not captured by the path pattern to the HTTP
+  // body. NOTE: the referred field must not be a repeated field and must be
+  // present at the top-level of request message type.
+  string body = 7;
+
+  // Optional. The name of the response field whose value is mapped to the HTTP
+  // body of response. Other response fields are ignored. When
+  // not set, the response message will be used as HTTP body of response.
+  string response_body = 12;
+
+  // Additional HTTP bindings for the selector. Nested bindings must
+  // not contain an `additional_bindings` field themselves (that is,
+  // the nesting may only be one level deep).
+  repeated HttpRule additional_bindings = 11;
+}
+
+// A custom pattern is used for defining custom HTTP verb.
+message CustomHttpPattern {
+  // The name of this custom HTTP verb.
+  string kind = 1;
+
+  // The path matched by this custom verb.
+  string path = 2;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/api/httpbody.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/api/httpbody.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4428515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/api/httpbody.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.api;
+
+import "google/protobuf/any.proto";
+
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api/httpbody;httpbody";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option java_outer_classname = "HttpBodyProto";
+option java_package = "com.google.api";
+option objc_class_prefix = "GAPI";
+
+// Message that represents an arbitrary HTTP body. It should only be used for
+// payload formats that can't be represented as JSON, such as raw binary or
+// an HTML page.
+//
+//
+// This message can be used both in streaming and non-streaming API methods in
+// the request as well as the response.
+//
+// It can be used as a top-level request field, which is convenient if one
+// wants to extract parameters from either the URL or HTTP template into the
+// request fields and also want access to the raw HTTP body.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//     message GetResourceRequest {
+//       // A unique request id.
+//       string request_id = 1;
+//
+//       // The raw HTTP body is bound to this field.
+//       google.api.HttpBody http_body = 2;
+//     }
+//
+//     service ResourceService {
+//       rpc GetResource(GetResourceRequest) returns (google.api.HttpBody);
+//       rpc UpdateResource(google.api.HttpBody) returns
+//       (google.protobuf.Empty);
+//     }
+//
+// Example with streaming methods:
+//
+//     service CaldavService {
+//       rpc GetCalendar(stream google.api.HttpBody)
+//         returns (stream google.api.HttpBody);
+//       rpc UpdateCalendar(stream google.api.HttpBody)
+//         returns (stream google.api.HttpBody);
+//     }
+//
+// Use of this type only changes how the request and response bodies are
+// handled, all other features will continue to work unchanged.
+message HttpBody {
+  // The HTTP Content-Type header value specifying the content type of the body.
+  string content_type = 1;
+
+  // The HTTP request/response body as raw binary.
+  bytes data = 2;
+
+  // Application specific response metadata. Must be set in the first response
+  // for streaming APIs.
+  repeated google.protobuf.Any extensions = 3;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/any.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/any.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ed8a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/any.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/anypb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "AnyProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+
+// `Any` contains an arbitrary serialized protocol buffer message along with a
+// URL that describes the type of the serialized message.
+//
+// Protobuf library provides support to pack/unpack Any values in the form
+// of utility functions or additional generated methods of the Any type.
+//
+// Example 1: Pack and unpack a message in C++.
+//
+//     Foo foo = ...;
+//     Any any;
+//     any.PackFrom(foo);
+//     ...
+//     if (any.UnpackTo(&foo)) {
+//       ...
+//     }
+//
+// Example 2: Pack and unpack a message in Java.
+//
+//     Foo foo = ...;
+//     Any any = Any.pack(foo);
+//     ...
+//     if (any.is(Foo.class)) {
+//       foo = any.unpack(Foo.class);
+//     }
+//
+//  Example 3: Pack and unpack a message in Python.
+//
+//     foo = Foo(...)
+//     any = Any()
+//     any.Pack(foo)
+//     ...
+//     if any.Is(Foo.DESCRIPTOR):
+//       any.Unpack(foo)
+//       ...
+//
+//  Example 4: Pack and unpack a message in Go
+//
+//      foo := &pb.Foo{...}
+//      any, err := anypb.New(foo)
+//      if err != nil {
+//        ...
+//      }
+//      ...
+//      foo := &pb.Foo{}
+//      if err := any.UnmarshalTo(foo); err != nil {
+//        ...
+//      }
+//
+// The pack methods provided by protobuf library will by default use
+// 'type.googleapis.com/full.type.name' as the type URL and the unpack
+// methods only use the fully qualified type name after the last '/'
+// in the type URL, for example "foo.bar.com/x/y.z" will yield type
+// name "y.z".
+//
+//
+// JSON
+// ====
+// The JSON representation of an `Any` value uses the regular
+// representation of the deserialized, embedded message, with an
+// additional field `@type` which contains the type URL. Example:
+//
+//     package google.profile;
+//     message Person {
+//       string first_name = 1;
+//       string last_name = 2;
+//     }
+//
+//     {
+//       "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.profile.Person",
+//       "firstName": <string>,
+//       "lastName": <string>
+//     }
+//
+// If the embedded message type is well-known and has a custom JSON
+// representation, that representation will be embedded adding a field
+// `value` which holds the custom JSON in addition to the `@type`
+// field. Example (for message [google.protobuf.Duration][]):
+//
+//     {
+//       "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.Duration",
+//       "value": "1.212s"
+//     }
+//
+message Any {
+  // A URL/resource name that uniquely identifies the type of the serialized
+  // protocol buffer message. This string must contain at least
+  // one "/" character. The last segment of the URL's path must represent
+  // the fully qualified name of the type (as in
+  // `path/google.protobuf.Duration`). The name should be in a canonical form
+  // (e.g., leading "." is not accepted).
+  //
+  // In practice, teams usually precompile into the binary all types that they
+  // expect it to use in the context of Any. However, for URLs which use the
+  // scheme `http`, `https`, or no scheme, one can optionally set up a type
+  // server that maps type URLs to message definitions as follows:
+  //
+  // * If no scheme is provided, `https` is assumed.
+  // * An HTTP GET on the URL must yield a [google.protobuf.Type][]
+  //   value in binary format, or produce an error.
+  // * Applications are allowed to cache lookup results based on the
+  //   URL, or have them precompiled into a binary to avoid any
+  //   lookup. Therefore, binary compatibility needs to be preserved
+  //   on changes to types. (Use versioned type names to manage
+  //   breaking changes.)
+  //
+  // Note: this functionality is not currently available in the official
+  // protobuf release, and it is not used for type URLs beginning with
+  // type.googleapis.com.
+  //
+  // Schemes other than `http`, `https` (or the empty scheme) might be
+  // used with implementation specific semantics.
+  //
+  string type_url = 1;
+
+  // Must be a valid serialized protocol buffer of the above specified type.
+  bytes value = 2;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/api.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/api.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d598fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/api.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+import "google/protobuf/source_context.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/type.proto";
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "ApiProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/apipb";
+
+// Api is a light-weight descriptor for an API Interface.
+//
+// Interfaces are also described as "protocol buffer services" in some contexts,
+// such as by the "service" keyword in a .proto file, but they are different
+// from API Services, which represent a concrete implementation of an interface
+// as opposed to simply a description of methods and bindings. They are also
+// sometimes simply referred to as "APIs" in other contexts, such as the name of
+// this message itself. See https://cloud.google.com/apis/design/glossary for
+// detailed terminology.
+message Api {
+  // The fully qualified name of this interface, including package name
+  // followed by the interface's simple name.
+  string name = 1;
+
+  // The methods of this interface, in unspecified order.
+  repeated Method methods = 2;
+
+  // Any metadata attached to the interface.
+  repeated Option options = 3;
+
+  // A version string for this interface. If specified, must have the form
+  // `major-version.minor-version`, as in `1.10`. If the minor version is
+  // omitted, it defaults to zero. If the entire version field is empty, the
+  // major version is derived from the package name, as outlined below. If the
+  // field is not empty, the version in the package name will be verified to be
+  // consistent with what is provided here.
+  //
+  // The versioning schema uses [semantic
+  // versioning](http://semver.org) where the major version number
+  // indicates a breaking change and the minor version an additive,
+  // non-breaking change. Both version numbers are signals to users
+  // what to expect from different versions, and should be carefully
+  // chosen based on the product plan.
+  //
+  // The major version is also reflected in the package name of the
+  // interface, which must end in `v<major-version>`, as in
+  // `google.feature.v1`. For major versions 0 and 1, the suffix can
+  // be omitted. Zero major versions must only be used for
+  // experimental, non-GA interfaces.
+  //
+  //
+  string version = 4;
+
+  // Source context for the protocol buffer service represented by this
+  // message.
+  SourceContext source_context = 5;
+
+  // Included interfaces. See [Mixin][].
+  repeated Mixin mixins = 6;
+
+  // The source syntax of the service.
+  Syntax syntax = 7;
+}
+
+// Method represents a method of an API interface.
+message Method {
+  // The simple name of this method.
+  string name = 1;
+
+  // A URL of the input message type.
+  string request_type_url = 2;
+
+  // If true, the request is streamed.
+  bool request_streaming = 3;
+
+  // The URL of the output message type.
+  string response_type_url = 4;
+
+  // If true, the response is streamed.
+  bool response_streaming = 5;
+
+  // Any metadata attached to the method.
+  repeated Option options = 6;
+
+  // The source syntax of this method.
+  Syntax syntax = 7;
+}
+
+// Declares an API Interface to be included in this interface. The including
+// interface must redeclare all the methods from the included interface, but
+// documentation and options are inherited as follows:
+//
+// - If after comment and whitespace stripping, the documentation
+//   string of the redeclared method is empty, it will be inherited
+//   from the original method.
+//
+// - Each annotation belonging to the service config (http,
+//   visibility) which is not set in the redeclared method will be
+//   inherited.
+//
+// - If an http annotation is inherited, the path pattern will be
+//   modified as follows. Any version prefix will be replaced by the
+//   version of the including interface plus the [root][] path if
+//   specified.
+//
+// Example of a simple mixin:
+//
+//     package google.acl.v1;
+//     service AccessControl {
+//       // Get the underlying ACL object.
+//       rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl) {
+//         option (google.api.http).get = "/v1/{resource=**}:getAcl";
+//       }
+//     }
+//
+//     package google.storage.v2;
+//     service Storage {
+//       rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl);
+//
+//       // Get a data record.
+//       rpc GetData(GetDataRequest) returns (Data) {
+//         option (google.api.http).get = "/v2/{resource=**}";
+//       }
+//     }
+//
+// Example of a mixin configuration:
+//
+//     apis:
+//     - name: google.storage.v2.Storage
+//       mixins:
+//       - name: google.acl.v1.AccessControl
+//
+// The mixin construct implies that all methods in `AccessControl` are
+// also declared with same name and request/response types in
+// `Storage`. A documentation generator or annotation processor will
+// see the effective `Storage.GetAcl` method after inheriting
+// documentation and annotations as follows:
+//
+//     service Storage {
+//       // Get the underlying ACL object.
+//       rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl) {
+//         option (google.api.http).get = "/v2/{resource=**}:getAcl";
+//       }
+//       ...
+//     }
+//
+// Note how the version in the path pattern changed from `v1` to `v2`.
+//
+// If the `root` field in the mixin is specified, it should be a
+// relative path under which inherited HTTP paths are placed. Example:
+//
+//     apis:
+//     - name: google.storage.v2.Storage
+//       mixins:
+//       - name: google.acl.v1.AccessControl
+//         root: acls
+//
+// This implies the following inherited HTTP annotation:
+//
+//     service Storage {
+//       // Get the underlying ACL object.
+//       rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl) {
+//         option (google.api.http).get = "/v2/acls/{resource=**}:getAcl";
+//       }
+//       ...
+//     }
+message Mixin {
+  // The fully qualified name of the interface which is included.
+  string name = 1;
+
+  // If non-empty specifies a path under which inherited HTTP paths
+  // are rooted.
+  string root = 2;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9242aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+// Author: kenton@google.com (Kenton Varda)
+//
+// WARNING:  The plugin interface is currently EXPERIMENTAL and is subject to
+//   change.
+//
+// protoc (aka the Protocol Compiler) can be extended via plugins.  A plugin is
+// just a program that reads a CodeGeneratorRequest from stdin and writes a
+// CodeGeneratorResponse to stdout.
+//
+// Plugins written using C++ can use google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.h instead
+// of dealing with the raw protocol defined here.
+//
+// A plugin executable needs only to be placed somewhere in the path.  The
+// plugin should be named "protoc-gen-$NAME", and will then be used when the
+// flag "--${NAME}_out" is passed to protoc.
+
+syntax = "proto2";
+
+package google.protobuf.compiler;
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf.compiler";
+option java_outer_classname = "PluginProtos";
+
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/pluginpb";
+
+import "google/protobuf/descriptor.proto";
+
+// The version number of protocol compiler.
+message Version {
+  optional int32 major = 1;
+  optional int32 minor = 2;
+  optional int32 patch = 3;
+  // A suffix for alpha, beta or rc release, e.g., "alpha-1", "rc2". It should
+  // be empty for mainline stable releases.
+  optional string suffix = 4;
+}
+
+// An encoded CodeGeneratorRequest is written to the plugin's stdin.
+message CodeGeneratorRequest {
+  // The .proto files that were explicitly listed on the command-line.  The
+  // code generator should generate code only for these files.  Each file's
+  // descriptor will be included in proto_file, below.
+  repeated string file_to_generate = 1;
+
+  // The generator parameter passed on the command-line.
+  optional string parameter = 2;
+
+  // FileDescriptorProtos for all files in files_to_generate and everything
+  // they import.  The files will appear in topological order, so each file
+  // appears before any file that imports it.
+  //
+  // protoc guarantees that all proto_files will be written after
+  // the fields above, even though this is not technically guaranteed by the
+  // protobuf wire format.  This theoretically could allow a plugin to stream
+  // in the FileDescriptorProtos and handle them one by one rather than read
+  // the entire set into memory at once.  However, as of this writing, this
+  // is not similarly optimized on protoc's end -- it will store all fields in
+  // memory at once before sending them to the plugin.
+  //
+  // Type names of fields and extensions in the FileDescriptorProto are always
+  // fully qualified.
+  repeated FileDescriptorProto proto_file = 15;
+
+  // The version number of protocol compiler.
+  optional Version compiler_version = 3;
+
+}
+
+// The plugin writes an encoded CodeGeneratorResponse to stdout.
+message CodeGeneratorResponse {
+  // Error message.  If non-empty, code generation failed.  The plugin process
+  // should exit with status code zero even if it reports an error in this way.
+  //
+  // This should be used to indicate errors in .proto files which prevent the
+  // code generator from generating correct code.  Errors which indicate a
+  // problem in protoc itself -- such as the input CodeGeneratorRequest being
+  // unparseable -- should be reported by writing a message to stderr and
+  // exiting with a non-zero status code.
+  optional string error = 1;
+
+  // A bitmask of supported features that the code generator supports.
+  // This is a bitwise "or" of values from the Feature enum.
+  optional uint64 supported_features = 2;
+
+  // Sync with code_generator.h.
+  enum Feature {
+    FEATURE_NONE = 0;
+    FEATURE_PROTO3_OPTIONAL = 1;
+  }
+
+  // Represents a single generated file.
+  message File {
+    // The file name, relative to the output directory.  The name must not
+    // contain "." or ".." components and must be relative, not be absolute (so,
+    // the file cannot lie outside the output directory).  "/" must be used as
+    // the path separator, not "\".
+    //
+    // If the name is omitted, the content will be appended to the previous
+    // file.  This allows the generator to break large files into small chunks,
+    // and allows the generated text to be streamed back to protoc so that large
+    // files need not reside completely in memory at one time.  Note that as of
+    // this writing protoc does not optimize for this -- it will read the entire
+    // CodeGeneratorResponse before writing files to disk.
+    optional string name = 1;
+
+    // If non-empty, indicates that the named file should already exist, and the
+    // content here is to be inserted into that file at a defined insertion
+    // point.  This feature allows a code generator to extend the output
+    // produced by another code generator.  The original generator may provide
+    // insertion points by placing special annotations in the file that look
+    // like:
+    //   @@protoc_insertion_point(NAME)
+    // The annotation can have arbitrary text before and after it on the line,
+    // which allows it to be placed in a comment.  NAME should be replaced with
+    // an identifier naming the point -- this is what other generators will use
+    // as the insertion_point.  Code inserted at this point will be placed
+    // immediately above the line containing the insertion point (thus multiple
+    // insertions to the same point will come out in the order they were added).
+    // The double-@ is intended to make it unlikely that the generated code
+    // could contain things that look like insertion points by accident.
+    //
+    // For example, the C++ code generator places the following line in the
+    // .pb.h files that it generates:
+    //   // @@protoc_insertion_point(namespace_scope)
+    // This line appears within the scope of the file's package namespace, but
+    // outside of any particular class.  Another plugin can then specify the
+    // insertion_point "namespace_scope" to generate additional classes or
+    // other declarations that should be placed in this scope.
+    //
+    // Note that if the line containing the insertion point begins with
+    // whitespace, the same whitespace will be added to every line of the
+    // inserted text.  This is useful for languages like Python, where
+    // indentation matters.  In these languages, the insertion point comment
+    // should be indented the same amount as any inserted code will need to be
+    // in order to work correctly in that context.
+    //
+    // The code generator that generates the initial file and the one which
+    // inserts into it must both run as part of a single invocation of protoc.
+    // Code generators are executed in the order in which they appear on the
+    // command line.
+    //
+    // If |insertion_point| is present, |name| must also be present.
+    optional string insertion_point = 2;
+
+    // The file contents.
+    optional string content = 15;
+
+    // Information describing the file content being inserted. If an insertion
+    // point is used, this information will be appropriately offset and inserted
+    // into the code generation metadata for the generated files.
+    optional GeneratedCodeInfo generated_code_info = 16;
+  }
+  repeated File file = 15;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/descriptor.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/descriptor.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f0ce6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/descriptor.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+// Author: kenton@google.com (Kenton Varda)
+//  Based on original Protocol Buffers design by
+//  Sanjay Ghemawat, Jeff Dean, and others.
+//
+// The messages in this file describe the definitions found in .proto files.
+// A valid .proto file can be translated directly to a FileDescriptorProto
+// without any other information (e.g. without reading its imports).
+
+
+syntax = "proto2";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/descriptorpb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "DescriptorProtos";
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.Reflection";
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+
+// descriptor.proto must be optimized for speed because reflection-based
+// algorithms don't work during bootstrapping.
+option optimize_for = SPEED;
+
+// The protocol compiler can output a FileDescriptorSet containing the .proto
+// files it parses.
+message FileDescriptorSet {
+  repeated FileDescriptorProto file = 1;
+}
+
+// Describes a complete .proto file.
+message FileDescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;     // file name, relative to root of source tree
+  optional string package = 2;  // e.g. "foo", "foo.bar", etc.
+
+  // Names of files imported by this file.
+  repeated string dependency = 3;
+  // Indexes of the public imported files in the dependency list above.
+  repeated int32 public_dependency = 10;
+  // Indexes of the weak imported files in the dependency list.
+  // For Google-internal migration only. Do not use.
+  repeated int32 weak_dependency = 11;
+
+  // All top-level definitions in this file.
+  repeated DescriptorProto message_type = 4;
+  repeated EnumDescriptorProto enum_type = 5;
+  repeated ServiceDescriptorProto service = 6;
+  repeated FieldDescriptorProto extension = 7;
+
+  optional FileOptions options = 8;
+
+  // This field contains optional information about the original source code.
+  // You may safely remove this entire field without harming runtime
+  // functionality of the descriptors -- the information is needed only by
+  // development tools.
+  optional SourceCodeInfo source_code_info = 9;
+
+  // The syntax of the proto file.
+  // The supported values are "proto2" and "proto3".
+  optional string syntax = 12;
+}
+
+// Describes a message type.
+message DescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;
+
+  repeated FieldDescriptorProto field = 2;
+  repeated FieldDescriptorProto extension = 6;
+
+  repeated DescriptorProto nested_type = 3;
+  repeated EnumDescriptorProto enum_type = 4;
+
+  message ExtensionRange {
+    optional int32 start = 1;  // Inclusive.
+    optional int32 end = 2;    // Exclusive.
+
+    optional ExtensionRangeOptions options = 3;
+  }
+  repeated ExtensionRange extension_range = 5;
+
+  repeated OneofDescriptorProto oneof_decl = 8;
+
+  optional MessageOptions options = 7;
+
+  // Range of reserved tag numbers. Reserved tag numbers may not be used by
+  // fields or extension ranges in the same message. Reserved ranges may
+  // not overlap.
+  message ReservedRange {
+    optional int32 start = 1;  // Inclusive.
+    optional int32 end = 2;    // Exclusive.
+  }
+  repeated ReservedRange reserved_range = 9;
+  // Reserved field names, which may not be used by fields in the same message.
+  // A given name may only be reserved once.
+  repeated string reserved_name = 10;
+}
+
+message ExtensionRangeOptions {
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+// Describes a field within a message.
+message FieldDescriptorProto {
+  enum Type {
+    // 0 is reserved for errors.
+    // Order is weird for historical reasons.
+    TYPE_DOUBLE = 1;
+    TYPE_FLOAT = 2;
+    // Not ZigZag encoded.  Negative numbers take 10 bytes.  Use TYPE_SINT64 if
+    // negative values are likely.
+    TYPE_INT64 = 3;
+    TYPE_UINT64 = 4;
+    // Not ZigZag encoded.  Negative numbers take 10 bytes.  Use TYPE_SINT32 if
+    // negative values are likely.
+    TYPE_INT32 = 5;
+    TYPE_FIXED64 = 6;
+    TYPE_FIXED32 = 7;
+    TYPE_BOOL = 8;
+    TYPE_STRING = 9;
+    // Tag-delimited aggregate.
+    // Group type is deprecated and not supported in proto3. However, Proto3
+    // implementations should still be able to parse the group wire format and
+    // treat group fields as unknown fields.
+    TYPE_GROUP = 10;
+    TYPE_MESSAGE = 11;  // Length-delimited aggregate.
+
+    // New in version 2.
+    TYPE_BYTES = 12;
+    TYPE_UINT32 = 13;
+    TYPE_ENUM = 14;
+    TYPE_SFIXED32 = 15;
+    TYPE_SFIXED64 = 16;
+    TYPE_SINT32 = 17;  // Uses ZigZag encoding.
+    TYPE_SINT64 = 18;  // Uses ZigZag encoding.
+  }
+
+  enum Label {
+    // 0 is reserved for errors
+    LABEL_OPTIONAL = 1;
+    LABEL_REQUIRED = 2;
+    LABEL_REPEATED = 3;
+  }
+
+  optional string name = 1;
+  optional int32 number = 3;
+  optional Label label = 4;
+
+  // If type_name is set, this need not be set.  If both this and type_name
+  // are set, this must be one of TYPE_ENUM, TYPE_MESSAGE or TYPE_GROUP.
+  optional Type type = 5;
+
+  // For message and enum types, this is the name of the type.  If the name
+  // starts with a '.', it is fully-qualified.  Otherwise, C++-like scoping
+  // rules are used to find the type (i.e. first the nested types within this
+  // message are searched, then within the parent, on up to the root
+  // namespace).
+  optional string type_name = 6;
+
+  // For extensions, this is the name of the type being extended.  It is
+  // resolved in the same manner as type_name.
+  optional string extendee = 2;
+
+  // For numeric types, contains the original text representation of the value.
+  // For booleans, "true" or "false".
+  // For strings, contains the default text contents (not escaped in any way).
+  // For bytes, contains the C escaped value.  All bytes >= 128 are escaped.
+  // TODO(kenton):  Base-64 encode?
+  optional string default_value = 7;
+
+  // If set, gives the index of a oneof in the containing type's oneof_decl
+  // list.  This field is a member of that oneof.
+  optional int32 oneof_index = 9;
+
+  // JSON name of this field. The value is set by protocol compiler. If the
+  // user has set a "json_name" option on this field, that option's value
+  // will be used. Otherwise, it's deduced from the field's name by converting
+  // it to camelCase.
+  optional string json_name = 10;
+
+  optional FieldOptions options = 8;
+
+  // If true, this is a proto3 "optional". When a proto3 field is optional, it
+  // tracks presence regardless of field type.
+  //
+  // When proto3_optional is true, this field must be belong to a oneof to
+  // signal to old proto3 clients that presence is tracked for this field. This
+  // oneof is known as a "synthetic" oneof, and this field must be its sole
+  // member (each proto3 optional field gets its own synthetic oneof). Synthetic
+  // oneofs exist in the descriptor only, and do not generate any API. Synthetic
+  // oneofs must be ordered after all "real" oneofs.
+  //
+  // For message fields, proto3_optional doesn't create any semantic change,
+  // since non-repeated message fields always track presence. However it still
+  // indicates the semantic detail of whether the user wrote "optional" or not.
+  // This can be useful for round-tripping the .proto file. For consistency we
+  // give message fields a synthetic oneof also, even though it is not required
+  // to track presence. This is especially important because the parser can't
+  // tell if a field is a message or an enum, so it must always create a
+  // synthetic oneof.
+  //
+  // Proto2 optional fields do not set this flag, because they already indicate
+  // optional with `LABEL_OPTIONAL`.
+  optional bool proto3_optional = 17;
+}
+
+// Describes a oneof.
+message OneofDescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;
+  optional OneofOptions options = 2;
+}
+
+// Describes an enum type.
+message EnumDescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;
+
+  repeated EnumValueDescriptorProto value = 2;
+
+  optional EnumOptions options = 3;
+
+  // Range of reserved numeric values. Reserved values may not be used by
+  // entries in the same enum. Reserved ranges may not overlap.
+  //
+  // Note that this is distinct from DescriptorProto.ReservedRange in that it
+  // is inclusive such that it can appropriately represent the entire int32
+  // domain.
+  message EnumReservedRange {
+    optional int32 start = 1;  // Inclusive.
+    optional int32 end = 2;    // Inclusive.
+  }
+
+  // Range of reserved numeric values. Reserved numeric values may not be used
+  // by enum values in the same enum declaration. Reserved ranges may not
+  // overlap.
+  repeated EnumReservedRange reserved_range = 4;
+
+  // Reserved enum value names, which may not be reused. A given name may only
+  // be reserved once.
+  repeated string reserved_name = 5;
+}
+
+// Describes a value within an enum.
+message EnumValueDescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;
+  optional int32 number = 2;
+
+  optional EnumValueOptions options = 3;
+}
+
+// Describes a service.
+message ServiceDescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;
+  repeated MethodDescriptorProto method = 2;
+
+  optional ServiceOptions options = 3;
+}
+
+// Describes a method of a service.
+message MethodDescriptorProto {
+  optional string name = 1;
+
+  // Input and output type names.  These are resolved in the same way as
+  // FieldDescriptorProto.type_name, but must refer to a message type.
+  optional string input_type = 2;
+  optional string output_type = 3;
+
+  optional MethodOptions options = 4;
+
+  // Identifies if client streams multiple client messages
+  optional bool client_streaming = 5 [default = false];
+  // Identifies if server streams multiple server messages
+  optional bool server_streaming = 6 [default = false];
+}
+
+
+// ===================================================================
+// Options
+
+// Each of the definitions above may have "options" attached.  These are
+// just annotations which may cause code to be generated slightly differently
+// or may contain hints for code that manipulates protocol messages.
+//
+// Clients may define custom options as extensions of the *Options messages.
+// These extensions may not yet be known at parsing time, so the parser cannot
+// store the values in them.  Instead it stores them in a field in the *Options
+// message called uninterpreted_option. This field must have the same name
+// across all *Options messages. We then use this field to populate the
+// extensions when we build a descriptor, at which point all protos have been
+// parsed and so all extensions are known.
+//
+// Extension numbers for custom options may be chosen as follows:
+// * For options which will only be used within a single application or
+//   organization, or for experimental options, use field numbers 50000
+//   through 99999.  It is up to you to ensure that you do not use the
+//   same number for multiple options.
+// * For options which will be published and used publicly by multiple
+//   independent entities, e-mail protobuf-global-extension-registry@google.com
+//   to reserve extension numbers. Simply provide your project name (e.g.
+//   Objective-C plugin) and your project website (if available) -- there's no
+//   need to explain how you intend to use them. Usually you only need one
+//   extension number. You can declare multiple options with only one extension
+//   number by putting them in a sub-message. See the Custom Options section of
+//   the docs for examples:
+//   https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto#options
+//   If this turns out to be popular, a web service will be set up
+//   to automatically assign option numbers.
+
+message FileOptions {
+
+  // Sets the Java package where classes generated from this .proto will be
+  // placed.  By default, the proto package is used, but this is often
+  // inappropriate because proto packages do not normally start with backwards
+  // domain names.
+  optional string java_package = 1;
+
+
+  // If set, all the classes from the .proto file are wrapped in a single
+  // outer class with the given name.  This applies to both Proto1
+  // (equivalent to the old "--one_java_file" option) and Proto2 (where
+  // a .proto always translates to a single class, but you may want to
+  // explicitly choose the class name).
+  optional string java_outer_classname = 8;
+
+  // If set true, then the Java code generator will generate a separate .java
+  // file for each top-level message, enum, and service defined in the .proto
+  // file.  Thus, these types will *not* be nested inside the outer class
+  // named by java_outer_classname.  However, the outer class will still be
+  // generated to contain the file's getDescriptor() method as well as any
+  // top-level extensions defined in the file.
+  optional bool java_multiple_files = 10 [default = false];
+
+  // This option does nothing.
+  optional bool java_generate_equals_and_hash = 20 [deprecated=true];
+
+  // If set true, then the Java2 code generator will generate code that
+  // throws an exception whenever an attempt is made to assign a non-UTF-8
+  // byte sequence to a string field.
+  // Message reflection will do the same.
+  // However, an extension field still accepts non-UTF-8 byte sequences.
+  // This option has no effect on when used with the lite runtime.
+  optional bool java_string_check_utf8 = 27 [default = false];
+
+
+  // Generated classes can be optimized for speed or code size.
+  enum OptimizeMode {
+    SPEED = 1;         // Generate complete code for parsing, serialization,
+                       // etc.
+    CODE_SIZE = 2;     // Use ReflectionOps to implement these methods.
+    LITE_RUNTIME = 3;  // Generate code using MessageLite and the lite runtime.
+  }
+  optional OptimizeMode optimize_for = 9 [default = SPEED];
+
+  // Sets the Go package where structs generated from this .proto will be
+  // placed. If omitted, the Go package will be derived from the following:
+  //   - The basename of the package import path, if provided.
+  //   - Otherwise, the package statement in the .proto file, if present.
+  //   - Otherwise, the basename of the .proto file, without extension.
+  optional string go_package = 11;
+
+
+
+
+  // Should generic services be generated in each language?  "Generic" services
+  // are not specific to any particular RPC system.  They are generated by the
+  // main code generators in each language (without additional plugins).
+  // Generic services were the only kind of service generation supported by
+  // early versions of google.protobuf.
+  //
+  // Generic services are now considered deprecated in favor of using plugins
+  // that generate code specific to your particular RPC system.  Therefore,
+  // these default to false.  Old code which depends on generic services should
+  // explicitly set them to true.
+  optional bool cc_generic_services = 16 [default = false];
+  optional bool java_generic_services = 17 [default = false];
+  optional bool py_generic_services = 18 [default = false];
+  optional bool php_generic_services = 42 [default = false];
+
+  // Is this file deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for everything in the file, or it will be completely ignored; in the very
+  // least, this is a formalization for deprecating files.
+  optional bool deprecated = 23 [default = false];
+
+  // Enables the use of arenas for the proto messages in this file. This applies
+  // only to generated classes for C++.
+  optional bool cc_enable_arenas = 31 [default = true];
+
+
+  // Sets the objective c class prefix which is prepended to all objective c
+  // generated classes from this .proto. There is no default.
+  optional string objc_class_prefix = 36;
+
+  // Namespace for generated classes; defaults to the package.
+  optional string csharp_namespace = 37;
+
+  // By default Swift generators will take the proto package and CamelCase it
+  // replacing '.' with underscore and use that to prefix the types/symbols
+  // defined. When this options is provided, they will use this value instead
+  // to prefix the types/symbols defined.
+  optional string swift_prefix = 39;
+
+  // Sets the php class prefix which is prepended to all php generated classes
+  // from this .proto. Default is empty.
+  optional string php_class_prefix = 40;
+
+  // Use this option to change the namespace of php generated classes. Default
+  // is empty. When this option is empty, the package name will be used for
+  // determining the namespace.
+  optional string php_namespace = 41;
+
+  // Use this option to change the namespace of php generated metadata classes.
+  // Default is empty. When this option is empty, the proto file name will be
+  // used for determining the namespace.
+  optional string php_metadata_namespace = 44;
+
+  // Use this option to change the package of ruby generated classes. Default
+  // is empty. When this option is not set, the package name will be used for
+  // determining the ruby package.
+  optional string ruby_package = 45;
+
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here.
+  // See the documentation for the "Options" section above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message.
+  // See the documentation for the "Options" section above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+
+  reserved 38;
+}
+
+message MessageOptions {
+  // Set true to use the old proto1 MessageSet wire format for extensions.
+  // This is provided for backwards-compatibility with the MessageSet wire
+  // format.  You should not use this for any other reason:  It's less
+  // efficient, has fewer features, and is more complicated.
+  //
+  // The message must be defined exactly as follows:
+  //   message Foo {
+  //     option message_set_wire_format = true;
+  //     extensions 4 to max;
+  //   }
+  // Note that the message cannot have any defined fields; MessageSets only
+  // have extensions.
+  //
+  // All extensions of your type must be singular messages; e.g. they cannot
+  // be int32s, enums, or repeated messages.
+  //
+  // Because this is an option, the above two restrictions are not enforced by
+  // the protocol compiler.
+  optional bool message_set_wire_format = 1 [default = false];
+
+  // Disables the generation of the standard "descriptor()" accessor, which can
+  // conflict with a field of the same name.  This is meant to make migration
+  // from proto1 easier; new code should avoid fields named "descriptor".
+  optional bool no_standard_descriptor_accessor = 2 [default = false];
+
+  // Is this message deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for the message, or it will be completely ignored; in the very least,
+  // this is a formalization for deprecating messages.
+  optional bool deprecated = 3 [default = false];
+
+  // Whether the message is an automatically generated map entry type for the
+  // maps field.
+  //
+  // For maps fields:
+  //     map<KeyType, ValueType> map_field = 1;
+  // The parsed descriptor looks like:
+  //     message MapFieldEntry {
+  //         option map_entry = true;
+  //         optional KeyType key = 1;
+  //         optional ValueType value = 2;
+  //     }
+  //     repeated MapFieldEntry map_field = 1;
+  //
+  // Implementations may choose not to generate the map_entry=true message, but
+  // use a native map in the target language to hold the keys and values.
+  // The reflection APIs in such implementations still need to work as
+  // if the field is a repeated message field.
+  //
+  // NOTE: Do not set the option in .proto files. Always use the maps syntax
+  // instead. The option should only be implicitly set by the proto compiler
+  // parser.
+  optional bool map_entry = 7;
+
+  reserved 8;  // javalite_serializable
+  reserved 9;  // javanano_as_lite
+
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+message FieldOptions {
+  // The ctype option instructs the C++ code generator to use a different
+  // representation of the field than it normally would.  See the specific
+  // options below.  This option is not yet implemented in the open source
+  // release -- sorry, we'll try to include it in a future version!
+  optional CType ctype = 1 [default = STRING];
+  enum CType {
+    // Default mode.
+    STRING = 0;
+
+    CORD = 1;
+
+    STRING_PIECE = 2;
+  }
+  // The packed option can be enabled for repeated primitive fields to enable
+  // a more efficient representation on the wire. Rather than repeatedly
+  // writing the tag and type for each element, the entire array is encoded as
+  // a single length-delimited blob. In proto3, only explicit setting it to
+  // false will avoid using packed encoding.
+  optional bool packed = 2;
+
+  // The jstype option determines the JavaScript type used for values of the
+  // field.  The option is permitted only for 64 bit integral and fixed types
+  // (int64, uint64, sint64, fixed64, sfixed64).  A field with jstype JS_STRING
+  // is represented as JavaScript string, which avoids loss of precision that
+  // can happen when a large value is converted to a floating point JavaScript.
+  // Specifying JS_NUMBER for the jstype causes the generated JavaScript code to
+  // use the JavaScript "number" type.  The behavior of the default option
+  // JS_NORMAL is implementation dependent.
+  //
+  // This option is an enum to permit additional types to be added, e.g.
+  // goog.math.Integer.
+  optional JSType jstype = 6 [default = JS_NORMAL];
+  enum JSType {
+    // Use the default type.
+    JS_NORMAL = 0;
+
+    // Use JavaScript strings.
+    JS_STRING = 1;
+
+    // Use JavaScript numbers.
+    JS_NUMBER = 2;
+  }
+
+  // Should this field be parsed lazily?  Lazy applies only to message-type
+  // fields.  It means that when the outer message is initially parsed, the
+  // inner message's contents will not be parsed but instead stored in encoded
+  // form.  The inner message will actually be parsed when it is first accessed.
+  //
+  // This is only a hint.  Implementations are free to choose whether to use
+  // eager or lazy parsing regardless of the value of this option.  However,
+  // setting this option true suggests that the protocol author believes that
+  // using lazy parsing on this field is worth the additional bookkeeping
+  // overhead typically needed to implement it.
+  //
+  // This option does not affect the public interface of any generated code;
+  // all method signatures remain the same.  Furthermore, thread-safety of the
+  // interface is not affected by this option; const methods remain safe to
+  // call from multiple threads concurrently, while non-const methods continue
+  // to require exclusive access.
+  //
+  //
+  // Note that implementations may choose not to check required fields within
+  // a lazy sub-message.  That is, calling IsInitialized() on the outer message
+  // may return true even if the inner message has missing required fields.
+  // This is necessary because otherwise the inner message would have to be
+  // parsed in order to perform the check, defeating the purpose of lazy
+  // parsing.  An implementation which chooses not to check required fields
+  // must be consistent about it.  That is, for any particular sub-message, the
+  // implementation must either *always* check its required fields, or *never*
+  // check its required fields, regardless of whether or not the message has
+  // been parsed.
+  optional bool lazy = 5 [default = false];
+
+  // Is this field deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for accessors, or it will be completely ignored; in the very least, this
+  // is a formalization for deprecating fields.
+  optional bool deprecated = 3 [default = false];
+
+  // For Google-internal migration only. Do not use.
+  optional bool weak = 10 [default = false];
+
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+
+  reserved 4;  // removed jtype
+}
+
+message OneofOptions {
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+message EnumOptions {
+
+  // Set this option to true to allow mapping different tag names to the same
+  // value.
+  optional bool allow_alias = 2;
+
+  // Is this enum deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for the enum, or it will be completely ignored; in the very least, this
+  // is a formalization for deprecating enums.
+  optional bool deprecated = 3 [default = false];
+
+  reserved 5;  // javanano_as_lite
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+message EnumValueOptions {
+  // Is this enum value deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for the enum value, or it will be completely ignored; in the very least,
+  // this is a formalization for deprecating enum values.
+  optional bool deprecated = 1 [default = false];
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+message ServiceOptions {
+
+  // Note:  Field numbers 1 through 32 are reserved for Google's internal RPC
+  //   framework.  We apologize for hoarding these numbers to ourselves, but
+  //   we were already using them long before we decided to release Protocol
+  //   Buffers.
+
+  // Is this service deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for the service, or it will be completely ignored; in the very least,
+  // this is a formalization for deprecating services.
+  optional bool deprecated = 33 [default = false];
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+message MethodOptions {
+
+  // Note:  Field numbers 1 through 32 are reserved for Google's internal RPC
+  //   framework.  We apologize for hoarding these numbers to ourselves, but
+  //   we were already using them long before we decided to release Protocol
+  //   Buffers.
+
+  // Is this method deprecated?
+  // Depending on the target platform, this can emit Deprecated annotations
+  // for the method, or it will be completely ignored; in the very least,
+  // this is a formalization for deprecating methods.
+  optional bool deprecated = 33 [default = false];
+
+  // Is this method side-effect-free (or safe in HTTP parlance), or idempotent,
+  // or neither? HTTP based RPC implementation may choose GET verb for safe
+  // methods, and PUT verb for idempotent methods instead of the default POST.
+  enum IdempotencyLevel {
+    IDEMPOTENCY_UNKNOWN = 0;
+    NO_SIDE_EFFECTS = 1;  // implies idempotent
+    IDEMPOTENT = 2;       // idempotent, but may have side effects
+  }
+  optional IdempotencyLevel idempotency_level = 34
+      [default = IDEMPOTENCY_UNKNOWN];
+
+  // The parser stores options it doesn't recognize here. See above.
+  repeated UninterpretedOption uninterpreted_option = 999;
+
+  // Clients can define custom options in extensions of this message. See above.
+  extensions 1000 to max;
+}
+
+
+// A message representing a option the parser does not recognize. This only
+// appears in options protos created by the compiler::Parser class.
+// DescriptorPool resolves these when building Descriptor objects. Therefore,
+// options protos in descriptor objects (e.g. returned by Descriptor::options(),
+// or produced by Descriptor::CopyTo()) will never have UninterpretedOptions
+// in them.
+message UninterpretedOption {
+  // The name of the uninterpreted option.  Each string represents a segment in
+  // a dot-separated name.  is_extension is true iff a segment represents an
+  // extension (denoted with parentheses in options specs in .proto files).
+  // E.g.,{ ["foo", false], ["bar.baz", true], ["qux", false] } represents
+  // "foo.(bar.baz).qux".
+  message NamePart {
+    required string name_part = 1;
+    required bool is_extension = 2;
+  }
+  repeated NamePart name = 2;
+
+  // The value of the uninterpreted option, in whatever type the tokenizer
+  // identified it as during parsing. Exactly one of these should be set.
+  optional string identifier_value = 3;
+  optional uint64 positive_int_value = 4;
+  optional int64 negative_int_value = 5;
+  optional double double_value = 6;
+  optional bytes string_value = 7;
+  optional string aggregate_value = 8;
+}
+
+// ===================================================================
+// Optional source code info
+
+// Encapsulates information about the original source file from which a
+// FileDescriptorProto was generated.
+message SourceCodeInfo {
+  // A Location identifies a piece of source code in a .proto file which
+  // corresponds to a particular definition.  This information is intended
+  // to be useful to IDEs, code indexers, documentation generators, and similar
+  // tools.
+  //
+  // For example, say we have a file like:
+  //   message Foo {
+  //     optional string foo = 1;
+  //   }
+  // Let's look at just the field definition:
+  //   optional string foo = 1;
+  //   ^       ^^     ^^  ^  ^^^
+  //   a       bc     de  f  ghi
+  // We have the following locations:
+  //   span   path               represents
+  //   [a,i)  [ 4, 0, 2, 0 ]     The whole field definition.
+  //   [a,b)  [ 4, 0, 2, 0, 4 ]  The label (optional).
+  //   [c,d)  [ 4, 0, 2, 0, 5 ]  The type (string).
+  //   [e,f)  [ 4, 0, 2, 0, 1 ]  The name (foo).
+  //   [g,h)  [ 4, 0, 2, 0, 3 ]  The number (1).
+  //
+  // Notes:
+  // - A location may refer to a repeated field itself (i.e. not to any
+  //   particular index within it).  This is used whenever a set of elements are
+  //   logically enclosed in a single code segment.  For example, an entire
+  //   extend block (possibly containing multiple extension definitions) will
+  //   have an outer location whose path refers to the "extensions" repeated
+  //   field without an index.
+  // - Multiple locations may have the same path.  This happens when a single
+  //   logical declaration is spread out across multiple places.  The most
+  //   obvious example is the "extend" block again -- there may be multiple
+  //   extend blocks in the same scope, each of which will have the same path.
+  // - A location's span is not always a subset of its parent's span.  For
+  //   example, the "extendee" of an extension declaration appears at the
+  //   beginning of the "extend" block and is shared by all extensions within
+  //   the block.
+  // - Just because a location's span is a subset of some other location's span
+  //   does not mean that it is a descendant.  For example, a "group" defines
+  //   both a type and a field in a single declaration.  Thus, the locations
+  //   corresponding to the type and field and their components will overlap.
+  // - Code which tries to interpret locations should probably be designed to
+  //   ignore those that it doesn't understand, as more types of locations could
+  //   be recorded in the future.
+  repeated Location location = 1;
+  message Location {
+    // Identifies which part of the FileDescriptorProto was defined at this
+    // location.
+    //
+    // Each element is a field number or an index.  They form a path from
+    // the root FileDescriptorProto to the place where the definition.  For
+    // example, this path:
+    //   [ 4, 3, 2, 7, 1 ]
+    // refers to:
+    //   file.message_type(3)  // 4, 3
+    //       .field(7)         // 2, 7
+    //       .name()           // 1
+    // This is because FileDescriptorProto.message_type has field number 4:
+    //   repeated DescriptorProto message_type = 4;
+    // and DescriptorProto.field has field number 2:
+    //   repeated FieldDescriptorProto field = 2;
+    // and FieldDescriptorProto.name has field number 1:
+    //   optional string name = 1;
+    //
+    // Thus, the above path gives the location of a field name.  If we removed
+    // the last element:
+    //   [ 4, 3, 2, 7 ]
+    // this path refers to the whole field declaration (from the beginning
+    // of the label to the terminating semicolon).
+    repeated int32 path = 1 [packed = true];
+
+    // Always has exactly three or four elements: start line, start column,
+    // end line (optional, otherwise assumed same as start line), end column.
+    // These are packed into a single field for efficiency.  Note that line
+    // and column numbers are zero-based -- typically you will want to add
+    // 1 to each before displaying to a user.
+    repeated int32 span = 2 [packed = true];
+
+    // If this SourceCodeInfo represents a complete declaration, these are any
+    // comments appearing before and after the declaration which appear to be
+    // attached to the declaration.
+    //
+    // A series of line comments appearing on consecutive lines, with no other
+    // tokens appearing on those lines, will be treated as a single comment.
+    //
+    // leading_detached_comments will keep paragraphs of comments that appear
+    // before (but not connected to) the current element. Each paragraph,
+    // separated by empty lines, will be one comment element in the repeated
+    // field.
+    //
+    // Only the comment content is provided; comment markers (e.g. //) are
+    // stripped out.  For block comments, leading whitespace and an asterisk
+    // will be stripped from the beginning of each line other than the first.
+    // Newlines are included in the output.
+    //
+    // Examples:
+    //
+    //   optional int32 foo = 1;  // Comment attached to foo.
+    //   // Comment attached to bar.
+    //   optional int32 bar = 2;
+    //
+    //   optional string baz = 3;
+    //   // Comment attached to baz.
+    //   // Another line attached to baz.
+    //
+    //   // Comment attached to qux.
+    //   //
+    //   // Another line attached to qux.
+    //   optional double qux = 4;
+    //
+    //   // Detached comment for corge. This is not leading or trailing comments
+    //   // to qux or corge because there are blank lines separating it from
+    //   // both.
+    //
+    //   // Detached comment for corge paragraph 2.
+    //
+    //   optional string corge = 5;
+    //   /* Block comment attached
+    //    * to corge.  Leading asterisks
+    //    * will be removed. */
+    //   /* Block comment attached to
+    //    * grault. */
+    //   optional int32 grault = 6;
+    //
+    //   // ignored detached comments.
+    optional string leading_comments = 3;
+    optional string trailing_comments = 4;
+    repeated string leading_detached_comments = 6;
+  }
+}
+
+// Describes the relationship between generated code and its original source
+// file. A GeneratedCodeInfo message is associated with only one generated
+// source file, but may contain references to different source .proto files.
+message GeneratedCodeInfo {
+  // An Annotation connects some span of text in generated code to an element
+  // of its generating .proto file.
+  repeated Annotation annotation = 1;
+  message Annotation {
+    // Identifies the element in the original source .proto file. This field
+    // is formatted the same as SourceCodeInfo.Location.path.
+    repeated int32 path = 1 [packed = true];
+
+    // Identifies the filesystem path to the original source .proto.
+    optional string source_file = 2;
+
+    // Identifies the starting offset in bytes in the generated code
+    // that relates to the identified object.
+    optional int32 begin = 3;
+
+    // Identifies the ending offset in bytes in the generated code that
+    // relates to the identified offset. The end offset should be one past
+    // the last relevant byte (so the length of the text = end - begin).
+    optional int32 end = 4;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/duration.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/duration.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81c3e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/duration.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/durationpb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "DurationProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+
+// A Duration represents a signed, fixed-length span of time represented
+// as a count of seconds and fractions of seconds at nanosecond
+// resolution. It is independent of any calendar and concepts like "day"
+// or "month". It is related to Timestamp in that the difference between
+// two Timestamp values is a Duration and it can be added or subtracted
+// from a Timestamp. Range is approximately +-10,000 years.
+//
+// # Examples
+//
+// Example 1: Compute Duration from two Timestamps in pseudo code.
+//
+//     Timestamp start = ...;
+//     Timestamp end = ...;
+//     Duration duration = ...;
+//
+//     duration.seconds = end.seconds - start.seconds;
+//     duration.nanos = end.nanos - start.nanos;
+//
+//     if (duration.seconds < 0 && duration.nanos > 0) {
+//       duration.seconds += 1;
+//       duration.nanos -= 1000000000;
+//     } else if (duration.seconds > 0 && duration.nanos < 0) {
+//       duration.seconds -= 1;
+//       duration.nanos += 1000000000;
+//     }
+//
+// Example 2: Compute Timestamp from Timestamp + Duration in pseudo code.
+//
+//     Timestamp start = ...;
+//     Duration duration = ...;
+//     Timestamp end = ...;
+//
+//     end.seconds = start.seconds + duration.seconds;
+//     end.nanos = start.nanos + duration.nanos;
+//
+//     if (end.nanos < 0) {
+//       end.seconds -= 1;
+//       end.nanos += 1000000000;
+//     } else if (end.nanos >= 1000000000) {
+//       end.seconds += 1;
+//       end.nanos -= 1000000000;
+//     }
+//
+// Example 3: Compute Duration from datetime.timedelta in Python.
+//
+//     td = datetime.timedelta(days=3, minutes=10)
+//     duration = Duration()
+//     duration.FromTimedelta(td)
+//
+// # JSON Mapping
+//
+// In JSON format, the Duration type is encoded as a string rather than an
+// object, where the string ends in the suffix "s" (indicating seconds) and
+// is preceded by the number of seconds, with nanoseconds expressed as
+// fractional seconds. For example, 3 seconds with 0 nanoseconds should be
+// encoded in JSON format as "3s", while 3 seconds and 1 nanosecond should
+// be expressed in JSON format as "3.000000001s", and 3 seconds and 1
+// microsecond should be expressed in JSON format as "3.000001s".
+//
+//
+message Duration {
+  // Signed seconds of the span of time. Must be from -315,576,000,000
+  // to +315,576,000,000 inclusive. Note: these bounds are computed from:
+  // 60 sec/min * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/day * 365.25 days/year * 10000 years
+  int64 seconds = 1;
+
+  // Signed fractions of a second at nanosecond resolution of the span
+  // of time. Durations less than one second are represented with a 0
+  // `seconds` field and a positive or negative `nanos` field. For durations
+  // of one second or more, a non-zero value for the `nanos` field must be
+  // of the same sign as the `seconds` field. Must be from -999,999,999
+  // to +999,999,999 inclusive.
+  int32 nanos = 2;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/empty.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/empty.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f992de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/empty.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "EmptyProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+
+// A generic empty message that you can re-use to avoid defining duplicated
+// empty messages in your APIs. A typical example is to use it as the request
+// or the response type of an API method. For instance:
+//
+//     service Foo {
+//       rpc Bar(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+//     }
+//
+// The JSON representation for `Empty` is empty JSON object `{}`.
+message Empty {}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/field_mask.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/field_mask.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b5104f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/field_mask.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "FieldMaskProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/fieldmaskpb";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+
+// `FieldMask` represents a set of symbolic field paths, for example:
+//
+//     paths: "f.a"
+//     paths: "f.b.d"
+//
+// Here `f` represents a field in some root message, `a` and `b`
+// fields in the message found in `f`, and `d` a field found in the
+// message in `f.b`.
+//
+// Field masks are used to specify a subset of fields that should be
+// returned by a get operation or modified by an update operation.
+// Field masks also have a custom JSON encoding (see below).
+//
+// # Field Masks in Projections
+//
+// When used in the context of a projection, a response message or
+// sub-message is filtered by the API to only contain those fields as
+// specified in the mask. For example, if the mask in the previous
+// example is applied to a response message as follows:
+//
+//     f {
+//       a : 22
+//       b {
+//         d : 1
+//         x : 2
+//       }
+//       y : 13
+//     }
+//     z: 8
+//
+// The result will not contain specific values for fields x,y and z
+// (their value will be set to the default, and omitted in proto text
+// output):
+//
+//
+//     f {
+//       a : 22
+//       b {
+//         d : 1
+//       }
+//     }
+//
+// A repeated field is not allowed except at the last position of a
+// paths string.
+//
+// If a FieldMask object is not present in a get operation, the
+// operation applies to all fields (as if a FieldMask of all fields
+// had been specified).
+//
+// Note that a field mask does not necessarily apply to the
+// top-level response message. In case of a REST get operation, the
+// field mask applies directly to the response, but in case of a REST
+// list operation, the mask instead applies to each individual message
+// in the returned resource list. In case of a REST custom method,
+// other definitions may be used. Where the mask applies will be
+// clearly documented together with its declaration in the API.  In
+// any case, the effect on the returned resource/resources is required
+// behavior for APIs.
+//
+// # Field Masks in Update Operations
+//
+// A field mask in update operations specifies which fields of the
+// targeted resource are going to be updated. The API is required
+// to only change the values of the fields as specified in the mask
+// and leave the others untouched. If a resource is passed in to
+// describe the updated values, the API ignores the values of all
+// fields not covered by the mask.
+//
+// If a repeated field is specified for an update operation, new values will
+// be appended to the existing repeated field in the target resource. Note that
+// a repeated field is only allowed in the last position of a `paths` string.
+//
+// If a sub-message is specified in the last position of the field mask for an
+// update operation, then new value will be merged into the existing sub-message
+// in the target resource.
+//
+// For example, given the target message:
+//
+//     f {
+//       b {
+//         d: 1
+//         x: 2
+//       }
+//       c: [1]
+//     }
+//
+// And an update message:
+//
+//     f {
+//       b {
+//         d: 10
+//       }
+//       c: [2]
+//     }
+//
+// then if the field mask is:
+//
+//  paths: ["f.b", "f.c"]
+//
+// then the result will be:
+//
+//     f {
+//       b {
+//         d: 10
+//         x: 2
+//       }
+//       c: [1, 2]
+//     }
+//
+// An implementation may provide options to override this default behavior for
+// repeated and message fields.
+//
+// In order to reset a field's value to the default, the field must
+// be in the mask and set to the default value in the provided resource.
+// Hence, in order to reset all fields of a resource, provide a default
+// instance of the resource and set all fields in the mask, or do
+// not provide a mask as described below.
+//
+// If a field mask is not present on update, the operation applies to
+// all fields (as if a field mask of all fields has been specified).
+// Note that in the presence of schema evolution, this may mean that
+// fields the client does not know and has therefore not filled into
+// the request will be reset to their default. If this is unwanted
+// behavior, a specific service may require a client to always specify
+// a field mask, producing an error if not.
+//
+// As with get operations, the location of the resource which
+// describes the updated values in the request message depends on the
+// operation kind. In any case, the effect of the field mask is
+// required to be honored by the API.
+//
+// ## Considerations for HTTP REST
+//
+// The HTTP kind of an update operation which uses a field mask must
+// be set to PATCH instead of PUT in order to satisfy HTTP semantics
+// (PUT must only be used for full updates).
+//
+// # JSON Encoding of Field Masks
+//
+// In JSON, a field mask is encoded as a single string where paths are
+// separated by a comma. Fields name in each path are converted
+// to/from lower-camel naming conventions.
+//
+// As an example, consider the following message declarations:
+//
+//     message Profile {
+//       User user = 1;
+//       Photo photo = 2;
+//     }
+//     message User {
+//       string display_name = 1;
+//       string address = 2;
+//     }
+//
+// In proto a field mask for `Profile` may look as such:
+//
+//     mask {
+//       paths: "user.display_name"
+//       paths: "photo"
+//     }
+//
+// In JSON, the same mask is represented as below:
+//
+//     {
+//       mask: "user.displayName,photo"
+//     }
+//
+// # Field Masks and Oneof Fields
+//
+// Field masks treat fields in oneofs just as regular fields. Consider the
+// following message:
+//
+//     message SampleMessage {
+//       oneof test_oneof {
+//         string name = 4;
+//         SubMessage sub_message = 9;
+//       }
+//     }
+//
+// The field mask can be:
+//
+//     mask {
+//       paths: "name"
+//     }
+//
+// Or:
+//
+//     mask {
+//       paths: "sub_message"
+//     }
+//
+// Note that oneof type names ("test_oneof" in this case) cannot be used in
+// paths.
+//
+// ## Field Mask Verification
+//
+// The implementation of any API method which has a FieldMask type field in the
+// request should verify the included field paths, and return an
+// `INVALID_ARGUMENT` error if any path is unmappable.
+message FieldMask {
+  // The set of field mask paths.
+  repeated string paths = 1;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/source_context.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/source_context.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06bfc43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/source_context.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "SourceContextProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/sourcecontextpb";
+
+// `SourceContext` represents information about the source of a
+// protobuf element, like the file in which it is defined.
+message SourceContext {
+  // The path-qualified name of the .proto file that contained the associated
+  // protobuf element.  For example: `"google/protobuf/source_context.proto"`.
+  string file_name = 1;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/struct.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/struct.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..545215c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/struct.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "StructProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+
+// `Struct` represents a structured data value, consisting of fields
+// which map to dynamically typed values. In some languages, `Struct`
+// might be supported by a native representation. For example, in
+// scripting languages like JS a struct is represented as an
+// object. The details of that representation are described together
+// with the proto support for the language.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `Struct` is JSON object.
+message Struct {
+  // Unordered map of dynamically typed values.
+  map<string, Value> fields = 1;
+}
+
+// `Value` represents a dynamically typed value which can be either
+// null, a number, a string, a boolean, a recursive struct value, or a
+// list of values. A producer of value is expected to set one of that
+// variants, absence of any variant indicates an error.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `Value` is JSON value.
+message Value {
+  // The kind of value.
+  oneof kind {
+    // Represents a null value.
+    NullValue null_value = 1;
+    // Represents a double value.
+    double number_value = 2;
+    // Represents a string value.
+    string string_value = 3;
+    // Represents a boolean value.
+    bool bool_value = 4;
+    // Represents a structured value.
+    Struct struct_value = 5;
+    // Represents a repeated `Value`.
+    ListValue list_value = 6;
+  }
+}
+
+// `NullValue` is a singleton enumeration to represent the null value for the
+// `Value` type union.
+//
+//  The JSON representation for `NullValue` is JSON `null`.
+enum NullValue {
+  // Null value.
+  NULL_VALUE = 0;
+}
+
+// `ListValue` is a wrapper around a repeated field of values.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `ListValue` is JSON array.
+message ListValue {
+  // Repeated field of dynamically typed values.
+  repeated Value values = 1;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/timestamp.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/timestamp.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b2df6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/timestamp.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "TimestampProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+
+// A Timestamp represents a point in time independent of any time zone or local
+// calendar, encoded as a count of seconds and fractions of seconds at
+// nanosecond resolution. The count is relative to an epoch at UTC midnight on
+// January 1, 1970, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar which extends the
+// Gregorian calendar backwards to year one.
+//
+// All minutes are 60 seconds long. Leap seconds are "smeared" so that no leap
+// second table is needed for interpretation, using a [24-hour linear
+// smear](https://developers.google.com/time/smear).
+//
+// The range is from 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z to 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999999Z. By
+// restricting to that range, we ensure that we can convert to and from [RFC
+// 3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) date strings.
+//
+// # Examples
+//
+// Example 1: Compute Timestamp from POSIX `time()`.
+//
+//     Timestamp timestamp;
+//     timestamp.set_seconds(time(NULL));
+//     timestamp.set_nanos(0);
+//
+// Example 2: Compute Timestamp from POSIX `gettimeofday()`.
+//
+//     struct timeval tv;
+//     gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+//
+//     Timestamp timestamp;
+//     timestamp.set_seconds(tv.tv_sec);
+//     timestamp.set_nanos(tv.tv_usec * 1000);
+//
+// Example 3: Compute Timestamp from Win32 `GetSystemTimeAsFileTime()`.
+//
+//     FILETIME ft;
+//     GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft);
+//     UINT64 ticks = (((UINT64)ft.dwHighDateTime) << 32) | ft.dwLowDateTime;
+//
+//     // A Windows tick is 100 nanoseconds. Windows epoch 1601-01-01T00:00:00Z
+//     // is 11644473600 seconds before Unix epoch 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
+//     Timestamp timestamp;
+//     timestamp.set_seconds((INT64) ((ticks / 10000000) - 11644473600LL));
+//     timestamp.set_nanos((INT32) ((ticks % 10000000) * 100));
+//
+// Example 4: Compute Timestamp from Java `System.currentTimeMillis()`.
+//
+//     long millis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+//
+//     Timestamp timestamp = Timestamp.newBuilder().setSeconds(millis / 1000)
+//         .setNanos((int) ((millis % 1000) * 1000000)).build();
+//
+//
+// Example 5: Compute Timestamp from Java `Instant.now()`.
+//
+//     Instant now = Instant.now();
+//
+//     Timestamp timestamp =
+//         Timestamp.newBuilder().setSeconds(now.getEpochSecond())
+//             .setNanos(now.getNano()).build();
+//
+//
+// Example 6: Compute Timestamp from current time in Python.
+//
+//     timestamp = Timestamp()
+//     timestamp.GetCurrentTime()
+//
+// # JSON Mapping
+//
+// In JSON format, the Timestamp type is encoded as a string in the
+// [RFC 3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) format. That is, the
+// format is "{year}-{month}-{day}T{hour}:{min}:{sec}[.{frac_sec}]Z"
+// where {year} is always expressed using four digits while {month}, {day},
+// {hour}, {min}, and {sec} are zero-padded to two digits each. The fractional
+// seconds, which can go up to 9 digits (i.e. up to 1 nanosecond resolution),
+// are optional. The "Z" suffix indicates the timezone ("UTC"); the timezone
+// is required. A proto3 JSON serializer should always use UTC (as indicated by
+// "Z") when printing the Timestamp type and a proto3 JSON parser should be
+// able to accept both UTC and other timezones (as indicated by an offset).
+//
+// For example, "2017-01-15T01:30:15.01Z" encodes 15.01 seconds past
+// 01:30 UTC on January 15, 2017.
+//
+// In JavaScript, one can convert a Date object to this format using the
+// standard
+// [toISOString()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date/toISOString)
+// method. In Python, a standard `datetime.datetime` object can be converted
+// to this format using
+// [`strftime`](https://docs.python.org/2/library/time.html#time.strftime) with
+// the time format spec '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'. Likewise, in Java, one can use
+// the Joda Time's [`ISODateTimeFormat.dateTime()`](
+// http://www.joda.org/joda-time/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/ISODateTimeFormat.html#dateTime%2D%2D
+// ) to obtain a formatter capable of generating timestamps in this format.
+//
+//
+message Timestamp {
+  // Represents seconds of UTC time since Unix epoch
+  // 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z. Must be from 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z to
+  // 9999-12-31T23:59:59Z inclusive.
+  int64 seconds = 1;
+
+  // Non-negative fractions of a second at nanosecond resolution. Negative
+  // second values with fractions must still have non-negative nanos values
+  // that count forward in time. Must be from 0 to 999,999,999
+  // inclusive.
+  int32 nanos = 2;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/type.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/type.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3f6a68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/type.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+import "google/protobuf/any.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/source_context.proto";
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "TypeProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/typepb";
+
+// A protocol buffer message type.
+message Type {
+  // The fully qualified message name.
+  string name = 1;
+  // The list of fields.
+  repeated Field fields = 2;
+  // The list of types appearing in `oneof` definitions in this type.
+  repeated string oneofs = 3;
+  // The protocol buffer options.
+  repeated Option options = 4;
+  // The source context.
+  SourceContext source_context = 5;
+  // The source syntax.
+  Syntax syntax = 6;
+}
+
+// A single field of a message type.
+message Field {
+  // Basic field types.
+  enum Kind {
+    // Field type unknown.
+    TYPE_UNKNOWN = 0;
+    // Field type double.
+    TYPE_DOUBLE = 1;
+    // Field type float.
+    TYPE_FLOAT = 2;
+    // Field type int64.
+    TYPE_INT64 = 3;
+    // Field type uint64.
+    TYPE_UINT64 = 4;
+    // Field type int32.
+    TYPE_INT32 = 5;
+    // Field type fixed64.
+    TYPE_FIXED64 = 6;
+    // Field type fixed32.
+    TYPE_FIXED32 = 7;
+    // Field type bool.
+    TYPE_BOOL = 8;
+    // Field type string.
+    TYPE_STRING = 9;
+    // Field type group. Proto2 syntax only, and deprecated.
+    TYPE_GROUP = 10;
+    // Field type message.
+    TYPE_MESSAGE = 11;
+    // Field type bytes.
+    TYPE_BYTES = 12;
+    // Field type uint32.
+    TYPE_UINT32 = 13;
+    // Field type enum.
+    TYPE_ENUM = 14;
+    // Field type sfixed32.
+    TYPE_SFIXED32 = 15;
+    // Field type sfixed64.
+    TYPE_SFIXED64 = 16;
+    // Field type sint32.
+    TYPE_SINT32 = 17;
+    // Field type sint64.
+    TYPE_SINT64 = 18;
+  }
+
+  // Whether a field is optional, required, or repeated.
+  enum Cardinality {
+    // For fields with unknown cardinality.
+    CARDINALITY_UNKNOWN = 0;
+    // For optional fields.
+    CARDINALITY_OPTIONAL = 1;
+    // For required fields. Proto2 syntax only.
+    CARDINALITY_REQUIRED = 2;
+    // For repeated fields.
+    CARDINALITY_REPEATED = 3;
+  }
+
+  // The field type.
+  Kind kind = 1;
+  // The field cardinality.
+  Cardinality cardinality = 2;
+  // The field number.
+  int32 number = 3;
+  // The field name.
+  string name = 4;
+  // The field type URL, without the scheme, for message or enumeration
+  // types. Example: `"type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.Timestamp"`.
+  string type_url = 6;
+  // The index of the field type in `Type.oneofs`, for message or enumeration
+  // types. The first type has index 1; zero means the type is not in the list.
+  int32 oneof_index = 7;
+  // Whether to use alternative packed wire representation.
+  bool packed = 8;
+  // The protocol buffer options.
+  repeated Option options = 9;
+  // The field JSON name.
+  string json_name = 10;
+  // The string value of the default value of this field. Proto2 syntax only.
+  string default_value = 11;
+}
+
+// Enum type definition.
+message Enum {
+  // Enum type name.
+  string name = 1;
+  // Enum value definitions.
+  repeated EnumValue enumvalue = 2;
+  // Protocol buffer options.
+  repeated Option options = 3;
+  // The source context.
+  SourceContext source_context = 4;
+  // The source syntax.
+  Syntax syntax = 5;
+}
+
+// Enum value definition.
+message EnumValue {
+  // Enum value name.
+  string name = 1;
+  // Enum value number.
+  int32 number = 2;
+  // Protocol buffer options.
+  repeated Option options = 3;
+}
+
+// A protocol buffer option, which can be attached to a message, field,
+// enumeration, etc.
+message Option {
+  // The option's name. For protobuf built-in options (options defined in
+  // descriptor.proto), this is the short name. For example, `"map_entry"`.
+  // For custom options, it should be the fully-qualified name. For example,
+  // `"google.api.http"`.
+  string name = 1;
+  // The option's value packed in an Any message. If the value is a primitive,
+  // the corresponding wrapper type defined in google/protobuf/wrappers.proto
+  // should be used. If the value is an enum, it should be stored as an int32
+  // value using the google.protobuf.Int32Value type.
+  Any value = 2;
+}
+
+// The syntax in which a protocol buffer element is defined.
+enum Syntax {
+  // Syntax `proto2`.
+  SYNTAX_PROTO2 = 0;
+  // Syntax `proto3`.
+  SYNTAX_PROTO3 = 1;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/wrappers.proto b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/wrappers.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d49dd53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/include/google/protobuf/wrappers.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+// Wrappers for primitive (non-message) types. These types are useful
+// for embedding primitives in the `google.protobuf.Any` type and for places
+// where we need to distinguish between the absence of a primitive
+// typed field and its default value.
+//
+// These wrappers have no meaningful use within repeated fields as they lack
+// the ability to detect presence on individual elements.
+// These wrappers have no meaningful use within a map or a oneof since
+// individual entries of a map or fields of a oneof can already detect presence.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package google.protobuf;
+
+option csharp_namespace = "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes";
+option cc_enable_arenas = true;
+option go_package = "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/wrapperspb";
+option java_package = "com.google.protobuf";
+option java_outer_classname = "WrappersProto";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+option objc_class_prefix = "GPB";
+
+// Wrapper message for `double`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `DoubleValue` is JSON number.
+message DoubleValue {
+  // The double value.
+  double value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `float`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `FloatValue` is JSON number.
+message FloatValue {
+  // The float value.
+  float value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `int64`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `Int64Value` is JSON string.
+message Int64Value {
+  // The int64 value.
+  int64 value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `uint64`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `UInt64Value` is JSON string.
+message UInt64Value {
+  // The uint64 value.
+  uint64 value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `int32`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `Int32Value` is JSON number.
+message Int32Value {
+  // The int32 value.
+  int32 value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `uint32`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `UInt32Value` is JSON number.
+message UInt32Value {
+  // The uint32 value.
+  uint32 value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `bool`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `BoolValue` is JSON `true` and `false`.
+message BoolValue {
+  // The bool value.
+  bool value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `string`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `StringValue` is JSON string.
+message StringValue {
+  // The string value.
+  string value = 1;
+}
+
+// Wrapper message for `bytes`.
+//
+// The JSON representation for `BytesValue` is JSON string.
+message BytesValue {
+  // The bytes value.
+  bytes value = 1;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/msg_proto/gen.go b/api/protocol/msg_proto/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..947998e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/msg_proto/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package msg_proto
+
+////go:generate protoc -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go_out=paths=source_relative:. msg.proto
+//go:generate protoc  -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go-cast_out=paths=source_relative:. msg.proto
diff --git a/api/protocol/msg_proto/msg.pb.go b/api/protocol/msg_proto/msg.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9210e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/msg_proto/msg.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.26.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: msg.proto
+
+package msg_proto
+
+import (
+	types_pb "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type MessageData struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	ClientVersion string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=clientVersion,proto3" json:"clientVersion,omitempty"` //client version
+	Timestamp     int64  `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=timestamp,proto3" json:"timestamp,omitempty"`        //unix time
+	Id            string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`                       // message id hash256(payload)
+	NodeID        string `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=nodeID,proto3" json:"nodeID,omitempty"`               //id of peer that created the message, not the peer that may have send it.
+	NodePubKey    []byte `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=nodePubKey,proto3" json:"nodePubKey,omitempty"`       // peer public key
+	Sign          []byte `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=sign,proto3" json:"sign,omitempty"`                   // signature of message data
+	Payload       []byte `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=payload,proto3" json:"payload,omitempty"`             // payload
+	Gossip        bool   `protobuf:"varint,9,opt,name=gossip,proto3" json:"gossip,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) Reset() {
+	*x = MessageData{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MessageData) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MessageData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MessageData.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MessageData) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_msg_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetClientVersion() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ClientVersion
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetTimestamp() int64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Timestamp
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetNodeID() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.NodeID
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetNodePubKey() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.NodePubKey
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetSign() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Sign
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetPayload() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Payload
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *MessageData) GetGossip() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Gossip
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type NewBlockMessageData struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hash   *types_pb.H256  `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hash,proto3" json:"hash,omitempty"`
+	Number *types_pb.H256  `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Number,proto3" json:"Number,omitempty"`
+	Block  *types_pb.Block `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=block,proto3" json:"block,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *NewBlockMessageData) Reset() {
+	*x = NewBlockMessageData{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *NewBlockMessageData) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*NewBlockMessageData) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *NewBlockMessageData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use NewBlockMessageData.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*NewBlockMessageData) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_msg_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *NewBlockMessageData) GetHash() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *NewBlockMessageData) GetNumber() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Number
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *NewBlockMessageData) GetBlock() *types_pb.Block {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Block
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type ProtocolHandshakeMessage struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Version       string         `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=version,proto3" json:"version,omitempty"`
+	GenesisHash   *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=genesisHash,proto3" json:"genesisHash,omitempty"`
+	CurrentHeight *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=currentHeight,proto3" json:"currentHeight,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ProtocolHandshakeMessage) Reset() {
+	*x = ProtocolHandshakeMessage{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ProtocolHandshakeMessage) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ProtocolHandshakeMessage) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ProtocolHandshakeMessage) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ProtocolHandshakeMessage.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ProtocolHandshakeMessage) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_msg_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+func (x *ProtocolHandshakeMessage) GetVersion() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Version
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ProtocolHandshakeMessage) GetGenesisHash() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GenesisHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ProtocolHandshakeMessage) GetCurrentHeight() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.CurrentHeight
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type TopicScoreSnapshot struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// Time a peer has spent in the gossip mesh.
+	TimeInMesh uint64 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=time_in_mesh,json=timeInMesh,proto3" json:"time_in_mesh,omitempty"`
+	// This is the number of first message deliveries in the topic.
+	FirstMessageDeliveries float32 `protobuf:"fixed32,2,opt,name=first_message_deliveries,json=firstMessageDeliveries,proto3" json:"first_message_deliveries,omitempty"`
+	// This is the number of message deliveries in the mesh, within the MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow of
+	// message validation.It effectively tracks first and near-first
+	// deliveries, ie a message seen from a mesh peer before we have forwarded it to them.
+	MeshMessageDeliveries float32 `protobuf:"fixed32,3,opt,name=mesh_message_deliveries,json=meshMessageDeliveries,proto3" json:"mesh_message_deliveries,omitempty"`
+	// This is the number of invalid messages in the topic from the peer.
+	InvalidMessageDeliveries float32 `protobuf:"fixed32,4,opt,name=invalid_message_deliveries,json=invalidMessageDeliveries,proto3" json:"invalid_message_deliveries,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) Reset() {
+	*x = TopicScoreSnapshot{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*TopicScoreSnapshot) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_msg_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use TopicScoreSnapshot.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*TopicScoreSnapshot) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_msg_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) GetTimeInMesh() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TimeInMesh
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) GetFirstMessageDeliveries() float32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.FirstMessageDeliveries
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) GetMeshMessageDeliveries() float32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.MeshMessageDeliveries
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *TopicScoreSnapshot) GetInvalidMessageDeliveries() float32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.InvalidMessageDeliveries
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+var File_msg_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_msg_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x09, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x67, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x09, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x67,
+	0x5f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x1a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62,
+	0x2f, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x22, 0xdf, 0x01, 0x0a,
+	0x0b, 0x4d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x44, 0x61, 0x74, 0x61, 0x12, 0x24, 0x0a, 0x0d,
+	0x63, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x56, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20,
+	0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x0d, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x56, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69,
+	0x6f, 0x6e, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x18,
+	0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x03, 0x52, 0x09, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70,
+	0x12, 0x0e, 0x0a, 0x02, 0x69, 0x64, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x02, 0x69, 0x64,
+	0x12, 0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x49, 0x44, 0x18, 0x05, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09,
+	0x52, 0x06, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x49, 0x44, 0x12, 0x1e, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65,
+	0x50, 0x75, 0x62, 0x4b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x18, 0x06, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0c, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x6e, 0x6f,
+	0x64, 0x65, 0x50, 0x75, 0x62, 0x4b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e,
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+	0x73, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x02, 0x52, 0x18, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x64,
+	0x4d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x44, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x69, 0x65,
+	0x73, 0x42, 0x32, 0x5a, 0x30, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f,
+	0x61, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x2f, 0x61,
+	0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x67, 0x5f,
+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_msg_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_msg_proto_rawDescData = file_msg_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_msg_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_msg_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_msg_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_msg_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_msg_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_msg_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 4)
+var file_msg_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*MessageData)(nil),              // 0: msg_proto.MessageData
+	(*NewBlockMessageData)(nil),      // 1: msg_proto.NewBlockMessageData
+	(*ProtocolHandshakeMessage)(nil), // 2: msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage
+	(*TopicScoreSnapshot)(nil),       // 3: msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot
+	(*types_pb.H256)(nil),            // 4: types_pb.H256
+	(*types_pb.Block)(nil),           // 5: types_pb.Block
+}
+var file_msg_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	4, // 0: msg_proto.NewBlockMessageData.hash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	4, // 1: msg_proto.NewBlockMessageData.Number:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // 2: msg_proto.NewBlockMessageData.block:type_name -> types_pb.Block
+	4, // 3: msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage.genesisHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	4, // 4: msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage.currentHeight:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:5] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_msg_proto_init() }
+func file_msg_proto_init() {
+	if File_msg_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_msg_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MessageData); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_msg_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*NewBlockMessageData); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_msg_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ProtocolHandshakeMessage); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_msg_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*TopicScoreSnapshot); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_msg_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   4,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_msg_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_msg_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_msg_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_msg_proto = out.File
+	file_msg_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_msg_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_msg_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/msg_proto/msg.proto b/api/protocol/msg_proto/msg.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d73337d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/msg_proto/msg.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package msg_proto;
+
+import "types_pb/types.proto";
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto";
+
+message MessageData {
+  string clientVersion = 2; //client version
+  int64  timestamp = 3; //unix time
+  string id = 4; // message id hash256(payload)
+  string nodeID = 5; //id of peer that created the message, not the peer that may have send it.
+  bytes nodePubKey = 6; // peer public key
+  bytes sign = 7; // signature of message data
+  bytes payload = 8; // payload
+  bool gossip = 9;
+}
+
+message NewBlockMessageData {
+  types_pb.H256 hash = 1 ;
+  types_pb.H256 Number = 2;
+  types_pb.Block block = 3;
+}
+
+message ProtocolHandshakeMessage {
+  string version = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 genesisHash = 2;
+  types_pb.H256 currentHeight = 3;
+}
+
+
+message TopicScoreSnapshot {
+  // Time a peer has spent in the gossip mesh.
+  uint64 time_in_mesh = 1;
+  // This is the number of first message deliveries in the topic.
+  float first_message_deliveries = 2;
+  // This is the number of message deliveries in the mesh, within the MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow of
+  // message validation.It effectively tracks first and near-first
+  // deliveries, ie a message seen from a mesh peer before we have forwarded it to them.
+  float mesh_message_deliveries = 3;
+  // This is the number of invalid messages in the topic from the peer.
+  float invalid_message_deliveries = 4;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/state/gen.go b/api/protocol/state/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..503eb98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/state/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+//go:generate protoc -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go_out=paths=source_relative:. state.proto
diff --git a/api/protocol/state/state.pb.go b/api/protocol/state/state.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d87108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/state/state.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.28.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: state.proto
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	types_pb "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type HashMap struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Key   *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" json:"key,omitempty"`
+	Value *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3" json:"value,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *HashMap) Reset() {
+	*x = HashMap{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_state_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *HashMap) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*HashMap) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *HashMap) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_state_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use HashMap.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*HashMap) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_state_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *HashMap) GetKey() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Key
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *HashMap) GetValue() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Value
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Account struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Initialised bool           `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=Initialised,proto3" json:"Initialised,omitempty"`
+	Nonce       uint64         `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=Nonce,proto3" json:"Nonce,omitempty"`
+	Balance     *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=Balance,proto3" json:"Balance,omitempty"`
+	Root        *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=Root,proto3" json:"Root,omitempty"`
+	CodeHash    *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=CodeHash,proto3" json:"CodeHash,omitempty"`
+	Incarnation uint64         `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=Incarnation,proto3" json:"Incarnation,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Account) Reset() {
+	*x = Account{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_state_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Account) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Account) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Account) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_state_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Account.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Account) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_state_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *Account) GetInitialised() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Initialised
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *Account) GetNonce() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Nonce
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Account) GetBalance() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Balance
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Account) GetRoot() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Root
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Account) GetCodeHash() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.CodeHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Account) GetIncarnation() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Incarnation
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+var File_state_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_state_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x0b, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x08, 0x73,
+	0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x1a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70,
+	0x62, 0x2f, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x22, 0x51, 0x0a,
+	0x07, 0x48, 0x61, 0x73, 0x68, 0x4d, 0x61, 0x70, 0x12, 0x20, 0x0a, 0x03, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x18,
+	0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62,
+	0x2e, 0x48, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x52, 0x03, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x12, 0x24, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x76, 0x61,
+	0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65,
+	0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x48, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x52, 0x05, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65,
+	0x22, 0xdd, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x41, 0x63, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x12, 0x20, 0x0a, 0x0b,
+	0x49, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x74, 0x69, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28,
+	0x08, 0x52, 0x0b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x74, 0x69, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x12, 0x14,
+	0x0a, 0x05, 0x4e, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x65, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x04, 0x52, 0x05, 0x4e,
+	0x6f, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x65, 0x12, 0x28, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x42, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x65, 0x18,
+	0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62,
+	0x2e, 0x48, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x52, 0x07, 0x42, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x65, 0x12, 0x22,
+	0x0a, 0x04, 0x52, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0x74,
+	0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x48, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x52, 0x04, 0x52, 0x6f,
+	0x6f, 0x74, 0x12, 0x2a, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x48, 0x61, 0x73, 0x68, 0x18, 0x05,
+	0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2e,
+	0x48, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x52, 0x08, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x48, 0x61, 0x73, 0x68, 0x12, 0x20,
+	0x0a, 0x0b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x61, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x06, 0x20,
+	0x01, 0x28, 0x04, 0x52, 0x0b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x61, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+	0x42, 0x2e, 0x5a, 0x2c, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x61,
+	0x6d, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70,
+	0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65,
+	0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_state_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_state_proto_rawDescData = file_state_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_state_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_state_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_state_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_state_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_state_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_state_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 2)
+var file_state_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*HashMap)(nil),       // 0: state_pb.HashMap
+	(*Account)(nil),       // 1: state_pb.Account
+	(*types_pb.H256)(nil), // 2: types_pb.H256
+}
+var file_state_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	2, // 0: state_pb.HashMap.key:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2, // 1: state_pb.HashMap.value:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2, // 2: state_pb.Account.Balance:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2, // 3: state_pb.Account.Root:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2, // 4: state_pb.Account.CodeHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	5, // [5:5] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:5] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_state_proto_init() }
+func file_state_proto_init() {
+	if File_state_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_state_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*HashMap); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_state_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Account); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_state_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   2,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_state_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_state_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_state_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_state_proto = out.File
+	file_state_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_state_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_state_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/state/state.proto b/api/protocol/state/state.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee13d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/state/state.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package state_pb;
+
+import "types_pb/types.proto";
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/state";
+
+message HashMap {
+  types_pb.H256 key = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 value = 2 ;
+}
+
+message Account {
+  bool Initialised = 1;
+  uint64 Nonce = 2;
+  types_pb.H256 Balance = 3;
+  types_pb.H256 Root = 4;
+  types_pb.H256 CodeHash = 5;
+  uint64 Incarnation = 6;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_pb/gen.go b/api/protocol/sync_pb/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfcd84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_pb/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package sync_pb
+
+////go:generate protoc --plugin=/Users/mac/go/bin/protoc-gen-go-cast -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go-cast_out=plugins=protoc-gen-go-cast,paths=source_relative:. types.proto
+//go:generate protoc  -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go-cast_out=paths=source_relative:. sync_pb.proto
+//go:generate sszgen -path=. -objs=BodiesByRangeRequest,HeadersByRangeRequest,Ping,ForkData,Status --include=../types_pb -output=generated.ssz.go
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_pb/generated.ssz.go b/api/protocol/sync_pb/generated.ssz.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac21d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_pb/generated.ssz.go
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+// Code generated by fastssz. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Hash: b39bb565b34add934304fdd716d14cb913acca74f226a8fd1f0c0c390e3bc247
+package sync_pb
+
+import (
+	types_pb "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+)
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the HeadersByRangeRequest object
+func (h *HeadersByRangeRequest) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the HeadersByRangeRequest object to a target array
+func (h *HeadersByRangeRequest) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(20)
+
+	// Offset (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if h.StartBlockNumber == nil {
+		h.StartBlockNumber = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	offset += h.StartBlockNumber.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (1) 'Count'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.Count)
+
+	// Field (2) 'Step'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.Step)
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if dst, err = h.StartBlockNumber.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the HeadersByRangeRequest object
+func (h *HeadersByRangeRequest) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 20 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o0 uint64
+
+	// Offset (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if o0 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[0:4]); o0 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o0 < 20 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Count'
+	h.Count = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[4:12])
+
+	// Field (2) 'Step'
+	h.Step = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[12:20])
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o0:]
+		if h.StartBlockNumber == nil {
+			h.StartBlockNumber = new(types_pb.H256)
+		}
+		if err = h.StartBlockNumber.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the HeadersByRangeRequest object
+func (h *HeadersByRangeRequest) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 20
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if h.StartBlockNumber == nil {
+		h.StartBlockNumber = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	size += h.StartBlockNumber.SizeSSZ()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the HeadersByRangeRequest object
+func (h *HeadersByRangeRequest) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the HeadersByRangeRequest object with a hasher
+func (h *HeadersByRangeRequest) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if err = h.StartBlockNumber.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Count'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.Count)
+
+	// Field (2) 'Step'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.Step)
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Ping object
+func (p *Ping) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(p)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Ping object to a target array
+func (p *Ping) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'SeqNumber'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, p.SeqNumber)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Ping object
+func (p *Ping) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'SeqNumber'
+	p.SeqNumber = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[0:8])
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Ping object
+func (p *Ping) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 8
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Ping object
+func (p *Ping) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(p)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Ping object with a hasher
+func (p *Ping) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'SeqNumber'
+	hh.PutUint64(p.SeqNumber)
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Status object
+func (s *Status) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(s)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Status object to a target array
+func (s *Status) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(8)
+
+	// Offset (0) 'GenesisHash'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if s.GenesisHash == nil {
+		s.GenesisHash = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	offset += s.GenesisHash.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Offset (1) 'CurrentHeight'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if s.CurrentHeight == nil {
+		s.CurrentHeight = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	offset += s.CurrentHeight.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (0) 'GenesisHash'
+	if dst, err = s.GenesisHash.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'CurrentHeight'
+	if dst, err = s.CurrentHeight.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Status object
+func (s *Status) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o0, o1 uint64
+
+	// Offset (0) 'GenesisHash'
+	if o0 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[0:4]); o0 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o0 < 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Offset (1) 'CurrentHeight'
+	if o1 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[4:8]); o1 > size || o0 > o1 {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'GenesisHash'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o0:o1]
+		if s.GenesisHash == nil {
+			s.GenesisHash = new(types_pb.H256)
+		}
+		if err = s.GenesisHash.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'CurrentHeight'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o1:]
+		if s.CurrentHeight == nil {
+			s.CurrentHeight = new(types_pb.H256)
+		}
+		if err = s.CurrentHeight.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Status object
+func (s *Status) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 8
+
+	// Field (0) 'GenesisHash'
+	if s.GenesisHash == nil {
+		s.GenesisHash = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	size += s.GenesisHash.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (1) 'CurrentHeight'
+	if s.CurrentHeight == nil {
+		s.CurrentHeight = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	size += s.CurrentHeight.SizeSSZ()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Status object
+func (s *Status) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(s)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Status object with a hasher
+func (s *Status) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'GenesisHash'
+	if err = s.GenesisHash.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'CurrentHeight'
+	if err = s.CurrentHeight.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the ForkData object
+func (f *ForkData) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(f)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the ForkData object to a target array
+func (f *ForkData) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(8)
+
+	// Offset (0) 'CurrentVersion'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if f.CurrentVersion == nil {
+		f.CurrentVersion = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	offset += f.CurrentVersion.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Offset (1) 'GenesisValidatorsRoot'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if f.GenesisValidatorsRoot == nil {
+		f.GenesisValidatorsRoot = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	offset += f.GenesisValidatorsRoot.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (0) 'CurrentVersion'
+	if dst, err = f.CurrentVersion.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'GenesisValidatorsRoot'
+	if dst, err = f.GenesisValidatorsRoot.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the ForkData object
+func (f *ForkData) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o0, o1 uint64
+
+	// Offset (0) 'CurrentVersion'
+	if o0 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[0:4]); o0 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o0 < 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Offset (1) 'GenesisValidatorsRoot'
+	if o1 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[4:8]); o1 > size || o0 > o1 {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'CurrentVersion'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o0:o1]
+		if f.CurrentVersion == nil {
+			f.CurrentVersion = new(types_pb.H256)
+		}
+		if err = f.CurrentVersion.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'GenesisValidatorsRoot'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o1:]
+		if f.GenesisValidatorsRoot == nil {
+			f.GenesisValidatorsRoot = new(types_pb.H256)
+		}
+		if err = f.GenesisValidatorsRoot.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the ForkData object
+func (f *ForkData) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 8
+
+	// Field (0) 'CurrentVersion'
+	if f.CurrentVersion == nil {
+		f.CurrentVersion = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	size += f.CurrentVersion.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (1) 'GenesisValidatorsRoot'
+	if f.GenesisValidatorsRoot == nil {
+		f.GenesisValidatorsRoot = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	size += f.GenesisValidatorsRoot.SizeSSZ()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the ForkData object
+func (f *ForkData) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(f)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the ForkData object with a hasher
+func (f *ForkData) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'CurrentVersion'
+	if err = f.CurrentVersion.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'GenesisValidatorsRoot'
+	if err = f.GenesisValidatorsRoot.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the BodiesByRangeRequest object
+func (b *BodiesByRangeRequest) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(b)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the BodiesByRangeRequest object to a target array
+func (b *BodiesByRangeRequest) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(20)
+
+	// Offset (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if b.StartBlockNumber == nil {
+		b.StartBlockNumber = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	offset += b.StartBlockNumber.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (1) 'Count'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, b.Count)
+
+	// Field (2) 'Step'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, b.Step)
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if dst, err = b.StartBlockNumber.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the BodiesByRangeRequest object
+func (b *BodiesByRangeRequest) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 20 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o0 uint64
+
+	// Offset (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if o0 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[0:4]); o0 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o0 < 20 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Count'
+	b.Count = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[4:12])
+
+	// Field (2) 'Step'
+	b.Step = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[12:20])
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o0:]
+		if b.StartBlockNumber == nil {
+			b.StartBlockNumber = new(types_pb.H256)
+		}
+		if err = b.StartBlockNumber.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the BodiesByRangeRequest object
+func (b *BodiesByRangeRequest) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 20
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if b.StartBlockNumber == nil {
+		b.StartBlockNumber = new(types_pb.H256)
+	}
+	size += b.StartBlockNumber.SizeSSZ()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the BodiesByRangeRequest object
+func (b *BodiesByRangeRequest) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(b)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the BodiesByRangeRequest object with a hasher
+func (b *BodiesByRangeRequest) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'StartBlockNumber'
+	if err = b.StartBlockNumber.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Count'
+	hh.PutUint64(b.Count)
+
+	// Field (2) 'Step'
+	hh.PutUint64(b.Step)
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_pb/sync_pb.pb.go b/api/protocol/sync_pb/sync_pb.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d47a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_pb/sync_pb.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.26.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: sync_pb.proto
+
+package sync_pb
+
+import (
+	types_pb "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type HeadersByRangeRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	StartBlockNumber *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=startBlockNumber,proto3" json:"startBlockNumber,omitempty"`
+	Count            uint64         `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=count,proto3" json:"count,omitempty"`
+	Step             uint64         `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=step,proto3" json:"step,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *HeadersByRangeRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = HeadersByRangeRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *HeadersByRangeRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*HeadersByRangeRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *HeadersByRangeRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use HeadersByRangeRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*HeadersByRangeRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *HeadersByRangeRequest) GetStartBlockNumber() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.StartBlockNumber
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *HeadersByRangeRequest) GetCount() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Count
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *HeadersByRangeRequest) GetStep() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Step
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// todo
+type Ping struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	SeqNumber uint64 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=seq_number,json=seqNumber,proto3" json:"seq_number,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Ping) Reset() {
+	*x = Ping{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Ping) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Ping) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Ping) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Ping.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Ping) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *Ping) GetSeqNumber() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.SeqNumber
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// v2
+type Status struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// string version = 1;
+	GenesisHash   *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=genesisHash,proto3" json:"genesisHash,omitempty"`
+	CurrentHeight *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=currentHeight,proto3" json:"currentHeight,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Status) Reset() {
+	*x = Status{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Status) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Status) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Status) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Status.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Status) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+func (x *Status) GetGenesisHash() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GenesisHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Status) GetCurrentHeight() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.CurrentHeight
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type ForkData struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	CurrentVersion        *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=current_version,json=currentVersion,proto3" json:"current_version,omitempty"`
+	GenesisValidatorsRoot *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=genesis_validators_root,json=genesisValidatorsRoot,proto3" json:"genesis_validators_root,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ForkData) Reset() {
+	*x = ForkData{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ForkData) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ForkData) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ForkData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ForkData.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ForkData) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *ForkData) GetCurrentVersion() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.CurrentVersion
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ForkData) GetGenesisValidatorsRoot() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GenesisValidatorsRoot
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type BodiesByRangeRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	StartBlockNumber *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=startBlockNumber,proto3" json:"startBlockNumber,omitempty"`
+	Count            uint64         `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=count,proto3" json:"count,omitempty"`
+	Step             uint64         `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=step,proto3" json:"step,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *BodiesByRangeRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = BodiesByRangeRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *BodiesByRangeRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*BodiesByRangeRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *BodiesByRangeRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use BodiesByRangeRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*BodiesByRangeRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+}
+
+func (x *BodiesByRangeRequest) GetStartBlockNumber() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.StartBlockNumber
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *BodiesByRangeRequest) GetCount() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Count
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *BodiesByRangeRequest) GetStep() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Step
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+var File_sync_pb_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_sync_pb_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x0d, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12,
+	0x07, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x62, 0x70, 0x1a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f,
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+	0x70, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x04, 0x52, 0x04, 0x73, 0x74, 0x65, 0x70, 0x22, 0x25, 0x0a,
+	0x04, 0x50, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x73, 0x65, 0x71, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x6d,
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+	0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x2f,
+	0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e,
+	0x63, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescData = file_sync_pb_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_sync_pb_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 5)
+var file_sync_pb_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*HeadersByRangeRequest)(nil), // 0: sync_bp.HeadersByRangeRequest
+	(*Ping)(nil),                  // 1: sync_bp.Ping
+	(*Status)(nil),                // 2: sync_bp.Status
+	(*ForkData)(nil),              // 3: sync_bp.ForkData
+	(*BodiesByRangeRequest)(nil),  // 4: sync_bp.BodiesByRangeRequest
+	(*types_pb.H256)(nil),         // 5: types_pb.H256
+}
+var file_sync_pb_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	5, // 0: sync_bp.HeadersByRangeRequest.startBlockNumber:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // 1: sync_bp.Status.genesisHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // 2: sync_bp.Status.currentHeight:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // 3: sync_bp.ForkData.current_version:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // 4: sync_bp.ForkData.genesis_validators_root:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5, // 5: sync_bp.BodiesByRangeRequest.startBlockNumber:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	6, // [6:6] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	6, // [6:6] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	6, // [6:6] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	6, // [6:6] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:6] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_sync_pb_proto_init() }
+func file_sync_pb_proto_init() {
+	if File_sync_pb_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*HeadersByRangeRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Ping); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Status); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ForkData); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*BodiesByRangeRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_sync_pb_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   5,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_sync_pb_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_sync_pb_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_sync_pb_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_sync_pb_proto = out.File
+	file_sync_pb_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_sync_pb_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_sync_pb_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_pb/sync_pb.proto b/api/protocol/sync_pb/sync_pb.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d7263d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_pb/sync_pb.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package sync_bp;
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb";
+
+import "types_pb/types.proto";
+
+message HeadersByRangeRequest {
+  types_pb.H256 startBlockNumber = 1;
+  uint64 count = 2;
+  uint64 step = 3;
+}
+
+// todo
+message Ping {
+  uint64 seq_number = 1;
+}
+
+//v2
+message Status {
+  //  string version = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 genesisHash = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 currentHeight = 2;
+}
+
+message ForkData {
+  types_pb.H256 current_version = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 genesis_validators_root = 2;
+}
+
+message BodiesByRangeRequest {
+  types_pb.H256 startBlockNumber = 1;
+  uint64 count = 2;
+  uint64 step = 3;
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_proto/gen.go b/api/protocol/sync_proto/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c637b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_proto/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package sync_proto
+
+//go:generate protoc -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go_out=paths=source_relative:. sync.proto
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_proto/sync.pb.go b/api/protocol/sync_proto/sync.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9887eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_proto/sync.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1045 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.28.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: sync_pb.proto
+
+package sync_proto
+
+import (
+	types_pb "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type SyncType int32
+
+const (
+	SyncType_FINDReq           SyncType = 0
+	SyncType_FindRes           SyncType = 1
+	SyncType_HeaderReq         SyncType = 2
+	SyncType_HeaderRes         SyncType = 3
+	SyncType_BodyReq           SyncType = 4
+	SyncType_BodyRes           SyncType = 5
+	SyncType_StateReq          SyncType = 6
+	SyncType_StateRes          SyncType = 7
+	SyncType_TransactionReq    SyncType = 8
+	SyncType_TransactionRes    SyncType = 9
+	SyncType_PeerInfoBroadcast SyncType = 10
+)
+
+// Enum value maps for SyncType.
+var (
+	SyncType_name = map[int32]string{
+		0:  "FINDReq",
+		1:  "FindRes",
+		2:  "HeaderReq",
+		3:  "HeaderRes",
+		4:  "BodyReq",
+		5:  "BodyRes",
+		6:  "StateReq",
+		7:  "StateRes",
+		8:  "TransactionReq",
+		9:  "TransactionRes",
+		10: "PeerInfoBroadcast",
+	}
+	SyncType_value = map[string]int32{
+		"FINDReq":           0,
+		"FindRes":           1,
+		"HeaderReq":         2,
+		"HeaderRes":         3,
+		"BodyReq":           4,
+		"BodyRes":           5,
+		"StateReq":          6,
+		"StateRes":          7,
+		"TransactionReq":    8,
+		"TransactionRes":    9,
+		"PeerInfoBroadcast": 10,
+	}
+)
+
+func (x SyncType) Enum() *SyncType {
+	p := new(SyncType)
+	*p = x
+	return p
+}
+
+func (x SyncType) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.EnumStringOf(x.Descriptor(), protoreflect.EnumNumber(x))
+}
+
+func (SyncType) Descriptor() protoreflect.EnumDescriptor {
+	return file_sync_proto_enumTypes[0].Descriptor()
+}
+
+func (SyncType) Type() protoreflect.EnumType {
+	return &file_sync_proto_enumTypes[0]
+}
+
+func (x SyncType) Number() protoreflect.EnumNumber {
+	return protoreflect.EnumNumber(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncType.Descriptor instead.
+func (SyncType) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+type SyncProtocol struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *SyncProtocol) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncProtocol{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncProtocol) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncProtocol) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncProtocol) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncProtocol.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncProtocol) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+type Value struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hash   string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hash,proto3" json:"hash,omitempty"`
+	Height uint64 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=height,proto3" json:"height,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Value) Reset() {
+	*x = Value{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Value) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Value) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Value) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Value.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Value) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *Value) GetHash() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hash
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *Value) GetHeight() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Height
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type SyncBlockRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Number []*types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=number,proto3" json:"number,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncBlockRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncBlockRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncBlockRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncBlockRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockRequest) GetNumber() []*types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Number
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncBlockResponse struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Blocks []*types_pb.Block `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=blocks,proto3" json:"blocks,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockResponse) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncBlockResponse{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockResponse) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncBlockResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncBlockResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncBlockResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncBlockResponse) GetBlocks() []*types_pb.Block {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Blocks
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncHeaderRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Number *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=number,proto3" json:"number,omitempty"`
+	Amount *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=amount,proto3" json:"amount,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncHeaderRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncHeaderRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncHeaderRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncHeaderRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderRequest) GetNumber() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Number
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderRequest) GetAmount() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Amount
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncHeaderResponse struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Headers []*types_pb.Header `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=headers,proto3" json:"headers,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderResponse) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncHeaderResponse{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[5]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderResponse) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncHeaderResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[5]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncHeaderResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncHeaderResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncHeaderResponse) GetHeaders() []*types_pb.Header {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Headers
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncTransactionRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Bloom []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=bloom,proto3" json:"bloom,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncTransactionRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[6]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncTransactionRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[6]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncTransactionRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncTransactionRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionRequest) GetBloom() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Bloom
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncTransactionResponse struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Transactions []*types_pb.Transaction `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=transactions,proto3" json:"transactions,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionResponse) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncTransactionResponse{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[7]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionResponse) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncTransactionResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[7]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncTransactionResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncTransactionResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{7}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTransactionResponse) GetTransactions() []*types_pb.Transaction {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Transactions
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncPeerInfoBroadcast struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Difficulty *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Difficulty,proto3" json:"Difficulty,omitempty"`
+	Number     *types_pb.H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Number,proto3" json:"Number,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncPeerInfoBroadcast{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[8]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[8]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncPeerInfoBroadcast.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{8}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) GetDifficulty() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Difficulty
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) GetNumber() *types_pb.H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Number
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type SyncTask struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id       uint64   `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"` // task id
+	Ok       bool     `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=ok,proto3" json:"ok,omitempty"`
+	SyncType SyncType `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=syncType,proto3,enum=sync_proto.SyncType" json:"syncType,omitempty"`
+	// Types that are assignable to Payload:
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse
+	//	*SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast
+	Payload isSyncTask_Payload `protobuf_oneof:"payload"`
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) Reset() {
+	*x = SyncTask{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[9]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SyncTask) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sync_proto_msgTypes[9]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SyncTask.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SyncTask) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{9}
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetId() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetOk() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Ok
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncType() SyncType {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.SyncType
+	}
+	return SyncType_FINDReq
+}
+
+func (m *SyncTask) GetPayload() isSyncTask_Payload {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Payload
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncHeaderRequest() *SyncHeaderRequest {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest); ok {
+		return x.SyncHeaderRequest
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncHeaderResponse() *SyncHeaderResponse {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse); ok {
+		return x.SyncHeaderResponse
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncBlockRequest() *SyncBlockRequest {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest); ok {
+		return x.SyncBlockRequest
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncBlockResponse() *SyncBlockResponse {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse); ok {
+		return x.SyncBlockResponse
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncTransactionRequest() *SyncTransactionRequest {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest); ok {
+		return x.SyncTransactionRequest
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncTransactionResponse() *SyncTransactionResponse {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse); ok {
+		return x.SyncTransactionResponse
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SyncTask) GetSyncPeerInfoBroadcast() *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast {
+	if x, ok := x.GetPayload().(*SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast); ok {
+		return x.SyncPeerInfoBroadcast
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type isSyncTask_Payload interface {
+	isSyncTask_Payload()
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest struct {
+	//header
+	SyncHeaderRequest *SyncHeaderRequest `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=syncHeaderRequest,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse struct {
+	SyncHeaderResponse *SyncHeaderResponse `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=syncHeaderResponse,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest struct {
+	//body
+	SyncBlockRequest *SyncBlockRequest `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=syncBlockRequest,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse struct {
+	SyncBlockResponse *SyncBlockResponse `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=syncBlockResponse,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest struct {
+	//Transaction
+	SyncTransactionRequest *SyncTransactionRequest `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=syncTransactionRequest,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse struct {
+	SyncTransactionResponse *SyncTransactionResponse `protobuf:"bytes,9,opt,name=syncTransactionResponse,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+type SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast struct {
+	//
+	SyncPeerInfoBroadcast *SyncPeerInfoBroadcast `protobuf:"bytes,10,opt,name=syncPeerInfoBroadcast,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+func (*SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast) isSyncTask_Payload() {}
+
+var File_sync_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_sync_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+	0x09, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x23, 0x2e, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f,
+	0x74, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x53, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x54, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x69,
+	0x6f, 0x6e, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x48, 0x00, 0x52, 0x17, 0x73, 0x79,
+	0x6e, 0x63, 0x54, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73,
+	0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x12, 0x59, 0x0a, 0x15, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x50, 0x65, 0x65,
+	0x72, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x42, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x63, 0x61, 0x73, 0x74, 0x18, 0x0a,
+	0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x21, 0x2e, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74,
+	0x6f, 0x2e, 0x53, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x50, 0x65, 0x65, 0x72, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x42, 0x72,
+	0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x63, 0x61, 0x73, 0x74, 0x48, 0x00, 0x52, 0x15, 0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x50,
+	0x65, 0x65, 0x72, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x42, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x63, 0x61, 0x73, 0x74,
+	0x42, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x70, 0x61, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x2a, 0xb7, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x08,
+	0x53, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x12, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x44,
+	0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x10, 0x00, 0x12, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x46, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73,
+	0x10, 0x01, 0x12, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x48, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x10,
+	0x02, 0x12, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x48, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x10, 0x03,
+	0x12, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x42, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x79, 0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x10, 0x04, 0x12, 0x0b, 0x0a,
+	0x07, 0x42, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x79, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x10, 0x05, 0x12, 0x0c, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x53, 0x74,
+	0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x10, 0x06, 0x12, 0x0c, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x53, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74,
+	0x65, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x10, 0x07, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x0e, 0x54, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x61,
+	0x63, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x10, 0x08, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x0e, 0x54, 0x72,
+	0x61, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x10, 0x09, 0x12, 0x15,
+	0x0a, 0x11, 0x50, 0x65, 0x65, 0x72, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x42, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x63,
+	0x61, 0x73, 0x74, 0x10, 0x0a, 0x42, 0x33, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e,
+	0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x61,
+	0x6d, 0x63, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x2f,
+	0x73, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74,
+	0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_sync_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_sync_proto_rawDescData = file_sync_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_sync_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_sync_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_sync_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_sync_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_sync_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_sync_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
+var file_sync_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 10)
+var file_sync_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(SyncType)(0),                   // 0: sync_proto.SyncType
+	(*SyncProtocol)(nil),            // 1: sync_proto.SyncProtocol
+	(*Value)(nil),                   // 2: sync_proto.Value
+	(*SyncBlockRequest)(nil),        // 3: sync_proto.SyncBlockRequest
+	(*SyncBlockResponse)(nil),       // 4: sync_proto.SyncBlockResponse
+	(*SyncHeaderRequest)(nil),       // 5: sync_proto.SyncHeaderRequest
+	(*SyncHeaderResponse)(nil),      // 6: sync_proto.SyncHeaderResponse
+	(*SyncTransactionRequest)(nil),  // 7: sync_proto.SyncTransactionRequest
+	(*SyncTransactionResponse)(nil), // 8: sync_proto.SyncTransactionResponse
+	(*SyncPeerInfoBroadcast)(nil),   // 9: sync_proto.SyncPeerInfoBroadcast
+	(*SyncTask)(nil),                // 10: sync_proto.SyncTask
+	(*types_pb.H256)(nil),           // 11: types_pb.H256
+	(*types_pb.Block)(nil),          // 12: types_pb.Block
+	(*types_pb.Header)(nil),         // 13: types_pb.Header
+	(*types_pb.Transaction)(nil),    // 14: types_pb.Transaction
+}
+var file_sync_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	11, // 0: sync_proto.SyncBlockRequest.number:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	12, // 1: sync_proto.SyncBlockResponse.blocks:type_name -> types_pb.Block
+	11, // 2: sync_proto.SyncHeaderRequest.number:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	11, // 3: sync_proto.SyncHeaderRequest.amount:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	13, // 4: sync_proto.SyncHeaderResponse.headers:type_name -> types_pb.Header
+	14, // 5: sync_proto.SyncTransactionResponse.transactions:type_name -> types_pb.Transaction
+	11, // 6: sync_proto.SyncPeerInfoBroadcast.Difficulty:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	11, // 7: sync_proto.SyncPeerInfoBroadcast.Number:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	0,  // 8: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncType:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncType
+	5,  // 9: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncHeaderRequest:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncHeaderRequest
+	6,  // 10: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncHeaderResponse:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncHeaderResponse
+	3,  // 11: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncBlockRequest:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncBlockRequest
+	4,  // 12: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncBlockResponse:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncBlockResponse
+	7,  // 13: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncTransactionRequest:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncTransactionRequest
+	8,  // 14: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncTransactionResponse:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncTransactionResponse
+	9,  // 15: sync_proto.SyncTask.syncPeerInfoBroadcast:type_name -> sync_proto.SyncPeerInfoBroadcast
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0,  // [0:16] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_sync_proto_init() }
+func file_sync_proto_init() {
+	if File_sync_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncProtocol); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Value); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncBlockRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncBlockResponse); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncHeaderRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[5].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncHeaderResponse); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[6].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncTransactionRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[7].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncTransactionResponse); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[8].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncPeerInfoBroadcast); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sync_proto_msgTypes[9].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SyncTask); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	file_sync_proto_msgTypes[9].OneofWrappers = []interface{}{
+		(*SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest)(nil),
+		(*SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse)(nil),
+		(*SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest)(nil),
+		(*SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse)(nil),
+		(*SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest)(nil),
+		(*SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse)(nil),
+		(*SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast)(nil),
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_sync_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      1,
+			NumMessages:   10,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_sync_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_sync_proto_depIdxs,
+		EnumInfos:         file_sync_proto_enumTypes,
+		MessageInfos:      file_sync_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_sync_proto = out.File
+	file_sync_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_sync_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_sync_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/sync_proto/sync.proto b/api/protocol/sync_proto/sync.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ad4f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/sync_proto/sync.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package sync_proto;
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_proto";
+
+import "types_pb/types.proto";
+
+message SyncProtocol {
+
+}
+
+
+enum SyncType {
+  FINDReq = 0;
+  FindRes = 1;
+  HeaderReq = 2;
+  HeaderRes = 3;
+  BodyReq = 4;
+  BodyRes = 5;
+  StateReq = 6;
+  StateRes = 7;
+  TransactionReq = 8;
+  TransactionRes = 9;
+  PeerInfoBroadcast = 10;
+}
+
+message Value {
+  string hash = 1;
+  uint64 height = 2;
+}
+
+message SyncBlockRequest {
+  repeated types_pb.H256 number  = 1;
+}
+
+message SyncBlockResponse {
+  repeated types_pb.Block blocks = 1;
+}
+
+message SyncHeaderRequest {
+  types_pb.H256  number = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 amount = 3;
+}
+
+message SyncHeaderResponse {
+  repeated types_pb.Header headers = 1;
+}
+
+message SyncTransactionRequest {
+  bytes bloom = 1;
+}
+
+message SyncTransactionResponse {
+  repeated types_pb.Transaction transactions = 1;
+}
+
+message SyncPeerInfoBroadcast {
+  types_pb.H256 Difficulty = 1;
+  types_pb.H256 Number = 2;
+}
+
+
+message SyncTask {
+  uint64 id = 1; // task id
+  bool ok = 2;
+  SyncType syncType = 3;
+  oneof payload {
+    //header
+    SyncHeaderRequest syncHeaderRequest = 4;
+    SyncHeaderResponse syncHeaderResponse = 5;
+    //body
+    SyncBlockRequest syncBlockRequest = 6;
+    SyncBlockResponse syncBlockResponse = 7;
+    //Transaction
+    SyncTransactionRequest syncTransactionRequest = 8;
+    SyncTransactionResponse syncTransactionResponse = 9;
+    //
+    SyncPeerInfoBroadcast syncPeerInfoBroadcast = 10;
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/api/protocol/types_pb/gen.go b/api/protocol/types_pb/gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80d7607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/types_pb/gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types_pb
+
+////go:generate protoc --plugin=/Users/mac/go/bin/protoc-gen-go-cast -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go-cast_out=plugins=protoc-gen-go-cast,paths=source_relative:. types.proto
+//go:generate protoc  -I=../ -I=. -I=../include --go-cast_out=paths=source_relative:. types.proto
+//go:generate sszgen -path=. -objs=H128,H160,H256,H384,H768,H512,H1024,H2048,Header,Body,Block,Transaction -output=generated.ssz.go
diff --git a/api/protocol/types_pb/generated.ssz.go b/api/protocol/types_pb/generated.ssz.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02194fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/types_pb/generated.ssz.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1999 @@
+// Code generated by fastssz. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Hash: ff4c0802b1b743077781dae4de752322633988f240bb8e40a9f01dbceed1d869
+package types_pb
+
+import (
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+)
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H128 object
+func (h *H128) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H128 object to a target array
+func (h *H128) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.Hi)
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.Lo)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H128 object
+func (h *H128) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 16 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	h.Hi = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[0:8])
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	h.Lo = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[8:16])
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H128 object
+func (h *H128) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 16
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H128 object
+func (h *H128) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H128 object with a hasher
+func (h *H128) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.Hi)
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.Lo)
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H160 object
+func (h *H160) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H160 object to a target array
+func (h *H160) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H128)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint32(dst, h.Lo)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H160 object
+func (h *H160) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 20 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H128)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:16]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	h.Lo = ssz.UnmarshallUint32(buf[16:20])
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H160 object
+func (h *H160) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 20
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H160 object
+func (h *H160) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H160 object with a hasher
+func (h *H160) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	hh.PutUint32(h.Lo)
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H256 object
+func (h *H256) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H256 object to a target array
+func (h *H256) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H128)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H128)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Lo.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H256 object
+func (h *H256) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 32 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H128)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:16]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H128)
+	}
+	if err = h.Lo.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[16:32]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H256 object
+func (h *H256) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 32
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H256 object
+func (h *H256) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H256 object with a hasher
+func (h *H256) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if err = h.Lo.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H384 object
+func (h *H384) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H384 object to a target array
+func (h *H384) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H128)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Lo.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H384 object
+func (h *H384) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 48 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:32]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H128)
+	}
+	if err = h.Lo.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[32:48]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H384 object
+func (h *H384) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 48
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H384 object
+func (h *H384) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H384 object with a hasher
+func (h *H384) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if err = h.Lo.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H768 object
+func (h *H768) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H768 object to a target array
+func (h *H768) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H384)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H384)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Lo.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H768 object
+func (h *H768) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 96 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H384)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:48]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H384)
+	}
+	if err = h.Lo.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[48:96]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H768 object
+func (h *H768) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 96
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H768 object
+func (h *H768) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H768 object with a hasher
+func (h *H768) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if err = h.Lo.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H512 object
+func (h *H512) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H512 object to a target array
+func (h *H512) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Lo.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H512 object
+func (h *H512) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 64 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:32]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.Lo.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[32:64]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H512 object
+func (h *H512) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 64
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H512 object
+func (h *H512) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H512 object with a hasher
+func (h *H512) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if err = h.Lo.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H1024 object
+func (h *H1024) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H1024 object to a target array
+func (h *H1024) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H512)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H512)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Lo.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H1024 object
+func (h *H1024) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 128 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H512)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:64]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H512)
+	}
+	if err = h.Lo.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[64:128]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H1024 object
+func (h *H1024) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 128
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H1024 object
+func (h *H1024) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H1024 object with a hasher
+func (h *H1024) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if err = h.Lo.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the H2048 object
+func (h *H2048) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the H2048 object to a target array
+func (h *H2048) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H1024)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Hi.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H1024)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Lo.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the H2048 object
+func (h *H2048) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 256 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if h.Hi == nil {
+		h.Hi = new(H1024)
+	}
+	if err = h.Hi.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:128]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if h.Lo == nil {
+		h.Lo = new(H1024)
+	}
+	if err = h.Lo.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[128:256]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the H2048 object
+func (h *H2048) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 256
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the H2048 object
+func (h *H2048) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the H2048 object with a hasher
+func (h *H2048) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Hi'
+	if err = h.Hi.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Lo'
+	if err = h.Lo.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Block object
+func (b *Block) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(b)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Block object to a target array
+func (b *Block) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(8)
+
+	// Offset (0) 'Header'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if b.Header == nil {
+		b.Header = new(Header)
+	}
+	offset += b.Header.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Offset (1) 'Body'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	if b.Body == nil {
+		b.Body = new(Body)
+	}
+	offset += b.Body.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Header'
+	if dst, err = b.Header.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Body'
+	if dst, err = b.Body.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Block object
+func (b *Block) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o0, o1 uint64
+
+	// Offset (0) 'Header'
+	if o0 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[0:4]); o0 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o0 < 8 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Offset (1) 'Body'
+	if o1 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[4:8]); o1 > size || o0 > o1 {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Header'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o0:o1]
+		if b.Header == nil {
+			b.Header = new(Header)
+		}
+		if err = b.Header.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Body'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o1:]
+		if b.Body == nil {
+			b.Body = new(Body)
+		}
+		if err = b.Body.UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Block object
+func (b *Block) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 8
+
+	// Field (0) 'Header'
+	if b.Header == nil {
+		b.Header = new(Header)
+	}
+	size += b.Header.SizeSSZ()
+
+	// Field (1) 'Body'
+	if b.Body == nil {
+		b.Body = new(Body)
+	}
+	size += b.Body.SizeSSZ()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Block object
+func (b *Block) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(b)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Block object with a hasher
+func (b *Block) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Header'
+	if err = b.Header.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Body'
+	if err = b.Body.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Header object
+func (h *Header) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(h)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Header object to a target array
+func (h *Header) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(664)
+
+	// Field (0) 'ParentHash'
+	if h.ParentHash == nil {
+		h.ParentHash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.ParentHash.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Coinbase'
+	if h.Coinbase == nil {
+		h.Coinbase = new(H160)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Coinbase.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (2) 'Root'
+	if h.Root == nil {
+		h.Root = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Root.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (3) 'TxHash'
+	if h.TxHash == nil {
+		h.TxHash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.TxHash.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (4) 'ReceiptHash'
+	if h.ReceiptHash == nil {
+		h.ReceiptHash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.ReceiptHash.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (5) 'Difficulty'
+	if h.Difficulty == nil {
+		h.Difficulty = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Difficulty.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (6) 'Number'
+	if h.Number == nil {
+		h.Number = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Number.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (7) 'GasLimit'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.GasLimit)
+
+	// Field (8) 'GasUsed'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.GasUsed)
+
+	// Field (9) 'Time'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.Time)
+
+	// Field (10) 'Nonce'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, h.Nonce)
+
+	// Field (11) 'BaseFee'
+	if h.BaseFee == nil {
+		h.BaseFee = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.BaseFee.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Offset (12) 'Extra'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	offset += len(h.Extra)
+
+	// Field (13) 'Signature'
+	if h.Signature == nil {
+		h.Signature = new(H768)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Signature.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (14) 'Bloom'
+	if h.Bloom == nil {
+		h.Bloom = new(H2048)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.Bloom.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (15) 'MixDigest'
+	if h.MixDigest == nil {
+		h.MixDigest = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = h.MixDigest.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (12) 'Extra'
+	if size := len(h.Extra); size > 117 {
+		err = ssz.ErrBytesLengthFn("--.Extra", size, 117)
+		return
+	}
+	dst = append(dst, h.Extra...)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Header object
+func (h *Header) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 664 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o12 uint64
+
+	// Field (0) 'ParentHash'
+	if h.ParentHash == nil {
+		h.ParentHash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.ParentHash.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:32]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Coinbase'
+	if h.Coinbase == nil {
+		h.Coinbase = new(H160)
+	}
+	if err = h.Coinbase.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[32:52]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (2) 'Root'
+	if h.Root == nil {
+		h.Root = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.Root.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[52:84]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (3) 'TxHash'
+	if h.TxHash == nil {
+		h.TxHash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.TxHash.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[84:116]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (4) 'ReceiptHash'
+	if h.ReceiptHash == nil {
+		h.ReceiptHash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.ReceiptHash.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[116:148]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (5) 'Difficulty'
+	if h.Difficulty == nil {
+		h.Difficulty = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.Difficulty.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[148:180]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (6) 'Number'
+	if h.Number == nil {
+		h.Number = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.Number.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[180:212]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (7) 'GasLimit'
+	h.GasLimit = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[212:220])
+
+	// Field (8) 'GasUsed'
+	h.GasUsed = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[220:228])
+
+	// Field (9) 'Time'
+	h.Time = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[228:236])
+
+	// Field (10) 'Nonce'
+	h.Nonce = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[236:244])
+
+	// Field (11) 'BaseFee'
+	if h.BaseFee == nil {
+		h.BaseFee = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.BaseFee.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[244:276]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Offset (12) 'Extra'
+	if o12 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[276:280]); o12 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o12 < 664 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (13) 'Signature'
+	if h.Signature == nil {
+		h.Signature = new(H768)
+	}
+	if err = h.Signature.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[280:376]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (14) 'Bloom'
+	if h.Bloom == nil {
+		h.Bloom = new(H2048)
+	}
+	if err = h.Bloom.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[376:632]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (15) 'MixDigest'
+	if h.MixDigest == nil {
+		h.MixDigest = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = h.MixDigest.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[632:664]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (12) 'Extra'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o12:]
+		if len(buf) > 117 {
+			return ssz.ErrBytesLength
+		}
+		if cap(h.Extra) == 0 {
+			h.Extra = make([]byte, 0, len(buf))
+		}
+		h.Extra = append(h.Extra, buf...)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Header object
+func (h *Header) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 664
+
+	// Field (12) 'Extra'
+	size += len(h.Extra)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Header object
+func (h *Header) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(h)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Header object with a hasher
+func (h *Header) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'ParentHash'
+	if err = h.ParentHash.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Coinbase'
+	if err = h.Coinbase.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (2) 'Root'
+	if err = h.Root.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (3) 'TxHash'
+	if err = h.TxHash.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (4) 'ReceiptHash'
+	if err = h.ReceiptHash.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (5) 'Difficulty'
+	if err = h.Difficulty.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (6) 'Number'
+	if err = h.Number.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (7) 'GasLimit'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.GasLimit)
+
+	// Field (8) 'GasUsed'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.GasUsed)
+
+	// Field (9) 'Time'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.Time)
+
+	// Field (10) 'Nonce'
+	hh.PutUint64(h.Nonce)
+
+	// Field (11) 'BaseFee'
+	if err = h.BaseFee.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (12) 'Extra'
+	{
+		elemIndx := hh.Index()
+		byteLen := uint64(len(h.Extra))
+		if byteLen > 117 {
+			err = ssz.ErrIncorrectListSize
+			return
+		}
+		hh.PutBytes(h.Extra)
+		if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixinVectorizedHTR(elemIndx, byteLen, (117+31)/32)
+		} else {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixin(elemIndx, byteLen, (117+31)/32)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (13) 'Signature'
+	if err = h.Signature.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (14) 'Bloom'
+	if err = h.Bloom.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (15) 'MixDigest'
+	if err = h.MixDigest.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Verifier object
+func (v *Verifier) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(v)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Verifier object to a target array
+func (v *Verifier) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'PublicKey'
+	if v.PublicKey == nil {
+		v.PublicKey = new(H384)
+	}
+	if dst, err = v.PublicKey.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Address'
+	if v.Address == nil {
+		v.Address = new(H160)
+	}
+	if dst, err = v.Address.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Verifier object
+func (v *Verifier) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 68 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'PublicKey'
+	if v.PublicKey == nil {
+		v.PublicKey = new(H384)
+	}
+	if err = v.PublicKey.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:48]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Address'
+	if v.Address == nil {
+		v.Address = new(H160)
+	}
+	if err = v.Address.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[48:68]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Verifier object
+func (v *Verifier) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 68
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Verifier object
+func (v *Verifier) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(v)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Verifier object with a hasher
+func (v *Verifier) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'PublicKey'
+	if err = v.PublicKey.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Address'
+	if err = v.Address.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Reward object
+func (r *Reward) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(r)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Reward object to a target array
+func (r *Reward) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+
+	// Field (0) 'Amount'
+	if r.Amount == nil {
+		r.Amount = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = r.Amount.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Address'
+	if r.Address == nil {
+		r.Address = new(H160)
+	}
+	if dst, err = r.Address.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Reward object
+func (r *Reward) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size != 52 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Amount'
+	if r.Amount == nil {
+		r.Amount = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = r.Amount.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[0:32]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Address'
+	if r.Address == nil {
+		r.Address = new(H160)
+	}
+	if err = r.Address.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[32:52]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Reward object
+func (r *Reward) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 52
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Reward object
+func (r *Reward) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(r)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Reward object with a hasher
+func (r *Reward) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Amount'
+	if err = r.Amount.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Address'
+	if err = r.Address.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Body object
+func (b *Body) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(b)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Body object to a target array
+func (b *Body) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(12)
+
+	// Offset (0) 'Txs'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	for ii := 0; ii < len(b.Txs); ii++ {
+		offset += 4
+		offset += b.Txs[ii].SizeSSZ()
+	}
+
+	// Offset (1) 'Verifiers'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	offset += len(b.Verifiers) * 68
+
+	// Offset (2) 'Rewards'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	offset += len(b.Rewards) * 52
+
+	// Field (0) 'Txs'
+	if size := len(b.Txs); size > 104857600 {
+		err = ssz.ErrListTooBigFn("--.Txs", size, 104857600)
+		return
+	}
+	{
+		offset = 4 * len(b.Txs)
+		for ii := 0; ii < len(b.Txs); ii++ {
+			dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+			offset += b.Txs[ii].SizeSSZ()
+		}
+	}
+	for ii := 0; ii < len(b.Txs); ii++ {
+		if dst, err = b.Txs[ii].MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Verifiers'
+	if size := len(b.Verifiers); size > 104857600 {
+		err = ssz.ErrListTooBigFn("--.Verifiers", size, 104857600)
+		return
+	}
+	for ii := 0; ii < len(b.Verifiers); ii++ {
+		if dst, err = b.Verifiers[ii].MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (2) 'Rewards'
+	if size := len(b.Rewards); size > 104857600 {
+		err = ssz.ErrListTooBigFn("--.Rewards", size, 104857600)
+		return
+	}
+	for ii := 0; ii < len(b.Rewards); ii++ {
+		if dst, err = b.Rewards[ii].MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Body object
+func (b *Body) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 12 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o0, o1, o2 uint64
+
+	// Offset (0) 'Txs'
+	if o0 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[0:4]); o0 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o0 < 12 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Offset (1) 'Verifiers'
+	if o1 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[4:8]); o1 > size || o0 > o1 {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	// Offset (2) 'Rewards'
+	if o2 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[8:12]); o2 > size || o1 > o2 {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (0) 'Txs'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o0:o1]
+		num, err := ssz.DecodeDynamicLength(buf, 104857600)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		b.Txs = make([]*Transaction, num)
+		err = ssz.UnmarshalDynamic(buf, num, func(indx int, buf []byte) (err error) {
+			if b.Txs[indx] == nil {
+				b.Txs[indx] = new(Transaction)
+			}
+			if err = b.Txs[indx].UnmarshalSSZ(buf); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Verifiers'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o1:o2]
+		num, err := ssz.DivideInt2(len(buf), 68, 104857600)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		b.Verifiers = make([]*Verifier, num)
+		for ii := 0; ii < num; ii++ {
+			if b.Verifiers[ii] == nil {
+				b.Verifiers[ii] = new(Verifier)
+			}
+			if err = b.Verifiers[ii].UnmarshalSSZ(buf[ii*68 : (ii+1)*68]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (2) 'Rewards'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o2:]
+		num, err := ssz.DivideInt2(len(buf), 52, 104857600)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		b.Rewards = make([]*Reward, num)
+		for ii := 0; ii < num; ii++ {
+			if b.Rewards[ii] == nil {
+				b.Rewards[ii] = new(Reward)
+			}
+			if err = b.Rewards[ii].UnmarshalSSZ(buf[ii*52 : (ii+1)*52]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Body object
+func (b *Body) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 12
+
+	// Field (0) 'Txs'
+	for ii := 0; ii < len(b.Txs); ii++ {
+		size += 4
+		size += b.Txs[ii].SizeSSZ()
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Verifiers'
+	size += len(b.Verifiers) * 68
+
+	// Field (2) 'Rewards'
+	size += len(b.Rewards) * 52
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Body object
+func (b *Body) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(b)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Body object with a hasher
+func (b *Body) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Txs'
+	{
+		subIndx := hh.Index()
+		num := uint64(len(b.Txs))
+		if num > 104857600 {
+			err = ssz.ErrIncorrectListSize
+			return
+		}
+		for _, elem := range b.Txs {
+			if err = elem.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixinVectorizedHTR(subIndx, num, 104857600)
+		} else {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixin(subIndx, num, 104857600)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (1) 'Verifiers'
+	{
+		subIndx := hh.Index()
+		num := uint64(len(b.Verifiers))
+		if num > 104857600 {
+			err = ssz.ErrIncorrectListSize
+			return
+		}
+		for _, elem := range b.Verifiers {
+			if err = elem.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixinVectorizedHTR(subIndx, num, 104857600)
+		} else {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixin(subIndx, num, 104857600)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (2) 'Rewards'
+	{
+		subIndx := hh.Index()
+		num := uint64(len(b.Rewards))
+		if num > 104857600 {
+			err = ssz.ErrIncorrectListSize
+			return
+		}
+		for _, elem := range b.Rewards {
+			if err = elem.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixinVectorizedHTR(subIndx, num, 104857600)
+		} else {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixin(subIndx, num, 104857600)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ ssz marshals the Transaction object
+func (t *Transaction) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.MarshalSSZ(t)
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo ssz marshals the Transaction object to a target array
+func (t *Transaction) MarshalSSZTo(buf []byte) (dst []byte, err error) {
+	dst = buf
+	offset := int(336)
+
+	// Field (0) 'Type'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, t.Type)
+
+	// Field (1) 'Nonce'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, t.Nonce)
+
+	// Field (2) 'GasPrice'
+	if t.GasPrice == nil {
+		t.GasPrice = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.GasPrice.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (3) 'Gas'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, t.Gas)
+
+	// Field (4) 'FeePerGas'
+	if t.FeePerGas == nil {
+		t.FeePerGas = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.FeePerGas.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (5) 'PriorityFeePerGas'
+	if t.PriorityFeePerGas == nil {
+		t.PriorityFeePerGas = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.PriorityFeePerGas.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (6) 'Value'
+	if t.Value == nil {
+		t.Value = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.Value.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Offset (7) 'Data'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	offset += len(t.Data)
+
+	// Offset (8) 'Sign'
+	dst = ssz.WriteOffset(dst, offset)
+	offset += len(t.Sign)
+
+	// Field (9) 'To'
+	if t.To == nil {
+		t.To = new(H160)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.To.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (10) 'From'
+	if t.From == nil {
+		t.From = new(H160)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.From.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (11) 'ChainID'
+	dst = ssz.MarshalUint64(dst, t.ChainID)
+
+	// Field (12) 'Hash'
+	if t.Hash == nil {
+		t.Hash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.Hash.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (13) 'R'
+	if t.R == nil {
+		t.R = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.R.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (14) 'S'
+	if t.S == nil {
+		t.S = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.S.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (15) 'V'
+	if t.V == nil {
+		t.V = new(H256)
+	}
+	if dst, err = t.V.MarshalSSZTo(dst); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (7) 'Data'
+	if size := len(t.Data); size > 104857600 {
+		err = ssz.ErrBytesLengthFn("--.Data", size, 104857600)
+		return
+	}
+	dst = append(dst, t.Data...)
+
+	// Field (8) 'Sign'
+	if size := len(t.Sign); size > 104857600 {
+		err = ssz.ErrBytesLengthFn("--.Sign", size, 104857600)
+		return
+	}
+	dst = append(dst, t.Sign...)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ ssz unmarshals the Transaction object
+func (t *Transaction) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	size := uint64(len(buf))
+	if size < 336 {
+		return ssz.ErrSize
+	}
+
+	tail := buf
+	var o7, o8 uint64
+
+	// Field (0) 'Type'
+	t.Type = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[0:8])
+
+	// Field (1) 'Nonce'
+	t.Nonce = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[8:16])
+
+	// Field (2) 'GasPrice'
+	if t.GasPrice == nil {
+		t.GasPrice = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.GasPrice.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[16:48]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (3) 'Gas'
+	t.Gas = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[48:56])
+
+	// Field (4) 'FeePerGas'
+	if t.FeePerGas == nil {
+		t.FeePerGas = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.FeePerGas.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[56:88]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (5) 'PriorityFeePerGas'
+	if t.PriorityFeePerGas == nil {
+		t.PriorityFeePerGas = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.PriorityFeePerGas.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[88:120]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (6) 'Value'
+	if t.Value == nil {
+		t.Value = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.Value.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[120:152]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Offset (7) 'Data'
+	if o7 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[152:156]); o7 > size {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	if o7 < 336 {
+		return ssz.ErrInvalidVariableOffset
+	}
+
+	// Offset (8) 'Sign'
+	if o8 = ssz.ReadOffset(buf[156:160]); o8 > size || o7 > o8 {
+		return ssz.ErrOffset
+	}
+
+	// Field (9) 'To'
+	if t.To == nil {
+		t.To = new(H160)
+	}
+	if err = t.To.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[160:180]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (10) 'From'
+	if t.From == nil {
+		t.From = new(H160)
+	}
+	if err = t.From.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[180:200]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (11) 'ChainID'
+	t.ChainID = ssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf[200:208])
+
+	// Field (12) 'Hash'
+	if t.Hash == nil {
+		t.Hash = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.Hash.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[208:240]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (13) 'R'
+	if t.R == nil {
+		t.R = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.R.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[240:272]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (14) 'S'
+	if t.S == nil {
+		t.S = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.S.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[272:304]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (15) 'V'
+	if t.V == nil {
+		t.V = new(H256)
+	}
+	if err = t.V.UnmarshalSSZ(buf[304:336]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Field (7) 'Data'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o7:o8]
+		if len(buf) > 104857600 {
+			return ssz.ErrBytesLength
+		}
+		if cap(t.Data) == 0 {
+			t.Data = make([]byte, 0, len(buf))
+		}
+		t.Data = append(t.Data, buf...)
+	}
+
+	// Field (8) 'Sign'
+	{
+		buf = tail[o8:]
+		if len(buf) > 104857600 {
+			return ssz.ErrBytesLength
+		}
+		if cap(t.Sign) == 0 {
+			t.Sign = make([]byte, 0, len(buf))
+		}
+		t.Sign = append(t.Sign, buf...)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the ssz encoded size in bytes for the Transaction object
+func (t *Transaction) SizeSSZ() (size int) {
+	size = 336
+
+	// Field (7) 'Data'
+	size += len(t.Data)
+
+	// Field (8) 'Sign'
+	size += len(t.Sign)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot ssz hashes the Transaction object
+func (t *Transaction) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(t)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith ssz hashes the Transaction object with a hasher
+func (t *Transaction) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) (err error) {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+
+	// Field (0) 'Type'
+	hh.PutUint64(t.Type)
+
+	// Field (1) 'Nonce'
+	hh.PutUint64(t.Nonce)
+
+	// Field (2) 'GasPrice'
+	if err = t.GasPrice.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (3) 'Gas'
+	hh.PutUint64(t.Gas)
+
+	// Field (4) 'FeePerGas'
+	if err = t.FeePerGas.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (5) 'PriorityFeePerGas'
+	if err = t.PriorityFeePerGas.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (6) 'Value'
+	if err = t.Value.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (7) 'Data'
+	{
+		elemIndx := hh.Index()
+		byteLen := uint64(len(t.Data))
+		if byteLen > 104857600 {
+			err = ssz.ErrIncorrectListSize
+			return
+		}
+		hh.PutBytes(t.Data)
+		if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixinVectorizedHTR(elemIndx, byteLen, (104857600+31)/32)
+		} else {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixin(elemIndx, byteLen, (104857600+31)/32)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (8) 'Sign'
+	{
+		elemIndx := hh.Index()
+		byteLen := uint64(len(t.Sign))
+		if byteLen > 104857600 {
+			err = ssz.ErrIncorrectListSize
+			return
+		}
+		hh.PutBytes(t.Sign)
+		if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixinVectorizedHTR(elemIndx, byteLen, (104857600+31)/32)
+		} else {
+			hh.MerkleizeWithMixin(elemIndx, byteLen, (104857600+31)/32)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Field (9) 'To'
+	if err = t.To.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (10) 'From'
+	if err = t.From.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (11) 'ChainID'
+	hh.PutUint64(t.ChainID)
+
+	// Field (12) 'Hash'
+	if err = t.Hash.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (13) 'R'
+	if err = t.R.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (14) 'S'
+	if err = t.S.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Field (15) 'V'
+	if err = t.V.HashTreeRootWith(hh); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if ssz.EnableVectorizedHTR {
+		hh.MerkleizeVectorizedHTR(indx)
+	} else {
+		hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	}
+	return
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/types_pb/types.pb.go b/api/protocol/types_pb/types.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96a6ff4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/types_pb/types.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1924 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.26.0
+// 	protoc        v3.20.0
+// source: types.proto
+
+package types_pb
+
+import (
+	_ "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/ext"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type H128 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi uint64 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo uint64 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H128) Reset() {
+	*x = H128{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H128) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H128) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H128) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H128.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H128) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *H128) GetHi() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *H128) GetLo() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type H160 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H128  `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H160) Reset() {
+	*x = H160{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H160) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H160) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H160) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H160.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H160) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *H160) GetHi() *H128 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H160) GetLo() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type H256 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H128 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo *H128 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H256) Reset() {
+	*x = H256{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H256) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H256) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H256) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H256.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H256) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+func (x *H256) GetHi() *H128 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H256) GetLo() *H128 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type H384 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo *H128 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H384) Reset() {
+	*x = H384{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H384) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H384) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H384) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H384.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H384) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *H384) GetHi() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H384) GetLo() *H128 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type H768 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H384 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo *H384 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H768) Reset() {
+	*x = H768{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H768) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H768) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H768) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H768.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H768) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+}
+
+func (x *H768) GetHi() *H384 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H768) GetLo() *H384 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type H512 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo *H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H512) Reset() {
+	*x = H512{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[5]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H512) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H512) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H512) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[5]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H512.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H512) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
+}
+
+func (x *H512) GetHi() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H512) GetLo() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type H1024 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H512 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo *H512 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H1024) Reset() {
+	*x = H1024{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[6]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H1024) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H1024) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H1024) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[6]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H1024.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H1024) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
+}
+
+func (x *H1024) GetHi() *H512 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H1024) GetLo() *H512 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type H2048 struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Hi *H1024 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hi,proto3" json:"hi,omitempty"`
+	Lo *H1024 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=lo,proto3" json:"lo,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *H2048) Reset() {
+	*x = H2048{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[7]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *H2048) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*H2048) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *H2048) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[7]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use H2048.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*H2048) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{7}
+}
+
+func (x *H2048) GetHi() *H1024 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *H2048) GetLo() *H1024 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Lo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Block struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Header *Header `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Header,proto3" json:"Header,omitempty"`
+	Body   *Body   `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=body,proto3" json:"body,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Block) Reset() {
+	*x = Block{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[8]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Block) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Block) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Block) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[8]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Block.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Block) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{8}
+}
+
+func (x *Block) GetHeader() *Header {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Header
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Block) GetBody() *Body {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Body
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Header struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	ParentHash  *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=ParentHash,proto3" json:"ParentHash,omitempty"`
+	Coinbase    *H160  `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Coinbase,proto3" json:"Coinbase,omitempty"`
+	Root        *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=Root,proto3" json:"Root,omitempty"`
+	TxHash      *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=TxHash,proto3" json:"TxHash,omitempty"`
+	ReceiptHash *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=ReceiptHash,proto3" json:"ReceiptHash,omitempty"`
+	Difficulty  *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=Difficulty,proto3" json:"Difficulty,omitempty"`
+	Number      *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=Number,proto3" json:"Number,omitempty"`
+	GasLimit    uint64 `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=GasLimit,proto3" json:"GasLimit,omitempty"`
+	GasUsed     uint64 `protobuf:"varint,9,opt,name=GasUsed,proto3" json:"GasUsed,omitempty"`
+	Time        uint64 `protobuf:"varint,10,opt,name=Time,proto3" json:"Time,omitempty"`
+	Nonce       uint64 `protobuf:"varint,11,opt,name=Nonce,proto3" json:"Nonce,omitempty"`
+	BaseFee     *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,12,opt,name=BaseFee,proto3" json:"BaseFee,omitempty"`
+	// 65+32 byte (clique)
+	Extra     []byte `protobuf:"bytes,13,opt,name=Extra,proto3" json:"Extra,omitempty" ssz-max:"117"`
+	Signature *H768  `protobuf:"bytes,14,opt,name=Signature,proto3" json:"Signature,omitempty"`
+	Bloom     *H2048 `protobuf:"bytes,15,opt,name=Bloom,proto3" json:"Bloom,omitempty"`
+	MixDigest *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,16,opt,name=MixDigest,proto3" json:"MixDigest,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Header) Reset() {
+	*x = Header{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[9]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Header) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Header) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Header) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[9]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Header.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Header) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{9}
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetParentHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ParentHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetCoinbase() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Coinbase
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetRoot() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Root
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetTxHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TxHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetReceiptHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ReceiptHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetDifficulty() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Difficulty
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetNumber() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Number
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetGasLimit() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GasLimit
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetGasUsed() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GasUsed
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetTime() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Time
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetNonce() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Nonce
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetBaseFee() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.BaseFee
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetExtra() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Extra
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetSignature() *H768 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Signature
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetBloom() *H2048 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Bloom
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Header) GetMixDigest() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.MixDigest
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Verifier struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	PublicKey *H384 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=PublicKey,proto3" json:"PublicKey,omitempty"`
+	Address   *H160 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Address,proto3" json:"Address,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Verifier) Reset() {
+	*x = Verifier{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[10]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Verifier) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Verifier) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Verifier) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[10]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Verifier.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Verifier) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{10}
+}
+
+func (x *Verifier) GetPublicKey() *H384 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.PublicKey
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Verifier) GetAddress() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Address
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Reward struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Amount  *H256 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Amount,proto3" json:"Amount,omitempty"`
+	Address *H160 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Address,proto3" json:"Address,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Reward) Reset() {
+	*x = Reward{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[11]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Reward) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Reward) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Reward) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[11]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Reward.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Reward) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{11}
+}
+
+func (x *Reward) GetAmount() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Amount
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Reward) GetAddress() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Address
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Body struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Txs       []*Transaction `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=txs,proto3" json:"txs,omitempty" ssz-max:"104857600"`
+	Verifiers []*Verifier    `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=verifiers,proto3" json:"verifiers,omitempty" ssz-max:"104857600"`
+	Rewards   []*Reward      `protobuf:"bytes,3,rep,name=rewards,proto3" json:"rewards,omitempty" ssz-max:"104857600"`
+}
+
+func (x *Body) Reset() {
+	*x = Body{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[12]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Body) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Body) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Body) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[12]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Body.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Body) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{12}
+}
+
+func (x *Body) GetTxs() []*Transaction {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Txs
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Body) GetVerifiers() []*Verifier {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Verifiers
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Body) GetRewards() []*Reward {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Rewards
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Transaction struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Type              uint64 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=type,proto3" json:"type,omitempty"`
+	Nonce             uint64 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=nonce,proto3" json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+	GasPrice          *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=gasPrice,proto3" json:"gasPrice,omitempty"`
+	Gas               uint64 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=gas,proto3" json:"gas,omitempty"`
+	FeePerGas         *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=feePerGas,proto3" json:"feePerGas,omitempty"`
+	PriorityFeePerGas *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=priorityFeePerGas,proto3" json:"priorityFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+	Value             *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=value,proto3" json:"value,omitempty"`
+	Data              []byte `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=data,proto3" json:"data,omitempty" ssz-max:"104857600"`
+	Sign              []byte `protobuf:"bytes,9,opt,name=sign,proto3" json:"sign,omitempty" ssz-max:"104857600"`
+	To                *H160  `protobuf:"bytes,10,opt,name=to,proto3" json:"to,omitempty"`
+	From              *H160  `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=from,proto3" json:"from,omitempty"`
+	ChainID           uint64 `protobuf:"varint,12,opt,name=chainID,proto3" json:"chainID,omitempty"`
+	Hash              *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,13,opt,name=hash,proto3" json:"hash,omitempty"`
+	R                 *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,14,opt,name=r,proto3" json:"r,omitempty"`
+	S                 *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,15,opt,name=s,proto3" json:"s,omitempty"`
+	V                 *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,16,opt,name=v,proto3" json:"v,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) Reset() {
+	*x = Transaction{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[13]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Transaction) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Transaction) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[13]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Transaction.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Transaction) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{13}
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetType() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Type
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetNonce() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Nonce
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetGasPrice() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GasPrice
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetGas() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Gas
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetFeePerGas() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.FeePerGas
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetPriorityFeePerGas() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.PriorityFeePerGas
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetValue() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Value
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetData() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Data
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetSign() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Sign
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetTo() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.To
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetFrom() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.From
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetChainID() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ChainID
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetR() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.R
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetS() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.S
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Transaction) GetV() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.V
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Receipts struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Receipts []*Receipt `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=receipts,proto3" json:"receipts,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Receipts) Reset() {
+	*x = Receipts{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[14]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Receipts) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Receipts) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Receipts) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[14]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Receipts.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Receipts) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{14}
+}
+
+func (x *Receipts) GetReceipts() []*Receipt {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Receipts
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Receipt struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Type              uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=Type,proto3" json:"Type,omitempty"`
+	PostState         []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=PostState,proto3" json:"PostState,omitempty"`
+	Status            uint64 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=Status,proto3" json:"Status,omitempty"`
+	CumulativeGasUsed uint64 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=CumulativeGasUsed,proto3" json:"CumulativeGasUsed,omitempty"`
+	Bloom             *H2048 `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=Bloom,proto3" json:"Bloom,omitempty"`
+	Logs              []*Log `protobuf:"bytes,6,rep,name=Logs,proto3" json:"Logs,omitempty"`
+	TxHash            *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=TxHash,proto3" json:"TxHash,omitempty"`
+	ContractAddress   *H160  `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=ContractAddress,proto3" json:"ContractAddress,omitempty"`
+	GasUsed           uint64 `protobuf:"varint,9,opt,name=GasUsed,proto3" json:"GasUsed,omitempty"`
+	BlockHash         *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,10,opt,name=BlockHash,proto3" json:"BlockHash,omitempty"`
+	BlockNumber       *H256  `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=BlockNumber,proto3" json:"BlockNumber,omitempty"`
+	TransactionIndex  uint64 `protobuf:"varint,12,opt,name=TransactionIndex,proto3" json:"TransactionIndex,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) Reset() {
+	*x = Receipt{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[15]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Receipt) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Receipt) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[15]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Receipt.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Receipt) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{15}
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetType() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Type
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetPostState() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.PostState
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetStatus() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Status
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetCumulativeGasUsed() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.CumulativeGasUsed
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetBloom() *H2048 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Bloom
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetLogs() []*Log {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Logs
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetTxHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TxHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetContractAddress() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ContractAddress
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetGasUsed() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GasUsed
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetBlockHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.BlockHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetBlockNumber() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.BlockNumber
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Receipt) GetTransactionIndex() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TransactionIndex
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type Log struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Address     *H160   `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Address,proto3" json:"Address,omitempty"`
+	Topics      []*H256 `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=Topics,proto3" json:"Topics,omitempty"`
+	Data        []byte  `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=Data,proto3" json:"Data,omitempty"`
+	BlockNumber *H256   `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=BlockNumber,proto3" json:"BlockNumber,omitempty"`
+	TxHash      *H256   `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=TxHash,proto3" json:"TxHash,omitempty"`
+	TxIndex     uint64  `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=TxIndex,proto3" json:"TxIndex,omitempty"`
+	BlockHash   *H256   `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=BlockHash,proto3" json:"BlockHash,omitempty"`
+	Index       uint64  `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=Index,proto3" json:"Index,omitempty"`
+	Removed     bool    `protobuf:"varint,9,opt,name=Removed,proto3" json:"Removed,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Log) Reset() {
+	*x = Log{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[16]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Log) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Log) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Log) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[16]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Log.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Log) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{16}
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetAddress() *H160 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Address
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetTopics() []*H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Topics
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetData() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Data
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetBlockNumber() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.BlockNumber
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetTxHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TxHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetTxIndex() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TxIndex
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetBlockHash() *H256 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.BlockHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetIndex() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Index
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *Log) GetRemoved() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Removed
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type Logs struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Logs []*Log `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=logs,proto3" json:"logs,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Logs) Reset() {
+	*x = Logs{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[17]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Logs) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Logs) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Logs) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_types_proto_msgTypes[17]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Logs.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Logs) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{17}
+}
+
+func (x *Logs) GetLogs() []*Log {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Logs
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var File_types_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_types_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+}
+
+var (
+	file_types_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_types_proto_rawDescData = file_types_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_types_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_types_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_types_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_types_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_types_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_types_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 18)
+var file_types_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*H128)(nil),        // 0: types_pb.H128
+	(*H160)(nil),        // 1: types_pb.H160
+	(*H256)(nil),        // 2: types_pb.H256
+	(*H384)(nil),        // 3: types_pb.H384
+	(*H768)(nil),        // 4: types_pb.H768
+	(*H512)(nil),        // 5: types_pb.H512
+	(*H1024)(nil),       // 6: types_pb.H1024
+	(*H2048)(nil),       // 7: types_pb.H2048
+	(*Block)(nil),       // 8: types_pb.Block
+	(*Header)(nil),      // 9: types_pb.Header
+	(*Verifier)(nil),    // 10: types_pb.Verifier
+	(*Reward)(nil),      // 11: types_pb.Reward
+	(*Body)(nil),        // 12: types_pb.Body
+	(*Transaction)(nil), // 13: types_pb.Transaction
+	(*Receipts)(nil),    // 14: types_pb.Receipts
+	(*Receipt)(nil),     // 15: types_pb.Receipt
+	(*Log)(nil),         // 16: types_pb.Log
+	(*Logs)(nil),        // 17: types_pb.Logs
+}
+var file_types_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	0,  // 0: types_pb.H160.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H128
+	0,  // 1: types_pb.H256.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H128
+	0,  // 2: types_pb.H256.lo:type_name -> types_pb.H128
+	2,  // 3: types_pb.H384.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	0,  // 4: types_pb.H384.lo:type_name -> types_pb.H128
+	3,  // 5: types_pb.H768.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H384
+	3,  // 6: types_pb.H768.lo:type_name -> types_pb.H384
+	2,  // 7: types_pb.H512.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 8: types_pb.H512.lo:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	5,  // 9: types_pb.H1024.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H512
+	5,  // 10: types_pb.H1024.lo:type_name -> types_pb.H512
+	6,  // 11: types_pb.H2048.hi:type_name -> types_pb.H1024
+	6,  // 12: types_pb.H2048.lo:type_name -> types_pb.H1024
+	9,  // 13: types_pb.Block.Header:type_name -> types_pb.Header
+	12, // 14: types_pb.Block.body:type_name -> types_pb.Body
+	2,  // 15: types_pb.Header.ParentHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	1,  // 16: types_pb.Header.Coinbase:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	2,  // 17: types_pb.Header.Root:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 18: types_pb.Header.TxHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 19: types_pb.Header.ReceiptHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 20: types_pb.Header.Difficulty:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 21: types_pb.Header.Number:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 22: types_pb.Header.BaseFee:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	4,  // 23: types_pb.Header.Signature:type_name -> types_pb.H768
+	7,  // 24: types_pb.Header.Bloom:type_name -> types_pb.H2048
+	2,  // 25: types_pb.Header.MixDigest:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	3,  // 26: types_pb.Verifier.PublicKey:type_name -> types_pb.H384
+	1,  // 27: types_pb.Verifier.Address:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	2,  // 28: types_pb.Reward.Amount:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	1,  // 29: types_pb.Reward.Address:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	13, // 30: types_pb.Body.txs:type_name -> types_pb.Transaction
+	10, // 31: types_pb.Body.verifiers:type_name -> types_pb.Verifier
+	11, // 32: types_pb.Body.rewards:type_name -> types_pb.Reward
+	2,  // 33: types_pb.Transaction.gasPrice:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 34: types_pb.Transaction.feePerGas:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 35: types_pb.Transaction.priorityFeePerGas:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 36: types_pb.Transaction.value:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	1,  // 37: types_pb.Transaction.to:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	1,  // 38: types_pb.Transaction.from:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	2,  // 39: types_pb.Transaction.hash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 40: types_pb.Transaction.r:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 41: types_pb.Transaction.s:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 42: types_pb.Transaction.v:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	15, // 43: types_pb.Receipts.receipts:type_name -> types_pb.Receipt
+	7,  // 44: types_pb.Receipt.Bloom:type_name -> types_pb.H2048
+	16, // 45: types_pb.Receipt.Logs:type_name -> types_pb.Log
+	2,  // 46: types_pb.Receipt.TxHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	1,  // 47: types_pb.Receipt.ContractAddress:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	2,  // 48: types_pb.Receipt.BlockHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 49: types_pb.Receipt.BlockNumber:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	1,  // 50: types_pb.Log.Address:type_name -> types_pb.H160
+	2,  // 51: types_pb.Log.Topics:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 52: types_pb.Log.BlockNumber:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 53: types_pb.Log.TxHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	2,  // 54: types_pb.Log.BlockHash:type_name -> types_pb.H256
+	16, // 55: types_pb.Logs.logs:type_name -> types_pb.Log
+	56, // [56:56] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	56, // [56:56] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	56, // [56:56] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	56, // [56:56] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0,  // [0:56] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_types_proto_init() }
+func file_types_proto_init() {
+	if File_types_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H128); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H160); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H256); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H384); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H768); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[5].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H512); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[6].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H1024); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[7].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*H2048); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[8].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Block); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[9].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Header); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[10].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Verifier); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[11].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Reward); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[12].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Body); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[13].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Transaction); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[14].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Receipts); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[15].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Receipt); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[16].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Log); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_types_proto_msgTypes[17].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Logs); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_types_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   18,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   0,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_types_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_types_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_types_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_types_proto = out.File
+	file_types_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_types_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_types_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
diff --git a/api/protocol/types_pb/types.proto b/api/protocol/types_pb/types.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e77bf9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/protocol/types_pb/types.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+package types_pb;
+
+import "ext/options.proto";
+
+option go_package = "github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb";
+
+
+message H128 {
+  uint64 hi = 1;
+  uint64 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H160 {
+  H128 hi = 1;
+  uint32 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H256 {
+  H128 hi = 1;
+  H128 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H384{  // 48 byte
+  H256 hi = 1;
+  H128 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H768 { // 96 byte
+  H384 hi = 1;
+  H384 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H512 {
+  H256 hi = 1;
+  H256 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H1024 {
+  H512 hi = 1;
+  H512 lo = 2;
+}
+
+message H2048 {
+  H1024 hi = 1;
+  H1024 lo = 2;
+}
+
+
+message Block{
+  Header Header = 1;
+  Body body = 2;
+}
+
+message Header {
+  H256 ParentHash = 1 ;
+  H160 Coinbase = 2 ;
+  H256 Root = 3 ;
+  H256 TxHash = 4 ;
+  H256 ReceiptHash = 5 ;
+  H256 Difficulty = 6;
+  H256 Number = 7;
+  uint64 GasLimit = 8;
+  uint64 GasUsed = 9;
+  uint64 Time = 10;
+  uint64 Nonce = 11;
+  H256 BaseFee = 12 ;
+  // 65+32 byte (clique)
+  bytes Extra = 13  [(ext.ssz_max) = "117"];
+  H768 Signature = 14;
+  H2048 Bloom = 15;
+  H256 MixDigest = 16;
+}
+
+message Verifier {
+  H384 PublicKey = 1;
+  H160 Address = 2;
+}
+
+message Reward {
+  H256 Amount = 1;
+  H160 Address = 2;
+}
+
+message Body {
+  repeated Transaction txs = 1 [(ext.ssz_max) = "104857600"];
+  repeated Verifier verifiers = 2 [(ext.ssz_max) = "104857600"];
+  repeated Reward rewards = 3 [(ext.ssz_max) = "104857600"];
+}
+
+message Transaction {
+  uint64 type = 1;
+  uint64 nonce = 2;
+  H256 gasPrice = 3;
+  uint64 gas = 4;
+  H256 feePerGas = 5;
+  H256 priorityFeePerGas = 6;
+  H256 value = 7;
+  bytes data = 8 [(ext.ssz_max) = "104857600"];
+  bytes sign = 9 [(ext.ssz_max) = "104857600"];
+  H160 to = 10;
+  H160 from = 11;
+  uint64 chainID = 12;
+  H256 hash = 13;
+  H256 r = 14;
+  H256 s = 15;
+  H256 v = 16;
+}
+
+message Receipts {
+  repeated Receipt receipts = 1;
+}
+
+message Receipt {
+  uint32   Type = 1;
+  bytes    PostState = 2;
+  uint64   Status = 3;
+  uint64   CumulativeGasUsed = 4;
+  H2048   Bloom = 5;
+  repeated Log Logs = 6;
+  H256    TxHash = 7 ;
+  H160    ContractAddress = 8;
+  uint64   GasUsed = 9;
+  H256    BlockHash = 10;
+  H256   BlockNumber = 11;
+  uint64   TransactionIndex = 12;
+}
+
+message Log {
+  H160 Address = 1;
+  repeated H256 Topics = 2;
+  bytes Data = 3;
+  H256 BlockNumber = 4;
+  H256 TxHash = 5;
+  uint64 TxIndex = 6;
+  H256 BlockHash = 7;
+  uint64 Index = 8;
+  bool Removed = 9;
+}
+
+message Logs {
+  repeated Log logs = 1;
+}
+
diff --git a/cmd/ast/accountcmd.go b/cmd/ast/accountcmd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ff309a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/accountcmd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/cmd/utils"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/node"
+)
+
+var (
+	walletCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:      "wallet",
+		Usage:     "Manage astranet presale wallets",
+		ArgsUsage: "",
+		Description: `
+    astranet wallet import /path/to/my/presale.wallet
+
+will prompt for your password and imports your ether presale account.
+It can be used non-interactively with the --password option taking a
+passwordfile as argument containing the wallet password in plaintext.`,
+		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+			{
+
+				Name:      "import",
+				Usage:     "Import Ethereum presale wallet",
+				ArgsUsage: "<keyFile>",
+				Action:    importWallet,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+					KeyStoreDirFlag,
+					PasswordFileFlag,
+					LightKDFFlag,
+				},
+				Description: `
+	astranet wallet [options] /path/to/my/presale.wallet
+
+will prompt for your password and imports your ether presale account.
+It can be used non-interactively with the --password option taking a
+passwordfile as argument containing the wallet password in plaintext.`,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	accountCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "account",
+		Usage: "Manage accounts",
+		Description: `
+
+Manage accounts, list all existing accounts, import a private key into a new
+account, create a new account or update an existing account.
+
+It supports interactive mode, when you are prompted for password as well as
+non-interactive mode where passwords are supplied via a given password file.
+Non-interactive mode is only meant for scripted use on test networks or known
+safe environments.
+
+Make sure you remember the password you gave when creating a new account (with
+either new or import). Without it you are not able to unlock your account.
+
+Note that exporting your key in unencrypted format is NOT supported.
+
+Keys are stored under <DATADIR>/keystore.
+It is safe to transfer the entire directory or the individual keys therein
+between ethereum nodes by simply copying.
+
+Make sure you backup your keys regularly.`,
+		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+			{
+				Name:   "list",
+				Usage:  "Print summary of existing accounts",
+				Action: accountList,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+					KeyStoreDirFlag,
+				},
+				Description: `
+			Print a short summary of all accounts`,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:   "new",
+				Usage:  "Create a new account",
+				Action: accountCreate,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+					KeyStoreDirFlag,
+					PasswordFileFlag,
+					LightKDFFlag,
+				},
+				Description: `
+    astranet account new
+
+Creates a new account and prints the address.
+
+The account is saved in encrypted format, you are prompted for a password.
+
+You must remember this password to unlock your account in the future.
+
+For non-interactive use the password can be specified with the --password flag:
+
+Note, this is meant to be used for testing only, it is a bad idea to save your
+password to file or expose in any other way.
+`,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:      "update",
+				Usage:     "Update an existing account",
+				Action:    accountUpdate,
+				ArgsUsage: "<address>",
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+					KeyStoreDirFlag,
+					LightKDFFlag,
+				},
+				Description: `
+    astranet account update <address>
+
+Update an existing account.
+
+The account is saved in the newest version in encrypted format, you are prompted
+for a password to unlock the account and another to save the updated file.
+
+This same command can therefore be used to migrate an account of a deprecated
+format to the newest format or change the password for an account.
+
+For non-interactive use the password can be specified with the --password flag:
+
+    astranet account update [options] <address>
+
+Since only one password can be given, only format update can be performed,
+changing your password is only possible interactively.
+`,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:   "import",
+				Usage:  "Import a private key into a new account",
+				Action: accountImport,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+					KeyStoreDirFlag,
+					PasswordFileFlag,
+					LightKDFFlag,
+				},
+				ArgsUsage: "<keyFile>",
+				Description: `
+    astranet account import <keyfile>
+
+Imports an unencrypted private key from <keyfile> and creates a new account.
+Prints the address.
+
+The keyfile is assumed to contain an unencrypted private key in hexadecimal format.
+
+The account is saved in encrypted format, you are prompted for a password.
+
+You must remember this password to unlock your account in the future.
+
+For non-interactive use the password can be specified with the -password flag:
+
+    astranet account import [options] <keyfile>
+
+Note:
+As you can directly copy your encrypted accounts to another ethereum instance,
+this import mechanism is not needed when you transfer an account between
+nodes.
+`,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+)
+
+func importWallet(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Args().Len() != 1 {
+		utils.Fatalf("keyfile must be given as the only argument")
+	}
+	keyfile := ctx.Args().First()
+	keyJSON, err := os.ReadFile(keyfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Could not read wallet file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	passphrase := utils.GetPassPhraseWithList("", false, 0, MakePasswordList(ctx))
+
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backends(keystore.KeyStoreType)[0].(*keystore.KeyStore)
+	acct, err := ks.ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Address: {%x}\n", acct.Address)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func accountList(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig
+	// Load config file.
+	if len(cfgFile) > 0 {
+		if err := conf.LoadConfigFromFile(cfgFile, &cfg); err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var index int
+	for _, wallet := range stack.AccountManager().Wallets() {
+		for _, account := range wallet.Accounts() {
+			fmt.Printf("Account #%d: {%s} %s\n", index, account.Address, &account.URL)
+			index++
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// accountCreate creates a new account into the keystore defined by the CLI flags.
+func accountCreate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig
+	// Load config file.
+	if len(cfgFile) > 0 {
+		if err := conf.LoadConfigFromFile(cfgFile, &cfg); err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	keydir, err := cfg.NodeCfg.KeyDirConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Failed to read configuration: %v", err)
+	}
+	scryptN := keystore.StandardScryptN
+	scryptP := keystore.StandardScryptP
+	if cfg.NodeCfg.UseLightweightKDF {
+		scryptN = keystore.LightScryptN
+		scryptP = keystore.LightScryptP
+	}
+
+	password := utils.GetPassPhraseWithList("Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, MakePasswordList(ctx))
+
+	account, err := keystore.StoreKey(keydir, password, scryptN, scryptP)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Failed to create account: %v", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("\nYour new key was generated\n\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Public address of the key:   %s\n", account.Address.Hex())
+	fmt.Printf("Path of the secret key file: %s\n\n", account.URL.Path)
+	fmt.Printf("- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.\n")
+	fmt.Printf("- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!\n")
+	fmt.Printf("- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!\n")
+	fmt.Printf("- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!\n\n")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// tries unlocking the specified account a few times.
+func unlockAccount(ks *keystore.KeyStore, address string, i int, passwords []string) (accounts.Account, string) {
+	account, err := utils.MakeAddress(ks, address)
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Could not list accounts: %v", err)
+	}
+	for trials := 0; trials < 3; trials++ {
+		prompt := fmt.Sprintf("Unlocking account %s | Attempt %d/%d", address, trials+1, 3)
+		password := utils.GetPassPhraseWithList(prompt, false, i, passwords)
+		err = ks.Unlock(account, password)
+		if err == nil {
+			log.Info("Unlocked account", "address", account.Address.Hex())
+			return account, password
+		}
+		if err, ok := err.(*keystore.AmbiguousAddrError); ok {
+			log.Info("Unlocked account", "address", account.Address.Hex())
+			return ambiguousAddrRecovery(ks, err, password), password
+		}
+		if err != keystore.ErrDecrypt {
+			// No need to prompt again if the error is not decryption-related.
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	// All trials expended to unlock account, bail out
+	utils.Fatalf("Failed to unlock account %s (%v)", address, err)
+
+	return accounts.Account{}, ""
+}
+
+func ambiguousAddrRecovery(ks *keystore.KeyStore, err *keystore.AmbiguousAddrError, auth string) accounts.Account {
+	fmt.Printf("Multiple key files exist for address %x:\n", err.Addr)
+	for _, a := range err.Matches {
+		fmt.Println("  ", a.URL)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("Testing your password against all of them...")
+	var match *accounts.Account
+	for i, a := range err.Matches {
+		if e := ks.Unlock(a, auth); e == nil {
+			match = &err.Matches[i]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if match == nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("None of the listed files could be unlocked.")
+		return accounts.Account{}
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Your password unlocked %s\n", match.URL)
+	fmt.Println("In order to avoid this warning, you need to remove the following duplicate key files:")
+	for _, a := range err.Matches {
+		if a != *match {
+			fmt.Println("  ", a.URL)
+		}
+	}
+	return *match
+}
+
+// accountUpdate transitions an account from a previous format to the current
+// one, also providing the possibility to change the pass-phrase.
+func accountUpdate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Args().Len() == 0 {
+		utils.Fatalf("No accounts specified to update")
+	}
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backends(keystore.KeyStoreType)[0].(*keystore.KeyStore)
+
+	for _, addr := range ctx.Args().Slice() {
+		account, oldPassword := unlockAccount(ks, addr, 0, nil)
+		newPassword := utils.GetPassPhraseWithList("Please give a new password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, nil)
+		if err := ks.Update(account, oldPassword, newPassword); err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("Could not update the account: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func accountImport(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Args().Len() != 1 {
+		utils.Fatalf("keyfile must be given as the only argument")
+	}
+	keyfile := ctx.Args().First()
+	key, err := crypto.LoadECDSA(keyfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Failed to load the private key: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	passphrase := utils.GetPassPhraseWithList("Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, MakePasswordList(ctx))
+
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backends(keystore.KeyStoreType)[0].(*keystore.KeyStore)
+	acct, err := ks.ImportECDSA(key, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Could not create the account: %v", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Address: {%x}\n", acct.Address)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/app.go b/cmd/ast/app.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bfbde1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/app.go
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"net/http"
+	_ "net/http/pprof"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/cmd/utils"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/node"
+)
+
+func appRun(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if len(cfgFile) > 0 {
+		if err := conf.LoadConfigFromFile(cfgFile, &DefaultConfig); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		DefaultConfig.NetworkCfg.ListenersAddress = listenAddress.Value()
+		DefaultConfig.NetworkCfg.BootstrapPeers = bootstraps.Value()
+		if len(privateKey) > 0 {
+			DefaultConfig.NetworkCfg.LocalPeerKey = privateKey
+		}
+
+		DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.StaticPeers = p2pStaticPeers.Value()
+		DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.BootstrapNodeAddr = p2pBootstrapNode.Value()
+		DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.DenyListCIDR = p2pDenyList.Value()
+
+		//
+		DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.DataDir = DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.DataDir
+	}
+
+	log.Init(DefaultConfig.NodeCfg, DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg)
+
+	if DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.Pprof {
+		if DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.MaxCpu > 0 {
+			runtime.GOMAXPROCS(DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.MaxCpu)
+		}
+		if DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.TraceMutex {
+			runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(1)
+		}
+		if DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.TraceBlock {
+			runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(1)
+		}
+
+		go func() {
+			if err := http.ListenAndServe(fmt.Sprintf(":%d", DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.Port), nil); err != nil {
+				log.Error("failed to setup go pprof", "err", err)
+				os.Exit(0)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed start Node", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	StartNode(ctx, stack, false)
+
+	// Unlock any account specifically requested
+	unlockAccounts(ctx, stack, &DefaultConfig)
+
+	// Register wallet event handlers to open and auto-derive wallets
+	events := make(chan accounts.WalletEvent, 16)
+	stack.AccountManager().Subscribe(events)
+
+	go func() {
+		// Open any wallets already attached
+		for _, wallet := range stack.AccountManager().Wallets() {
+			if err := wallet.Open(""); err != nil {
+				log.Warn("Failed to open wallet", "url", wallet.URL(), "err", err)
+			}
+		}
+		// Listen for wallet event till termination
+		for event := range events {
+			switch event.Kind {
+			case accounts.WalletArrived:
+				if err := event.Wallet.Open(""); err != nil {
+					log.Warn("New wallet appeared, failed to open", "url", event.Wallet.URL(), "err", err)
+				}
+			case accounts.WalletOpened:
+				status, _ := event.Wallet.Status()
+				log.Info("New wallet appeared", "url", event.Wallet.URL(), "status", status)
+
+				var derivationPaths []accounts.DerivationPath
+				if event.Wallet.URL().Scheme == "ledger" {
+					derivationPaths = append(derivationPaths, accounts.LegacyLedgerBaseDerivationPath)
+				}
+				derivationPaths = append(derivationPaths, accounts.DefaultBaseDerivationPath)
+
+				event.Wallet.SelfDerive(derivationPaths, nil)
+
+			case accounts.WalletDropped:
+				log.Info("Old wallet dropped", "url", event.Wallet.URL())
+				event.Wallet.Close()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	stack.Wait()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// unlockAccounts unlocks any account specifically requested.
+func unlockAccounts(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *conf.Config) {
+	var unlocks []string
+	inputs := strings.Split(ctx.String(UnlockedAccountFlag.Name), ",")
+	for _, input := range inputs {
+		if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(input); trimmed != "" {
+			unlocks = append(unlocks, trimmed)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Short circuit if there is no account to unlock.
+	if len(unlocks) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// If insecure account unlocking is not allowed if node's APIs are exposed to external.
+	// Print warning log to user and skip unlocking.
+	if !cfg.NodeCfg.InsecureUnlockAllowed && cfg.NodeCfg.ExtRPCEnabled() {
+		utils.Fatalf("Account unlock with HTTP access is forbidden!")
+	}
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backends(keystore.KeyStoreType)[0].(*keystore.KeyStore)
+	passwords := MakePasswordList(ctx)
+	for i, account := range unlocks {
+		unlockAccount(ks, account, i, passwords)
+	}
+}
+
+// MakePasswordList reads password lines from the file specified by the global --password flag.
+func MakePasswordList(ctx *cli.Context) []string {
+	path := ctx.Path(PasswordFileFlag.Name)
+	if path == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	text, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to read password ", "file", err)
+	}
+	lines := strings.Split(string(text), "\n")
+	// Sanitise DOS line endings.
+	for i := range lines {
+		lines[i] = strings.TrimRight(lines[i], "\r")
+	}
+	return lines
+}
+
+func StartNode(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, isConsole bool) {
+	if err := stack.Start(); err != nil {
+		log.Critf("Error starting protocol stack: %v", err)
+	}
+	go func() {
+		sigc := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		signal.Notify(sigc, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+		defer signal.Stop(sigc)
+
+		if ctx.IsSet(MinFreeDiskSpaceFlag.Name) {
+			minFreeDiskSpace := ctx.Int(MinFreeDiskSpaceFlag.Name)
+			go monitorFreeDiskSpace(sigc, stack.InstanceDir(), uint64(minFreeDiskSpace)*1024*1024*1024)
+		}
+
+		shutdown := func() {
+			log.Info("Got interrupt, shutting down...")
+			go stack.Close()
+			for i := 10; i > 0; i-- {
+				<-sigc
+				if i > 1 {
+					log.Warn("Already shutting down, interrupt more to panic.", "times", i-1)
+				}
+			}
+			panic("Panic closing the ast node")
+		}
+
+		if isConsole {
+			// In JS console mode, SIGINT is ignored because it's handled by the console.
+			// However, SIGTERM still shuts down the node.
+			for {
+				sig := <-sigc
+				if sig == syscall.SIGTERM {
+					shutdown()
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			<-sigc
+			shutdown()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func monitorFreeDiskSpace(sigc chan os.Signal, path string, freeDiskSpaceCritical uint64) {
+	if path == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	for {
+		freeSpace, err := getFreeDiskSpace(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warn("Failed to get free disk space", "path", path, "err", err)
+			break
+		}
+		if freeSpace < freeDiskSpaceCritical {
+			log.Error("Low disk space. Gracefully shutting down Geth to prevent database corruption.", "available", types.StorageSize(freeSpace), "path", path)
+			sigc <- syscall.SIGTERM
+			break
+		} else if freeSpace < 2*freeDiskSpaceCritical {
+			log.Warn("Disk space is running low. Geth will shutdown if disk space runs below critical level.", "available", types.StorageSize(freeSpace), "critical_level", types.StorageSize(freeDiskSpaceCritical), "path", path)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(30 * time.Second)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/cmd.go b/cmd/ast/cmd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e6bd67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/cmd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params/networkname"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	privateKey string
+	//engine        string
+	miner bool
+	// todo
+	listenAddress = cli.NewStringSlice()
+	bootstraps    = cli.NewStringSlice()
+	cfgFile       string
+
+	p2pStaticPeers   = cli.NewStringSlice()
+	p2pBootstrapNode = cli.NewStringSlice()
+	p2pDenyList      = cli.NewStringSlice()
+)
+
+var rootCmd []*cli.Command
+
+var networkFlags = []cli.Flag{
+	&cli.StringSliceFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.listen",
+		Usage:       "p2p listen address",
+		Value:       cli.NewStringSlice(),
+		Destination: listenAddress,
+	},
+
+	&cli.StringSliceFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.bootstrap",
+		Usage:       "bootstrap node info",
+		Value:       cli.NewStringSlice(),
+		Destination: bootstraps,
+	},
+
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.key",
+		Usage:       "private key of p2p node",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NetworkCfg.LocalPeerKey,
+	},
+}
+
+var nodeFlg = []cli.Flag{
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "node.key",
+		Usage:       "node private",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.NodePrivate,
+	},
+}
+
+var rpcFlags = []cli.Flag{
+
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "ipcpath",
+		Usage:       "Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the data dir (explicit paths escape it)",
+		Value:       DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.IPCPath,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.IPCPath,
+	},
+
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "http",
+		Usage:       "Enable the HTTP json-rpc server",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.HTTP,
+	},
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "http.addr",
+		Usage:       "HTTP server listening interface",
+		Value:       DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.HTTPHost,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.HTTPHost,
+	},
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "http.port",
+		Usage:       "HTTP server listening port",
+		Value:       "20012",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.HTTPPort,
+	},
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "http.api",
+		Usage:       "API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.HTTPApi,
+	},
+
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "http.corsdomain",
+		Usage:       "Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.HTTPCors,
+	},
+
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "ws",
+		Usage:       "Enable the WS-RPC server",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.WS,
+	},
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "ws.addr",
+		Usage:       "WS-RPC server listening interface",
+		Value:       DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.WSHost,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.WSHost,
+	},
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "ws.port",
+		Usage:       "WS-RPC server listening port",
+		Value:       "20013",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.WSPort,
+	},
+
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "ws.api",
+		Usage:       "API's offered over the WS-RPC interface",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.WSApi,
+	},
+
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "ws.origins",
+		Usage:       "Origins from which to accept websockets requests",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.WSOrigins,
+	},
+}
+
+var consensusFlag = []cli.Flag{
+	//&cli.StringFlag{
+	//	Name:        "engine.type",
+	//	Usage:       "consensus engine",
+	//	Value:       "APosEngine", //APoaEngine,APosEngine
+	//	Destination: &DefaultConfig.ChainCfg.Consensus,
+	//},
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "engine.miner",
+		Usage:       "miner",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.Miner,
+	},
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "engine.etherbase",
+		Usage:       "consensus etherbase",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.Miner.Etherbase,
+	},
+}
+
+var configFlag = []cli.Flag{
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "blockchain",
+		Usage:       "Loading a Configuration File",
+		Destination: &cfgFile,
+	},
+}
+
+var pprofCfg = []cli.Flag{
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "pprof",
+		Usage:       "Enable the pprof HTTP server",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.Pprof,
+	},
+
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "pprof.block",
+		Usage:       "Turn on block profiling",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.TraceBlock,
+	},
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "pprof.mutex",
+		Usage:       "Turn on mutex profiling",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.TraceMutex,
+	},
+	&cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "pprof.maxcpu",
+		Usage:       "setup number of cpu",
+		Value:       0,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.MaxCpu,
+	},
+	&cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "pprof.port",
+		Usage:       "pprof HTTP server listening port",
+		Value:       0,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.PprofCfg.Port,
+	},
+}
+
+var loggerFlag = []cli.Flag{
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "log.name",
+		Usage:       "logger file name and path",
+		Value:       "ast.log",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg.LogFile,
+	},
+
+	&cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "log.level",
+		Usage:       "logger output level (value:[debug,info,warn,error,dpanic,panic,fatal])",
+		Value:       "debug",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg.Level,
+	},
+
+	&cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "log.maxSize",
+		Usage:       "logger file max size M",
+		Value:       10,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg.MaxSize,
+	},
+	&cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "log.maxBackups",
+		Usage:       "logger file max backups",
+		Value:       10,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg.MaxBackups,
+	},
+	&cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "log.maxAge",
+		Usage:       "logger file max age",
+		Value:       30,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg.MaxAge,
+	},
+	&cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "log.compress",
+		Usage:       "logger file compress",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.LoggerCfg.Compress,
+	},
+}
+var (
+	// P2PNoDiscovery specifies whether we are running a local network and have no need for connecting
+	// to the bootstrap nodes in the cloud
+	P2PNoDiscovery = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.no-discovery",
+		Usage:       "Enable only local network p2p and do not connect to cloud bootstrap nodes.",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.NoDiscovery,
+	}
+	// P2PStaticPeers specifies a set of peers to connect to explicitly.
+	P2PStaticPeers = &cli.StringSliceFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.peer",
+		Usage:       "Connect with this peer. This flag may be used multiple times.",
+		Destination: p2pStaticPeers,
+	}
+	// P2PBootstrapNode tells the beacon node which bootstrap node to connect to
+	P2PBootstrapNode = &cli.StringSliceFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.bootstrap-node",
+		Usage:       "The address of bootstrap node. Beacon node will connect for peer discovery via DHT.  Multiple nodes can be passed by using the flag multiple times but not comma-separated. You can also pass YAML files containing multiple nodes.",
+		Destination: p2pBootstrapNode,
+	}
+	// P2PRelayNode tells the beacon node which relay node to connect to.
+	P2PRelayNode = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name: "p2p.relay-node",
+		Usage: "The address of relay node. The beacon node will connect to the " +
+			"relay node and advertise their address via the relay node to other peers",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.RelayNodeAddr,
+	}
+	// P2PUDPPort defines the port to be used by discv5.
+	P2PUDPPort = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.udp-port",
+		Usage:       "The port used by discv5.",
+		Value:       61015,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.UDPPort,
+	}
+	// P2PTCPPort defines the port to be used by libp2p.
+	P2PTCPPort = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.tcp-port",
+		Usage:       "The port used by libp2p.",
+		Value:       61016,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.TCPPort,
+	}
+	// P2PIP defines the local IP to be used by libp2p.
+	P2PIP = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.local-ip",
+		Usage:       "The local ip address to listen for incoming data.",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.LocalIP,
+	}
+	// P2PHost defines the host IP to be used by libp2p.
+	P2PHost = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.host-ip",
+		Usage:       "The IP address advertised by libp2p. This may be used to advertise an external IP.",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.HostAddress,
+	}
+	// P2PHostDNS defines the host DNS to be used by libp2p.
+	P2PHostDNS = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.host-dns",
+		Usage:       "The DNS address advertised by libp2p. This may be used to advertise an external DNS.",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.HostDNS,
+	}
+	// P2PPrivKey defines a flag to specify the location of the private key file for libp2p.
+	P2PPrivKey = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.priv-key",
+		Usage:       "The file containing the private key to use in communications with other peers.",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.PrivateKey,
+	}
+	P2PStaticID = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.static-id",
+		Usage:       "Enables the peer id of the node to be fixed by saving the generated network key to the default key path.",
+		Value:       true,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.StaticPeerID,
+	}
+	// P2PMetadata defines a flag to specify the location of the peer metadata file.
+	P2PMetadata = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.metadata",
+		Usage:       "The file containing the metadata to communicate with other peers.",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.MetaDataDir,
+	}
+	// P2PMaxPeers defines a flag to specify the max number of peers in libp2p.
+	P2PMaxPeers = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.max-peers",
+		Usage:       "The max number of p2p peers to maintain.",
+		Value:       5,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.MaxPeers,
+	}
+	// P2PAllowList defines a CIDR subnet to exclusively allow connections.
+	P2PAllowList = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name: "p2p.allowlist",
+		Usage: "The CIDR subnet for allowing only certain peer connections. " +
+			"Using \"public\" would allow only public subnets. Example: " +
+			"192.168.0.0/16 would permit connections to peers on your local network only. The " +
+			"default is to accept all connections.",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.AllowListCIDR,
+	}
+	// P2PDenyList defines a list of CIDR subnets to disallow connections from them.
+	P2PDenyList = &cli.StringSliceFlag{
+		Name: "p2p.denylist",
+		Usage: "The CIDR subnets for denying certainty peer connections. " +
+			"Using \"private\" would deny all private subnets. Example: " +
+			"192.168.0.0/16 would deny connections from peers on your local network only. The " +
+			"default is to accept all connections.",
+		Destination: p2pDenyList,
+	}
+
+	// P2PMinSyncPeers specifies the required number of successful peer handshakes in order
+	// to start syncing with external peers.
+	P2PMinSyncPeers = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.min-sync-peers",
+		Usage:       "The required number of valid peers to connect with before syncing.",
+		Value:       1,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.MinSyncPeers,
+	}
+
+	// P2PBlockBatchLimit specifies the requested block batch size.
+	P2PBlockBatchLimit = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.limit.block-batch",
+		Usage:       "The amount of blocks the local peer is bounded to request and respond to in a batch.",
+		Value:       64,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimit,
+	}
+	// P2PBlockBatchLimitBurstFactor specifies the factor by which block batch size may increase.
+	P2PBlockBatchLimitBurstFactor = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.limit.block-burst-factor",
+		Usage:       "The factor by which block batch limit may increase on burst.",
+		Value:       2,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimitBurstFactor,
+	}
+	// P2PBlockBatchLimiterPeriod Period to calculate expected limit for a single peer.
+	P2PBlockBatchLimiterPeriod = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "p2p.limit.block-limiter-period",
+		Usage:       "Period to calculate expected limit for a single peer.",
+		Value:       5,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.P2PCfg.P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimiterPeriod,
+	}
+)
+
+var (
+	DataDirFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "data.dir",
+		Usage:       "data save dir",
+		Value:       "./ast/",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.DataDir,
+	}
+
+	MinFreeDiskSpaceFlag = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "data.dir.minfreedisk",
+		Usage:       "Minimum free disk space in GB, once reached triggers auto shut down (default = 10GB, 0 = disabled)",
+		Value:       10,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.MinFreeDiskSpace,
+	}
+
+	FromDataDirFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "chaindata.from",
+		Usage: "source data  dir",
+	}
+	ToDataDirFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "chaindata.to",
+		Usage: "to data  dir",
+	}
+
+	ChainFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "chain",
+		Usage:       "Name of the testnet to join (value:[mainnet,testnet,private])",
+		Value:       networkname.MainnetChainName,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.Chain,
+	}
+)
+
+var (
+	AuthRPCFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "authrpc",
+		Usage:       "Enable the AUTH-RPC server",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.AuthRPC,
+	}
+	// Authenticated RPC HTTP settings
+	AuthRPCListenFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "authrpc.addr",
+		Usage:       "Listening address for authenticated APIs",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.AuthAddr,
+	}
+	AuthRPCPortFlag = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:        "authrpc.port",
+		Usage:       "Listening port for authenticated APIs",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.AuthPort,
+	}
+	JWTSecretFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:        "authrpc.jwtsecret",
+		Usage:       "Path to a JWT secret to use for authenticated RPC endpoints",
+		Value:       "",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.JWTSecret,
+	}
+)
+
+var (
+	// Account settings
+	UnlockedAccountFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "account.unlock",
+		Usage: "Comma separated list of accounts to unlock",
+		Value: "",
+	}
+	PasswordFileFlag = &cli.PathFlag{
+		Name:        "account.password",
+		Usage:       "Password file to use for non-interactive password input",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.PasswordFile,
+	}
+	LightKDFFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:  "account.lightkdf",
+		Usage: "Reduce key-derivation RAM & CPU usage at some expense of KDF strength",
+	}
+	KeyStoreDirFlag = &cli.PathFlag{
+		Name:        "account.keystore",
+		Usage:       "Directory for the keystore (default = inside the datadir)",
+		TakesFile:   true,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.KeyStoreDir,
+	}
+	InsecureUnlockAllowedFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "account.allow.insecure.unlock",
+		Usage:       "Allow insecure account unlocking when account-related RPCs are exposed by http",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.NodeCfg.InsecureUnlockAllowed,
+	}
+
+	// MetricsEnabledFlag Metrics flags
+	MetricsEnabledFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:        "metrics",
+		Usage:       "Enable metrics collection and reporting",
+		Value:       false,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.MetricsCfg.Enable,
+	}
+
+	// MetricsHTTPFlag defines the endpoint for a stand-alone metrics HTTP endpoint.
+	// Since the pprof service enables sensitive/vulnerable behavior, this allows a user
+	// to enable a public-OK metrics endpoint without having to worry about ALSO exposing
+	// other profiling behavior or information.
+	MetricsHTTPFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "metrics.addr",
+		Usage: `Enable stand-alone metrics HTTP server listening interface.`,
+		//Category: flags.MetricsCategory,
+		Value:       "127.0.0.1",
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.MetricsCfg.HTTP,
+	}
+	MetricsPortFlag = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name: "metrics.port",
+		Usage: `Metrics HTTP server listening port.
+Please note that --` + MetricsHTTPFlag.Name + ` must be set to start the server.`,
+		Value: 6060,
+		// Category: flags.MetricsCategory,
+		Destination: &DefaultConfig.MetricsCfg.Port,
+	}
+)
+
+var (
+	authRPCFlag = []cli.Flag{
+		AuthRPCFlag,
+		AuthRPCListenFlag,
+		AuthRPCPortFlag,
+		JWTSecretFlag,
+	}
+	settingFlag = []cli.Flag{
+		DataDirFlag,
+		ChainFlag,
+		MinFreeDiskSpaceFlag,
+	}
+	accountFlag = []cli.Flag{
+		PasswordFileFlag,
+		KeyStoreDirFlag,
+		LightKDFFlag,
+		InsecureUnlockAllowedFlag,
+		UnlockedAccountFlag,
+	}
+
+	metricsFlags = []cli.Flag{
+		MetricsEnabledFlag,
+		MetricsHTTPFlag,
+		MetricsPortFlag,
+	}
+
+	p2pFlags = []cli.Flag{
+		P2PNoDiscovery,
+		P2PAllowList,
+		P2PBootstrapNode,
+		P2PDenyList,
+		P2PIP,
+		P2PHost,
+		P2PMaxPeers,
+		P2PMetadata,
+		P2PStaticID,
+		P2PPrivKey,
+		P2PHostDNS,
+		P2PRelayNode,
+		P2PStaticPeers,
+		P2PUDPPort,
+		P2PTCPPort,
+		P2PMinSyncPeers,
+	}
+
+	p2pLimitFlags = []cli.Flag{
+		P2PBlockBatchLimit,
+		P2PBlockBatchLimitBurstFactor,
+		P2PBlockBatchLimiterPeriod,
+	}
+)
diff --git a/cmd/ast/config.go b/cmd/ast/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1048e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+)
+
+var DefaultConfig = conf.Config{
+	NodeCfg: conf.NodeConfig{
+		NodePrivate: "",
+		HTTP:        true,
+		HTTPHost:    "127.0.0.1",
+		HTTPPort:    "8545",
+		IPCPath:     "ast.ipc",
+		Miner:       false,
+	},
+	NetworkCfg: conf.NetWorkConfig{
+		Bootstrapped: true,
+	},
+	LoggerCfg: conf.LoggerConfig{
+		LogFile:    "./logger.log",
+		Level:      "debug",
+		MaxSize:    10,
+		MaxBackups: 10,
+		MaxAge:     30,
+		Compress:   true,
+	},
+	PprofCfg: conf.PprofConfig{
+		MaxCpu:     0,
+		Port:       6060,
+		TraceMutex: true,
+		TraceBlock: true,
+		Pprof:      false,
+	},
+	DatabaseCfg: conf.DatabaseConfig{
+		DBType:     "lmdb",
+		DBPath:     "chaindata",
+		DBName:     "ast",
+		SubDB:      []string{"chain"},
+		Debug:      false,
+		IsMem:      false,
+		MaxDB:      100,
+		MaxReaders: 1000,
+	},
+	MetricsCfg: conf.MetricsConfig{
+		Port: 6060,
+		HTTP: "127.0.0.1",
+	},
+
+	P2PCfg: &conf.P2PConfig{P2PLimit: &conf.P2PLimit{}},
+
+	//GenesisCfg: ReadGenesis("allocs/mainnet.json"),
+	GPO: conf.FullNodeGPO,
+	Miner: conf.MinerConfig{
+		GasCeil:  30000000,
+		GasPrice: big.NewInt(params.GWei),
+		Recommit: 4 * time.Second,
+	},
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/diskusage.go b/cmd/ast/diskusage.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b22b426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/diskusage.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !windows && !openbsd
+// +build !windows,!openbsd
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+func getFreeDiskSpace(path string) (uint64, error) {
+	var stat unix.Statfs_t
+	if err := unix.Statfs(path, &stat); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to call Statfs: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Available blocks * size per block = available space in bytes
+	var bavail = stat.Bavail
+	// nolint:staticcheck
+	if stat.Bavail < 0 {
+		// FreeBSD can have a negative number of blocks available
+		// because of the grace limit.
+		bavail = 0
+	}
+	//nolint:unconvert
+	return uint64(bavail) * uint64(stat.Bsize), nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/diskusage_openbsd.go b/cmd/ast/diskusage_openbsd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..707c028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/diskusage_openbsd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build openbsd
+// +build openbsd
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+func getFreeDiskSpace(path string) (uint64, error) {
+	var stat unix.Statfs_t
+	if err := unix.Statfs(path, &stat); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to call Statfs: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Available blocks * size per block = available space in bytes
+	var bavail = stat.F_bavail
+	// Not sure if the following check is necessary for OpenBSD
+	if stat.F_bavail < 0 {
+		// FreeBSD can have a negative number of blocks available
+		// because of the grace limit.
+		bavail = 0
+	}
+	//nolint:unconvert
+	return uint64(bavail) * uint64(stat.F_bsize), nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/diskusage_windows.go b/cmd/ast/diskusage_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5576ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/diskusage_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+func getFreeDiskSpace(path string) (uint64, error) {
+
+	cwd, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to call UTF16PtrFromString: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var freeBytesAvailableToCaller, totalNumberOfBytes, totalNumberOfFreeBytes uint64
+	if err := windows.GetDiskFreeSpaceEx(cwd, &freeBytesAvailableToCaller, &totalNumberOfBytes, &totalNumberOfFreeBytes); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to call GetDiskFreeSpaceEx: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return freeBytesAvailableToCaller, nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/exportcmd.go b/cmd/ast/exportcmd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef0a7c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/exportcmd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/node"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/turbo/backup"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	exportCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "export",
+		Usage:       "Export astranet data",
+		ArgsUsage:   "",
+		Description: ``,
+		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+			{
+				Name:      "txs",
+				Usage:     "Export All astranet Transactions",
+				ArgsUsage: "",
+				Action:    exportTransactions,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+				},
+				Description: ``,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:      "balance",
+				Usage:     "Export All astranet account balance",
+				ArgsUsage: "",
+				Action:    exportBalance,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+				},
+				Description: ``,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:      "dbState",
+				Usage:     "Export All MDBX Buckets disk space",
+				ArgsUsage: "",
+				Action:    exportDBState,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					DataDirFlag,
+				},
+				Description: ``,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:      "dbCopy",
+				Usage:     "copy data from '--chaindata' to '--chaindata.to'",
+				ArgsUsage: "",
+				Action:    dbCopy,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					FromDataDirFlag,
+					ToDataDirFlag,
+				},
+				Description: ``,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+)
+
+func exportTransactions(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	blockChain := stack.BlockChain()
+	defer stack.Close()
+
+	currentBlock := blockChain.CurrentBlock()
+
+	for i := uint64(0); i < currentBlock.Number64().Uint64(); i++ {
+
+		block, err := blockChain.GetBlockByNumber(uint256.NewInt(i + 1))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic("cannot get block")
+		}
+		for _, transaction := range block.Transactions() {
+			if transaction.To() == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			fmt.Printf("%d,%s,%s,%d,%s,%.2f\n",
+				block.Number64().Uint64(),
+				time.Unix(int64(block.Time()), 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+				transaction.From().Hex(),
+				transaction.Nonce(),
+				transaction.To().Hex(),
+				new(big.Float).Quo(new(big.Float).SetInt(transaction.Value().ToBig()), new(big.Float).SetInt(big.NewInt(params.AMT))),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func exportBalance(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	db := stack.Database()
+	defer stack.Close()
+
+	roTX, err := db.BeginRo(ctx.Context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer roTX.Rollback()
+	//kv.ReadAhead(ctx.Context, roTX.(kv.RoDB), atomic.NewBool(false), name, nil, 1<<32-1) // MaxUint32
+	//
+	srcC, err := roTX.Cursor("Account")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for k, v, err := srcC.First(); k != nil; k, v, err = srcC.Next() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		var acc account.StateAccount
+		if err = acc.DecodeForStorage(v); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("%x, %.2f\n",
+			k,
+			new(big.Float).Quo(new(big.Float).SetInt(acc.Balance.ToBig()), new(big.Float).SetInt(big.NewInt(params.AMT))),
+		)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func exportDBState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+
+	stack, err := node.NewNode(ctx, &DefaultConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	db := stack.Database()
+	defer stack.Close()
+
+	var tsize uint64
+
+	roTX, err := db.BeginRo(ctx.Context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer roTX.Rollback()
+
+	migrator, ok := roTX.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot open db as BucketMigrator")
+	}
+	Buckets, err := migrator.ListBuckets()
+	for _, Bucket := range Buckets {
+		size, _ := roTX.BucketSize(Bucket)
+		tsize += size
+		Cursor, _ := roTX.Cursor(Bucket)
+		count, _ := Cursor.Count()
+		Cursor.Close()
+		if count != 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("%30v count %10d size: %s \r\n", Bucket, count, common.StorageSize(size))
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("total %s \n", common.StorageSize(tsize))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func dbCopy(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+
+	modules.AstInit()
+	kv.ChaindataTablesCfg = modules.AstTableCfg
+
+	fromChaindata := ctx.String(FromDataDirFlag.Name)
+	toChaindata := ctx.String(ToDataDirFlag.Name)
+
+	if f, err := os.Stat(fromChaindata); err != nil || !f.IsDir() {
+		log.Errorf("fromChaindata do not exists or is not a dir, err: %s", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if f, err := os.Stat(toChaindata); err != nil || !f.IsDir() {
+		log.Errorf("toChaindata do not exists or is not a dir, err: %s", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	from, to := backup.OpenPair(fromChaindata, toChaindata, kv.ChainDB, 0)
+	err := backup.Kv2kv(ctx.Context, from, to, nil, backup.ReadAheadThreads)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+			log.Error(err.Error())
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/initcmd.go b/cmd/ast/initcmd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe7dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/initcmd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/cmd/utils"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/node"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"os"
+)
+
+var (
+	initCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:      "init",
+		Usage:     "Bootstrap and initialize a new genesis block",
+		ArgsUsage: "<genesisPath>",
+		Action:    initGenesis,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			DataDirFlag,
+		},
+		Description: `
+The init command initializes a new genesis block and definition for the network.
+This is a destructive action and changes the network in which you will be
+participating.
+
+It expects the genesis file as argument.`,
+	}
+)
+
+// initGenesis will initialise the given JSON format genesis file and writes it as
+// the zero'd block (i.e. genesis) or will fail hard if it can't succeed.
+func initGenesis(cliCtx *cli.Context) error {
+	var (
+		err          error
+		genesisBlock *block.Block
+	)
+
+	// Make sure we have a valid genesis JSON
+	genesisPath := cliCtx.Args().First()
+	if len(genesisPath) == 0 {
+		utils.Fatalf("Must supply path to genesis JSON file")
+	}
+
+	file, err := os.Open(genesisPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Failed to read genesis file: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+
+	genesis := new(conf.Genesis)
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(file).Decode(genesis); err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("invalid genesis file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	chaindb, err := node.OpenDatabase(&DefaultConfig, nil, kv.ChainDB.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Failed to open database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer chaindb.Close()
+
+	if err := chaindb.Update(context.TODO(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		storedHash, err := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if storedHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("genesis state are already exists")
+
+		}
+		genesisBlock, err = node.WriteGenesisBlock(tx, genesis)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := node.WriteChainConfig(tx, genesisBlock.Hash(), genesis); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		utils.Fatalf("Failed to wrote genesis state to database: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Info("Successfully wrote genesis state", "hash", genesisBlock.Hash())
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/logger.go b/cmd/ast/logger.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4628253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/logger.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+//
+//var (
+//	once sync.Once
+//)
+//
+//func Init(nodeConfig *conf.NodeConfig, config *conf.LoggerConfig) (*zap.Logger, error) {
+//
+//	var level zapcore.Level
+//	if err := level.Set(config.Level); err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//
+//	infoLevel := zap.LevelEnablerFunc(func(lvl zapcore.Level) bool {
+//		return lvl >= level && lvl < zapcore.ErrorLevel
+//	})
+//
+//	errorLevel := zap.LevelEnablerFunc(func(lvl zapcore.Level) bool {
+//		return lvl >= zapcore.ErrorLevel
+//	})
+//
+//	var Logger *zap.Logger
+//
+//	once.Do(func() {
+//		encode := getEncoder()
+//		core := zapcore.NewTee(
+//			zapcore.NewCore(encode, getLogWriter(nodeConfig, config), infoLevel),
+//			zapcore.NewCore(encode, zapcore.AddSync(os.Stdout), level),
+//			zapcore.NewCore(encode, getErrorWriter(nodeConfig, config), errorLevel),
+//		)
+//
+//		Logger = zap.New(core, zap.AddCaller())
+//	})
+//
+//	return Logger, nil
+//}
+//
+//func getEncoder() zapcore.Encoder {
+//	encoderConfig := zap.NewProductionEncoderConfig()
+//	encoderConfig.EncodeTime = zapcore.ISO8601TimeEncoder
+//	encoderConfig.EncodeLevel = zapcore.CapitalColorLevelEncoder
+//	encoderConfig.EncodeLevel = zapcore.CapitalLevelEncoder
+//	encoderConfig.EncodeName = zapcore.FullNameEncoder
+//	return zapcore.NewConsoleEncoder(encoderConfig)
+//}
+//
+//func getLumberjack(path string, maxSize, maxBackups, maxAge int, compress bool) *lumberjackV2.Logger {
+//	return &lumberjackV2.Logger{
+//		Filename:   path,
+//		MaxSize:    maxSize,
+//		MaxBackups: maxBackups,
+//		MaxAge:     maxAge,
+//		Compress:   compress,
+//	}
+//}
+//
+//func getLogWriter(nodeConfig *conf.NodeConfig, config *conf.LoggerConfig) zapcore.WriteSyncer {
+//	return zapcore.AddSync(getLumberjack(fmt.Sprintf("%s/log/%s", nodeConfig.DataDir, config.LogFile), config.MaxSize, config.MaxBackups, config.MaxAge, config.Compress))
+//}
+//
+//func getErrorWriter(nodeConfig *conf.NodeConfig, config *conf.LoggerConfig) zapcore.WriteSyncer {
+//	var name string
+//	i := strings.LastIndex(config.LogFile, ".")
+//	if i <= 0 {
+//		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s_error.log", config.LogFile)
+//	} else {
+//		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s_error.log", config.LogFile[:i])
+//	}
+//	return zapcore.AddSync(getLumberjack(fmt.Sprintf("%s/log/%s", nodeConfig.DataDir, name), config.MaxSize, config.MaxBackups, config.MaxAge, config.Compress))
+//}
diff --git a/cmd/ast/main.go b/cmd/ast/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef74db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ast/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	// Force-load the tracer engines to trigger registration
+	_ "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers/js"
+	_ "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers/native"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	flags := append(networkFlags, consensusFlag...)
+	flags = append(flags, loggerFlag...)
+	flags = append(flags, pprofCfg...)
+	flags = append(flags, nodeFlg...)
+	flags = append(flags, rpcFlags...)
+	flags = append(flags, authRPCFlag...)
+	flags = append(flags, configFlag...)
+	flags = append(flags, settingFlag...)
+	flags = append(flags, accountFlag...)
+	flags = append(flags, metricsFlags...)
+	flags = append(flags, p2pFlags...)
+	flags = append(flags, p2pLimitFlags...)
+
+	rootCmd = append(rootCmd, walletCommand, accountCommand, exportCommand, initCommand)
+	commands := rootCmd
+
+	app := &cli.App{
+		Name:     "ast",
+		Usage:    "astranet system",
+		Flags:    flags,
+		Commands: commands,
+		//Version:                version.FormatVersion(),
+		Version:                params.VersionWithCommit(params.GitCommit, ""),
+		UseShortOptionHandling: true,
+		Action:                 appRun,
+	}
+
+	err := app.Run(os.Args)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed ast system setup %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/evmsdk/blst.go b/cmd/evmsdk/blst.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db98c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evmsdk/blst.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package evmsdk
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+)
+
+func BlsSign(privKey, msg string) (interface{}, error) {
+	msgBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	privKeyBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	arr := [32]byte{}
+	copy(arr[:], privKeyBytes[:])
+	sk, err := bls.SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(arr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resBytes := sk.Sign(msgBytes).Marshal()
+	return hex.EncodeToString(resBytes), nil
+}
+
+func BlsPublicKey(privKey string) (interface{}, error) {
+	privKeyBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	arr := [32]byte{}
+	copy(arr[:], privKeyBytes[:])
+	sk, err := bls.SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(arr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resBytes := sk.PublicKey().Marshal()
+	return hex.EncodeToString(resBytes), nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/evmsdk/common.go b/cmd/evmsdk/common.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d76bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evmsdk/common.go
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package evmsdk
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/ecies"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	commTyp "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/go-kit/kit/transport/http/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+)
+
+const (
+	VERSION            = ""
+	EngineStateRunning = "running"
+	EngineStateStopped = "stopped"
+
+	RequestPath = ""
+	ConfigPath  = "evm"
+	LogFile     = "vertification_debug_log.txt"
+)
+
+var (
+	IS_DEBUG = true
+)
+
+var EE *EvmEngine = &EvmEngine{}
+
+func Emit(jsonText string) string {
+	defer func() {
+		if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			simpleLog("engine panic,err=%+v", err)
+			if err := EE.Stop(); err != nil {
+				simpleLog("engine stop error,err=%+v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	er := new(EmitResponse)
+	eq := new(EmitRequest)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonText), eq); err != nil {
+		er.Code = 1
+		er.Message = err.Error()
+		return emitJSON(er)
+	}
+
+	if eq.Val != nil {
+		simpleLog("emit:", eq.Typ, eq.Val)
+	} else {
+		simpleLog("emit:", eq.Typ)
+	}
+
+	switch eq.Typ {
+	case "start":
+		if err := EE.Start(); err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			if innerErr, ok := err.(*InnerError); ok {
+				er.Code = innerErr.Code
+				er.Message = innerErr.Msg
+			}
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+	case "stop":
+		if err := EE.Stop(); err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+	case "setting":
+		if err := EE.Setting(eq); err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+	case "list":
+		data, err := EE.List()
+		if err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+		er.Data = data
+	case "blssign":
+		data, err := EE.BlsSign(eq.Val)
+		if err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+		er.Data = data
+	case "blspubk":
+		data, err := EE.BlsPublicKey(eq.Val)
+		if err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+		er.Data = data
+	case "state":
+		data := EE.State()
+		er.Data = data
+	case "decrypt":
+		data, err := EE.Decrypt(eq)
+		if err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+		er.Data = data
+	case "encrypt":
+		data, err := EE.Encrypt(eq)
+		if err != nil {
+			er.Code, er.Message = 1, err.Error()
+			return emitJSON(er)
+		}
+		er.Data = data
+	case "test":
+		er.Message = Test()
+	}
+
+	return emitJSON(er)
+}
+
+func emitJSON(j interface{}) string {
+	a, _ := json.Marshal(j)
+	return string(a)
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) initLogger(lvl string) {
+	IS_DEBUG = lvl == "debug"
+	if len(lvl) != 0 {
+		ensureLogFileExisted()
+		log.InitMobileLogger(filepath.Join(EE.AppBasePath, LogFile), IS_DEBUG)
+	}
+}
+
+func ensureLogFileExisted() {
+	logFilePath := path.Join(EE.AppBasePath, LogFile)
+	f, err := os.Open(logFilePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		f, err = os.Create(logFilePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("create log file error,err=%+v\n", err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("log file close error,err=%+v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func simpleLog(txt string, params ...interface{}) {
+	if IS_DEBUG {
+		ifces := make([]interface{}, 0, len(params)+1)
+		ifces = append(ifces, txt)
+		ifces = append(ifces, params...)
+		fmt.Println(ifces...)
+		log.Debug(txt, params...)
+	}
+}
+
+func simpleLogf(txt string, params ...interface{}) {
+	if IS_DEBUG {
+		fmt.Printf(txt+"\n", params...)
+		log.Debugf(txt, params...)
+	}
+}
+
+type Setting struct {
+	Height      int
+	AppBasePath string
+	Account     string
+
+	PrivKey string
+}
+
+type EmitRequest struct {
+	Typ string      `json:"type"`
+	Val interface{} `json:"val"`
+}
+type EmitResponse struct {
+	Code    int         `json:"code"`
+	Message string      `json:"message"`
+	Data    interface{} `json:"data"`
+}
+
+type EvmEngine struct {
+	mu         sync.Mutex         `json:"-"`
+	ctx        context.Context    `json:"-"`
+	cancelFunc context.CancelFunc `json:"-"`
+	errChan    chan []error       `json:"-"`
+
+	Account     string      `json:"account"`
+	AppBasePath string      `json:"app_base_path"`
+	EngineState string      `json:"state"`
+	BlockChan   chan string `json:"-"`
+	PrivKey     string      `json:"priv_key"`
+	ServerUri   string      `json:"server_uri"`
+	LogLevel    string      `json:"log_level"`
+}
+
+type AccountReward struct {
+	Account string
+	Number  *uint256.Int
+	Value   *uint256.Int
+}
+type AccountRewards []*AccountReward
+
+func (r AccountRewards) Len() int {
+	return len(r)
+}
+
+func (r AccountRewards) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return strings.Compare(r[i].Account, r[j].Account) > 0
+}
+
+func (r AccountRewards) Swap(i, j int) {
+	r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
+}
+
+type InnerError struct {
+	Code int
+	Msg  string
+}
+
+func (i InnerError) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("code:%+v,msg:%+v", i.Code, i.Msg) }
+
+type AggSign struct {
+	Number    uint64            `json:"number"`
+	StateRoot commTyp.Hash      `json:"stateRoot"`
+	Sign      commTyp.Signature `json:"sign"`
+	PublicKey commTyp.PublicKey `json:"publicKey"`
+	Address   commTyp.Address   `json:"address"`
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) Start() error {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	defer e.mu.Unlock()
+	e.ctx, e.cancelFunc = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	if e.EngineState == EngineStateRunning {
+		return fmt.Errorf("evme is running")
+	}
+	e.EngineState = EngineStateRunning
+
+	if err := e.verificationTaskBg(); err != nil {
+		e.EngineState = EngineStateStopped
+		simpleLogf("launch verification task failed,err=%+v", err.Error())
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) Stop() error {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	e.EngineState = EngineStateStopped
+	if e.cancelFunc != nil {
+		e.cancelFunc()
+	}
+	if e.ctx != nil {
+		e.ctx.Done()
+	}
+	e.mu.Unlock()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) State() string {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	defer e.mu.Unlock()
+	if e.EngineState == EngineStateRunning {
+		return "started"
+	} else {
+		return "stopped"
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+	{
+		"type":"setting",
+		"val":{
+			"app_base_path":"/sd/0/evm/",
+			"account":"abcdef1234"
+		}
+	}
+*/
+func (e *EvmEngine) Setting(req *EmitRequest) error {
+	m, ok := req.Val.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type assert error,any==>smap")
+	}
+
+	appBasePath, ok := m["app_base_path"]
+	if ok {
+		if appBasePathStr, ok := appBasePath.(string); ok {
+			e.mu.Lock()
+			e.AppBasePath = appBasePathStr
+			e.mu.Unlock()
+		}
+	}
+	if privKeyIfce, ok := m["priv_key"]; ok {
+		if privKey, ok := privKeyIfce.(string); ok {
+			e.PrivKey = privKey
+		}
+	}
+	if serverUriIfce, ok := m["server_uri"]; ok {
+		if serverUri, ok := serverUriIfce.(string); ok {
+			e.ServerUri = serverUri
+		}
+	}
+	if accIfce, ok := m["account"]; ok {
+		if account, ok := accIfce.(string); ok {
+			e.Account = account
+		}
+	}
+
+	if logLvlIfce, ok := m["log_level"]; ok {
+		if loglvlStr, ok := logLvlIfce.(string); ok {
+			e.initLogger(loglvlStr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+func (e *EvmEngine) List() (interface{}, error) {
+	type l struct {
+		A string `json:"a"`
+		B bool   `json:"b"`
+		C int    `json:"c"`
+	}
+
+	ll := []*l{
+		{
+			A: "a",
+			B: true,
+			C: 123,
+		}, {
+			A: "aa",
+			B: false,
+			C: 456,
+		},
+	}
+	return ll, nil
+}
+func (e *EvmEngine) SaveFile() error {
+	return nil
+}
+func (e *EvmEngine) ReloadFile() error {
+	return nil
+}
+func (e *EvmEngine) BlsSign(req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+	var privKey, msg string
+	blsSignMap, ok := req.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("empty input value")
+	}
+	if privKeyIfce, ok := blsSignMap["priv_key"]; ok {
+		if privKey, ok = privKeyIfce.(string); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("priv_key type : array byte")
+		}
+	} else {
+		privKey = e.PrivKey
+	}
+	if msgIfce, ok := blsSignMap["msg"]; ok {
+		if msg, ok = msgIfce.(string); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("msg type : array byte")
+		}
+	}
+	return BlsSign(privKey, msg)
+}
+func (e *EvmEngine) BlsPublicKey(req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+	var privKey string
+	blsPublicKeyMap, ok := req.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("empty input value")
+	}
+	if privKeyIfce, ok := blsPublicKeyMap["priv_key"]; ok {
+		if privKey, ok = privKeyIfce.(string); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("priv_key type: array byte")
+		}
+	} else {
+		privKey = e.PrivKey
+	}
+	return BlsPublicKey(privKey)
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) verificationTaskBg() error {
+	simpleLog("gen pubk")
+	pubk, err := BlsPublicKey(e.PrivKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		simpleLog("generate public key error,", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	simpleLog("init websocket")
+	wssvr, err := NewWebSocketService(e.ServerUri, e.Account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	simpleLog("init websocket chats")
+	ochan, ichan, err := wssvr.Chans(pubk.(string))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if err := recover(); err != nil {
+				buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+				runtime.Stack(buf, true)
+				simpleLog("vertification task down", "err", err)
+				simpleLog(string(buf))
+				// simpleLogf("vertification task down,err=%+v,stk:%s:%d", err, f, l)
+			}
+			e.mu.Lock()
+			e.EngineState = EngineStateStopped
+			e.mu.Unlock()
+		}()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-e.ctx.Done():
+				simpleLog("task has been cancelled")
+				return
+			case msg, ok := <-ochan:
+				if !ok {
+					simpleLog("task closed")
+					return
+				}
+				entire, err := e.unwrapJSONRPC(msg)
+				if err != nil {
+					simpleLog("unwrap jsonrpc message error,err=", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				resp, err := e.vertify(entire)
+				if err != nil {
+					simpleLog("ee verification failed", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				ichan <- resp
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) Decrypt(req *EmitRequest) (interface{}, error) {
+
+	var (
+		params              map[string]interface{}
+		privateKeyInterface interface{}
+		privateKeyString    string
+		privateKey          *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+		messageInterface    interface{}
+		message             string
+		messageBytes        []byte
+		ok                  bool
+		err                 error
+	)
+
+	if params, ok = req.Val.(map[string]interface{}); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty input value")
+	}
+
+	if privateKeyInterface, ok = params["priv_key"]; !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("privateKey is empty")
+	}
+
+	if privateKeyString, ok = privateKeyInterface.(string); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("privateKey type is not string")
+	}
+
+	if privateKey, err = crypto.HexToECDSA(privateKeyString); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot decode private key")
+	}
+
+	if messageInterface, ok = params["msg"]; !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("msg is empty")
+	}
+	if message, ok = messageInterface.(string); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("msg type is not string")
+	}
+	if messageBytes, err = hex.DecodeString(message); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("msg cannote decode to bytes")
+	}
+
+	priKey := ecies.ImportECDSA(privateKey)
+
+	ms, err := priKey.Decrypt(messageBytes, nil, nil)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(ms), err
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) Encrypt(req *EmitRequest) (interface{}, error) {
+
+	var (
+		params             map[string]interface{}
+		publicKeyInterface interface{}
+		publicKeyString    string
+		publicKeyBytes     []byte
+		publicKey          *ecdsa.PublicKey
+		messageInterface   interface{}
+		message            string
+		messageBytes       []byte
+		ok                 bool
+		err                error
+	)
+
+	if params, ok = req.Val.(map[string]interface{}); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty input value")
+	}
+
+	if publicKeyInterface, ok = params["public_key"]; !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("public_key is empty")
+	}
+
+	if publicKeyString, ok = publicKeyInterface.(string); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("public_key type is not string")
+	}
+
+	if publicKeyBytes, err = hex.DecodeString(publicKeyString); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("public_key cannote decode to bytes")
+	}
+
+	if publicKey, err = crypto.DecompressPubkey(publicKeyBytes); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot decode public key")
+	}
+
+	if messageInterface, ok = params["msg"]; !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("msg is empty")
+	}
+	if message, ok = messageInterface.(string); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("msg type is not string")
+	}
+
+	if messageBytes, err = hex.DecodeString(message); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("msg cannote decode to bytes")
+	}
+
+	pubKey := ecies.ImportECDSAPublic(publicKey)
+	ct, err := ecies.Encrypt(rand.Reader, pubKey, messageBytes, nil, nil)
+
+	return hex.EncodeToString(ct), err
+}
+
+//type innerEntireCode state.EntireCode
+//
+//func (h *innerEntireCode) UnmarshalJSON(in []byte) error {
+//	m := map[string]json.RawMessage{}
+//	if err := json.Unmarshal(in, &m); err != nil {
+//		return err
+//	}
+//
+//	if err := json.Unmarshal(m["coinBase"], &h.CoinBase); err != nil {
+//		return err
+//	}
+//	if err := json.Unmarshal(m["codes"], &h.Codes); err != nil {
+//		return err
+//	}
+//	if rewardsBytes, ok := m["rewards"]; ok {
+//		m := []json.RawMessage{}
+//		if err := json.Unmarshal(rewardsBytes, &m); err == nil && len(m) != 0 {
+//			h.Rewards = make([]block.Reward, len(m))
+//			for i, _ := range h.Rewards {
+//				rewardBean := block.Reward{
+//					Amount: commTyp.NewInt64(0),
+//				}
+//				json.Unmarshal(m[i], &rewardBean)
+//				h.Rewards[i] = rewardBean
+//			}
+//		}
+//	}
+//	// if err := json.Unmarshal(m["rewards"], &h.Rewards); err != nil {
+//	// 	return err
+//	// }
+//
+//	h.Entire.Header = &block.Header{
+//		Difficulty: commTyp.NewInt64(0),
+//		Number:     commTyp.NewInt64(0),
+//		BaseFee:    commTyp.NewInt64(0),
+//	}
+//	if err := json.Unmarshal(m["entire"], &h.Entire); err != nil {
+//		return err
+//	}
+//
+//	return nil
+//}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) vertify(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var bean state.EntireCode
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(in, &bean); err != nil {
+		simpleLog("unmarshal vertify input error,err=", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	simpleLog("start verify ", "blockNr", bean.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64())
+
+	if bean.Entire.Header == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("nil pointer found")
+	}
+	// before state verify
+	var hash commTyp.Hash
+	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	state.EncodeBeforeState(hasher, bean.Entire.Snap.Items, bean.Codes)
+	hasher.(crypto.KeccakState).Read(hash[:])
+	if bean.Entire.Header.MixDigest != hash {
+		simpleLog("misMatch state hash", "want", bean.Entire.Header.MixDigest, "get", hash, "block", bean.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64())
+		return nil, errors.New("state verify failed")
+	}
+
+	entirecode := state.EntireCode(bean)
+	stateRoot := verify(e.ctx, &entirecode)
+
+	res := AggSign{}
+	//stateroot
+	copy(res.StateRoot[:], stateRoot[:])
+	if pubkIfce, err := BlsPublicKey(e.PrivKey); err == nil {
+		if pubkStr, ok := pubkIfce.(string); ok {
+			//publickey
+			copy(res.PublicKey[:], []byte(pubkStr))
+		}
+	}
+
+	simpleLog("calculated stateRoot:", "stateRoot", hexutil.Encode(res.StateRoot[:]))
+
+	//privkey
+	res.Number = bean.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64()
+	privKeyBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(e.PrivKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	arr := [32]byte{}
+	copy(arr[:], privKeyBytes[:])
+	sk, err := bls.SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(arr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	//sign
+	copy(res.Sign[:], sk.Sign(res.StateRoot[:]).Marshal())
+
+	simpleLog("sign stateRoot:", "Sign", hexutil.Encode(res.Sign[:]))
+
+	//address
+	res.Address = commTyp.HexToAddress(e.Account)
+
+	resBytes, err := json.Marshal(res)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return resBytes, nil
+}
+
+func (e *EvmEngine) unwrapJSONRPC(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	//"{\"jsonrpc\":\"2.0\",\"id\":1,\"error\":{\"code\":-32000,\"message\":\"unauthed address: 0xeB156a42dcaFcf155B07f3638892440C7dE5d564\"}}\n"
+	//ws consumer received msg:%!(EXTRA string=ws consumer received msg:, string={"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0x96410b68a9f8875bb20fde06823eb861"}
+	req := new(jsonrpc.Request)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(in, req); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(req.Params) == 0 {
+		return []byte{}, errors.New("empty request params")
+	}
+
+	//type innerProtocolEntire struct {
+	//	Entire json.RawMessage `json:"Entire"`
+	//}
+	type innerProtocol struct {
+		Subscription string          `json:"subscription"`
+		Result       json.RawMessage `json:"result"`
+	}
+
+	innerReq := new(innerProtocol)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Params, innerReq); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return innerReq.Result, nil
+}
+
+//======test methods
+
+func Test() string {
+	var sw strings.Builder
+
+	sw.WriteString("version:" + VERSION + "\r\n")
+
+	engJsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(EE)
+	if err == nil {
+		sw.WriteString(string(engJsonBytes) + "\r\n")
+	}
+
+	sw.WriteString("gettime:" + strconv.Itoa(int(GetTime())) + "\r\n")
+
+	sw.WriteString("getapppath:" + GetAppPath() + "\r\n")
+
+	sw.WriteString("getjson:" + GetJson() + "\r\n")
+
+	sw.WriteString("readfile_before:" + ReadTouchedFile() + "\r\n")
+	sw.WriteString("touchfile:" + TouchFile() + "\r\n")
+	sw.WriteString("readfile_after:" + ReadTouchedFile() + "\r\n")
+
+	ns := GetNetInfos()
+	sw.WriteString("getnetinfos:resplen:" + strconv.Itoa(len(ns)) + "\r\n")
+
+	sw.WriteString("backgroundthread:" + BackgroundLoop() + "\r\n")
+
+	sw.WriteString("bls tests " + BlsTest() + "\r\n")
+
+	//block here
+	sw.WriteString("wsocket:" + GetWebSocketConnect() + "\r\n")
+
+	return sw.String()
+}
+
+func GetTime() int64 {
+	return time.Now().Unix()
+}
+
+func GetAppPath() string {
+	path, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("exec path:%+v;;setting_path:%+v", path, EE.AppBasePath)
+}
+
+func GetJson() string {
+	return `{
+		"a":"b",
+		"c":"d"
+	}`
+}
+
+func TouchFile() string {
+	path := path.Join(EE.AppBasePath, "evm_touched_file.txt")
+	file, err := os.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	t := time.Now().Unix()
+	n, err := file.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(int(t)) + "|NAME=wux PWD=$WORK/src GOOS=android GOARCH=386 CC=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/23.1.7779620/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/i686-linux-android21-clang CXX=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/23.1.7779620/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/i686-linux-android21-clang++ CGO_ENABLED=1 GOPATH=$WORK:$GOPATH go mod tidy")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return "n==0"
+	}
+	return file.Name()
+}
+
+func ReadTouchedFile() string {
+	path := path.Join(EE.AppBasePath, "evm_touched_file.txt")
+	file, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintln("open touched file error,err=", err.Error())
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	allBytes, err := io.ReadAll(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintln("read touched file error,err=", err.Error())
+	}
+	return string(allBytes)
+}
+
+func GetNetInfos() string {
+	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Get("https://www.baidu.com")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+	htmlBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+	return string(htmlBytes)
+}
+
+func RunLoop() string {
+	for {
+		<-time.After(2 * time.Second)
+		fmt.Println("1")
+	}
+}
+
+var backgroundLoopState = ""
+
+func BackgroundLoop() string {
+	if len(backgroundLoopState) != 0 {
+		fmt.Println("BackgroundLoop running already")
+		return "BackgroundLoop running"
+	}
+	backgroundLoopState = "123"
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			<-time.After(2 * time.Second)
+			fmt.Println("alive")
+		}
+	}()
+	return "OK"
+}
+
+func GetWebSocketConnect() string {
+	var sw strings.Builder
+	conn, connResp, err := websocket.DefaultDialer.Dial("ws://54.175.247.94:20013", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("dial error,err=%+v \r\n", err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+	connRespBytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(connResp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("connresp return error,err=%+v", err)
+	}
+	sw.WriteString(string(connRespBytes))
+	err = conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, []byte(`{
+        "jsonrpc":"2.0",
+        "method":"eth_subscribe",
+        "params":["newHeads"],
+        "id":1
+}`))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("connresp write message error,err=%+v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, msg, err := conn.ReadMessage()
+	fmt.Println(string(msg))
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString("read message error,err=" + err.Error())
+	}
+	sw.WriteString("received message:" + string(msg))
+
+	go func() {
+		innerConn, _, err := websocket.DefaultDialer.Dial("ws://174.129.114.74:8546", nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("bg dial error,err=%+v \r\n", err)
+			return
+		}
+		defer innerConn.Close()
+		err = innerConn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, []byte(`{
+			"jsonrpc":"2.0",
+			"method":"eth_subscribe",
+			"params":["newHeads"],
+			"id":1
+	}`))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("bg writemsg error,err=%+v \r\n", err)
+			return
+		}
+		for {
+			fmt.Println("bg readmsg:waitting")
+			_, msg, err := innerConn.ReadMessage()
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Println("bg readmsg error,err=" + err.Error())
+				return
+			}
+			fmt.Println("bg readed msg:" + string(msg))
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return sw.String()
+}
+
+func BlsTest() string {
+	var sw strings.Builder
+
+	var err error
+	err = bls.TestSignVerify2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestAggregateVerify2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestAggregateVerify_CompressedSignatures2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestFastAggregateVerify2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestVerifyCompressed2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestMultipleSignatureVerification2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestFastAggregateVerify_ReturnsFalseOnEmptyPubKeyList2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestEth2FastAggregateVerify2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestEth2FastAggregateVerify_ReturnsFalseOnEmptyPubKeyList2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestEth2FastAggregateVerify_ReturnsTrueOnG2PointAtInfinity2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestSignatureFromBytes2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestMultipleSignatureFromBytes2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestCopy2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+	err = bls.TestSecretKeyFromBytes2()
+	if err != nil {
+		sw.WriteString(err.Error() + "\r\n")
+	}
+
+	sw.WriteString("bls test done.")
+	sw.WriteString("==============")
+
+	return sw.String()
+}
diff --git a/cmd/evmsdk/common_test.go b/cmd/evmsdk/common_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48e405e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evmsdk/common_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package evmsdk
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestGetNetInfos(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		want string
+	}{
+		// TODO: Add test cases.
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := GetNetInfos(); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("GetNetInfos() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			} else {
+				t.Log(got)
+				fmt.Println(got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+//func TestEmit(t *testing.T) {
+//	type args struct {
+//		jsonText string
+//	}
+//
+//	//settttting
+//	aa := Emit(`{"type":"test","val":{"app_base_path":"/Users/xan/misc"}}`)
+//	fmt.Println(aa)
+//
+//	// tests := []struct {
+//	// 	name string
+//	// 	args args
+//	// }{{
+//	// 	name: "t1",
+//	// 	args: args{
+//	// 		jsonText: `{"type":"start"}`,
+//	// 	},
+//	// }, {
+//	// 	name: "t2",
+//	// 	args: args{
+//	// 		jsonText: `{"type":"test"}`,
+//	// 	},
+//	// },
+//	// // 	{
+//	// // 		name: "t3",
+//	// // 		args: args{
+//	// // 			jsonText: `{"type":"list"}`,
+//	// // 		},
+//	// // 	},
+//	// }
+//	// for _, tt := range tests {
+//	// 	t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+//	// 		got := Emit(tt.args.jsonText)
+//	// 		if len(got) == 0 {
+//	// 			t.Errorf("Emit() = %v", got)
+//	// 		}
+//	// 		t.Log(got)
+//	// 		fmt.Println(got)
+//	// 	})
+//	// }
+//
+//	// <-time.After(60 * time.Second)
+//}
+
+func TestBlsSign(t *testing.T) {
+	pk := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(pk)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	req := `
+{
+	"type":"blssign",
+	"val":{
+		"priv_key":"` + hex.EncodeToString(pk) + `",
+		"msg":"123123"
+	}
+}
+	`
+	resp := Emit(req)
+	_ = resp
+	fmt.Println(resp)
+}
+
+//func TestEvmEngine_Start(t *testing.T) {
+//	type fields struct {
+//		mu          sync.Mutex
+//		ctx         context.Context
+//		cancelFunc  context.CancelFunc
+//		Account     string
+//		AppBasePath string
+//		State       string
+//		BlockChan   chan string
+//		PrivKey     string
+//		ServerUri   string
+//	}
+//	tests := []struct {
+//		name    string
+//		fields  fields
+//		wantErr bool
+//	}{
+//		{
+//			name: "t1",
+//			fields: fields{
+//				PrivKey:   `b3BlbnNzaC1rZXktdjEAAAAABG5vbmUAAAAEbm9uZQAAAAAAAAABAAAAaAAAABNlY2RzYS1zaGEyLW5pc3RwMjU2AAAACG5pc3RwMjU2AAAAQQSgodcFy6hKA9enyiAzEKfpg7Rib5AFx3w33V0NsMYOAoUXtbQtFIOIIgNsTBj9ei1DdGJ4QSbCgw3w37X7oXvkAAAAqAK68x8CuvMfAAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBKCh1wXLqEoD16fKIDMQp+mDtGJvkAXHfDfdXQ2wxg4ChRe1tC0Ug4giA2xMGP16LUN0YnhBJsKDDfDftfuhe+QAAAAhAMhPG7U/g7k9+YWm66Yk1yDhUvwkHmLMWvV/bTtGeElWAAAACW1hY0Bib2dvbgECAwQFBg==`,
+//				ServerUri: "ws://127.0.0.1:20013",
+//				Account:   "0x01",
+//			},
+//			wantErr: false,
+//		},
+//	}
+//	for _, tt := range tests {
+//		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+//			e := &EvmEngine{
+//				mu:          tt.fields.mu,
+//				ctx:         tt.fields.ctx,
+//				cancelFunc:  tt.fields.cancelFunc,
+//				Account:     tt.fields.Account,
+//				AppBasePath: tt.fields.AppBasePath,
+//				EngineState: tt.fields.State,
+//				BlockChan:   tt.fields.BlockChan,
+//				PrivKey:     tt.fields.PrivKey,
+//				ServerUri:   tt.fields.ServerUri,
+//			}
+//			if err := e.Start(); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+//				t.Errorf("EvmEngine.Start() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+//			}
+//		})
+//	}
+//}
+
+//func TestEvmEngine_vertify(t *testing.T) {
+//	type fields struct {
+//		mu          sync.Mutex
+//		ctx         context.Context
+//		cancelFunc  context.CancelFunc
+//		Account     string
+//		AppBasePath string
+//		State       string
+//		BlockChan   chan string
+//		PrivKey     string
+//		ServerUri   string
+//	}
+//	type args struct {
+//		in []byte
+//	}
+//	tests := []struct {
+//		name    string
+//		fields  fields
+//		args    args
+//		want    []byte
+//		wantErr bool
+//	}{
+//		{
+//			name: "t1",
+//			fields: fields{
+//				PrivKey:   `37d15846af852c47649005fd6dfe33483d394aaa60c14e7c56f4deadb116329e`,
+//				ServerUri: "ws://127.0.0.1:20013",
+//				Account:   "0x01",
+//			},
+//			args: args{
+//				in: []byte(`
+//			{
+//				"entire":
+//				{
+//					"header":{
+//						"parentHash":"0xeab8f2dca7682e72c594bfe9da4d83fb623741b21c729f57a7ff06a69aa3be38",
+//						"sha3Uncles":"0xeab8f2dca7682e72c594bfe9da4d83fb623741b21c729f57a7ff06a69aa3be38",
+//						"miner":"0x588639773Bc6F163aa262245CDa746c120676431",
+//						"stateRoot":"0xf9e3e616232713a12a90a2abc2302d5fd2b6360764c204ebe2acda342390841b",
+//						"transactionsRoot":"0xf9e3e616232713a12a90a2abc2302d5fd2b6360764c204ebe2acda342390841b",
+//						"receiptsRoot":"0xf9e3e616232713a12a90a2abc2302d5fd2b6360764c204ebe2acda342390841b",
+//						"logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+//						"difficulty":"0x2a65b3",
+//						"number":"0x1532d9",
+//						"gasLimit":"0x1c9c380",
+//						"gasUsed": "0x0",
+//						"timestamp":"0x638f0e18",
+//						"extraData": "0xd883010a17846765746888676f312e31382e35856c696e757800000000000000ab9c084cefea3b41830c827c91b8908b12f64b08a243ee4fabd28bdd4556154f00d9a08f7c4a6c2794a63100d92910595e6747db4af69d576c224373c707db4400"
+//					},
+//					"uncles":[],
+//					"transactions":[],
+//					"pprof":"0xf9e3e616232713a12a90a2abc2302d5fd2b6360764c204ebe2acda342390841b",
+//					"senders":[]
+//				},
+//				"codes":[]
+//			}`),
+//			},
+//			want:    []byte("321123bb"),
+//			wantErr: false,
+//		},
+//	}
+//	for _, tt := range tests {
+//		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+//			e := &EvmEngine{
+//				mu:          tt.fields.mu,
+//				ctx:         tt.fields.ctx,
+//				cancelFunc:  tt.fields.cancelFunc,
+//				Account:     tt.fields.Account,
+//				AppBasePath: tt.fields.AppBasePath,
+//				EngineState: tt.fields.State,
+//				BlockChan:   tt.fields.BlockChan,
+//				PrivKey:     tt.fields.PrivKey,
+//				ServerUri:   tt.fields.ServerUri,
+//			}
+//			got, err := e.vertify(tt.args.in)
+//			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+//				t.Errorf("EvmEngine.vertify() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+//				return
+//			}
+//			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+//				t.Errorf("EvmEngine.vertify() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+//			}
+//		})
+//	}
+//}
+
+//func TestEngineStart(t *testing.T) {
+//	EE.Setting(&EmitRequest{
+//		Typ: "setting",
+//		Val: map[string]interface{}{
+//			"app_base_path": "/Users/xan/misc",
+//			"priv_key":      "37d15846af852c47649005fd6dfe33483d394aaa60c14e7c56f4deadb116329e", //2d09d9f4e166f35a4ab0a2edd599e2a23bbe86b312b2e05b34d9fbe5693b1e48
+//			"server_uri":    "ws://127.0.0.1:20013",
+//			"account":       "0x588639773bc6f163aa262245cda746c120676431", //0x7Ac869Ff8b6232f7cfC4370A2df4a81641Cba3d9
+//		},
+//	})
+//	if err := EE.Start(); err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	select {}
+//}
+
+/*
+0xb1fd8daE392D8E7c5aA0c8D405EFC56e1F55c42c
+732d6346fc020087ac84bd1a42adb444e0f783fe907759ba7fa977aab3bf66fc
+*/
+//func TestEmitComplexEmulation(t *testing.T) {
+//	EE.Setting(&EmitRequest{
+//		Typ: "setting",
+//		Val: map[string]interface{}{
+//			"app_base_path": "/Users/mac/misc",
+//			"priv_key":      "de4b76c3dca3d8e10aea7644f77b316a68a6476fbd119d441ead5c6131aa42a7", //2d09d9f4e166f35a4ab0a2edd599e2a23bbe86b312b2e05b34d9fbe5693b1e48
+//			"server_uri":    "ws://54.175.247.94:20013",
+//			"account":       "0x65081DBA9E7B5398ec4d40f1794003c54dB11B79", //0x7Ac869Ff8b6232f7cfC4370A2df4a81641Cba3d9
+//		},
+//	})
+//	if s := Emit(`{"type":"start"}`); len(s) != 0 {
+//		fmt.Println(s)
+//	}
+//
+//	// i := 0
+//	// for {
+//	// 	if s := Emit(`{"type":"state"}`); len(s) != 0 {
+//	// 		fmt.Println(s)
+//	// 	}
+//	// 	<-time.After(1 * time.Second)
+//	// 	if i%20 == 0 {
+//	// 		Emit(`{"type":"start"}`)
+//	// 	}
+//	// 	i++
+//	// }
+//
+//	select {}
+//}
+
+//func TestEngineState(t *testing.T) {
+//	EE.Setting(&EmitRequest{
+//		Typ: "setting",
+//		Val: map[string]interface{}{
+//			"app_base_path": "/Users/xan/misc",
+//			"priv_key":      "37d15846af852c47649005fd6dfe33483d394aaa60c14e7c56f4deadb116329e",
+//			"server_uri":    "ws://127.0.0.1:20013",
+//			"account":       "0x7Ac869Ff8b6232f7cfC4370A2df4a81641Cba3d9",
+//		},
+//	})
+//	if ss := EE.State(); ss != "stopped" {
+//		t.Error("unstopped")
+//	}
+//	if err := EE.Start(); err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	if ss := EE.State(); ss != "started" {
+//		t.Error("unstarted")
+//	}
+//	select {}
+//}
+
+//func TestUnmarshalInput(t *testing.T) {
+//	EE.Setting(&EmitRequest{
+//		Typ: "setting",
+//		Val: map[string]interface{}{
+//			"app_base_path": "/Users/xan/misc",
+//			"priv_key":      "37d15846af852c47649005fd6dfe33483d394aaa60c14e7c56f4deadb116329e",
+//			"server_uri":    "ws://127.0.0.1:20013",
+//			"account":       "0x7Ac869Ff8b6232f7cfC4370A2df4a81641Cba3d9",
+//		},
+//	})
+//	if ss := EE.State(); ss != "stopped" {
+//		t.Error("unstopped")
+//	}
+//	if err := EE.Start(); err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	if ss := EE.State(); ss != "started" {
+//		t.Error("unstarted")
+//	}
+//	select {}
+//}
+
+func TestBlssign(t *testing.T) {
+	resp := Emit(`
+{"type": "blssign","val": {"priv_key": "202cbf36864a88e348c8f573aa0bc79f5a7119e58251c3580bb08af70cb2dfed", "msg" : "8ac7230489e80000"}}
+	`)
+	_ = resp
+}
+
+func TestEngineStop(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := EE.Stop(); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+{
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "method": "eth_subscription",
+    "params": {
+        "subscription": "0x7e6684b10d6c906c47253690b8e9c7fa",
+        "result": {
+            "Entire": {
+                "entire": {
+                    "header": {
+                        "parentHash": "0x76b286a66229e34455f5238b9f9c0d516903c222b4e5874a6662820e25dcde98",
+                        "sha3Uncles": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "stateRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "transactionsRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "receiptsRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "difficulty": "0x2",
+                        "number": "0xd2",
+                        "gasLimit": "0x18462971",
+                        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                        "timestamp": "0x63a15be4",
+                        "extraData": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                        "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
+                        "baseFeePerGas": null,
+                        "hash": "0x051510ec6c9998e61126d285169ed6b24114b27c264ce0e5dad5e0a7bbac2f42"
+                    },
+                    "uncles": null,
+                    "transactions": [],
+                    "snap": {
+                        "items": [
+                            {
+                                "key": "uelEd/X4i16Noul+hQbW5PzwTls=",
+                                "value": "CAEaEzB4NjgxNTVhNDM2NzZlMDAwMDAiIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKiDF0kYBhvcjPJJ+fbLcxwPA5QC2U8qCJzt7+tgEXYWkcA=="
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "key": "m6M2g1Qiuu/FN9dWQpWdKoZlAKM=",
+                                "value": "CAEaEzB4NjgxNTVhNDM2NzZlMDAwMDAiIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKiDF0kYBhvcjPJJ+fbLcxwPA5QC2U8qCJzt7+tgEXYWkcA=="
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "key": "RUH8HMtOBCo7rf5GkE+dItEntoI=",
+                                "value": "CAEaEzB4NjgxNTVhNDM2NzZlMDAwMDAiIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKiDF0kYBhvcjPJJ+fbLcxwPA5QC2U8qCJzt7+tgEXYWkcA=="
+                            }
+                        ],
+                        "outHash": "0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470"
+                    },
+                    "proof": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                    "senders": null
+                },
+                "codes": [],
+                "headers": [],
+                "rewards": {
+                    "0x4541fc1ccb4e042a3badfe46904f9d22d127b682": {
+                        "Int": "0x20f5b1eaad8d80000"
+                    },
+                    "0x9ba336835422baefc537d75642959d2a866500a3": {
+                        "Int": "0x1d7d843dc3b480000"
+                    },
+                    "0xb9e94477f5f88b5e8da2e97e8506d6e4fcf04e5b": {
+                        "Int": "0x1bc16d674ec800000"
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+func TestBeanchMark(t *testing.T) {
+
+	var (
+		key, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("d6d8d19bd786d6676819b806694b1100a4414a94e51e9a82a351bd8f7f3f3658")
+		addr   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+		//signer  = new(types.HomesteadSigner)
+		//content = context.Background()
+	)
+
+	fmt.Println(addr)
+}
diff --git a/cmd/evmsdk/verify.go b/cmd/evmsdk/verify.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb685b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evmsdk/verify.go
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package evmsdk
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	common2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/apos"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb/olddb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+func verify(ctx context.Context, msg *state.EntireCode) types.Hash {
+	codeMap := make(map[types.Hash][]byte)
+	for _, pair := range msg.Codes {
+		codeMap[pair.Hash] = pair.Code
+	}
+
+	readCodeF := func(hash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+		if code, ok := codeMap[hash]; ok {
+			return code, nil
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	hashMap := make(map[uint64]types.Hash)
+	for _, h := range msg.Headers {
+		hashMap[h.Number.Uint64()] = h.Hash()
+	}
+	getNumberHash := func(n uint64) types.Hash {
+		if hash, ok := hashMap[n]; ok {
+			return hash
+		}
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+
+	var txs transaction.Transactions
+	for _, tByte := range msg.Entire.Transactions {
+		tmp := &transaction.Transaction{}
+		if err := tmp.Unmarshal(tByte); nil != err {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		txs = append(txs, tmp)
+	}
+
+	body := &block2.Body{
+		Txs: txs,
+	}
+
+	block := block2.NewBlockFromStorage(msg.Entire.Header.Hash(), msg.Entire.Header, body)
+	batch := olddb.NewHashBatch(nil, ctx.Done(), "")
+	defer batch.Rollback()
+	old := make(map[string][]byte, len(msg.Entire.Snap.Items))
+	for _, v := range msg.Entire.Snap.Items {
+		old[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&v.Key))] = v.Value
+	}
+	stateReader := olddb.NewStateReader(old, nil, batch, block.Number64().Uint64())
+	stateReader.SetReadCodeF(readCodeF)
+	ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+	ibs.SetSnapshot(msg.Entire.Snap)
+	ibs.SetHeight(block.Number64().Uint64())
+	ibs.SetGetOneFun(batch.GetOne)
+
+	root, err := checkBlock2(getNumberHash, block, ibs, msg.CoinBase, msg.Rewards)
+	if nil != err {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return root
+}
+
+func checkBlock2(getHashF func(n uint64) types.Hash, block *block2.Block, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, coinbase types.Address, rewards []*block2.Reward) (types.Hash, error) {
+	header := block.Header().(*block2.Header)
+	chainConfig := params.MainnetChainConfig
+	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number64().ToBig()) == 0 {
+		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+	}
+	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+
+	usedGas := new(uint64)
+	gp := new(common2.GasPool)
+	gp.AddGas(block.GasLimit())
+	cfg := vm.Config{}
+	//cfg := vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: logger.NewMarkdownLogger(nil, os.Stdout)}
+
+	engine := apos.NewFaker()
+	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+		//
+		simpleLog("apply transaction", "transactionIndex", i, "from", tx.From().Hex(), "to", tx.To().Hex(), "value", tx.Value().Uint64(), "data", hexutil.Encode(tx.Data()), "gas", tx.Gas(), "gasPrice", tx.GasPrice().Uint64())
+		//
+		ibs.Prepare(tx.Hash(), block.Hash(), i)
+		_, _, err := internal.ApplyTransaction(chainConfig, getHashF, engine, &coinbase, gp, ibs, noop, header, tx, usedGas, cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+
+			return types.Hash{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !cfg.StatelessExec && *usedGas != header.GasUsed {
+		return types.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("gas used by execution: %d, in header: %d", *usedGas, header.GasUsed)
+	}
+
+	if len(rewards) > 0 {
+		for _, reward := range rewards {
+			if reward.Amount != nil && !reward.Amount.IsZero() {
+				if !ibs.Exist(reward.Address) {
+					ibs.CreateAccount(reward.Address, false)
+				}
+				ibs.AddBalance(reward.Address, reward.Amount)
+			}
+		}
+		ibs.SoftFinalise()
+	}
+
+	return ibs.IntermediateRoot(), nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/evmsdk/ws.go b/cmd/evmsdk/ws.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..990c5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evmsdk/ws.go
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package evmsdk
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
+)
+
+type WebSocketService struct {
+	addr      string
+	acc       string
+	readConn  *websocket.Conn
+	writeConn *websocket.Conn
+}
+
+func NewWebSocketService(addr, acc string) (*WebSocketService, error) {
+	simpleLog("init ws read conn")
+	readConn, readResp, err := websocket.DefaultDialer.Dial(addr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		simpleLog("init ws read conn error,err=%+v", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if readResp != nil {
+		readRespBytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(readResp.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			simpleLog("readresp error", "err", err)
+		}
+		simpleLog("readresp", "readRespBytes", string(readRespBytes))
+	}
+	readConn.SetPongHandler(func(appData string) error { simpleLog("read pong", appData); return nil })
+	readConn.SetPingHandler(func(appData string) error { simpleLog("read ping", appData); return nil })
+	simpleLog("init ws read conn")
+
+	writeConn, writeResp, err := websocket.DefaultDialer.Dial(addr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		simpleLog("init ws write conn error,err=%+v", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if writeResp != nil {
+		readRespBytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(writeResp.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			simpleLog("writeresp error", "err", err)
+		}
+		simpleLog("writeresp", "writeRespBytes", string(readRespBytes))
+	}
+	writeConn.SetPongHandler(func(appData string) error { simpleLog("write pong", appData); return nil })
+	writeConn.SetPingHandler(func(appData string) error { simpleLog("write ping", appData); return nil })
+	simpleLog("init dial ws done")
+	return &WebSocketService{
+		addr:      addr,
+		readConn:  readConn,
+		writeConn: writeConn,
+		acc:       acc,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (ws *WebSocketService) Chans(pubk string) (<-chan []byte, chan<- []byte, error) {
+	simpleLog("ping read conn")
+	err := ws.readConn.PingHandler()("")
+	if err != nil {
+		simpleLog("ping read conn error,err=%+v", err)
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	simpleLog("ping done")
+	msg := `{
+	"jsonrpc": "2.0",
+	"method": "eth_subscribe",
+	"params": [
+	"minedBlock",
+	"` + ws.acc + `"
+	],
+	"id": 1
+}`
+	simpleLog("minedBlock message:%+v", msg)
+
+	if err := ws.readConn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, []byte(msg)); err != nil {
+		simpleLog("minedBlock message write message error,err=%+v", err)
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	_, msg0, err := ws.readConn.ReadMessage()
+	if err != nil {
+		simpleLog("init read conn readmessage error,err=", err)
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	msg0bean := new(JSONRPCRequest)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(msg0, msg0bean); err != nil {
+		simpleLog("unmarshal message0 error,err=", err)
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if msg0bean.Error != nil {
+		if msgCode := msg0bean.Error["code"]; msgCode != nil {
+			if msgCodeFloat, ok := msgCode.(float64); ok && msgCodeFloat != 0 {
+				simpleLogf("init read conn error,code=%+v ,message=%+v", msgCodeFloat, msg0bean.Error["message"])
+				return nil, nil, &InnerError{Code: int(msgCodeFloat), Msg: msg0bean.Error["message"].(string)}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	chO, chI := make(chan []byte, 0), make(chan []byte, 0)
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if err := recover(); err != nil {
+				buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+				runtime.Stack(buf, true)
+				simpleLog("readconn goroutine down", "err", err)
+				simpleLog(string(buf))
+			}
+			EE.Stop()
+		}()
+		for {
+			msgType, b, err := ws.readConn.ReadMessage()
+			if err != nil {
+				simpleLog("ws closed:", err.Error())
+				close(chO)
+				return
+			}
+			if msgType == websocket.TextMessage {
+				chO <- b
+			}
+			simpleLog("received msg:", string(b))
+		}
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if err := recover(); err != nil {
+				buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+				runtime.Stack(buf, true)
+				simpleLog("writeconn goroutine down", "err", err)
+				simpleLog(string(buf))
+			}
+			EE.Stop()
+		}()
+		for msg := range chI {
+			/*
+				{
+					"jsonrpc":"2.0",
+					"method":"eth_submitSign",
+					"params":[{
+						"number":11111,
+						"stateRoot":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+						"sign":"0xb4dd42744e40aa50bc0e747a52dcf8d1196c08a0f9fcfd8fda0aaa413a47bbdda20d1a76298642ee68b1f1009df149680e4e4b14f8c488faa4010ad9f26a81379c93d7f0da5596192da203c31a6301cd50d53734e537d828fe7f9593eb7035d3",
+						"publicKey":"0xa8a236acd9b7ea68c1858a3059e4aad7698842f7de49ace8dc49acc922bd6d543792e98b7b74fa380bf622671792d57a"
+					}],
+					"id":1
+				}
+			*/
+			wrappedRequest, err := ws.unwrapJSONRPCRequest(msg)
+			if err != nil {
+				simpleLog("wrapJSONRPCRequest error,err=", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := ws.writeConn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, wrappedRequest); err != nil {
+				simpleLog("ws producer stopped")
+				return
+			}
+			simpleLog("submit Sign to chain")
+		}
+	}()
+	return chO, chI, nil
+}
+
+type JSONRPCRequest struct {
+	JsonRpc string                 `json:"jsonrpc"`
+	Method  string                 `json:"method"`
+	ID      int                    `json:"id"`
+	Params  []json.RawMessage      `json:"params"`
+	Error   map[string]interface{} `json:"error"`
+}
+
+func (ws *WebSocketService) unwrapJSONRPCRequest(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	d := &JSONRPCRequest{
+		JsonRpc: "2.0",
+		Method:  "eth_submitSign",
+		ID:      1,
+		Params:  make([]json.RawMessage, 1),
+	}
+	d.Params[0] = in
+	return json.Marshal(d)
+
+}
diff --git a/cmd/utils/prompt.go b/cmd/utils/prompt.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d5b7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/utils/prompt.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/console/prompt"
+)
+
+// GetPassPhrase displays the given text(prompt) to the user and requests some textual
+// data to be entered, but one which must not be echoed out into the terminal.
+// The method returns the input provided by the user.
+func GetPassPhrase(text string, confirmation bool) string {
+	if text != "" {
+		fmt.Println(text)
+	}
+	password, err := prompt.Stdin.PromptPassword("Password: ")
+	if err != nil {
+		Fatalf("Failed to read password: %v", err)
+	}
+	if confirmation {
+		confirm, err := prompt.Stdin.PromptPassword("Repeat password: ")
+		if err != nil {
+			Fatalf("Failed to read password confirmation: %v", err)
+		}
+		if password != confirm {
+			Fatalf("Passwords do not match")
+		}
+	}
+	return password
+}
+
+// GetPassPhraseWithList retrieves the password associated with an account, either fetched
+// from a list of preloaded passphrases, or requested interactively from the user.
+func GetPassPhraseWithList(text string, confirmation bool, index int, passwords []string) string {
+	// If a list of passwords was supplied, retrieve from them
+	if len(passwords) > 0 {
+		if index < len(passwords) {
+			return passwords[index]
+		}
+		return passwords[len(passwords)-1]
+	}
+	// Otherwise prompt the user for the password
+	password := GetPassPhrase(text, confirmation)
+	return password
+}
diff --git a/cmd/utils/tools.go b/cmd/utils/tools.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fbb021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/utils/tools.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+//go:build tools
+// +build tools
+
+package tools
+
+import (
+	// Tool imports for go:generate.
+	_ "github.com/fjl/gencodec"
+)
diff --git a/cmd/utils/utils.go b/cmd/utils/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6cb930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/utils/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+// MakeAddress converts an account specified directly as a hex encoded string or
+// a key index in the key store to an internal account representation.
+func MakeAddress(ks *keystore.KeyStore, account string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	// If the specified account is a valid address, return it
+	if common.IsHexAddress(account) {
+		return accounts.Account{Address: types.Address(common.HexToAddress(account))}, nil
+	}
+	// Otherwise try to interpret the account as a keystore index
+	index, err := strconv.Atoi(account)
+	if err != nil || index < 0 {
+		return accounts.Account{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid account address or index %q", account)
+	}
+	log.Warn("-------------------------------------------------------------------")
+	log.Warn("Referring to accounts by order in the keystore folder is dangerous!")
+	log.Warn("This functionality is deprecated and will be removed in the future!")
+	log.Warn("Please use explicit addresses! (can search via `geth account list`)")
+	log.Warn("-------------------------------------------------------------------")
+
+	accs := ks.Accounts()
+	if len(accs) <= index {
+		return accounts.Account{}, fmt.Errorf("index %d higher than number of accounts %d", index, len(accs))
+	}
+	return accs[index], nil
+}
+
+// Fatalf formats a message to standard error and exits the program.
+// The message is also printed to standard output if standard error
+// is redirected to a different file.
+func Fatalf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	w := io.MultiWriter(os.Stdout, os.Stderr)
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		// The SameFile check below doesn't work on Windows.
+		// stdout is unlikely to get redirected though, so just print there.
+		w = os.Stdout
+	} else {
+		outf, _ := os.Stdout.Stat()
+		errf, _ := os.Stderr.Stat()
+		if outf != nil && errf != nil && os.SameFile(outf, errf) {
+			w = os.Stderr
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Fatal: "+format+"\n", args...)
+	os.Exit(1)
+}
diff --git a/cmd/verify/main.go b/cmd/verify/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11a45f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/verify/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/api"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/go-kit/kit/transport/http/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+var privateKey bls.SecretKey
+var addressKey types.Address
+
+func RootContext() (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	go func() {
+		defer cancel()
+
+		ch := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		defer close(ch)
+
+		signal.Notify(ch, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+		defer signal.Stop(ch)
+
+		select {
+		case sig := <-ch:
+			log.Info("Got interrupt, shutting down...", "sig", sig)
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+		}
+	}()
+	return ctx, cancel
+}
+
+func main() {
+	var err error
+	sByte, err := hex.DecodeString("2d09d9f4e166f35a4ab0a2edd599e2a23bbe86b312b2e05b34d9fbe5693b1e48")
+	if nil != err {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	var sb [32]byte
+	copy(sb[:], sByte)
+	privateKey, err = bls.SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(sb)
+	if nil != err {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	ecdPk, err := crypto.HexToECDSA("2d09d9f4e166f35a4ab0a2edd599e2a23bbe86b312b2e05b34d9fbe5693b1e48")
+	if nil != err {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	addressKey = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(ecdPk.PublicKey)
+
+	ctx, cancle := RootContext()
+	defer cancle()
+
+	con, _, err := websocket.DefaultDialer.DialContext(ctx, "ws://127.0.0.1:20013", nil)
+	defer con.Close()
+
+	end := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(end)
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				end <- struct{}{}
+				return
+			default:
+				typ, msg, err := con.ReadMessage()
+				if nil != err {
+					log.Errorf("read msg failed: %v", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				if typ == websocket.TextMessage {
+					fmt.Println("read msg: ", string(msg))
+					params, err := unwrapJSONRPC(msg)
+					if nil != err {
+						log.Warn(err.Error())
+						continue
+					}
+
+					bean := new(state.EntireCode)
+					if err := json.Unmarshal(params, bean); err != nil {
+						log.Errorf("unmarshal entire failed, %v", err)
+						continue
+					}
+
+					root := verify(ctx, bean)
+					res := api.AggSign{}
+					res.Number = bean.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64()
+					res.Address = addressKey
+					res.StateRoot = root
+					copy(res.Sign[:], privateKey.Sign(root[:]).Marshal())
+					in, err := json.Marshal(res)
+					if nil != err {
+						panic(err)
+					}
+
+					wrapRequest, _ := wrapJSONRPCRequest(in)
+					if err := con.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, wrapRequest); nil != err {
+						log.Error("write msg failed: ", err)
+					}
+					log.Infof("write msg: %s", wrapRequest)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err = con.PingHandler()(""); nil != err {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := con.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, []byte(`{
+		"jsonrpc": "2.0",
+		"method": "eth_subscribe",
+		"params": [
+		  "minedBlock",
+		  "`+addressKey.String()+`"
+		],
+		"id": 1
+	  }`)); err != nil {
+
+		cancle()
+	}
+
+	<-end
+}
+
+func unwrapJSONRPC(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	//"{\"jsonrpc\":\"2.0\",\"id\":1,\"error\":{\"code\":-32000,\"message\":\"unauthed address: 0xeB156a42dcaFcf155B07f3638892440C7dE5d564\"}}\n"
+	//ws consumer received msg:%!(EXTRA string=ws consumer received msg:, string={"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0x96410b68a9f8875bb20fde06823eb861"}
+	req := new(jsonrpc.Request)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(in, req); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(req.Params) == 0 {
+		return []byte{}, errors.New("empty request params")
+	}
+
+	//type innerProtocolEntire struct {
+	//	Entire json.RawMessage `json:"Entire"`
+	//}
+	type innerProtocol struct {
+		Subscription string          `json:"subscription"`
+		Result       json.RawMessage `json:"result"`
+	}
+
+	innerReq := new(innerProtocol)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Params, innerReq); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return innerReq.Result, nil
+}
+
+type JSONRPCRequest struct {
+	JsonRpc string            `json:"jsonrpc"`
+	Method  string            `json:"method"`
+	ID      int               `json:"id"`
+	Params  []json.RawMessage `json:"params"`
+}
+
+func wrapJSONRPCRequest(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	d := &JSONRPCRequest{
+		JsonRpc: "2.0",
+		Method:  "eth_submitSign",
+		ID:      1,
+		Params:  make([]json.RawMessage, 1),
+	}
+	d.Params[0] = in
+	return json.Marshal(d)
+}
diff --git a/cmd/verify/verify.go b/cmd/verify/verify.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b89c518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/verify/verify.go
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	common2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/apos"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb/olddb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+func verify(ctx context.Context, msg *state.EntireCode) types.Hash {
+	codeMap := make(map[types.Hash][]byte)
+	for _, pair := range msg.Codes {
+		codeMap[pair.Hash] = pair.Code
+	}
+
+	readCodeF := func(hash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+		if code, ok := codeMap[hash]; ok {
+			return code, nil
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	hashMap := make(map[uint64]types.Hash)
+	for _, h := range msg.Headers {
+		hashMap[h.Number.Uint64()] = h.Hash()
+	}
+	getNumberHash := func(n uint64) types.Hash {
+		if hash, ok := hashMap[n]; ok {
+			return hash
+		}
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+
+	var txs transaction.Transactions
+	for _, tByte := range msg.Entire.Transactions {
+		tmp := &transaction.Transaction{}
+		if err := tmp.Unmarshal(tByte); nil != err {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		txs = append(txs, tmp)
+	}
+
+	body := &block2.Body{
+		Txs: txs,
+	}
+
+	block := block2.NewBlockFromStorage(msg.Entire.Header.Hash(), msg.Entire.Header, body)
+	batch := olddb.NewHashBatch(nil, ctx.Done(), "")
+	defer batch.Rollback()
+	old := make(map[string][]byte, len(msg.Entire.Snap.Items))
+	for _, v := range msg.Entire.Snap.Items {
+		old[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&v.Key))] = v.Value
+	}
+	stateReader := olddb.NewStateReader(old, nil, batch, block.Number64().Uint64())
+	stateReader.SetReadCodeF(readCodeF)
+	ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+	ibs.SetSnapshot(msg.Entire.Snap)
+	ibs.SetHeight(block.Number64().Uint64())
+	ibs.SetGetOneFun(batch.GetOne)
+
+	root, err := checkBlock(getNumberHash, block, ibs, msg.CoinBase, msg.Rewards)
+	if nil != err {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return root
+}
+
+func checkBlock(getHashF func(n uint64) types.Hash, block *block2.Block, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, coinbase types.Address, rewards []*block2.Reward) (types.Hash, error) {
+	header := block.Header().(*block2.Header)
+	chainConfig := params.MainnetChainConfig
+	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number64().ToBig()) == 0 {
+		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+	}
+	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+
+	usedGas := new(uint64)
+	gp := new(common2.GasPool)
+	gp.AddGas(block.GasLimit())
+	cfg := vm.Config{}
+	//cfg := vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: logger.NewMarkdownLogger(nil, os.Stdout)}
+
+	engine := apos.NewFaker()
+	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+		ibs.Prepare(tx.Hash(), block.Hash(), i)
+		_, _, err := internal.ApplyTransaction(chainConfig, getHashF, engine, &coinbase, gp, ibs, noop, header, tx, usedGas, cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+
+			return types.Hash{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !cfg.StatelessExec && *usedGas != header.GasUsed {
+		return types.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("gas used by execution: %d, in header: %d", *usedGas, header.GasUsed)
+	}
+
+	if len(rewards) > 0 {
+		for _, reward := range rewards {
+			if reward.Amount != nil && !reward.Amount.IsZero() {
+				if !ibs.Exist(reward.Address) {
+					ibs.CreateAccount(reward.Address, false)
+				}
+				ibs.AddBalance(reward.Address, reward.Amount)
+			}
+		}
+		ibs.SoftFinalise()
+	}
+
+	return ibs.IntermediateRoot(), nil
+}
diff --git a/common/account/state_account.go b/common/account/state_account.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29ef3cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/account/state_account.go
@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package account
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+// Account is the Ethereum consensus representation of accounts.
+// These objects are stored in the main account trie.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#ethereum-state
+type StateAccount struct {
+	Initialised bool
+	Nonce       uint64
+	Balance     uint256.Int
+	Root        types.Hash
+	CodeHash    types.Hash // hash of the bytecode
+	Incarnation uint16
+}
+
+const (
+	MimetypeDataWithValidator = "data/validator"
+	MimetypeTypedData         = "data/typed"
+	MimetypeClique            = "application/x-clique-header"
+	MimetypeParlia            = "application/x-parlia-header"
+	MimetypeBor               = "application/x-bor-header"
+	MimetypeTextPlain         = "text/plain"
+)
+
+var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)
+
+// var emptyRoot = types.HexToHash("56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421")
+var emptyRoot = types.BytesHash(crypto.Keccak256(nil))
+
+// NewAccount creates a new account w/o code nor storage.
+func NewAccount() StateAccount {
+	return StateAccount{
+		Root:     emptyRoot,
+		CodeHash: emptyCodeHash,
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) EncodingLengthForStorage() uint {
+	pb := a.ToProtoMessage()
+	return uint(proto.Size(pb))
+}
+
+//	var structLength uint = 1 // 1 byte for fieldset
+//
+//	if !a.Balance.IsZero() {
+//		structLength += uint(a.Balance.ByteLen()) + 1
+//	}
+//
+//	if a.Nonce > 0 {
+//		structLength += uint((bits.Len64(a.Nonce)+7)/8) + 1
+//	}
+//
+//	if !a.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+//		structLength += 33 // 32-byte array + 1 bytes for length
+//	}
+//
+//	if a.Incarnation > 0 {
+//		structLength += uint((bits.Len64(a.Incarnation)+7)/8) + 1
+//	}
+//
+//	return structLength
+//}
+
+//func (a *Account) EncodingLengthForHashing() uint {
+//	var structLength uint
+//
+//	balanceBytes := 0
+//	if !a.Balance.LtUint64(128) {
+//		balanceBytes = a.Balance.ByteLen()
+//	}
+//
+//	nonceBytes := rlp.IntLenExcludingHead(a.Nonce)
+//
+//	structLength += uint(balanceBytes + nonceBytes + 2)
+//
+//	structLength += 66 // Two 32-byte arrays + 2 prefixes
+//
+//	if structLength < 56 {
+//		return 1 + structLength
+//	}
+//
+//	lengthBytes := (bits.Len(structLength) + 7) / 8
+//
+//	return uint(1+lengthBytes) + structLength
+//}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) EncodeForStorage(buffer []byte) {
+	pb := a.ToProtoMessage()
+	data, _ := proto.Marshal(pb)
+	copy(buffer, data)
+	//var fieldSet = 0 // start with first bit set to 0
+	//var pos = 1
+	//if a.Nonce > 0 {
+	//	fieldSet = 1
+	//	nonceBytes := (bits.Len64(a.Nonce) + 7) / 8
+	//	buffer[pos] = byte(nonceBytes)
+	//	var nonce = a.Nonce
+	//	for i := nonceBytes; i > 0; i-- {
+	//		buffer[pos+i] = byte(nonce)
+	//		nonce >>= 8
+	//	}
+	//	pos += nonceBytes + 1
+	//}
+	//
+	//// Encoding balance
+	//if !a.Balance.IsZero() {
+	//	fieldSet |= 2
+	//	balanceBytes := a.Balance.ByteLen()
+	//	buffer[pos] = byte(balanceBytes)
+	//	pos++
+	//	a.Balance.WriteToSlice(buffer[pos : pos+balanceBytes])
+	//	pos += balanceBytes
+	//}
+	//
+	//if a.Incarnation > 0 {
+	//	fieldSet |= 4
+	//	incarnationBytes := (bits.Len64(uint64(a.Incarnation)) + 7) / 8
+	//	buffer[pos] = byte(incarnationBytes)
+	//	var incarnation = a.Incarnation
+	//	for i := incarnationBytes; i > 0; i-- {
+	//		buffer[pos+i] = byte(incarnation)
+	//		incarnation >>= 8
+	//	}
+	//	pos += incarnationBytes + 1
+	//}
+	//
+	//// Encoding CodeHash
+	//if !a.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+	//	fieldSet |= 8
+	//	buffer[pos] = 32
+	//	copy(buffer[pos+1:], a.CodeHash.Bytes())
+	//	//pos += 33
+	//}
+	//
+	//buffer[0] = byte(fieldSet)
+}
+
+// Decodes length and determines whether it corresponds to a structure of a byte array
+//func decodeLengthForHashing(buffer []byte, pos int) (length int, structure bool, newPos int) {
+//	switch firstByte := int(buffer[pos]); {
+//	case firstByte < 128:
+//		return 0, false, pos
+//	case firstByte < 184:
+//		return firstByte - 128, false, pos + 1
+//	case firstByte < 192:
+//		// Next byte is the length of the length + 183
+//		lenEnd := pos + 1 + firstByte - 183
+//		len := 0
+//		for i := pos + 1; i < lenEnd; i++ {
+//			len = (len << 8) + int(buffer[i])
+//		}
+//		return len, false, lenEnd
+//	case firstByte < 248:
+//		return firstByte - 192, true, pos + 1
+//	default:
+//		// Next byte is the length of the length + 247
+//		lenEnd := pos + 1 + firstByte - 247
+//		len := 0
+//		for i := pos + 1; i < lenEnd; i++ {
+//			len = (len << 8) + int(buffer[i])
+//		}
+//		return len, true, lenEnd
+//	}
+//}
+
+//var rlpEncodingBufPool = sync.Pool{
+//	New: func() interface{} {
+//		buf := make([]byte, 0, 128)
+//		return &buf
+//	},
+//}
+
+//func (a *Account) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+//	var buf []byte
+//	l := a.EncodingLengthForHashing()
+//	if l > 128 {
+//		buf = make([]byte, l)
+//	} else {
+//		bp := rlpEncodingBufPool.Get().(*[]byte)
+//		defer rlpEncodingBufPool.Put(bp)
+//		buf = *bp
+//		buf = buf[:l]
+//	}
+//
+//	a.EncodeForHashing(buf)
+//	_, err := w.Write(buf)
+//	return err
+//}
+
+//func (a *Account) EncodeForHashing(buffer []byte) {
+//	balanceBytes := 0
+//	if !a.Balance.LtUint64(128) {
+//		balanceBytes = a.Balance.ByteLen()
+//	}
+//
+//	nonceBytes := rlp.IntLenExcludingHead(a.Nonce)
+//
+//	var structLength = uint(balanceBytes + nonceBytes + 2)
+//	structLength += 66 // Two 32-byte arrays + 2 prefixes
+//
+//	var pos int
+//	if structLength < 56 {
+//		buffer[0] = byte(192 + structLength)
+//		pos = 1
+//	} else {
+//		lengthBytes := (bits.Len(structLength) + 7) / 8
+//		buffer[0] = byte(247 + lengthBytes)
+//
+//		for i := lengthBytes; i > 0; i-- {
+//			buffer[i] = byte(structLength)
+//			structLength >>= 8
+//		}
+//
+//		pos = lengthBytes + 1
+//	}
+//
+//	// Encoding nonce
+//	if a.Nonce < 128 && a.Nonce != 0 {
+//		buffer[pos] = byte(a.Nonce)
+//	} else {
+//		buffer[pos] = byte(128 + nonceBytes)
+//		var nonce = a.Nonce
+//		for i := nonceBytes; i > 0; i-- {
+//			buffer[pos+i] = byte(nonce)
+//			nonce >>= 8
+//		}
+//	}
+//	pos += 1 + nonceBytes
+//
+//	// Encoding balance
+//	if a.Balance.LtUint64(128) && !a.Balance.IsZero() {
+//		buffer[pos] = byte(a.Balance.Uint64())
+//		pos++
+//	} else {
+//		buffer[pos] = byte(128 + balanceBytes)
+//		pos++
+//		a.Balance.WriteToSlice(buffer[pos : pos+balanceBytes])
+//		pos += balanceBytes
+//	}
+//
+//	// Encoding Root and CodeHash
+//	buffer[pos] = 128 + 32
+//	pos++
+//	copy(buffer[pos:], a.Root[:])
+//	pos += 32
+//	buffer[pos] = 128 + 32
+//	pos++
+//	copy(buffer[pos:], a.CodeHash[:])
+//	//pos += 32
+//}
+
+// Copy makes `a` a full, independent (meaning that if the `image` changes in any way, it does not affect `a`) copy of the account `image`.
+func (a *StateAccount) Copy(image *StateAccount) {
+	a.Initialised = image.Initialised
+	a.Nonce = image.Nonce
+	a.Balance.Set(&image.Balance)
+	copy(a.Root[:], image.Root[:])
+	copy(a.CodeHash[:], image.CodeHash[:])
+	a.Incarnation = image.Incarnation
+}
+
+//func (a *Account) DecodeForHashing(enc []byte) error {
+//	length, structure, pos := decodeLengthForHashing(enc, 0)
+//	if pos+length != len(enc) {
+//		return fmt.Errorf(
+//			"malformed RLP for Account(%x): prefixLength(%d) + dataLength(%d) != sliceLength(%d)",
+//			enc, pos, length, len(enc))
+//	}
+//	if !structure {
+//		return fmt.Errorf(
+//			"encoding of Account should be RLP struct, got byte array: %x",
+//			enc,
+//		)
+//	}
+//
+//	a.Initialised = true
+//	a.Nonce = 0
+//	a.Balance.Clear()
+//	a.Root = emptyRoot
+//	a.CodeHash = emptyCodeHash
+//	if length == 0 && structure {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//
+//	if pos < len(enc) {
+//		nonceBytes, s, newPos := decodeLengthForHashing(enc, pos)
+//		if s {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.Nonce should be byte array, got RLP struct: %x",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+nonceBytes],
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if newPos+nonceBytes > len(enc) {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"malformed RLP for Account.Nonce(%x): prefixLength(%d) + dataLength(%d) >= sliceLength(%d)",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+nonceBytes],
+//				newPos-pos, nonceBytes, len(enc)-pos,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		var nonce uint64
+//		if nonceBytes == 0 && newPos == pos {
+//			nonce = uint64(enc[newPos])
+//			pos = newPos + 1
+//		} else {
+//			for _, b := range enc[newPos : newPos+nonceBytes] {
+//				nonce = (nonce << 8) + uint64(b)
+//			}
+//			pos = newPos + nonceBytes
+//		}
+//
+//		a.Nonce = nonce
+//	}
+//	if pos < len(enc) {
+//		balanceBytes, s, newPos := decodeLengthForHashing(enc, pos)
+//		if s {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.Balance should be byte array, got RLP struct: %x",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+balanceBytes],
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if newPos+balanceBytes > len(enc) {
+//			return fmt.Errorf("malformed RLP for Account.Balance(%x): prefixLength(%d) + dataLength(%d) >= sliceLength(%d)",
+//				enc[pos],
+//				newPos-pos, balanceBytes, len(enc)-pos,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if balanceBytes == 0 && newPos == pos {
+//			a.Balance.SetUint64(uint64(enc[newPos]))
+//			pos = newPos + 1
+//		} else {
+//			a.Balance.SetBytes(enc[newPos : newPos+balanceBytes])
+//			pos = newPos + balanceBytes
+//		}
+//	}
+//	if pos < len(enc) {
+//		rootBytes, s, newPos := decodeLengthForHashing(enc, pos)
+//		if s {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.Root should be byte array, got RLP struct: %x",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+rootBytes],
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if rootBytes != 32 {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.Root should have size 32, got %d",
+//				rootBytes,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if newPos+rootBytes > len(enc) {
+//			return fmt.Errorf("malformed RLP for Account.Root(%x): prefixLength(%d) + dataLength(%d) >= sliceLength(%d)",
+//				enc[pos],
+//				newPos-pos, rootBytes, len(enc)-pos,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		copy(a.Root[:], enc[newPos:newPos+rootBytes])
+//		pos = newPos + rootBytes
+//	}
+//
+//	if pos < len(enc) {
+//		codeHashBytes, s, newPos := decodeLengthForHashing(enc, pos)
+//		if s {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.CodeHash should be byte array, got RLP struct: %x",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+codeHashBytes],
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if codeHashBytes != 32 {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.CodeHash should have size 32, got %d",
+//				codeHashBytes,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if newPos+codeHashBytes > len(enc) {
+//			return fmt.Errorf("malformed RLP for Account.CodeHash(%x): prefixLength(%d) + dataLength(%d) >= sliceLength(%d)",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+codeHashBytes],
+//				newPos-pos, codeHashBytes, len(enc)-pos,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		copy(a.CodeHash[:], enc[newPos:newPos+codeHashBytes])
+//		pos = newPos + codeHashBytes
+//	}
+//
+//	if pos < len(enc) {
+//		storageSizeBytes, s, newPos := decodeLengthForHashing(enc, pos)
+//		if s {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"encoding of Account.StorageSize should be byte array, got RLP struct: %x",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+storageSizeBytes],
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		if newPos+storageSizeBytes > len(enc) {
+//			return fmt.Errorf(
+//				"malformed RLP for Account.StorageSize(%x): prefixLength(%d) + dataLength(%d) >= sliceLength(%d)",
+//				enc[pos:newPos+storageSizeBytes],
+//				newPos-pos, storageSizeBytes, len(enc)-pos,
+//			)
+//		}
+//
+//		// Commented out because of the ineffectual assignment - uncomment if adding more fields
+//		var storageSize uint64
+//		if storageSizeBytes == 0 && newPos == pos {
+//			storageSize = uint64(enc[newPos])
+//			pos = newPos + 1
+//		} else {
+//			for _, b := range enc[newPos : newPos+storageSizeBytes] {
+//				storageSize = (storageSize << 8) + uint64(b)
+//			}
+//			pos = newPos + storageSizeBytes
+//		}
+//		_ = storageSize
+//	}
+//	_ = pos
+//
+//	return nil
+//}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) Reset() {
+	a.Initialised = true
+	a.Nonce = 0
+	a.Incarnation = 0
+	a.Balance.Clear()
+	copy(a.Root[:], emptyRoot[:])
+	copy(a.CodeHash[:], emptyCodeHash[:])
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) DecodeForStorage(enc []byte) error {
+	a.Reset()
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return a.Unmarshal(enc)
+	//pbAccount := new(state.Account)
+	//if err := proto.Unmarshal(enc, pbAccount); nil != err {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	//if err := a.FromProtoMessage(pbAccount); nil != err {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+
+	//a.Reset()
+	//
+	//if len(enc) == 0 {
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+	//
+	//var fieldSet = enc[0]
+	//var pos = 1
+	//
+	//if fieldSet&1 > 0 {
+	//	decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+	//
+	//	if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf(
+	//			"malformed CBOR for Account.Nonce: %s, Length %d",
+	//			enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	a.Nonce = bytesToUint64(enc[pos+1 : pos+decodeLength+1])
+	//	pos += decodeLength + 1
+	//}
+	//
+	//if fieldSet&2 > 0 {
+	//	decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+	//
+	//	if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf(
+	//			"malformed CBOR for Account.Nonce: %s, Length %d",
+	//			enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	a.Balance.SetBytes(enc[pos+1 : pos+decodeLength+1])
+	//	pos += decodeLength + 1
+	//}
+	//
+	//if fieldSet&4 > 0 {
+	//	decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+	//
+	//	if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf(
+	//			"malformed CBOR for Account.Incarnation: %s, Length %d",
+	//			enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	a.Incarnation = uint16(bytesToUint64(enc[pos+1 : pos+decodeLength+1]))
+	//	pos += decodeLength + 1
+	//}
+	//
+	//if fieldSet&8 > 0 {
+	//
+	//	decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+	//
+	//	if decodeLength != 32 {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf("codehash should be 32 bytes long, got %d instead",
+	//			decodeLength)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf(
+	//			"malformed CBOR for Account.CodeHash: %s, Length %d",
+	//			enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	a.CodeHash.SetBytes(enc[pos+1 : pos+decodeLength+1])
+	//	pos += decodeLength + 1
+	//}
+	//
+	//_ = pos
+}
+func bytesToUint64(buf []byte) (x uint64) {
+	for i, b := range buf {
+		x = x<<8 + uint64(b)
+		if i == 7 {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+//func DecodeIncarnationFromStorage(enc []byte) (uint64, error) {
+//	if len(enc) == 0 {
+//		return 0, nil
+//	}
+//
+//	var fieldSet = enc[0]
+//	var pos = 1
+//
+//	//looks for the position incarnation is at
+//	if fieldSet&1 > 0 {
+//		decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+//		if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+//			return 0, fmt.Errorf(
+//				"malformed CBOR for Account.Nonce: %s, Length %d",
+//				enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+//		}
+//		pos += decodeLength + 1
+//	}
+//
+//	if fieldSet&2 > 0 {
+//		decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+//		if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+//			return 0, fmt.Errorf(
+//				"malformed CBOR for Account.Nonce: %s, Length %d",
+//				enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+//		}
+//		pos += decodeLength + 1
+//	}
+//
+//	if fieldSet&4 > 0 {
+//		decodeLength := int(enc[pos])
+//
+//		//checks if the ending position is correct if not returns 0
+//		if len(enc) < pos+decodeLength+1 {
+//			return 0, fmt.Errorf(
+//				"malformed CBOR for Account.Incarnation: %s, Length %d",
+//				enc[pos+1:], decodeLength)
+//		}
+//
+//		incarnation := bytesToUint64(enc[pos+1 : pos+decodeLength+1])
+//		return incarnation, nil
+//	}
+//
+//	return 0, nil
+//
+//}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) SelfCopy() *StateAccount {
+	newAcc := NewAccount()
+	newAcc.Copy(a)
+	return &newAcc
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) IsEmptyCodeHash() bool {
+	return IsEmptyCodeHash(a.CodeHash)
+}
+
+func IsEmptyCodeHash(codeHash types.Hash) bool {
+	return codeHash == emptyCodeHash || codeHash == (types.Hash{})
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) IsEmptyRoot() bool {
+	return a.Root == emptyRoot || a.Root == types.Hash{}
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) GetIncarnation() uint16 {
+	return a.Incarnation
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) SetIncarnation(v uint16) {
+	a.Incarnation = v
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) Equals(acc *StateAccount) bool {
+	return a.Nonce == acc.Nonce &&
+		a.CodeHash == acc.CodeHash &&
+		a.Balance.Cmp(&acc.Balance) == 0 &&
+		a.Incarnation == acc.Incarnation
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	protoMsg := a.ToProtoMessage()
+	v, err := proto.Marshal(protoMsg)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) Unmarshal(v []byte) error {
+	var pAccount state.Account
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(v, &pAccount); nil != err {
+		return err
+	}
+	a.Initialised = pAccount.Initialised
+	a.Nonce = pAccount.Nonce
+	a.Balance = *utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pAccount.Balance)
+	a.Root = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pAccount.Root)
+	a.CodeHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pAccount.CodeHash)
+	a.Incarnation = uint16(pAccount.Incarnation)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	return &state.Account{
+		Initialised: a.Initialised,
+		Nonce:       a.Nonce,
+		Balance:     utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(&a.Balance),
+		Root:        utils.ConvertHashToH256(a.Root),
+		CodeHash:    utils.ConvertHashToH256(a.CodeHash),
+		Incarnation: uint64(a.Incarnation),
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *StateAccount) FromProtoMessage(msg proto.Message) error {
+	pAccount, ok := msg.(*state.Account)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("impossible type assert ")
+	}
+
+	a.Initialised = pAccount.Initialised
+	a.Nonce = pAccount.Nonce
+	a.Balance = *utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pAccount.Balance)
+	a.Root = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pAccount.Root)
+	a.CodeHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pAccount.CodeHash)
+	a.Incarnation = uint16(pAccount.Incarnation)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/common/big.go b/common/big.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02c0ba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/big.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import "math/big"
+
+var (
+	Big0   = big.NewInt(0)
+	Big1   = big.NewInt(1)
+	Big2   = big.NewInt(2)
+	Big3   = big.NewInt(3)
+	Big32  = big.NewInt(32)
+	Big256 = big.NewInt(256)
+	Big257 = big.NewInt(257)
+)
diff --git a/common/block/block.go b/common/block/block.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4f6a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+//type writeCounter types.StorageSize
+//
+//func (c *writeCounter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+//	*c += writeCounter(len(b))
+//	return len(b), nil
+//}
+
+type Block struct {
+	header *Header
+	body   *Body
+
+	hash atomic.Value
+	size atomic.Value
+
+	ReceiveAt    time.Time
+	ReceivedFrom interface{}
+}
+
+type Verify struct {
+	Address   types.Address
+	PublicKey types.PublicKey
+}
+
+func (v *Verify) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	var pbVerifier types_pb.Verifier
+	pbVerifier.Address = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(v.Address)
+	pbVerifier.PublicKey = utils.ConvertPublicKeyToH384(v.PublicKey)
+	return &pbVerifier
+}
+
+func (v *Verify) FromProtoMessage(pbVerifier *types_pb.Verifier) *Verify {
+	v.Address = utils.ConvertH160toAddress(pbVerifier.Address)
+	v.PublicKey = utils.ConvertH384ToPublicKey(pbVerifier.PublicKey)
+	return v
+}
+
+type Reward struct {
+	Address types.Address
+	Amount  *uint256.Int
+}
+
+type Rewards []*Reward
+
+func (r Rewards) Len() int {
+	return len(r)
+}
+
+func (r Rewards) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return strings.Compare(r[i].Address.String(), r[j].Address.String()) > 0
+}
+
+func (r Rewards) Swap(i, j int) {
+	r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	var pbReward types_pb.Reward
+	pbReward.Address = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(r.Address)
+	pbReward.Amount = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(r.Amount)
+	return &pbReward
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) FromProtoMessage(pbReward *types_pb.Reward) *Reward {
+	r.Address = utils.ConvertH160toAddress(pbReward.Address)
+	r.Amount = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbReward.Amount)
+	return r
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Transactions() []*transaction.Transaction {
+	if b.body != nil {
+		return b.body.Transactions()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *Block) StateRoot() types.Hash {
+	return b.header.Root
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Hash() types.Hash {
+	return b.Header().Hash()
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	bpBlock := b.ToProtoMessage()
+	return proto.Marshal(bpBlock)
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	var pBlock types_pb.Block
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, &pBlock); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := b.FromProtoMessage(&pBlock); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NewBlock creates a new block. The input data is copied,
+// changes to header and to the field values will not affect the
+// block.
+//
+// The values of TxHash, UncleHash, ReceiptHash and Bloom in header
+// are ignored and set to values derived from the given txs, uncles
+// and receipts.
+func NewBlock(h IHeader, txs []*transaction.Transaction) IBlock {
+
+	block := &Block{
+		header:       CopyHeader(h.(*Header)),
+		body:         &Body{Txs: txs},
+		ReceiveAt:    time.Now(),
+		ReceivedFrom: nil,
+	}
+	return block
+}
+
+func NewBlockFromReceipt(h IHeader, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []IHeader, receipts []*Receipt, reward []*Reward) IBlock {
+
+	block := &Block{
+		header:       CopyHeader(h.(*Header)),
+		body:         &Body{Txs: txs, Rewards: CopyReward(reward)},
+		ReceiveAt:    time.Now(),
+		ReceivedFrom: nil,
+	}
+	//if len(receipts) > 0 {
+	//	print(receipts)
+	//}
+
+	block.header.Bloom = CreateBloom(receipts)
+	block.header.TxHash = hash.DeriveSha(transaction.Transactions(txs))
+	block.header.ReceiptHash = hash.DeriveSha(Receipts(receipts))
+
+	return block
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Header() IHeader {
+	return CopyHeader(b.header)
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Body() IBody {
+	return b.body
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Number64() *uint256.Int {
+	return b.header.Number
+}
+
+func (b *Block) BaseFee64() *uint256.Int {
+	return b.header.BaseFee
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Difficulty() *uint256.Int {
+	return b.header.Difficulty
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Time() uint64 {
+	return b.header.Time
+}
+
+func (b *Block) GasLimit() uint64 {
+	return b.header.GasLimit
+}
+
+func (b *Block) GasUsed() uint64 {
+	return b.header.GasUsed
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Nonce() uint64 {
+	return b.header.Nonce.Uint64()
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Coinbase() types.Address {
+	return b.header.Coinbase
+}
+
+func (b *Block) ParentHash() types.Hash {
+	return b.header.ParentHash
+}
+
+func (b *Block) TxHash() types.Hash {
+	return b.header.TxHash
+}
+
+func (b *Block) WithSeal(header IHeader) *Block {
+	b.header = CopyHeader(header.(*Header))
+	return b
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Transaction(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *Block) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	pbHeader := b.header.ToProtoMessage()
+	pbBody := b.body.ToProtoMessage()
+	pBlock := types_pb.Block{
+		Header: pbHeader.(*types_pb.Header),
+		Body:   pbBody.(*types_pb.Body),
+	}
+
+	return &pBlock
+}
+
+func (b *Block) FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error {
+	var (
+		pBlock *types_pb.Block
+		header Header
+		body   Body
+		ok     bool
+	)
+
+	if pBlock, ok = message.(*types_pb.Block); !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure")
+	}
+
+	if err := header.FromProtoMessage(pBlock.Header); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := body.FromProtoMessage(pBlock.Body); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	b.header = &header
+	b.body = &body
+	b.ReceiveAt = time.Now()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *Block) SendersToTxs(senders []types.Address) {
+	//todo
+}
+
+func (b *Block) Uncles() []*Header {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/common/block/block_test.go b/common/block/block_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd6346f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/block_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func getBlock(tb testing.TB) *Block {
+	//sBlock := "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"
+	sBlock := "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"
+	bBlock, err := hex.DecodeString(sBlock)
+	if err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var block types_pb.Block
+	err = proto.Unmarshal(bBlock, &block)
+	if err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	//tb.Logf("block number: %v", block.Header.Number.String())
+
+	var b Block
+	err = b.FromProtoMessage(&block)
+	if err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	return &b
+}
+
+type exBlock struct {
+	H *Header
+	B *Body
+}
+
+//func TestSize(t *testing.T) {
+//	block := getBlock(t)
+//	pb := block.ToProtoMessage()
+//
+//	buf1, err := proto.Marshal(pb)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	exB := exBlock{
+//		H: block.header,
+//		B: block.body,
+//	}
+//
+//	buf2, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&exB)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	t.Logf("proto size: %d, rlp size: %d", len(buf1), len(buf2))
+//}
+
+func BenchmarkProtobuf(b *testing.B) {
+	block := getBlock(b)
+	pb := block.ToProtoMessage()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, _ = proto.Marshal(pb)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkRlp(b *testing.B) {
+	block := getBlock(b)
+	exB := exBlock{
+		H: block.header,
+		B: block.body,
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(&exB)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkJson(b *testing.B) {
+	block := getBlock(b)
+	exB := exBlock{
+		H: block.header,
+		B: block.body,
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, _ = json.Marshal(exB)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkProtobufUnmarshal(b *testing.B) {
+	//sBlock := "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"
+	sBlock := "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"
+	bBlock, err := hex.DecodeString(sBlock)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var block types_pb.Block
+		_ = proto.Unmarshal(bBlock, &block)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkRlpDecode(b *testing.B) {
+	block := getBlock(b)
+	exB := exBlock{
+		H: block.header,
+		B: block.body,
+	}
+
+	buf, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&exB)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var exB exBlock
+		_ = rlp.DecodeBytes(buf, &exB)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkJsonDecode(b *testing.B) {
+	block := getBlock(b)
+	exB := exBlock{
+		H: block.header,
+		B: block.body,
+	}
+	bytes, err := json.Marshal(exB)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var exB exBlock
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &exB)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/block/bloom9.go b/common/block/bloom9.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..636b415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/bloom9.go
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package block
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common/hexutility"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/cryptopool"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+)
+
+type bytesBacked interface {
+	Bytes() []byte
+}
+
+const (
+	// BloomByteLength represents the number of bytes used in a header log bloom.
+	BloomByteLength = 256
+
+	// BloomBitLength represents the number of bits used in a header log bloom.
+	BloomBitLength = 8 * BloomByteLength
+)
+
+// Bloom represents a 2048 bit bloom filter.
+type Bloom [BloomByteLength]byte
+
+// BytesToBloom converts a byte slice to a bloom filter.
+// It panics if b is not of suitable size.
+func BytesToBloom(b []byte) Bloom {
+	var bloom Bloom
+	bloom.SetBytes(b)
+	return bloom
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets the content of b to the given bytes.
+// It panics if d is not of suitable size.
+func (b *Bloom) SetBytes(d []byte) {
+	if len(b) < len(d) {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("bloom bytes too big %d %d", len(b), len(d)))
+	}
+	copy(b[BloomByteLength-len(d):], d)
+}
+
+// Add adds d to the filter. Future calls of Test(d) will return true.
+func (b *Bloom) Add(d []byte) {
+	b.add(d, make([]byte, 6))
+}
+
+// add is internal version of Add, which takes a scratch buffer for reuse (needs to be at least 6 bytes)
+func (b *Bloom) add(d []byte, buf []byte) {
+	i1, v1, i2, v2, i3, v3 := bloomValues(d, buf)
+	b[i1] |= v1
+	b[i2] |= v2
+	b[i3] |= v3
+}
+
+// Big converts b to a big integer.
+// Note: Converting a bloom filter to a big.Int and then calling GetBytes
+// does not return the same bytes, since big.Int will trim leading zeroes
+func (b Bloom) Big() *big.Int {
+	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(b[:])
+}
+
+// Bytes returns the backing byte slice of the bloom
+func (b Bloom) Bytes() []byte {
+	return b[:]
+}
+
+// Test checks if the given topic is present in the bloom filter
+func (b Bloom) Test(topic []byte) bool {
+	i1, v1, i2, v2, i3, v3 := bloomValues(topic, make([]byte, 6))
+	return v1 == v1&b[i1] &&
+		v2 == v2&b[i2] &&
+		v3 == v3&b[i3]
+}
+
+// MarshalText encodes b as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func (b Bloom) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(b[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText b as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func (b *Bloom) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutility.UnmarshalFixedText("Bloom", input, b[:])
+}
+
+func CreateBloom(receipts Receipts) Bloom {
+	buf := make([]byte, 6)
+	var bin Bloom
+	for _, receipt := range receipts {
+		for _, log := range receipt.Logs {
+			bin.add(log.Address.Bytes(), buf)
+			for _, b := range log.Topics {
+				bin.add(b[:], buf)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return bin
+}
+
+// LogsBloom returns the bloom bytes for the given logs
+func LogsBloom(logs []*Log) []byte {
+	buf := make([]byte, 6)
+	var bin Bloom
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		bin.add(log.Address.Bytes(), buf)
+		for _, b := range log.Topics {
+			bin.add(b[:], buf)
+		}
+	}
+	return bin[:]
+}
+
+// Bloom9 returns the bloom filter for the given data
+func Bloom9(data []byte) []byte {
+	var b Bloom
+	b.SetBytes(data)
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+// bloomValues returns the bytes (index-value pairs) to set for the given data
+func bloomValues(data []byte, hashbuf []byte) (uint, byte, uint, byte, uint, byte) {
+	sha := crypto.NewKeccakState()
+	sha.Write(data)   //nolint:errcheck
+	sha.Read(hashbuf) //nolint:errcheck
+	cryptopool.ReturnToPoolKeccak256(sha)
+	// The actual bits to flip
+	v1 := byte(1 << (hashbuf[1] & 0x7))
+	v2 := byte(1 << (hashbuf[3] & 0x7))
+	v3 := byte(1 << (hashbuf[5] & 0x7))
+	// The indices for the bytes to OR in
+	i1 := BloomByteLength - uint((binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hashbuf)&0x7ff)>>3) - 1
+	i2 := BloomByteLength - uint((binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hashbuf[2:])&0x7ff)>>3) - 1
+	i3 := BloomByteLength - uint((binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hashbuf[4:])&0x7ff)>>3) - 1
+
+	return i1, v1, i2, v2, i3, v3
+}
+
+// BloomLookup is a convenience-method to check presence int he bloom filter
+func BloomLookup(bin Bloom, topic bytesBacked) bool {
+	return bin.Test(topic.Bytes())
+}
diff --git a/common/block/bloom9_test.go b/common/block/bloom9_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5a0a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/bloom9_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package block
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+func TestBloom(t *testing.T) {
+	positive := []string{
+		"testtest",
+		"test",
+		"hallo",
+		"other",
+	}
+	negative := []string{
+		"tes",
+		"lo",
+	}
+
+	var bloom Bloom
+	for _, data := range positive {
+		bloom.Add([]byte(data))
+	}
+
+	for _, data := range positive {
+		if !bloom.Test([]byte(data)) {
+			t.Error("expected", data, "to test true")
+		}
+	}
+	for _, data := range negative {
+		if bloom.Test([]byte(data)) {
+			t.Error("did not expect", data, "to test true")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBloomExtensively does some more thorough tests
+func TestBloomExtensively(t *testing.T) {
+	var exp = types.HexToHash("c8d3ca65cdb4874300a9e39475508f23ed6da09fdbc487f89a2dcf50b09eb263")
+	var b Bloom
+	// Add 100 "random" things
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		data := fmt.Sprintf("xxxxxxxxxx data %d yyyyyyyyyyyyyy", i)
+		b.Add([]byte(data))
+		//b.Add(new(big.Int).SetBytes([]byte(data)))
+	}
+	got := crypto.Keccak256Hash(b.Bytes())
+	if got != exp {
+		t.Errorf("Got %x, exp %x", got, exp)
+	}
+	var b2 Bloom
+	b2.SetBytes(b.Bytes())
+	got2 := crypto.Keccak256Hash(b2.Bytes())
+	if got != got2 {
+		t.Errorf("Got %x, exp %x", got, got2)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBloom9(b *testing.B) {
+	test := []byte("testestestest")
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		Bloom9(test)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBloom9Lookup(b *testing.B) {
+	toTest := []byte("testtest")
+	bloom := new(Bloom)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		bloom.Test(toTest)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCreateBloom(b *testing.B) {
+	to := types.HexToAddress("0x2")
+	var txs = transaction.Transactions{
+		transaction.NewTx(&transaction.LegacyTx{Nonce: 1, Value: uint256.NewInt(1), Gas: 1, GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(1), Data: nil}),
+		transaction.NewTx(&transaction.LegacyTx{Nonce: 2, To: &to, Value: uint256.NewInt(2), Gas: 2, GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(2), Data: nil}),
+	}
+	var rSmall = Receipts{
+		&Receipt{
+			Status:            ReceiptStatusFailed,
+			CumulativeGasUsed: 1,
+			Logs: []*Log{
+				{Address: types.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x11})},
+				{Address: types.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01, 0x11})},
+			},
+			TxHash:          txs[0].Hash(),
+			ContractAddress: types.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01, 0x11, 0x11}),
+			GasUsed:         1,
+		},
+		&Receipt{
+			PostState:         types.Hash{2}.Bytes(),
+			CumulativeGasUsed: 3,
+			Logs: []*Log{
+				{Address: types.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x22})},
+				{Address: types.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02, 0x22})},
+			},
+			TxHash:          txs[1].Hash(),
+			ContractAddress: types.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02, 0x22, 0x22}),
+			GasUsed:         2,
+		},
+	}
+
+	var rLarge = make(Receipts, 200)
+	// Fill it with 200 receipts x 2 logs
+	for i := 0; i < 200; i += 2 {
+		copy(rLarge[i:], rSmall)
+	}
+	b.Run("small", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		var bl Bloom
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			bl = CreateBloom(rSmall)
+		}
+		b.StopTimer()
+		var exp = types.HexToHash("c384c56ece49458a427c67b90fefe979ebf7104795be65dc398b280f24104949")
+		got := crypto.Keccak256Hash(bl.Bytes())
+		if got != exp {
+			b.Errorf("Got %x, exp %x", got, exp)
+		}
+	})
+	b.Run("large", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		var bl Bloom
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			bl = CreateBloom(rLarge)
+		}
+		b.StopTimer()
+		var exp = types.HexToHash("c384c56ece49458a427c67b90fefe979ebf7104795be65dc398b280f24104949")
+		got := crypto.Keccak256Hash(bl.Bytes())
+		if got != exp {
+			b.Errorf("Got %x, exp %x", got, exp)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/common/block/body.go b/common/block/body.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7728108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/body.go
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+type Body struct {
+	Txs       []*transaction.Transaction
+	Verifiers []*Verify
+	Rewards   []*Reward
+}
+
+func (b *Body) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	var pbTxs []*types_pb.Transaction
+	var pbVerifiers []*types_pb.Verifier
+	var pbRewards []*types_pb.Reward
+
+	for _, v := range b.Txs {
+		pbTx := v.ToProtoMessage()
+		if pbTx != nil {
+			pbTxs = append(pbTxs, pbTx.(*types_pb.Transaction))
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, reward := range b.Rewards {
+		pbReward := reward.ToProtoMessage()
+		if pbReward != nil {
+			pbRewards = append(pbRewards, pbReward.(*types_pb.Reward))
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, verifier := range b.Verifiers {
+		pbVerifier := verifier.ToProtoMessage()
+		if pbVerifier != nil {
+			pbVerifiers = append(pbVerifiers, pbVerifier.(*types_pb.Verifier))
+		}
+	}
+
+	pBody := types_pb.Body{
+		Txs:       pbTxs,
+		Verifiers: pbVerifiers,
+		Rewards:   pbRewards,
+	}
+
+	return &pBody
+}
+
+func (b *Body) FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error {
+	var (
+		pBody *types_pb.Body
+		ok    bool
+	)
+
+	if pBody, ok = message.(*types_pb.Body); !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure")
+	}
+
+	var txs []*transaction.Transaction
+	//
+	for _, v := range pBody.Txs {
+		tx, err := transaction.FromProtoMessage(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		txs = append(txs, tx)
+	}
+	//
+	b.Txs = txs
+
+	//verifiers
+	var verifiers []*Verify
+	for _, v := range pBody.Verifiers {
+		verify := new(Verify).FromProtoMessage(v)
+		verifiers = append(verifiers, verify)
+	}
+	b.Verifiers = verifiers
+
+	//Reward
+	var rewards []*Reward
+	for _, v := range pBody.Rewards {
+		reward := new(Reward).FromProtoMessage(v)
+		rewards = append(rewards, reward)
+	}
+	b.Rewards = rewards
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *Body) Transactions() []*transaction.Transaction {
+	return b.Txs
+}
+func (b *Body) Verifier() []*Verify {
+	return b.Verifiers
+}
+
+func (b *Body) Reward() []*Reward {
+	return b.Rewards
+}
+
+func (b *Body) reward() []*types_pb.H256 {
+	var rewardAmount []*types_pb.H256
+	if len(b.Rewards) > 0 {
+		for _, reward := range b.Rewards {
+			rewardAmount = append(rewardAmount, utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(reward.Amount))
+		}
+	}
+	return rewardAmount
+}
+
+func (b *Body) rewardAddress() []types.Address {
+	var rewardAddress []types.Address
+	for _, reward := range b.Rewards {
+		rewardAddress = append(rewardAddress, reward.Address)
+	}
+	return rewardAddress
+}
+
+func (b *Body) SendersFromTxs() []types.Address {
+	senders := make([]types.Address, len(b.Transactions()))
+	for i, tx := range b.Transactions() {
+		senders[i] = *tx.From()
+	}
+	return senders
+}
+
+func (b *Body) SendersToTxs(senders []types.Address) {
+	if senders == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	//todo
+	//for i, tx := range b.Txs {
+	//	//tx.SetFrom(senders[i])
+	//}
+}
+
+type BodyForStorage struct {
+	BaseTxId uint64
+	TxAmount uint32
+}
+
+func NewBlockFromStorage(hash types.Hash, header *Header, body *Body) *Block {
+	b := &Block{header: header, body: body}
+	b.hash.Store(hash)
+	return b
+}
+
+type RawBody struct {
+	Transactions [][]byte
+}
diff --git a/common/block/header.go b/common/block/header.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1da45d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/header.go
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+type BlockNonce [8]byte
+
+// EncodeNonce converts the given integer to a block nonce.
+func EncodeNonce(i uint64) BlockNonce {
+	var n BlockNonce
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(n[:], i)
+	return n
+}
+
+// Uint64 returns the integer value of a block nonce.
+func (n BlockNonce) Uint64() uint64 {
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(n[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText todo copy eth
+func (n BlockNonce) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(n[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (n *BlockNonce) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("BlockNonce", input, n[:])
+}
+
+type Header struct {
+	ParentHash  types.Hash    `json:"parentHash"       gencodec:"required"`
+	Coinbase    types.Address `json:"miner"`
+	Root        types.Hash    `json:"stateRoot"        gencodec:"required"`
+	TxHash      types.Hash    `json:"transactionsRoot" gencodec:"required"`
+	ReceiptHash types.Hash    `json:"receiptsRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+	Bloom       Bloom         `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
+	Difficulty  *uint256.Int  `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
+	Number      *uint256.Int  `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
+	GasLimit    uint64        `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+	GasUsed     uint64        `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+	Time        uint64        `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
+	MixDigest   types.Hash    `json:"mixHash"`
+	Nonce       BlockNonce    `json:"nonce"`
+	Extra       []byte        `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// BaseFee was added by EIP-1559 and is ignored in legacy headers.
+	BaseFee *uint256.Int `json:"baseFeePerGas" rlp:"optional"`
+
+	hash atomic.Value
+
+	Signature types.Signature `json:"signature"`
+}
+
+func (h *Header) Number64() *uint256.Int {
+	return h.Number
+}
+
+func (h *Header) StateRoot() types.Hash {
+	return h.Root
+}
+
+func (h *Header) BaseFee64() *uint256.Int {
+	return h.BaseFee
+}
+
+func (h Header) Hash() types.Hash {
+	if hash := h.hash.Load(); hash != nil {
+		return hash.(types.Hash)
+	}
+
+	if h.BaseFee == nil {
+		h.BaseFee = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+
+	if h.Difficulty == nil {
+		h.Difficulty = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+
+	buf, err := json.Marshal(h)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+
+	if h.Number.Uint64() == 0 {
+		//log.Tracef("genesis header json Marshal: %s", string(buf))
+	}
+
+	hash := types.BytesHash(buf)
+	h.hash.Store(hash)
+	return hash
+}
+
+func (h *Header) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	return &types_pb.Header{
+		ParentHash:  utils.ConvertHashToH256(h.ParentHash),
+		Coinbase:    utils.ConvertAddressToH160(h.Coinbase),
+		Root:        utils.ConvertHashToH256(h.Root),
+		TxHash:      utils.ConvertHashToH256(h.TxHash),
+		ReceiptHash: utils.ConvertHashToH256(h.ReceiptHash),
+		Difficulty:  utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(h.Difficulty),
+		Number:      utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(h.Number),
+		GasLimit:    h.GasLimit,
+		GasUsed:     h.GasUsed,
+		Time:        h.Time,
+		Nonce:       h.Nonce.Uint64(),
+		BaseFee:     utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(h.BaseFee),
+		Extra:       h.Extra,
+		Signature:   utils.ConvertSignatureToH768(h.Signature),
+		Bloom:       utils.ConvertBytesToH2048(h.Bloom.Bytes()),
+		MixDigest:   utils.ConvertHashToH256(h.MixDigest),
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *Header) FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error {
+	var (
+		pbHeader *types_pb.Header
+		ok       bool
+	)
+
+	if pbHeader, ok = message.(*types_pb.Header); !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure")
+	}
+
+	h.ParentHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pbHeader.ParentHash)
+	h.Coinbase = utils.ConvertH160toAddress(pbHeader.Coinbase)
+	h.Root = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pbHeader.Root)
+	h.TxHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pbHeader.TxHash)
+	h.ReceiptHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pbHeader.ReceiptHash)
+	h.Difficulty = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbHeader.Difficulty)
+	h.Number = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbHeader.Number)
+	h.GasLimit = pbHeader.GasLimit
+	h.GasUsed = pbHeader.GasUsed
+	h.Time = pbHeader.Time
+	h.Nonce = EncodeNonce(pbHeader.Nonce)
+	h.BaseFee = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbHeader.BaseFee)
+	h.Extra = pbHeader.Extra
+	h.Signature = utils.ConvertH768ToSignature(pbHeader.Signature)
+	h.Bloom = utils.ConvertH2048ToBloom(pbHeader.Bloom)
+	h.MixDigest = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pbHeader.MixDigest)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *Header) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	pbHeader := h.ToProtoMessage()
+	return proto.Marshal(pbHeader)
+}
+
+func (h *Header) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	var pbHeader types_pb.Header
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, &pbHeader); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := h.FromProtoMessage(&pbHeader); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func CopyHeader(h *Header) *Header {
+	cpy := *h
+
+	if cpy.Difficulty = uint256.NewInt(0); h.Difficulty != nil {
+		cpy.Difficulty.SetBytes(h.Difficulty.Bytes())
+	}
+	if cpy.Number = uint256.NewInt(0); h.Number != nil {
+		cpy.Number.SetBytes(h.Number.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	if h.BaseFee != nil {
+		cpy.BaseFee = uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(h.BaseFee.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	if len(h.Extra) > 0 {
+		cpy.Extra = make([]byte, len(h.Extra))
+		copy(cpy.Extra, h.Extra)
+	}
+	return &cpy
+}
+
+func CopyReward(rewards []*Reward) []*Reward {
+	var cpyReward []*Reward
+
+	for _, reward := range rewards {
+		addr, amount := types.Address{}, uint256.Int{}
+
+		addr.SetBytes(reward.Address[:])
+		cpyReward = append(cpyReward, &Reward{
+			Address: addr,
+			Amount:  amount.SetBytes(reward.Amount.Bytes()),
+		})
+	}
+
+	return cpyReward
+}
diff --git a/common/block/iblock.go b/common/block/iblock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d930db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/iblock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+type IHeader interface {
+	Number64() *uint256.Int
+	BaseFee64() *uint256.Int
+	Hash() types.Hash
+	ToProtoMessage() proto.Message
+	FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error
+	Marshal() ([]byte, error)
+	Unmarshal(data []byte) error
+	StateRoot() types.Hash
+}
+
+type IBody interface {
+	Verifier() []*Verify
+	Reward() []*Reward
+	Transactions() []*transaction.Transaction
+	ToProtoMessage() proto.Message
+	FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error
+}
+
+type IBlock interface {
+	IHeader
+	Header() IHeader
+	Body() IBody
+	Transaction(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction
+	Transactions() []*transaction.Transaction
+	Number64() *uint256.Int
+	Difficulty() *uint256.Int
+	Time() uint64
+	GasLimit() uint64
+	GasUsed() uint64
+	Nonce() uint64
+	Coinbase() types.Address
+	ParentHash() types.Hash
+	TxHash() types.Hash
+	WithSeal(header IHeader) *Block
+	//ToProtoMessage() proto.Message
+	//FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error
+}
+
+type Blocks []IBlock
diff --git a/common/block/log.go b/common/block/log.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96444a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/log.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+type Log struct {
+	// Consensus fields:
+	// address of the contract that generated the event
+	Address types.Address `json:"address" gencodec:"required"`
+	// list of topics provided by the contract.
+	Topics []types.Hash `json:"topics" gencodec:"required"`
+	// supplied by the contract, usually ABI-encoded
+	Data []byte `json:"data" gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// Derived fields. These fields are filled in by the node
+	// but not secured by consensus.
+	// block in which the transaction was included
+	BlockNumber *uint256.Int `json:"blockNumber"`
+	// hash of the transaction
+	TxHash types.Hash `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
+	// index of the transaction in the block
+	TxIndex uint `json:"transactionIndex" gencodec:"required"`
+	// hash of the block in which the transaction was included
+	BlockHash types.Hash `json:"blockHash"`
+	// index of the log in the receipt
+	Index uint `json:"logIndex" gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// The Removed field is true if this log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.
+	// You must pay attention to this field if you receive logs through a filter query.
+	Removed bool `json:"removed"`
+}
+
+func (l *Log) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	return &types_pb.Log{
+		Address:     utils.ConvertAddressToH160(l.Address),
+		Topics:      utils.ConvertHashesToH256(l.Topics),
+		Data:        l.Data,
+		BlockNumber: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(l.BlockNumber),
+		TxHash:      utils.ConvertHashToH256(l.TxHash),
+		TxIndex:     uint64(l.TxIndex),
+		BlockHash:   utils.ConvertHashToH256(l.BlockHash),
+		Index:       uint64(l.Index),
+		Removed:     l.Removed,
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *Log) FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error {
+	var (
+		pLog *types_pb.Log
+		ok   bool
+	)
+
+	if pLog, ok = message.(*types_pb.Log); !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure")
+	}
+
+	l.Address = utils.ConvertH160toAddress(pLog.Address)
+	l.Topics = utils.H256sToHashes(pLog.Topics)
+	l.Data = pLog.Data
+	l.BlockNumber = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pLog.BlockNumber)
+	l.TxHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pLog.TxHash)
+	l.TxIndex = uint(pLog.TxIndex)
+	l.BlockHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pLog.BlockHash)
+	l.Index = uint(pLog.Index)
+	l.Removed = pLog.Removed
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Logs []*Log
+
+func (l *Logs) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	pb := new(types_pb.Logs)
+	for _, log := range *l {
+		pb.Logs = append(pb.Logs, log.ToProtoMessage().(*types_pb.Log))
+	}
+
+	return proto.Marshal(pb)
+}
+
+func (l *Logs) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	pb := new(types_pb.Logs)
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, pb); nil != err {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	body := make([]*Log, len(pb.Logs))
+	for i, p := range pb.Logs {
+		if err := body[i].FromProtoMessage(p); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	*l = body
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/common/block/receipt.go b/common/block/receipt.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d03ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/block/receipt.go
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package block
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+const (
+	// ReceiptStatusFailed is the status code of a transaction if execution failed.
+	ReceiptStatusFailed = uint64(0)
+
+	// ReceiptStatusSuccessful is the status code of a transaction if execution succeeded.
+	ReceiptStatusSuccessful = uint64(1)
+)
+
+type Receipts []*Receipt
+
+func (rs *Receipts) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	pb := rs.ToProtoMessage()
+	return proto.Marshal(pb)
+}
+
+func (rs *Receipts) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	pb := new(types_pb.Receipts)
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, pb); nil != err {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return rs.FromProtoMessage(pb)
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of receipts in this list.
+func (rs Receipts) Len() int { return len(rs) }
+
+// EncodeIndex encodes the i'th receipt to w.
+func (rs Receipts) EncodeIndex(i int, w *bytes.Buffer) {
+	r := rs[i]
+
+	logs := make([]*storedLog, len(r.Logs))
+
+	for k, log := range r.Logs {
+		logs[k] = &storedLog{
+			Address: log.Address,
+			Topics:  log.Topics,
+			Data:    log.Data,
+		}
+	}
+	data := &storedReceipt{r.Status, r.CumulativeGasUsed, logs}
+
+	rlp.Encode(w, data)
+	//byte, _ := json.Marshal(data)
+	//w.Write(byte)
+}
+
+func (rs *Receipts) FromProtoMessage(receipts *types_pb.Receipts) error {
+	for _, receipt := range receipts.Receipts {
+		var rec Receipt
+		err := rec.fromProtoMessage(receipt)
+		if err == nil {
+			*rs = append(*rs, &rec)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rs *Receipts) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	var receipts []*types_pb.Receipt
+	for _, receipt := range *rs {
+		pReceipt := receipt.toProtoMessage()
+		receipts = append(receipts, pReceipt.(*types_pb.Receipt))
+	}
+	return &types_pb.Receipts{
+		Receipts: receipts,
+	}
+}
+
+type Receipt struct {
+	// Consensus fields: These fields are defined by the Yellow Paper
+	Type              uint8  `json:"type,omitempty"`
+	PostState         []byte `json:"root"`
+	Status            uint64 `json:"status"`
+	CumulativeGasUsed uint64 `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+	Bloom             Bloom  `json:"logsBloom"         gencodec:"required"`
+	Logs              []*Log `json:"logs"              gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// Implementation fields: These fields are added by geth when processing a transaction.
+	// They are stored in the chain database.
+	TxHash          types.Hash    `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
+	ContractAddress types.Address `json:"contractAddress"`
+	GasUsed         uint64        `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// Inclusion information: These fields provide information about the inclusion of the
+	// transaction corresponding to this receipt.
+	BlockHash        types.Hash   `json:"blockHash,omitempty"`
+	BlockNumber      *uint256.Int `json:"blockNumber,omitempty"`
+	TransactionIndex uint         `json:"transactionIndex"`
+}
+
+func (r *Receipt) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	bpBlock := r.toProtoMessage()
+	return proto.Marshal(bpBlock)
+}
+
+func (r *Receipt) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	var pReceipt types_pb.Receipt
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, &pReceipt); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := r.fromProtoMessage(&pReceipt); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *Receipt) toProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	//bloom, _ := r.Bloom.Marshal()
+
+	var logs []*types_pb.Log
+	for _, log := range r.Logs {
+		logs = append(logs, log.ToProtoMessage().(*types_pb.Log))
+	}
+	pb := &types_pb.Receipt{
+		Type:              uint32(r.Type),
+		PostState:         r.PostState,
+		Status:            r.Status,
+		CumulativeGasUsed: r.CumulativeGasUsed,
+		Logs:              logs,
+		TxHash:            utils.ConvertHashToH256(r.TxHash),
+		ContractAddress:   utils.ConvertAddressToH160(r.ContractAddress),
+		GasUsed:           r.GasUsed,
+		BlockHash:         utils.ConvertHashToH256(r.BlockHash),
+		BlockNumber:       utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(r.BlockNumber),
+		TransactionIndex:  uint64(r.TransactionIndex),
+		Bloom:             utils.ConvertBytesToH2048(r.Bloom[:]),
+	}
+	return pb
+}
+
+func (r *Receipt) fromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) error {
+	var (
+		pReceipt *types_pb.Receipt
+		ok       bool
+	)
+
+	if pReceipt, ok = message.(*types_pb.Receipt); !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure")
+	}
+
+	//bloom := new(types.Bloom)
+	//err := bloom.UnMarshalBloom(pReceipt.Bloom)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure bloom")
+	//}
+
+	var logs []*Log
+	for _, logMessage := range pReceipt.Logs {
+		log := new(Log)
+
+		if err := log.FromProtoMessage(logMessage); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("type conversion failure log %s", err)
+		}
+		logs = append(logs, log)
+	}
+
+	r.Type = uint8(pReceipt.Type)
+	r.PostState = pReceipt.PostState
+	r.Status = pReceipt.Status
+	r.CumulativeGasUsed = pReceipt.CumulativeGasUsed
+	r.Bloom = utils.ConvertH2048ToBloom(pReceipt.Bloom)
+	r.Logs = logs
+	r.TxHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pReceipt.TxHash)
+	r.ContractAddress = utils.ConvertH160toAddress(pReceipt.ContractAddress)
+	r.GasUsed = pReceipt.GasUsed
+	r.BlockHash = utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pReceipt.BlockHash)
+	r.BlockNumber = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pReceipt.BlockNumber)
+	r.TransactionIndex = uint(pReceipt.TransactionIndex)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// storedReceipt is the consensus encoding of a receipt.
+type storedReceipt struct {
+	PostStateOrStatus uint64
+	CumulativeGasUsed uint64
+	Logs              []*storedLog
+}
+
+type storedLog struct {
+	Address types.Address
+	Topics  []types.Hash
+	Data    []byte
+}
diff --git a/common/blockchain.go b/common/blockchain.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a22c040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/blockchain.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+type IHeaderChain interface {
+	GetHeaderByNumber(number *uint256.Int) block.IHeader
+	GetHeaderByHash(h types.Hash) (block.IHeader, error)
+	InsertHeader(headers []block.IHeader) (int, error)
+	GetBlockByHash(h types.Hash) (block.IBlock, error)
+	GetBlockByNumber(number *uint256.Int) (block.IBlock, error)
+}
+
+type IBlockChain interface {
+	IHeaderChain
+	Config() *params.ChainConfig
+	CurrentBlock() block.IBlock
+	Blocks() []block.IBlock
+	Start() error
+	GenesisBlock() block.IBlock
+	NewBlockHandler(payload []byte, peer peer.ID) error
+	InsertChain(blocks []block.IBlock) (int, error)
+	InsertBlock(blocks []block.IBlock, isSync bool) (int, error)
+	SetEngine(engine consensus.Engine)
+	GetBlocksFromHash(hash types.Hash, n int) (blocks []block.IBlock)
+	SealedBlock(b block.IBlock) error
+	Engine() consensus.Engine
+	GetReceipts(blockHash types.Hash) (block.Receipts, error)
+	GetLogs(blockHash types.Hash) ([][]*block.Log, error)
+	SetHead(head uint64) error
+	AddFutureBlock(block block.IBlock) error
+
+	GetHeader(types.Hash, *uint256.Int) block.IHeader
+	// alias for GetBlocksFromHash?
+	GetBlock(hash types.Hash, number uint64) block.IBlock
+	StateAt(tx kv.Tx, blockNr uint64) *state.IntraBlockState
+
+	GetTd(hash types.Hash, number *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int
+	HasBlock(hash types.Hash, number uint64) bool
+
+	DB() kv.RwDB
+	Quit() <-chan struct{}
+
+	Close() error
+
+	WriteBlockWithState(block block.IBlock, receipts []*block.Receipt, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, nopay map[types.Address]*uint256.Int) error
+
+	GetDepositInfo(address types.Address) (*uint256.Int, *uint256.Int)
+	GetAccountRewardUnpaid(account types.Address) (*uint256.Int, error)
+}
+
+type IMiner interface {
+	Start()
+	PendingBlockAndReceipts() (block.IBlock, block.Receipts)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e81a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package blake2b implements the BLAKE2b hash algorithm defined by RFC 7693
+// and the extendable output function (XOF) BLAKE2Xb.
+//
+// For a detailed specification of BLAKE2b see https://blake2.net/blake2.pdf
+// and for BLAKE2Xb see https://blake2.net/blake2x.pdf
+//
+// If you aren't sure which function you need, use BLAKE2b (Sum512 or New512).
+// If you need a secret-key MAC (message authentication code), use the New512
+// function with a non-nil key.
+//
+// BLAKE2X is a construction to compute hash values larger than 64 bytes. It
+// can produce hash values between 0 and 4 GiB.
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"hash"
+)
+
+const (
+	// The blocksize of BLAKE2b in bytes.
+	BlockSize = 128
+	// The hash size of BLAKE2b-512 in bytes.
+	Size = 64
+	// The hash size of BLAKE2b-384 in bytes.
+	Size384 = 48
+	// The hash size of BLAKE2b-256 in bytes.
+	Size256 = 32
+)
+
+var (
+	useAVX2 bool
+	useAVX  bool
+	useSSE4 bool
+)
+
+var (
+	errKeySize  = errors.New("blake2b: invalid key size")
+	errHashSize = errors.New("blake2b: invalid hash size")
+)
+
+var iv = [8]uint64{
+	0x6a09e667f3bcc908, 0xbb67ae8584caa73b, 0x3c6ef372fe94f82b, 0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1,
+	0x510e527fade682d1, 0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f, 0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b, 0x5be0cd19137e2179,
+}
+
+// Sum512 returns the BLAKE2b-512 checksum of the data.
+func Sum512(data []byte) [Size]byte {
+	var sum [Size]byte
+	checkSum(&sum, Size, data)
+	return sum
+}
+
+// Sum384 returns the BLAKE2b-384 checksum of the data.
+func Sum384(data []byte) [Size384]byte {
+	var sum [Size]byte
+	var sum384 [Size384]byte
+	checkSum(&sum, Size384, data)
+	copy(sum384[:], sum[:Size384])
+	return sum384
+}
+
+// Sum256 returns the BLAKE2b-256 checksum of the data.
+func Sum256(data []byte) [Size256]byte {
+	var sum [Size]byte
+	var sum256 [Size256]byte
+	checkSum(&sum, Size256, data)
+	copy(sum256[:], sum[:Size256])
+	return sum256
+}
+
+// New512 returns a new hash.Hash computing the BLAKE2b-512 checksum. A non-nil
+// key turns the hash into a MAC. The key must be between zero and 64 bytes long.
+func New512(key []byte) (hash.Hash, error) { return newDigest(Size, key) }
+
+// New384 returns a new hash.Hash computing the BLAKE2b-384 checksum. A non-nil
+// key turns the hash into a MAC. The key must be between zero and 64 bytes long.
+func New384(key []byte) (hash.Hash, error) { return newDigest(Size384, key) }
+
+// New256 returns a new hash.Hash computing the BLAKE2b-256 checksum. A non-nil
+// key turns the hash into a MAC. The key must be between zero and 64 bytes long.
+func New256(key []byte) (hash.Hash, error) { return newDigest(Size256, key) }
+
+// New returns a new hash.Hash computing the BLAKE2b checksum with a custom length.
+// A non-nil key turns the hash into a MAC. The key must be between zero and 64 bytes long.
+// The hash size can be a value between 1 and 64 but it is highly recommended to use
+// values equal or greater than:
+// - 32 if BLAKE2b is used as a hash function (The key is zero bytes long).
+// - 16 if BLAKE2b is used as a MAC function (The key is at least 16 bytes long).
+// When the key is nil, the returned hash.Hash implements BinaryMarshaler
+// and BinaryUnmarshaler for state (de)serialization as documented by hash.Hash.
+func New(size int, key []byte) (hash.Hash, error) { return newDigest(size, key) }
+
+// F is a compression function for BLAKE2b. It takes as an argument the state
+// vector `h`, message block vector `m`, offset counter `t`, final block indicator
+// flag `f`, and number of rounds `rounds`. The state vector provided as the first
+// parameter is modified by the function.
+func F(h *[8]uint64, m [16]uint64, c [2]uint64, final bool, rounds uint32) {
+	var flag uint64
+	if final {
+		flag = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+	}
+	f(h, &m, c[0], c[1], flag, uint64(rounds))
+}
+
+func newDigest(hashSize int, key []byte) (*digest, error) {
+	if hashSize < 1 || hashSize > Size {
+		return nil, errHashSize
+	}
+	if len(key) > Size {
+		return nil, errKeySize
+	}
+	d := &digest{
+		size:   hashSize,
+		keyLen: len(key),
+	}
+	copy(d.key[:], key)
+	d.Reset()
+	return d, nil
+}
+
+func checkSum(sum *[Size]byte, hashSize int, data []byte) {
+	h := iv
+	h[0] ^= uint64(hashSize) | (1 << 16) | (1 << 24)
+	var c [2]uint64
+
+	if length := len(data); length > BlockSize {
+		n := length &^ (BlockSize - 1)
+		if length == n {
+			n -= BlockSize
+		}
+		hashBlocks(&h, &c, 0, data[:n])
+		data = data[n:]
+	}
+
+	var block [BlockSize]byte
+	offset := copy(block[:], data)
+	remaining := uint64(BlockSize - offset)
+	if c[0] < remaining {
+		c[1]--
+	}
+	c[0] -= remaining
+
+	hashBlocks(&h, &c, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, block[:])
+
+	for i, v := range h[:(hashSize+7)/8] {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(sum[8*i:], v)
+	}
+}
+
+func hashBlocks(h *[8]uint64, c *[2]uint64, flag uint64, blocks []byte) {
+	var m [16]uint64
+	c0, c1 := c[0], c[1]
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(blocks); {
+		c0 += BlockSize
+		if c0 < BlockSize {
+			c1++
+		}
+		for j := range m {
+			m[j] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(blocks[i:])
+			i += 8
+		}
+		f(h, &m, c0, c1, flag, 12)
+	}
+	c[0], c[1] = c0, c1
+}
+
+type digest struct {
+	h      [8]uint64
+	c      [2]uint64
+	size   int
+	block  [BlockSize]byte
+	offset int
+
+	key    [BlockSize]byte
+	keyLen int
+}
+
+const (
+	magic         = "b2b"
+	marshaledSize = len(magic) + 8*8 + 2*8 + 1 + BlockSize + 1
+)
+
+func (d *digest) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
+	if d.keyLen != 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("crypto/blake2b: cannot marshal MACs")
+	}
+	b := make([]byte, 0, marshaledSize)
+	b = append(b, magic...)
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		b = appendUint64(b, d.h[i])
+	}
+	b = appendUint64(b, d.c[0])
+	b = appendUint64(b, d.c[1])
+	// Maximum value for size is 64
+	b = append(b, byte(d.size))
+	b = append(b, d.block[:]...)
+	b = append(b, byte(d.offset))
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+func (d *digest) UnmarshalBinary(b []byte) error {
+	if len(b) < len(magic) || string(b[:len(magic)]) != magic {
+		return errors.New("crypto/blake2b: invalid hash state identifier")
+	}
+	if len(b) != marshaledSize {
+		return errors.New("crypto/blake2b: invalid hash state size")
+	}
+	b = b[len(magic):]
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		b, d.h[i] = consumeUint64(b)
+	}
+	b, d.c[0] = consumeUint64(b)
+	b, d.c[1] = consumeUint64(b)
+	d.size = int(b[0])
+	b = b[1:]
+	copy(d.block[:], b[:BlockSize])
+	b = b[BlockSize:]
+	d.offset = int(b[0])
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *digest) BlockSize() int { return BlockSize }
+
+func (d *digest) Size() int { return d.size }
+
+func (d *digest) Reset() {
+	d.h = iv
+	d.h[0] ^= uint64(d.size) | (uint64(d.keyLen) << 8) | (1 << 16) | (1 << 24)
+	d.offset, d.c[0], d.c[1] = 0, 0, 0
+	if d.keyLen > 0 {
+		d.block = d.key
+		d.offset = BlockSize
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *digest) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	n = len(p)
+
+	if d.offset > 0 {
+		remaining := BlockSize - d.offset
+		if n <= remaining {
+			d.offset += copy(d.block[d.offset:], p)
+			return
+		}
+		copy(d.block[d.offset:], p[:remaining])
+		hashBlocks(&d.h, &d.c, 0, d.block[:])
+		d.offset = 0
+		p = p[remaining:]
+	}
+
+	if length := len(p); length > BlockSize {
+		nn := length &^ (BlockSize - 1)
+		if length == nn {
+			nn -= BlockSize
+		}
+		hashBlocks(&d.h, &d.c, 0, p[:nn])
+		p = p[nn:]
+	}
+
+	if len(p) > 0 {
+		d.offset += copy(d.block[:], p)
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (d *digest) Sum(sum []byte) []byte {
+	var hash [Size]byte
+	d.finalize(&hash)
+	return append(sum, hash[:d.size]...)
+}
+
+func (d *digest) finalize(hash *[Size]byte) {
+	var block [BlockSize]byte
+	copy(block[:], d.block[:d.offset])
+	remaining := uint64(BlockSize - d.offset)
+
+	c := d.c
+	if c[0] < remaining {
+		c[1]--
+	}
+	c[0] -= remaining
+
+	h := d.h
+	hashBlocks(&h, &c, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, block[:])
+
+	for i, v := range h {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(hash[8*i:], v)
+	}
+}
+
+func appendUint64(b []byte, x uint64) []byte {
+	var a [8]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(a[:], x)
+	return append(b, a[:]...)
+}
+
+func consumeUint64(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64) {
+	x := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b)
+	return b[8:], x
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfeee2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build go1.7 && amd64 && !gccgo && !appengine
+
+package blake2b
+
+import "golang.org/x/sys/cpu"
+
+func init() {
+	useAVX2 = cpu.X86.HasAVX2
+	useAVX = cpu.X86.HasAVX
+	useSSE4 = cpu.X86.HasSSE41
+}
+
+//go:noescape
+func fAVX2(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+
+//go:noescape
+func fAVX(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+
+//go:noescape
+func fSSE4(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+
+func f(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64) {
+	switch {
+	case useAVX2:
+		fAVX2(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+	case useAVX:
+		fAVX(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+	case useSSE4:
+		fSSE4(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+	default:
+		fGeneric(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.s b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4998af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.s
@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// +build go1.7,amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+DATA ·AVX2_iv0<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x6a09e667f3bcc908
+DATA ·AVX2_iv0<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0xbb67ae8584caa73b
+DATA ·AVX2_iv0<>+0x10(SB)/8, $0x3c6ef372fe94f82b
+DATA ·AVX2_iv0<>+0x18(SB)/8, $0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1
+GLOBL ·AVX2_iv0<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $32
+
+DATA ·AVX2_iv1<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x510e527fade682d1
+DATA ·AVX2_iv1<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f
+DATA ·AVX2_iv1<>+0x10(SB)/8, $0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b
+DATA ·AVX2_iv1<>+0x18(SB)/8, $0x5be0cd19137e2179
+GLOBL ·AVX2_iv1<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $32
+
+DATA ·AVX2_c40<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x0201000706050403
+DATA ·AVX2_c40<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x0a09080f0e0d0c0b
+DATA ·AVX2_c40<>+0x10(SB)/8, $0x0201000706050403
+DATA ·AVX2_c40<>+0x18(SB)/8, $0x0a09080f0e0d0c0b
+GLOBL ·AVX2_c40<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $32
+
+DATA ·AVX2_c48<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x0100070605040302
+DATA ·AVX2_c48<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x09080f0e0d0c0b0a
+DATA ·AVX2_c48<>+0x10(SB)/8, $0x0100070605040302
+DATA ·AVX2_c48<>+0x18(SB)/8, $0x09080f0e0d0c0b0a
+GLOBL ·AVX2_c48<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $32
+
+DATA ·AVX_iv0<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x6a09e667f3bcc908
+DATA ·AVX_iv0<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0xbb67ae8584caa73b
+GLOBL ·AVX_iv0<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·AVX_iv1<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x3c6ef372fe94f82b
+DATA ·AVX_iv1<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1
+GLOBL ·AVX_iv1<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·AVX_iv2<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x510e527fade682d1
+DATA ·AVX_iv2<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f
+GLOBL ·AVX_iv2<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·AVX_iv3<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b
+DATA ·AVX_iv3<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x5be0cd19137e2179
+GLOBL ·AVX_iv3<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·AVX_c40<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x0201000706050403
+DATA ·AVX_c40<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x0a09080f0e0d0c0b
+GLOBL ·AVX_c40<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·AVX_c48<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x0100070605040302
+DATA ·AVX_c48<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x09080f0e0d0c0b0a
+GLOBL ·AVX_c48<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+#define VPERMQ_0x39_Y1_Y1 BYTE $0xc4; BYTE $0xe3; BYTE $0xfd; BYTE $0x00; BYTE $0xc9; BYTE $0x39
+#define VPERMQ_0x93_Y1_Y1 BYTE $0xc4; BYTE $0xe3; BYTE $0xfd; BYTE $0x00; BYTE $0xc9; BYTE $0x93
+#define VPERMQ_0x4E_Y2_Y2 BYTE $0xc4; BYTE $0xe3; BYTE $0xfd; BYTE $0x00; BYTE $0xd2; BYTE $0x4e
+#define VPERMQ_0x93_Y3_Y3 BYTE $0xc4; BYTE $0xe3; BYTE $0xfd; BYTE $0x00; BYTE $0xdb; BYTE $0x93
+#define VPERMQ_0x39_Y3_Y3 BYTE $0xc4; BYTE $0xe3; BYTE $0xfd; BYTE $0x00; BYTE $0xdb; BYTE $0x39
+
+#define ROUND_AVX2(m0, m1, m2, m3, t, c40, c48) \
+	VPADDQ  m0, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPADDQ  Y1, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPXOR   Y0, Y3, Y3;   \
+	VPSHUFD $-79, Y3, Y3; \
+	VPADDQ  Y3, Y2, Y2;   \
+	VPXOR   Y2, Y1, Y1;   \
+	VPSHUFB c40, Y1, Y1;  \
+	VPADDQ  m1, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPADDQ  Y1, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPXOR   Y0, Y3, Y3;   \
+	VPSHUFB c48, Y3, Y3;  \
+	VPADDQ  Y3, Y2, Y2;   \
+	VPXOR   Y2, Y1, Y1;   \
+	VPADDQ  Y1, Y1, t;    \
+	VPSRLQ  $63, Y1, Y1;  \
+	VPXOR   t, Y1, Y1;    \
+	VPERMQ_0x39_Y1_Y1;    \
+	VPERMQ_0x4E_Y2_Y2;    \
+	VPERMQ_0x93_Y3_Y3;    \
+	VPADDQ  m2, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPADDQ  Y1, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPXOR   Y0, Y3, Y3;   \
+	VPSHUFD $-79, Y3, Y3; \
+	VPADDQ  Y3, Y2, Y2;   \
+	VPXOR   Y2, Y1, Y1;   \
+	VPSHUFB c40, Y1, Y1;  \
+	VPADDQ  m3, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPADDQ  Y1, Y0, Y0;   \
+	VPXOR   Y0, Y3, Y3;   \
+	VPSHUFB c48, Y3, Y3;  \
+	VPADDQ  Y3, Y2, Y2;   \
+	VPXOR   Y2, Y1, Y1;   \
+	VPADDQ  Y1, Y1, t;    \
+	VPSRLQ  $63, Y1, Y1;  \
+	VPXOR   t, Y1, Y1;    \
+	VPERMQ_0x39_Y3_Y3;    \
+	VPERMQ_0x4E_Y2_Y2;    \
+	VPERMQ_0x93_Y1_Y1
+
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X11_0 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x1E
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X12_0 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x26
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X13_0 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x2E
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X14_0 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x36
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X15_0 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x3E
+
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X11(n) BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x5E; BYTE $n
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X12(n) BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x66; BYTE $n
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X13(n) BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x6E; BYTE $n
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X14(n) BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x76; BYTE $n
+#define VMOVQ_SI_X15(n) BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x7A; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $n
+
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11_0 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0xA1; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x1E; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12_0 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x99; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x26; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13_0 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x91; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x2E; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14_0 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x89; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x36; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15_0 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x81; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x3E; BYTE $0x01
+
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(n) BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0xA1; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x5E; BYTE $n; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(n) BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x99; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x66; BYTE $n; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(n) BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x91; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x6E; BYTE $n; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(n) BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x89; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x76; BYTE $n; BYTE $0x01
+#define VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(n) BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x63; BYTE $0x81; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0x7E; BYTE $n; BYTE $0x01
+
+#define VMOVQ_R8_X15 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x41; BYTE $0xF9; BYTE $0x6E; BYTE $0xF8
+#define VPINSRQ_1_R9_X15 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x43; BYTE $0x81; BYTE $0x22; BYTE $0xF9; BYTE $0x01
+
+// load msg: Y12 = (i0, i1, i2, i3)
+// i0, i1, i2, i3 must not be 0
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(i0, i1, i2, i3) \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(i0*8);           \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(i2*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(i1*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(i3*8);       \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y12, Y12
+
+// load msg: Y13 = (i0, i1, i2, i3)
+// i0, i1, i2, i3 must not be 0
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(i0, i1, i2, i3) \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(i0*8);           \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(i2*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(i1*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(i3*8);       \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y13, Y13
+
+// load msg: Y14 = (i0, i1, i2, i3)
+// i0, i1, i2, i3 must not be 0
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(i0, i1, i2, i3) \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(i0*8);           \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(i2*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(i1*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(i3*8);       \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y14, Y14
+
+// load msg: Y15 = (i0, i1, i2, i3)
+// i0, i1, i2, i3 must not be 0
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(i0, i1, i2, i3) \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(i0*8);           \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(i2*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(i1*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(i3*8);       \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y15, Y15
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_0_2_4_6_1_3_5_7_8_10_12_14_9_11_13_15() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12_0;                   \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(4*8);                \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(2*8);            \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(6*8);            \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y12, Y12;    \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(1, 3, 5, 7);    \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(8, 10, 12, 14); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(9, 11, 13, 15)
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_14_4_9_13_10_8_15_6_1_0_11_5_12_2_7_3() \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(14, 4, 9, 13); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(10, 8, 15, 6); \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(11*8);              \
+	VPSHUFD     $0x4E, 0*8(SI), X14; \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(5*8);           \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y14, Y14;   \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(12, 2, 7, 3)
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_11_12_5_15_8_0_2_13_10_3_7_9_14_6_1_4() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(5*8);              \
+	VMOVDQU     11*8(SI), X12;      \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(15*8);         \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y12, Y12;  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(8*8);              \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(2*8);              \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13_0;             \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(13*8);         \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y13, Y13;  \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(10, 3, 7, 9); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(14, 6, 1, 4)
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_7_3_13_11_9_1_12_14_2_5_4_15_6_10_0_8() \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(7, 3, 13, 11); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(9, 1, 12, 14); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(2, 5, 4, 15);  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(6*8);               \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11_0;                  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(10*8);          \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(8*8);           \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y15, Y15
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_9_5_2_10_0_7_4_15_14_11_6_3_1_12_8_13() \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(9, 5, 2, 10);  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13_0;                  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(4*8);               \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(7*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(15*8);          \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y13, Y13;   \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(14, 11, 6, 3); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(1, 12, 8, 13)
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_2_6_0_8_12_10_11_3_4_7_15_1_13_5_14_9() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(2*8);                \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11_0;                   \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(6*8);            \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(8*8);            \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y12, Y12;    \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(12, 10, 11, 3); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(4, 7, 15, 1);   \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(13, 5, 14, 9)
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_12_1_14_4_5_15_13_10_0_6_9_8_7_3_2_11() \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(12, 1, 14, 4);  \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(5, 15, 13, 10); \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14_0;                   \
+	VPSHUFD     $0x4E, 8*8(SI), X11;  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(6*8);            \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y14, Y14;    \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y15(7, 3, 2, 11)
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_13_7_12_3_11_14_1_9_5_15_8_2_0_4_6_10() \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(13, 7, 12, 3); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(11, 14, 1, 9); \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(5, 15, 8, 2);  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15_0;                  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(6*8);               \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(4*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(10*8);          \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y15, Y15
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_6_14_11_0_15_9_3_8_12_13_1_10_2_7_4_5() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(6*8);              \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(11*8);             \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(14*8);         \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11_0;             \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y12, Y12;  \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y13(15, 9, 3, 8); \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(1*8);              \
+	VMOVDQU     12*8(SI), X14;      \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11(10*8);         \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y14, Y14;  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(2*8);              \
+	VMOVDQU     4*8(SI), X11;       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(7*8);          \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y15, Y15
+
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX2_10_8_7_1_2_4_6_5_15_9_3_13_11_14_12_0() \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y12(10, 8, 7, 1);  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(2*8);               \
+	VPSHUFD     $0x4E, 5*8(SI), X11; \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(4*8);           \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y13, Y13;   \
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_Y14(15, 9, 3, 13); \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(11*8);              \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X11(12*8);              \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(14*8);          \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X11_0;              \
+	VINSERTI128 $1, X11, Y15, Y15
+
+// func fAVX2(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+TEXT ·fAVX2(SB), 4, $64-48 // frame size = 32 + 32 byte alignment
+	MOVQ h+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ m+8(FP), SI
+	MOVQ c0+16(FP), R8
+	MOVQ c1+24(FP), R9
+	MOVQ flag+32(FP), CX
+	MOVQ rounds+40(FP), BX
+
+	MOVQ SP, DX
+	MOVQ SP, R10
+	ADDQ $31, R10
+	ANDQ $~31, R10
+	MOVQ R10, SP
+
+	MOVQ CX, 16(SP)
+	XORQ CX, CX
+	MOVQ CX, 24(SP)
+
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX2_c40<>(SB), Y4
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX2_c48<>(SB), Y5
+
+	VMOVDQU 0(AX), Y8
+	VMOVDQU 32(AX), Y9
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX2_iv0<>(SB), Y6
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX2_iv1<>(SB), Y7
+
+	MOVQ R8, 0(SP)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(SP)
+	
+	VMOVDQA Y8, Y0
+	VMOVDQA Y9, Y1
+	VMOVDQA Y6, Y2
+	VPXOR   0(SP), Y7, Y3
+
+loop:
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_0_2_4_6_1_3_5_7_8_10_12_14_9_11_13_15()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_14_4_9_13_10_8_15_6_1_0_11_5_12_2_7_3()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_11_12_5_15_8_0_2_13_10_3_7_9_14_6_1_4()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_7_3_13_11_9_1_12_14_2_5_4_15_6_10_0_8()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_9_5_2_10_0_7_4_15_14_11_6_3_1_12_8_13()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_2_6_0_8_12_10_11_3_4_7_15_1_13_5_14_9()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_12_1_14_4_5_15_13_10_0_6_9_8_7_3_2_11()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_13_7_12_3_11_14_1_9_5_15_8_2_0_4_6_10()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_6_14_11_0_15_9_3_8_12_13_1_10_2_7_4_5()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_10_8_7_1_2_4_6_5_15_9_3_13_11_14_12_0()
+	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
+
+	JMP loop
+
+done:
+	VPXOR Y0, Y8, Y8
+	VPXOR Y1, Y9, Y9
+	VPXOR Y2, Y8, Y8
+	VPXOR Y3, Y9, Y9
+
+	VMOVDQU Y8, 0(AX)
+	VMOVDQU Y9, 32(AX)
+	VZEROUPPER
+
+	MOVQ DX, SP
+	RET
+
+#define VPUNPCKLQDQ_X2_X2_X15 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x69; BYTE $0x6C; BYTE $0xFA
+#define VPUNPCKLQDQ_X3_X3_X15 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x61; BYTE $0x6C; BYTE $0xFB
+#define VPUNPCKLQDQ_X7_X7_X15 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x41; BYTE $0x6C; BYTE $0xFF
+#define VPUNPCKLQDQ_X13_X13_X15 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x41; BYTE $0x11; BYTE $0x6C; BYTE $0xFD
+#define VPUNPCKLQDQ_X14_X14_X15 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0x41; BYTE $0x09; BYTE $0x6C; BYTE $0xFE
+
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X2_X2 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x69; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xD7
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X3_X3 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x61; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xDF
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X6_X6 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x49; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xF7
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X7_X7 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x41; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xFF
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X3_X2 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x61; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xD7
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X7_X6 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x41; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xF7
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X13_X3 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x11; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xDF
+#define VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X13_X7 BYTE $0xC4; BYTE $0xC1; BYTE $0x11; BYTE $0x6D; BYTE $0xFF
+
+#define SHUFFLE_AVX() \
+	VMOVDQA X6, X13;         \
+	VMOVDQA X2, X14;         \
+	VMOVDQA X4, X6;          \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X13_X13_X15; \
+	VMOVDQA X5, X4;          \
+	VMOVDQA X6, X5;          \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X7_X6;   \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X7_X7_X15;   \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X13_X7;  \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X3_X3_X15;   \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X2_X2;   \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X14_X14_X15; \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X3_X3;   \
+
+#define SHUFFLE_AVX_INV() \
+	VMOVDQA X2, X13;         \
+	VMOVDQA X4, X14;         \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X2_X2_X15;   \
+	VMOVDQA X5, X4;          \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X3_X2;   \
+	VMOVDQA X14, X5;         \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X3_X3_X15;   \
+	VMOVDQA X6, X14;         \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X13_X3;  \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X7_X7_X15;   \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X6_X6;   \
+	VPUNPCKLQDQ_X14_X14_X15; \
+	VPUNPCKHQDQ_X15_X7_X7;   \
+
+#define HALF_ROUND_AVX(v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, m0, m1, m2, m3, t0, c40, c48) \
+	VPADDQ  m0, v0, v0;   \
+	VPADDQ  v2, v0, v0;   \
+	VPADDQ  m1, v1, v1;   \
+	VPADDQ  v3, v1, v1;   \
+	VPXOR   v0, v6, v6;   \
+	VPXOR   v1, v7, v7;   \
+	VPSHUFD $-79, v6, v6; \
+	VPSHUFD $-79, v7, v7; \
+	VPADDQ  v6, v4, v4;   \
+	VPADDQ  v7, v5, v5;   \
+	VPXOR   v4, v2, v2;   \
+	VPXOR   v5, v3, v3;   \
+	VPSHUFB c40, v2, v2;  \
+	VPSHUFB c40, v3, v3;  \
+	VPADDQ  m2, v0, v0;   \
+	VPADDQ  v2, v0, v0;   \
+	VPADDQ  m3, v1, v1;   \
+	VPADDQ  v3, v1, v1;   \
+	VPXOR   v0, v6, v6;   \
+	VPXOR   v1, v7, v7;   \
+	VPSHUFB c48, v6, v6;  \
+	VPSHUFB c48, v7, v7;  \
+	VPADDQ  v6, v4, v4;   \
+	VPADDQ  v7, v5, v5;   \
+	VPXOR   v4, v2, v2;   \
+	VPXOR   v5, v3, v3;   \
+	VPADDQ  v2, v2, t0;   \
+	VPSRLQ  $63, v2, v2;  \
+	VPXOR   t0, v2, v2;   \
+	VPADDQ  v3, v3, t0;   \
+	VPSRLQ  $63, v3, v3;  \
+	VPXOR   t0, v3, v3
+
+// load msg: X12 = (i0, i1), X13 = (i2, i3), X14 = (i4, i5), X15 = (i6, i7)
+// i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7 must not be 0
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7) \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(i0*8);     \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(i2*8);     \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(i4*8);     \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(i6*8);     \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(i1*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(i3*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(i5*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(i7*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (0, 2), X13 = (4, 6), X14 = (1, 3), X15 = (5, 7)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_0_2_4_6_1_3_5_7() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12_0;        \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(4*8);     \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(1*8);     \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(5*8);     \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(2*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(6*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(3*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(7*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (1, 0), X13 = (11, 5), X14 = (12, 2), X15 = (7, 3)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_1_0_11_5_12_2_7_3() \
+	VPSHUFD $0x4E, 0*8(SI), X12; \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(11*8);          \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(12*8);          \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(7*8);           \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(5*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(2*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(3*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (11, 12), X13 = (5, 15), X14 = (8, 0), X15 = (2, 13)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_11_12_5_15_8_0_2_13() \
+	VMOVDQU 11*8(SI), X12;  \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(5*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(8*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(2*8);      \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(15*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14_0;     \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(13*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (2, 5), X13 = (4, 15), X14 = (6, 10), X15 = (0, 8)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_2_5_4_15_6_10_0_8() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(2*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(4*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(6*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15_0;         \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(5*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(15*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(10*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(8*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (9, 5), X13 = (2, 10), X14 = (0, 7), X15 = (4, 15)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_9_5_2_10_0_7_4_15() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(9*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13(2*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14_0;         \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(4*8);      \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(5*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(10*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(7*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(15*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (2, 6), X13 = (0, 8), X14 = (12, 10), X15 = (11, 3)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_2_6_0_8_12_10_11_3() \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X12(2*8);      \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X13_0;         \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X14(12*8);     \
+	VMOVQ_SI_X15(11*8);     \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(6*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(8*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(10*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(3*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (0, 6), X13 = (9, 8), X14 = (7, 3), X15 = (2, 11)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_0_6_9_8_7_3_2_11() \
+	MOVQ    0*8(SI), X12;        \
+	VPSHUFD $0x4E, 8*8(SI), X13; \
+	MOVQ    7*8(SI), X14;        \
+	MOVQ    2*8(SI), X15;        \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(6*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(3*8);       \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(11*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (6, 14), X13 = (11, 0), X14 = (15, 9), X15 = (3, 8)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_6_14_11_0_15_9_3_8() \
+	MOVQ 6*8(SI), X12;      \
+	MOVQ 11*8(SI), X13;     \
+	MOVQ 15*8(SI), X14;     \
+	MOVQ 3*8(SI), X15;      \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(14*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13_0;     \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(9*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(8*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (5, 15), X13 = (8, 2), X14 = (0, 4), X15 = (6, 10)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_5_15_8_2_0_4_6_10() \
+	MOVQ 5*8(SI), X12;      \
+	MOVQ 8*8(SI), X13;      \
+	MOVQ 0*8(SI), X14;      \
+	MOVQ 6*8(SI), X15;      \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(15*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(2*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(4*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15(10*8)
+
+// load msg: X12 = (12, 13), X13 = (1, 10), X14 = (2, 7), X15 = (4, 5)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_12_13_1_10_2_7_4_5() \
+	VMOVDQU 12*8(SI), X12;  \
+	MOVQ    1*8(SI), X13;   \
+	MOVQ    2*8(SI), X14;   \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(10*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(7*8);  \
+	VMOVDQU 4*8(SI), X15
+
+// load msg: X12 = (15, 9), X13 = (3, 13), X14 = (11, 14), X15 = (12, 0)
+#define LOAD_MSG_AVX_15_9_3_13_11_14_12_0() \
+	MOVQ 15*8(SI), X12;     \
+	MOVQ 3*8(SI), X13;      \
+	MOVQ 11*8(SI), X14;     \
+	MOVQ 12*8(SI), X15;     \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X12(9*8);  \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X13(13*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X14(14*8); \
+	VPINSRQ_1_SI_X15_0
+
+// func fAVX(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+TEXT ·fAVX(SB), 4, $24-48 // frame size = 8 + 16 byte alignment
+	MOVQ h+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ m+8(FP), SI
+	MOVQ c0+16(FP), R8
+	MOVQ c1+24(FP), R9
+	MOVQ flag+32(FP), CX
+	MOVQ rounds+40(FP), BX
+
+	MOVQ SP, BP
+	MOVQ SP, R10
+	ADDQ $15, R10
+	ANDQ $~15, R10
+	MOVQ R10, SP
+
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX_c40<>(SB), X0
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX_c48<>(SB), X1
+	VMOVDQA X0, X8
+	VMOVDQA X1, X9
+
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX_iv3<>(SB), X0
+	VMOVDQA X0, 0(SP)
+	XORQ    CX, 0(SP)          // 0(SP) = ·AVX_iv3 ^ (CX || 0)
+
+	VMOVDQU 0(AX), X10
+	VMOVDQU 16(AX), X11
+	VMOVDQU 32(AX), X2
+	VMOVDQU 48(AX), X3
+
+	VMOVQ_R8_X15
+	VPINSRQ_1_R9_X15
+
+	VMOVDQA X10, X0
+	VMOVDQA X11, X1
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX_iv0<>(SB), X4
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX_iv1<>(SB), X5
+	VMOVDQU ·AVX_iv2<>(SB), X6
+
+	VPXOR   X15, X6, X6
+	VMOVDQA 0(SP), X7
+
+loop:
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_0_2_4_6_1_3_5_7()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(8, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 13, 15)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(14, 4, 9, 13, 10, 8, 15, 6)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_1_0_11_5_12_2_7_3()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_11_12_5_15_8_0_2_13()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(10, 3, 7, 9, 14, 6, 1, 4)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(7, 3, 13, 11, 9, 1, 12, 14)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_2_5_4_15_6_10_0_8()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_9_5_2_10_0_7_4_15()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(14, 11, 6, 3, 1, 12, 8, 13)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_2_6_0_8_12_10_11_3()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(4, 7, 15, 1, 13, 5, 14, 9)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(12, 1, 14, 4, 5, 15, 13, 10)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_0_6_9_8_7_3_2_11()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(13, 7, 12, 3, 11, 14, 1, 9)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_5_15_8_2_0_4_6_10()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_6_14_11_0_15_9_3_8()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_12_13_1_10_2_7_4_5()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX(10, 8, 7, 1, 2, 4, 6, 5)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX()
+	LOAD_MSG_AVX_15_9_3_13_11_14_12_0()
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
+	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
+
+	JMP loop
+
+done:
+	VMOVDQU 32(AX), X14
+	VMOVDQU 48(AX), X15
+	VPXOR   X0, X10, X10
+	VPXOR   X1, X11, X11
+	VPXOR   X2, X14, X14
+	VPXOR   X3, X15, X15
+	VPXOR   X4, X10, X10
+	VPXOR   X5, X11, X11
+	VPXOR   X6, X14, X2
+	VPXOR   X7, X15, X3
+	VMOVDQU X2, 32(AX)
+	VMOVDQU X3, 48(AX)
+
+	VMOVDQU X10, 0(AX)
+	VMOVDQU X11, 16(AX)
+	VZEROUPPER
+
+	MOVQ BP, SP
+	RET
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_amd64.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_amd64.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f933ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_amd64.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.7 && amd64 && !gccgo && !appengine
+
+package blake2b
+
+import "golang.org/x/sys/cpu"
+
+func init() {
+	useSSE4 = cpu.X86.HasSSE41
+}
+
+//go:noescape
+func fSSE4(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+
+func f(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64) {
+	if useSSE4 {
+		fSSE4(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+	} else {
+		fGeneric(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_amd64.s b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_amd64.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce4b56d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_amd64.s
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+DATA ·iv0<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x6a09e667f3bcc908
+DATA ·iv0<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0xbb67ae8584caa73b
+GLOBL ·iv0<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·iv1<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x3c6ef372fe94f82b
+DATA ·iv1<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1
+GLOBL ·iv1<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·iv2<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x510e527fade682d1
+DATA ·iv2<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f
+GLOBL ·iv2<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·iv3<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b
+DATA ·iv3<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x5be0cd19137e2179
+GLOBL ·iv3<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·c40<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x0201000706050403
+DATA ·c40<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x0a09080f0e0d0c0b
+GLOBL ·c40<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+DATA ·c48<>+0x00(SB)/8, $0x0100070605040302
+DATA ·c48<>+0x08(SB)/8, $0x09080f0e0d0c0b0a
+GLOBL ·c48<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
+
+#define SHUFFLE(v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, t1, t2) \
+	MOVO       v4, t1; \
+	MOVO       v5, v4; \
+	MOVO       t1, v5; \
+	MOVO       v6, t1; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ v6, t2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ v7, v6; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v6; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ v7, t2; \
+	MOVO       t1, v7; \
+	MOVO       v2, t1; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v7; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ v3, t2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v2; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ t1, t2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v3
+
+#define SHUFFLE_INV(v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, t1, t2) \
+	MOVO       v4, t1; \
+	MOVO       v5, v4; \
+	MOVO       t1, v5; \
+	MOVO       v2, t1; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ v2, t2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ v3, v2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v2; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ v3, t2; \
+	MOVO       t1, v3; \
+	MOVO       v6, t1; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v3; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ v7, t2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v6; \
+	PUNPCKLQDQ t1, t2; \
+	PUNPCKHQDQ t2, v7
+
+#define HALF_ROUND(v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, m0, m1, m2, m3, t0, c40, c48) \
+	PADDQ  m0, v0;        \
+	PADDQ  m1, v1;        \
+	PADDQ  v2, v0;        \
+	PADDQ  v3, v1;        \
+	PXOR   v0, v6;        \
+	PXOR   v1, v7;        \
+	PSHUFD $0xB1, v6, v6; \
+	PSHUFD $0xB1, v7, v7; \
+	PADDQ  v6, v4;        \
+	PADDQ  v7, v5;        \
+	PXOR   v4, v2;        \
+	PXOR   v5, v3;        \
+	PSHUFB c40, v2;       \
+	PSHUFB c40, v3;       \
+	PADDQ  m2, v0;        \
+	PADDQ  m3, v1;        \
+	PADDQ  v2, v0;        \
+	PADDQ  v3, v1;        \
+	PXOR   v0, v6;        \
+	PXOR   v1, v7;        \
+	PSHUFB c48, v6;       \
+	PSHUFB c48, v7;       \
+	PADDQ  v6, v4;        \
+	PADDQ  v7, v5;        \
+	PXOR   v4, v2;        \
+	PXOR   v5, v3;        \
+	MOVOU  v2, t0;        \
+	PADDQ  v2, t0;        \
+	PSRLQ  $63, v2;       \
+	PXOR   t0, v2;        \
+	MOVOU  v3, t0;        \
+	PADDQ  v3, t0;        \
+	PSRLQ  $63, v3;       \
+	PXOR   t0, v3
+
+#define LOAD_MSG(m0, m1, m2, m3, i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7) \
+	MOVQ   i0*8(SI), m0;     \
+	PINSRQ $1, i1*8(SI), m0; \
+	MOVQ   i2*8(SI), m1;     \
+	PINSRQ $1, i3*8(SI), m1; \
+	MOVQ   i4*8(SI), m2;     \
+	PINSRQ $1, i5*8(SI), m2; \
+	MOVQ   i6*8(SI), m3;     \
+	PINSRQ $1, i7*8(SI), m3
+
+// func fSSE4(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64)
+TEXT ·fSSE4(SB), 4, $24-48 // frame size = 8 + 16 byte alignment
+	MOVQ h+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ m+8(FP), SI
+	MOVQ c0+16(FP), R8
+	MOVQ c1+24(FP), R9
+	MOVQ flag+32(FP), CX
+	MOVQ rounds+40(FP), BX
+
+	MOVQ SP, BP
+	MOVQ SP, R10
+	ADDQ $15, R10
+	ANDQ $~15, R10
+	MOVQ R10, SP
+
+	MOVOU ·iv3<>(SB), X0
+	MOVO  X0, 0(SP)
+	XORQ  CX, 0(SP)     // 0(SP) = ·iv3 ^ (CX || 0)
+
+	MOVOU ·c40<>(SB), X13
+	MOVOU ·c48<>(SB), X14
+
+	MOVOU 0(AX), X12
+	MOVOU 16(AX), X15
+
+	MOVQ R8, X8
+	PINSRQ $1, R9, X8
+
+	MOVO X12, X0
+	MOVO X15, X1
+	MOVOU 32(AX), X2
+	MOVOU 48(AX), X3
+	MOVOU ·iv0<>(SB), X4
+	MOVOU ·iv1<>(SB), X5
+	MOVOU ·iv2<>(SB), X6
+
+	PXOR X8, X6
+	MOVO 0(SP), X7
+
+loop:
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 8, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 13, 15)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 14, 4, 9, 13, 10, 8, 15, 6)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 1, 0, 11, 5, 12, 2, 7, 3)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 11, 12, 5, 15, 8, 0, 2, 13)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 10, 3, 7, 9, 14, 6, 1, 4)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 7, 3, 13, 11, 9, 1, 12, 14)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 2, 5, 4, 15, 6, 10, 0, 8)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 9, 5, 2, 10, 0, 7, 4, 15)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 14, 11, 6, 3, 1, 12, 8, 13)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 2, 6, 0, 8, 12, 10, 11, 3)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 4, 7, 15, 1, 13, 5, 14, 9)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 12, 1, 14, 4, 5, 15, 13, 10)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 3, 2, 11)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 13, 7, 12, 3, 11, 14, 1, 9)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 5, 15, 8, 2, 0, 4, 6, 10)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 6, 14, 11, 0, 15, 9, 3, 8)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 12, 13, 1, 10, 2, 7, 4, 5)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	SUBQ $1, BX; JCS done
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 10, 8, 7, 1, 2, 4, 6, 5)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, 15, 9, 3, 13, 11, 14, 12, 0)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
+	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
+
+	JMP loop
+
+done:
+	MOVOU 32(AX), X10
+	MOVOU 48(AX), X11
+	PXOR  X0, X12
+	PXOR  X1, X15
+	PXOR  X2, X10
+	PXOR  X3, X11
+	PXOR  X4, X12
+	PXOR  X5, X15
+	PXOR  X6, X10
+	PXOR  X7, X11
+	MOVOU X10, 32(AX)
+	MOVOU X11, 48(AX)
+
+	MOVOU X12, 0(AX)
+	MOVOU X15, 16(AX)
+
+	MOVQ BP, SP
+	RET
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_f_fuzz.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_f_fuzz.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b7eb67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_f_fuzz.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//go:build gofuzz
+
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+)
+
+func Fuzz(data []byte) int {
+	// Make sure the data confirms to the input model
+	if len(data) != 211 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	// Parse everything and call all the implementations
+	var (
+		rounds = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[0:2])
+
+		h [8]uint64
+		m [16]uint64
+		t [2]uint64
+		f uint64
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		offset := 2 + i*8
+		h[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[offset : offset+8])
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		offset := 66 + i*8
+		m[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[offset : offset+8])
+	}
+	t[0] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[194:202])
+	t[1] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(data[202:210])
+
+	if data[210]%2 == 1 { // Avoid spinning the fuzzer to hit 0/1
+		f = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+	}
+	// Run the blake2b compression on all instruction sets and cross reference
+	want := h
+	fGeneric(&want, &m, t[0], t[1], f, uint64(rounds))
+
+	have := h
+	fSSE4(&have, &m, t[0], t[1], f, uint64(rounds))
+	if have != want {
+		panic("SSE4 mismatches generic algo")
+	}
+	have = h
+	fAVX(&have, &m, t[0], t[1], f, uint64(rounds))
+	if have != want {
+		panic("AVX mismatches generic algo")
+	}
+	have = h
+	fAVX2(&have, &m, t[0], t[1], f, uint64(rounds))
+	if have != want {
+		panic("AVX2 mismatches generic algo")
+	}
+	return 1
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_f_test.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_f_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e07d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_f_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestF(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range testVectorsF {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("test vector %v", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			//toEthereumTestCase(test)
+
+			h := test.hIn
+			F(&h, test.m, test.c, test.f, test.rounds)
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.hOut, h) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected result\nExpected: [%#x]\nActual:   [%#x]\n", test.hOut, h)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type testVector struct {
+	hIn    [8]uint64
+	m      [16]uint64
+	c      [2]uint64
+	f      bool
+	rounds uint32
+	hOut   [8]uint64
+}
+
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7693#appendix-A
+var testVectorsF = []testVector{
+	{
+		hIn: [8]uint64{
+			0x6a09e667f2bdc948, 0xbb67ae8584caa73b,
+			0x3c6ef372fe94f82b, 0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1,
+			0x510e527fade682d1, 0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f,
+			0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b, 0x5be0cd19137e2179,
+		},
+		m: [16]uint64{
+			0x0000000000636261, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000,
+			0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000,
+			0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000,
+			0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000,
+			0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000,
+			0x0000000000000000,
+		},
+		c:      [2]uint64{3, 0},
+		f:      true,
+		rounds: 12,
+		hOut: [8]uint64{
+			0x0D4D1C983FA580BA, 0xE9F6129FB697276A, 0xB7C45A68142F214C,
+			0xD1A2FFDB6FBB124B, 0x2D79AB2A39C5877D, 0x95CC3345DED552C2,
+			0x5A92F1DBA88AD318, 0x239900D4ED8623B9,
+		},
+	},
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b506e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"math/bits"
+)
+
+// the precomputed values for BLAKE2b
+// there are 10 16-byte arrays - one for each round
+// the entries are calculated from the sigma constants.
+var precomputed = [10][16]byte{
+	{0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 13, 15},
+	{14, 4, 9, 13, 10, 8, 15, 6, 1, 0, 11, 5, 12, 2, 7, 3},
+	{11, 12, 5, 15, 8, 0, 2, 13, 10, 3, 7, 9, 14, 6, 1, 4},
+	{7, 3, 13, 11, 9, 1, 12, 14, 2, 5, 4, 15, 6, 10, 0, 8},
+	{9, 5, 2, 10, 0, 7, 4, 15, 14, 11, 6, 3, 1, 12, 8, 13},
+	{2, 6, 0, 8, 12, 10, 11, 3, 4, 7, 15, 1, 13, 5, 14, 9},
+	{12, 1, 14, 4, 5, 15, 13, 10, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 3, 2, 11},
+	{13, 7, 12, 3, 11, 14, 1, 9, 5, 15, 8, 2, 0, 4, 6, 10},
+	{6, 14, 11, 0, 15, 9, 3, 8, 12, 13, 1, 10, 2, 7, 4, 5},
+	{10, 8, 7, 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 15, 9, 3, 13, 11, 14, 12, 0},
+}
+
+func fGeneric(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64) {
+	v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7 := h[0], h[1], h[2], h[3], h[4], h[5], h[6], h[7]
+	v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15 := iv[0], iv[1], iv[2], iv[3], iv[4], iv[5], iv[6], iv[7]
+	v12 ^= c0
+	v13 ^= c1
+	v14 ^= flag
+
+	for i := 0; i < int(rounds); i++ {
+		s := &(precomputed[i%10])
+
+		v0 += m[s[0]]
+		v0 += v4
+		v12 ^= v0
+		v12 = bits.RotateLeft64(v12, -32)
+		v8 += v12
+		v4 ^= v8
+		v4 = bits.RotateLeft64(v4, -24)
+		v1 += m[s[1]]
+		v1 += v5
+		v13 ^= v1
+		v13 = bits.RotateLeft64(v13, -32)
+		v9 += v13
+		v5 ^= v9
+		v5 = bits.RotateLeft64(v5, -24)
+		v2 += m[s[2]]
+		v2 += v6
+		v14 ^= v2
+		v14 = bits.RotateLeft64(v14, -32)
+		v10 += v14
+		v6 ^= v10
+		v6 = bits.RotateLeft64(v6, -24)
+		v3 += m[s[3]]
+		v3 += v7
+		v15 ^= v3
+		v15 = bits.RotateLeft64(v15, -32)
+		v11 += v15
+		v7 ^= v11
+		v7 = bits.RotateLeft64(v7, -24)
+
+		v0 += m[s[4]]
+		v0 += v4
+		v12 ^= v0
+		v12 = bits.RotateLeft64(v12, -16)
+		v8 += v12
+		v4 ^= v8
+		v4 = bits.RotateLeft64(v4, -63)
+		v1 += m[s[5]]
+		v1 += v5
+		v13 ^= v1
+		v13 = bits.RotateLeft64(v13, -16)
+		v9 += v13
+		v5 ^= v9
+		v5 = bits.RotateLeft64(v5, -63)
+		v2 += m[s[6]]
+		v2 += v6
+		v14 ^= v2
+		v14 = bits.RotateLeft64(v14, -16)
+		v10 += v14
+		v6 ^= v10
+		v6 = bits.RotateLeft64(v6, -63)
+		v3 += m[s[7]]
+		v3 += v7
+		v15 ^= v3
+		v15 = bits.RotateLeft64(v15, -16)
+		v11 += v15
+		v7 ^= v11
+		v7 = bits.RotateLeft64(v7, -63)
+
+		v0 += m[s[8]]
+		v0 += v5
+		v15 ^= v0
+		v15 = bits.RotateLeft64(v15, -32)
+		v10 += v15
+		v5 ^= v10
+		v5 = bits.RotateLeft64(v5, -24)
+		v1 += m[s[9]]
+		v1 += v6
+		v12 ^= v1
+		v12 = bits.RotateLeft64(v12, -32)
+		v11 += v12
+		v6 ^= v11
+		v6 = bits.RotateLeft64(v6, -24)
+		v2 += m[s[10]]
+		v2 += v7
+		v13 ^= v2
+		v13 = bits.RotateLeft64(v13, -32)
+		v8 += v13
+		v7 ^= v8
+		v7 = bits.RotateLeft64(v7, -24)
+		v3 += m[s[11]]
+		v3 += v4
+		v14 ^= v3
+		v14 = bits.RotateLeft64(v14, -32)
+		v9 += v14
+		v4 ^= v9
+		v4 = bits.RotateLeft64(v4, -24)
+
+		v0 += m[s[12]]
+		v0 += v5
+		v15 ^= v0
+		v15 = bits.RotateLeft64(v15, -16)
+		v10 += v15
+		v5 ^= v10
+		v5 = bits.RotateLeft64(v5, -63)
+		v1 += m[s[13]]
+		v1 += v6
+		v12 ^= v1
+		v12 = bits.RotateLeft64(v12, -16)
+		v11 += v12
+		v6 ^= v11
+		v6 = bits.RotateLeft64(v6, -63)
+		v2 += m[s[14]]
+		v2 += v7
+		v13 ^= v2
+		v13 = bits.RotateLeft64(v13, -16)
+		v8 += v13
+		v7 ^= v8
+		v7 = bits.RotateLeft64(v7, -63)
+		v3 += m[s[15]]
+		v3 += v4
+		v14 ^= v3
+		v14 = bits.RotateLeft64(v14, -16)
+		v9 += v14
+		v4 ^= v9
+		v4 = bits.RotateLeft64(v4, -63)
+	}
+	h[0] ^= v0 ^ v8
+	h[1] ^= v1 ^ v9
+	h[2] ^= v2 ^ v10
+	h[3] ^= v3 ^ v11
+	h[4] ^= v4 ^ v12
+	h[5] ^= v5 ^ v13
+	h[6] ^= v6 ^ v14
+	h[7] ^= v7 ^ v15
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_ref.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_ref.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6825441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_ref.go
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !amd64 || appengine || gccgo
+
+package blake2b
+
+func f(h *[8]uint64, m *[16]uint64, c0, c1 uint64, flag uint64, rounds uint64) {
+	fGeneric(h, m, c0, c1, flag, rounds)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f2e3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
+	"hash"
+	"io"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestHashes(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func(sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
+		useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2 = sse4, avx, avx2
+	}(useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2)
+
+	if useAVX2 {
+		t.Log("AVX2 version")
+		testHashes(t)
+		useAVX2 = false
+	}
+	if useAVX {
+		t.Log("AVX version")
+		testHashes(t)
+		useAVX = false
+	}
+	if useSSE4 {
+		t.Log("SSE4 version")
+		testHashes(t)
+		useSSE4 = false
+	}
+	t.Log("generic version")
+	testHashes(t)
+}
+
+func TestHashes2X(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func(sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
+		useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2 = sse4, avx, avx2
+	}(useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2)
+
+	if useAVX2 {
+		t.Log("AVX2 version")
+		testHashes2X(t)
+		useAVX2 = false
+	}
+	if useAVX {
+		t.Log("AVX version")
+		testHashes2X(t)
+		useAVX = false
+	}
+	if useSSE4 {
+		t.Log("SSE4 version")
+		testHashes2X(t)
+		useSSE4 = false
+	}
+	t.Log("generic version")
+	testHashes2X(t)
+}
+
+func TestMarshal(t *testing.T) {
+	input := make([]byte, 255)
+	for i := range input {
+		input[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+	for _, size := range []int{Size, Size256, Size384, 12, 25, 63} {
+		for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+			h, err := New(size, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: error from New(%v, nil): %v", size, i, size, err)
+			}
+			h2, err := New(size, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: error from New(%v, nil): %v", size, i, size, err)
+			}
+
+			h.Write(input[:i/2])
+			halfstate, err := h.(encoding.BinaryMarshaler).MarshalBinary()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: could not marshal: %v", size, i, err)
+			}
+			binUnmarshaler, ok := h2.(encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler)
+			if !ok {
+				log.Warn("Failed to type convert h2 to encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler")
+			}
+			err = binUnmarshaler.UnmarshalBinary(halfstate)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: could not unmarshal: %v", size, i, err)
+			}
+
+			h.Write(input[i/2 : i])
+			sum := h.Sum(nil)
+			h2.Write(input[i/2 : i])
+			sum2 := h2.Sum(nil)
+
+			if !bytes.Equal(sum, sum2) {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: results do not match; sum = %v, sum2 = %v", size, i, sum, sum2)
+			}
+
+			h3, err := New(size, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: error from New(%v, nil): %v", size, i, size, err)
+			}
+			h3.Write(input[:i])
+			sum3 := h3.Sum(nil)
+			if !bytes.Equal(sum, sum3) {
+				t.Fatalf("size=%d, len(input)=%d: sum = %v, want %v", size, i, sum, sum3)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func testHashes(t *testing.T) {
+	key, _ := hex.DecodeString("000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f")
+
+	input := make([]byte, 255)
+	for i := range input {
+		input[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+
+	for i, expectedHex := range hashes {
+		h, err := New512(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d: error from New512: %v", i, err)
+		}
+
+		h.Write(input[:i])
+		sum := h.Sum(nil)
+
+		if gotHex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", sum); gotHex != expectedHex {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (single write): got %s, wanted %s", i, gotHex, expectedHex)
+		}
+
+		h.Reset()
+		for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
+			h.Write(input[j : j+1])
+		}
+
+		sum = h.Sum(sum[:0])
+		if gotHex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", sum); gotHex != expectedHex {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (byte-by-byte): got %s, wanted %s", i, gotHex, expectedHex)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func testHashes2X(t *testing.T) {
+	key, _ := hex.DecodeString("000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f")
+
+	input := make([]byte, 256)
+	for i := range input {
+		input[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+
+	for i, expectedHex := range hashes2X {
+		length := uint32(len(expectedHex) / 2)
+		sum := make([]byte, int(length))
+
+		h, err := NewXOF(length, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d: error from NewXOF: %v", i, err)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := h.Write(input); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (single write): error from Write: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if _, err := h.Read(sum); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (single write): error from Read: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if n, err := h.Read(sum); n != 0 || err != io.EOF {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (single write): Read did not return (0, io.EOF) after exhaustion, got (%v, %v)", i, n, err)
+		}
+		if gotHex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", sum); gotHex != expectedHex {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (single write): got %s, wanted %s", i, gotHex, expectedHex)
+		}
+
+		h.Reset()
+		for j := 0; j < len(input); j++ {
+			h.Write(input[j : j+1])
+		}
+		for j := 0; j < len(sum); j++ {
+			h = h.Clone()
+			if _, err := h.Read(sum[j : j+1]); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("#%d (byte-by-byte) - Read %d: error from Read: %v", i, j, err)
+			}
+		}
+		if gotHex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", sum); gotHex != expectedHex {
+			t.Fatalf("#%d (byte-by-byte): got %s, wanted %s", i, gotHex, expectedHex)
+		}
+	}
+
+	h, err := NewXOF(OutputLengthUnknown, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("#unknown length: error from NewXOF: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := h.Write(input); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("#unknown length: error from Write: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result [64]byte
+	if n, err := h.Read(result[:]); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("#unknown length: error from Read: %v", err)
+	} else if n != len(result) {
+		t.Fatalf("#unknown length: Read returned %d bytes, want %d", n, len(result))
+	}
+
+	const expected = "3dbba8516da76bf7330055c66ea36cf1005e92714262b24d9710f51d9e126406e1bcd6497059f9331f1091c3634b695428d475ed432f987040575520a1c29f5e"
+	if fmt.Sprintf("%x", result) != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("#unknown length: bad result %x, wanted %s", result, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func generateSequence(out []byte, seed uint32) {
+	a := 0xDEAD4BAD * seed // prime
+	b := uint32(1)
+
+	for i := range out { // fill the buf
+		a, b = b, a+b
+		out[i] = byte(b >> 24)
+	}
+}
+
+func computeMAC(msg []byte, hashSize int, key []byte) (sum []byte) {
+	var h hash.Hash
+	switch hashSize {
+	case Size:
+		h, _ = New512(key)
+	case Size384:
+		h, _ = New384(key)
+	case Size256:
+		h, _ = New256(key)
+	case 20:
+		h, _ = newDigest(20, key)
+	default:
+		panic("unexpected hashSize")
+	}
+
+	h.Write(msg)
+	return h.Sum(sum)
+}
+
+func computeHash(msg []byte, hashSize int) (sum []byte) {
+	switch hashSize {
+	case Size:
+		hash := Sum512(msg)
+		return hash[:]
+	case Size384:
+		hash := Sum384(msg)
+		return hash[:]
+	case Size256:
+		hash := Sum256(msg)
+		return hash[:]
+	case 20:
+		var hash [64]byte
+		checkSum(&hash, 20, msg)
+		return hash[:20]
+	default:
+		panic("unexpected hashSize")
+	}
+}
+
+// Test function from RFC 7693.
+func TestSelfTest(t *testing.T) {
+	hashLens := [4]int{20, 32, 48, 64}
+	msgLens := [6]int{0, 3, 128, 129, 255, 1024}
+
+	msg := make([]byte, 1024)
+	key := make([]byte, 64)
+
+	h, _ := New256(nil)
+	for _, hashSize := range hashLens {
+		for _, msgLength := range msgLens {
+			generateSequence(msg[:msgLength], uint32(msgLength)) // unkeyed hash
+
+			md := computeHash(msg[:msgLength], hashSize)
+			h.Write(md)
+
+			generateSequence(key[:], uint32(hashSize)) // keyed hash
+			md = computeMAC(msg[:msgLength], hashSize, key[:hashSize])
+			h.Write(md)
+		}
+	}
+
+	sum := h.Sum(nil)
+	expected := [32]byte{
+		0xc2, 0x3a, 0x78, 0x00, 0xd9, 0x81, 0x23, 0xbd,
+		0x10, 0xf5, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x1e, 0x29, 0xda, 0x56,
+		0x03, 0xd7, 0x63, 0xb8, 0xbb, 0xad, 0x2e, 0x73,
+		0x7f, 0x5e, 0x76, 0x5a, 0x7b, 0xcc, 0xd4, 0x75,
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(sum, expected[:]) {
+		t.Fatalf("got %x, wanted %x", sum, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks
+
+func benchmarkSum(b *testing.B, size int, sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
+	// Enable the correct set of instructions
+	defer func(sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
+		useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2 = sse4, avx, avx2
+	}(useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2)
+	useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2 = sse4, avx, avx2
+
+	data := make([]byte, size)
+	b.SetBytes(int64(size))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		Sum512(data)
+	}
+}
+
+func benchmarkWrite(b *testing.B, size int, sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
+	// Enable the correct set of instructions
+	defer func(sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
+		useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2 = sse4, avx, avx2
+	}(useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2)
+	useSSE4, useAVX, useAVX2 = sse4, avx, avx2
+
+	data := make([]byte, size)
+	h, _ := New512(nil)
+	b.SetBytes(int64(size))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		h.Write(data)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkWrite128Generic(b *testing.B) { benchmarkWrite(b, 128, false, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkWrite1KGeneric(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkWrite(b, 1024, false, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkWrite128SSE4(b *testing.B)    { benchmarkWrite(b, 128, true, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkWrite1KSSE4(b *testing.B)     { benchmarkWrite(b, 1024, true, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkWrite128AVX(b *testing.B)     { benchmarkWrite(b, 128, false, true, false) }
+func BenchmarkWrite1KAVX(b *testing.B)      { benchmarkWrite(b, 1024, false, true, false) }
+func BenchmarkWrite128AVX2(b *testing.B)    { benchmarkWrite(b, 128, false, false, true) }
+func BenchmarkWrite1KAVX2(b *testing.B)     { benchmarkWrite(b, 1024, false, false, true) }
+
+func BenchmarkSum128Generic(b *testing.B) { benchmarkSum(b, 128, false, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkSum1KGeneric(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkSum(b, 1024, false, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkSum128SSE4(b *testing.B)    { benchmarkSum(b, 128, true, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkSum1KSSE4(b *testing.B)     { benchmarkSum(b, 1024, true, false, false) }
+func BenchmarkSum128AVX(b *testing.B)     { benchmarkSum(b, 128, false, true, false) }
+func BenchmarkSum1KAVX(b *testing.B)      { benchmarkSum(b, 1024, false, true, false) }
+func BenchmarkSum128AVX2(b *testing.B)    { benchmarkSum(b, 128, false, false, true) }
+func BenchmarkSum1KAVX2(b *testing.B)     { benchmarkSum(b, 1024, false, false, true) }
+
+// These values were taken from https://blake2.net/blake2b-test.txt.
+var hashes = []string{
+	"10ebb67700b1868efb4417987acf4690ae9d972fb7a590c2f02871799aaa4786b5e996e8f0f4eb981fc214b005f42d2ff4233499391653df7aefcbc13fc51568",
+	"961f6dd1e4dd30f63901690c512e78e4b45e4742ed197c3c5e45c549fd25f2e4187b0bc9fe30492b16b0d0bc4ef9b0f34c7003fac09a5ef1532e69430234cebd",
+	"da2cfbe2d8409a0f38026113884f84b50156371ae304c4430173d08a99d9fb1b983164a3770706d537f49e0c916d9f32b95cc37a95b99d857436f0232c88a965",
+	"33d0825dddf7ada99b0e7e307104ad07ca9cfd9692214f1561356315e784f3e5a17e364ae9dbb14cb2036df932b77f4b292761365fb328de7afdc6d8998f5fc1",
+	"beaa5a3d08f3807143cf621d95cd690514d0b49efff9c91d24b59241ec0eefa5f60196d407048bba8d2146828ebcb0488d8842fd56bb4f6df8e19c4b4daab8ac",
+	"098084b51fd13deae5f4320de94a688ee07baea2800486689a8636117b46c1f4c1f6af7f74ae7c857600456a58a3af251dc4723a64cc7c0a5ab6d9cac91c20bb",
+	"6044540d560853eb1c57df0077dd381094781cdb9073e5b1b3d3f6c7829e12066bbaca96d989a690de72ca3133a83652ba284a6d62942b271ffa2620c9e75b1f",
+	"7a8cfe9b90f75f7ecb3acc053aaed6193112b6f6a4aeeb3f65d3de541942deb9e2228152a3c4bbbe72fc3b12629528cfbb09fe630f0474339f54abf453e2ed52",
+	"380beaf6ea7cc9365e270ef0e6f3a64fb902acae51dd5512f84259ad2c91f4bc4108db73192a5bbfb0cbcf71e46c3e21aee1c5e860dc96e8eb0b7b8426e6abe9",
+	"60fe3c4535e1b59d9a61ea8500bfac41a69dffb1ceadd9aca323e9a625b64da5763bad7226da02b9c8c4f1a5de140ac5a6c1124e4f718ce0b28ea47393aa6637",
+	"4fe181f54ad63a2983feaaf77d1e7235c2beb17fa328b6d9505bda327df19fc37f02c4b6f0368ce23147313a8e5738b5fa2a95b29de1c7f8264eb77b69f585cd",
+	"f228773ce3f3a42b5f144d63237a72d99693adb8837d0e112a8a0f8ffff2c362857ac49c11ec740d1500749dac9b1f4548108bf3155794dcc9e4082849e2b85b",
+	"962452a8455cc56c8511317e3b1f3b2c37df75f588e94325fdd77070359cf63a9ae6e930936fdf8e1e08ffca440cfb72c28f06d89a2151d1c46cd5b268ef8563",
+	"43d44bfa18768c59896bf7ed1765cb2d14af8c260266039099b25a603e4ddc5039d6ef3a91847d1088d401c0c7e847781a8a590d33a3c6cb4df0fab1c2f22355",
+	"dcffa9d58c2a4ca2cdbb0c7aa4c4c1d45165190089f4e983bb1c2cab4aaeff1fa2b5ee516fecd780540240bf37e56c8bcca7fab980e1e61c9400d8a9a5b14ac6",
+	"6fbf31b45ab0c0b8dad1c0f5f4061379912dde5aa922099a030b725c73346c524291adef89d2f6fd8dfcda6d07dad811a9314536c2915ed45da34947e83de34e",
+	"a0c65bddde8adef57282b04b11e7bc8aab105b99231b750c021f4a735cb1bcfab87553bba3abb0c3e64a0b6955285185a0bd35fb8cfde557329bebb1f629ee93",
+	"f99d815550558e81eca2f96718aed10d86f3f1cfb675cce06b0eff02f617c5a42c5aa760270f2679da2677c5aeb94f1142277f21c7f79f3c4f0cce4ed8ee62b1",
+	"95391da8fc7b917a2044b3d6f5374e1ca072b41454d572c7356c05fd4bc1e0f40b8bb8b4a9f6bce9be2c4623c399b0dca0dab05cb7281b71a21b0ebcd9e55670",
+	"04b9cd3d20d221c09ac86913d3dc63041989a9a1e694f1e639a3ba7e451840f750c2fc191d56ad61f2e7936bc0ac8e094b60caeed878c18799045402d61ceaf9",
+	"ec0e0ef707e4ed6c0c66f9e089e4954b058030d2dd86398fe84059631f9ee591d9d77375355149178c0cf8f8e7c49ed2a5e4f95488a2247067c208510fadc44c",
+	"9a37cce273b79c09913677510eaf7688e89b3314d3532fd2764c39de022a2945b5710d13517af8ddc0316624e73bec1ce67df15228302036f330ab0cb4d218dd",
+	"4cf9bb8fb3d4de8b38b2f262d3c40f46dfe747e8fc0a414c193d9fcf753106ce47a18f172f12e8a2f1c26726545358e5ee28c9e2213a8787aafbc516d2343152",
+	"64e0c63af9c808fd893137129867fd91939d53f2af04be4fa268006100069b2d69daa5c5d8ed7fddcb2a70eeecdf2b105dd46a1e3b7311728f639ab489326bc9",
+	"5e9c93158d659b2def06b0c3c7565045542662d6eee8a96a89b78ade09fe8b3dcc096d4fe48815d88d8f82620156602af541955e1f6ca30dce14e254c326b88f",
+	"7775dff889458dd11aef417276853e21335eb88e4dec9cfb4e9edb49820088551a2ca60339f12066101169f0dfe84b098fddb148d9da6b3d613df263889ad64b",
+	"f0d2805afbb91f743951351a6d024f9353a23c7ce1fc2b051b3a8b968c233f46f50f806ecb1568ffaa0b60661e334b21dde04f8fa155ac740eeb42e20b60d764",
+	"86a2af316e7d7754201b942e275364ac12ea8962ab5bd8d7fb276dc5fbffc8f9a28cae4e4867df6780d9b72524160927c855da5b6078e0b554aa91e31cb9ca1d",
+	"10bdf0caa0802705e706369baf8a3f79d72c0a03a80675a7bbb00be3a45e516424d1ee88efb56f6d5777545ae6e27765c3a8f5e493fc308915638933a1dfee55",
+	"b01781092b1748459e2e4ec178696627bf4ebafebba774ecf018b79a68aeb84917bf0b84bb79d17b743151144cd66b7b33a4b9e52c76c4e112050ff5385b7f0b",
+	"c6dbc61dec6eaeac81e3d5f755203c8e220551534a0b2fd105a91889945a638550204f44093dd998c076205dffad703a0e5cd3c7f438a7e634cd59fededb539e",
+	"eba51acffb4cea31db4b8d87e9bf7dd48fe97b0253ae67aa580f9ac4a9d941f2bea518ee286818cc9f633f2a3b9fb68e594b48cdd6d515bf1d52ba6c85a203a7",
+	"86221f3ada52037b72224f105d7999231c5e5534d03da9d9c0a12acb68460cd375daf8e24386286f9668f72326dbf99ba094392437d398e95bb8161d717f8991",
+	"5595e05c13a7ec4dc8f41fb70cb50a71bce17c024ff6de7af618d0cc4e9c32d9570d6d3ea45b86525491030c0d8f2b1836d5778c1ce735c17707df364d054347",
+	"ce0f4f6aca89590a37fe034dd74dd5fa65eb1cbd0a41508aaddc09351a3cea6d18cb2189c54b700c009f4cbf0521c7ea01be61c5ae09cb54f27bc1b44d658c82",
+	"7ee80b06a215a3bca970c77cda8761822bc103d44fa4b33f4d07dcb997e36d55298bceae12241b3fa07fa63be5576068da387b8d5859aeab701369848b176d42",
+	"940a84b6a84d109aab208c024c6ce9647676ba0aaa11f86dbb7018f9fd2220a6d901a9027f9abcf935372727cbf09ebd61a2a2eeb87653e8ecad1bab85dc8327",
+	"2020b78264a82d9f4151141adba8d44bf20c5ec062eee9b595a11f9e84901bf148f298e0c9f8777dcdbc7cc4670aac356cc2ad8ccb1629f16f6a76bcefbee760",
+	"d1b897b0e075ba68ab572adf9d9c436663e43eb3d8e62d92fc49c9be214e6f27873fe215a65170e6bea902408a25b49506f47babd07cecf7113ec10c5dd31252",
+	"b14d0c62abfa469a357177e594c10c194243ed2025ab8aa5ad2fa41ad318e0ff48cd5e60bec07b13634a711d2326e488a985f31e31153399e73088efc86a5c55",
+	"4169c5cc808d2697dc2a82430dc23e3cd356dc70a94566810502b8d655b39abf9e7f902fe717e0389219859e1945df1af6ada42e4ccda55a197b7100a30c30a1",
+	"258a4edb113d66c839c8b1c91f15f35ade609f11cd7f8681a4045b9fef7b0b24c82cda06a5f2067b368825e3914e53d6948ede92efd6e8387fa2e537239b5bee",
+	"79d2d8696d30f30fb34657761171a11e6c3f1e64cbe7bebee159cb95bfaf812b4f411e2f26d9c421dc2c284a3342d823ec293849e42d1e46b0a4ac1e3c86abaa",
+	"8b9436010dc5dee992ae38aea97f2cd63b946d94fedd2ec9671dcde3bd4ce9564d555c66c15bb2b900df72edb6b891ebcadfeff63c9ea4036a998be7973981e7",
+	"c8f68e696ed28242bf997f5b3b34959508e42d613810f1e2a435c96ed2ff560c7022f361a9234b9837feee90bf47922ee0fd5f8ddf823718d86d1e16c6090071",
+	"b02d3eee4860d5868b2c39ce39bfe81011290564dd678c85e8783f29302dfc1399ba95b6b53cd9ebbf400cca1db0ab67e19a325f2d115812d25d00978ad1bca4",
+	"7693ea73af3ac4dad21ca0d8da85b3118a7d1c6024cfaf557699868217bc0c2f44a199bc6c0edd519798ba05bd5b1b4484346a47c2cadf6bf30b785cc88b2baf",
+	"a0e5c1c0031c02e48b7f09a5e896ee9aef2f17fc9e18e997d7f6cac7ae316422c2b1e77984e5f3a73cb45deed5d3f84600105e6ee38f2d090c7d0442ea34c46d",
+	"41daa6adcfdb69f1440c37b596440165c15ada596813e2e22f060fcd551f24dee8e04ba6890387886ceec4a7a0d7fc6b44506392ec3822c0d8c1acfc7d5aebe8",
+	"14d4d40d5984d84c5cf7523b7798b254e275a3a8cc0a1bd06ebc0bee726856acc3cbf516ff667cda2058ad5c3412254460a82c92187041363cc77a4dc215e487",
+	"d0e7a1e2b9a447fee83e2277e9ff8010c2f375ae12fa7aaa8ca5a6317868a26a367a0b69fbc1cf32a55d34eb370663016f3d2110230eba754028a56f54acf57c",
+	"e771aa8db5a3e043e8178f39a0857ba04a3f18e4aa05743cf8d222b0b095825350ba422f63382a23d92e4149074e816a36c1cd28284d146267940b31f8818ea2",
+	"feb4fd6f9e87a56bef398b3284d2bda5b5b0e166583a66b61e538457ff0584872c21a32962b9928ffab58de4af2edd4e15d8b35570523207ff4e2a5aa7754caa",
+	"462f17bf005fb1c1b9e671779f665209ec2873e3e411f98dabf240a1d5ec3f95ce6796b6fc23fe171903b502023467dec7273ff74879b92967a2a43a5a183d33",
+	"d3338193b64553dbd38d144bea71c5915bb110e2d88180dbc5db364fd6171df317fc7268831b5aef75e4342b2fad8797ba39eddcef80e6ec08159350b1ad696d",
+	"e1590d585a3d39f7cb599abd479070966409a6846d4377acf4471d065d5db94129cc9be92573b05ed226be1e9b7cb0cabe87918589f80dadd4ef5ef25a93d28e",
+	"f8f3726ac5a26cc80132493a6fedcb0e60760c09cfc84cad178175986819665e76842d7b9fedf76dddebf5d3f56faaad4477587af21606d396ae570d8e719af2",
+	"30186055c07949948183c850e9a756cc09937e247d9d928e869e20bafc3cd9721719d34e04a0899b92c736084550186886efba2e790d8be6ebf040b209c439a4",
+	"f3c4276cb863637712c241c444c5cc1e3554e0fddb174d035819dd83eb700b4ce88df3ab3841ba02085e1a99b4e17310c5341075c0458ba376c95a6818fbb3e2",
+	"0aa007c4dd9d5832393040a1583c930bca7dc5e77ea53add7e2b3f7c8e231368043520d4a3ef53c969b6bbfd025946f632bd7f765d53c21003b8f983f75e2a6a",
+	"08e9464720533b23a04ec24f7ae8c103145f765387d738777d3d343477fd1c58db052142cab754ea674378e18766c53542f71970171cc4f81694246b717d7564",
+	"d37ff7ad297993e7ec21e0f1b4b5ae719cdc83c5db687527f27516cbffa822888a6810ee5c1ca7bfe3321119be1ab7bfa0a502671c8329494df7ad6f522d440f",
+	"dd9042f6e464dcf86b1262f6accfafbd8cfd902ed3ed89abf78ffa482dbdeeb6969842394c9a1168ae3d481a017842f660002d42447c6b22f7b72f21aae021c9",
+	"bd965bf31e87d70327536f2a341cebc4768eca275fa05ef98f7f1b71a0351298de006fba73fe6733ed01d75801b4a928e54231b38e38c562b2e33ea1284992fa",
+	"65676d800617972fbd87e4b9514e1c67402b7a331096d3bfac22f1abb95374abc942f16e9ab0ead33b87c91968a6e509e119ff07787b3ef483e1dcdccf6e3022",
+	"939fa189699c5d2c81ddd1ffc1fa207c970b6a3685bb29ce1d3e99d42f2f7442da53e95a72907314f4588399a3ff5b0a92beb3f6be2694f9f86ecf2952d5b41c",
+	"c516541701863f91005f314108ceece3c643e04fc8c42fd2ff556220e616aaa6a48aeb97a84bad74782e8dff96a1a2fa949339d722edcaa32b57067041df88cc",
+	"987fd6e0d6857c553eaebb3d34970a2c2f6e89a3548f492521722b80a1c21a153892346d2cba6444212d56da9a26e324dccbc0dcde85d4d2ee4399eec5a64e8f",
+	"ae56deb1c2328d9c4017706bce6e99d41349053ba9d336d677c4c27d9fd50ae6aee17e853154e1f4fe7672346da2eaa31eea53fcf24a22804f11d03da6abfc2b",
+	"49d6a608c9bde4491870498572ac31aac3fa40938b38a7818f72383eb040ad39532bc06571e13d767e6945ab77c0bdc3b0284253343f9f6c1244ebf2ff0df866",
+	"da582ad8c5370b4469af862aa6467a2293b2b28bd80ae0e91f425ad3d47249fdf98825cc86f14028c3308c9804c78bfeeeee461444ce243687e1a50522456a1d",
+	"d5266aa3331194aef852eed86d7b5b2633a0af1c735906f2e13279f14931a9fc3b0eac5ce9245273bd1aa92905abe16278ef7efd47694789a7283b77da3c70f8",
+	"2962734c28252186a9a1111c732ad4de4506d4b4480916303eb7991d659ccda07a9911914bc75c418ab7a4541757ad054796e26797feaf36e9f6ad43f14b35a4",
+	"e8b79ec5d06e111bdfafd71e9f5760f00ac8ac5d8bf768f9ff6f08b8f026096b1cc3a4c973333019f1e3553e77da3f98cb9f542e0a90e5f8a940cc58e59844b3",
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+}
+
+var hashes2X = []string{
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+	"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",
+	"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",
+	"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",
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2x.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2x.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52c414d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/blake2x.go
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// XOF defines the interface to hash functions that
+// support arbitrary-length output.
+type XOF interface {
+	// Write absorbs more data into the hash's state. It panics if called
+	// after Read.
+	io.Writer
+
+	// Read reads more output from the hash. It returns io.EOF if the limit
+	// has been reached.
+	io.Reader
+
+	// Clone returns a copy of the XOF in its current state.
+	Clone() XOF
+
+	// Reset resets the XOF to its initial state.
+	Reset()
+}
+
+// OutputLengthUnknown can be used as the size argument to NewXOF to indicate
+// the length of the output is not known in advance.
+const OutputLengthUnknown = 0
+
+// magicUnknownOutputLength is a magic value for the output size that indicates
+// an unknown number of output bytes.
+const magicUnknownOutputLength = (1 << 32) - 1
+
+// maxOutputLength is the absolute maximum number of bytes to produce when the
+// number of output bytes is unknown.
+const maxOutputLength = (1 << 32) * 64
+
+// NewXOF creates a new variable-output-length hash. The hash either produce a
+// known number of bytes (1 <= size < 2**32-1), or an unknown number of bytes
+// (size == OutputLengthUnknown). In the latter case, an absolute limit of
+// 256GiB applies.
+//
+// A non-nil key turns the hash into a MAC. The key must between
+// zero and 32 bytes long.
+func NewXOF(size uint32, key []byte) (XOF, error) {
+	if len(key) > Size {
+		return nil, errKeySize
+	}
+	if size == magicUnknownOutputLength {
+		// 2^32-1 indicates an unknown number of bytes and thus isn't a
+		// valid length.
+		return nil, errors.New("blake2b: XOF length too large")
+	}
+	if size == OutputLengthUnknown {
+		size = magicUnknownOutputLength
+	}
+	x := &xof{
+		d: digest{
+			size:   Size,
+			keyLen: len(key),
+		},
+		length: size,
+	}
+	copy(x.d.key[:], key)
+	x.Reset()
+	return x, nil
+}
+
+type xof struct {
+	d                digest
+	length           uint32
+	remaining        uint64
+	cfg, root, block [Size]byte
+	offset           int
+	nodeOffset       uint32
+	readMode         bool
+}
+
+func (x *xof) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if x.readMode {
+		panic("blake2b: write to XOF after read")
+	}
+	return x.d.Write(p)
+}
+
+func (x *xof) Clone() XOF {
+	clone := *x
+	return &clone
+}
+
+func (x *xof) Reset() {
+	x.cfg[0] = byte(Size)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(x.cfg[4:], uint32(Size)) // leaf length
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(x.cfg[12:], x.length)    // XOF length
+	x.cfg[17] = byte(Size)                                 // inner hash size
+
+	x.d.Reset()
+	x.d.h[1] ^= uint64(x.length) << 32
+
+	x.remaining = uint64(x.length)
+	if x.remaining == magicUnknownOutputLength {
+		x.remaining = maxOutputLength
+	}
+	x.offset, x.nodeOffset = 0, 0
+	x.readMode = false
+}
+
+func (x *xof) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if !x.readMode {
+		x.d.finalize(&x.root)
+		x.readMode = true
+	}
+
+	if x.remaining == 0 {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+
+	n = len(p)
+	if uint64(n) > x.remaining {
+		n = int(x.remaining)
+		p = p[:n]
+	}
+
+	if x.offset > 0 {
+		blockRemaining := Size - x.offset
+		if n < blockRemaining {
+			x.offset += copy(p, x.block[x.offset:])
+			x.remaining -= uint64(n)
+			return
+		}
+		copy(p, x.block[x.offset:])
+		p = p[blockRemaining:]
+		x.offset = 0
+		x.remaining -= uint64(blockRemaining)
+	}
+
+	for len(p) >= Size {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(x.cfg[8:], x.nodeOffset)
+		x.nodeOffset++
+
+		x.d.initConfig(&x.cfg)
+		x.d.Write(x.root[:])
+		x.d.finalize(&x.block)
+
+		copy(p, x.block[:])
+		p = p[Size:]
+		x.remaining -= uint64(Size)
+	}
+
+	if todo := len(p); todo > 0 {
+		if x.remaining < uint64(Size) {
+			x.cfg[0] = byte(x.remaining)
+		}
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(x.cfg[8:], x.nodeOffset)
+		x.nodeOffset++
+
+		x.d.initConfig(&x.cfg)
+		x.d.Write(x.root[:])
+		x.d.finalize(&x.block)
+
+		x.offset = copy(p, x.block[:todo])
+		x.remaining -= uint64(todo)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (d *digest) initConfig(cfg *[Size]byte) {
+	d.offset, d.c[0], d.c[1] = 0, 0, 0
+	for i := range d.h {
+		d.h[i] = iv[i] ^ binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(cfg[i*8:])
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/blake2b/register.go b/common/crypto/blake2b/register.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9fcac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/blake2b/register.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build go1.9
+
+package blake2b
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"hash"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	newHash256 := func() hash.Hash {
+		h, _ := New256(nil)
+		return h
+	}
+	newHash384 := func() hash.Hash {
+		h, _ := New384(nil)
+		return h
+	}
+
+	newHash512 := func() hash.Hash {
+		h, _ := New512(nil)
+		return h
+	}
+
+	crypto.RegisterHash(crypto.BLAKE2b_256, newHash256)
+	crypto.RegisterHash(crypto.BLAKE2b_384, newHash384)
+	crypto.RegisterHash(crypto.BLAKE2b_512, newHash512)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/bls.go b/common/crypto/bls/bls.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c0b471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/bls.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Package bls implements a go-wrapper around a library implementing the
+// the BLS12-381 curve and signature scheme. This package exposes a public API for
+// verifying and aggregating BLS signatures used by Ethereum.
+package bls
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/blst"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+)
+
+// Initialize herumi temporarily while we transition to blst for ethdo.
+func init() {
+}
+
+// SecretKeyFromBytes creates a BLS private key from a BigEndian byte slice.
+func SecretKeyFromBytes(privKey []byte) (SecretKey, error) {
+	return blst.SecretKeyFromBytes(privKey)
+}
+
+// PublicKeyFromBytes creates a BLS public key from a  BigEndian byte slice.
+func PublicKeyFromBytes(pubKey []byte) (PublicKey, error) {
+	return blst.PublicKeyFromBytes(pubKey)
+}
+
+// SignatureFromBytes creates a BLS signature from a LittleEndian byte slice.
+func SignatureFromBytes(sig []byte) (Signature, error) {
+	return blst.SignatureFromBytes(sig)
+}
+
+// MultipleSignaturesFromBytes creates a slice of BLS signatures from a LittleEndian 2d-byte slice.
+func MultipleSignaturesFromBytes(sigs [][]byte) ([]Signature, error) {
+	return blst.MultipleSignaturesFromBytes(sigs)
+}
+
+// AggregatePublicKeys aggregates the provided raw public keys into a single key.
+func AggregatePublicKeys(pubs [][]byte) (PublicKey, error) {
+	return blst.AggregatePublicKeys(pubs)
+}
+
+// AggregateMultiplePubkeys aggregates the provided decompressed keys into a single key.
+func AggregateMultiplePubkeys(pubs []PublicKey) PublicKey {
+	return blst.AggregateMultiplePubkeys(pubs)
+}
+
+// AggregateSignatures converts a list of signatures into a single, aggregated sig.
+func AggregateSignatures(sigs []common.Signature) common.Signature {
+	return blst.AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+}
+
+// AggregateCompressedSignatures converts a list of compressed signatures into a single, aggregated sig.
+func AggregateCompressedSignatures(multiSigs [][]byte) (common.Signature, error) {
+	return blst.AggregateCompressedSignatures(multiSigs)
+}
+
+// VerifyMultipleSignatures verifies multiple signatures for distinct messages securely.
+func VerifyMultipleSignatures(sigs [][]byte, msgs [][32]byte, pubKeys []common.PublicKey) (bool, error) {
+	return blst.VerifyMultipleSignatures(sigs, msgs, pubKeys)
+}
+
+// NewAggregateSignature creates a blank aggregate signature.
+func NewAggregateSignature() common.Signature {
+	return blst.NewAggregateSignature()
+}
+
+// RandKey creates a new private key using a random input.
+func RandKey() (common.SecretKey, error) {
+	return blst.RandKey()
+}
+
+// SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte creates a new private key using random 32 bytes
+func SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(ikm [32]byte) (common.SecretKey, error) {
+	return blst.SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(ikm)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/aliases.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/aliases.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1e529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/aliases.go
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//go:build (android || (linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package blst
+
+import blst "github.com/supranational/blst/bindings/go"
+
+// Internal types for blst.
+type blstPublicKey = blst.P1Affine
+type blstSignature = blst.P2Affine
+type blstAggregateSignature = blst.P2Aggregate
+type blstAggregatePublicKey = blst.P1Aggregate
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/doc.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76a2e9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Package blst implements a go-wrapper around a library implementing the
+// the BLS12-381 curve and signature scheme. This package exposes a public API for
+// verifying and aggregating BLS signatures used by Ethereum.
+//
+// This implementation uses the library written by Supranational, blst.
+package blst
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/init.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/init.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02d1ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/init.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//go:build (android || (linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package blst
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+
+	blst "github.com/supranational/blst/bindings/go"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// Reserve 1 core for general application work
+	maxProcs := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) - 1
+	if maxProcs <= 0 {
+		maxProcs = 1
+	}
+	blst.SetMaxProcs(maxProcs)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/public_key.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/public_key.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c2ec95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/public_key.go
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+//go:build (android || (linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package blst
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+var maxKeys = 1000000
+var pubkeyCache, _ = lru.New(maxKeys)
+
+const (
+	BLSPubkeyLength = 48
+)
+
+// PublicKey used in the BLS signature scheme.
+type PublicKey struct {
+	p *blstPublicKey
+}
+
+// PublicKeyFromBytes creates a BLS public key from a  BigEndian byte slice.
+func PublicKeyFromBytes(pubKey []byte) (common.PublicKey, error) {
+	if len(pubKey) != BLSPubkeyLength {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("public key must be %d bytes", BLSPubkeyLength)
+	}
+	newKey := (*[BLSPubkeyLength]byte)(pubKey)
+	if cv, ok := pubkeyCache.Get(*newKey); ok {
+		return cv.(*PublicKey).Copy(), nil
+	}
+	// Subgroup check NOT done when decompressing pubkey.
+	p := new(blstPublicKey).Uncompress(pubKey)
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into public key")
+	}
+	// Subgroup and infinity check
+	if !p.KeyValidate() {
+		// NOTE: the error is not quite accurate since it includes group check
+		return nil, common.ErrInfinitePubKey
+	}
+	pubKeyObj := &PublicKey{p: p}
+	copiedKey := pubKeyObj.Copy()
+	cacheKey := *newKey
+	pubkeyCache.Add(cacheKey, copiedKey)
+	return pubKeyObj, nil
+}
+
+// AggregatePublicKeys aggregates the provided raw public keys into a single key.
+func AggregatePublicKeys(pubs [][]byte) (common.PublicKey, error) {
+	if len(pubs) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("nil or empty public keys")
+	}
+	agg := new(blstAggregatePublicKey)
+	mulP1 := make([]*blstPublicKey, 0, len(pubs))
+	for _, pubkey := range pubs {
+		pubKeyObj, err := PublicKeyFromBytes(pubkey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		mulP1 = append(mulP1, pubKeyObj.(*PublicKey).p)
+	}
+	// No group check needed here since it is done in PublicKeyFromBytes
+	// Note the checks could be moved from PublicKeyFromBytes into Aggregate
+	// and take advantage of multi-threading.
+	agg.Aggregate(mulP1, false)
+	return &PublicKey{p: agg.ToAffine()}, nil
+}
+
+// Marshal a public key into a LittleEndian byte slice.
+func (p *PublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
+	return p.p.Compress()
+}
+
+// Copy the public key to a new pointer reference.
+func (p *PublicKey) Copy() common.PublicKey {
+	np := *p.p
+	return &PublicKey{p: &np}
+}
+
+// IsInfinite checks if the public key is infinite.
+func (p *PublicKey) IsInfinite() bool {
+	zeroKey := new(blstPublicKey)
+	return p.p.Equals(zeroKey)
+}
+
+// Equals checks if the provided public key is equal to
+// the current one.
+func (p *PublicKey) Equals(p2 common.PublicKey) bool {
+	return p.p.Equals(p2.(*PublicKey).p)
+}
+
+// Aggregate two public keys.
+func (p *PublicKey) Aggregate(p2 common.PublicKey) common.PublicKey {
+
+	agg := new(blstAggregatePublicKey)
+	// No group check here since it is checked at decompression time
+	agg.Add(p.p, false)
+	agg.Add(p2.(*PublicKey).p, false)
+	p.p = agg.ToAffine()
+
+	return p
+}
+
+func (p *PublicKey) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	log.Infof(string(input))
+	log.Info("1111")
+	b := make([]byte, 0)
+	err := hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("PublicKey", input, b[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pubkey, err := PublicKeyFromBytes(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		p = pubkey.(*PublicKey)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (p *PublicKey) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	log.Infof(string(input))
+	log.Info("1111")
+	b := make([]byte, 0)
+	err := hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("PublicKey", input, b[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pubkey, err := PublicKeyFromBytes(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		p = pubkey.(*PublicKey)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (p *PublicKey) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(p.Marshal()).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// AggregateMultiplePubkeys aggregates the provided decompressed keys into a single key.
+func AggregateMultiplePubkeys(pubkeys []common.PublicKey) common.PublicKey {
+	mulP1 := make([]*blstPublicKey, 0, len(pubkeys))
+	for _, pubkey := range pubkeys {
+		mulP1 = append(mulP1, pubkey.(*PublicKey).p)
+	}
+	agg := new(blstAggregatePublicKey)
+	// No group check needed here since it is done in PublicKeyFromBytes
+	// Note the checks could be moved from PublicKeyFromBytes into Aggregate
+	// and take advantage of multi-threading.
+	agg.Aggregate(mulP1, false)
+	return &PublicKey{p: agg.ToAffine()}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/secret_key.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/secret_key.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92fd700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/secret_key.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//go:build (android || (linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package blst
+
+import (
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/rand"
+
+	blst "github.com/supranational/blst/bindings/go"
+)
+
+const BLSSecretKeyLength = 32
+
+// bls12SecretKey used in the BLS signature scheme.
+type bls12SecretKey struct {
+	p *blst.SecretKey
+}
+
+// RandKey creates a new private key using a random method provided as an io.Reader.
+func RandKey() (common.SecretKey, error) {
+	// Generate 32 bytes of randomness
+	var ikm [32]byte
+	_, err := rand.NewGenerator().Read(ikm[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Defensive check, that we have not generated a secret key,
+	secKey := &bls12SecretKey{blst.KeyGen(ikm[:])}
+	if IsZero(secKey.Marshal()) {
+		return nil, common.ErrZeroKey
+	}
+	return secKey, nil
+}
+
+// SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte creates a new private key using random 32 bytes
+func SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(ikm [32]byte) (common.SecretKey, error) {
+	// Defensive check, that we have not generated a secret key,
+	secKey := &bls12SecretKey{blst.KeyGen(ikm[:])}
+	if IsZero(secKey.Marshal()) {
+		return nil, common.ErrZeroKey
+	}
+	return secKey, nil
+}
+
+// SecretKeyFromBytes creates a BLS private key from a BigEndian byte slice.
+func SecretKeyFromBytes(privKey []byte) (common.SecretKey, error) {
+	if len(privKey) != BLSSecretKeyLength {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("secret key must be %d bytes", BLSSecretKeyLength)
+	}
+	secKey := new(blst.SecretKey).Deserialize(privKey)
+	if secKey == nil {
+		return nil, common.ErrSecretUnmarshal
+	}
+	wrappedKey := &bls12SecretKey{p: secKey}
+	if IsZero(privKey) {
+		return nil, common.ErrZeroKey
+	}
+	return wrappedKey, nil
+}
+
+// PublicKey obtains the public key corresponding to the BLS secret key.
+func (s *bls12SecretKey) PublicKey() common.PublicKey {
+	return &PublicKey{p: new(blstPublicKey).From(s.p)}
+}
+
+// IsZero checks if the secret key is a zero key.
+func IsZero(sKey []byte) bool {
+	b := byte(0)
+	for _, s := range sKey {
+		b |= s
+	}
+	return subtle.ConstantTimeByteEq(b, 0) == 1
+}
+
+// Sign a message using a secret key - in a beacon/validator client.
+//
+// In IETF draft BLS specification:
+// Sign(SK, message) -> signature: a signing algorithm that generates
+//
+//	a deterministic signature given a secret key SK and a message.
+//
+// In Ethereum proof of stake specification:
+// def Sign(SK: int, message: Bytes) -> BLSSignature
+func (s *bls12SecretKey) Sign(msg []byte) common.Signature {
+	signature := new(blstSignature).Sign(s.p, msg, dst)
+	return &Signature{s: signature}
+}
+
+// Marshal a secret key into a LittleEndian byte slice.
+func (s *bls12SecretKey) Marshal() []byte {
+	keyBytes := s.p.Serialize()
+	return keyBytes
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/signature.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/signature.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3973aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/signature.go
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+//go:build (android || (linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package blst
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/rand"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	blst "github.com/supranational/blst/bindings/go"
+)
+
+var dst = []byte("BLS_SIG_BLS12381G2_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_POP_")
+
+const scalarBytes = 32
+const randBitsEntropy = 64
+
+const BLSSignatureLength = 96
+
+// Signature used in the BLS signature scheme.
+type Signature struct {
+	s *blstSignature
+}
+
+// SignatureFromBytes creates a BLS signature from a LittleEndian byte slice.
+func SignatureFromBytes(sig []byte) (common.Signature, error) {
+	if len(sig) != BLSSignatureLength {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("signature must be %d bytes", BLSSignatureLength)
+	}
+	signature := new(blstSignature).Uncompress(sig)
+	if signature == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into signature")
+	}
+	// Group check signature. Do not check for infinity since an aggregated signature
+	// could be infinite.
+	if !signature.SigValidate(false) {
+		return nil, errors.New("signature not in group")
+	}
+	return &Signature{s: signature}, nil
+}
+
+// AggregateCompressedSignatures converts a list of compressed signatures into a single, aggregated sig.
+func AggregateCompressedSignatures(multiSigs [][]byte) (common.Signature, error) {
+	signature := new(blstAggregateSignature)
+	valid := signature.AggregateCompressed(multiSigs, true)
+	if !valid {
+		return nil, errors.New("provided signatures fail the group check and cannot be compressed")
+	}
+	return &Signature{s: signature.ToAffine()}, nil
+}
+
+// MultipleSignaturesFromBytes creates a group of BLS signatures from a LittleEndian 2d-byte slice.
+func MultipleSignaturesFromBytes(multiSigs [][]byte) ([]common.Signature, error) {
+	if len(multiSigs) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("0 signatures provided to the method")
+	}
+	for _, s := range multiSigs {
+		if len(s) != BLSSignatureLength {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("signature must be %d bytes", BLSSignatureLength)
+		}
+	}
+	multiSignatures := new(blstSignature).BatchUncompress(multiSigs)
+	if len(multiSignatures) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into signature")
+	}
+	if len(multiSignatures) != len(multiSigs) {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("wanted %d decompressed signatures but got %d", len(multiSigs), len(multiSignatures))
+	}
+	wrappedSigs := make([]common.Signature, len(multiSignatures))
+	for i, signature := range multiSignatures {
+		// Group check signature. Do not check for infinity since an aggregated signature
+		// could be infinite.
+		if !signature.SigValidate(false) {
+			return nil, errors.New("signature not in group")
+		}
+		copiedSig := signature
+		wrappedSigs[i] = &Signature{s: copiedSig}
+	}
+	return wrappedSigs, nil
+}
+
+// Verify a bls signature given a public key, a message.
+//
+// In IETF draft BLS specification:
+// Verify(PK, message, signature) -> VALID or INVALID: a verification
+//
+//	algorithm that outputs VALID if signature is a valid signature of
+//	message under public key PK, and INVALID otherwise.
+//
+// In the Ethereum proof of stake specification:
+// def Verify(PK: BLSPubkey, message: Bytes, signature: BLSSignature) -> bool
+func (s *Signature) Verify(pubKey common.PublicKey, msg []byte) bool {
+	// Signature and PKs are assumed to have been validated upon decompression!
+	return s.s.Verify(false, pubKey.(*PublicKey).p, false, msg, dst)
+}
+
+// AggregateVerify verifies each public key against its respective message. This is vulnerable to
+// rogue public-key attack. Each user must provide a proof-of-knowledge of the public key.
+//
+// Note: The msgs must be distinct. For maximum performance, this method does not ensure distinct
+// messages.
+//
+// In IETF draft BLS specification:
+// AggregateVerify((PK_1, message_1), ..., (PK_n, message_n),
+//
+//	signature) -> VALID or INVALID: an aggregate verification
+//	algorithm that outputs VALID if signature is a valid aggregated
+//	signature for a collection of public keys and messages, and
+//	outputs INVALID otherwise.
+//
+// In the Ethereum proof of stake specification:
+// def AggregateVerify(pairs: Sequence[PK: BLSPubkey, message: Bytes], signature: BLSSignature) -> bool
+//
+// Deprecated: Use FastAggregateVerify or use this method in spectests only.
+func (s *Signature) AggregateVerify(pubKeys []common.PublicKey, msgs [][32]byte) bool {
+	size := len(pubKeys)
+	if size == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	if size != len(msgs) {
+		return false
+	}
+	msgSlices := make([][]byte, len(msgs))
+	rawKeys := make([]*blstPublicKey, len(msgs))
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		msgSlices[i] = msgs[i][:]
+		rawKeys[i] = pubKeys[i].(*PublicKey).p
+	}
+	// Signature and PKs are assumed to have been validated upon decompression!
+	return s.s.AggregateVerify(false, rawKeys, false, msgSlices, dst)
+}
+
+// FastAggregateVerify verifies all the provided public keys with their aggregated signature.
+//
+// In IETF draft BLS specification:
+// FastAggregateVerify(PK_1, ..., PK_n, message, signature) -> VALID
+//
+//	or INVALID: a verification algorithm for the aggregate of multiple
+//	signatures on the same message.  This function is faster than
+//	AggregateVerify.
+//
+// In the Ethereum proof of stake specification:
+// def FastAggregateVerify(PKs: Sequence[BLSPubkey], message: Bytes, signature: BLSSignature) -> bool
+func (s *Signature) FastAggregateVerify(pubKeys []common.PublicKey, msg [32]byte) bool {
+	if len(pubKeys) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	rawKeys := make([]*blstPublicKey, len(pubKeys))
+	for i := 0; i < len(pubKeys); i++ {
+		rawKeys[i] = pubKeys[i].(*PublicKey).p
+	}
+	return s.s.FastAggregateVerify(true, rawKeys, msg[:], dst)
+}
+
+// Eth2FastAggregateVerify implements a wrapper on top of bls's FastAggregateVerify. It accepts G2_POINT_AT_INFINITY signature
+// when pubkeys empty.
+//
+// Spec code:
+// def eth2_fast_aggregate_verify(pubkeys: Sequence[BLSPubkey], message: Bytes32, signature: BLSSignature) -> bool:
+//
+//	"""
+//	Wrapper to ``bls.FastAggregateVerify`` accepting the ``G2_POINT_AT_INFINITY`` signature when ``pubkeys`` is empty.
+//	"""
+//	if len(pubkeys) == 0 and signature == G2_POINT_AT_INFINITY:
+//	    return True
+//	return bls.FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, message, signature)
+func (s *Signature) Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubKeys []common.PublicKey, msg [32]byte) bool {
+	if len(pubKeys) == 0 && bytes.Equal(s.Marshal(), common.InfiniteSignature[:]) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return s.FastAggregateVerify(pubKeys, msg)
+}
+
+// NewAggregateSignature creates a blank aggregate signature.
+func NewAggregateSignature() common.Signature {
+	sig := blst.HashToG2([]byte{'m', 'o', 'c', 'k'}, dst).ToAffine()
+	return &Signature{s: sig}
+}
+
+// AggregateSignatures converts a list of signatures into a single, aggregated sig.
+func AggregateSignatures(sigs []common.Signature) common.Signature {
+	if len(sigs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	rawSigs := make([]*blstSignature, len(sigs))
+	for i := 0; i < len(sigs); i++ {
+		rawSigs[i] = sigs[i].(*Signature).s
+	}
+
+	// Signature and PKs are assumed to have been validated upon decompression!
+	signature := new(blstAggregateSignature)
+	signature.Aggregate(rawSigs, false)
+	return &Signature{s: signature.ToAffine()}
+}
+
+// VerifyMultipleSignatures verifies a non-singular set of signatures and its respective pubkeys and messages.
+// This method provides a safe way to verify multiple signatures at once. We pick a number randomly from 1 to max
+// uint64 and then multiply the signature by it. We continue doing this for all signatures and its respective pubkeys.
+// S* = S_1 * r_1 + S_2 * r_2 + ... + S_n * r_n
+// P'_{i,j} = P_{i,j} * r_i
+// e(S*, G) = \prod_{i=1}^n \prod_{j=1}^{m_i} e(P'_{i,j}, M_{i,j})
+// Using this we can verify multiple signatures safely.
+func VerifyMultipleSignatures(sigs [][]byte, msgs [][32]byte, pubKeys []common.PublicKey) (bool, error) {
+	if len(sigs) == 0 || len(pubKeys) == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	rawSigs := new(blstSignature).BatchUncompress(sigs)
+
+	length := len(sigs)
+	if length != len(pubKeys) || length != len(msgs) {
+		return false, errors.Errorf("provided signatures, pubkeys and messages have differing lengths. S: %d, P: %d,M %d",
+			length, len(pubKeys), len(msgs))
+	}
+	mulP1Aff := make([]*blstPublicKey, length)
+	rawMsgs := make([]blst.Message, length)
+
+	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
+		mulP1Aff[i] = pubKeys[i].(*PublicKey).p
+		rawMsgs[i] = msgs[i][:]
+	}
+	// Secure source of RNG
+	randGen := rand.NewGenerator()
+	randLock := new(sync.Mutex)
+
+	randFunc := func(scalar *blst.Scalar) {
+		var rbytes [scalarBytes]byte
+		randLock.Lock()
+		randGen.Read(rbytes[:]) // #nosec G104 -- Error will always be nil in `read` in math/rand
+		randLock.Unlock()
+		// Protect against the generator returning 0. Since the scalar value is
+		// derived from a big endian byte slice, we take the last byte.
+		rbytes[len(rbytes)-1] |= 0x01
+		scalar.FromBEndian(rbytes[:])
+	}
+	dummySig := new(blstSignature)
+
+	// Validate signatures since we uncompress them here. Public keys should already be validated.
+	return dummySig.MultipleAggregateVerify(rawSigs, true, mulP1Aff, false, rawMsgs, dst, randFunc, randBitsEntropy), nil
+}
+
+// Marshal a signature into a LittleEndian byte slice.
+func (s *Signature) Marshal() []byte {
+	return s.s.Compress()
+}
+
+// Copy returns a full deep copy of a signature.
+func (s *Signature) Copy() common.Signature {
+	sign := *s.s
+	return &Signature{s: &sign}
+}
+
+// VerifyCompressed verifies that the compressed signature and pubkey
+// are valid from the message provided.
+func VerifyCompressed(signature, pub, msg []byte) bool {
+	// Validate signature and PKs since we will uncompress them here
+	return new(blstSignature).VerifyCompressed(signature, true, pub, true, msg, dst)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/blst/stub.go b/common/crypto/bls/blst/stub.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e14ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/blst/stub.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//go:build blst_disabled
+
+package blst
+
+// This stub file exists until build issues can be resolved for libfuzz.
+const err = "blst is only supported on linux,darwin,windows"
+
+// SecretKey -- stub
+type SecretKey struct{}
+
+// PublicKey -- stub
+func (s SecretKey) PublicKey() common.PublicKey {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Sign -- stub
+func (s SecretKey) Sign(_ []byte) common.Signature {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Marshal -- stub
+func (s SecretKey) Marshal() []byte {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// IsZero -- stub
+func (s SecretKey) IsZero() bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// PublicKey -- stub
+type PublicKey struct{}
+
+// Marshal -- stub
+func (p PublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Copy -- stub
+func (p PublicKey) Copy() common.PublicKey {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Aggregate -- stub
+func (p PublicKey) Aggregate(_ common.PublicKey) common.PublicKey {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// IsInfinite -- stub
+func (p PublicKey) IsInfinite() bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Equals -- stub
+func (p PublicKey) Equals(_ common.PublicKey) bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Signature -- stub
+type Signature struct{}
+
+// Verify -- stub
+func (s Signature) Verify(_ common.PublicKey, _ []byte) bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// AggregateVerify -- stub
+func (s Signature) AggregateVerify(_ []common.PublicKey, _ [][32]byte) bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// FastAggregateVerify -- stub
+func (s Signature) FastAggregateVerify(_ []common.PublicKey, _ [32]byte) bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Eth2FastAggregateVerify -- stub
+func (s Signature) Eth2FastAggregateVerify(_ []common.PublicKey, _ [32]byte) bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Marshal -- stub
+func (s Signature) Marshal() []byte {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// Copy -- stub
+func (s Signature) Copy() common.Signature {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// SecretKeyFromBytes -- stub
+func SecretKeyFromBytes(_ []byte) (SecretKey, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// PublicKeyFromBytes -- stub
+func PublicKeyFromBytes(_ []byte) (PublicKey, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// SignatureFromBytes -- stub
+func SignatureFromBytes(_ []byte) (Signature, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// MultipleSignaturesFromBytes -- stub
+func MultipleSignaturesFromBytes(multiSigs [][]byte) ([]common.Signature, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// AggregatePublicKeys -- stub
+func AggregatePublicKeys(_ [][]byte) (PublicKey, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// AggregateSignatures -- stub
+func AggregateSignatures(_ []common.Signature) common.Signature {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// AggregateMultiplePubkeys -- stub
+func AggregateMultiplePubkeys(pubs []common.PublicKey) common.PublicKey {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// AggregateCompressedSignatures -- stub
+func AggregateCompressedSignatures(multiSigs [][]byte) (common.Signature, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// VerifyMultipleSignatures -- stub
+func VerifyMultipleSignatures(_ [][]byte, _ [][32]byte, _ []common.PublicKey) (bool, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// NewAggregateSignature -- stub
+func NewAggregateSignature() common.Signature {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// RandKey -- stub
+func RandKey() (common.SecretKey, error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// VerifyCompressed -- stub
+func VerifyCompressed(_, _, _ []byte) bool {
+	panic(err)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/common/constants.go b/common/crypto/bls/common/constants.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0959632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/common/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package common
+
+const (
+	BLSPubkeyLength = 48
+)
+
+// ZeroSecretKey represents a zero secret key.
+var ZeroSecretKey = [32]byte{}
+
+// InfinitePublicKey represents an infinite public key (G1 Point at Infinity).
+var InfinitePublicKey = [BLSPubkeyLength]byte{0xC0}
+
+// InfiniteSignature represents an infinite signature (G2 Point at Infinity).
+var InfiniteSignature = [96]byte{0xC0}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/common/error.go b/common/crypto/bls/common/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13cc48e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/common/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package common
+
+import "errors"
+
+// ErrZeroKey describes an error due to a zero secret key.
+var ErrZeroKey = errors.New("received secret key is zero")
+
+// ErrSecretUnmarshal describes an error which happens during unmarshalling
+// a secret key.
+var ErrSecretUnmarshal = errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into secret key")
+
+// ErrInfinitePubKey describes an error due to an infinite public key.
+var ErrInfinitePubKey = errors.New("received an infinite public key")
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/common/interface.go b/common/crypto/bls/common/interface.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64bba43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/common/interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Package common provides the BLS interfaces that are implemented by the various BLS wrappers.
+//
+// This package should not be used by downstream consumers. These interfaces are re-exporter by
+// github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/crypto/bls. This package exists to prevent an import circular
+// dependency.
+package common
+
+// SecretKey represents a BLS secret or private key.
+type SecretKey interface {
+	PublicKey() PublicKey
+	Sign(msg []byte) Signature
+	Marshal() []byte
+}
+
+// PublicKey represents a BLS public key.
+type PublicKey interface {
+	Marshal() []byte
+	Copy() PublicKey
+	Aggregate(p2 PublicKey) PublicKey
+	IsInfinite() bool
+	Equals(p2 PublicKey) bool
+	//json
+	UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error
+	//UnmarshalText(input []byte) error
+	MarshalText() ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// Signature represents a BLS signature.
+type Signature interface {
+	Verify(pubKey PublicKey, msg []byte) bool
+	// Deprecated: Use FastAggregateVerify or use this method in spectests only.
+	AggregateVerify(pubKeys []PublicKey, msgs [][32]byte) bool
+	FastAggregateVerify(pubKeys []PublicKey, msg [32]byte) bool
+	Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubKeys []PublicKey, msg [32]byte) bool
+	Marshal() []byte
+	Copy() Signature
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/constants.go b/common/crypto/bls/constants.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f66aa55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package bls
+
+// DomainByteLength length of domain byte array.
+const DomainByteLength = 4
+
+// CurveOrder for the BLS12-381 curve.
+const CurveOrder = "52435875175126190479447740508185965837690552500527637822603658699938581184513"
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/error.go b/common/crypto/bls/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4875668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+package bls
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/interface.go b/common/crypto/bls/interface.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa4725e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package bls
+
+import "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+
+// PublicKey represents a BLS public key.
+type PublicKey = common.PublicKey
+
+// SecretKey represents a BLS secret or private key.
+type SecretKey = common.SecretKey
+
+// Signature represents a BLS signature.
+type Signature = common.Signature
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/lbs_ntest.go b/common/crypto/bls/lbs_ntest.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68b154d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/lbs_ntest.go
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+//go:build (android || (linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package bls
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/blst"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	//"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func E2P(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSignVerify2() error {
+	priv, err := RandKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pub := priv.PublicKey()
+	msg := []byte("hello")
+	sig := priv.Sign(msg)
+	if !sig.Verify(pub, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not verify")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestAggregateVerify2() error {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	var msgs [][32]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', byte(i)}
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+		msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	if !aggSig.AggregateVerify(pubkeys, msgs) {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not verify")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestAggregateVerify_CompressedSignatures2() error {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	var sigBytes [][]byte
+	var msgs [][32]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', byte(i)}
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+		sigBytes = append(sigBytes, sig.Marshal())
+		msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	if !aggSig.AggregateVerify(pubkeys, msgs) {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not verify")
+	}
+
+	aggSig2, err := AggregateCompressedSignatures(sigBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if bytes.Compare(aggSig.Marshal(), aggSig2.Marshal()) != 0 {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not match up")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestFastAggregateVerify2() error {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	if !aggSig.FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not verify")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestVerifyCompressed2() error {
+	priv, err := RandKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pub := priv.PublicKey()
+	msg := []byte("hello")
+	sig := priv.Sign(msg)
+	if !sig.Verify(pub, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Non compressed signature did not verify")
+	}
+
+	if !blst.VerifyCompressed(sig.Marshal(), pub.Marshal(), msg) {
+		return errors.New("Compressed signatures and pubkeys did not verify")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMultipleSignatureVerification2() error {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([][]byte, 0, 100)
+	var msgs [][32]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', byte(i)}
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:]).Marshal()
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+		msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+	}
+	verify, err := VerifyMultipleSignatures(sigs, msgs, pubkeys)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !verify {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not verify")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestFastAggregateVerify_ReturnsFalseOnEmptyPubKeyList2() error {
+	var pubkeys []common.PublicKey
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+
+	aggSig := NewAggregateSignature()
+	if aggSig.FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Expected FastAggregateVerify to return false with empty input")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestEth2FastAggregateVerify2() error {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	if !aggSig.Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Signature did not verify")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestEth2FastAggregateVerify_ReturnsFalseOnEmptyPubKeyList2() error {
+	var pubkeys []common.PublicKey
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+
+	aggSig := NewAggregateSignature()
+	if aggSig.Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Expected Eth2FastAggregateVerify to return false with empty input")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestEth2FastAggregateVerify_ReturnsTrueOnG2PointAtInfinity2() error {
+	var pubkeys []common.PublicKey
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+
+	g2PointAtInfinity := append([]byte{0xC0}, make([]byte, 95)...)
+	aggSig, err := SignatureFromBytes(g2PointAtInfinity)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !aggSig.Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg) {
+		return errors.New("Eth2FastAggregateVerify error")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestSignatureFromBytes2() error {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []byte
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Nil",
+			err:  errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Empty",
+			input: []byte{},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Short",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Long",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Bad",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into signature"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Good",
+			input: []byte{0xab, 0xb0, 0x12, 0x4c, 0x75, 0x74, 0xf2, 0x81, 0xa2, 0x93, 0xf4, 0x18, 0x5c, 0xad, 0x3c, 0xb2, 0x26, 0x81, 0xd5, 0x20, 0x91, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x66, 0x65, 0x24, 0x3e, 0xac, 0xb0, 0x51, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x8b, 0xac, 0xf7, 0x5e, 0x14, 0x51, 0x87, 0x0c, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xb9, 0xe6, 0xc9, 0xd4, 0x1a, 0x7b, 0x02, 0xea, 0xd2, 0x68, 0x5a, 0x84, 0x18, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0xaf, 0xd3, 0x82, 0x5d, 0xaf, 0x6a, 0x98, 0x96, 0x25, 0xd7, 0x19, 0xcc, 0xd2, 0xd8, 0x3a, 0x40, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x4a, 0x45, 0x3f, 0xca, 0x62, 0x87, 0x8c, 0x89, 0x0e, 0xca, 0x62, 0x23, 0x63, 0xf9, 0xdd, 0xb8, 0xf3, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x1e, 0x84},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		res, err := SignatureFromBytes(test.input)
+		if test.err != nil {
+			if err == nil {
+				return errors.New("No error returned")
+			}
+			//assert.ErrorContains(t, test.err, err.Error(), "Unexpected error returned")
+		} else {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if bytes.Compare(res.Marshal(), test.input) != 0 {
+				return errors.New("bytes.Compare(res.Marshal(), test.input)!=0")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMultipleSignatureFromBytes2() error {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input [][]byte
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Nil",
+			err:  errors.New("0 signatures provided to the method"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Empty",
+			input: [][]byte{},
+			err:   errors.New("0 signatures provided to the method"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Short",
+			input: [][]byte{{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Long",
+			input: [][]byte{{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Bad",
+			input: [][]byte{{0x8f, 0xc0, 0xb4, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xac, 0x50, 0x86, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xaa, 0xf, 0xdc, 0x54, 0x23, 0x51, 0x6, 0xd8, 0x29, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x3, 0x5d, 0xb8, 0x31, 0x4d, 0x26, 0x3, 0x48, 0x18, 0xb9, 0x1f, 0x6b, 0xd7, 0x86, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0x69, 0xc7, 0xe7, 0xf5, 0xc0, 0x93, 0x19, 0x6e, 0xfd, 0x33, 0xb8, 0x1, 0xe1, 0x1f, 0x4e, 0xb4, 0xb1, 0xa0, 0x1, 0x30, 0x48, 0x8a, 0x6c, 0x97, 0x29, 0xd6, 0xcb, 0x1c, 0x45, 0xef, 0x87, 0xba, 0x4f, 0xce, 0x22, 0x84, 0x48, 0xad, 0x16, 0xf7, 0x5c, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x34, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xb8, 0xbf, 0xe5, 0x58, 0x2c, 0x44, 0x7b, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x22, 0x26, 0x3a, 0x22},
+				{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+			err: errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into signature"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Good",
+			input: [][]byte{
+				{0xab, 0xb0, 0x12, 0x4c, 0x75, 0x74, 0xf2, 0x81, 0xa2, 0x93, 0xf4, 0x18, 0x5c, 0xad, 0x3c, 0xb2, 0x26, 0x81, 0xd5, 0x20, 0x91, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x66, 0x65, 0x24, 0x3e, 0xac, 0xb0, 0x51, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x8b, 0xac, 0xf7, 0x5e, 0x14, 0x51, 0x87, 0x0c, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xb9, 0xe6, 0xc9, 0xd4, 0x1a, 0x7b, 0x02, 0xea, 0xd2, 0x68, 0x5a, 0x84, 0x18, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0xaf, 0xd3, 0x82, 0x5d, 0xaf, 0x6a, 0x98, 0x96, 0x25, 0xd7, 0x19, 0xcc, 0xd2, 0xd8, 0x3a, 0x40, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x4a, 0x45, 0x3f, 0xca, 0x62, 0x87, 0x8c, 0x89, 0x0e, 0xca, 0x62, 0x23, 0x63, 0xf9, 0xdd, 0xb8, 0xf3, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x1e, 0x84},
+				{0xb7, 0x86, 0xe5, 0x7, 0x43, 0xe2, 0x53, 0x6c, 0x15, 0x51, 0x9c, 0x6, 0x2a, 0xa7, 0xe5, 0x12, 0xf9, 0xb7, 0x77, 0x93, 0x3f, 0x55, 0xb3, 0xaf, 0x38, 0xf7, 0x39, 0xe4, 0x84, 0x6d, 0x88, 0x44, 0x52, 0x77, 0x65, 0x42, 0x95, 0xd9, 0x79, 0x93, 0x7e, 0xc8, 0x12, 0x60, 0xe3, 0x24, 0xea, 0x8, 0x10, 0x52, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0x7f, 0x5d, 0x25, 0x3a, 0xa8, 0x9b, 0xb7, 0x65, 0xa9, 0x31, 0xea, 0x7c, 0x85, 0x13, 0x53, 0xc0, 0xa3, 0x88, 0xd1, 0xa5, 0x54, 0x85, 0x2, 0x2d, 0xf8, 0xa1, 0xd7, 0xc1, 0x60, 0x58, 0x93, 0xec, 0x7c, 0xf9, 0x33, 0x43, 0x4, 0x48, 0x40, 0x97, 0xef, 0x67, 0x2a, 0x27},
+				{0xb2, 0x12, 0xd0, 0xec, 0x46, 0x76, 0x6b, 0x24, 0x71, 0x91, 0x2e, 0xa8, 0x53, 0x9a, 0x48, 0xa3, 0x78, 0x30, 0xc, 0xe8, 0xf0, 0x86, 0xa3, 0x68, 0xec, 0xe8, 0x96, 0x43, 0x34, 0xda, 0xf, 0xf4, 0x65, 0x48, 0xbb, 0xe0, 0x92, 0xa1, 0x8, 0x12, 0x18, 0x46, 0xe6, 0x4a, 0xd6, 0x92, 0x88, 0xe, 0x2, 0xf5, 0xf3, 0x2a, 0x96, 0xb1, 0x4, 0xf1, 0x11, 0xa9, 0x92, 0x79, 0x52, 0x0, 0x64, 0x34, 0xeb, 0x25, 0xe, 0xf4, 0x29, 0x6b, 0x39, 0x4e, 0x28, 0x78, 0xfe, 0x25, 0xa3, 0xc0, 0x88, 0x5a, 0x40, 0xfd, 0x71, 0x37, 0x63, 0x79, 0xcd, 0x6b, 0x56, 0xda, 0xee, 0x91, 0x26, 0x72, 0xfc, 0xbc},
+				{0x8f, 0xc0, 0xb4, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xac, 0x50, 0x86, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xaa, 0xf, 0xdc, 0x54, 0x23, 0x51, 0x6, 0xd8, 0x29, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x3, 0x5d, 0xb8, 0x31, 0x4d, 0x26, 0x3, 0x48, 0x18, 0xb9, 0x1f, 0x6b, 0xd7, 0x86, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0x69, 0xc7, 0xe7, 0xf5, 0xc0, 0x93, 0x19, 0x6e, 0xfd, 0x33, 0xb8, 0x1, 0xe1, 0x1f, 0x4e, 0xb4, 0xb1, 0xa0, 0x1, 0x30, 0x48, 0x8a, 0x6c, 0x97, 0x29, 0xd6, 0xcb, 0x1c, 0x45, 0xef, 0x87, 0xba, 0x4f, 0xce, 0x22, 0x84, 0x48, 0xad, 0x16, 0xf7, 0x5c, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x34, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xb8, 0xbf, 0xe5, 0x58, 0x2c, 0x44, 0x7b, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x22, 0x26, 0x3a, 0x22},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		res, err := MultipleSignaturesFromBytes(test.input)
+		if test.err != nil {
+			if err == nil {
+				return errors.New("No error returned")
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(test.err.Error(), err.Error()) {
+				return errors.New("Unexpected error returned")
+			}
+		} else {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			for i, s := range res {
+				if bytes.Compare(s.Marshal(), test.input[i]) != 0 {
+					return errors.New("329:bytes.Compare(s.Marshal(), test.input[i])!=0")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestCopy2() error {
+	priv, err := RandKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	signatureA := priv.Sign([]byte("foo"))
+	signatureB := signatureA.Copy()
+
+	if signatureA == signatureB {
+		return errors.New("signatureA equal to signatureB")
+	}
+
+	signatureC := priv.Sign([]byte("bar"))
+	if assert.ObjectsAreEqual(signatureC, signatureB) {
+		return errors.New("assert.ObjectsAreEqual(signatureC, signatureB){")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestSecretKeyFromBytes2() error {
+	b, _ := hex.DecodeString("5de474bbf3fee5dfda9047287f596c6e6c0271876305357e399fffba6a5f9a9f")
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []byte
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Nil",
+			err:  errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Empty",
+			input: []byte{},
+			err:   errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Short",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Long",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Bad",
+			input: []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff},
+			err:   common.ErrSecretUnmarshal,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Good",
+			input: []byte{0x25, 0x29, 0x5f, 0x0d, 0x1d, 0x59, 0x2a, 0x90, 0xb3, 0x33, 0xe2, 0x6e, 0x85, 0x14, 0x97, 0x08, 0x20, 0x8e, 0x9f, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0xc1, 0x8f, 0x6c, 0x77, 0xbd, 0x62, 0xf8, 0xad, 0x7a, 0x68, 0x66},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "myTest",
+			input: b,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		res, err := SecretKeyFromBytes(test.input)
+		if test.err != nil {
+			if err == nil {
+				return errors.New("No error returned")
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(test.err.Error(), err.Error()) {
+				return errors.New("Unexpected error returned")
+			}
+		} else {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if bytes.Compare(res.Marshal(), test.input) != 0 {
+				return errors.New("bytes.Compare(res.Marshal(), test.input)!=0")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/lbs_test.go b/common/crypto/bls/lbs_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3da3cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/lbs_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+//go:build ((linux && amd64) || (linux && arm64) || (darwin && amd64) || (darwin && arm64) || (windows && amd64)) && !blst_disabled
+
+package bls
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/blst"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/common"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSignVerify(t *testing.T) {
+	priv, err := RandKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pub := priv.PublicKey()
+	msg := []byte("hello")
+	sig := priv.Sign(msg)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, sig.Verify(pub, msg), "Signature did not verify")
+}
+
+func TestAggregateVerify(t *testing.T) {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	var msgs [][32]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', byte(i)}
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+		msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, aggSig.AggregateVerify(pubkeys, msgs), "Signature did not verify")
+}
+
+func TestAggregateVerify_CompressedSignatures(t *testing.T) {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	var sigBytes [][]byte
+	var msgs [][32]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', byte(i)}
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+		sigBytes = append(sigBytes, sig.Marshal())
+		msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, aggSig.AggregateVerify(pubkeys, msgs), "Signature did not verify")
+
+	aggSig2, err := AggregateCompressedSignatures(sigBytes)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, aggSig.Marshal(), aggSig2.Marshal(), "Signature did not match up")
+}
+
+func TestFastAggregateVerify(t *testing.T) {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, aggSig.FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg), "Signature did not verify")
+
+}
+
+func TestVerifyCompressed(t *testing.T) {
+	priv, err := RandKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pub := priv.PublicKey()
+	msg := []byte("hello")
+	sig := priv.Sign(msg)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, sig.Verify(pub, msg), "Non compressed signature did not verify")
+	assert.Equal(t, true, blst.VerifyCompressed(sig.Marshal(), pub.Marshal(), msg), "Compressed signatures and pubkeys did not verify")
+}
+
+func TestMultipleSignatureVerification(t *testing.T) {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([][]byte, 0, 100)
+	var msgs [][32]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', byte(i)}
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:]).Marshal()
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+		msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+	}
+	verify, err := VerifyMultipleSignatures(sigs, msgs, pubkeys)
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "Signature did not verify")
+	assert.Equal(t, true, verify, "Signature did not verify")
+}
+
+func TestFastAggregateVerify_ReturnsFalseOnEmptyPubKeyList(t *testing.T) {
+	var pubkeys []common.PublicKey
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+
+	aggSig := NewAggregateSignature()
+	assert.Equal(t, false, aggSig.FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg), "Expected FastAggregateVerify to return false with empty input ")
+}
+
+func TestEth2FastAggregateVerify(t *testing.T) {
+	pubkeys := make([]common.PublicKey, 0, 100)
+	sigs := make([]common.Signature, 0, 100)
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		priv, err := RandKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		pub := priv.PublicKey()
+		sig := priv.Sign(msg[:])
+		pubkeys = append(pubkeys, pub)
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+	}
+	aggSig := AggregateSignatures(sigs)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, aggSig.Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg), "Signature did not verify")
+
+}
+
+func TestEth2FastAggregateVerify_ReturnsFalseOnEmptyPubKeyList(t *testing.T) {
+	var pubkeys []common.PublicKey
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+
+	aggSig := NewAggregateSignature()
+	assert.Equal(t, false, aggSig.Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg), "Expected Eth2FastAggregateVerify to return false with empty input ")
+}
+
+func TestEth2FastAggregateVerify_ReturnsTrueOnG2PointAtInfinity(t *testing.T) {
+	var pubkeys []common.PublicKey
+	msg := [32]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}
+
+	g2PointAtInfinity := append([]byte{0xC0}, make([]byte, 95)...)
+	aggSig, err := SignatureFromBytes(g2PointAtInfinity)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, true, aggSig.Eth2FastAggregateVerify(pubkeys, msg))
+}
+
+func TestSignatureFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []byte
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Nil",
+			err:  errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Empty",
+			input: []byte{},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Short",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Long",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Bad",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into signature"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Good",
+			input: []byte{0xab, 0xb0, 0x12, 0x4c, 0x75, 0x74, 0xf2, 0x81, 0xa2, 0x93, 0xf4, 0x18, 0x5c, 0xad, 0x3c, 0xb2, 0x26, 0x81, 0xd5, 0x20, 0x91, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x66, 0x65, 0x24, 0x3e, 0xac, 0xb0, 0x51, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x8b, 0xac, 0xf7, 0x5e, 0x14, 0x51, 0x87, 0x0c, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xb9, 0xe6, 0xc9, 0xd4, 0x1a, 0x7b, 0x02, 0xea, 0xd2, 0x68, 0x5a, 0x84, 0x18, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0xaf, 0xd3, 0x82, 0x5d, 0xaf, 0x6a, 0x98, 0x96, 0x25, 0xd7, 0x19, 0xcc, 0xd2, 0xd8, 0x3a, 0x40, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x4a, 0x45, 0x3f, 0xca, 0x62, 0x87, 0x8c, 0x89, 0x0e, 0xca, 0x62, 0x23, 0x63, 0xf9, 0xdd, 0xb8, 0xf3, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x1e, 0x84},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			res, err := SignatureFromBytes(test.input)
+			if test.err != nil {
+				assert.NotEqual(t, nil, err, "No error returned")
+				assert.ErrorContains(t, test.err, err.Error(), "Unexpected error returned")
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, 0, bytes.Compare(res.Marshal(), test.input))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMultipleSignatureFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input [][]byte
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Nil",
+			err:  errors.New("0 signatures provided to the method"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Empty",
+			input: [][]byte{},
+			err:   errors.New("0 signatures provided to the method"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Short",
+			input: [][]byte{{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Long",
+			input: [][]byte{{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+			err:   errors.New("signature must be 96 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Bad",
+			input: [][]byte{{0x8f, 0xc0, 0xb4, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xac, 0x50, 0x86, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xaa, 0xf, 0xdc, 0x54, 0x23, 0x51, 0x6, 0xd8, 0x29, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x3, 0x5d, 0xb8, 0x31, 0x4d, 0x26, 0x3, 0x48, 0x18, 0xb9, 0x1f, 0x6b, 0xd7, 0x86, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0x69, 0xc7, 0xe7, 0xf5, 0xc0, 0x93, 0x19, 0x6e, 0xfd, 0x33, 0xb8, 0x1, 0xe1, 0x1f, 0x4e, 0xb4, 0xb1, 0xa0, 0x1, 0x30, 0x48, 0x8a, 0x6c, 0x97, 0x29, 0xd6, 0xcb, 0x1c, 0x45, 0xef, 0x87, 0xba, 0x4f, 0xce, 0x22, 0x84, 0x48, 0xad, 0x16, 0xf7, 0x5c, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x34, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xb8, 0xbf, 0xe5, 0x58, 0x2c, 0x44, 0x7b, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x22, 0x26, 0x3a, 0x22},
+				{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+			err: errors.New("could not unmarshal bytes into signature"),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Good",
+			input: [][]byte{
+				{0xab, 0xb0, 0x12, 0x4c, 0x75, 0x74, 0xf2, 0x81, 0xa2, 0x93, 0xf4, 0x18, 0x5c, 0xad, 0x3c, 0xb2, 0x26, 0x81, 0xd5, 0x20, 0x91, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x66, 0x65, 0x24, 0x3e, 0xac, 0xb0, 0x51, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x8b, 0xac, 0xf7, 0x5e, 0x14, 0x51, 0x87, 0x0c, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xb9, 0xe6, 0xc9, 0xd4, 0x1a, 0x7b, 0x02, 0xea, 0xd2, 0x68, 0x5a, 0x84, 0x18, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0xaf, 0xd3, 0x82, 0x5d, 0xaf, 0x6a, 0x98, 0x96, 0x25, 0xd7, 0x19, 0xcc, 0xd2, 0xd8, 0x3a, 0x40, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x4a, 0x45, 0x3f, 0xca, 0x62, 0x87, 0x8c, 0x89, 0x0e, 0xca, 0x62, 0x23, 0x63, 0xf9, 0xdd, 0xb8, 0xf3, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x1e, 0x84},
+				{0xb7, 0x86, 0xe5, 0x7, 0x43, 0xe2, 0x53, 0x6c, 0x15, 0x51, 0x9c, 0x6, 0x2a, 0xa7, 0xe5, 0x12, 0xf9, 0xb7, 0x77, 0x93, 0x3f, 0x55, 0xb3, 0xaf, 0x38, 0xf7, 0x39, 0xe4, 0x84, 0x6d, 0x88, 0x44, 0x52, 0x77, 0x65, 0x42, 0x95, 0xd9, 0x79, 0x93, 0x7e, 0xc8, 0x12, 0x60, 0xe3, 0x24, 0xea, 0x8, 0x10, 0x52, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0x7f, 0x5d, 0x25, 0x3a, 0xa8, 0x9b, 0xb7, 0x65, 0xa9, 0x31, 0xea, 0x7c, 0x85, 0x13, 0x53, 0xc0, 0xa3, 0x88, 0xd1, 0xa5, 0x54, 0x85, 0x2, 0x2d, 0xf8, 0xa1, 0xd7, 0xc1, 0x60, 0x58, 0x93, 0xec, 0x7c, 0xf9, 0x33, 0x43, 0x4, 0x48, 0x40, 0x97, 0xef, 0x67, 0x2a, 0x27},
+				{0xb2, 0x12, 0xd0, 0xec, 0x46, 0x76, 0x6b, 0x24, 0x71, 0x91, 0x2e, 0xa8, 0x53, 0x9a, 0x48, 0xa3, 0x78, 0x30, 0xc, 0xe8, 0xf0, 0x86, 0xa3, 0x68, 0xec, 0xe8, 0x96, 0x43, 0x34, 0xda, 0xf, 0xf4, 0x65, 0x48, 0xbb, 0xe0, 0x92, 0xa1, 0x8, 0x12, 0x18, 0x46, 0xe6, 0x4a, 0xd6, 0x92, 0x88, 0xe, 0x2, 0xf5, 0xf3, 0x2a, 0x96, 0xb1, 0x4, 0xf1, 0x11, 0xa9, 0x92, 0x79, 0x52, 0x0, 0x64, 0x34, 0xeb, 0x25, 0xe, 0xf4, 0x29, 0x6b, 0x39, 0x4e, 0x28, 0x78, 0xfe, 0x25, 0xa3, 0xc0, 0x88, 0x5a, 0x40, 0xfd, 0x71, 0x37, 0x63, 0x79, 0xcd, 0x6b, 0x56, 0xda, 0xee, 0x91, 0x26, 0x72, 0xfc, 0xbc},
+				{0x8f, 0xc0, 0xb4, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xac, 0x50, 0x86, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xaa, 0xf, 0xdc, 0x54, 0x23, 0x51, 0x6, 0xd8, 0x29, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x3, 0x5d, 0xb8, 0x31, 0x4d, 0x26, 0x3, 0x48, 0x18, 0xb9, 0x1f, 0x6b, 0xd7, 0x86, 0xb4, 0xa2, 0x69, 0xc7, 0xe7, 0xf5, 0xc0, 0x93, 0x19, 0x6e, 0xfd, 0x33, 0xb8, 0x1, 0xe1, 0x1f, 0x4e, 0xb4, 0xb1, 0xa0, 0x1, 0x30, 0x48, 0x8a, 0x6c, 0x97, 0x29, 0xd6, 0xcb, 0x1c, 0x45, 0xef, 0x87, 0xba, 0x4f, 0xce, 0x22, 0x84, 0x48, 0xad, 0x16, 0xf7, 0x5c, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x34, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xb8, 0xbf, 0xe5, 0x58, 0x2c, 0x44, 0x7b, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x22, 0x26, 0x3a, 0x22},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			res, err := MultipleSignaturesFromBytes(test.input)
+			if test.err != nil {
+				assert.NotEqual(t, nil, err, "No error returned")
+				assert.ErrorContains(t, test.err, err.Error(), "Unexpected error returned")
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				for i, s := range res {
+					assert.Equal(t, 0, bytes.Compare(s.Marshal(), test.input[i]))
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	priv, err := RandKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	signatureA := priv.Sign([]byte("foo"))
+	signatureB := signatureA.Copy()
+
+	if signatureA == signatureB {
+		t.Fatal("signatureA equal to signatureB")
+	}
+
+	signatureC := priv.Sign([]byte("bar"))
+	assert.NotEqual(t, signatureC, signatureB)
+}
+
+func TestSecretKeyFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	b, _ := hex.DecodeString("5de474bbf3fee5dfda9047287f596c6e6c0271876305357e399fffba6a5f9a9f")
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []byte
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Nil",
+			err:  errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Empty",
+			input: []byte{},
+			err:   errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Short",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Long",
+			input: []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+			err:   errors.New("secret key must be 32 bytes"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Bad",
+			input: []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff},
+			err:   common.ErrSecretUnmarshal,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "Good",
+			input: []byte{0x25, 0x29, 0x5f, 0x0d, 0x1d, 0x59, 0x2a, 0x90, 0xb3, 0x33, 0xe2, 0x6e, 0x85, 0x14, 0x97, 0x08, 0x20, 0x8e, 0x9f, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0xc1, 0x8f, 0x6c, 0x77, 0xbd, 0x62, 0xf8, 0xad, 0x7a, 0x68, 0x66},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "myTest",
+			input: b,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			res, err := SecretKeyFromBytes(test.input)
+			if test.err != nil {
+				assert.NotEqual(t, nil, err, "No error returned")
+				assert.ErrorContains(t, test.err, err.Error(), "Unexpected error returned")
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, 0, bytes.Compare(res.Marshal(), test.input))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls/signature_batch.go b/common/crypto/bls/signature_batch.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be4d046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls/signature_batch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package bls
+
+import "github.com/pkg/errors"
+
+// SignatureBatch refers to the defined set of
+// signatures and its respective public keys and
+// messages required to verify it.
+type SignatureBatch struct {
+	Signatures [][]byte
+	PublicKeys []PublicKey
+	Messages   [][32]byte
+}
+
+// NewSet constructs an empty signature batch object.
+func NewSet() *SignatureBatch {
+	return &SignatureBatch{
+		Signatures: [][]byte{},
+		PublicKeys: []PublicKey{},
+		Messages:   [][32]byte{},
+	}
+}
+
+// Join merges the provided signature batch to out current one.
+func (s *SignatureBatch) Join(set *SignatureBatch) *SignatureBatch {
+	s.Signatures = append(s.Signatures, set.Signatures...)
+	s.PublicKeys = append(s.PublicKeys, set.PublicKeys...)
+	s.Messages = append(s.Messages, set.Messages...)
+	return s
+}
+
+// Verify the current signature batch using the batch verify algorithm.
+func (s *SignatureBatch) Verify() (bool, error) {
+	return VerifyMultipleSignatures(s.Signatures, s.Messages, s.PublicKeys)
+}
+
+// Copy the attached signature batch and return it
+// to the caller.
+func (s *SignatureBatch) Copy() *SignatureBatch {
+	signatures := make([][]byte, len(s.Signatures))
+	pubkeys := make([]PublicKey, len(s.PublicKeys))
+	messages := make([][32]byte, len(s.Messages))
+	for i := range s.Signatures {
+		sig := make([]byte, len(s.Signatures[i]))
+		copy(sig, s.Signatures[i])
+		signatures[i] = sig
+	}
+	for i := range s.PublicKeys {
+		pubkeys[i] = s.PublicKeys[i].Copy()
+	}
+	for i := range s.Messages {
+		copy(messages[i][:], s.Messages[i][:])
+	}
+	return &SignatureBatch{
+		Signatures: signatures,
+		PublicKeys: pubkeys,
+		Messages:   messages,
+	}
+}
+
+// RemoveDuplicates removes duplicate signature sets from the signature batch.
+func (s *SignatureBatch) RemoveDuplicates() (int, *SignatureBatch, error) {
+	if len(s.Signatures) == 0 || len(s.PublicKeys) == 0 || len(s.Messages) == 0 {
+		return 0, s, nil
+	}
+	if len(s.Signatures) != len(s.PublicKeys) || len(s.Signatures) != len(s.Messages) {
+		return 0, s, errors.Errorf("mismatch number of signatures, publickeys and messages in signature batch. "+
+			"Signatures %d, Public Keys %d , Messages %d", s.Signatures, s.PublicKeys, s.Messages)
+	}
+	sigMap := make(map[string]int)
+	duplicateSet := make(map[int]bool)
+	for i := 0; i < len(s.Signatures); i++ {
+		if sigIdx, ok := sigMap[string(s.Signatures[i])]; ok {
+			if s.PublicKeys[sigIdx].Equals(s.PublicKeys[i]) &&
+				s.Messages[sigIdx] == s.Messages[i] {
+				duplicateSet[i] = true
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		sigMap[string(s.Signatures[i])] = i
+	}
+
+	sigs := s.Signatures[:0]
+	pubs := s.PublicKeys[:0]
+	msgs := s.Messages[:0]
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(s.Signatures); i++ {
+		if duplicateSet[i] {
+			continue
+		}
+		sigs = append(sigs, s.Signatures[i])
+		pubs = append(pubs, s.PublicKeys[i])
+		msgs = append(msgs, s.Messages[i])
+	}
+
+	s.Signatures = sigs
+	s.PublicKeys = pubs
+	s.Messages = msgs
+
+	return len(duplicateSet), s, nil
+}
+
+// AggregateBatch aggregates common messages in the provided batch to
+// reduce the number of pairings required when we finally verify the
+// whole batch.
+func (s *SignatureBatch) AggregateBatch() (*SignatureBatch, error) {
+	if len(s.Signatures) == 0 || len(s.PublicKeys) == 0 || len(s.Messages) == 0 {
+		return s, nil
+	}
+	if len(s.Signatures) != len(s.PublicKeys) || len(s.Signatures) != len(s.Messages) {
+		return s, errors.Errorf("mismatch number of signatures, publickeys and messages in signature batch. "+
+			"Signatures %d, Public Keys %d , Messages %d", s.Signatures, s.PublicKeys, s.Messages)
+	}
+	msgMap := make(map[[32]byte]*SignatureBatch)
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(s.Messages); i++ {
+		currMsg := s.Messages[i]
+		currBatch, ok := msgMap[currMsg]
+		if ok {
+			currBatch.Signatures = append(currBatch.Signatures, s.Signatures[i])
+			currBatch.Messages = append(currBatch.Messages, s.Messages[i])
+			currBatch.PublicKeys = append(currBatch.PublicKeys, s.PublicKeys[i])
+			continue
+		}
+		currBatch = &SignatureBatch{
+			Signatures: [][]byte{s.Signatures[i]},
+			Messages:   [][32]byte{s.Messages[i]},
+			PublicKeys: []PublicKey{s.PublicKeys[i]},
+		}
+		msgMap[currMsg] = currBatch
+	}
+	newSt := NewSet()
+	for rt, b := range msgMap {
+		if len(b.PublicKeys) > 1 {
+			aggPub := AggregateMultiplePubkeys(b.PublicKeys)
+			aggSig, err := AggregateCompressedSignatures(b.Signatures)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			copiedRt := rt
+			b.PublicKeys = []PublicKey{aggPub}
+			b.Signatures = [][]byte{aggSig.Marshal()}
+			b.Messages = [][32]byte{copiedRt}
+		}
+		newObj := *b
+		newSt = newSt.Join(&newObj)
+	}
+	return newSt, nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_decl.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_decl.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09e2ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_decl.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build (amd64 && blsasm) || (amd64 && blsadx)
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"golang.org/x/sys/cpu"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	if !enableADX || !cpu.X86.HasADX || !cpu.X86.HasBMI2 {
+		mul = mulNoADX
+	}
+}
+
+// Use ADX backend for default
+var mul func(c, a, b *fe) = mulADX
+
+func square(c, a *fe) {
+	mul(c, a, a)
+}
+
+func neg(c, a *fe) {
+	if a.isZero() {
+		c.set(a)
+	} else {
+		_neg(c, a)
+	}
+}
+
+//go:noescape
+func add(c, a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func addAssign(a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func ladd(c, a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func laddAssign(a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func double(c, a *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func doubleAssign(a *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func ldouble(c, a *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func sub(c, a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func subAssign(a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func lsubAssign(a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func _neg(c, a *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func mulNoADX(c, a, b *fe)
+
+//go:noescape
+func mulADX(c, a, b *fe)
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_fallback.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_fallback.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7774be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_fallback.go
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+// Native go field arithmetic code is generated with 'goff'
+// https://github.com/ConsenSys/goff
+// Many function signature of field operations are renamed.
+
+// Copyright 2020 ConsenSys AG
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// field modulus q =
+//
+// 4002409555221667393417789825735904156556882819939007885332058136124031650490837864442687629129015664037894272559787
+// Code generated by goff DO NOT EDIT
+// goff version: v0.1.0 - build: 790f1f56eac432441e043abff8819eacddd1d668
+// fe are assumed to be in Montgomery form in all methods
+
+// /!\ WARNING /!\
+// this code has not been audited and is provided as-is. In particular,
+// there is no security guarantees such as constant time implementation
+// or side-channel attack resistance
+// /!\ WARNING /!\
+
+// Package bls (generated by goff) contains field arithmetics operations
+
+//go:build !amd64 || (!blsasm && !blsadx)
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"math/bits"
+)
+
+func add(z, x, y *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	z[0], carry = bits.Add64(x[0], y[0], 0)
+	z[1], carry = bits.Add64(x[1], y[1], carry)
+	z[2], carry = bits.Add64(x[2], y[2], carry)
+	z[3], carry = bits.Add64(x[3], y[3], carry)
+	z[4], carry = bits.Add64(x[4], y[4], carry)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Add64(x[5], y[5], carry)
+
+	// if z > q --> z -= q
+	// note: this is NOT constant time
+	if !(z[5] < 1873798617647539866 || (z[5] == 1873798617647539866 && (z[4] < 5412103778470702295 || (z[4] == 5412103778470702295 && (z[3] < 7239337960414712511 || (z[3] == 7239337960414712511 && (z[2] < 7435674573564081700 || (z[2] == 7435674573564081700 && (z[1] < 2210141511517208575 || (z[1] == 2210141511517208575 && (z[0] < 13402431016077863595))))))))))) {
+		var b uint64
+		z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, b)
+		z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, b)
+		z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, b)
+		z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, b)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func addAssign(x, y *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	x[0], carry = bits.Add64(x[0], y[0], 0)
+	x[1], carry = bits.Add64(x[1], y[1], carry)
+	x[2], carry = bits.Add64(x[2], y[2], carry)
+	x[3], carry = bits.Add64(x[3], y[3], carry)
+	x[4], carry = bits.Add64(x[4], y[4], carry)
+	x[5], _ = bits.Add64(x[5], y[5], carry)
+
+	// if z > q --> z -= q
+	// note: this is NOT constant time
+	if !(x[5] < 1873798617647539866 || (x[5] == 1873798617647539866 && (x[4] < 5412103778470702295 || (x[4] == 5412103778470702295 && (x[3] < 7239337960414712511 || (x[3] == 7239337960414712511 && (x[2] < 7435674573564081700 || (x[2] == 7435674573564081700 && (x[1] < 2210141511517208575 || (x[1] == 2210141511517208575 && (x[0] < 13402431016077863595))))))))))) {
+		var b uint64
+		x[0], b = bits.Sub64(x[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		x[1], b = bits.Sub64(x[1], 2210141511517208575, b)
+		x[2], b = bits.Sub64(x[2], 7435674573564081700, b)
+		x[3], b = bits.Sub64(x[3], 7239337960414712511, b)
+		x[4], b = bits.Sub64(x[4], 5412103778470702295, b)
+		x[5], _ = bits.Sub64(x[5], 1873798617647539866, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func ladd(z, x, y *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+	z[0], carry = bits.Add64(x[0], y[0], 0)
+	z[1], carry = bits.Add64(x[1], y[1], carry)
+	z[2], carry = bits.Add64(x[2], y[2], carry)
+	z[3], carry = bits.Add64(x[3], y[3], carry)
+	z[4], carry = bits.Add64(x[4], y[4], carry)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Add64(x[5], y[5], carry)
+}
+
+func laddAssign(x, y *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+	x[0], carry = bits.Add64(x[0], y[0], 0)
+	x[1], carry = bits.Add64(x[1], y[1], carry)
+	x[2], carry = bits.Add64(x[2], y[2], carry)
+	x[3], carry = bits.Add64(x[3], y[3], carry)
+	x[4], carry = bits.Add64(x[4], y[4], carry)
+	x[5], _ = bits.Add64(x[5], y[5], carry)
+}
+
+func double(z, x *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	z[0], carry = bits.Add64(x[0], x[0], 0)
+	z[1], carry = bits.Add64(x[1], x[1], carry)
+	z[2], carry = bits.Add64(x[2], x[2], carry)
+	z[3], carry = bits.Add64(x[3], x[3], carry)
+	z[4], carry = bits.Add64(x[4], x[4], carry)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Add64(x[5], x[5], carry)
+
+	// if z > q --> z -= q
+	// note: this is NOT constant time
+	if !(z[5] < 1873798617647539866 || (z[5] == 1873798617647539866 && (z[4] < 5412103778470702295 || (z[4] == 5412103778470702295 && (z[3] < 7239337960414712511 || (z[3] == 7239337960414712511 && (z[2] < 7435674573564081700 || (z[2] == 7435674573564081700 && (z[1] < 2210141511517208575 || (z[1] == 2210141511517208575 && (z[0] < 13402431016077863595))))))))))) {
+		var b uint64
+		z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, b)
+		z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, b)
+		z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, b)
+		z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, b)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func doubleAssign(z *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	z[0], carry = bits.Add64(z[0], z[0], 0)
+	z[1], carry = bits.Add64(z[1], z[1], carry)
+	z[2], carry = bits.Add64(z[2], z[2], carry)
+	z[3], carry = bits.Add64(z[3], z[3], carry)
+	z[4], carry = bits.Add64(z[4], z[4], carry)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Add64(z[5], z[5], carry)
+
+	// if z > q --> z -= q
+	// note: this is NOT constant time
+	if !(z[5] < 1873798617647539866 || (z[5] == 1873798617647539866 && (z[4] < 5412103778470702295 || (z[4] == 5412103778470702295 && (z[3] < 7239337960414712511 || (z[3] == 7239337960414712511 && (z[2] < 7435674573564081700 || (z[2] == 7435674573564081700 && (z[1] < 2210141511517208575 || (z[1] == 2210141511517208575 && (z[0] < 13402431016077863595))))))))))) {
+		var b uint64
+		z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, b)
+		z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, b)
+		z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, b)
+		z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, b)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func ldouble(z, x *fe) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	z[0], carry = bits.Add64(x[0], x[0], 0)
+	z[1], carry = bits.Add64(x[1], x[1], carry)
+	z[2], carry = bits.Add64(x[2], x[2], carry)
+	z[3], carry = bits.Add64(x[3], x[3], carry)
+	z[4], carry = bits.Add64(x[4], x[4], carry)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Add64(x[5], x[5], carry)
+}
+
+func sub(z, x, y *fe) {
+	var b uint64
+	z[0], b = bits.Sub64(x[0], y[0], 0)
+	z[1], b = bits.Sub64(x[1], y[1], b)
+	z[2], b = bits.Sub64(x[2], y[2], b)
+	z[3], b = bits.Sub64(x[3], y[3], b)
+	z[4], b = bits.Sub64(x[4], y[4], b)
+	z[5], b = bits.Sub64(x[5], y[5], b)
+	if b != 0 {
+		var c uint64
+		z[0], c = bits.Add64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], c = bits.Add64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, c)
+		z[2], c = bits.Add64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, c)
+		z[3], c = bits.Add64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, c)
+		z[4], c = bits.Add64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, c)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Add64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, c)
+	}
+}
+
+func subAssign(z, x *fe) {
+	var b uint64
+	z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], x[0], 0)
+	z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], x[1], b)
+	z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], x[2], b)
+	z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], x[3], b)
+	z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], x[4], b)
+	z[5], b = bits.Sub64(z[5], x[5], b)
+	if b != 0 {
+		var c uint64
+		z[0], c = bits.Add64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], c = bits.Add64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, c)
+		z[2], c = bits.Add64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, c)
+		z[3], c = bits.Add64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, c)
+		z[4], c = bits.Add64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, c)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Add64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, c)
+	}
+}
+
+func lsubAssign(z, x *fe) {
+	var b uint64
+	z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], x[0], 0)
+	z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], x[1], b)
+	z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], x[2], b)
+	z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], x[3], b)
+	z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], x[4], b)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(z[5], x[5], b)
+}
+
+func neg(z *fe, x *fe) {
+	if x.isZero() {
+		z.zero()
+		return
+	}
+	var borrow uint64
+	z[0], borrow = bits.Sub64(13402431016077863595, x[0], 0)
+	z[1], borrow = bits.Sub64(2210141511517208575, x[1], borrow)
+	z[2], borrow = bits.Sub64(7435674573564081700, x[2], borrow)
+	z[3], borrow = bits.Sub64(7239337960414712511, x[3], borrow)
+	z[4], borrow = bits.Sub64(5412103778470702295, x[4], borrow)
+	z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(1873798617647539866, x[5], borrow)
+}
+
+func mul(z, x, y *fe) {
+	var t [6]uint64
+	var c [3]uint64
+	{
+		// round 0
+		v := x[0]
+		c[1], c[0] = bits.Mul64(v, y[0])
+		m := c[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		c[2] = madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[1], c[1])
+		c[2], t[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[2], c[1])
+		c[2], t[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[3], c[1])
+		c[2], t[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[4], c[1])
+		c[2], t[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[5], c[1])
+		t[5], t[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, c[0], c[2], c[1])
+	}
+	{
+		// round 1
+		v := x[1]
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[0], t[0])
+		m := c[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		c[2] = madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[1], c[1], t[1])
+		c[2], t[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[2], c[1], t[2])
+		c[2], t[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[3], c[1], t[3])
+		c[2], t[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[4], c[1], t[4])
+		c[2], t[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[5], c[1], t[5])
+		t[5], t[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, c[0], c[2], c[1])
+	}
+	{
+		// round 2
+		v := x[2]
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[0], t[0])
+		m := c[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		c[2] = madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[1], c[1], t[1])
+		c[2], t[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[2], c[1], t[2])
+		c[2], t[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[3], c[1], t[3])
+		c[2], t[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[4], c[1], t[4])
+		c[2], t[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[5], c[1], t[5])
+		t[5], t[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, c[0], c[2], c[1])
+	}
+	{
+		// round 3
+		v := x[3]
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[0], t[0])
+		m := c[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		c[2] = madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[1], c[1], t[1])
+		c[2], t[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[2], c[1], t[2])
+		c[2], t[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[3], c[1], t[3])
+		c[2], t[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[4], c[1], t[4])
+		c[2], t[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[5], c[1], t[5])
+		t[5], t[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, c[0], c[2], c[1])
+	}
+	{
+		// round 4
+		v := x[4]
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[0], t[0])
+		m := c[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		c[2] = madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[1], c[1], t[1])
+		c[2], t[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[2], c[1], t[2])
+		c[2], t[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[3], c[1], t[3])
+		c[2], t[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[4], c[1], t[4])
+		c[2], t[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[5], c[1], t[5])
+		t[5], t[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, c[0], c[2], c[1])
+	}
+	{
+		// round 5
+		v := x[5]
+		c[1], c[0] = madd1(v, y[0], t[0])
+		m := c[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		c[2] = madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[1], c[1], t[1])
+		c[2], z[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[2], c[1], t[2])
+		c[2], z[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[3], c[1], t[3])
+		c[2], z[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[4], c[1], t[4])
+		c[2], z[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, c[2], c[0])
+		c[1], c[0] = madd2(v, y[5], c[1], t[5])
+		z[5], z[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, c[0], c[2], c[1])
+	}
+
+	// if z > q --> z -= q
+	// note: this is NOT constant time
+	if !(z[5] < 1873798617647539866 || (z[5] == 1873798617647539866 && (z[4] < 5412103778470702295 || (z[4] == 5412103778470702295 && (z[3] < 7239337960414712511 || (z[3] == 7239337960414712511 && (z[2] < 7435674573564081700 || (z[2] == 7435674573564081700 && (z[1] < 2210141511517208575 || (z[1] == 2210141511517208575 && (z[0] < 13402431016077863595))))))))))) {
+		var b uint64
+		z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, b)
+		z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, b)
+		z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, b)
+		z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, b)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func square(z, x *fe) {
+
+	var p [6]uint64
+
+	var u, v uint64
+	{
+		// round 0
+		u, p[0] = bits.Mul64(x[0], x[0])
+		m := p[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		C := madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, p[0])
+		var t uint64
+		t, u, v = madd1sb(x[0], x[1], u)
+		C, p[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, v, C)
+		t, u, v = madd1s(x[0], x[2], t, u)
+		C, p[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, v, C)
+		t, u, v = madd1s(x[0], x[3], t, u)
+		C, p[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, v, C)
+		t, u, v = madd1s(x[0], x[4], t, u)
+		C, p[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, v, C)
+		_, u, v = madd1s(x[0], x[5], t, u)
+		p[5], p[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, v, C, u)
+	}
+	{
+		// round 1
+		m := p[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		C := madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, p[0])
+		u, v = madd1(x[1], x[1], p[1])
+		C, p[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, v, C)
+		var t uint64
+		t, u, v = madd2sb(x[1], x[2], p[2], u)
+		C, p[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, v, C)
+		t, u, v = madd2s(x[1], x[3], p[3], t, u)
+		C, p[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, v, C)
+		t, u, v = madd2s(x[1], x[4], p[4], t, u)
+		C, p[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, v, C)
+		_, u, v = madd2s(x[1], x[5], p[5], t, u)
+		p[5], p[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, v, C, u)
+	}
+	{
+		// round 2
+		m := p[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		C := madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, p[0])
+		C, p[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, p[1], C)
+		u, v = madd1(x[2], x[2], p[2])
+		C, p[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, v, C)
+		var t uint64
+		t, u, v = madd2sb(x[2], x[3], p[3], u)
+		C, p[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, v, C)
+		t, u, v = madd2s(x[2], x[4], p[4], t, u)
+		C, p[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, v, C)
+		_, u, v = madd2s(x[2], x[5], p[5], t, u)
+		p[5], p[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, v, C, u)
+	}
+	{
+		// round 3
+		m := p[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		C := madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, p[0])
+		C, p[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, p[1], C)
+		C, p[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, p[2], C)
+		u, v = madd1(x[3], x[3], p[3])
+		C, p[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, v, C)
+		var t uint64
+		t, u, v = madd2sb(x[3], x[4], p[4], u)
+		C, p[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, v, C)
+		_, u, v = madd2s(x[3], x[5], p[5], t, u)
+		p[5], p[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, v, C, u)
+	}
+	{
+		// round 4
+		m := p[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		C := madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, p[0])
+		C, p[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, p[1], C)
+		C, p[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, p[2], C)
+		C, p[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, p[3], C)
+		u, v = madd1(x[4], x[4], p[4])
+		C, p[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, v, C)
+		_, u, v = madd2sb(x[4], x[5], p[5], u)
+		p[5], p[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, v, C, u)
+	}
+	{
+		// round 5
+		m := p[0] * 9940570264628428797
+		C := madd0(m, 13402431016077863595, p[0])
+		C, z[0] = madd2(m, 2210141511517208575, p[1], C)
+		C, z[1] = madd2(m, 7435674573564081700, p[2], C)
+		C, z[2] = madd2(m, 7239337960414712511, p[3], C)
+		C, z[3] = madd2(m, 5412103778470702295, p[4], C)
+		u, v = madd1(x[5], x[5], p[5])
+		z[5], z[4] = madd3(m, 1873798617647539866, v, C, u)
+	}
+
+	// if z > q --> z -= q
+	// note: this is NOT constant time
+	if !(z[5] < 1873798617647539866 || (z[5] == 1873798617647539866 && (z[4] < 5412103778470702295 || (z[4] == 5412103778470702295 && (z[3] < 7239337960414712511 || (z[3] == 7239337960414712511 && (z[2] < 7435674573564081700 || (z[2] == 7435674573564081700 && (z[1] < 2210141511517208575 || (z[1] == 2210141511517208575 && (z[0] < 13402431016077863595))))))))))) {
+		var b uint64
+		z[0], b = bits.Sub64(z[0], 13402431016077863595, 0)
+		z[1], b = bits.Sub64(z[1], 2210141511517208575, b)
+		z[2], b = bits.Sub64(z[2], 7435674573564081700, b)
+		z[3], b = bits.Sub64(z[3], 7239337960414712511, b)
+		z[4], b = bits.Sub64(z[4], 5412103778470702295, b)
+		z[5], _ = bits.Sub64(z[5], 1873798617647539866, b)
+	}
+}
+
+// arith.go
+// Copyright 2020 ConsenSys AG
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Code generated by goff DO NOT EDIT
+
+func madd(a, b, t, u, v uint64) (uint64, uint64, uint64) {
+	var carry uint64
+	hi, lo := bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	v, carry = bits.Add64(lo, v, 0)
+	u, carry = bits.Add64(hi, u, carry)
+	t, _ = bits.Add64(t, 0, carry)
+	return t, u, v
+}
+
+// madd0 hi = a*b + c (discards lo bits)
+func madd0(a, b, c uint64) (hi uint64) {
+	var carry, lo uint64
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	_, carry = bits.Add64(lo, c, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	return
+}
+
+// madd1 hi, lo = a*b + c
+func madd1(a, b, c uint64) (hi uint64, lo uint64) {
+	var carry uint64
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, c, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	return
+}
+
+// madd2 hi, lo = a*b + c + d
+func madd2(a, b, c, d uint64) (hi uint64, lo uint64) {
+	var carry uint64
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	c, carry = bits.Add64(c, d, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, c, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	return
+}
+
+// madd2s superhi, hi, lo = 2*a*b + c + d + e
+func madd2s(a, b, c, d, e uint64) (superhi, hi, lo uint64) {
+	var carry, sum uint64
+
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, lo, 0)
+	hi, superhi = bits.Add64(hi, hi, carry)
+
+	sum, carry = bits.Add64(c, e, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, sum, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, d)
+	return
+}
+
+func madd1s(a, b, d, e uint64) (superhi, hi, lo uint64) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, lo, 0)
+	hi, superhi = bits.Add64(hi, hi, carry)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, e, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, d)
+	return
+}
+
+func madd2sb(a, b, c, e uint64) (superhi, hi, lo uint64) {
+	var carry, sum uint64
+
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, lo, 0)
+	hi, superhi = bits.Add64(hi, hi, carry)
+
+	sum, carry = bits.Add64(c, e, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, sum, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	return
+}
+
+func madd1sb(a, b, e uint64) (superhi, hi, lo uint64) {
+	var carry uint64
+
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, lo, 0)
+	hi, superhi = bits.Add64(hi, hi, carry)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, e, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	return
+}
+
+func madd3(a, b, c, d, e uint64) (hi uint64, lo uint64) {
+	var carry uint64
+	hi, lo = bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	c, carry = bits.Add64(c, d, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, 0, carry)
+	lo, carry = bits.Add64(lo, c, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, e, carry)
+	return
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86.s b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cebbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86.s
@@ -0,0 +1,2150 @@
+// +build amd64,blsasm amd64,blsadx
+
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+// addition w/ modular reduction
+// a = (a + b) % p
+TEXT ·addAssign(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+8(FP), SI
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+
+	// |
+	ADDQ (SI), R8
+	ADCQ 8(SI), R9
+	ADCQ 16(SI), R10
+	ADCQ 24(SI), R11
+	ADCQ 32(SI), R12
+	ADCQ 40(SI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ R8, R14
+	MOVQ R9, R15
+	MOVQ R10, CX
+	MOVQ R11, DX
+	MOVQ R12, SI
+	MOVQ R13, BX
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, AX
+	SUBQ AX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, AX
+	SBBQ AX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, AX
+	SBBQ AX, CX
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, AX
+	SBBQ AX, DX
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, AX
+	SBBQ AX, SI
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, AX
+	SBBQ AX, BX
+	CMOVQCC R14, R8
+	CMOVQCC R15, R9
+	CMOVQCC CX, R10
+	CMOVQCC DX, R11
+	CMOVQCC SI, R12
+	CMOVQCC BX, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+
+/*	 | end											*/
+
+
+// addition w/ modular reduction
+// c = (a + b) % p
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+
+	// |
+	ADDQ (SI), R8
+	ADCQ 8(SI), R9
+	ADCQ 16(SI), R10
+	ADCQ 24(SI), R11
+	ADCQ 32(SI), R12
+	ADCQ 40(SI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ R8, R14
+	MOVQ R9, R15
+	MOVQ R10, CX
+	MOVQ R11, DX
+	MOVQ R12, SI
+	MOVQ R13, BX
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, DI
+	SUBQ DI, R14
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, DI
+	SBBQ DI, R15
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, DI
+	SBBQ DI, CX
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, DI
+	SBBQ DI, DX
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, DI
+	SBBQ DI, SI
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, DI
+	SBBQ DI, BX
+	CMOVQCC R14, R8
+	CMOVQCC R15, R9
+	CMOVQCC CX, R10
+	CMOVQCC DX, R11
+	CMOVQCC SI, R12
+	CMOVQCC BX, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// addition w/o reduction check
+// c = (a + b)
+TEXT ·ladd(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+
+	// |
+	ADDQ (SI), R8
+	ADCQ 8(SI), R9
+	ADCQ 16(SI), R10
+	ADCQ 24(SI), R11
+	ADCQ 32(SI), R12
+	ADCQ 40(SI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// addition w/o reduction check
+// a = a + b
+TEXT ·laddAssign(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+8(FP), SI
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+
+	// |
+	ADDQ (SI), R8
+	ADCQ 8(SI), R9
+	ADCQ 16(SI), R10
+	ADCQ 24(SI), R11
+	ADCQ 32(SI), R12
+	ADCQ 40(SI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// subtraction w/ modular reduction
+// c = (a - b) % p
+TEXT ·sub(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+	SUBQ (SI), R8
+	SBBQ 8(SI), R9
+	SBBQ 16(SI), R10
+	SBBQ 24(SI), R11
+	SBBQ 32(SI), R12
+	SBBQ 40(SI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, R14
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, R15
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, CX
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, DX
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, SI
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, BX
+	CMOVQCC AX, R14
+	CMOVQCC AX, R15
+	CMOVQCC AX, CX
+	CMOVQCC AX, DX
+	CMOVQCC AX, SI
+	CMOVQCC AX, BX
+	ADDQ R14, R8
+	ADCQ R15, R9
+	ADCQ CX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R11
+	ADCQ SI, R12
+	ADCQ BX, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// subtraction w/ modular reduction
+// a = (a - b) % p
+TEXT ·subAssign(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+8(FP), SI
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+	SUBQ (SI), R8
+	SBBQ 8(SI), R9
+	SBBQ 16(SI), R10
+	SBBQ 24(SI), R11
+	SBBQ 32(SI), R12
+	SBBQ 40(SI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, R14
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, R15
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, CX
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, DX
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, SI
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, BX
+	CMOVQCC AX, R14
+	CMOVQCC AX, R15
+	CMOVQCC AX, CX
+	CMOVQCC AX, DX
+	CMOVQCC AX, SI
+	CMOVQCC AX, BX
+	ADDQ R14, R8
+	ADCQ R15, R9
+	ADCQ CX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R11
+	ADCQ SI, R12
+	ADCQ BX, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// subtraction w/o reduction check
+// a = (a - b)
+TEXT ·lsubAssign(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+8(FP), SI
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+	SUBQ (SI), R8
+	SBBQ 8(SI), R9
+	SBBQ 16(SI), R10
+	SBBQ 24(SI), R11
+	SBBQ 32(SI), R12
+	SBBQ 40(SI), R13
+	
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+// doubling w/ reduction
+// c = (2 * a) % p
+TEXT ·double(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+	ADDQ R8, R8
+	ADCQ R9, R9
+	ADCQ R10, R10
+	ADCQ R11, R11
+	ADCQ R12, R12
+	ADCQ R13, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ R8, R14
+	MOVQ R9, R15
+	MOVQ R10, CX
+	MOVQ R11, DX
+	MOVQ R12, SI
+	MOVQ R13, BX
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, DI
+	SUBQ DI, R14
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, DI
+	SBBQ DI, R15
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, DI
+	SBBQ DI, CX
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, DI
+	SBBQ DI, DX
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, DI
+	SBBQ DI, SI
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, DI
+	SBBQ DI, BX
+	CMOVQCC R14, R8
+	CMOVQCC R15, R9
+	CMOVQCC CX, R10
+	CMOVQCC DX, R11
+	CMOVQCC SI, R12
+	CMOVQCC BX, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// doubling w/ reduction
+// a = (2 * a) % p
+TEXT ·doubleAssign(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), DI
+
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+	ADDQ R8, R8
+	ADCQ R9, R9
+	ADCQ R10, R10
+	ADCQ R11, R11
+	ADCQ R12, R12
+	ADCQ R13, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ R8, R14
+	MOVQ R9, R15
+	MOVQ R10, CX
+	MOVQ R11, DX
+	MOVQ R12, SI
+	MOVQ R13, BX
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, AX
+	SUBQ AX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, AX
+	SBBQ AX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, AX
+	SBBQ AX, CX
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, AX
+	SBBQ AX, DX
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, AX
+	SBBQ AX, SI
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, AX
+	SBBQ AX, BX
+	CMOVQCC R14, R8
+	CMOVQCC R15, R9
+	CMOVQCC CX, R10
+	CMOVQCC DX, R11
+	CMOVQCC SI, R12
+	CMOVQCC BX, R13
+
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// doubling w/o reduction
+// c = 2 * a
+TEXT ·ldouble(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+
+	MOVQ (DI), R8
+	MOVQ 8(DI), R9
+	MOVQ 16(DI), R10
+	MOVQ 24(DI), R11
+	MOVQ 32(DI), R12
+	MOVQ 40(DI), R13
+
+	// |
+	ADDQ R8, R8
+	ADCQ R9, R9
+	ADCQ R10, R10
+	ADCQ R11, R11
+	ADCQ R12, R12
+	ADCQ R13, R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+TEXT ·_neg(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	// |
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ $0xb9feffffffffaaab, R8
+	MOVQ $0x1eabfffeb153ffff, R9
+	MOVQ $0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, R10
+	MOVQ $0x64774b84f38512bf, R11
+	MOVQ $0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, R12
+	MOVQ $0x1a0111ea397fe69a, R13
+	SUBQ (DI), R8
+	SBBQ 8(DI), R9
+	SBBQ 16(DI), R10
+	SBBQ 24(DI), R11
+	SBBQ 32(DI), R12
+	SBBQ 40(DI), R13
+
+	// |
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	MOVQ R8, (DI)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DI)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(DI)
+	MOVQ R11, 24(DI)
+	MOVQ R12, 32(DI)
+	MOVQ R13, 40(DI)
+	RET
+/*	 | end													*/
+
+
+// multiplication without using MULX/ADX
+// c = a * b % p
+TEXT ·mulNoADX(SB), NOSPLIT, $24-24
+	// |
+
+/* inputs                                  */
+
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+	MOVQ $0x00, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, R10
+	MOVQ $0x00, R11
+	MOVQ $0x00, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, R15
+
+	// |
+
+/* i0                                   */
+
+	// | a0 @ CX
+	MOVQ (DI), CX
+
+	// | a0 * b0
+	MOVQ (SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	MOVQ AX, (SP)
+	MOVQ DX, R8
+
+	// | a0 * b1
+	MOVQ 8(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R8
+	ADCQ DX, R9
+
+	// | a0 * b2
+	MOVQ 16(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R9
+	ADCQ DX, R10
+
+	// | a0 * b3
+	MOVQ 24(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R11
+
+	// | a0 * b4
+	MOVQ 32(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+
+	// | a0 * b5
+	MOVQ 40(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+
+	// |
+
+/* i1                                   */
+
+	// | a1 @ CX
+	MOVQ 8(DI), CX
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a1 * b0
+	MOVQ (SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R8
+	ADCQ DX, R9
+	ADCQ $0x00, R10
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+	MOVQ R8, 8(SP)
+	MOVQ $0x00, R8
+
+	// | a1 * b1
+	MOVQ 8(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R9
+	ADCQ DX, R10
+	ADCQ BX, R11
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a1 * b2
+	MOVQ 16(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R11
+	ADCQ BX, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a1 * b3
+	MOVQ 24(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+	ADCQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a1 * b4
+	MOVQ 32(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+	ADCQ BX, R14
+
+	// | a1 * b5
+	MOVQ 40(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+
+	// |
+
+/* i2                                   */
+
+	// | a2 @ CX
+	MOVQ 16(DI), CX
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a2 * b0
+	MOVQ (SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R9
+	ADCQ DX, R10
+	ADCQ $0x00, R11
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+	MOVQ R9, 16(SP)
+	MOVQ $0x00, R9
+
+	// | a2 * b1
+	MOVQ 8(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R11
+	ADCQ BX, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a2 * b2
+	MOVQ 16(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+	ADCQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a2 * b3
+	MOVQ 24(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+	ADCQ BX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a2 * b4
+	MOVQ 32(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+	ADCQ BX, R15
+
+	// | a2 * b5
+	MOVQ 40(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ DX, R15
+
+	// |
+
+/* i3                                   */
+
+	// | a3 @ CX
+	MOVQ 24(DI), CX
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a3 * b0
+	MOVQ (SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R11
+	ADCQ $0x00, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a3 * b1
+	MOVQ 8(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+	ADCQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a3 * b2
+	MOVQ 16(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+	ADCQ BX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a3 * b3
+	MOVQ 24(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+	ADCQ BX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a3 * b4
+	MOVQ 32(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ DX, R15
+	ADCQ BX, R8
+
+	// | a3 * b5
+	MOVQ 40(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R8
+
+	// |
+
+/* i4                                   */
+
+	// | a4 @ CX
+	MOVQ 32(DI), CX
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a4 * b0
+	MOVQ (SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a4 * b1
+	MOVQ 8(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+	ADCQ BX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a4 * b2
+	MOVQ 16(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+	ADCQ BX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a4 * b3
+	MOVQ 24(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ DX, R15
+	ADCQ BX, R8
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a4 * b4
+	MOVQ 32(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R8
+	ADCQ BX, R9
+
+	// | a4 * b5
+	MOVQ 40(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R8
+	ADCQ DX, R9
+
+	// |
+
+/* i5                                   */
+
+	// | a5 @ CX
+	MOVQ 40(DI), CX
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a5 * b0
+	MOVQ (SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, R14
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a5 * b1
+	MOVQ 8(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+	ADCQ BX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a5 * b2
+	MOVQ 16(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ DX, R15
+	ADCQ BX, R8
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a5 * b3
+	MOVQ 24(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R8
+	ADCQ BX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a5 * b4
+	MOVQ 32(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R8
+	ADCQ DX, R9
+	ADCQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// | a5 * b5
+	MOVQ 40(SI), AX
+	MULQ CX
+	ADDQ AX, R9
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/* 			                                     */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   (SP)      | 1   8(SP)     | 2   16(SP)    | 3   R10       | 4   R11       | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  R9        | 11  BX
+
+
+	MOVQ (SP), CX
+	MOVQ 8(SP), DI
+	MOVQ 16(SP), SI
+	MOVQ BX, (SP)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(SP)
+
+	// |
+
+/* montgomery reduction                    */
+
+	// |
+
+/* i0                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   CX        | 1   DI        | 2   SI        | 3   R10       | 4   R11       | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  8(SP)     | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u0 = w0 * inp
+	MOVQ CX, AX
+	MULQ ·inp+0(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w0 @ CX
+	MOVQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, CX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w1 @ DI
+	MOVQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, DI
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, DI
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w2 @ SI
+	MOVQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, SI
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, SI
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w3 @ R10
+	MOVQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R10
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w4 @ R11
+	MOVQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R11
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w5 @ R12
+	MOVQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R12
+
+	// | w6 @ R13
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, CX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i1                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   DI        | 2   SI        | 3   R10       | 4   R11       | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  8(SP)     | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u1 = w1 * inp
+	MOVQ DI, AX
+	MULQ ·inp+0(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w1 @ DI
+	MOVQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, DI
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w2 @ SI
+	MOVQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, SI
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, SI
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w3 @ R10
+	MOVQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R10
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w4 @ R11
+	MOVQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R11
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w5 @ R12
+	MOVQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w6 @ R13
+	MOVQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, CX
+	ADDQ BX, R13
+
+	// | w7 @ R14
+	ADCQ CX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, CX
+	ADCQ $0x00, CX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i2                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   SI        | 3   R10       | 4   R11       | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  8(SP)     | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u2 = w2 * inp
+	MOVQ SI, AX
+	MULQ ·inp+0(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w2 @ SI
+	MOVQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, SI
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w3 @ R10
+	MOVQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R10
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w4 @ R11
+	MOVQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R11
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w5 @ R12
+	MOVQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w6 @ R13
+	MOVQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w7 @ R14
+	MOVQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ DX, CX
+	ADDQ BX, R14
+
+	// | w8 @ R15
+	ADCQ CX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x00, CX
+	ADCQ $0x00, CX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i3                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   R10       | 4   R11       | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  8(SP)     | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u3 = w3 * inp
+	MOVQ R10, AX
+	MULQ ·inp+0(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w3 @ R10
+	MOVQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w4 @ R11
+	MOVQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R11
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w5 @ R12
+	MOVQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w6 @ R13
+	MOVQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w7 @ R14
+	MOVQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w8 @ R15
+	MOVQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, CX
+	ADDQ BX, R15
+
+	// | w9 @ R8
+	ADCQ CX, R8
+	MOVQ $0x00, CX
+	ADCQ $0x00, CX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i4                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   -         | 4   R11       | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  8(SP)     | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u4 = w4 * inp
+	MOVQ R11, AX
+	MULQ ·inp+0(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w4 @ R11
+	MOVQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w5 @ R12
+	MOVQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R12
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w6 @ R13
+	MOVQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w7 @ R14
+	MOVQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w8 @ R15
+	MOVQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w9 @ R8
+	MOVQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R8
+	ADCQ DX, CX
+	ADDQ BX, R8
+
+	// | move to idle register
+	MOVQ 8(SP), DI
+
+	// | w10 @ DI
+	ADCQ CX, DI
+	MOVQ $0x00, CX
+	ADCQ $0x00, CX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i5                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   -         | 4   -         | 5   R12
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  DI        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u5 = w5 * inp
+	MOVQ R12, AX
+	MULQ ·inp+0(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w5 @ R12
+	MOVQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R12
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w6 @ R13
+	MOVQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R13
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w7 @ R14
+	MOVQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R14
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w8 @ R15
+	MOVQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R15
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w9 @ R8
+	MOVQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, R8
+	ADCQ $0x00, DX
+	ADDQ BX, R8
+	MOVQ $0x00, BX
+	ADCQ DX, BX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w10 @ DI
+	MOVQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX
+	MULQ R9
+	ADDQ AX, DI
+	ADCQ DX, CX
+	ADDQ BX, DI
+
+	// | w11 @ CX
+	ADCQ (SP), CX
+
+	// |
+	// | W montgomerry reduction ends
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   -         | 4   -         | 5   -
+	// | 6   R13       | 7   R14       | 8   R15       | 9   R8        | 10  DI        | 11  CX
+
+
+	// |
+
+
+/* modular reduction                       */
+
+	MOVQ R13, R10
+	SUBQ ·modulus+0(SB), R10
+	MOVQ R14, R11
+	SBBQ ·modulus+8(SB), R11
+	MOVQ R15, R12
+	SBBQ ·modulus+16(SB), R12
+	MOVQ R8, AX
+	SBBQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX
+	MOVQ DI, BX
+	SBBQ ·modulus+32(SB), BX
+	MOVQ CX, R9
+	SBBQ ·modulus+40(SB), R9
+	// |
+
+/* out                                     */
+
+	MOVQ    c+0(FP), SI
+	CMOVQCC R10, R13
+	MOVQ    R13, (SI)
+	CMOVQCC R11, R14
+	MOVQ    R14, 8(SI)
+	CMOVQCC R12, R15
+	MOVQ    R15, 16(SI)
+	CMOVQCC AX, R8
+	MOVQ    R8, 24(SI)
+	CMOVQCC BX, DI
+	MOVQ    DI, 32(SI)
+	CMOVQCC R9, CX
+	MOVQ    CX, 40(SI)
+	RET
+
+	// |
+
+/* end                                     */
+
+
+// multiplication
+// c = a * b % p
+TEXT ·mulADX(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-24
+	// |
+
+/* inputs                                  */
+
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i0                                   */
+
+	// | a0 @ DX
+	MOVQ (DI), DX
+
+	// | a0 * b0
+	MULXQ (SI), AX, CX
+	MOVQ  AX, (SP)
+
+	// | a0 * b1
+	MULXQ 8(SI), AX, R8
+	ADCXQ AX, CX
+
+	// | a0 * b2
+	MULXQ 16(SI), AX, R9
+	ADCXQ AX, R8
+
+	// | a0 * b3
+	MULXQ 24(SI), AX, R10
+	ADCXQ AX, R9
+
+	// | a0 * b4
+	MULXQ 32(SI), AX, R11
+	ADCXQ AX, R10
+
+	// | a0 * b5
+	MULXQ 40(SI), AX, R12
+	ADCXQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ  $0x00, R12
+
+	// |
+
+/* i1                                   */
+
+	// | a1 @ DX
+	MOVQ 8(DI), DX
+	XORQ R13, R13
+
+	// | a1 * b0
+	MULXQ (SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, CX
+	ADCXQ BX, R8
+	MOVQ  CX, 8(SP)
+
+	// | a1 * b1
+	MULXQ 8(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R8
+	ADCXQ BX, R9
+
+	// | a1 * b2
+	MULXQ 16(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ BX, R10
+
+	// | a1 * b3
+	MULXQ 24(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ BX, R11
+
+	// | a1 * b4
+	MULXQ 32(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ BX, R12
+
+	// | a1 * b5
+	MULXQ 40(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADOXQ R13, R13
+	ADCXQ BX, R13
+
+	// |
+
+/* i2                                   */
+
+	// | a2 @ DX
+	MOVQ 16(DI), DX
+	XORQ R14, R14
+
+	// | a2 * b0
+	MULXQ (SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R8
+	ADCXQ BX, R9
+
+	// | a2 * b1
+	MULXQ 8(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ BX, R10
+
+	// | a2 * b2
+	MULXQ 16(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ BX, R11
+
+	// | a2 * b3
+	MULXQ 24(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ BX, R12
+
+	// | a2 * b4
+	MULXQ 32(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ BX, R13
+
+	// | a2 * b5
+	MULXQ 40(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADOXQ R14, R14
+	ADCXQ BX, R14
+
+	// |
+
+/* i3                                   */
+
+	// | a3 @ DX
+	MOVQ 24(DI), DX
+	XORQ R15, R15
+
+	// | a3 * b0
+	MULXQ (SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ BX, R10
+
+	// | a3 * b1
+	MULXQ 8(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ BX, R11
+
+	// | a3 * b2
+	MULXQ 16(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ BX, R12
+
+	// | a3 * b3
+	MULXQ 24(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ BX, R13
+
+	// | a3 * b4
+	MULXQ 32(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ BX, R14
+
+	// | a3 * b5
+	MULXQ 40(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R14
+	ADOXQ R15, R15
+	ADCXQ BX, R15
+
+	// |
+
+/* i4                                   */
+
+	// | a4 @ DX
+	MOVQ 32(DI), DX
+	XORQ CX, CX
+
+	// | a4 * b0
+	MULXQ (SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ BX, R11
+
+	// | a4 * b1
+	MULXQ 8(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ BX, R12
+
+	// | a4 * b2
+	MULXQ 16(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ BX, R13
+
+	// | a4 * b3
+	MULXQ 24(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ BX, R14
+
+	// | a4 * b4
+	MULXQ 32(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R14
+	ADCXQ BX, R15
+
+	// | a4 * b5
+	MULXQ 40(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R15
+	ADOXQ CX, CX
+	ADCXQ BX, CX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i5                                   */
+
+	// | a5 @ DX
+	MOVQ 40(DI), DX
+	XORQ DI, DI
+
+	// | a5 * b0
+	MULXQ (SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ BX, R12
+
+	// | a5 * b1
+	MULXQ 8(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ BX, R13
+
+	// | a5 * b2
+	MULXQ 16(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ BX, R14
+
+	// | a5 * b3
+	MULXQ 24(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R14
+	ADCXQ BX, R15
+
+	// | a5 * b4
+	MULXQ 32(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, R15
+	ADCXQ BX, CX
+
+	// | a5 * b5
+	MULXQ 40(SI), AX, BX
+	ADOXQ AX, CX
+	ADOXQ BX, DI
+	ADCQ  $0x00, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/* 			                                     */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   (SP)      | 1   8(SP)     | 2   R8        | 3   R9        | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  DI
+
+
+	MOVQ (SP), BX
+	MOVQ 8(SP), SI
+	MOVQ DI, (SP)
+
+	// |
+	// | W ready to mont
+	// | 0   BX        | 1   SI        | 2   R8        | 3   R9        | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// |
+
+/* montgomery reduction                    */
+
+	// | clear flags
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i0                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   BX        | 1   SI        | 2   R8        | 3   R9        | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u0 = w0 * inp
+	MOVQ  BX, DX
+	MULXQ ·inp+0(SB), DX, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w0 @ BX
+	MULXQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, BX
+	ADCXQ DI, SI
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w1 @ SI
+	MULXQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, SI
+	ADCXQ DI, R8
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w2 @ R8
+	MULXQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R8
+	ADCXQ DI, R9
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w3 @ R9
+	MULXQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ DI, R10
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w4 @ R10
+	MULXQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ DI, R11
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w5 @ R11
+	MULXQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ DI, R12
+	ADOXQ BX, R12
+	ADCXQ BX, BX
+	MOVQ  $0x00, AX
+	ADOXQ AX, BX
+
+	// | clear flags
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i1                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   SI        | 2   R8        | 3   R9        | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u1 = w1 * inp
+	MOVQ  SI, DX
+	MULXQ ·inp+0(SB), DX, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w1 @ SI
+	MULXQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, SI
+	ADCXQ DI, R8
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w2 @ R8
+	MULXQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R8
+	ADCXQ DI, R9
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w3 @ R9
+	MULXQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ DI, R10
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w4 @ R10
+	MULXQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ DI, R11
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w5 @ R11
+	MULXQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ DI, R12
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w6 @ R12
+	MULXQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ DI, R13
+	ADOXQ BX, R13
+	ADCXQ SI, SI
+	MOVQ  $0x00, AX
+	ADOXQ AX, SI
+
+	// | clear flags
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i2                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   R8        | 3   R9        | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u2 = w2 * inp
+	MOVQ  R8, DX
+	MULXQ ·inp+0(SB), DX, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w2 @ R8
+	MULXQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R8
+	ADCXQ DI, R9
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w3 @ R9
+	MULXQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ DI, R10
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w4 @ R10
+	MULXQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ DI, R11
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w5 @ R11
+	MULXQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ DI, R12
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w6 @ R12
+	MULXQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ DI, R13
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w7 @ R13
+	MULXQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ DI, R14
+	ADOXQ SI, R14
+	ADCXQ R8, R8
+	MOVQ  $0x00, AX
+	ADOXQ AX, R8
+
+	// | clear flags
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i3                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   R9        | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u3 = w3 * inp
+	MOVQ  R9, DX
+	MULXQ ·inp+0(SB), DX, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w3 @ R9
+	MULXQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+	ADCXQ DI, R10
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w4 @ R10
+	MULXQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ DI, R11
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w5 @ R11
+	MULXQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ DI, R12
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w6 @ R12
+	MULXQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ DI, R13
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w7 @ R13
+	MULXQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ DI, R14
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w8 @ R14
+	MULXQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R14
+	ADCXQ DI, R15
+	ADOXQ R8, R15
+	ADCXQ R9, R9
+	MOVQ  $0x00, AX
+	ADOXQ AX, R9
+
+	// | clear flags
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i4                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   -         | 4   R10       | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u4 = w4 * inp
+	MOVQ  R10, DX
+	MULXQ ·inp+0(SB), DX, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w4 @ R10
+	MULXQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+	ADCXQ DI, R11
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w5 @ R11
+	MULXQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ DI, R12
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w6 @ R12
+	MULXQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ DI, R13
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w7 @ R13
+	MULXQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ DI, R14
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w8 @ R14
+	MULXQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R14
+	ADCXQ DI, R15
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w9 @ R15
+	MULXQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R15
+	ADCXQ DI, CX
+	ADOXQ R9, CX
+	ADCXQ R10, R10
+	MOVQ  $0x00, AX
+	ADOXQ AX, R10
+
+	// | clear flags
+	XORQ AX, AX
+
+	// |
+
+/* i5                                   */
+
+	// |
+	// | W
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   -         | 4   -         | 5   R11
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  (SP)
+
+
+	// | | u5 = w5 * inp
+	MOVQ  R11, DX
+	MULXQ ·inp+0(SB), DX, DI
+
+	// |
+
+/*                                         */
+
+	// | j0
+
+	// | w5 @ R11
+	MULXQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R11
+	ADCXQ DI, R12
+
+	// | j1
+
+	// | w6 @ R12
+	MULXQ ·modulus+8(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R12
+	ADCXQ DI, R13
+
+	// | j2
+
+	// | w7 @ R13
+	MULXQ ·modulus+16(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R13
+	ADCXQ DI, R14
+
+	// | j3
+
+	// | w8 @ R14
+	MULXQ ·modulus+24(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R14
+	ADCXQ DI, R15
+
+	// | j4
+
+	// | w9 @ R15
+	MULXQ ·modulus+32(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, R15
+	ADCXQ DI, CX
+
+	// | j5
+
+	// | w10 @ CX
+	MULXQ ·modulus+40(SB), AX, DI
+	ADOXQ AX, CX
+
+	// | w11 @ (SP)
+	// | move to an idle register
+	MOVQ  (SP), BX
+	ADCXQ DI, BX
+	ADOXQ R10, BX
+
+	// |
+	// | W montgomery reduction ends
+	// | 0   -         | 1   -         | 2   -         | 3   -         | 4   -         | 5   -
+	// | 6   R12       | 7   R13       | 8   R14       | 9   R15       | 10  CX        | 11  BX
+
+
+	// |
+
+/* modular reduction                       */
+
+	MOVQ R12, AX
+	SUBQ ·modulus+0(SB), AX
+	MOVQ R13, DI
+	SBBQ ·modulus+8(SB), DI
+	MOVQ R14, SI
+	SBBQ ·modulus+16(SB), SI
+	MOVQ R15, R8
+	SBBQ ·modulus+24(SB), R8
+	MOVQ CX, R9
+	SBBQ ·modulus+32(SB), R9
+	MOVQ BX, R10
+	SBBQ ·modulus+40(SB), R10
+
+	// |
+
+/* out                                     */
+
+	MOVQ    c+0(FP), R11
+	CMOVQCC AX, R12
+	MOVQ    R12, (R11)
+	CMOVQCC DI, R13
+	MOVQ    R13, 8(R11)
+	CMOVQCC SI, R14
+	MOVQ    R14, 16(R11)
+	CMOVQCC R8, R15
+	MOVQ    R15, 24(R11)
+	CMOVQCC R9, CX
+	MOVQ    CX, 32(R11)
+	CMOVQCC R10, BX
+	MOVQ    BX, 40(R11)
+	RET
+
+	// |
+
+/* end 																			*/
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86_adx.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86_adx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fffa568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86_adx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build amd64 && blsadx
+
+package bls12381
+
+// enableADX is true if the ADX/BMI2 instruction set was requested for the BLS
+// implementation. The system may still fall back to plain ASM if the necessary
+// instructions are unavailable on the CPU.
+const enableADX = true
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86_noadx.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86_noadx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae68090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/arithmetic_x86_noadx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build amd64 && blsasm
+
+package bls12381
+
+// enableADX is true if the ADX/BMI2 instruction set was requested for the BLS
+// implementation. The system may still fall back to plain ASM if the necessary
+// instructions are unavailable on the CPU.
+const enableADX = false
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/bls12_381.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/bls12_381.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58d208a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/bls12_381.go
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//nolint:gofmt
+package bls12381
+
+/*
+	Field Constants
+*/
+
+// Base field modulus
+// p = 0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab
+
+// Size of six words
+// r = 2 ^ 384
+
+// modulus = p
+var modulus = fe{0xb9feffffffffaaab, 0x1eabfffeb153ffff, 0x6730d2a0f6b0f624, 0x64774b84f38512bf, 0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7, 0x1a0111ea397fe69a}
+
+var (
+	// -p^(-1) mod 2^64
+	inp uint64 = 0x89f3fffcfffcfffd
+	// This value is used in assembly code
+	_ = inp
+)
+
+// r mod p
+var r1 = &fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493}
+
+// r^2 mod p
+var r2 = &fe{
+	0xf4df1f341c341746, 0x0a76e6a609d104f1, 0x8de5476c4c95b6d5, 0x67eb88a9939d83c0, 0x9a793e85b519952d, 0x11988fe592cae3aa,
+}
+
+// -1 + 0 * u
+var negativeOne2 = &fe2{
+	fe{0x43f5fffffffcaaae, 0x32b7fff2ed47fffd, 0x07e83a49a2e99d69, 0xeca8f3318332bb7a, 0xef148d1ea0f4c069, 0x040ab3263eff0206},
+	fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+}
+
+// 2 ^ (-1)
+var twoInv = &fe{0x1804000000015554, 0x855000053ab00001, 0x633cb57c253c276f, 0x6e22d1ec31ebb502, 0xd3916126f2d14ca2, 0x17fbb8571a006596}
+
+// (p - 3) / 4
+var pMinus3Over4 = bigFromHex("0x680447a8e5ff9a692c6e9ed90d2eb35d91dd2e13ce144afd9cc34a83dac3d8907aaffffac54ffffee7fbfffffffeaaa")
+
+// (p + 1) / 4
+var pPlus1Over4 = bigFromHex("0x680447a8e5ff9a692c6e9ed90d2eb35d91dd2e13ce144afd9cc34a83dac3d8907aaffffac54ffffee7fbfffffffeaab")
+
+// (p - 1) / 2
+var pMinus1Over2 = bigFromHex("0xd0088f51cbff34d258dd3db21a5d66bb23ba5c279c2895fb39869507b587b120f55ffff58a9ffffdcff7fffffffd555")
+
+// -1
+var nonResidue1 = &fe{0x43f5fffffffcaaae, 0x32b7fff2ed47fffd, 0x07e83a49a2e99d69, 0xeca8f3318332bb7a, 0xef148d1ea0f4c069, 0x040ab3263eff0206}
+
+// (1 + 1 * u)
+var nonResidue2 = &fe2{
+	fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+	fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+}
+
+/*
+	Curve Constants
+*/
+
+// b coefficient for G1
+var b = &fe{0xaa270000000cfff3, 0x53cc0032fc34000a, 0x478fe97a6b0a807f, 0xb1d37ebee6ba24d7, 0x8ec9733bbf78ab2f, 0x09d645513d83de7e}
+
+// b coefficient for G2
+var b2 = &fe2{
+	fe{0xaa270000000cfff3, 0x53cc0032fc34000a, 0x478fe97a6b0a807f, 0xb1d37ebee6ba24d7, 0x8ec9733bbf78ab2f, 0x09d645513d83de7e},
+	fe{0xaa270000000cfff3, 0x53cc0032fc34000a, 0x478fe97a6b0a807f, 0xb1d37ebee6ba24d7, 0x8ec9733bbf78ab2f, 0x09d645513d83de7e},
+}
+
+// Curve order
+var q = bigFromHex("0x73eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001")
+
+// Efficient cofactor of G1
+var cofactorEFFG1 = bigFromHex("0xd201000000010001")
+
+// Efficient cofactor of G2
+var cofactorEFFG2 = bigFromHex("0x0bc69f08f2ee75b3584c6a0ea91b352888e2a8e9145ad7689986ff031508ffe1329c2f178731db956d82bf015d1212b02ec0ec69d7477c1ae954cbc06689f6a359894c0adebbf6b4e8020005aaa95551")
+
+var g1One = PointG1{
+	fe{0x5cb38790fd530c16, 0x7817fc679976fff5, 0x154f95c7143ba1c1, 0xf0ae6acdf3d0e747, 0xedce6ecc21dbf440, 0x120177419e0bfb75},
+	fe{0xbaac93d50ce72271, 0x8c22631a7918fd8e, 0xdd595f13570725ce, 0x51ac582950405194, 0x0e1c8c3fad0059c0, 0x0bbc3efc5008a26a},
+	fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+}
+
+var g2One = PointG2{
+	fe2{
+		fe{0xf5f28fa202940a10, 0xb3f5fb2687b4961a, 0xa1a893b53e2ae580, 0x9894999d1a3caee9, 0x6f67b7631863366b, 0x058191924350bcd7},
+		fe{0xa5a9c0759e23f606, 0xaaa0c59dbccd60c3, 0x3bb17e18e2867806, 0x1b1ab6cc8541b367, 0xc2b6ed0ef2158547, 0x11922a097360edf3},
+	},
+	fe2{
+		fe{0x4c730af860494c4a, 0x597cfa1f5e369c5a, 0xe7e6856caa0a635a, 0xbbefb5e96e0d495f, 0x07d3a975f0ef25a2, 0x083fd8e7e80dae5},
+		fe{0xadc0fc92df64b05d, 0x18aa270a2b1461dc, 0x86adac6a3be4eba0, 0x79495c4ec93da33a, 0xe7175850a43ccaed, 0xb2bc2a163de1bf2},
+	},
+	fe2{
+		fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+}
+
+/*
+	Frobenious Coeffs
+*/
+
+var frobeniusCoeffs61 = [6]fe2{
+	{
+		fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+		fe{0xcd03c9e48671f071, 0x5dab22461fcda5d2, 0x587042afd3851b95, 0x8eb60ebe01bacb9e, 0x03f97d6e83d050d2, 0x18f0206554638741},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x30f1361b798a64e8, 0xf3b8ddab7ece5a2a, 0x16a8ca3ac61577f7, 0xc26a2ff874fd029b, 0x3636b76660701c6e, 0x051ba4ab241b6160},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+		fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0xcd03c9e48671f071, 0x5dab22461fcda5d2, 0x587042afd3851b95, 0x8eb60ebe01bacb9e, 0x03f97d6e83d050d2, 0x18f0206554638741},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+		fe{0x30f1361b798a64e8, 0xf3b8ddab7ece5a2a, 0x16a8ca3ac61577f7, 0xc26a2ff874fd029b, 0x3636b76660701c6e, 0x051ba4ab241b6160},
+	},
+}
+
+var frobeniusCoeffs62 = [6]fe2{
+	{
+		fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x890dc9e4867545c3, 0x2af322533285a5d5, 0x50880866309b7e2c, 0xa20d1b8c7e881024, 0x14e4f04fe2db9068, 0x14e56d3f1564853a},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0xcd03c9e48671f071, 0x5dab22461fcda5d2, 0x587042afd3851b95, 0x8eb60ebe01bacb9e, 0x03f97d6e83d050d2, 0x18f0206554638741},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x43f5fffffffcaaae, 0x32b7fff2ed47fffd, 0x07e83a49a2e99d69, 0xeca8f3318332bb7a, 0xef148d1ea0f4c069, 0x040ab3263eff0206},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x30f1361b798a64e8, 0xf3b8ddab7ece5a2a, 0x16a8ca3ac61577f7, 0xc26a2ff874fd029b, 0x3636b76660701c6e, 0x051ba4ab241b6160},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0xecfb361b798dba3a, 0xc100ddb891865a2c, 0x0ec08ff1232bda8e, 0xd5c13cc6f1ca4721, 0x47222a47bf7b5c04, 0x0110f184e51c5f59},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+}
+
+var frobeniusCoeffs12 = [12]fe2{
+	{
+		fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x07089552b319d465, 0xc6695f92b50a8313, 0x97e83cccd117228f, 0xa35baecab2dc29ee, 0x1ce393ea5daace4d, 0x08f2220fb0fb66eb},
+		fe{0xb2f66aad4ce5d646, 0x5842a06bfc497cec, 0xcf4895d42599d394, 0xc11b9cba40a8e8d0, 0x2e3813cbe5a0de89, 0x110eefda88847faf},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0xecfb361b798dba3a, 0xc100ddb891865a2c, 0x0ec08ff1232bda8e, 0xd5c13cc6f1ca4721, 0x47222a47bf7b5c04, 0x0110f184e51c5f59},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x3e2f585da55c9ad1, 0x4294213d86c18183, 0x382844c88b623732, 0x92ad2afd19103e18, 0x1d794e4fac7cf0b9, 0x0bd592fc7d825ec8},
+		fe{0x7bcfa7a25aa30fda, 0xdc17dec12a927e7c, 0x2f088dd86b4ebef1, 0xd1ca2087da74d4a7, 0x2da2596696cebc1d, 0x0e2b7eedbbfd87d2},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x30f1361b798a64e8, 0xf3b8ddab7ece5a2a, 0x16a8ca3ac61577f7, 0xc26a2ff874fd029b, 0x3636b76660701c6e, 0x051ba4ab241b6160},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x3726c30af242c66c, 0x7c2ac1aad1b6fe70, 0xa04007fbba4b14a2, 0xef517c3266341429, 0x0095ba654ed2226b, 0x02e370eccc86f7dd},
+		fe{0x82d83cf50dbce43f, 0xa2813e53df9d018f, 0xc6f0caa53c65e181, 0x7525cf528d50fe95, 0x4a85ed50f4798a6b, 0x171da0fd6cf8eebd},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x43f5fffffffcaaae, 0x32b7fff2ed47fffd, 0x07e83a49a2e99d69, 0xeca8f3318332bb7a, 0xef148d1ea0f4c069, 0x040ab3263eff0206},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0xb2f66aad4ce5d646, 0x5842a06bfc497cec, 0xcf4895d42599d394, 0xc11b9cba40a8e8d0, 0x2e3813cbe5a0de89, 0x110eefda88847faf},
+		fe{0x07089552b319d465, 0xc6695f92b50a8313, 0x97e83cccd117228f, 0xa35baecab2dc29ee, 0x1ce393ea5daace4d, 0x08f2220fb0fb66eb},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0xcd03c9e48671f071, 0x5dab22461fcda5d2, 0x587042afd3851b95, 0x8eb60ebe01bacb9e, 0x03f97d6e83d050d2, 0x18f0206554638741},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x7bcfa7a25aa30fda, 0xdc17dec12a927e7c, 0x2f088dd86b4ebef1, 0xd1ca2087da74d4a7, 0x2da2596696cebc1d, 0x0e2b7eedbbfd87d2},
+		fe{0x3e2f585da55c9ad1, 0x4294213d86c18183, 0x382844c88b623732, 0x92ad2afd19103e18, 0x1d794e4fac7cf0b9, 0x0bd592fc7d825ec8},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x890dc9e4867545c3, 0x2af322533285a5d5, 0x50880866309b7e2c, 0xa20d1b8c7e881024, 0x14e4f04fe2db9068, 0x14e56d3f1564853a},
+		fe{0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+	},
+	{
+		fe{0x82d83cf50dbce43f, 0xa2813e53df9d018f, 0xc6f0caa53c65e181, 0x7525cf528d50fe95, 0x4a85ed50f4798a6b, 0x171da0fd6cf8eebd},
+		fe{0x3726c30af242c66c, 0x7c2ac1aad1b6fe70, 0xa04007fbba4b14a2, 0xef517c3266341429, 0x0095ba654ed2226b, 0x02e370eccc86f7dd},
+	},
+}
+
+/*
+	x
+*/
+
+var x = bigFromHex("0xd201000000010000")
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/bls12_381_test.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/bls12_381_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bf5834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/bls12_381_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var fuz = 10
+
+func randScalar(max *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	a, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, max)
+	return a
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/field_element.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/field_element.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a983824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/field_element.go
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//nolint:stylecheck
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// fe is base field element representation
+type fe [6]uint64
+
+// fe2 is element representation of 'fp2' which is quadratic extension of base field 'fp'
+// Representation follows c[0] + c[1] * u encoding order.
+type fe2 [2]fe
+
+// fe6 is element representation of 'fp6' field which is cubic extension of 'fp2'
+// Representation follows c[0] + c[1] * v + c[2] * v^2 encoding order.
+type fe6 [3]fe2
+
+// fe12 is element representation of 'fp12' field which is quadratic extension of 'fp6'
+// Representation follows c[0] + c[1] * w encoding order.
+type fe12 [2]fe6
+
+func (fe *fe) setBytes(in []byte) *fe {
+	size := 48
+	l := len(in)
+	if l >= size {
+		l = size
+	}
+	padded := make([]byte, size)
+	copy(padded[size-l:], in)
+	var a int
+	for i := 0; i < 6; i++ {
+		a = size - i*8
+		fe[i] = uint64(padded[a-1]) | uint64(padded[a-2])<<8 |
+			uint64(padded[a-3])<<16 | uint64(padded[a-4])<<24 |
+			uint64(padded[a-5])<<32 | uint64(padded[a-6])<<40 |
+			uint64(padded[a-7])<<48 | uint64(padded[a-8])<<56
+	}
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) setBig(a *big.Int) *fe {
+	return fe.setBytes(a.Bytes())
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) setString(s string) (*fe, error) {
+	if s[:2] == "0x" {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	bytes, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return fe.setBytes(bytes), nil
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) set(fe2 *fe) *fe {
+	fe[0] = fe2[0]
+	fe[1] = fe2[1]
+	fe[2] = fe2[2]
+	fe[3] = fe2[3]
+	fe[4] = fe2[4]
+	fe[5] = fe2[5]
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) bytes() []byte {
+	out := make([]byte, 48)
+	var a int
+	for i := 0; i < 6; i++ {
+		a = 48 - i*8
+		out[a-1] = byte(fe[i])
+		out[a-2] = byte(fe[i] >> 8)
+		out[a-3] = byte(fe[i] >> 16)
+		out[a-4] = byte(fe[i] >> 24)
+		out[a-5] = byte(fe[i] >> 32)
+		out[a-6] = byte(fe[i] >> 40)
+		out[a-7] = byte(fe[i] >> 48)
+		out[a-8] = byte(fe[i] >> 56)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) big() *big.Int {
+	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(fe.bytes())
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) string() (s string) {
+	for i := 5; i >= 0; i-- {
+		s = fmt.Sprintf("%s%16.16x", s, fe[i])
+	}
+	return "0x" + s
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) zero() *fe {
+	fe[0] = 0
+	fe[1] = 0
+	fe[2] = 0
+	fe[3] = 0
+	fe[4] = 0
+	fe[5] = 0
+	return fe
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) one() *fe {
+	return fe.set(r1)
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) rand(r io.Reader) (*fe, error) {
+	bi, err := rand.Int(r, modulus.big())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return fe.setBig(bi), nil
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) isValid() bool {
+	return fe.cmp(&modulus) < 0
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) isOdd() bool {
+	var mask uint64 = 1
+	return fe[0]&mask != 0
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) isEven() bool {
+	var mask uint64 = 1
+	return fe[0]&mask == 0
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) isZero() bool {
+	return (fe[5] | fe[4] | fe[3] | fe[2] | fe[1] | fe[0]) == 0
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) isOne() bool {
+	return fe.equal(r1)
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) cmp(fe2 *fe) int {
+	for i := 5; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if fe[i] > fe2[i] {
+			return 1
+		} else if fe[i] < fe2[i] {
+			return -1
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) equal(fe2 *fe) bool {
+	return fe2[0] == fe[0] && fe2[1] == fe[1] && fe2[2] == fe[2] && fe2[3] == fe[3] && fe2[4] == fe[4] && fe2[5] == fe[5]
+}
+
+func (e *fe) sign() bool {
+	r := new(fe)
+	fromMont(r, e)
+	return r[0]&1 == 0
+}
+
+//nolint:unparam
+func (fe *fe) div2(e uint64) {
+	fe[0] = fe[0]>>1 | fe[1]<<63
+	fe[1] = fe[1]>>1 | fe[2]<<63
+	fe[2] = fe[2]>>1 | fe[3]<<63
+	fe[3] = fe[3]>>1 | fe[4]<<63
+	fe[4] = fe[4]>>1 | fe[5]<<63
+	fe[5] = fe[5]>>1 | e<<63
+}
+
+func (fe *fe) mul2() uint64 {
+	e := fe[5] >> 63
+	fe[5] = fe[5]<<1 | fe[4]>>63
+	fe[4] = fe[4]<<1 | fe[3]>>63
+	fe[3] = fe[3]<<1 | fe[2]>>63
+	fe[2] = fe[2]<<1 | fe[1]>>63
+	fe[1] = fe[1]<<1 | fe[0]>>63
+	fe[0] = fe[0] << 1
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) zero() *fe2 {
+	e[0].zero()
+	e[1].zero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) one() *fe2 {
+	e[0].one()
+	e[1].zero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) set(e2 *fe2) *fe2 {
+	e[0].set(&e2[0])
+	e[1].set(&e2[1])
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) rand(r io.Reader) (*fe2, error) {
+	a0, err := new(fe).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	a1, err := new(fe).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fe2{*a0, *a1}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) isOne() bool {
+	return e[0].isOne() && e[1].isZero()
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) isZero() bool {
+	return e[0].isZero() && e[1].isZero()
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) equal(e2 *fe2) bool {
+	return e[0].equal(&e2[0]) && e[1].equal(&e2[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fe2) sign() bool {
+	r := new(fe)
+	if !e[0].isZero() {
+		fromMont(r, &e[0])
+		return r[0]&1 == 0
+	}
+	fromMont(r, &e[1])
+	return r[0]&1 == 0
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) zero() *fe6 {
+	e[0].zero()
+	e[1].zero()
+	e[2].zero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) one() *fe6 {
+	e[0].one()
+	e[1].zero()
+	e[2].zero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) set(e2 *fe6) *fe6 {
+	e[0].set(&e2[0])
+	e[1].set(&e2[1])
+	e[2].set(&e2[2])
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) rand(r io.Reader) (*fe6, error) {
+	a0, err := new(fe2).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	a1, err := new(fe2).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	a2, err := new(fe2).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fe6{*a0, *a1, *a2}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) isOne() bool {
+	return e[0].isOne() && e[1].isZero() && e[2].isZero()
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) isZero() bool {
+	return e[0].isZero() && e[1].isZero() && e[2].isZero()
+}
+
+func (e *fe6) equal(e2 *fe6) bool {
+	return e[0].equal(&e2[0]) && e[1].equal(&e2[1]) && e[2].equal(&e2[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) zero() *fe12 {
+	e[0].zero()
+	e[1].zero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) one() *fe12 {
+	e[0].one()
+	e[1].zero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) set(e2 *fe12) *fe12 {
+	e[0].set(&e2[0])
+	e[1].set(&e2[1])
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) rand(r io.Reader) (*fe12, error) {
+	a0, err := new(fe6).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	a1, err := new(fe6).rand(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fe12{*a0, *a1}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) isOne() bool {
+	return e[0].isOne() && e[1].isZero()
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) isZero() bool {
+	return e[0].isZero() && e[1].isZero()
+}
+
+func (e *fe12) equal(e2 *fe12) bool {
+	return e[0].equal(&e2[0]) && e[1].equal(&e2[1])
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/field_element_test.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/field_element_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f6abd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/field_element_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestFieldElementValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	zero := new(fe).zero()
+	if !zero.isValid() {
+		t.Fatal("zero must be valid")
+	}
+	one := new(fe).one()
+	if !one.isValid() {
+		t.Fatal("one must be valid")
+	}
+	if modulus.isValid() {
+		t.Fatal("modulus must be invalid")
+	}
+	n := modulus.big()
+	n.Add(n, big.NewInt(1))
+	if new(fe).setBig(n).isValid() {
+		t.Fatal("number greater than modulus must be invalid")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFieldElementEquality(t *testing.T) {
+	// fe
+	zero := new(fe).zero()
+	if !zero.equal(zero) {
+		t.Fatal("0 == 0")
+	}
+	one := new(fe).one()
+	if !one.equal(one) {
+		t.Fatal("1 == 1")
+	}
+	a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	if !a.equal(a) {
+		t.Fatal("a == a")
+	}
+	b := new(fe)
+	add(b, a, one)
+	if a.equal(b) {
+		t.Fatal("a != a + 1")
+	}
+	// fe2
+	zero2 := new(fe2).zero()
+	if !zero2.equal(zero2) {
+		t.Fatal("0 == 0")
+	}
+	one2 := new(fe2).one()
+	if !one2.equal(one2) {
+		t.Fatal("1 == 1")
+	}
+	a2, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+	if !a2.equal(a2) {
+		t.Fatal("a == a")
+	}
+	b2 := new(fe2)
+	fp2 := newFp2()
+	fp2.add(b2, a2, one2)
+	if a2.equal(b2) {
+		t.Fatal("a != a + 1")
+	}
+	// fe6
+	zero6 := new(fe6).zero()
+	if !zero6.equal(zero6) {
+		t.Fatal("0 == 0")
+	}
+	one6 := new(fe6).one()
+	if !one6.equal(one6) {
+		t.Fatal("1 == 1")
+	}
+	a6, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+	if !a6.equal(a6) {
+		t.Fatal("a == a")
+	}
+	b6 := new(fe6)
+	fp6 := newFp6(fp2)
+	fp6.add(b6, a6, one6)
+	if a6.equal(b6) {
+		t.Fatal("a != a + 1")
+	}
+	// fe12
+	zero12 := new(fe12).zero()
+	if !zero12.equal(zero12) {
+		t.Fatal("0 == 0")
+	}
+	one12 := new(fe12).one()
+	if !one12.equal(one12) {
+		t.Fatal("1 == 1")
+	}
+	a12, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+	if !a12.equal(a12) {
+		t.Fatal("a == a")
+	}
+	b12 := new(fe12)
+	fp12 := newFp12(fp6)
+	fp12.add(b12, a12, one12)
+	if a12.equal(b12) {
+		t.Fatal("a != a + 1")
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestFieldElementHelpers(t *testing.T) {
+	// fe
+	zero := new(fe).zero()
+	if !zero.isZero() {
+		t.Fatal("'zero' is not zero")
+	}
+	one := new(fe).one()
+	if !one.isOne() {
+		t.Fatal("'one' is not one")
+	}
+	odd := new(fe).setBig(big.NewInt(1))
+	if !odd.isOdd() {
+		t.Fatal("1 must be odd")
+	}
+	if odd.isEven() {
+		t.Fatal("1 must not be even")
+	}
+	even := new(fe).setBig(big.NewInt(2))
+	if !even.isEven() {
+		t.Fatal("2 must be even")
+	}
+	if even.isOdd() {
+		t.Fatal("2 must not be odd")
+	}
+	// fe2
+	zero2 := new(fe2).zero()
+	if !zero2.isZero() {
+		t.Fatal("'zero' is not zero, 2")
+	}
+	one2 := new(fe2).one()
+	if !one2.isOne() {
+		t.Fatal("'one' is not one, 2")
+	}
+	// fe6
+	zero6 := new(fe6).zero()
+	if !zero6.isZero() {
+		t.Fatal("'zero' is not zero, 6")
+	}
+	one6 := new(fe6).one()
+	if !one6.isOne() {
+		t.Fatal("'one' is not one, 6")
+	}
+	// fe12
+	zero12 := new(fe12).zero()
+	if !zero12.isZero() {
+		t.Fatal("'zero' is not zero, 12")
+	}
+	one12 := new(fe12).one()
+	if !one12.isOne() {
+		t.Fatal("'one' is not one, 12")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFieldElementSerialization(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("zero", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := make([]byte, 48)
+		fe := new(fe).setBytes(in)
+		if !fe.isZero() {
+			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(in, fe.bytes()) {
+			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+			a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+			b := new(fe).setBytes(a.bytes())
+			if !a.equal(b) {
+				t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("big", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+			a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+			b := new(fe).setBig(a.big())
+			if !a.equal(b) {
+				t.Fatal("bad encoding or decoding")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+			a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+			b, err := new(fe).setString(a.string())
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !a.equal(b) {
+				t.Fatal("bad encoding or decoding")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFieldElementByteInputs(t *testing.T) {
+	zero := new(fe).zero()
+	in := make([]byte, 0)
+	a := new(fe).setBytes(in)
+	if !a.equal(zero) {
+		t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+	}
+	in = make([]byte, 48)
+	a = new(fe).setBytes(in)
+	if !a.equal(zero) {
+		t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+	}
+	in = make([]byte, 64)
+	a = new(fe).setBytes(in)
+	if !a.equal(zero) {
+		t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+	}
+	in = make([]byte, 49)
+	in[47] = 1
+	normalOne := &fe{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+	a = new(fe).setBytes(in)
+	if !a.equal(normalOne) {
+		t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFieldElementCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	b := new(fe).set(a)
+	if !a.equal(b) {
+		t.Fatal("bad copy, 1")
+	}
+	a2, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+	b2 := new(fe2).set(a2)
+	if !a2.equal(b2) {
+		t.Fatal("bad copy, 2")
+	}
+	a6, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+	b6 := new(fe6).set(a6)
+	if !a6.equal(b6) {
+		t.Fatal("bad copy, 6")
+	}
+	a12, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+	b12 := new(fe12).set(a12)
+	if !a12.equal(b12) {
+		t.Fatal("bad copy, 12")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/fp.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d850b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func fromBytes(in []byte) (*fe, error) {
+	fe := &fe{}
+	if len(in) != 48 {
+		return nil, errors.New("input string should be equal 48 bytes")
+	}
+	fe.setBytes(in)
+	if !fe.isValid() {
+		return nil, errors.New("must be less than modulus")
+	}
+	toMont(fe, fe)
+	return fe, nil
+}
+
+func fromBig(in *big.Int) (*fe, error) {
+	fe := new(fe).setBig(in)
+	if !fe.isValid() {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid input string")
+	}
+	toMont(fe, fe)
+	return fe, nil
+}
+
+func fromString(in string) (*fe, error) {
+	fe, err := new(fe).setString(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !fe.isValid() {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid input string")
+	}
+	toMont(fe, fe)
+	return fe, nil
+}
+
+func toBytes(e *fe) []byte {
+	e2 := new(fe)
+	fromMont(e2, e)
+	return e2.bytes()
+}
+
+func toBig(e *fe) *big.Int {
+	e2 := new(fe)
+	fromMont(e2, e)
+	return e2.big()
+}
+
+func toString(e *fe) (s string) {
+	e2 := new(fe)
+	fromMont(e2, e)
+	return e2.string()
+}
+
+func toMont(c, a *fe) {
+	mul(c, a, r2)
+}
+
+func fromMont(c, a *fe) {
+	mul(c, a, &fe{1})
+}
+
+func exp(c, a *fe, e *big.Int) {
+	z := new(fe).set(r1)
+	for i := e.BitLen(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		mul(z, z, z)
+		if e.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			mul(z, z, a)
+		}
+	}
+	c.set(z)
+}
+
+func inverse(inv, e *fe) {
+	if e.isZero() {
+		inv.zero()
+		return
+	}
+	u := new(fe).set(&modulus)
+	v := new(fe).set(e)
+	s := &fe{1}
+	r := &fe{0}
+	var k int
+	var z uint64
+	var found = false
+	// Phase 1
+	for i := 0; i < 768; i++ {
+		if v.isZero() {
+			found = true
+			break
+		}
+		if u.isEven() {
+			u.div2(0)
+			s.mul2()
+		} else if v.isEven() {
+			v.div2(0)
+			z += r.mul2()
+		} else if u.cmp(v) == 1 {
+			lsubAssign(u, v)
+			u.div2(0)
+			laddAssign(r, s)
+			s.mul2()
+		} else {
+			lsubAssign(v, u)
+			v.div2(0)
+			laddAssign(s, r)
+			z += r.mul2()
+		}
+		k++
+	}
+
+	if !found {
+		inv.zero()
+		return
+	}
+
+	if k < 381 || k > 381+384 {
+		inv.zero()
+		return
+	}
+
+	if r.cmp(&modulus) != -1 || z > 0 {
+		lsubAssign(r, &modulus)
+	}
+	u.set(&modulus)
+	lsubAssign(u, r)
+
+	// Phase 2
+	for i := k; i < 384*2; i++ {
+		double(u, u)
+	}
+	inv.set(u)
+}
+
+func sqrt(c, a *fe) bool {
+	u, v := new(fe).set(a), new(fe)
+	exp(c, a, pPlus1Over4)
+	square(v, c)
+	return u.equal(v)
+}
+
+func isQuadraticNonResidue(elem *fe) bool {
+	result := new(fe)
+	exp(result, elem, pMinus1Over2)
+	return !result.isOne()
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/fp12.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp12.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd7d7ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp12.go
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+type fp12 struct {
+	fp12temp
+	fp6 *fp6
+}
+
+type fp12temp struct {
+	t2  [9]*fe2
+	t6  [5]*fe6
+	t12 *fe12
+}
+
+func newFp12Temp() fp12temp {
+	t2 := [9]*fe2{}
+	t6 := [5]*fe6{}
+	for i := 0; i < len(t2); i++ {
+		t2[i] = &fe2{}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(t6); i++ {
+		t6[i] = &fe6{}
+	}
+	return fp12temp{t2, t6, &fe12{}}
+}
+
+func newFp12(fp6 *fp6) *fp12 {
+	t := newFp12Temp()
+	if fp6 == nil {
+		return &fp12{t, newFp6(nil)}
+	}
+	return &fp12{t, fp6}
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) fp2() *fp2 {
+	return e.fp6.fp2
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) fromBytes(in []byte) (*fe12, error) {
+	if len(in) != 576 {
+		return nil, errors.New("input string should be larger than 96 bytes")
+	}
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	c1, err := fp6.fromBytes(in[:288])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c0, err := fp6.fromBytes(in[288:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fe12{*c0, *c1}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) toBytes(a *fe12) []byte {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	out := make([]byte, 576)
+	copy(out[:288], fp6.toBytes(&a[1]))
+	copy(out[288:], fp6.toBytes(&a[0]))
+	return out
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) new() *fe12 {
+	return new(fe12)
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) zero() *fe12 {
+	return new(fe12)
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) one() *fe12 {
+	return new(fe12).one()
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) add(c, a, b *fe12) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	fp6.add(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp6.add(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) double(c, a *fe12) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	fp6.double(&c[0], &a[0])
+	fp6.double(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) sub(c, a, b *fe12) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	fp6.sub(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp6.sub(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) neg(c, a *fe12) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	fp6.neg(&c[0], &a[0])
+	fp6.neg(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) conjugate(c, a *fe12) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	c[0].set(&a[0])
+	fp6.neg(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) square(c, a *fe12) {
+	fp6, t := e.fp6, e.t6
+	fp6.add(t[0], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp6.mul(t[2], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp6.mulByNonResidue(t[1], &a[1])
+	fp6.addAssign(t[1], &a[0])
+	fp6.mulByNonResidue(t[3], t[2])
+	fp6.mulAssign(t[0], t[1])
+	fp6.subAssign(t[0], t[2])
+	fp6.sub(&c[0], t[0], t[3])
+	fp6.double(&c[1], t[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) cyclotomicSquare(c, a *fe12) {
+	t, fp2 := e.t2, e.fp2()
+	e.fp4Square(t[3], t[4], &a[0][0], &a[1][1])
+	fp2.sub(t[2], t[3], &a[0][0])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[0][0], t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[2], t[4], &a[1][1])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[1][1], t[2], t[4])
+	e.fp4Square(t[3], t[4], &a[1][0], &a[0][2])
+	e.fp4Square(t[5], t[6], &a[0][1], &a[1][2])
+	fp2.sub(t[2], t[3], &a[0][1])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[0][1], t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[2], t[4], &a[1][2])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[1][2], t[2], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[3], t[6])
+	fp2.add(t[2], t[3], &a[1][0])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[1][0], t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.sub(t[2], t[5], &a[0][2])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[0][2], t[2], t[5])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) mul(c, a, b *fe12) {
+	t, fp6 := e.t6, e.fp6
+	fp6.mul(t[1], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp6.mul(t[2], &a[1], &b[1])
+	fp6.add(t[0], t[1], t[2])
+	fp6.mulByNonResidue(t[2], t[2])
+	fp6.add(t[3], t[1], t[2])
+	fp6.add(t[1], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp6.add(t[2], &b[0], &b[1])
+	fp6.mulAssign(t[1], t[2])
+	c[0].set(t[3])
+	fp6.sub(&c[1], t[1], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) mulAssign(a, b *fe12) {
+	t, fp6 := e.t6, e.fp6
+	fp6.mul(t[1], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp6.mul(t[2], &a[1], &b[1])
+	fp6.add(t[0], t[1], t[2])
+	fp6.mulByNonResidue(t[2], t[2])
+	fp6.add(t[3], t[1], t[2])
+	fp6.add(t[1], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp6.add(t[2], &b[0], &b[1])
+	fp6.mulAssign(t[1], t[2])
+	a[0].set(t[3])
+	fp6.sub(&a[1], t[1], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) fp4Square(c0, c1, a0, a1 *fe2) {
+	t, fp2 := e.t2, e.fp2()
+	fp2.square(t[0], a0)
+	fp2.square(t[1], a1)
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[2], t[1])
+	fp2.add(c0, t[2], t[0])
+	fp2.add(t[2], a0, a1)
+	fp2.squareAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[2], t[0])
+	fp2.sub(c1, t[2], t[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) inverse(c, a *fe12) {
+	fp6, t := e.fp6, e.t6
+	fp6.square(t[0], &a[0])
+	fp6.square(t[1], &a[1])
+	fp6.mulByNonResidue(t[1], t[1])
+	fp6.sub(t[1], t[0], t[1])
+	fp6.inverse(t[0], t[1])
+	fp6.mul(&c[0], &a[0], t[0])
+	fp6.mulAssign(t[0], &a[1])
+	fp6.neg(&c[1], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) mulBy014Assign(a *fe12, c0, c1, c4 *fe2) {
+	fp2, fp6, t, t2 := e.fp2(), e.fp6, e.t6, e.t2[0]
+	fp6.mulBy01(t[0], &a[0], c0, c1)
+	fp6.mulBy1(t[1], &a[1], c4)
+	fp2.add(t2, c1, c4)
+	fp6.add(t[2], &a[1], &a[0])
+	fp6.mulBy01Assign(t[2], c0, t2)
+	fp6.subAssign(t[2], t[0])
+	fp6.sub(&a[1], t[2], t[1])
+	fp6.mulByNonResidue(t[1], t[1])
+	fp6.add(&a[0], t[1], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) exp(c, a *fe12, s *big.Int) {
+	z := e.one()
+	for i := s.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		e.square(z, z)
+		if s.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			e.mul(z, z, a)
+		}
+	}
+	c.set(z)
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) cyclotomicExp(c, a *fe12, s *big.Int) {
+	z := e.one()
+	for i := s.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		e.cyclotomicSquare(z, z)
+		if s.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			e.mul(z, z, a)
+		}
+	}
+	c.set(z)
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) frobeniusMap(c, a *fe12, power uint) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	fp6.frobeniusMap(&c[0], &a[0], power)
+	fp6.frobeniusMap(&c[1], &a[1], power)
+	switch power {
+	case 0:
+		return
+	case 6:
+		fp6.neg(&c[1], &c[1])
+	default:
+		fp6.mulByBaseField(&c[1], &c[1], &frobeniusCoeffs12[power])
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *fp12) frobeniusMapAssign(a *fe12, power uint) {
+	fp6 := e.fp6
+	fp6.frobeniusMapAssign(&a[0], power)
+	fp6.frobeniusMapAssign(&a[1], power)
+	switch power {
+	case 0:
+		return
+	case 6:
+		fp6.neg(&a[1], &a[1])
+	default:
+		fp6.mulByBaseField(&a[1], &a[1], &frobeniusCoeffs12[power])
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/fp2.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp2.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..785330f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp2.go
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+type fp2Temp struct {
+	t [4]*fe
+}
+
+type fp2 struct {
+	fp2Temp
+}
+
+func newFp2Temp() fp2Temp {
+	t := [4]*fe{}
+	for i := 0; i < len(t); i++ {
+		t[i] = &fe{}
+	}
+	return fp2Temp{t}
+}
+
+func newFp2() *fp2 {
+	t := newFp2Temp()
+	return &fp2{t}
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) fromBytes(in []byte) (*fe2, error) {
+	if len(in) != 96 {
+		return nil, errors.New("length of input string should be 96 bytes")
+	}
+	c1, err := fromBytes(in[:48])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c0, err := fromBytes(in[48:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fe2{*c0, *c1}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) toBytes(a *fe2) []byte {
+	out := make([]byte, 96)
+	copy(out[:48], toBytes(&a[1]))
+	copy(out[48:], toBytes(&a[0]))
+	return out
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) new() *fe2 {
+	return new(fe2).zero()
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) zero() *fe2 {
+	return new(fe2).zero()
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) one() *fe2 {
+	return new(fe2).one()
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) add(c, a, b *fe2) {
+	add(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	add(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) addAssign(a, b *fe2) {
+	addAssign(&a[0], &b[0])
+	addAssign(&a[1], &b[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) ladd(c, a, b *fe2) {
+	ladd(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	ladd(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) double(c, a *fe2) {
+	double(&c[0], &a[0])
+	double(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) doubleAssign(a *fe2) {
+	doubleAssign(&a[0])
+	doubleAssign(&a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) ldouble(c, a *fe2) {
+	ldouble(&c[0], &a[0])
+	ldouble(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) sub(c, a, b *fe2) {
+	sub(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	sub(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) subAssign(c, a *fe2) {
+	subAssign(&c[0], &a[0])
+	subAssign(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) neg(c, a *fe2) {
+	neg(&c[0], &a[0])
+	neg(&c[1], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) mul(c, a, b *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	mul(t[1], &a[0], &b[0])
+	mul(t[2], &a[1], &b[1])
+	add(t[0], &a[0], &a[1])
+	add(t[3], &b[0], &b[1])
+	sub(&c[0], t[1], t[2])
+	addAssign(t[1], t[2])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], t[3])
+	sub(&c[1], t[0], t[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) mulAssign(a, b *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	mul(t[1], &a[0], &b[0])
+	mul(t[2], &a[1], &b[1])
+	add(t[0], &a[0], &a[1])
+	add(t[3], &b[0], &b[1])
+	sub(&a[0], t[1], t[2])
+	addAssign(t[1], t[2])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], t[3])
+	sub(&a[1], t[0], t[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) square(c, a *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	ladd(t[0], &a[0], &a[1])
+	sub(t[1], &a[0], &a[1])
+	ldouble(t[2], &a[0])
+	mul(&c[0], t[0], t[1])
+	mul(&c[1], t[2], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) squareAssign(a *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	ladd(t[0], &a[0], &a[1])
+	sub(t[1], &a[0], &a[1])
+	ldouble(t[2], &a[0])
+	mul(&a[0], t[0], t[1])
+	mul(&a[1], t[2], &a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) mulByNonResidue(c, a *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	sub(t[0], &a[0], &a[1])
+	add(&c[1], &a[0], &a[1])
+	c[0].set(t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) mulByB(c, a *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	double(t[0], &a[0])
+	double(t[1], &a[1])
+	doubleAssign(t[0])
+	doubleAssign(t[1])
+	sub(&c[0], t[0], t[1])
+	add(&c[1], t[0], t[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) inverse(c, a *fe2) {
+	t := e.t
+	square(t[0], &a[0])
+	square(t[1], &a[1])
+	addAssign(t[0], t[1])
+	inverse(t[0], t[0])
+	mul(&c[0], &a[0], t[0])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], &a[1])
+	neg(&c[1], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) mulByFq(c, a *fe2, b *fe) {
+	mul(&c[0], &a[0], b)
+	mul(&c[1], &a[1], b)
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) exp(c, a *fe2, s *big.Int) {
+	z := e.one()
+	for i := s.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		e.square(z, z)
+		if s.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			e.mul(z, z, a)
+		}
+	}
+	c.set(z)
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) frobeniusMap(c, a *fe2, power uint) {
+	c[0].set(&a[0])
+	if power%2 == 1 {
+		neg(&c[1], &a[1])
+		return
+	}
+	c[1].set(&a[1])
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) frobeniusMapAssign(a *fe2, power uint) {
+	if power%2 == 1 {
+		neg(&a[1], &a[1])
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) sqrt(c, a *fe2) bool {
+	u, x0, a1, alpha := &fe2{}, &fe2{}, &fe2{}, &fe2{}
+	u.set(a)
+	e.exp(a1, a, pMinus3Over4)
+	e.square(alpha, a1)
+	e.mul(alpha, alpha, a)
+	e.mul(x0, a1, a)
+	if alpha.equal(negativeOne2) {
+		neg(&c[0], &x0[1])
+		c[1].set(&x0[0])
+		return true
+	}
+	e.add(alpha, alpha, e.one())
+	e.exp(alpha, alpha, pMinus1Over2)
+	e.mul(c, alpha, x0)
+	e.square(alpha, c)
+	return alpha.equal(u)
+}
+
+func (e *fp2) isQuadraticNonResidue(a *fe2) bool {
+	// https://github.com/leovt/constructible/wiki/Taking-Square-Roots-in-quadratic-extension-Fields
+	c0, c1 := new(fe), new(fe)
+	square(c0, &a[0])
+	square(c1, &a[1])
+	add(c1, c1, c0)
+	return isQuadraticNonResidue(c1)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/fp6.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp6.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e913505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp6.go
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+type fp6Temp struct {
+	t [6]*fe2
+}
+
+type fp6 struct {
+	fp2 *fp2
+	fp6Temp
+}
+
+func newFp6Temp() fp6Temp {
+	t := [6]*fe2{}
+	for i := 0; i < len(t); i++ {
+		t[i] = &fe2{}
+	}
+	return fp6Temp{t}
+}
+
+func newFp6(f *fp2) *fp6 {
+	t := newFp6Temp()
+	if f == nil {
+		return &fp6{newFp2(), t}
+	}
+	return &fp6{f, t}
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) fromBytes(b []byte) (*fe6, error) {
+	if len(b) < 288 {
+		return nil, errors.New("input string should be larger than 288 bytes")
+	}
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	u2, err := fp2.fromBytes(b[:96])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	u1, err := fp2.fromBytes(b[96:192])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	u0, err := fp2.fromBytes(b[192:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &fe6{*u0, *u1, *u2}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) toBytes(a *fe6) []byte {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	out := make([]byte, 288)
+	copy(out[:96], fp2.toBytes(&a[2]))
+	copy(out[96:192], fp2.toBytes(&a[1]))
+	copy(out[192:], fp2.toBytes(&a[0]))
+	return out
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) new() *fe6 {
+	return new(fe6)
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) zero() *fe6 {
+	return new(fe6)
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) one() *fe6 {
+	return new(fe6).one()
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) add(c, a, b *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.add(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp2.add(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+	fp2.add(&c[2], &a[2], &b[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) addAssign(a, b *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.addAssign(&a[0], &b[0])
+	fp2.addAssign(&a[1], &b[1])
+	fp2.addAssign(&a[2], &b[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) double(c, a *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.double(&c[0], &a[0])
+	fp2.double(&c[1], &a[1])
+	fp2.double(&c[2], &a[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) doubleAssign(a *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.doubleAssign(&a[0])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(&a[1])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(&a[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) sub(c, a, b *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.sub(&c[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp2.sub(&c[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+	fp2.sub(&c[2], &a[2], &b[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) subAssign(a, b *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.subAssign(&a[0], &b[0])
+	fp2.subAssign(&a[1], &b[1])
+	fp2.subAssign(&a[2], &b[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) neg(c, a *fe6) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.neg(&c[0], &a[0])
+	fp2.neg(&c[1], &a[1])
+	fp2.neg(&c[2], &a[2])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mul(c, a, b *fe6) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], &a[2], &b[2])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[1], &a[2])
+	fp2.add(t[4], &b[1], &b[2])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[1], t[2])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[3], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[5], t[0], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.add(t[4], &b[0], &b[1])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[0], t[1])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[4], t[2])
+	fp2.add(&c[1], t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[0], &a[2])
+	fp2.add(t[4], &b[0], &b[2])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[0], t[2])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(&c[2], t[1], t[3])
+	c[0].set(t[5])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mulAssign(a, b *fe6) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &a[0], &b[0])
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &a[1], &b[1])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], &a[2], &b[2])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[1], &a[2])
+	fp2.add(t[4], &b[1], &b[2])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[1], t[2])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[3], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[5], t[0], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.add(t[4], &b[0], &b[1])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[0], t[1])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[4], t[2])
+	fp2.add(&a[1], t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[0], &a[2])
+	fp2.add(t[4], &b[0], &b[2])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[0], t[2])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.add(&a[2], t[1], t[3])
+	a[0].set(t[5])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) square(c, a *fe6) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.square(t[0], &a[0])
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[1])
+	fp2.sub(t[2], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.addAssign(t[2], &a[2])
+	fp2.squareAssign(t[2])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], &a[1], &a[2])
+	fp2.doubleAssign(t[3])
+	fp2.square(t[4], &a[2])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[5], t[3])
+	fp2.add(&c[0], t[0], t[5])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[5], t[4])
+	fp2.add(&c[1], t[1], t[5])
+	fp2.addAssign(t[1], t[2])
+	fp2.addAssign(t[1], t[3])
+	fp2.addAssign(t[0], t[4])
+	fp2.sub(&c[2], t[1], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mulBy01Assign(a *fe6, b0, b1 *fe2) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &a[0], b0)
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &a[1], b1)
+	fp2.add(t[5], &a[1], &a[2])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], b1, t[5])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[2], t[1])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[2], t[2])
+	fp2.add(t[5], &a[0], &a[2])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], b0, t[5])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[0])
+	fp2.add(&a[2], t[3], t[1])
+	fp2.add(t[4], b0, b1)
+	fp2.add(t[5], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[4], t[5])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[4], t[0])
+	fp2.sub(&a[1], t[4], t[1])
+	fp2.add(&a[0], t[2], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mulBy01(c, a *fe6, b0, b1 *fe2) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &a[0], b0)
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &a[1], b1)
+	fp2.add(t[2], &a[1], &a[2])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[2], b1)
+	fp2.subAssign(t[2], t[1])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[2], t[2])
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[0], &a[2])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[3], b0)
+	fp2.subAssign(t[3], t[0])
+	fp2.add(&c[2], t[3], t[1])
+	fp2.add(t[4], b0, b1)
+	fp2.add(t[3], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.mulAssign(t[4], t[3])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[4], t[0])
+	fp2.sub(&c[1], t[4], t[1])
+	fp2.add(&c[0], t[2], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mulBy1(c, a *fe6, b1 *fe2) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &a[2], b1)
+	fp2.mul(&c[2], &a[1], b1)
+	fp2.mul(&c[1], &a[0], b1)
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(&c[0], t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mulByNonResidue(c, a *fe6) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	t[0].set(&a[0])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(&c[0], &a[2])
+	c[2].set(&a[1])
+	c[1].set(t[0])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) mulByBaseField(c, a *fe6, b *fe2) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.mul(&c[0], &a[0], b)
+	fp2.mul(&c[1], &a[1], b)
+	fp2.mul(&c[2], &a[2], b)
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) exp(c, a *fe6, s *big.Int) {
+	z := e.one()
+	for i := s.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		e.square(z, z)
+		if s.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			e.mul(z, z, a)
+		}
+	}
+	c.set(z)
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) inverse(c, a *fe6) {
+	fp2, t := e.fp2, e.t
+	fp2.square(t[0], &a[0])
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &a[1], &a[2])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[1], t[1])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[0], t[1])
+	fp2.square(t[1], &a[1])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], &a[0], &a[2])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[1], t[2])
+	fp2.square(t[2], &a[2])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[2], t[2])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], &a[0], &a[1])
+	fp2.subAssign(t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], &a[2], t[2])
+	fp2.mul(t[4], &a[1], t[1])
+	fp2.addAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByNonResidue(t[3], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(t[4], &a[0], t[0])
+	fp2.addAssign(t[3], t[4])
+	fp2.inverse(t[3], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(&c[0], t[0], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(&c[1], t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(&c[2], t[1], t[3])
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) frobeniusMap(c, a *fe6, power uint) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.frobeniusMap(&c[0], &a[0], power)
+	fp2.frobeniusMap(&c[1], &a[1], power)
+	fp2.frobeniusMap(&c[2], &a[2], power)
+	switch power % 6 {
+	case 0:
+		return
+	case 3:
+		neg(&c[0][0], &a[1][1])
+		c[1][1].set(&a[1][0])
+		fp2.neg(&a[2], &a[2])
+	default:
+		fp2.mul(&c[1], &c[1], &frobeniusCoeffs61[power%6])
+		fp2.mul(&c[2], &c[2], &frobeniusCoeffs62[power%6])
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *fp6) frobeniusMapAssign(a *fe6, power uint) {
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	fp2.frobeniusMapAssign(&a[0], power)
+	fp2.frobeniusMapAssign(&a[1], power)
+	fp2.frobeniusMapAssign(&a[2], power)
+	t := e.t
+	switch power % 6 {
+	case 0:
+		return
+	case 3:
+		neg(&t[0][0], &a[1][1])
+		a[1][1].set(&a[1][0])
+		a[1][0].set(&t[0][0])
+		fp2.neg(&a[2], &a[2])
+	default:
+		fp2.mulAssign(&a[1], &frobeniusCoeffs61[power%6])
+		fp2.mulAssign(&a[2], &frobeniusCoeffs62[power%6])
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/fp_test.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba0a0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/fp_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1412 @@
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestFpSerialization(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("zero", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := make([]byte, 48)
+		fe, err := fromBytes(in)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !fe.isZero() {
+			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(in, toBytes(fe)) {
+			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+			a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+			b, err := fromBytes(toBytes(a))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !a.equal(b) {
+				t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+			a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+			b, err := fromString(toString(a))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !a.equal(b) {
+				t.Fatal("bad encoding or decoding")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("big", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+			a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+			b, err := fromBig(toBig(a))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !a.equal(b) {
+				t.Fatal("bad encoding or decoding")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFpAdditionCrossAgainstBigInt(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c := new(fe)
+		big_a := toBig(a)
+		big_b := toBig(b)
+		big_c := new(big.Int)
+		add(c, a, b)
+		out_1 := toBytes(c)
+		out_2 := padBytes(big_c.Add(big_a, big_b).Mod(big_c, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied A")
+		}
+		double(c, a)
+		out_1 = toBytes(c)
+		out_2 = padBytes(big_c.Add(big_a, big_a).Mod(big_c, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied B")
+		}
+		sub(c, a, b)
+		out_1 = toBytes(c)
+		out_2 = padBytes(big_c.Sub(big_a, big_b).Mod(big_c, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied C")
+		}
+		neg(c, a)
+		out_1 = toBytes(c)
+		out_2 = padBytes(big_c.Neg(big_a).Mod(big_c, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied D")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpAdditionCrossAgainstBigIntAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		big_a, big_b := toBig(a), toBig(b)
+		addAssign(a, b)
+		out_1 := toBytes(a)
+		out_2 := padBytes(big_a.Add(big_a, big_b).Mod(big_a, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied A")
+		}
+		a, _ = new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		big_a = toBig(a)
+		doubleAssign(a)
+		out_1 = toBytes(a)
+		out_2 = padBytes(big_a.Add(big_a, big_a).Mod(big_a, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied B")
+		}
+		a, _ = new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ = new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		big_a, big_b = toBig(a), toBig(b)
+		subAssign(a, b)
+		out_1 = toBytes(a)
+		out_2 = padBytes(big_a.Sub(big_a, big_b).Mod(big_a, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied A")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpAdditionProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := new(fe).zero()
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1, c_2 := new(fe), new(fe)
+		add(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		sub(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		double(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		neg(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("-0 == 0")
+		}
+		sub(c_1, zero, a)
+		neg(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		double(c_1, a)
+		add(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		add(c_1, a, b)
+		add(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		sub(c_1, a, b)
+		sub(c_2, b, a)
+		neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		add(c_1, a, b)
+		add(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		add(c_2, a, c_x)
+		add(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (a + c ) + b")
+		}
+		sub(c_1, a, b)
+		sub(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		sub(c_2, a, c_x)
+		sub(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c ) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpAdditionPropertiesAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := new(fe).zero()
+		a, b := new(fe), new(fe)
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		addAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		subAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		a.set(zero)
+		doubleAssign(a)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		a.set(zero)
+		subAssign(a, b)
+		neg(b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		doubleAssign(a)
+		addAssign(b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1, c_2 := new(fe).set(a), new(fe).set(b)
+		addAssign(c_1, b)
+		addAssign(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1.set(a)
+		c_2.set(b)
+		subAssign(c_1, b)
+		subAssign(c_2, a)
+		neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe).set(a)
+		addAssign(a, b)
+		addAssign(a, c)
+		addAssign(b, c)
+		addAssign(b, a0)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (b + c) + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = c.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		subAssign(a, b)
+		subAssign(a, c)
+		subAssign(a0, c)
+		subAssign(a0, b)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpLazyOperations(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c0 := new(fe)
+		c1 := new(fe)
+		ladd(c0, a, b)
+		add(c1, a, b)
+		mul(c0, c0, c)
+		mul(c1, c1, c)
+		if !c0.equal(c1) {
+			// l+ operator stands for lazy addition
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) * c == (a l+ b) * c")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		ldouble(a, a)
+		ladd(b, b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("2 l* a = a l+ a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = c.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe).set(a)
+		lsubAssign(a, b)
+		laddAssign(a, &modulus)
+		mul(a, a, c)
+		subAssign(a0, b)
+		mul(a0, a0, c)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("((a l- b) + p) * c = (a-b) * c")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpMultiplicationCrossAgainstBigInt(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c := new(fe)
+		big_a := toBig(a)
+		big_b := toBig(b)
+		big_c := new(big.Int)
+		mul(c, a, b)
+		out_1 := toBytes(c)
+		out_2 := padBytes(big_c.Mul(big_a, big_b).Mod(big_c, modulus.big()).Bytes(), 48)
+		if !bytes.Equal(out_1, out_2) {
+			t.Fatal("cross test against big.Int is not satisfied")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpMultiplicationProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero, one := new(fe).zero(), new(fe).one()
+		c_1, c_2 := new(fe), new(fe)
+		mul(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		mul(c_1, a, one)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		mul(c_1, a, b)
+		mul(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		mul(c_1, a, b)
+		mul(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		mul(c_2, c_x, b)
+		mul(c_2, c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+		square(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("0^2 == 0")
+		}
+		square(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("1^2 == 1")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		square(c_1, a)
+		mul(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_1) {
+			t.Fatal("a^2 == a*a")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpExponentiation(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u := new(fe)
+		exp(u, a, big.NewInt(0))
+		if !u.isOne() {
+			t.Fatal("a^0 == 1")
+		}
+		exp(u, a, big.NewInt(1))
+		if !u.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a^1 == a")
+		}
+		v := new(fe)
+		mul(u, a, a)
+		mul(u, u, u)
+		mul(u, u, u)
+		exp(v, a, big.NewInt(8))
+		if !u.equal(v) {
+			t.Fatal("((a^2)^2)^2 == a^8")
+		}
+		p := modulus.big()
+		exp(u, a, p)
+		if !u.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a^p == a")
+		}
+		exp(u, a, p.Sub(p, big.NewInt(1)))
+		if !u.isOne() {
+			t.Fatal("a^(p-1) == 1")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFpInversion(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		u := new(fe)
+		zero, one := new(fe).zero(), new(fe).one()
+		inverse(u, zero)
+		if !u.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("(0^-1) == 0)")
+		}
+		inverse(u, one)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(1^-1) == 1)")
+		}
+		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+		inverse(u, a)
+		mul(u, u, a)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(r*a) * r*(a^-1) == r)")
+		}
+		v := new(fe)
+		p := modulus.big()
+		exp(u, a, p.Sub(p, big.NewInt(2)))
+		inverse(v, a)
+		if !v.equal(u) {
+			t.Fatal("a^(p-2) == a^-1")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+//func TestFpSquareRoot(t *testing.T) {
+//	r := new(fe)
+//	if sqrt(r, nonResidue1) {
+//		t.Fatal("non residue cannot have a sqrt")
+//	}
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		aa, rr, r := &fe{}, &fe{}, &fe{}
+//		square(aa, a)
+//		if !sqrt(r, aa) {
+//			t.Fatal("bad sqrt 1")
+//		}
+//		square(rr, r)
+//		if !rr.equal(aa) {
+//			t.Fatal("bad sqrt 2")
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
+
+//func TestFpNonResidue(t *testing.T) {
+//	if !isQuadraticNonResidue(nonResidue1) {
+//		t.Fatal("element is quadratic non residue, 1")
+//	}
+//	if isQuadraticNonResidue(new(fe).one()) {
+//		t.Fatal("one is not quadratic non residue")
+//	}
+//	if !isQuadraticNonResidue(new(fe).zero()) {
+//		t.Fatal("should accept zero as quadratic non residue")
+//	}
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		square(a, a)
+//		if isQuadraticNonResidue(new(fe).one()) {
+//			t.Fatal("element is not quadratic non residue")
+//		}
+//	}
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		if !sqrt(new(fe), a) {
+//			if !isQuadraticNonResidue(a) {
+//				t.Fatal("element is quadratic non residue, 2", i)
+//			}
+//		} else {
+//			i--
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//}
+
+//func TestFp2Serialization(t *testing.T) {
+//	field := newFp2()
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		b, err := field.fromBytes(field.toBytes(a))
+//		if err != nil {
+//			t.Fatal(err)
+//		}
+//		if !a.equal(b) {
+//			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestFp2AdditionProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := field.zero()
+		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1 := field.new()
+		c_2 := field.new()
+		field.add(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.double(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.neg(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("-0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, zero, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		field.double(c_1, a)
+		field.add(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		field.add(c_1, a, b)
+		field.add(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, b)
+		field.sub(c_2, b, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.add(c_1, a, b)
+		field.add(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.add(c_2, a, c_x)
+		field.add(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (a + c ) + b")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, b)
+		field.sub(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.sub(c_2, a, c_x)
+		field.sub(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c ) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp2AdditionPropertiesAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := new(fe2).zero()
+		a, b := new(fe2), new(fe2)
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		field.addAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.subAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		a.set(zero)
+		field.doubleAssign(a)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		a.set(zero)
+		field.subAssign(a, b)
+		field.neg(b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		field.doubleAssign(a)
+		field.addAssign(b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1, c_2 := new(fe2).set(a), new(fe2).set(b)
+		field.addAssign(c_1, b)
+		field.addAssign(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1.set(a)
+		c_2.set(b)
+		field.subAssign(c_1, b)
+		field.subAssign(c_2, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe2).set(a)
+		field.addAssign(a, b)
+		field.addAssign(a, c)
+		field.addAssign(b, c)
+		field.addAssign(b, a0)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (b + c) + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = c.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.subAssign(a, b)
+		field.subAssign(a, c)
+		field.subAssign(a0, c)
+		field.subAssign(a0, b)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp2LazyOperations(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c0 := new(fe2)
+		c1 := new(fe2)
+		field.ladd(c0, a, b)
+		field.add(c1, a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(c0, c)
+		field.mulAssign(c1, c)
+		if !c0.equal(c1) {
+			// l+ operator stands for lazy addition
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) * c == (a l+ b) * c")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		field.ldouble(a, a)
+		field.ladd(b, b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("2 l* a = a l+ a")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp2MultiplicationProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero := field.zero()
+		one := field.one()
+		c_1, c_2 := field.new(), field.new()
+		field.mul(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.mul(c_1, a, one)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		field.mul(c_1, a, b)
+		field.mul(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.mul(c_1, a, b)
+		field.mul(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.mul(c_2, c_x, b)
+		field.mul(c_2, c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+		field.square(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("0^2 == 0")
+		}
+		field.square(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("1^2 == 1")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.square(c_1, a)
+		field.mul(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_2.equal(c_1) {
+			t.Fatal("a^2 == a*a")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp2MultiplicationPropertiesAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero, one := new(fe2).zero(), new(fe2).one()
+		field.mulAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe2).set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(b, a0)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(a, c)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, c)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, b)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.squareAssign(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, a0)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("a^2 == a*a")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp2Exponentiation(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u := field.new()
+		field.exp(u, a, big.NewInt(0))
+		if !u.equal(field.one()) {
+			t.Fatal("a^0 == 1")
+		}
+		field.exp(u, a, big.NewInt(1))
+		if !u.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a^1 == a")
+		}
+		v := field.new()
+		field.mul(u, a, a)
+		field.mul(u, u, u)
+		field.mul(u, u, u)
+		field.exp(v, a, big.NewInt(8))
+		if !u.equal(v) {
+			t.Fatal("((a^2)^2)^2 == a^8")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp2Inversion(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp2()
+	u := field.new()
+	zero := field.zero()
+	one := field.one()
+	field.inverse(u, zero)
+	if !u.equal(zero) {
+		t.Fatal("(0 ^ -1) == 0)")
+	}
+	field.inverse(u, one)
+	if !u.equal(one) {
+		t.Fatal("(1 ^ -1) == 1)")
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.inverse(u, a)
+		field.mul(u, u, a)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(r * a) * r * (a ^ -1) == r)")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+//func TestFp2SquareRoot(t *testing.T) {
+//	field := newFp2()
+//	for z := 0; z < 1000; z++ {
+//		zi := new(fe)
+//		sub(zi, &modulus, &fe{uint64(z * z)})
+//		// r = (-z*z, 0)
+//		r := &fe2{*zi, fe{0}}
+//		toMont(&r[0], &r[0])
+//		toMont(&r[1], &r[1])
+//		c := field.new()
+//		// sqrt((-z*z, 0)) = (0, z)
+//		if !field.sqrt(c, r) {
+//			t.Fatal("z*z does have a square root")
+//		}
+//		e := &fe2{fe{uint64(0)}, fe{uint64(z)}}
+//		toMont(&e[0], &e[0])
+//		toMont(&e[1], &e[1])
+//		field.square(e, e)
+//		field.square(c, c)
+//		if !e.equal(c) {
+//			t.Fatal("square root failed")
+//		}
+//	}
+//	if field.sqrt(field.new(), nonResidue2) {
+//		t.Fatal("non residue cannot have a sqrt")
+//	}
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		aa, rr, r := field.new(), field.new(), field.new()
+//		field.square(aa, a)
+//		if !field.sqrt(r, aa) {
+//			t.Fatal("bad sqrt 1")
+//		}
+//		field.square(rr, r)
+//		if !rr.equal(aa) {
+//			t.Fatal("bad sqrt 2")
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
+
+//func TestFp2NonResidue(t *testing.T) {
+//	field := newFp2()
+//	if !field.isQuadraticNonResidue(nonResidue2) {
+//		t.Fatal("element is quadratic non residue, 1")
+//	}
+//	if field.isQuadraticNonResidue(new(fe2).one()) {
+//		t.Fatal("one is not quadratic non residue")
+//	}
+//	if !field.isQuadraticNonResidue(new(fe2).zero()) {
+//		t.Fatal("should accept zero as quadratic non residue")
+//	}
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		field.squareAssign(a)
+//		if field.isQuadraticNonResidue(new(fe2).one()) {
+//			t.Fatal("element is not quadratic non residue")
+//		}
+//	}
+//	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+//		a, _ := new(fe2).rand(rand.Reader)
+//		if !field.sqrt(new(fe2), a) {
+//			if !field.isQuadraticNonResidue(a) {
+//				t.Fatal("element is quadratic non residue, 2", i)
+//			}
+//		} else {
+//			i--
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestFp6Serialization(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, err := field.fromBytes(field.toBytes(a))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6AdditionProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := field.zero()
+		a, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1 := field.new()
+		c_2 := field.new()
+		field.add(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.double(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.neg(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("-0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, zero, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		field.double(c_1, a)
+		field.add(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		field.add(c_1, a, b)
+		field.add(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, b)
+		field.sub(c_2, b, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.add(c_1, a, b)
+		field.add(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.add(c_2, a, c_x)
+		field.add(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (a + c ) + b")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, b)
+		field.sub(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.sub(c_2, a, c_x)
+		field.sub(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c ) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6AdditionPropertiesAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := new(fe6).zero()
+		a, b := new(fe6), new(fe6)
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		field.addAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.subAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		a.set(zero)
+		field.doubleAssign(a)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		a.set(zero)
+		field.subAssign(a, b)
+		field.neg(b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b.set(a)
+		field.doubleAssign(a)
+		field.addAssign(b, b)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1, c_2 := new(fe6).set(a), new(fe6).set(b)
+		field.addAssign(c_1, b)
+		field.addAssign(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1.set(a)
+		c_2.set(b)
+		field.subAssign(c_1, b)
+		field.subAssign(c_2, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		c, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe6).set(a)
+		field.addAssign(a, b)
+		field.addAssign(a, c)
+		field.addAssign(b, c)
+		field.addAssign(b, a0)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (b + c) + a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = b.rand(rand.Reader)
+		_, _ = c.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.subAssign(a, b)
+		field.subAssign(a, c)
+		field.subAssign(a0, c)
+		field.subAssign(a0, b)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6SparseMultiplication(t *testing.T) {
+	fp6 := newFp6(nil)
+	var a, b, u *fe6
+	for j := 0; j < fuz; j++ {
+		a, _ = new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ = new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u, _ = new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b[2].zero()
+		fp6.mul(u, a, b)
+		fp6.mulBy01(a, a, &b[0], &b[1])
+		if !a.equal(u) {
+			t.Fatal("bad mul by 01")
+		}
+	}
+	for j := 0; j < fuz; j++ {
+		a, _ = new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ = new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u, _ = new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b[2].zero()
+		b[0].zero()
+		fp6.mul(u, a, b)
+		fp6.mulBy1(a, a, &b[1])
+		if !a.equal(u) {
+			t.Fatal("bad mul by 1")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6MultiplicationProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero := field.zero()
+		one := field.one()
+		c_1, c_2 := field.new(), field.new()
+		field.mul(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.mul(c_1, a, one)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		field.mul(c_1, a, b)
+		field.mul(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.mul(c_1, a, b)
+		field.mul(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.mul(c_2, c_x, b)
+		field.mul(c_2, c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+		field.square(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("0^2 == 0")
+		}
+		field.square(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("1^2 == 1")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.square(c_1, a)
+		field.mul(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_2.equal(c_1) {
+			t.Fatal("a^2 == a*a")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6MultiplicationPropertiesAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero, one := new(fe6).zero(), new(fe6).one()
+		field.mulAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe6).set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(b, a0)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(a, c)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, c)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, b)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6Exponentiation(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u := field.new()
+		field.exp(u, a, big.NewInt(0))
+		if !u.equal(field.one()) {
+			t.Fatal("a^0 == 1")
+		}
+		field.exp(u, a, big.NewInt(1))
+		if !u.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a^1 == a")
+		}
+		v := field.new()
+		field.mul(u, a, a)
+		field.mul(u, u, u)
+		field.mul(u, u, u)
+		field.exp(v, a, big.NewInt(8))
+		if !u.equal(v) {
+			t.Fatal("((a^2)^2)^2 == a^8")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp6Inversion(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp6(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		u := field.new()
+		zero := field.zero()
+		one := field.one()
+		field.inverse(u, zero)
+		if !u.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("(0^-1) == 0)")
+		}
+		field.inverse(u, one)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(1^-1) == 1)")
+		}
+		a, _ := new(fe6).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.inverse(u, a)
+		field.mul(u, u, a)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(r*a) * r*(a^-1) == r)")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12Serialization(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp12(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, err := field.fromBytes(field.toBytes(a))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("bad serialization")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12AdditionProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp12(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		zero := field.zero()
+		a, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		c_1 := field.new()
+		c_2 := field.new()
+		field.add(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a + 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a - 0 == a")
+		}
+		field.double(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.neg(c_1, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("-0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, zero, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("0-a == -a")
+		}
+		field.double(c_1, a)
+		field.add(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("2 * a == a + a")
+		}
+		field.add(c_1, a, b)
+		field.add(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a + b = b + a")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, b)
+		field.sub(c_2, b, a)
+		field.neg(c_2, c_2)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a - b = - ( b - a )")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.add(c_1, a, b)
+		field.add(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.add(c_2, a, c_x)
+		field.add(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a + b) + c == (a + c ) + b")
+		}
+		field.sub(c_1, a, b)
+		field.sub(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.sub(c_2, a, c_x)
+		field.sub(c_2, c_2, b)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a - b) - c == (a - c ) -b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12MultiplicationProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp12(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero := field.zero()
+		one := field.one()
+		c_1, c_2 := field.new(), field.new()
+		field.mul(c_1, a, zero)
+		if !c_1.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		field.mul(c_1, a, one)
+		if !c_1.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		field.mul(c_1, a, b)
+		field.mul(c_2, b, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c_x, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.mul(c_1, a, b)
+		field.mul(c_1, c_1, c_x)
+		field.mul(c_2, c_x, b)
+		field.mul(c_2, c_2, a)
+		if !c_1.equal(c_2) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+		field.square(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("0^2 == 0")
+		}
+		field.square(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("1^2 == 1")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.square(c_1, a)
+		field.mul(c_2, a, a)
+		if !c_2.equal(c_1) {
+			t.Fatal("a^2 == a*a")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12MultiplicationPropertiesAssigned(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp12(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		zero, one := new(fe12).zero(), new(fe12).one()
+		field.mulAssign(a, zero)
+		if !a.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 0 == 0")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0 := new(fe12).set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, one)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("a * 1 == a")
+		}
+		_, _ = a.rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(b, a0)
+		if !a.equal(b) {
+			t.Fatal("a * b == b * a")
+		}
+		c, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		a0.set(a)
+		field.mulAssign(a, b)
+		field.mulAssign(a, c)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, c)
+		field.mulAssign(a0, b)
+		if !a.equal(a0) {
+			t.Fatal("(a * b) * c == (a * c) * b")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12SparseMultiplication(t *testing.T) {
+	fp12 := newFp12(nil)
+	var a, b, u *fe12
+	for j := 0; j < fuz; j++ {
+		a, _ = new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b, _ = new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u, _ = new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		b[0][2].zero()
+		b[1][0].zero()
+		b[1][2].zero()
+		fp12.mul(u, a, b)
+		fp12.mulBy014Assign(a, &b[0][0], &b[0][1], &b[1][1])
+		if !a.equal(u) {
+			t.Fatal("bad mul by 01")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12Exponentiation(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp12(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		a, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		u := field.new()
+		field.exp(u, a, big.NewInt(0))
+		if !u.equal(field.one()) {
+			t.Fatal("a^0 == 1")
+		}
+		field.exp(u, a, big.NewInt(1))
+		if !u.equal(a) {
+			t.Fatal("a^1 == a")
+		}
+		v := field.new()
+		field.mul(u, a, a)
+		field.mul(u, u, u)
+		field.mul(u, u, u)
+		field.exp(v, a, big.NewInt(8))
+		if !u.equal(v) {
+			t.Fatal("((a^2)^2)^2 == a^8")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFp12Inversion(t *testing.T) {
+	field := newFp12(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < fuz; i++ {
+		u := field.new()
+		zero := field.zero()
+		one := field.one()
+		field.inverse(u, zero)
+		if !u.equal(zero) {
+			t.Fatal("(0^-1) == 0)")
+		}
+		field.inverse(u, one)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(1^-1) == 1)")
+		}
+		a, _ := new(fe12).rand(rand.Reader)
+		field.inverse(u, a)
+		field.mul(u, u, a)
+		if !u.equal(one) {
+			t.Fatal("(r*a) * r*(a^-1) == r)")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMultiplication(t *testing.B) {
+	a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	c, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	t.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < t.N; i++ {
+		mul(c, a, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkInverse(t *testing.B) {
+	a, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	b, _ := new(fe).rand(rand.Reader)
+	t.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < t.N; i++ {
+		inverse(a, b)
+	}
+}
+
+func padBytes(in []byte, size int) []byte {
+	out := make([]byte, size)
+	if len(in) > size {
+		panic("bad input for padding")
+	}
+	copy(out[size-len(in):], in)
+	return out
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/g1.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/g1.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd867c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/g1.go
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//nolint:golint
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// PointG1 is type for point in G1.
+// PointG1 is both used for Affine and Jacobian point representation.
+// If z is equal to one the point is considered as in affine form.
+type PointG1 [3]fe
+
+func (p *PointG1) Set(p2 *PointG1) *PointG1 {
+	p[0].set(&p2[0])
+	p[1].set(&p2[1])
+	p[2].set(&p2[2])
+	return p
+}
+
+// Zero returns G1 point in point at infinity representation
+func (p *PointG1) Zero() *PointG1 {
+	p[0].zero()
+	p[1].one()
+	p[2].zero()
+	return p
+}
+
+type tempG1 struct {
+	t [9]*fe
+}
+
+// G1 is struct for G1 group.
+type G1 struct {
+	tempG1
+}
+
+// NewG1 constructs a new G1 instance.
+func NewG1() *G1 {
+	t := newTempG1()
+	return &G1{t}
+}
+
+func newTempG1() tempG1 {
+	t := [9]*fe{}
+	for i := 0; i < 9; i++ {
+		t[i] = &fe{}
+	}
+	return tempG1{t}
+}
+
+// Q returns group order in big.Int.
+func (g *G1) Q() *big.Int {
+	return new(big.Int).Set(q)
+}
+
+func (g *G1) fromBytesUnchecked(in []byte) (*PointG1, error) {
+	p0, err := fromBytes(in[:48])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p1, err := fromBytes(in[48:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p2 := new(fe).one()
+	return &PointG1{*p0, *p1, *p2}, nil
+}
+
+// FromBytes constructs a new point given uncompressed byte input.
+// FromBytes does not take zcash flags into account.
+// Byte input expected to be larger than 96 bytes.
+// First 96 bytes should be concatenation of x and y values.
+// Point (0, 0) is considered as infinity.
+func (g *G1) FromBytes(in []byte) (*PointG1, error) {
+	if len(in) != 96 {
+		return nil, errors.New("input string should be equal or larger than 96")
+	}
+	p0, err := fromBytes(in[:48])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p1, err := fromBytes(in[48:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// check if given input points to infinity
+	if p0.isZero() && p1.isZero() {
+		return g.Zero(), nil
+	}
+	p2 := new(fe).one()
+	p := &PointG1{*p0, *p1, *p2}
+	if !g.IsOnCurve(p) {
+		return nil, errors.New("point is not on curve")
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+// DecodePoint given encoded (x, y) coordinates in 128 bytes returns a valid G1 Point.
+func (g *G1) DecodePoint(in []byte) (*PointG1, error) {
+	if len(in) != 128 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid g1 point length")
+	}
+	pointBytes := make([]byte, 96)
+	// decode x
+	xBytes, err := decodeFieldElement(in[:64])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// decode y
+	yBytes, err := decodeFieldElement(in[64:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	copy(pointBytes[:48], xBytes)
+	copy(pointBytes[48:], yBytes)
+	return g.FromBytes(pointBytes)
+}
+
+// ToBytes serializes a point into bytes in uncompressed form.
+// ToBytes does not take zcash flags into account.
+// ToBytes returns (0, 0) if point is infinity.
+func (g *G1) ToBytes(p *PointG1) []byte {
+	out := make([]byte, 96)
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return out
+	}
+	g.Affine(p)
+	copy(out[:48], toBytes(&p[0]))
+	copy(out[48:], toBytes(&p[1]))
+	return out
+}
+
+// EncodePoint encodes a point into 128 bytes.
+func (g *G1) EncodePoint(p *PointG1) []byte {
+	outRaw := g.ToBytes(p)
+	out := make([]byte, 128)
+	// encode x
+	copy(out[16:], outRaw[:48])
+	// encode y
+	copy(out[64+16:], outRaw[48:])
+	return out
+}
+
+// New creates a new G1 Point which is equal to zero in other words point at infinity.
+func (g *G1) New() *PointG1 {
+	return g.Zero()
+}
+
+// Zero returns a new G1 Point which is equal to point at infinity.
+func (g *G1) Zero() *PointG1 {
+	return new(PointG1).Zero()
+}
+
+// One returns a new G1 Point which is equal to generator point.
+func (g *G1) One() *PointG1 {
+	p := &PointG1{}
+	return p.Set(&g1One)
+}
+
+// IsZero returns true if given point is equal to zero.
+func (g *G1) IsZero(p *PointG1) bool {
+	return p[2].isZero()
+}
+
+// Equal checks if given two G1 point is equal in their affine form.
+func (g *G1) Equal(p1, p2 *PointG1) bool {
+	if g.IsZero(p1) {
+		return g.IsZero(p2)
+	}
+	if g.IsZero(p2) {
+		return g.IsZero(p1)
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	square(t[0], &p1[2])
+	square(t[1], &p2[2])
+	mul(t[2], t[0], &p2[0])
+	mul(t[3], t[1], &p1[0])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], &p1[2])
+	mul(t[1], t[1], &p2[2])
+	mul(t[1], t[1], &p1[1])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], &p2[1])
+	return t[0].equal(t[1]) && t[2].equal(t[3])
+}
+
+// InCorrectSubgroup checks whether given point is in correct subgroup.
+func (g *G1) InCorrectSubgroup(p *PointG1) bool {
+	tmp := &PointG1{}
+	g.MulScalar(tmp, p, q)
+	return g.IsZero(tmp)
+}
+
+// IsOnCurve checks a G1 point is on curve.
+func (g *G1) IsOnCurve(p *PointG1) bool {
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return true
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	square(t[0], &p[1])
+	square(t[1], &p[0])
+	mul(t[1], t[1], &p[0])
+	square(t[2], &p[2])
+	square(t[3], t[2])
+	mul(t[2], t[2], t[3])
+	mul(t[2], b, t[2])
+	add(t[1], t[1], t[2])
+	return t[0].equal(t[1])
+}
+
+// IsAffine checks a G1 point whether it is in affine form.
+func (g *G1) IsAffine(p *PointG1) bool {
+	return p[2].isOne()
+}
+
+// Add adds two G1 points p1, p2 and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) Affine(p *PointG1) *PointG1 {
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return p
+	}
+	if !g.IsAffine(p) {
+		t := g.t
+		inverse(t[0], &p[2])
+		square(t[1], t[0])
+		mul(&p[0], &p[0], t[1])
+		mul(t[0], t[0], t[1])
+		mul(&p[1], &p[1], t[0])
+		p[2].one()
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+// Add adds two G1 points p1, p2 and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) Add(r, p1, p2 *PointG1) *PointG1 {
+	// http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/gp/auto-shortw-jacobian-0.html#addition-add-2007-bl
+	if g.IsZero(p1) {
+		return r.Set(p2)
+	}
+	if g.IsZero(p2) {
+		return r.Set(p1)
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	square(t[7], &p1[2])
+	mul(t[1], &p2[0], t[7])
+	mul(t[2], &p1[2], t[7])
+	mul(t[0], &p2[1], t[2])
+	square(t[8], &p2[2])
+	mul(t[3], &p1[0], t[8])
+	mul(t[4], &p2[2], t[8])
+	mul(t[2], &p1[1], t[4])
+	if t[1].equal(t[3]) {
+		if t[0].equal(t[2]) {
+			return g.Double(r, p1)
+		}
+		return r.Zero()
+	}
+	sub(t[1], t[1], t[3])
+	double(t[4], t[1])
+	square(t[4], t[4])
+	mul(t[5], t[1], t[4])
+	sub(t[0], t[0], t[2])
+	double(t[0], t[0])
+	square(t[6], t[0])
+	sub(t[6], t[6], t[5])
+	mul(t[3], t[3], t[4])
+	double(t[4], t[3])
+	sub(&r[0], t[6], t[4])
+	sub(t[4], t[3], &r[0])
+	mul(t[6], t[2], t[5])
+	double(t[6], t[6])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], t[4])
+	sub(&r[1], t[0], t[6])
+	add(t[0], &p1[2], &p2[2])
+	square(t[0], t[0])
+	sub(t[0], t[0], t[7])
+	sub(t[0], t[0], t[8])
+	mul(&r[2], t[0], t[1])
+	return r
+}
+
+// Double doubles a G1 point p and assigns the result to the point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) Double(r, p *PointG1) *PointG1 {
+	// http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/gp/auto-shortw-jacobian-0.html#doubling-dbl-2009-l
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return r.Set(p)
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	square(t[0], &p[0])
+	square(t[1], &p[1])
+	square(t[2], t[1])
+	add(t[1], &p[0], t[1])
+	square(t[1], t[1])
+	sub(t[1], t[1], t[0])
+	sub(t[1], t[1], t[2])
+	double(t[1], t[1])
+	double(t[3], t[0])
+	add(t[0], t[3], t[0])
+	square(t[4], t[0])
+	double(t[3], t[1])
+	sub(&r[0], t[4], t[3])
+	sub(t[1], t[1], &r[0])
+	double(t[2], t[2])
+	double(t[2], t[2])
+	double(t[2], t[2])
+	mul(t[0], t[0], t[1])
+	sub(t[1], t[0], t[2])
+	mul(t[0], &p[1], &p[2])
+	r[1].set(t[1])
+	double(&r[2], t[0])
+	return r
+}
+
+// Neg negates a G1 point p and assigns the result to the point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) Neg(r, p *PointG1) *PointG1 {
+	r[0].set(&p[0])
+	r[2].set(&p[2])
+	neg(&r[1], &p[1])
+	return r
+}
+
+// Sub subtracts two G1 points p1, p2 and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) Sub(c, a, b *PointG1) *PointG1 {
+	d := &PointG1{}
+	g.Neg(d, b)
+	g.Add(c, a, d)
+	return c
+}
+
+// MulScalar multiplies a point by given scalar value in big.Int and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) MulScalar(c, p *PointG1, e *big.Int) *PointG1 {
+	q, n := &PointG1{}, &PointG1{}
+	n.Set(p)
+	l := e.BitLen()
+	for i := 0; i < l; i++ {
+		if e.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			g.Add(q, q, n)
+		}
+		g.Double(n, n)
+	}
+	return c.Set(q)
+}
+
+// ClearCofactor maps given a G1 point to correct subgroup
+func (g *G1) ClearCofactor(p *PointG1) {
+	g.MulScalar(p, p, cofactorEFFG1)
+}
+
+// MultiExp calculates multi exponentiation. Given pairs of G1 point and scalar values
+// (P_0, e_0), (P_1, e_1), ... (P_n, e_n) calculates r = e_0 * P_0 + e_1 * P_1 + ... + e_n * P_n
+// Length of points and scalars are expected to be equal, otherwise an error is returned.
+// Result is assigned to point at first argument.
+func (g *G1) MultiExp(r *PointG1, points []*PointG1, powers []*big.Int) (*PointG1, error) {
+	if len(points) != len(powers) {
+		return nil, errors.New("point and scalar vectors should be in same length")
+	}
+	var c uint32 = 3
+	if len(powers) >= 32 {
+		c = uint32(math.Ceil(math.Log10(float64(len(powers)))))
+	}
+	bucketSize, numBits := (1<<c)-1, uint32(g.Q().BitLen())
+	windows := make([]*PointG1, numBits/c+1)
+	bucket := make([]*PointG1, bucketSize)
+	acc, sum := g.New(), g.New()
+	for i := 0; i < bucketSize; i++ {
+		bucket[i] = g.New()
+	}
+	mask := (uint64(1) << c) - 1
+	j := 0
+	var cur uint32
+	for cur <= numBits {
+		acc.Zero()
+		bucket = make([]*PointG1, (1<<c)-1)
+		for i := 0; i < len(bucket); i++ {
+			bucket[i] = g.New()
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < len(powers); i++ {
+			s0 := powers[i].Uint64()
+			index := uint(s0 & mask)
+			if index != 0 {
+				g.Add(bucket[index-1], bucket[index-1], points[i])
+			}
+			powers[i] = new(big.Int).Rsh(powers[i], uint(c))
+		}
+		sum.Zero()
+		for i := len(bucket) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			g.Add(sum, sum, bucket[i])
+			g.Add(acc, acc, sum)
+		}
+		windows[j] = g.New()
+		windows[j].Set(acc)
+		j++
+		cur += c
+	}
+	acc.Zero()
+	for i := len(windows) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		for j := uint32(0); j < c; j++ {
+			g.Double(acc, acc)
+		}
+		g.Add(acc, acc, windows[i])
+	}
+	return r.Set(acc), nil
+}
+
+// MapToCurve given a byte slice returns a valid G1 point.
+// This mapping function implements the Simplified Shallue-van de Woestijne-Ulas method.
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06
+// Input byte slice should be a valid field element, otherwise an error is returned.
+func (g *G1) MapToCurve(in []byte) (*PointG1, error) {
+	u, err := fromBytes(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	x, y := swuMapG1(u)
+	isogenyMapG1(x, y)
+	one := new(fe).one()
+	p := &PointG1{*x, *y, *one}
+	g.ClearCofactor(p)
+	return g.Affine(p), nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/g2.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/g2.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b40b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/g2.go
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//noling:golint
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// PointG2 is type for point in G2.
+// PointG2 is both used for Affine and Jacobian point representation.
+// If z is equal to one the point is considered as in affine form.
+type PointG2 [3]fe2
+
+// Set copies valeus of one point to another.
+func (p *PointG2) Set(p2 *PointG2) *PointG2 {
+	p[0].set(&p2[0])
+	p[1].set(&p2[1])
+	p[2].set(&p2[2])
+	return p
+}
+
+// Zero returns G2 point in point at infinity representation
+func (p *PointG2) Zero() *PointG2 {
+	p[0].zero()
+	p[1].one()
+	p[2].zero()
+	return p
+
+}
+
+type tempG2 struct {
+	t [9]*fe2
+}
+
+// G2 is struct for G2 group.
+type G2 struct {
+	f *fp2
+	tempG2
+}
+
+// NewG2 constructs a new G2 instance.
+func NewG2() *G2 {
+	return newG2(nil)
+}
+
+func newG2(f *fp2) *G2 {
+	if f == nil {
+		f = newFp2()
+	}
+	t := newTempG2()
+	return &G2{f, t}
+}
+
+func newTempG2() tempG2 {
+	t := [9]*fe2{}
+	for i := 0; i < 9; i++ {
+		t[i] = &fe2{}
+	}
+	return tempG2{t}
+}
+
+// Q returns group order in big.Int.
+func (g *G2) Q() *big.Int {
+	return new(big.Int).Set(q)
+}
+
+func (g *G2) fromBytesUnchecked(in []byte) (*PointG2, error) {
+	p0, err := g.f.fromBytes(in[:96])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p1, err := g.f.fromBytes(in[96:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p2 := new(fe2).one()
+	return &PointG2{*p0, *p1, *p2}, nil
+}
+
+// FromBytes constructs a new point given uncompressed byte input.
+// FromBytes does not take zcash flags into account.
+// Byte input expected to be larger than 96 bytes.
+// First 192 bytes should be concatenation of x and y values
+// Point (0, 0) is considered as infinity.
+func (g *G2) FromBytes(in []byte) (*PointG2, error) {
+	if len(in) != 192 {
+		return nil, errors.New("input string should be equal or larger than 192")
+	}
+	p0, err := g.f.fromBytes(in[:96])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p1, err := g.f.fromBytes(in[96:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// check if given input points to infinity
+	if p0.isZero() && p1.isZero() {
+		return g.Zero(), nil
+	}
+	p2 := new(fe2).one()
+	p := &PointG2{*p0, *p1, *p2}
+	if !g.IsOnCurve(p) {
+		return nil, errors.New("point is not on curve")
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+// DecodePoint given encoded (x, y) coordinates in 256 bytes returns a valid G1 Point.
+func (g *G2) DecodePoint(in []byte) (*PointG2, error) {
+	if len(in) != 256 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid g2 point length")
+	}
+	pointBytes := make([]byte, 192)
+	x0Bytes, err := decodeFieldElement(in[:64])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	x1Bytes, err := decodeFieldElement(in[64:128])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	y0Bytes, err := decodeFieldElement(in[128:192])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	y1Bytes, err := decodeFieldElement(in[192:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	copy(pointBytes[:48], x1Bytes)
+	copy(pointBytes[48:96], x0Bytes)
+	copy(pointBytes[96:144], y1Bytes)
+	copy(pointBytes[144:192], y0Bytes)
+	return g.FromBytes(pointBytes)
+}
+
+// ToBytes serializes a point into bytes in uncompressed form,
+// does not take zcash flags into account,
+// returns (0, 0) if point is infinity.
+func (g *G2) ToBytes(p *PointG2) []byte {
+	out := make([]byte, 192)
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return out
+	}
+	g.Affine(p)
+	copy(out[:96], g.f.toBytes(&p[0]))
+	copy(out[96:], g.f.toBytes(&p[1]))
+	return out
+}
+
+// EncodePoint encodes a point into 256 bytes.
+func (g *G2) EncodePoint(p *PointG2) []byte {
+	// outRaw is 96 bytes
+	outRaw := g.ToBytes(p)
+	out := make([]byte, 256)
+	// encode x
+	copy(out[16:16+48], outRaw[48:96])
+	copy(out[80:80+48], outRaw[:48])
+	// encode y
+	copy(out[144:144+48], outRaw[144:])
+	copy(out[208:208+48], outRaw[96:144])
+	return out
+}
+
+// New creates a new G2 Point which is equal to zero in other words point at infinity.
+func (g *G2) New() *PointG2 {
+	return new(PointG2).Zero()
+}
+
+// Zero returns a new G2 Point which is equal to point at infinity.
+func (g *G2) Zero() *PointG2 {
+	return new(PointG2).Zero()
+}
+
+// One returns a new G2 Point which is equal to generator point.
+func (g *G2) One() *PointG2 {
+	p := &PointG2{}
+	return p.Set(&g2One)
+}
+
+// IsZero returns true if given point is equal to zero.
+func (g *G2) IsZero(p *PointG2) bool {
+	return p[2].isZero()
+}
+
+// Equal checks if given two G2 point is equal in their affine form.
+func (g *G2) Equal(p1, p2 *PointG2) bool {
+	if g.IsZero(p1) {
+		return g.IsZero(p2)
+	}
+	if g.IsZero(p2) {
+		return g.IsZero(p1)
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	g.f.square(t[0], &p1[2])
+	g.f.square(t[1], &p2[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[2], t[0], &p2[0])
+	g.f.mul(t[3], t[1], &p1[0])
+	g.f.mul(t[0], t[0], &p1[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[1], t[1], &p2[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[1], t[1], &p1[1])
+	g.f.mul(t[0], t[0], &p2[1])
+	return t[0].equal(t[1]) && t[2].equal(t[3])
+}
+
+// InCorrectSubgroup checks whether given point is in correct subgroup.
+func (g *G2) InCorrectSubgroup(p *PointG2) bool {
+	tmp := &PointG2{}
+	g.MulScalar(tmp, p, q)
+	return g.IsZero(tmp)
+}
+
+// IsOnCurve checks a G2 point is on curve.
+func (g *G2) IsOnCurve(p *PointG2) bool {
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return true
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	g.f.square(t[0], &p[1])
+	g.f.square(t[1], &p[0])
+	g.f.mul(t[1], t[1], &p[0])
+	g.f.square(t[2], &p[2])
+	g.f.square(t[3], t[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[2], t[2], t[3])
+	g.f.mul(t[2], b2, t[2])
+	g.f.add(t[1], t[1], t[2])
+	return t[0].equal(t[1])
+}
+
+// IsAffine checks a G2 point whether it is in affine form.
+func (g *G2) IsAffine(p *PointG2) bool {
+	return p[2].isOne()
+}
+
+// Affine calculates affine form of given G2 point.
+func (g *G2) Affine(p *PointG2) *PointG2 {
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return p
+	}
+	if !g.IsAffine(p) {
+		t := g.t
+		g.f.inverse(t[0], &p[2])
+		g.f.square(t[1], t[0])
+		g.f.mul(&p[0], &p[0], t[1])
+		g.f.mul(t[0], t[0], t[1])
+		g.f.mul(&p[1], &p[1], t[0])
+		p[2].one()
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+// Add adds two G2 points p1, p2 and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G2) Add(r, p1, p2 *PointG2) *PointG2 {
+	// http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/gp/auto-shortw-jacobian-0.html#addition-add-2007-bl
+	if g.IsZero(p1) {
+		return r.Set(p2)
+	}
+	if g.IsZero(p2) {
+		return r.Set(p1)
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	g.f.square(t[7], &p1[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[1], &p2[0], t[7])
+	g.f.mul(t[2], &p1[2], t[7])
+	g.f.mul(t[0], &p2[1], t[2])
+	g.f.square(t[8], &p2[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[3], &p1[0], t[8])
+	g.f.mul(t[4], &p2[2], t[8])
+	g.f.mul(t[2], &p1[1], t[4])
+	if t[1].equal(t[3]) {
+		if t[0].equal(t[2]) {
+			return g.Double(r, p1)
+		}
+		return r.Zero()
+	}
+	g.f.sub(t[1], t[1], t[3])
+	g.f.double(t[4], t[1])
+	g.f.square(t[4], t[4])
+	g.f.mul(t[5], t[1], t[4])
+	g.f.sub(t[0], t[0], t[2])
+	g.f.double(t[0], t[0])
+	g.f.square(t[6], t[0])
+	g.f.sub(t[6], t[6], t[5])
+	g.f.mul(t[3], t[3], t[4])
+	g.f.double(t[4], t[3])
+	g.f.sub(&r[0], t[6], t[4])
+	g.f.sub(t[4], t[3], &r[0])
+	g.f.mul(t[6], t[2], t[5])
+	g.f.double(t[6], t[6])
+	g.f.mul(t[0], t[0], t[4])
+	g.f.sub(&r[1], t[0], t[6])
+	g.f.add(t[0], &p1[2], &p2[2])
+	g.f.square(t[0], t[0])
+	g.f.sub(t[0], t[0], t[7])
+	g.f.sub(t[0], t[0], t[8])
+	g.f.mul(&r[2], t[0], t[1])
+	return r
+}
+
+// Double doubles a G2 point p and assigns the result to the point at first argument.
+func (g *G2) Double(r, p *PointG2) *PointG2 {
+	// http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/gp/auto-shortw-jacobian-0.html#doubling-dbl-2009-l
+	if g.IsZero(p) {
+		return r.Set(p)
+	}
+	t := g.t
+	g.f.square(t[0], &p[0])
+	g.f.square(t[1], &p[1])
+	g.f.square(t[2], t[1])
+	g.f.add(t[1], &p[0], t[1])
+	g.f.square(t[1], t[1])
+	g.f.sub(t[1], t[1], t[0])
+	g.f.sub(t[1], t[1], t[2])
+	g.f.double(t[1], t[1])
+	g.f.double(t[3], t[0])
+	g.f.add(t[0], t[3], t[0])
+	g.f.square(t[4], t[0])
+	g.f.double(t[3], t[1])
+	g.f.sub(&r[0], t[4], t[3])
+	g.f.sub(t[1], t[1], &r[0])
+	g.f.double(t[2], t[2])
+	g.f.double(t[2], t[2])
+	g.f.double(t[2], t[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[0], t[0], t[1])
+	g.f.sub(t[1], t[0], t[2])
+	g.f.mul(t[0], &p[1], &p[2])
+	r[1].set(t[1])
+	g.f.double(&r[2], t[0])
+	return r
+}
+
+// Neg negates a G2 point p and assigns the result to the point at first argument.
+func (g *G2) Neg(r, p *PointG2) *PointG2 {
+	r[0].set(&p[0])
+	g.f.neg(&r[1], &p[1])
+	r[2].set(&p[2])
+	return r
+}
+
+// Sub subtracts two G2 points p1, p2 and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G2) Sub(c, a, b *PointG2) *PointG2 {
+	d := &PointG2{}
+	g.Neg(d, b)
+	g.Add(c, a, d)
+	return c
+}
+
+// MulScalar multiplies a point by given scalar value in big.Int and assigns the result to point at first argument.
+func (g *G2) MulScalar(c, p *PointG2, e *big.Int) *PointG2 {
+	q, n := &PointG2{}, &PointG2{}
+	n.Set(p)
+	l := e.BitLen()
+	for i := 0; i < l; i++ {
+		if e.Bit(i) == 1 {
+			g.Add(q, q, n)
+		}
+		g.Double(n, n)
+	}
+	return c.Set(q)
+}
+
+// ClearCofactor maps given a G2 point to correct subgroup
+func (g *G2) ClearCofactor(p *PointG2) {
+	g.MulScalar(p, p, cofactorEFFG2)
+}
+
+// MultiExp calculates multi exponentiation. Given pairs of G2 point and scalar values
+// (P_0, e_0), (P_1, e_1), ... (P_n, e_n) calculates r = e_0 * P_0 + e_1 * P_1 + ... + e_n * P_n
+// Length of points and scalars are expected to be equal, otherwise an error is returned.
+// Result is assigned to point at first argument.
+func (g *G2) MultiExp(r *PointG2, points []*PointG2, powers []*big.Int) (*PointG2, error) {
+	if len(points) != len(powers) {
+		return nil, errors.New("point and scalar vectors should be in same length")
+	}
+	var c uint32 = 3
+	if len(powers) >= 32 {
+		c = uint32(math.Ceil(math.Log10(float64(len(powers)))))
+	}
+	bucketSize, numBits := (1<<c)-1, uint32(g.Q().BitLen())
+	windows := make([]*PointG2, numBits/c+1)
+	bucket := make([]*PointG2, bucketSize)
+	acc, sum := g.New(), g.New()
+	for i := 0; i < bucketSize; i++ {
+		bucket[i] = g.New()
+	}
+	mask := (uint64(1) << c) - 1
+	j := 0
+	var cur uint32
+	for cur <= numBits {
+		acc.Zero()
+		bucket = make([]*PointG2, (1<<c)-1)
+		for i := 0; i < len(bucket); i++ {
+			bucket[i] = g.New()
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < len(powers); i++ {
+			s0 := powers[i].Uint64()
+			index := uint(s0 & mask)
+			if index != 0 {
+				g.Add(bucket[index-1], bucket[index-1], points[i])
+			}
+			powers[i] = new(big.Int).Rsh(powers[i], uint(c))
+		}
+		sum.Zero()
+		for i := len(bucket) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			g.Add(sum, sum, bucket[i])
+			g.Add(acc, acc, sum)
+		}
+		windows[j] = g.New()
+		windows[j].Set(acc)
+		j++
+		cur += c
+	}
+	acc.Zero()
+	for i := len(windows) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		for j := uint32(0); j < c; j++ {
+			g.Double(acc, acc)
+		}
+		g.Add(acc, acc, windows[i])
+	}
+	return r.Set(acc), nil
+}
+
+// MapToCurve given a byte slice returns a valid G2 point.
+// This mapping function implements the Simplified Shallue-van de Woestijne-Ulas method.
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-05#section-6.6.2
+// Input byte slice should be a valid field element, otherwise an error is returned.
+func (g *G2) MapToCurve(in []byte) (*PointG2, error) {
+	fp2 := g.f
+	u, err := fp2.fromBytes(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	x, y := swuMapG2(fp2, u)
+	isogenyMapG2(fp2, x, y)
+	z := new(fe2).one()
+	q := &PointG2{*x, *y, *z}
+	g.ClearCofactor(q)
+	return g.Affine(q), nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/gt.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/gt.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cc22ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/gt.go
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//nolint:stylecheck
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// E is type for target group element
+type E = fe12
+
+// GT is type for target multiplicative group GT.
+type GT struct {
+	fp12 *fp12
+}
+
+func (e *E) Set(e2 *E) *E {
+	return e.set(e2)
+}
+
+// One sets a new target group element to one
+func (e *E) One() *E {
+	e = new(fe12).one()
+	return e
+}
+
+// IsOne returns true if given element equals to one
+func (e *E) IsOne() bool {
+	return e.isOne()
+}
+
+// Equal returns true if given two element is equal, otherwise returns false
+func (g *E) Equal(g2 *E) bool {
+	return g.equal(g2)
+}
+
+// NewGT constructs new target group instance.
+func NewGT() *GT {
+	fp12 := newFp12(nil)
+	return &GT{fp12}
+}
+
+// Q returns group order in big.Int.
+func (g *GT) Q() *big.Int {
+	return new(big.Int).Set(q)
+}
+
+// FromBytes expects 576 byte input and returns target group element
+// FromBytes returns error if given element is not on correct subgroup.
+func (g *GT) FromBytes(in []byte) (*E, error) {
+	e, err := g.fp12.fromBytes(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !g.IsValid(e) {
+		return e, errors.New("invalid element")
+	}
+	return e, nil
+}
+
+// ToBytes serializes target group element.
+func (g *GT) ToBytes(e *E) []byte {
+	return g.fp12.toBytes(e)
+}
+
+// IsValid checks whether given target group element is in correct subgroup.
+func (g *GT) IsValid(e *E) bool {
+	r := g.New()
+	g.fp12.exp(r, e, q)
+	return r.isOne()
+}
+
+// New initializes a new target group element which is equal to one
+func (g *GT) New() *E {
+	return new(E).One()
+}
+
+// Add adds two field element `a` and `b` and assigns the result to the element in first argument.
+func (g *GT) Add(c, a, b *E) {
+	g.fp12.add(c, a, b)
+}
+
+// Sub subtracts two field element `a` and `b`, and assigns the result to the element in first argument.
+func (g *GT) Sub(c, a, b *E) {
+	g.fp12.sub(c, a, b)
+}
+
+// Mul multiplies two field element `a` and `b` and assigns the result to the element in first argument.
+func (g *GT) Mul(c, a, b *E) {
+	g.fp12.mul(c, a, b)
+}
+
+// Square squares an element `a` and assigns the result to the element in first argument.
+func (g *GT) Square(c, a *E) {
+	g.fp12.cyclotomicSquare(c, a)
+}
+
+// Exp exponents an element `a` by a scalar `s` and assigns the result to the element in first argument.
+func (g *GT) Exp(c, a *E, s *big.Int) {
+	g.fp12.cyclotomicExp(c, a, s)
+}
+
+// Inverse inverses an element `a` and assigns the result to the element in first argument.
+func (g *GT) Inverse(c, a *E) {
+	g.fp12.inverse(c, a)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/isogeny.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/isogeny.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3893cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/isogeny.go
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//nolint:gofmt
+package bls12381
+
+// isogenyMapG1 applies 11-isogeny map for BLS12-381 G1 defined at draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06.
+func isogenyMapG1(x, y *fe) {
+	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06#appendix-C.2
+	params := isogenyConstansG1
+	degree := 15
+	xNum, xDen, yNum, yDen := new(fe), new(fe), new(fe), new(fe)
+	xNum.set(params[0][degree])
+	xDen.set(params[1][degree])
+	yNum.set(params[2][degree])
+	yDen.set(params[3][degree])
+	for i := degree - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		mul(xNum, xNum, x)
+		mul(xDen, xDen, x)
+		mul(yNum, yNum, x)
+		mul(yDen, yDen, x)
+		add(xNum, xNum, params[0][i])
+		add(xDen, xDen, params[1][i])
+		add(yNum, yNum, params[2][i])
+		add(yDen, yDen, params[3][i])
+	}
+	inverse(xDen, xDen)
+	inverse(yDen, yDen)
+	mul(xNum, xNum, xDen)
+	mul(yNum, yNum, yDen)
+	mul(yNum, yNum, y)
+	x.set(xNum)
+	y.set(yNum)
+}
+
+// isogenyMapG2 applies 11-isogeny map for BLS12-381 G1 defined at draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06.
+func isogenyMapG2(e *fp2, x, y *fe2) {
+	if e == nil {
+		e = newFp2()
+	}
+	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06#appendix-C.2
+	params := isogenyConstantsG2
+	degree := 3
+	xNum := new(fe2).set(params[0][degree])
+	xDen := new(fe2).set(params[1][degree])
+	yNum := new(fe2).set(params[2][degree])
+	yDen := new(fe2).set(params[3][degree])
+	for i := degree - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		e.mul(xNum, xNum, x)
+		e.mul(xDen, xDen, x)
+		e.mul(yNum, yNum, x)
+		e.mul(yDen, yDen, x)
+		e.add(xNum, xNum, params[0][i])
+		e.add(xDen, xDen, params[1][i])
+		e.add(yNum, yNum, params[2][i])
+		e.add(yDen, yDen, params[3][i])
+	}
+	e.inverse(xDen, xDen)
+	e.inverse(yDen, yDen)
+	e.mul(xNum, xNum, xDen)
+	e.mul(yNum, yNum, yDen)
+	e.mul(yNum, yNum, y)
+	x.set(xNum)
+	y.set(yNum)
+}
+
+var isogenyConstansG1 = [4][16]*fe{
+	{
+		{0x4d18b6f3af00131c, 0x19fa219793fee28c, 0x3f2885f1467f19ae, 0x23dcea34f2ffb304, 0xd15b58d2ffc00054, 0x0913be200a20bef4},
+		{0x898985385cdbbd8b, 0x3c79e43cc7d966aa, 0x1597e193f4cd233a, 0x8637ef1e4d6623ad, 0x11b22deed20d827b, 0x07097bc5998784ad},
+		{0xa542583a480b664b, 0xfc7169c026e568c6, 0x5ba2ef314ed8b5a6, 0x5b5491c05102f0e7, 0xdf6e99707d2a0079, 0x0784151ed7605524},
+		{0x494e212870f72741, 0xab9be52fbda43021, 0x26f5577994e34c3d, 0x049dfee82aefbd60, 0x65dadd7828505289, 0x0e93d431ea011aeb},
+		{0x90ee774bd6a74d45, 0x7ada1c8a41bfb185, 0x0f1a8953b325f464, 0x104c24211be4805c, 0x169139d319ea7a8f, 0x09f20ead8e532bf6},
+		{0x6ddd93e2f43626b7, 0xa5482c9aa1ccd7bd, 0x143245631883f4bd, 0x2e0a94ccf77ec0db, 0xb0282d480e56489f, 0x18f4bfcbb4368929},
+		{0x23c5f0c953402dfd, 0x7a43ff6958ce4fe9, 0x2c390d3d2da5df63, 0xd0df5c98e1f9d70f, 0xffd89869a572b297, 0x1277ffc72f25e8fe},
+		{0x79f4f0490f06a8a6, 0x85f894a88030fd81, 0x12da3054b18b6410, 0xe2a57f6505880d65, 0xbba074f260e400f1, 0x08b76279f621d028},
+		{0xe67245ba78d5b00b, 0x8456ba9a1f186475, 0x7888bff6e6b33bb4, 0xe21585b9a30f86cb, 0x05a69cdcef55feee, 0x09e699dd9adfa5ac},
+		{0x0de5c357bff57107, 0x0a0db4ae6b1a10b2, 0xe256bb67b3b3cd8d, 0x8ad456574e9db24f, 0x0443915f50fd4179, 0x098c4bf7de8b6375},
+		{0xe6b0617e7dd929c7, 0xfe6e37d442537375, 0x1dafdeda137a489e, 0xe4efd1ad3f767ceb, 0x4a51d8667f0fe1cf, 0x054fdf4bbf1d821c},
+		{0x72db2a50658d767b, 0x8abf91faa257b3d5, 0xe969d6833764ab47, 0x464170142a1009eb, 0xb14f01aadb30be2f, 0x18ae6a856f40715d},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+	},
+	{
+		{0xb962a077fdb0f945, 0xa6a9740fefda13a0, 0xc14d568c3ed6c544, 0xb43fc37b908b133e, 0x9c0b3ac929599016, 0x0165aa6c93ad115f},
+		{0x23279a3ba506c1d9, 0x92cfca0a9465176a, 0x3b294ab13755f0ff, 0x116dda1c5070ae93, 0xed4530924cec2045, 0x083383d6ed81f1ce},
+		{0x9885c2a6449fecfc, 0x4a2b54ccd37733f0, 0x17da9ffd8738c142, 0xa0fba72732b3fafd, 0xff364f36e54b6812, 0x0f29c13c660523e2},
+		{0xe349cc118278f041, 0xd487228f2f3204fb, 0xc9d325849ade5150, 0x43a92bd69c15c2df, 0x1c2c7844bc417be4, 0x12025184f407440c},
+		{0x587f65ae6acb057b, 0x1444ef325140201f, 0xfbf995e71270da49, 0xccda066072436a42, 0x7408904f0f186bb2, 0x13b93c63edf6c015},
+		{0xfb918622cd141920, 0x4a4c64423ecaddb4, 0x0beb232927f7fb26, 0x30f94df6f83a3dc2, 0xaeedd424d780f388, 0x06cc402dd594bbeb},
+		{0xd41f761151b23f8f, 0x32a92465435719b3, 0x64f436e888c62cb9, 0xdf70a9a1f757c6e4, 0x6933a38d5b594c81, 0x0c6f7f7237b46606},
+		{0x693c08747876c8f7, 0x22c9850bf9cf80f0, 0x8e9071dab950c124, 0x89bc62d61c7baf23, 0xbc6be2d8dad57c23, 0x17916987aa14a122},
+		{0x1be3ff439c1316fd, 0x9965243a7571dfa7, 0xc7f7f62962f5cd81, 0x32c6aa9af394361c, 0xbbc2ee18e1c227f4, 0x0c102cbac531bb34},
+		{0x997614c97bacbf07, 0x61f86372b99192c0, 0x5b8c95fc14353fc3, 0xca2b066c2a87492f, 0x16178f5bbf698711, 0x12a6dcd7f0f4e0e8},
+		{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+	},
+	{
+		{0x2b567ff3e2837267, 0x1d4d9e57b958a767, 0xce028fea04bd7373, 0xcc31a30a0b6cd3df, 0x7d7b18a682692693, 0x0d300744d42a0310},
+		{0x99c2555fa542493f, 0xfe7f53cc4874f878, 0x5df0608b8f97608a, 0x14e03832052b49c8, 0x706326a6957dd5a4, 0x0a8dadd9c2414555},
+		{0x13d942922a5cf63a, 0x357e33e36e261e7d, 0xcf05a27c8456088d, 0x0000bd1de7ba50f0, 0x83d0c7532f8c1fde, 0x13f70bf38bbf2905},
+		{0x5c57fd95bfafbdbb, 0x28a359a65e541707, 0x3983ceb4f6360b6d, 0xafe19ff6f97e6d53, 0xb3468f4550192bf7, 0x0bb6cde49d8ba257},
+		{0x590b62c7ff8a513f, 0x314b4ce372cacefd, 0x6bef32ce94b8a800, 0x6ddf84a095713d5f, 0x64eace4cb0982191, 0x0386213c651b888d},
+		{0xa5310a31111bbcdd, 0xa14ac0f5da148982, 0xf9ad9cc95423d2e9, 0xaa6ec095283ee4a7, 0xcf5b1f022e1c9107, 0x01fddf5aed881793},
+		{0x65a572b0d7a7d950, 0xe25c2d8183473a19, 0xc2fcebe7cb877dbd, 0x05b2d36c769a89b0, 0xba12961be86e9efb, 0x07eb1b29c1dfde1f},
+		{0x93e09572f7c4cd24, 0x364e929076795091, 0x8569467e68af51b5, 0xa47da89439f5340f, 0xf4fa918082e44d64, 0x0ad52ba3e6695a79},
+		{0x911429844e0d5f54, 0xd03f51a3516bb233, 0x3d587e5640536e66, 0xfa86d2a3a9a73482, 0xa90ed5adf1ed5537, 0x149c9c326a5e7393},
+		{0x462bbeb03c12921a, 0xdc9af5fa0a274a17, 0x9a558ebde836ebed, 0x649ef8f11a4fae46, 0x8100e1652b3cdc62, 0x1862bd62c291dacb},
+		{0x05c9b8ca89f12c26, 0x0194160fa9b9ac4f, 0x6a643d5a6879fa2c, 0x14665bdd8846e19d, 0xbb1d0d53af3ff6bf, 0x12c7e1c3b28962e5},
+		{0xb55ebf900b8a3e17, 0xfedc77ec1a9201c4, 0x1f07db10ea1a4df4, 0x0dfbd15dc41a594d, 0x389547f2334a5391, 0x02419f98165871a4},
+		{0xb416af000745fc20, 0x8e563e9d1ea6d0f5, 0x7c763e17763a0652, 0x01458ef0159ebbef, 0x8346fe421f96bb13, 0x0d2d7b829ce324d2},
+		{0x93096bb538d64615, 0x6f2a2619951d823a, 0x8f66b3ea59514fa4, 0xf563e63704f7092f, 0x724b136c4cf2d9fa, 0x046959cfcfd0bf49},
+		{0xea748d4b6e405346, 0x91e9079c2c02d58f, 0x41064965946d9b59, 0xa06731f1d2bbe1ee, 0x07f897e267a33f1b, 0x1017290919210e5f},
+		{0x872aa6c17d985097, 0xeecc53161264562a, 0x07afe37afff55002, 0x54759078e5be6838, 0xc4b92d15db8acca8, 0x106d87d1b51d13b9},
+	},
+	{
+		{0xeb6c359d47e52b1c, 0x18ef5f8a10634d60, 0xddfa71a0889d5b7e, 0x723e71dcc5fc1323, 0x52f45700b70d5c69, 0x0a8b981ee47691f1},
+		{0x616a3c4f5535b9fb, 0x6f5f037395dbd911, 0xf25f4cc5e35c65da, 0x3e50dffea3c62658, 0x6a33dca523560776, 0x0fadeff77b6bfe3e},
+		{0x2be9b66df470059c, 0x24a2c159a3d36742, 0x115dbe7ad10c2a37, 0xb6634a652ee5884d, 0x04fe8bb2b8d81af4, 0x01c2a7a256fe9c41},
+		{0xf27bf8ef3b75a386, 0x898b367476c9073f, 0x24482e6b8c2f4e5f, 0xc8e0bbd6fe110806, 0x59b0c17f7631448a, 0x11037cd58b3dbfbd},
+		{0x31c7912ea267eec6, 0x1dbf6f1c5fcdb700, 0xd30d4fe3ba86fdb1, 0x3cae528fbee9a2a4, 0xb1cce69b6aa9ad9a, 0x044393bb632d94fb},
+		{0xc66ef6efeeb5c7e8, 0x9824c289dd72bb55, 0x71b1a4d2f119981d, 0x104fc1aafb0919cc, 0x0e49df01d942a628, 0x096c3a09773272d4},
+		{0x9abc11eb5fadeff4, 0x32dca50a885728f0, 0xfb1fa3721569734c, 0xc4b76271ea6506b3, 0xd466a75599ce728e, 0x0c81d4645f4cb6ed},
+		{0x4199f10e5b8be45b, 0xda64e495b1e87930, 0xcb353efe9b33e4ff, 0x9e9efb24aa6424c6, 0xf08d33680a237465, 0x0d3378023e4c7406},
+		{0x7eb4ae92ec74d3a5, 0xc341b4aa9fac3497, 0x5be603899e907687, 0x03bfd9cca75cbdeb, 0x564c2935a96bfa93, 0x0ef3c33371e2fdb5},
+		{0x7ee91fd449f6ac2e, 0xe5d5bd5cb9357a30, 0x773a8ca5196b1380, 0xd0fda172174ed023, 0x6cb95e0fa776aead, 0x0d22d5a40cec7cff},
+		{0xf727e09285fd8519, 0xdc9d55a83017897b, 0x7549d8bd057894ae, 0x178419613d90d8f8, 0xfce95ebdeb5b490a, 0x0467ffaef23fc49e},
+		{0xc1769e6a7c385f1b, 0x79bc930deac01c03, 0x5461c75a23ede3b5, 0x6e20829e5c230c45, 0x828e0f1e772a53cd, 0x116aefa749127bff},
+		{0x101c10bf2744c10a, 0xbbf18d053a6a3154, 0xa0ecf39ef026f602, 0xfc009d4996dc5153, 0xb9000209d5bd08d3, 0x189e5fe4470cd73c},
+		{0x7ebd546ca1575ed2, 0xe47d5a981d081b55, 0x57b2b625b6d4ca21, 0xb0a1ba04228520cc, 0x98738983c2107ff3, 0x13dddbc4799d81d6},
+		{0x09319f2e39834935, 0x039e952cbdb05c21, 0x55ba77a9a2f76493, 0xfd04e3dfc6086467, 0xfb95832e7d78742e, 0x0ef9c24eccaf5e0e},
+		{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+	},
+}
+
+var isogenyConstantsG2 = [4][4]*fe2{
+	{
+		{
+			fe{0x47f671c71ce05e62, 0x06dd57071206393e, 0x7c80cd2af3fd71a2, 0x048103ea9e6cd062, 0xc54516acc8d037f6, 0x13808f550920ea41},
+			fe{0x47f671c71ce05e62, 0x06dd57071206393e, 0x7c80cd2af3fd71a2, 0x048103ea9e6cd062, 0xc54516acc8d037f6, 0x13808f550920ea41},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+			fe{0x5fe55555554c71d0, 0x873fffdd236aaaa3, 0x6a6b4619b26ef918, 0x21c2888408874945, 0x2836cda7028cabc5, 0x0ac73310a7fd5abd},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0x0a0c5555555971c3, 0xdb0c00101f9eaaae, 0xb1fb2f941d797997, 0xd3960742ef416e1c, 0xb70040e2c20556f4, 0x149d7861e581393b},
+			fe{0xaff2aaaaaaa638e8, 0x439fffee91b55551, 0xb535a30cd9377c8c, 0x90e144420443a4a2, 0x941b66d3814655e2, 0x0563998853fead5e},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0x40aac71c71c725ed, 0x190955557a84e38e, 0xd817050a8f41abc3, 0xd86485d4c87f6fb1, 0x696eb479f885d059, 0x198e1a74328002d2},
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		{
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+			fe{0x1f3affffff13ab97, 0xf25bfc611da3ff3e, 0xca3757cb3819b208, 0x3e6427366f8cec18, 0x03977bc86095b089, 0x04f69db13f39a952},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0x447600000027552e, 0xdcb8009a43480020, 0x6f7ee9ce4a6e8b59, 0xb10330b7c0a95bc6, 0x6140b1fcfb1e54b7, 0x0381be097f0bb4e1},
+			fe{0x7588ffffffd8557d, 0x41f3ff646e0bffdf, 0xf7b1e8d2ac426aca, 0xb3741acd32dbb6f8, 0xe9daf5b9482d581f, 0x167f53e0ba7431b8},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		{
+			fe{0x96d8f684bdfc77be, 0xb530e4f43b66d0e2, 0x184a88ff379652fd, 0x57cb23ecfae804e1, 0x0fd2e39eada3eba9, 0x08c8055e31c5d5c3},
+			fe{0x96d8f684bdfc77be, 0xb530e4f43b66d0e2, 0x184a88ff379652fd, 0x57cb23ecfae804e1, 0x0fd2e39eada3eba9, 0x08c8055e31c5d5c3},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+			fe{0xbf0a71c71c91b406, 0x4d6d55d28b7638fd, 0x9d82f98e5f205aee, 0xa27aa27b1d1a18d5, 0x02c3b2b2d2938e86, 0x0c7d13420b09807f},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0xd7f9555555531c74, 0x21cffff748daaaa8, 0x5a9ad1866c9bbe46, 0x4870a2210221d251, 0x4a0db369c0a32af1, 0x02b1ccc429ff56af},
+			fe{0xe205aaaaaaac8e37, 0xfcdc000768795556, 0x0c96011a8a1537dd, 0x1c06a963f163406e, 0x010df44c82a881e6, 0x174f45260f808feb},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0xa470bda12f67f35c, 0xc0fe38e23327b425, 0xc9d3d0f2c6f0678d, 0x1c55c9935b5a982e, 0x27f6c0e2f0746764, 0x117c5e6e28aa9054},
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		{
+			fe{0x0162fffffa765adf, 0x8f7bea480083fb75, 0x561b3c2259e93611, 0x11e19fc1a9c875d5, 0xca713efc00367660, 0x03c6a03d41da1151},
+			fe{0x0162fffffa765adf, 0x8f7bea480083fb75, 0x561b3c2259e93611, 0x11e19fc1a9c875d5, 0xca713efc00367660, 0x03c6a03d41da1151},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+			fe{0x5db0fffffd3b02c5, 0xd713f52358ebfdba, 0x5ea60761a84d161a, 0xbb2c75a34ea6c44a, 0x0ac6735921c1119b, 0x0ee3d913bdacfbf6},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0x66b10000003affc5, 0xcb1400e764ec0030, 0xa73e5eb56fa5d106, 0x8984c913a0fe09a9, 0x11e10afb78ad7f13, 0x05429d0e3e918f52},
+			fe{0x534dffffffc4aae6, 0x5397ff174c67ffcf, 0xbff273eb870b251d, 0xdaf2827152870915, 0x393a9cbaca9e2dc3, 0x14be74dbfaee5748},
+		},
+		{
+			fe{0x760900000002fffd, 0xebf4000bc40c0002, 0x5f48985753c758ba, 0x77ce585370525745, 0x5c071a97a256ec6d, 0x15f65ec3fa80e493},
+			fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		},
+	},
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/pairing.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/pairing.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15d3fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/pairing.go
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+type pair struct {
+	g1 *PointG1
+	g2 *PointG2
+}
+
+func newPair(g1 *PointG1, g2 *PointG2) pair {
+	return pair{g1, g2}
+}
+
+// Engine is BLS12-381 elliptic curve pairing engine
+type Engine struct {
+	G1   *G1
+	G2   *G2
+	fp12 *fp12
+	fp2  *fp2
+	pairingEngineTemp
+	pairs []pair
+}
+
+// NewPairingEngine creates new pairing engine instance.
+func NewPairingEngine() *Engine {
+	fp2 := newFp2()
+	fp6 := newFp6(fp2)
+	fp12 := newFp12(fp6)
+	g1 := NewG1()
+	g2 := newG2(fp2)
+	return &Engine{
+		fp2:               fp2,
+		fp12:              fp12,
+		G1:                g1,
+		G2:                g2,
+		pairingEngineTemp: newEngineTemp(),
+	}
+}
+
+type pairingEngineTemp struct {
+	t2  [10]*fe2
+	t12 [9]fe12
+}
+
+func newEngineTemp() pairingEngineTemp {
+	t2 := [10]*fe2{}
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		t2[i] = &fe2{}
+	}
+	t12 := [9]fe12{}
+	return pairingEngineTemp{t2, t12}
+}
+
+// AddPair adds a g1, g2 point pair to pairing engine
+func (e *Engine) AddPair(g1 *PointG1, g2 *PointG2) *Engine {
+	p := newPair(g1, g2)
+	if !e.isZero(p) {
+		e.affine(p)
+		e.pairs = append(e.pairs, p)
+	}
+	return e
+}
+
+// AddPairInv adds a G1, G2 point pair to pairing engine. G1 point is negated.
+func (e *Engine) AddPairInv(g1 *PointG1, g2 *PointG2) *Engine {
+	e.G1.Neg(g1, g1)
+	e.AddPair(g1, g2)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Reset deletes added pairs.
+func (e *Engine) Reset() *Engine {
+	e.pairs = []pair{}
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) isZero(p pair) bool {
+	return e.G1.IsZero(p.g1) || e.G2.IsZero(p.g2)
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) affine(p pair) {
+	e.G1.Affine(p.g1)
+	e.G2.Affine(p.g2)
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) doublingStep(coeff *[3]fe2, r *PointG2) {
+	// Adaptation of Formula 3 in https://eprint.iacr.org/2010/526.pdf
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	t := e.t2
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &r[0], &r[1])
+	fp2.mulByFq(t[0], t[0], twoInv)
+	fp2.square(t[1], &r[1])
+	fp2.square(t[2], &r[2])
+	fp2.double(t[7], t[2])
+	fp2.add(t[7], t[7], t[2])
+	fp2.mulByB(t[3], t[7])
+	fp2.double(t[4], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[4], t[4], t[3])
+	fp2.add(t[5], t[1], t[4])
+	fp2.mulByFq(t[5], t[5], twoInv)
+	fp2.add(t[6], &r[1], &r[2])
+	fp2.square(t[6], t[6])
+	fp2.add(t[7], t[2], t[1])
+	fp2.sub(t[6], t[6], t[7])
+	fp2.sub(&coeff[0], t[3], t[1])
+	fp2.square(t[7], &r[0])
+	fp2.sub(t[4], t[1], t[4])
+	fp2.mul(&r[0], t[4], t[0])
+	fp2.square(t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.double(t[3], t[2])
+	fp2.add(t[3], t[3], t[2])
+	fp2.square(t[5], t[5])
+	fp2.sub(&r[1], t[5], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(&r[2], t[1], t[6])
+	fp2.double(t[0], t[7])
+	fp2.add(&coeff[1], t[0], t[7])
+	fp2.neg(&coeff[2], t[6])
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) additionStep(coeff *[3]fe2, r, q *PointG2) {
+	// Algorithm 12 in https://eprint.iacr.org/2010/526.pdf
+	fp2 := e.fp2
+	t := e.t2
+	fp2.mul(t[0], &q[1], &r[2])
+	fp2.neg(t[0], t[0])
+	fp2.add(t[0], t[0], &r[1])
+	fp2.mul(t[1], &q[0], &r[2])
+	fp2.neg(t[1], t[1])
+	fp2.add(t[1], t[1], &r[0])
+	fp2.square(t[2], t[0])
+	fp2.square(t[3], t[1])
+	fp2.mul(t[4], t[1], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], &r[2], t[2])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], &r[0], t[3])
+	fp2.double(t[5], t[3])
+	fp2.sub(t[5], t[4], t[5])
+	fp2.add(t[5], t[5], t[2])
+	fp2.mul(&r[0], t[1], t[5])
+	fp2.sub(t[2], t[3], t[5])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], t[2], t[0])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], &r[1], t[4])
+	fp2.sub(&r[1], t[2], t[3])
+	fp2.mul(&r[2], &r[2], t[4])
+	fp2.mul(t[2], t[1], &q[1])
+	fp2.mul(t[3], t[0], &q[0])
+	fp2.sub(&coeff[0], t[3], t[2])
+	fp2.neg(&coeff[1], t[0])
+	coeff[2].set(t[1])
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) preCompute(ellCoeffs *[68][3]fe2, twistPoint *PointG2) {
+	// Algorithm 5 in  https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/077.pdf
+	if e.G2.IsZero(twistPoint) {
+		return
+	}
+	r := new(PointG2).Set(twistPoint)
+	j := 0
+	for i := x.BitLen() - 2; i >= 0; i-- {
+		e.doublingStep(&ellCoeffs[j], r)
+		if x.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			j++
+			ellCoeffs[j] = fe6{}
+			e.additionStep(&ellCoeffs[j], r, twistPoint)
+		}
+		j++
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) millerLoop(f *fe12) {
+	pairs := e.pairs
+	ellCoeffs := make([][68][3]fe2, len(pairs))
+	for i := 0; i < len(pairs); i++ {
+		e.preCompute(&ellCoeffs[i], pairs[i].g2)
+	}
+	fp12, fp2 := e.fp12, e.fp2
+	t := e.t2
+	f.one()
+	j := 0
+	for i := 62; /* x.BitLen() - 2 */ i >= 0; i-- {
+		if i != 62 {
+			fp12.square(f, f)
+		}
+		for i := 0; i <= len(pairs)-1; i++ { //nolint:govet
+			fp2.mulByFq(t[0], &ellCoeffs[i][j][2], &pairs[i].g1[1])
+			fp2.mulByFq(t[1], &ellCoeffs[i][j][1], &pairs[i].g1[0])
+			fp12.mulBy014Assign(f, &ellCoeffs[i][j][0], t[1], t[0])
+		}
+		if x.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			j++
+			for i := 0; i <= len(pairs)-1; i++ { //nolint:govet
+				fp2.mulByFq(t[0], &ellCoeffs[i][j][2], &pairs[i].g1[1])
+				fp2.mulByFq(t[1], &ellCoeffs[i][j][1], &pairs[i].g1[0])
+				fp12.mulBy014Assign(f, &ellCoeffs[i][j][0], t[1], t[0])
+			}
+		}
+		j++
+	}
+	fp12.conjugate(f, f)
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) exp(c, a *fe12) {
+	fp12 := e.fp12
+	fp12.cyclotomicExp(c, a, x)
+	fp12.conjugate(c, c)
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) finalExp(f *fe12) {
+	fp12 := e.fp12
+	t := e.t12
+	// easy part
+	fp12.frobeniusMap(&t[0], f, 6)
+	fp12.inverse(&t[1], f)
+	fp12.mul(&t[2], &t[0], &t[1])
+	t[1].set(&t[2])
+	fp12.frobeniusMapAssign(&t[2], 2)
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[2], &t[1])
+	fp12.cyclotomicSquare(&t[1], &t[2])
+	fp12.conjugate(&t[1], &t[1])
+	// hard part
+	e.exp(&t[3], &t[2])
+	fp12.cyclotomicSquare(&t[4], &t[3])
+	fp12.mul(&t[5], &t[1], &t[3])
+	e.exp(&t[1], &t[5])
+	e.exp(&t[0], &t[1])
+	e.exp(&t[6], &t[0])
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[6], &t[4])
+	e.exp(&t[4], &t[6])
+	fp12.conjugate(&t[5], &t[5])
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[4], &t[5])
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[4], &t[2])
+	fp12.conjugate(&t[5], &t[2])
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[1], &t[2])
+	fp12.frobeniusMapAssign(&t[1], 3)
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[6], &t[5])
+	fp12.frobeniusMapAssign(&t[6], 1)
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[3], &t[0])
+	fp12.frobeniusMapAssign(&t[3], 2)
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[3], &t[1])
+	fp12.mulAssign(&t[3], &t[6])
+	fp12.mul(f, &t[3], &t[4])
+}
+
+func (e *Engine) calculate() *fe12 {
+	f := e.fp12.one()
+	if len(e.pairs) == 0 {
+		return f
+	}
+	e.millerLoop(f)
+	e.finalExp(f)
+	return f
+}
+
+// Check computes pairing and checks if result is equal to one
+func (e *Engine) Check() bool {
+	return e.calculate().isOne()
+}
+
+// Result computes pairing and returns target group element as result.
+func (e *Engine) Result() *E {
+	r := e.calculate()
+	e.Reset()
+	return r
+}
+
+// GT returns target group instance.
+func (e *Engine) GT() *GT {
+	return NewGT()
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/swu.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/swu.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f81aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/swu.go
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+// swuMapG1 is implementation of Simplified Shallue-van de Woestijne-Ulas Method
+// follows the implmentation at draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06.
+func swuMapG1(u *fe) (*fe, *fe) {
+	var params = swuParamsForG1
+	var tv [4]*fe
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		tv[i] = new(fe)
+	}
+	square(tv[0], u)
+	mul(tv[0], tv[0], params.z)
+	square(tv[1], tv[0])
+	x1 := new(fe)
+	add(x1, tv[0], tv[1])
+	inverse(x1, x1)
+	e1 := x1.isZero()
+	one := new(fe).one()
+	add(x1, x1, one)
+	if e1 {
+		x1.set(params.zInv)
+	}
+	mul(x1, x1, params.minusBOverA)
+	gx1 := new(fe)
+	square(gx1, x1)
+	add(gx1, gx1, params.a)
+	mul(gx1, gx1, x1)
+	add(gx1, gx1, params.b)
+	x2 := new(fe)
+	mul(x2, tv[0], x1)
+	mul(tv[1], tv[0], tv[1])
+	gx2 := new(fe)
+	mul(gx2, gx1, tv[1])
+	e2 := !isQuadraticNonResidue(gx1)
+	x, y2 := new(fe), new(fe)
+	if e2 {
+		x.set(x1)
+		y2.set(gx1)
+	} else {
+		x.set(x2)
+		y2.set(gx2)
+	}
+	y := new(fe)
+	sqrt(y, y2)
+	if y.sign() != u.sign() {
+		neg(y, y)
+	}
+	return x, y
+}
+
+// swuMapG2 is implementation of Simplified Shallue-van de Woestijne-Ulas Method
+// defined at draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-06.
+func swuMapG2(e *fp2, u *fe2) (*fe2, *fe2) {
+	if e == nil {
+		e = newFp2()
+	}
+	params := swuParamsForG2
+	var tv [4]*fe2
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		tv[i] = e.new()
+	}
+	e.square(tv[0], u)
+	e.mul(tv[0], tv[0], params.z)
+	e.square(tv[1], tv[0])
+	x1 := e.new()
+	e.add(x1, tv[0], tv[1])
+	e.inverse(x1, x1)
+	e1 := x1.isZero()
+	e.add(x1, x1, e.one())
+	if e1 {
+		x1.set(params.zInv)
+	}
+	e.mul(x1, x1, params.minusBOverA)
+	gx1 := e.new()
+	e.square(gx1, x1)
+	e.add(gx1, gx1, params.a)
+	e.mul(gx1, gx1, x1)
+	e.add(gx1, gx1, params.b)
+	x2 := e.new()
+	e.mul(x2, tv[0], x1)
+	e.mul(tv[1], tv[0], tv[1])
+	gx2 := e.new()
+	e.mul(gx2, gx1, tv[1])
+	e2 := !e.isQuadraticNonResidue(gx1)
+	x, y2 := e.new(), e.new()
+	if e2 {
+		x.set(x1)
+		y2.set(gx1)
+	} else {
+		x.set(x2)
+		y2.set(gx2)
+	}
+	y := e.new()
+	e.sqrt(y, y2)
+	if y.sign() != u.sign() {
+		e.neg(y, y)
+	}
+	return x, y
+}
+
+var swuParamsForG1 = struct {
+	z           *fe
+	zInv        *fe
+	a           *fe
+	b           *fe
+	minusBOverA *fe
+}{
+	a:           &fe{0x2f65aa0e9af5aa51, 0x86464c2d1e8416c3, 0xb85ce591b7bd31e2, 0x27e11c91b5f24e7c, 0x28376eda6bfc1835, 0x155455c3e5071d85},
+	b:           &fe{0xfb996971fe22a1e0, 0x9aa93eb35b742d6f, 0x8c476013de99c5c4, 0x873e27c3a221e571, 0xca72b5e45a52d888, 0x06824061418a386b},
+	z:           &fe{0x886c00000023ffdc, 0x0f70008d3090001d, 0x77672417ed5828c3, 0x9dac23e943dc1740, 0x50553f1b9c131521, 0x078c712fbe0ab6e8},
+	zInv:        &fe{0x0e8a2e8ba2e83e10, 0x5b28ba2ca4d745d1, 0x678cd5473847377a, 0x4c506dd8a8076116, 0x9bcb227d79284139, 0x0e8d3154b0ba099a},
+	minusBOverA: &fe{0x052583c93555a7fe, 0x3b40d72430f93c82, 0x1b75faa0105ec983, 0x2527e7dc63851767, 0x99fffd1f34fc181d, 0x097cab54770ca0d3},
+}
+
+var swuParamsForG2 = struct {
+	z           *fe2
+	zInv        *fe2
+	a           *fe2
+	b           *fe2
+	minusBOverA *fe2
+}{
+	a: &fe2{
+		fe{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		fe{0xe53a000003135242, 0x01080c0fdef80285, 0xe7889edbe340f6bd, 0x0b51375126310601, 0x02d6985717c744ab, 0x1220b4e979ea5467},
+	},
+	b: &fe2{
+		fe{0x22ea00000cf89db2, 0x6ec832df71380aa4, 0x6e1b94403db5a66e, 0x75bf3c53a79473ba, 0x3dd3a569412c0a34, 0x125cdb5e74dc4fd1},
+		fe{0x22ea00000cf89db2, 0x6ec832df71380aa4, 0x6e1b94403db5a66e, 0x75bf3c53a79473ba, 0x3dd3a569412c0a34, 0x125cdb5e74dc4fd1},
+	},
+	z: &fe2{
+		fe{0x87ebfffffff9555c, 0x656fffe5da8ffffa, 0x0fd0749345d33ad2, 0xd951e663066576f4, 0xde291a3d41e980d3, 0x0815664c7dfe040d},
+		fe{0x43f5fffffffcaaae, 0x32b7fff2ed47fffd, 0x07e83a49a2e99d69, 0xeca8f3318332bb7a, 0xef148d1ea0f4c069, 0x040ab3263eff0206},
+	},
+	zInv: &fe2{
+		fe{0xacd0000000011110, 0x9dd9999dc88ccccd, 0xb5ca2ac9b76352bf, 0xf1b574bcf4bc90ce, 0x42dab41f28a77081, 0x132fc6ac14cd1e12},
+		fe{0xe396ffffffff2223, 0x4fbf332fcd0d9998, 0x0c4bbd3c1aff4cc4, 0x6b9c91267926ca58, 0x29ae4da6aef7f496, 0x10692e942f195791},
+	},
+	minusBOverA: &fe2{
+		fe{0x903c555555474fb3, 0x5f98cc95ce451105, 0x9f8e582eefe0fade, 0xc68946b6aebbd062, 0x467a4ad10ee6de53, 0x0e7146f483e23a05},
+		fe{0x29c2aaaaaab85af8, 0xbf133368e30eeefa, 0xc7a27a7206cffb45, 0x9dee04ce44c9425c, 0x04a15ce53464ce83, 0x0b8fcaf5b59dac95},
+	},
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bls12381/utils.go b/common/crypto/bls12381/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5b292a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bls12381/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bls12381
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func bigFromHex(hex string) *big.Int {
+	i256, err := uint256.FromHex(hex)
+	if nil != err {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0).ToBig()
+	}
+	return i256.ToBig()
+}
+
+// decodeFieldElement expects 64 byte input with zero top 16 bytes,
+// returns lower 48 bytes.
+func decodeFieldElement(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(in) != 64 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid field element length")
+	}
+	// check top bytes
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		if in[i] != byte(0x00) {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid field element top bytes")
+		}
+	}
+	out := make([]byte, 48)
+	copy(out, in[16:])
+	return out, nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/LICENSE b/common/crypto/bn256/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..634e0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 2018 Péter Szilágyi. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+distribution.
+   * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go b/common/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45e98d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Péter Szilágyi. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found
+// in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build amd64 || arm64
+
+// Package bn256 implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit Barreto-Naehrig curve.
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	bn256cf "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare"
+)
+
+// G1 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G1 = bn256cf.G1
+
+// G2 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G2 = bn256cf.G2
+
+// PairingCheck calculates the Optimal Ate pairing for a set of points.
+func PairingCheck(a []*G1, b []*G2) bool {
+	return bn256cf.PairingCheck(a, b)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/bn256_slow.go b/common/crypto/bn256/bn256_slow.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0da7f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/bn256_slow.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Péter Szilágyi. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found
+// in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !amd64 && !arm64
+
+// Package bn256 implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit Barreto-Naehrig curve.
+package bn256
+
+import bn256 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bn256/google"
+
+// G1 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G1 = bn256.G1
+
+// G2 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G2 = bn256.G2
+
+// PairingCheck calculates the Optimal Ate pairing for a set of points.
+func PairingCheck(a []*G1, b []*G2) bool {
+	return bn256.PairingCheck(a, b)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/LICENSE b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a66aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+distribution.
+   * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f607af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256.go
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+// Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group at the 128-bit security
+// level.
+//
+// Bilinear groups are the basis of many of the new cryptographic protocols that
+// have been proposed over the past decade. They consist of a triplet of groups
+// (G₁, G₂ and GT) such that there exists a function e(g₁ˣ,g₂ʸ)=gTˣʸ (where gₓ
+// is a generator of the respective group). That function is called a pairing
+// function.
+//
+// This package specifically implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit
+// Barreto-Naehrig curve as described in
+// http://cryptojedi.org/papers/dclxvi-20100714.pdf. Its output is not
+// compatible with the implementation described in that paper, as different
+// parameters are chosen.
+//
+// (This package previously claimed to operate at a 128-bit security level.
+// However, recent improvements in attacks mean that is no longer true. See
+// https://moderncrypto.org/mail-archive/curves/2016/000740.html.)
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func randomK(r io.Reader) (k *big.Int, err error) {
+	for {
+		k, err = rand.Int(r, Order)
+		if err != nil || k.Sign() > 0 {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// G1 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G1 struct {
+	p *curvePoint
+}
+
+// RandomG1 returns x and g₁ˣ where x is a random, non-zero number read from r.
+func RandomG1(r io.Reader) (*big.Int, *G1, error) {
+	k, err := randomK(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	return k, new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(k), nil
+}
+
+func (g *G1) String() string {
+	return "bn256.G1" + g.p.String()
+}
+
+// ScalarBaseMult sets e to g*k where g is the generator of the group and then
+// returns e.
+func (e *G1) ScalarBaseMult(k *big.Int) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(curveGen, k)
+	return e
+}
+
+// ScalarMult sets e to a*k and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) ScalarMult(a *G1, k *big.Int) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(a.p, k)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Add sets e to a+b and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) Add(a, b *G1) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Add(a.p, b.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Neg sets e to -a and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) Neg(a *G1) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Neg(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Set sets e to a and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) Set(a *G1) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Set(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Marshal converts e to a byte slice.
+func (e *G1) Marshal() []byte {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	}
+
+	e.p.MakeAffine()
+	ret := make([]byte, numBytes*2)
+	if e.p.IsInfinity() {
+		return ret
+	}
+	temp := &gfP{}
+
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret)
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[numBytes:])
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Unmarshal sets e to the result of converting the output of Marshal back into
+// a group element and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) Unmarshal(m []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+	if len(m) < 2*numBytes {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: not enough data")
+	}
+	// Unmarshal the points and check their caps
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &curvePoint{}
+	} else {
+		e.p.x, e.p.y = gfP{0}, gfP{0}
+	}
+	var err error
+	if err = e.p.x.Unmarshal(m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.Unmarshal(m[numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Encode into Montgomery form and ensure it's on the curve
+	montEncode(&e.p.x, &e.p.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y, &e.p.y)
+
+	zero := gfP{0}
+	if e.p.x == zero && e.p.y == zero {
+		// This is the point at infinity.
+		e.p.y = *newGFp(1)
+		e.p.z = gfP{0}
+		e.p.t = gfP{0}
+	} else {
+		e.p.z = *newGFp(1)
+		e.p.t = *newGFp(1)
+
+		if !e.p.IsOnCurve() {
+			return nil, errors.New("bn256: malformed point")
+		}
+	}
+	return m[2*numBytes:], nil
+}
+
+// G2 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G2 struct {
+	p *twistPoint
+}
+
+// RandomG2 returns x and g₂ˣ where x is a random, non-zero number read from r.
+func RandomG2(r io.Reader) (*big.Int, *G2, error) {
+	k, err := randomK(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	return k, new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(k), nil
+}
+
+func (e *G2) String() string {
+	return "bn256.G2" + e.p.String()
+}
+
+// ScalarBaseMult sets e to g*k where g is the generator of the group and then
+// returns out.
+func (e *G2) ScalarBaseMult(k *big.Int) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(twistGen, k)
+	return e
+}
+
+// ScalarMult sets e to a*k and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) ScalarMult(a *G2, k *big.Int) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(a.p, k)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Add sets e to a+b and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) Add(a, b *G2) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Add(a.p, b.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Neg sets e to -a and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) Neg(a *G2) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Neg(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Set sets e to a and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) Set(a *G2) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+	e.p.Set(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Marshal converts e into a byte slice.
+func (e *G2) Marshal() []byte {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+
+	e.p.MakeAffine()
+	ret := make([]byte, numBytes*4)
+	if e.p.IsInfinity() {
+		return ret
+	}
+	temp := &gfP{}
+
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret)
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[2*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[3*numBytes:])
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Unmarshal sets e to the result of converting the output of Marshal back into
+// a group element and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) Unmarshal(m []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+	if len(m) < 4*numBytes {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: not enough data")
+	}
+	// Unmarshal the points and check their caps
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &twistPoint{}
+	}
+	var err error
+	if err = e.p.x.x.Unmarshal(m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.x.y.Unmarshal(m[numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.x.Unmarshal(m[2*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.y.Unmarshal(m[3*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Encode into Montgomery form and ensure it's on the curve
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.x, &e.p.x.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.y, &e.p.x.y)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.x, &e.p.y.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.y, &e.p.y.y)
+
+	if e.p.x.IsZero() && e.p.y.IsZero() {
+		// This is the point at infinity.
+		e.p.y.SetOne()
+		e.p.z.SetZero()
+		e.p.t.SetZero()
+	} else {
+		e.p.z.SetOne()
+		e.p.t.SetOne()
+
+		if !e.p.IsOnCurve() {
+			return nil, errors.New("bn256: malformed point")
+		}
+	}
+	return m[4*numBytes:], nil
+}
+
+// GT is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type GT struct {
+	p *gfP12
+}
+
+// Pair calculates an Optimal Ate pairing.
+func Pair(g1 *G1, g2 *G2) *GT {
+	return &GT{optimalAte(g2.p, g1.p)}
+}
+
+// PairingCheck calculates the Optimal Ate pairing for a set of points.
+func PairingCheck(a []*G1, b []*G2) bool {
+	acc := new(gfP12)
+	acc.SetOne()
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
+		if a[i].p.IsInfinity() || b[i].p.IsInfinity() {
+			continue
+		}
+		acc.Mul(acc, miller(b[i].p, a[i].p))
+	}
+	return finalExponentiation(acc).IsOne()
+}
+
+// Miller applies Miller's algorithm, which is a bilinear function from the
+// source groups to F_p^12. Miller(g1, g2).Finalize() is equivalent to Pair(g1,
+// g2).
+func Miller(g1 *G1, g2 *G2) *GT {
+	return &GT{miller(g2.p, g1.p)}
+}
+
+func (g *GT) String() string {
+	return "bn256.GT" + g.p.String()
+}
+
+// ScalarMult sets e to a*k and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) ScalarMult(a *GT, k *big.Int) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &gfP12{}
+	}
+	e.p.Exp(a.p, k)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Add sets e to a+b and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Add(a, b *GT) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &gfP12{}
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(a.p, b.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Neg sets e to -a and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Neg(a *GT) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &gfP12{}
+	}
+	e.p.Conjugate(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Set sets e to a and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Set(a *GT) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &gfP12{}
+	}
+	e.p.Set(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Finalize is a linear function from F_p^12 to GT.
+func (e *GT) Finalize() *GT {
+	ret := finalExponentiation(e.p)
+	e.p.Set(ret)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Marshal converts e into a byte slice.
+func (e *GT) Marshal() []byte {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &gfP12{}
+		e.p.SetOne()
+	}
+
+	ret := make([]byte, numBytes*12)
+	temp := &gfP{}
+
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.x.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret)
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.x.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.y.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[2*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.y.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[3*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.z.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[4*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.x.z.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[5*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.x.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[6*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.x.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[7*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.y.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[8*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.y.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[9*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.z.x)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[10*numBytes:])
+	montDecode(temp, &e.p.y.z.y)
+	temp.Marshal(ret[11*numBytes:])
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Unmarshal sets e to the result of converting the output of Marshal back into
+// a group element and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Unmarshal(m []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if len(m) < 12*numBytes {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: not enough data")
+	}
+
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = &gfP12{}
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	if err = e.p.x.x.x.Unmarshal(m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.x.x.y.Unmarshal(m[numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.x.y.x.Unmarshal(m[2*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.x.y.y.Unmarshal(m[3*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.x.z.x.Unmarshal(m[4*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.x.z.y.Unmarshal(m[5*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.x.x.Unmarshal(m[6*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.x.y.Unmarshal(m[7*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.y.x.Unmarshal(m[8*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.y.y.Unmarshal(m[9*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.z.x.Unmarshal(m[10*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err = e.p.y.z.y.Unmarshal(m[11*numBytes:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.x.x, &e.p.x.x.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.x.y, &e.p.x.x.y)
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.y.x, &e.p.x.y.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.y.y, &e.p.x.y.y)
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.z.x, &e.p.x.z.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.x.z.y, &e.p.x.z.y)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.x.x, &e.p.y.x.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.x.y, &e.p.y.x.y)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.y.x, &e.p.y.y.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.y.y, &e.p.y.y.y)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.z.x, &e.p.y.z.x)
+	montEncode(&e.p.y.z.y, &e.p.y.z.y)
+
+	return m[12*numBytes:], nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8af2d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/bn256_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestG1Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	_, Ga, err := RandomG1(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	ma := Ga.Marshal()
+
+	Gb := new(G1)
+	_, err = Gb.Unmarshal(ma)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	mb := Gb.Marshal()
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(ma, mb) {
+		t.Fatal("bytes are different")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestG2Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	_, Ga, err := RandomG2(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	ma := Ga.Marshal()
+
+	Gb := new(G2)
+	_, err = Gb.Unmarshal(ma)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	mb := Gb.Marshal()
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(ma, mb) {
+		t.Fatal("bytes are different")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBilinearity(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		a, p1, _ := RandomG1(rand.Reader)
+		b, p2, _ := RandomG2(rand.Reader)
+		e1 := Pair(p1, p2)
+
+		e2 := Pair(&G1{curveGen}, &G2{twistGen})
+		e2.ScalarMult(e2, a)
+		e2.ScalarMult(e2, b)
+
+		if *e1.p != *e2.p {
+			t.Fatalf("bad pairing result: %s", e1)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTripartiteDiffieHellman(t *testing.T) {
+	a, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	b, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	c, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+
+	pa, pb, pc := new(G1), new(G1), new(G1)
+	qa, qb, qc := new(G2), new(G2), new(G2)
+
+	pa.Unmarshal(new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(a).Marshal())
+	qa.Unmarshal(new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(a).Marshal())
+	pb.Unmarshal(new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(b).Marshal())
+	qb.Unmarshal(new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(b).Marshal())
+	pc.Unmarshal(new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(c).Marshal())
+	qc.Unmarshal(new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(c).Marshal())
+
+	k1 := Pair(pb, qc)
+	k1.ScalarMult(k1, a)
+	k1Bytes := k1.Marshal()
+
+	k2 := Pair(pc, qa)
+	k2.ScalarMult(k2, b)
+	k2Bytes := k2.Marshal()
+
+	k3 := Pair(pa, qb)
+	k3.ScalarMult(k3, c)
+	k3Bytes := k3.Marshal()
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(k1Bytes, k2Bytes) || !bytes.Equal(k2Bytes, k3Bytes) {
+		t.Errorf("keys didn't agree")
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkG1(b *testing.B) {
+	x, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(x)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkG2(b *testing.B) {
+	x, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(x)
+	}
+}
+func BenchmarkPairing(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		Pair(&G1{curveGen}, &G2{twistGen})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/constants.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/constants.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7d2c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func bigFromBase10(s string) *big.Int {
+	n, _ := new(big.Int).SetString(s, 10)
+	return n
+}
+
+// u is the BN parameter.
+var u = bigFromBase10("4965661367192848881")
+
+// Order is the number of elements in both G₁ and G₂: 36u⁴+36u³+18u²+6u+1.
+// Needs to be highly 2-adic for efficient SNARK key and proof generation.
+// Order - 1 = 2^28 * 3^2 * 13 * 29 * 983 * 11003 * 237073 * 405928799 * 1670836401704629 * 13818364434197438864469338081.
+// Refer to https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/879.pdf and https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/507.pdf for more information on these parameters.
+var Order = bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617")
+
+// P is a prime over which we form a basic field: 36u⁴+36u³+24u²+6u+1.
+var P = bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088696311157297823662689037894645226208583")
+
+// p2 is p, represented as little-endian 64-bit words.
+var p2 = [4]uint64{0x3c208c16d87cfd47, 0x97816a916871ca8d, 0xb85045b68181585d, 0x30644e72e131a029}
+
+// np is the negative inverse of p, mod 2^256.
+var np = [4]uint64{0x87d20782e4866389, 0x9ede7d651eca6ac9, 0xd8afcbd01833da80, 0xf57a22b791888c6b}
+
+// rN1 is R^-1 where R = 2^256 mod p.
+var rN1 = &gfP{0xed84884a014afa37, 0xeb2022850278edf8, 0xcf63e9cfb74492d9, 0x2e67157159e5c639}
+
+// r2 is R^2 where R = 2^256 mod p.
+var r2 = &gfP{0xf32cfc5b538afa89, 0xb5e71911d44501fb, 0x47ab1eff0a417ff6, 0x06d89f71cab8351f}
+
+// r3 is R^3 where R = 2^256 mod p.
+var r3 = &gfP{0xb1cd6dafda1530df, 0x62f210e6a7283db6, 0xef7f0b0c0ada0afb, 0x20fd6e902d592544}
+
+// xiToPMinus1Over6 is ξ^((p-1)/6) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPMinus1Over6 = &gfP2{gfP{0xa222ae234c492d72, 0xd00f02a4565de15b, 0xdc2ff3a253dfc926, 0x10a75716b3899551}, gfP{0xaf9ba69633144907, 0xca6b1d7387afb78a, 0x11bded5ef08a2087, 0x02f34d751a1f3a7c}}
+
+// xiToPMinus1Over3 is ξ^((p-1)/3) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPMinus1Over3 = &gfP2{gfP{0x6e849f1ea0aa4757, 0xaa1c7b6d89f89141, 0xb6e713cdfae0ca3a, 0x26694fbb4e82ebc3}, gfP{0xb5773b104563ab30, 0x347f91c8a9aa6454, 0x7a007127242e0991, 0x1956bcd8118214ec}}
+
+// xiToPMinus1Over2 is ξ^((p-1)/2) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPMinus1Over2 = &gfP2{gfP{0xa1d77ce45ffe77c7, 0x07affd117826d1db, 0x6d16bd27bb7edc6b, 0x2c87200285defecc}, gfP{0xe4bbdd0c2936b629, 0xbb30f162e133bacb, 0x31a9d1b6f9645366, 0x253570bea500f8dd}}
+
+// xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3 is ξ^((p²-1)/3) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3 = &gfP{0x3350c88e13e80b9c, 0x7dce557cdb5e56b9, 0x6001b4b8b615564a, 0x2682e617020217e0}
+
+// xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3 is ξ^((2p²-2)/3) where ξ = i+9 (a cubic root of unity, mod p).
+var xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3 = &gfP{0x71930c11d782e155, 0xa6bb947cffbe3323, 0xaa303344d4741444, 0x2c3b3f0d26594943}
+
+// xiToPSquaredMinus1Over6 is ξ^((1p²-1)/6) where ξ = i+9 (a cubic root of -1, mod p).
+var xiToPSquaredMinus1Over6 = &gfP{0xca8d800500fa1bf2, 0xf0c5d61468b39769, 0x0e201271ad0d4418, 0x04290f65bad856e6}
+
+// xiTo2PMinus2Over3 is ξ^((2p-2)/3) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiTo2PMinus2Over3 = &gfP2{gfP{0x5dddfd154bd8c949, 0x62cb29a5a4445b60, 0x37bc870a0c7dd2b9, 0x24830a9d3171f0fd}, gfP{0x7361d77f843abe92, 0xa5bb2bd3273411fb, 0x9c941f314b3e2399, 0x15df9cddbb9fd3ec}}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/curve.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/curve.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..253b5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/curve.go
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// curvePoint implements the elliptic curve y²=x³+3. Points are kept in Jacobian
+// form and t=z² when valid. G₁ is the set of points of this curve on GF(p).
+type curvePoint struct {
+	x, y, z, t gfP
+}
+
+var curveB = newGFp(3)
+
+// curveGen is the generator of G₁.
+var curveGen = &curvePoint{
+	x: *newGFp(1),
+	y: *newGFp(2),
+	z: *newGFp(1),
+	t: *newGFp(1),
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) String() string {
+	c.MakeAffine()
+	x, y := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	montDecode(x, &c.x)
+	montDecode(y, &c.y)
+	return "(" + x.String() + ", " + y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Set(a *curvePoint) {
+	c.x.Set(&a.x)
+	c.y.Set(&a.y)
+	c.z.Set(&a.z)
+	c.t.Set(&a.t)
+}
+
+// IsOnCurve returns true iff c is on the curve.
+func (c *curvePoint) IsOnCurve() bool {
+	c.MakeAffine()
+	if c.IsInfinity() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	y2, x3 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(y2, &c.y, &c.y)
+	gfpMul(x3, &c.x, &c.x)
+	gfpMul(x3, x3, &c.x)
+	gfpAdd(x3, x3, curveB)
+
+	return *y2 == *x3
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) SetInfinity() {
+	c.x = gfP{0}
+	c.y = *newGFp(1)
+	c.z = gfP{0}
+	c.t = gfP{0}
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) IsInfinity() bool {
+	return c.z == gfP{0}
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Add(a, b *curvePoint) {
+	if a.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(b)
+		return
+	}
+	if b.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(a)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/addition/add-2007-bl.op3
+
+	// Normalize the points by replacing a = [x1:y1:z1] and b = [x2:y2:z2]
+	// by [u1:s1:z1·z2] and [u2:s2:z1·z2]
+	// where u1 = x1·z2², s1 = y1·z2³ and u1 = x2·z1², s2 = y2·z1³
+	z12, z22 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(z12, &a.z, &a.z)
+	gfpMul(z22, &b.z, &b.z)
+
+	u1, u2 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(u1, &a.x, z22)
+	gfpMul(u2, &b.x, z12)
+
+	t, s1 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(t, &b.z, z22)
+	gfpMul(s1, &a.y, t)
+
+	s2 := &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(t, &a.z, z12)
+	gfpMul(s2, &b.y, t)
+
+	// Compute x = (2h)²(s²-u1-u2)
+	// where s = (s2-s1)/(u2-u1) is the slope of the line through
+	// (u1,s1) and (u2,s2). The extra factor 2h = 2(u2-u1) comes from the value of z below.
+	// This is also:
+	// 4(s2-s1)² - 4h²(u1+u2) = 4(s2-s1)² - 4h³ - 4h²(2u1)
+	//                        = r² - j - 2v
+	// with the notations below.
+	h := &gfP{}
+	gfpSub(h, u2, u1)
+	xEqual := *h == gfP{0}
+
+	gfpAdd(t, h, h)
+	// i = 4h²
+	i := &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(i, t, t)
+	// j = 4h³
+	j := &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(j, h, i)
+
+	gfpSub(t, s2, s1)
+	yEqual := *t == gfP{0}
+	if xEqual && yEqual {
+		c.Double(a)
+		return
+	}
+	r := &gfP{}
+	gfpAdd(r, t, t)
+
+	v := &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(v, u1, i)
+
+	// t4 = 4(s2-s1)²
+	t4, t6 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(t4, r, r)
+	gfpAdd(t, v, v)
+	gfpSub(t6, t4, j)
+
+	gfpSub(&c.x, t6, t)
+
+	// Set y = -(2h)³(s1 + s*(x/4h²-u1))
+	// This is also
+	// y = - 2·s1·j - (s2-s1)(2x - 2i·u1) = r(v-x) - 2·s1·j
+	gfpSub(t, v, &c.x) // t7
+	gfpMul(t4, s1, j)  // t8
+	gfpAdd(t6, t4, t4) // t9
+	gfpMul(t4, r, t)   // t10
+	gfpSub(&c.y, t4, t6)
+
+	// Set z = 2(u2-u1)·z1·z2 = 2h·z1·z2
+	gfpAdd(t, &a.z, &b.z) // t11
+	gfpMul(t4, t, t)      // t12
+	gfpSub(t, t4, z12)    // t13
+	gfpSub(t4, t, z22)    // t14
+	gfpMul(&c.z, t4, h)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Double(a *curvePoint) {
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/doubling/dbl-2009-l.op3
+	A, B, C := &gfP{}, &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(A, &a.x, &a.x)
+	gfpMul(B, &a.y, &a.y)
+	gfpMul(C, B, B)
+
+	t, t2 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpAdd(t, &a.x, B)
+	gfpMul(t2, t, t)
+	gfpSub(t, t2, A)
+	gfpSub(t2, t, C)
+
+	d, e, f := &gfP{}, &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpAdd(d, t2, t2)
+	gfpAdd(t, A, A)
+	gfpAdd(e, t, A)
+	gfpMul(f, e, e)
+
+	gfpAdd(t, d, d)
+	gfpSub(&c.x, f, t)
+
+	gfpAdd(t, C, C)
+	gfpAdd(t2, t, t)
+	gfpAdd(t, t2, t2)
+	gfpSub(&c.y, d, &c.x)
+	gfpMul(t2, e, &c.y)
+	gfpSub(&c.y, t2, t)
+
+	gfpMul(t, &a.y, &a.z)
+	gfpAdd(&c.z, t, t)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Mul(a *curvePoint, scalar *big.Int) {
+	precomp := [1 << 2]*curvePoint{nil, {}, {}, {}}
+	precomp[1].Set(a)
+	precomp[2].Set(a)
+	gfpMul(&precomp[2].x, &precomp[2].x, xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3)
+	precomp[3].Add(precomp[1], precomp[2])
+
+	multiScalar := curveLattice.Multi(scalar)
+
+	sum := &curvePoint{}
+	sum.SetInfinity()
+	t := &curvePoint{}
+
+	for i := len(multiScalar) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Double(sum)
+		if multiScalar[i] == 0 {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		} else {
+			sum.Add(t, precomp[multiScalar[i]])
+		}
+	}
+	c.Set(sum)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) MakeAffine() {
+	if c.z == *newGFp(1) {
+		return
+	} else if c.z == *newGFp(0) {
+		c.x = gfP{0}
+		c.y = *newGFp(1)
+		c.t = gfP{0}
+		return
+	}
+
+	zInv := &gfP{}
+	zInv.Invert(&c.z)
+
+	t, zInv2 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(t, &c.y, zInv)
+	gfpMul(zInv2, zInv, zInv)
+
+	gfpMul(&c.x, &c.x, zInv2)
+	gfpMul(&c.y, t, zInv2)
+
+	c.z = *newGFp(1)
+	c.t = *newGFp(1)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Neg(a *curvePoint) {
+	c.x.Set(&a.x)
+	gfpNeg(&c.y, &a.y)
+	c.z.Set(&a.z)
+	c.t = gfP{0}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/example_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c28599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestExamplePair(t *testing.T) {
+	// This implements the tripartite Diffie-Hellman algorithm from "A One
+	// Round Protocol for Tripartite Diffie-Hellman", A. Joux.
+	// http://www.springerlink.com/content/cddc57yyva0hburb/fulltext.pdf
+
+	// Each of three parties, a, b and c, generate a private value.
+	a, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	b, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	c, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+
+	// Then each party calculates g₁ and g₂ times their private value.
+	pa := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(a)
+	qa := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(a)
+
+	pb := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(b)
+	qb := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(b)
+
+	pc := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(c)
+	qc := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(c)
+
+	// Now each party exchanges its public values with the other two and
+	// all parties can calculate the shared key.
+	k1 := Pair(pb, qc)
+	k1.ScalarMult(k1, a)
+
+	k2 := Pair(pc, qa)
+	k2.ScalarMult(k2, b)
+
+	k3 := Pair(pa, qb)
+	k3.ScalarMult(k3, c)
+
+	// k1, k2 and k3 will all be equal.
+
+	require.Equal(t, k1, k2)
+	require.Equal(t, k1, k3)
+
+	require.Equal(t, len(np), 4) //Avoid gometalinter varcheck err on np
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..842b190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+type gfP [4]uint64
+
+func newGFp(x int64) (out *gfP) {
+	if x >= 0 {
+		out = &gfP{uint64(x)}
+	} else {
+		out = &gfP{uint64(-x)}
+		gfpNeg(out, out)
+	}
+
+	montEncode(out, out)
+	return out
+}
+
+func (e *gfP) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%16.16x%16.16x%16.16x%16.16x", e[3], e[2], e[1], e[0])
+}
+
+func (e *gfP) Set(f *gfP) {
+	e[0] = f[0]
+	e[1] = f[1]
+	e[2] = f[2]
+	e[3] = f[3]
+}
+
+func (e *gfP) Invert(f *gfP) {
+	bits := [4]uint64{0x3c208c16d87cfd45, 0x97816a916871ca8d, 0xb85045b68181585d, 0x30644e72e131a029}
+
+	sum, power := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	sum.Set(rN1)
+	power.Set(f)
+
+	for word := 0; word < 4; word++ {
+		for bit := uint(0); bit < 64; bit++ {
+			if (bits[word]>>bit)&1 == 1 {
+				gfpMul(sum, sum, power)
+			}
+			gfpMul(power, power, power)
+		}
+	}
+
+	gfpMul(sum, sum, r3)
+	e.Set(sum)
+}
+
+func (e *gfP) Marshal(out []byte) {
+	for w := uint(0); w < 4; w++ {
+		for b := uint(0); b < 8; b++ {
+			out[8*w+b] = byte(e[3-w] >> (56 - 8*b))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *gfP) Unmarshal(in []byte) error {
+	// Unmarshal the bytes into little endian form
+	for w := uint(0); w < 4; w++ {
+		for b := uint(0); b < 8; b++ {
+			e[3-w] += uint64(in[8*w+b]) << (56 - 8*b)
+		}
+	}
+	// Ensure the point respects the curve modulus
+	for i := 3; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if e[i] < p2[i] {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if e[i] > p2[i] {
+			return errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+		}
+	}
+	return errors.New("bn256: coordinate equals modulus")
+}
+
+func montEncode(c, a *gfP) { gfpMul(c, a, r2) }
+func montDecode(c, a *gfP) { gfpMul(c, a, &gfP{1}) }
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp12.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp12.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e8a5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp12.go
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+// For details of the algorithms used, see "Multiplication and Squaring on
+// Pairing-Friendly Fields, Devegili et al.
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf.
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// gfP12 implements the field of size p¹² as a quadratic extension of gfP6
+// where ω²=τ.
+type gfP12 struct {
+	x, y gfP6 // value is xω + y
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) String() string {
+	return "(" + e.x.String() + "," + e.y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Set(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Set(&a.x)
+	e.y.Set(&a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) SetZero() *gfP12 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetZero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) SetOne() *gfP12 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetOne()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) IsZero() bool {
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) IsOne() bool {
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsOne()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Conjugate(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Neg(&a.x)
+	e.y.Set(&a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Neg(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Neg(&a.x)
+	e.y.Neg(&a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Frobenius computes (xω+y)^p = x^p ω·ξ^((p-1)/6) + y^p
+func (e *gfP12) Frobenius(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Frobenius(&a.x)
+	e.y.Frobenius(&a.y)
+	e.x.MulScalar(&e.x, xiToPMinus1Over6)
+	return e
+}
+
+// FrobeniusP2 computes (xω+y)^p² = x^p² ω·ξ^((p²-1)/6) + y^p²
+func (e *gfP12) FrobeniusP2(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.FrobeniusP2(&a.x)
+	e.x.MulGFP(&e.x, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over6)
+	e.y.FrobeniusP2(&a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) FrobeniusP4(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.FrobeniusP4(&a.x)
+	e.x.MulGFP(&e.x, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3)
+	e.y.FrobeniusP4(&a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Add(a, b *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Add(&a.x, &b.x)
+	e.y.Add(&a.y, &b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Sub(a, b *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Sub(&a.x, &b.x)
+	e.y.Sub(&a.y, &b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Mul(a, b *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	tx := (&gfP6{}).Mul(&a.x, &b.y)
+	t := (&gfP6{}).Mul(&b.x, &a.y)
+	tx.Add(tx, t)
+
+	ty := (&gfP6{}).Mul(&a.y, &b.y)
+	t.Mul(&a.x, &b.x).MulTau(t)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Add(ty, t)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) MulScalar(a *gfP12, b *gfP6) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Mul(&e.x, b)
+	e.y.Mul(&e.y, b)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (c *gfP12) Exp(a *gfP12, power *big.Int) *gfP12 {
+	sum := (&gfP12{}).SetOne()
+	t := &gfP12{}
+
+	for i := power.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Square(sum)
+		if power.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			sum.Mul(t, a)
+		} else {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Set(sum)
+	return c
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Square(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	// Complex squaring algorithm
+	v0 := (&gfP6{}).Mul(&a.x, &a.y)
+
+	t := (&gfP6{}).MulTau(&a.x)
+	t.Add(&a.y, t)
+	ty := (&gfP6{}).Add(&a.x, &a.y)
+	ty.Mul(ty, t).Sub(ty, v0)
+	t.MulTau(v0)
+	ty.Sub(ty, t)
+
+	e.x.Add(v0, v0)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Invert(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	// See "Implementing cryptographic pairings", M. Scott, section 3.2.
+	// ftp://136.206.11.249/pub/crypto/pairings.pdf
+	t1, t2 := &gfP6{}, &gfP6{}
+
+	t1.Square(&a.x)
+	t2.Square(&a.y)
+	t1.MulTau(t1).Sub(t2, t1)
+	t2.Invert(t1)
+
+	e.x.Neg(&a.x)
+	e.y.Set(&a.y)
+	e.MulScalar(e, t2)
+	return e
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp2.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp2.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3294979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp2.go
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+// For details of the algorithms used, see "Multiplication and Squaring on
+// Pairing-Friendly Fields, Devegili et al.
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf.
+
+// gfP2 implements a field of size p² as a quadratic extension of the base field
+// where i²=-1.
+type gfP2 struct {
+	x, y gfP // value is xi+y.
+}
+
+func gfP2Decode(in *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	out := &gfP2{}
+	montDecode(&out.x, &in.x)
+	montDecode(&out.y, &in.y)
+	return out
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) String() string {
+	return "(" + e.x.String() + ", " + e.y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Set(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Set(&a.x)
+	e.y.Set(&a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) SetZero() *gfP2 {
+	e.x = gfP{0}
+	e.y = gfP{0}
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) SetOne() *gfP2 {
+	e.x = gfP{0}
+	e.y = *newGFp(1)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) IsZero() bool {
+	zero := gfP{0}
+	return e.x == zero && e.y == zero
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) IsOne() bool {
+	zero, one := gfP{0}, *newGFp(1)
+	return e.x == zero && e.y == one
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Conjugate(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.y.Set(&a.y)
+	gfpNeg(&e.x, &a.x)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Neg(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	gfpNeg(&e.x, &a.x)
+	gfpNeg(&e.y, &a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Add(a, b *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	gfpAdd(&e.x, &a.x, &b.x)
+	gfpAdd(&e.y, &a.y, &b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Sub(a, b *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	gfpSub(&e.x, &a.x, &b.x)
+	gfpSub(&e.y, &a.y, &b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+// See "Multiplication and Squaring in Pairing-Friendly Fields",
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf
+func (e *gfP2) Mul(a, b *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	tx, t := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(tx, &a.x, &b.y)
+	gfpMul(t, &b.x, &a.y)
+	gfpAdd(tx, tx, t)
+
+	ty := &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(ty, &a.y, &b.y)
+	gfpMul(t, &a.x, &b.x)
+	gfpSub(ty, ty, t)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) MulScalar(a *gfP2, b *gfP) *gfP2 {
+	gfpMul(&e.x, &a.x, b)
+	gfpMul(&e.y, &a.y, b)
+	return e
+}
+
+// MulXi sets e=ξa where ξ=i+9 and then returns e.
+func (e *gfP2) MulXi(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	// (xi+y)(i+9) = (9x+y)i+(9y-x)
+	tx := &gfP{}
+	gfpAdd(tx, &a.x, &a.x)
+	gfpAdd(tx, tx, tx)
+	gfpAdd(tx, tx, tx)
+	gfpAdd(tx, tx, &a.x)
+
+	gfpAdd(tx, tx, &a.y)
+
+	ty := &gfP{}
+	gfpAdd(ty, &a.y, &a.y)
+	gfpAdd(ty, ty, ty)
+	gfpAdd(ty, ty, ty)
+	gfpAdd(ty, ty, &a.y)
+
+	gfpSub(ty, ty, &a.x)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Square(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	// Complex squaring algorithm:
+	// (xi+y)² = (x+y)(y-x) + 2*i*x*y
+	tx, ty := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpSub(tx, &a.y, &a.x)
+	gfpAdd(ty, &a.x, &a.y)
+	gfpMul(ty, tx, ty)
+
+	gfpMul(tx, &a.x, &a.y)
+	gfpAdd(tx, tx, tx)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Invert(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	// See "Implementing cryptographic pairings", M. Scott, section 3.2.
+	// ftp://136.206.11.249/pub/crypto/pairings.pdf
+	t1, t2 := &gfP{}, &gfP{}
+	gfpMul(t1, &a.x, &a.x)
+	gfpMul(t2, &a.y, &a.y)
+	gfpAdd(t1, t1, t2)
+
+	inv := &gfP{}
+	inv.Invert(t1)
+
+	gfpNeg(t1, &a.x)
+
+	gfpMul(&e.x, t1, inv)
+	gfpMul(&e.y, &a.y, inv)
+	return e
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp6.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp6.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cbbcd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp6.go
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+// For details of the algorithms used, see "Multiplication and Squaring on
+// Pairing-Friendly Fields, Devegili et al.
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf.
+
+// gfP6 implements the field of size p⁶ as a cubic extension of gfP2 where τ³=ξ
+// and ξ=i+9.
+type gfP6 struct {
+	x, y, z gfP2 // value is xτ² + yτ + z
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) String() string {
+	return "(" + e.x.String() + ", " + e.y.String() + ", " + e.z.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Set(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Set(&a.x)
+	e.y.Set(&a.y)
+	e.z.Set(&a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) SetZero() *gfP6 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetZero()
+	e.z.SetZero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) SetOne() *gfP6 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetZero()
+	e.z.SetOne()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) IsZero() bool {
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsZero() && e.z.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) IsOne() bool {
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsZero() && e.z.IsOne()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Neg(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Neg(&a.x)
+	e.y.Neg(&a.y)
+	e.z.Neg(&a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Frobenius(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Conjugate(&a.x)
+	e.y.Conjugate(&a.y)
+	e.z.Conjugate(&a.z)
+
+	e.x.Mul(&e.x, xiTo2PMinus2Over3)
+	e.y.Mul(&e.y, xiToPMinus1Over3)
+	return e
+}
+
+// FrobeniusP2 computes (xτ²+yτ+z)^(p²) = xτ^(2p²) + yτ^(p²) + z
+func (e *gfP6) FrobeniusP2(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	// τ^(2p²) = τ²τ^(2p²-2) = τ²ξ^((2p²-2)/3)
+	e.x.MulScalar(&a.x, xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3)
+	// τ^(p²) = ττ^(p²-1) = τξ^((p²-1)/3)
+	e.y.MulScalar(&a.y, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3)
+	e.z.Set(&a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) FrobeniusP4(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.MulScalar(&a.x, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3)
+	e.y.MulScalar(&a.y, xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3)
+	e.z.Set(&a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Add(a, b *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Add(&a.x, &b.x)
+	e.y.Add(&a.y, &b.y)
+	e.z.Add(&a.z, &b.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Sub(a, b *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Sub(&a.x, &b.x)
+	e.y.Sub(&a.y, &b.y)
+	e.z.Sub(&a.z, &b.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Mul(a, b *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	// "Multiplication and Squaring on Pairing-Friendly Fields"
+	// Section 4, Karatsuba method.
+	// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf
+	v0 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&a.z, &b.z)
+	v1 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&a.y, &b.y)
+	v2 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&a.x, &b.x)
+
+	t0 := (&gfP2{}).Add(&a.x, &a.y)
+	t1 := (&gfP2{}).Add(&b.x, &b.y)
+	tz := (&gfP2{}).Mul(t0, t1)
+	tz.Sub(tz, v1).Sub(tz, v2).MulXi(tz).Add(tz, v0)
+
+	t0.Add(&a.y, &a.z)
+	t1.Add(&b.y, &b.z)
+	ty := (&gfP2{}).Mul(t0, t1)
+	t0.MulXi(v2)
+	ty.Sub(ty, v0).Sub(ty, v1).Add(ty, t0)
+
+	t0.Add(&a.x, &a.z)
+	t1.Add(&b.x, &b.z)
+	tx := (&gfP2{}).Mul(t0, t1)
+	tx.Sub(tx, v0).Add(tx, v1).Sub(tx, v2)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	e.z.Set(tz)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) MulScalar(a *gfP6, b *gfP2) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Mul(&a.x, b)
+	e.y.Mul(&a.y, b)
+	e.z.Mul(&a.z, b)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) MulGFP(a *gfP6, b *gfP) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.MulScalar(&a.x, b)
+	e.y.MulScalar(&a.y, b)
+	e.z.MulScalar(&a.z, b)
+	return e
+}
+
+// MulTau computes τ·(aτ²+bτ+c) = bτ²+cτ+aξ
+func (e *gfP6) MulTau(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	tz := (&gfP2{}).MulXi(&a.x)
+	ty := (&gfP2{}).Set(&a.y)
+
+	e.y.Set(&a.z)
+	e.x.Set(ty)
+	e.z.Set(tz)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Square(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	v0 := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.z)
+	v1 := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.y)
+	v2 := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.x)
+
+	c0 := (&gfP2{}).Add(&a.x, &a.y)
+	c0.Square(c0).Sub(c0, v1).Sub(c0, v2).MulXi(c0).Add(c0, v0)
+
+	c1 := (&gfP2{}).Add(&a.y, &a.z)
+	c1.Square(c1).Sub(c1, v0).Sub(c1, v1)
+	xiV2 := (&gfP2{}).MulXi(v2)
+	c1.Add(c1, xiV2)
+
+	c2 := (&gfP2{}).Add(&a.x, &a.z)
+	c2.Square(c2).Sub(c2, v0).Add(c2, v1).Sub(c2, v2)
+
+	e.x.Set(c2)
+	e.y.Set(c1)
+	e.z.Set(c0)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Invert(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	// See "Implementing cryptographic pairings", M. Scott, section 3.2.
+	// ftp://136.206.11.249/pub/crypto/pairings.pdf
+
+	// Here we can give a short explanation of how it works: let j be a cubic root of
+	// unity in GF(p²) so that 1+j+j²=0.
+	// Then (xτ² + yτ + z)(xj²τ² + yjτ + z)(xjτ² + yj²τ + z)
+	// = (xτ² + yτ + z)(Cτ²+Bτ+A)
+	// = (x³ξ²+y³ξ+z³-3ξxyz) = F is an element of the base field (the norm).
+	//
+	// On the other hand (xj²τ² + yjτ + z)(xjτ² + yj²τ + z)
+	// = τ²(y²-ξxz) + τ(ξx²-yz) + (z²-ξxy)
+	//
+	// So that's why A = (z²-ξxy), B = (ξx²-yz), C = (y²-ξxz)
+	t1 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&a.x, &a.y)
+	t1.MulXi(t1)
+
+	A := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.z)
+	A.Sub(A, t1)
+
+	B := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.x)
+	B.MulXi(B)
+	t1.Mul(&a.y, &a.z)
+	B.Sub(B, t1)
+
+	C := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.y)
+	t1.Mul(&a.x, &a.z)
+	C.Sub(C, t1)
+
+	F := (&gfP2{}).Mul(C, &a.y)
+	F.MulXi(F)
+	t1.Mul(A, &a.z)
+	F.Add(F, t1)
+	t1.Mul(B, &a.x).MulXi(t1)
+	F.Add(F, t1)
+
+	F.Invert(F)
+
+	e.x.Mul(C, F)
+	e.y.Mul(B, F)
+	e.z.Mul(A, F)
+	return e
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_amd64.s b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_amd64.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdb4ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_amd64.s
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// +build amd64,!generic
+
+#define storeBlock(a0,a1,a2,a3, r) \
+	MOVQ a0,  0+r \
+	MOVQ a1,  8+r \
+	MOVQ a2, 16+r \
+	MOVQ a3, 24+r
+
+#define loadBlock(r, a0,a1,a2,a3) \
+	MOVQ  0+r, a0 \
+	MOVQ  8+r, a1 \
+	MOVQ 16+r, a2 \
+	MOVQ 24+r, a3
+
+#define gfpCarry(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4, b0,b1,b2,b3,b4) \
+	\ // b = a-p
+	MOVQ a0, b0 \
+	MOVQ a1, b1 \
+	MOVQ a2, b2 \
+	MOVQ a3, b3 \
+	MOVQ a4, b4 \
+	\
+	SUBQ ·p2+0(SB), b0 \
+	SBBQ ·p2+8(SB), b1 \
+	SBBQ ·p2+16(SB), b2 \
+	SBBQ ·p2+24(SB), b3 \
+	SBBQ $0, b4 \
+	\
+	\ // if b is negative then return a
+	\ // else return b
+	CMOVQCC b0, a0 \
+	CMOVQCC b1, a1 \
+	CMOVQCC b2, a2 \
+	CMOVQCC b3, a3
+
+#include "mul_amd64.h"
+#include "mul_bmi2_amd64.h"
+
+TEXT ·gfpNeg(SB),0,$0-16
+	MOVQ ·p2+0(SB), R8
+	MOVQ ·p2+8(SB), R9
+	MOVQ ·p2+16(SB), R10
+	MOVQ ·p2+24(SB), R11
+
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	SUBQ 0(DI), R8
+	SBBQ 8(DI), R9
+	SBBQ 16(DI), R10
+	SBBQ 24(DI), R11
+
+	MOVQ $0, AX
+	gfpCarry(R8,R9,R10,R11,AX, R12,R13,R14,R15,BX)
+
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 0(DI))
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·gfpAdd(SB),0,$0-24
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+
+	loadBlock(0(DI), R8,R9,R10,R11)
+	MOVQ $0, R12
+
+	ADDQ  0(SI), R8
+	ADCQ  8(SI), R9
+	ADCQ 16(SI), R10
+	ADCQ 24(SI), R11
+	ADCQ $0, R12
+
+	gfpCarry(R8,R9,R10,R11,R12, R13,R14,R15,AX,BX)
+
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 0(DI))
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·gfpSub(SB),0,$0-24
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+
+	loadBlock(0(DI), R8,R9,R10,R11)
+
+	MOVQ ·p2+0(SB), R12
+	MOVQ ·p2+8(SB), R13
+	MOVQ ·p2+16(SB), R14
+	MOVQ ·p2+24(SB), R15
+	MOVQ $0, AX
+
+	SUBQ  0(SI), R8
+	SBBQ  8(SI), R9
+	SBBQ 16(SI), R10
+	SBBQ 24(SI), R11
+
+	CMOVQCC AX, R12
+	CMOVQCC AX, R13
+	CMOVQCC AX, R14
+	CMOVQCC AX, R15
+
+	ADDQ R12, R8
+	ADCQ R13, R9
+	ADCQ R14, R10
+	ADCQ R15, R11
+
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 0(DI))
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·gfpMul(SB),0,$160-24
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), DI
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), SI
+
+	// Jump to a slightly different implementation if MULX isn't supported.
+	CMPB ·hasBMI2(SB), $0
+	JE   nobmi2Mul
+
+	mulBMI2(0(DI),8(DI),16(DI),24(DI), 0(SI))
+	storeBlock( R8, R9,R10,R11,  0(SP))
+	storeBlock(R12,R13,R14,R15, 32(SP))
+	gfpReduceBMI2()
+	JMP end
+
+nobmi2Mul:
+	mul(0(DI),8(DI),16(DI),24(DI), 0(SI), 0(SP))
+	gfpReduce(0(SP))
+
+end:
+	MOVQ c+0(FP), DI
+	storeBlock(R12,R13,R14,R15, 0(DI))
+	RET
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_arm64.s b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_arm64.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c65e801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_arm64.s
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// +build arm64,!generic
+
+#define storeBlock(a0,a1,a2,a3, r) \
+	MOVD a0,  0+r \
+	MOVD a1,  8+r \
+	MOVD a2, 16+r \
+	MOVD a3, 24+r
+
+#define loadBlock(r, a0,a1,a2,a3) \
+	MOVD  0+r, a0 \
+	MOVD  8+r, a1 \
+	MOVD 16+r, a2 \
+	MOVD 24+r, a3
+
+#define loadModulus(p0,p1,p2,p3) \
+	MOVD ·p2+0(SB), p0 \
+	MOVD ·p2+8(SB), p1 \
+	MOVD ·p2+16(SB), p2 \
+	MOVD ·p2+24(SB), p3
+
+#include "mul_arm64.h"
+
+TEXT ·gfpNeg(SB),0,$0-16
+	MOVD a+8(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R1,R2,R3,R4)
+	loadModulus(R5,R6,R7,R8)
+
+	SUBS R1, R5, R1
+	SBCS R2, R6, R2
+	SBCS R3, R7, R3
+	SBCS R4, R8, R4
+
+	SUBS R5, R1, R5
+	SBCS R6, R2, R6
+	SBCS R7, R3, R7
+	SBCS R8, R4, R8
+
+	CSEL CS, R5, R1, R1
+	CSEL CS, R6, R2, R2
+	CSEL CS, R7, R3, R3
+	CSEL CS, R8, R4, R4
+
+	MOVD c+0(FP), R0
+	storeBlock(R1,R2,R3,R4, 0(R0))
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·gfpAdd(SB),0,$0-24
+	MOVD a+8(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R1,R2,R3,R4)
+	MOVD b+16(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R5,R6,R7,R8)
+	loadModulus(R9,R10,R11,R12)
+	MOVD ZR, R0
+
+	ADDS R5, R1
+	ADCS R6, R2
+	ADCS R7, R3
+	ADCS R8, R4
+	ADCS ZR, R0
+
+	SUBS  R9, R1, R5
+	SBCS R10, R2, R6
+	SBCS R11, R3, R7
+	SBCS R12, R4, R8
+	SBCS  ZR, R0, R0
+
+	CSEL CS, R5, R1, R1
+	CSEL CS, R6, R2, R2
+	CSEL CS, R7, R3, R3
+	CSEL CS, R8, R4, R4
+
+	MOVD c+0(FP), R0
+	storeBlock(R1,R2,R3,R4, 0(R0))
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·gfpSub(SB),0,$0-24
+	MOVD a+8(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R1,R2,R3,R4)
+	MOVD b+16(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R5,R6,R7,R8)
+	loadModulus(R9,R10,R11,R12)
+
+	SUBS R5, R1
+	SBCS R6, R2
+	SBCS R7, R3
+	SBCS R8, R4
+
+	CSEL CS, ZR,  R9,  R9
+	CSEL CS, ZR, R10, R10
+	CSEL CS, ZR, R11, R11
+	CSEL CS, ZR, R12, R12
+
+	ADDS  R9, R1
+	ADCS R10, R2
+	ADCS R11, R3
+	ADCS R12, R4
+
+	MOVD c+0(FP), R0
+	storeBlock(R1,R2,R3,R4, 0(R0))
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·gfpMul(SB),0,$0-24
+	MOVD a+8(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R1,R2,R3,R4)
+	MOVD b+16(FP), R0
+	loadBlock(0(R0), R5,R6,R7,R8)
+
+	mul(R9,R10,R11,R12,R13,R14,R15,R16)
+	gfpReduce()
+
+	MOVD c+0(FP), R0
+	storeBlock(R1,R2,R3,R4, 0(R0))
+	RET
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..072e32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//go:build (amd64 && !generic) || (arm64 && !generic)
+
+package bn256
+
+// This file contains forward declarations for the architecture-specific
+// assembly implementations of these functions, provided that they exist.
+
+import (
+	"golang.org/x/sys/cpu"
+)
+
+var hasBMI2 = cpu.X86.HasBMI2
+
+// go:noescape
+func gfpNeg(c, a *gfP)
+
+//go:noescape
+func gfpAdd(c, a, b *gfP)
+
+//go:noescape
+func gfpSub(c, a, b *gfP)
+
+//go:noescape
+func gfpMul(c, a, b *gfP)
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_generic.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_generic.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..944208c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_generic.go
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//go:build (!amd64 && !arm64) || generic
+
+package bn256
+
+func gfpCarry(a *gfP, head uint64) {
+	b := &gfP{}
+
+	var carry uint64
+	for i, pi := range p2 {
+		ai := a[i]
+		bi := ai - pi - carry
+		b[i] = bi
+		carry = (pi&^ai | (pi|^ai)&bi) >> 63
+	}
+	carry = carry &^ head
+
+	// If b is negative, then return a.
+	// Else return b.
+	carry = -carry
+	ncarry := ^carry
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		a[i] = (a[i] & carry) | (b[i] & ncarry)
+	}
+}
+
+func gfpNeg(c, a *gfP) {
+	var carry uint64
+	for i, pi := range p2 {
+		ai := a[i]
+		ci := pi - ai - carry
+		c[i] = ci
+		carry = (ai&^pi | (ai|^pi)&ci) >> 63
+	}
+	gfpCarry(c, 0)
+}
+
+func gfpAdd(c, a, b *gfP) {
+	var carry uint64
+	for i, ai := range a {
+		bi := b[i]
+		ci := ai + bi + carry
+		c[i] = ci
+		carry = (ai&bi | (ai|bi)&^ci) >> 63
+	}
+	gfpCarry(c, carry)
+}
+
+func gfpSub(c, a, b *gfP) {
+	t := &gfP{}
+
+	var carry uint64
+	for i, pi := range p2 {
+		bi := b[i]
+		ti := pi - bi - carry
+		t[i] = ti
+		carry = (bi&^pi | (bi|^pi)&ti) >> 63
+	}
+
+	carry = 0
+	for i, ai := range a {
+		ti := t[i]
+		ci := ai + ti + carry
+		c[i] = ci
+		carry = (ai&ti | (ai|ti)&^ci) >> 63
+	}
+	gfpCarry(c, carry)
+}
+
+func mul(a, b [4]uint64) [8]uint64 {
+	const (
+		mask16 uint64 = 0x0000ffff
+		mask32 uint64 = 0xffffffff
+	)
+
+	var buff [32]uint64
+	for i, ai := range a {
+		a0, a1, a2, a3 := ai&mask16, (ai>>16)&mask16, (ai>>32)&mask16, ai>>48
+
+		for j, bj := range b {
+			b0, b2 := bj&mask32, bj>>32
+
+			off := 4 * (i + j)
+			buff[off+0] += a0 * b0
+			buff[off+1] += a1 * b0
+			buff[off+2] += a2*b0 + a0*b2
+			buff[off+3] += a3*b0 + a1*b2
+			buff[off+4] += a2 * b2
+			buff[off+5] += a3 * b2
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := uint(1); i < 4; i++ {
+		shift := 16 * i
+
+		var head, carry uint64
+		for j := uint(0); j < 8; j++ {
+			block := 4 * j
+
+			xi := buff[block]
+			yi := (buff[block+i] << shift) + head
+			zi := xi + yi + carry
+			buff[block] = zi
+			carry = (xi&yi | (xi|yi)&^zi) >> 63
+
+			head = buff[block+i] >> (64 - shift)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return [8]uint64{buff[0], buff[4], buff[8], buff[12], buff[16], buff[20], buff[24], buff[28]}
+}
+
+func halfMul(a, b [4]uint64) [4]uint64 {
+	const (
+		mask16 uint64 = 0x0000ffff
+		mask32 uint64 = 0xffffffff
+	)
+
+	var buff [18]uint64
+	for i, ai := range a {
+		a0, a1, a2, a3 := ai&mask16, (ai>>16)&mask16, (ai>>32)&mask16, ai>>48
+
+		for j, bj := range b {
+			if i+j > 3 {
+				break
+			}
+			b0, b2 := bj&mask32, bj>>32
+
+			off := 4 * (i + j)
+			buff[off+0] += a0 * b0
+			buff[off+1] += a1 * b0
+			buff[off+2] += a2*b0 + a0*b2
+			buff[off+3] += a3*b0 + a1*b2
+			buff[off+4] += a2 * b2
+			buff[off+5] += a3 * b2
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := uint(1); i < 4; i++ {
+		shift := 16 * i
+
+		var head, carry uint64
+		for j := uint(0); j < 4; j++ {
+			block := 4 * j
+
+			xi := buff[block]
+			yi := (buff[block+i] << shift) + head
+			zi := xi + yi + carry
+			buff[block] = zi
+			carry = (xi&yi | (xi|yi)&^zi) >> 63
+
+			head = buff[block+i] >> (64 - shift)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return [4]uint64{buff[0], buff[4], buff[8], buff[12]}
+}
+
+func gfpMul(c, a, b *gfP) {
+	T := mul(*a, *b)
+	m := halfMul([4]uint64{T[0], T[1], T[2], T[3]}, np)
+	t := mul([4]uint64{m[0], m[1], m[2], m[3]}, p2)
+
+	var carry uint64
+	for i, Ti := range T {
+		ti := t[i]
+		zi := Ti + ti + carry
+		T[i] = zi
+		carry = (Ti&ti | (Ti|ti)&^zi) >> 63
+	}
+
+	*c = gfP{T[4], T[5], T[6], T[7]}
+	gfpCarry(c, carry)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16ab2a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Tests that negation works the same way on both assembly-optimized and pure Go
+// implementation.
+func TestGFpNeg(t *testing.T) {
+	n := &gfP{0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfedcba9876543210, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed}
+	w := &gfP{0xfedcba9876543211, 0x0123456789abcdef, 0x2152411021524110, 0x0114251201142512}
+	h := &gfP{}
+
+	gfpNeg(h, n)
+	if *h != *w {
+		t.Errorf("negation mismatch: have %#x, want %#x", *h, *w)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that addition works the same way on both assembly-optimized and pure Go
+// implementation.
+func TestGFpAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	a := &gfP{0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfedcba9876543210, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed}
+	b := &gfP{0xfedcba9876543210, 0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef}
+	w := &gfP{0xc3df73e9278302b8, 0x687e956e978e3572, 0x254954275c18417f, 0xad354b6afc67f9b4}
+	h := &gfP{}
+
+	gfpAdd(h, a, b)
+	if *h != *w {
+		t.Errorf("addition mismatch: have %#x, want %#x", *h, *w)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that subtraction works the same way on both assembly-optimized and pure Go
+// implementation.
+func TestGFpSub(t *testing.T) {
+	a := &gfP{0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfedcba9876543210, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed}
+	b := &gfP{0xfedcba9876543210, 0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef}
+	w := &gfP{0x02468acf13579bdf, 0xfdb97530eca86420, 0xdfc1e401dfc1e402, 0x203e1bfe203e1bfd}
+	h := &gfP{}
+
+	gfpSub(h, a, b)
+	if *h != *w {
+		t.Errorf("subtraction mismatch: have %#x, want %#x", *h, *w)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that multiplication works the same way on both assembly-optimized and pure Go
+// implementation.
+func TestGFpMul(t *testing.T) {
+	a := &gfP{0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfedcba9876543210, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed}
+	b := &gfP{0xfedcba9876543210, 0x0123456789abcdef, 0xfeebdaedfeebdaed, 0xdeadbeefdeadbeef}
+	w := &gfP{0xcbcbd377f7ad22d3, 0x3b89ba5d849379bf, 0x87b61627bd38b6d2, 0xc44052a2a0e654b2}
+	h := &gfP{}
+
+	gfpMul(h, a, b)
+	if *h != *w {
+		t.Errorf("multiplication mismatch: have %#x, want %#x", *h, *w)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/lattice.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/lattice.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9ace4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/lattice.go
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var half = new(big.Int).Rsh(Order, 1)
+
+var curveLattice = &lattice{
+	vectors: [][]*big.Int{
+		{bigFromBase10("147946756881789319000765030803803410728"), bigFromBase10("147946756881789319010696353538189108491")},
+		{bigFromBase10("147946756881789319020627676272574806254"), bigFromBase10("-147946756881789318990833708069417712965")},
+	},
+	inverse: []*big.Int{
+		bigFromBase10("147946756881789318990833708069417712965"),
+		bigFromBase10("147946756881789319010696353538189108491"),
+	},
+	det: bigFromBase10("43776485743678550444492811490514550177096728800832068687396408373151616991234"),
+}
+
+var targetLattice = &lattice{
+	vectors: [][]*big.Int{
+		{bigFromBase10("9931322734385697761"), bigFromBase10("9931322734385697761"), bigFromBase10("9931322734385697763"), bigFromBase10("9931322734385697764")},
+		{bigFromBase10("4965661367192848881"), bigFromBase10("4965661367192848881"), bigFromBase10("4965661367192848882"), bigFromBase10("-9931322734385697762")},
+		{bigFromBase10("-9931322734385697762"), bigFromBase10("-4965661367192848881"), bigFromBase10("4965661367192848881"), bigFromBase10("-4965661367192848882")},
+		{bigFromBase10("9931322734385697763"), bigFromBase10("-4965661367192848881"), bigFromBase10("-4965661367192848881"), bigFromBase10("-4965661367192848881")},
+	},
+	inverse: []*big.Int{
+		bigFromBase10("734653495049373973658254490726798021314063399421879442165"),
+		bigFromBase10("147946756881789319000765030803803410728"),
+		bigFromBase10("-147946756881789319005730692170996259609"),
+		bigFromBase10("1469306990098747947464455738335385361643788813749140841702"),
+	},
+	det: new(big.Int).Set(Order),
+}
+
+type lattice struct {
+	vectors [][]*big.Int
+	inverse []*big.Int
+	det     *big.Int
+}
+
+// decompose takes a scalar mod Order as input and finds a short, positive decomposition of it wrt to the lattice basis.
+func (l *lattice) decompose(k *big.Int) []*big.Int {
+	n := len(l.inverse)
+
+	// Calculate closest vector in lattice to <k,0,0,...> with Babai's rounding.
+	c := make([]*big.Int, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		c[i] = new(big.Int).Mul(k, l.inverse[i])
+		round(c[i], l.det)
+	}
+
+	// Transform vectors according to c and subtract <k,0,0,...>.
+	out := make([]*big.Int, n)
+	temp := new(big.Int)
+
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		out[i] = new(big.Int)
+
+		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
+			temp.Mul(c[j], l.vectors[j][i])
+			out[i].Add(out[i], temp)
+		}
+
+		out[i].Neg(out[i])
+		out[i].Add(out[i], l.vectors[0][i]).Add(out[i], l.vectors[0][i])
+	}
+	out[0].Add(out[0], k)
+
+	return out
+}
+
+func (l *lattice) Precompute(add func(i, j uint)) {
+	n := uint(len(l.vectors))
+	total := uint(1) << n
+
+	for i := uint(0); i < n; i++ {
+		for j := uint(0); j < total; j++ {
+			if (j>>i)&1 == 1 {
+				add(i, j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *lattice) Multi(scalar *big.Int) []uint8 {
+	decomp := l.decompose(scalar)
+
+	maxLen := 0
+	for _, x := range decomp {
+		if x.BitLen() > maxLen {
+			maxLen = x.BitLen()
+		}
+	}
+
+	out := make([]uint8, maxLen)
+	for j, x := range decomp {
+		for i := 0; i < maxLen; i++ {
+			out[i] += uint8(x.Bit(i)) << uint(j)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return out
+}
+
+// round sets num to num/denom rounded to the nearest integer.
+func round(num, denom *big.Int) {
+	r := new(big.Int)
+	num.DivMod(num, denom, r)
+
+	if r.Cmp(half) == 1 {
+		num.Add(num, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/lattice_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/lattice_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d52ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/lattice_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLatticeReduceCurve(t *testing.T) {
+	k, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	ks := curveLattice.decompose(k)
+
+	if ks[0].BitLen() > 130 || ks[1].BitLen() > 130 {
+		t.Fatal("reduction too large")
+	} else if ks[0].Sign() < 0 || ks[1].Sign() < 0 {
+		t.Fatal("reduction must be positive")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLatticeReduceTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	k, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	ks := targetLattice.decompose(k)
+
+	if ks[0].BitLen() > 66 || ks[1].BitLen() > 66 || ks[2].BitLen() > 66 || ks[3].BitLen() > 66 {
+		t.Fatal("reduction too large")
+	} else if ks[0].Sign() < 0 || ks[1].Sign() < 0 || ks[2].Sign() < 0 || ks[3].Sign() < 0 {
+		t.Fatal("reduction must be positive")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/main_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/main_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0610ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/main_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"crypto/rand"
+)
+
+func TestRandomG2Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		n, g2, err := RandomG2(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+		t.Logf("%v: %x\n", n, g2.Marshal())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPairings(t *testing.T) {
+	_ = hasBMI2
+	a1 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("1"))
+	a2 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("2"))
+	a37 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("37"))
+	an1 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495616"))
+
+	b0 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("0"))
+	b1 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("1"))
+	b2 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("2"))
+	b27 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("27"))
+	b999 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("999"))
+	bn1 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495616"))
+
+	p1 := Pair(a1, b1)
+	pn1 := Pair(a1, bn1)
+	np1 := Pair(an1, b1)
+	if pn1.String() != np1.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, -b) != e(-a, b)")
+	}
+	if !PairingCheck([]*G1{a1, an1}, []*G2{b1, b1}) {
+		t.Error("MultiAte check gave false negative!")
+	}
+	p0 := new(GT).Add(p1, pn1)
+	p0_2 := Pair(a1, b0)
+	if p0.String() != p0_2.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b) * e(a, -b) != 1")
+	}
+	p0_3 := new(GT).ScalarMult(p1, bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617"))
+	if p0.String() != p0_3.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b) has wrong order")
+	}
+	p2 := Pair(a2, b1)
+	p2_2 := Pair(a1, b2)
+	p2_3 := new(GT).ScalarMult(p1, bigFromBase10("2"))
+	if p2.String() != p2_2.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b * 2) != e(a * 2, b)")
+	}
+	if p2.String() != p2_3.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b * 2) != e(a, b) ** 2")
+	}
+	if p2.String() == p1.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing is degenerate!")
+	}
+	if PairingCheck([]*G1{a1, a1}, []*G2{b1, b1}) {
+		t.Error("MultiAte check gave false positive!")
+	}
+	p999 := Pair(a37, b27)
+	p999_2 := Pair(a1, b999)
+	if p999.String() != p999_2.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a * 37, b * 27) != e(a, b * 999)")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_amd64.h b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_amd64.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bab5da8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_amd64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+#define mul(a0,a1,a2,a3, rb, stack) \
+	MOVQ a0, AX \
+	MULQ 0+rb \
+	MOVQ AX, R8 \
+	MOVQ DX, R9 \
+	MOVQ a0, AX \
+	MULQ 8+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R10 \
+	MOVQ a0, AX \
+	MULQ 16+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R11 \
+	MOVQ a0, AX \
+	MULQ 24+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R12 \
+	\
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 0+stack) \
+	MOVQ R12, 32+stack \
+	\
+	MOVQ a1, AX \
+	MULQ 0+rb \
+	MOVQ AX, R8 \
+	MOVQ DX, R9 \
+	MOVQ a1, AX \
+	MULQ 8+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R10 \
+	MOVQ a1, AX \
+	MULQ 16+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R11 \
+	MOVQ a1, AX \
+	MULQ 24+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R12 \
+	\
+	ADDQ 8+stack, R8 \
+	ADCQ 16+stack, R9 \
+	ADCQ 24+stack, R10 \
+	ADCQ 32+stack, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, R12 \
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 8+stack) \
+	MOVQ R12, 40+stack \
+	\
+	MOVQ a2, AX \
+	MULQ 0+rb \
+	MOVQ AX, R8 \
+	MOVQ DX, R9 \
+	MOVQ a2, AX \
+	MULQ 8+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R10 \
+	MOVQ a2, AX \
+	MULQ 16+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R11 \
+	MOVQ a2, AX \
+	MULQ 24+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R12 \
+	\
+	ADDQ 16+stack, R8 \
+	ADCQ 24+stack, R9 \
+	ADCQ 32+stack, R10 \
+	ADCQ 40+stack, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, R12 \
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 16+stack) \
+	MOVQ R12, 48+stack \
+	\
+	MOVQ a3, AX \
+	MULQ 0+rb \
+	MOVQ AX, R8 \
+	MOVQ DX, R9 \
+	MOVQ a3, AX \
+	MULQ 8+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R10 \
+	MOVQ a3, AX \
+	MULQ 16+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R11 \
+	MOVQ a3, AX \
+	MULQ 24+rb \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R12 \
+	\
+	ADDQ 24+stack, R8 \
+	ADCQ 32+stack, R9 \
+	ADCQ 40+stack, R10 \
+	ADCQ 48+stack, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, R12 \
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 24+stack) \
+	MOVQ R12, 56+stack
+
+#define gfpReduce(stack) \
+	\ // m = (T * N') mod R, store m in R8:R9:R10:R11
+	MOVQ ·np+0(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 0+stack \
+	MOVQ AX, R8 \
+	MOVQ DX, R9 \
+	MOVQ ·np+0(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 8+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R10 \
+	MOVQ ·np+0(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 16+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R11 \
+	MOVQ ·np+0(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 24+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	\
+	MOVQ ·np+8(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 0+stack \
+	MOVQ AX, R12 \
+	MOVQ DX, R13 \
+	MOVQ ·np+8(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 8+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R13 \
+	ADCQ $0, DX \
+	MOVQ DX, R14 \
+	MOVQ ·np+8(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 16+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R14 \
+	\
+	ADDQ R12, R9 \
+	ADCQ R13, R10 \
+	ADCQ R14, R11 \
+	\
+	MOVQ ·np+16(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 0+stack \
+	MOVQ AX, R12 \
+	MOVQ DX, R13 \
+	MOVQ ·np+16(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 8+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R13 \
+	\
+	ADDQ R12, R10 \
+	ADCQ R13, R11 \
+	\
+	MOVQ ·np+24(SB), AX \
+	MULQ 0+stack \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	\
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 64+stack) \
+	\
+	\ // m * N
+	mul(·p2+0(SB),·p2+8(SB),·p2+16(SB),·p2+24(SB), 64+stack, 96+stack) \
+	\
+	\ // Add the 512-bit intermediate to m*N
+	loadBlock(96+stack, R8,R9,R10,R11) \
+	loadBlock(128+stack, R12,R13,R14,R15) \
+	\
+	MOVQ $0, AX \
+	ADDQ 0+stack, R8 \
+	ADCQ 8+stack, R9 \
+	ADCQ 16+stack, R10 \
+	ADCQ 24+stack, R11 \
+	ADCQ 32+stack, R12 \
+	ADCQ 40+stack, R13 \
+	ADCQ 48+stack, R14 \
+	ADCQ 56+stack, R15 \
+	ADCQ $0, AX \
+	\
+	gfpCarry(R12,R13,R14,R15,AX, R8,R9,R10,R11,BX)
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_arm64.h b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_arm64.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d405eb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_arm64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#define mul(c0,c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c7) \
+	MUL R1, R5, c0 \
+	UMULH R1, R5, c1 \
+	MUL R1, R6, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, c1 \
+	UMULH R1, R6, c2 \
+	MUL R1, R7, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, c2 \
+	UMULH R1, R7, c3 \
+	MUL R1, R8, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, c3 \
+	UMULH R1, R8, c4 \
+	ADCS ZR, c4 \
+	\
+	MUL R2, R5, R1 \
+	UMULH R2, R5, R26 \
+	MUL R2, R6, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, R26 \
+	UMULH R2, R6, R27 \
+	MUL R2, R7, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R27 \
+	UMULH R2, R7, R29 \
+	MUL R2, R8, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R29 \
+	UMULH R2, R8, c5 \
+	ADCS ZR, c5 \
+	ADDS R1, c1 \
+	ADCS R26, c2 \
+	ADCS R27, c3 \
+	ADCS R29, c4 \
+	ADCS  ZR, c5 \
+	\
+	MUL R3, R5, R1 \
+	UMULH R3, R5, R26 \
+	MUL R3, R6, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, R26 \
+	UMULH R3, R6, R27 \
+	MUL R3, R7, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R27 \
+	UMULH R3, R7, R29 \
+	MUL R3, R8, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R29 \
+	UMULH R3, R8, c6 \
+	ADCS ZR, c6 \
+	ADDS R1, c2 \
+	ADCS R26, c3 \
+	ADCS R27, c4 \
+	ADCS R29, c5 \
+	ADCS  ZR, c6 \
+	\
+	MUL R4, R5, R1 \
+	UMULH R4, R5, R26 \
+	MUL R4, R6, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, R26 \
+	UMULH R4, R6, R27 \
+	MUL R4, R7, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R27 \
+	UMULH R4, R7, R29 \
+	MUL R4, R8, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R29 \
+	UMULH R4, R8, c7 \
+	ADCS ZR, c7 \
+	ADDS R1, c3 \
+	ADCS R26, c4 \
+	ADCS R27, c5 \
+	ADCS R29, c6 \
+	ADCS  ZR, c7
+
+#define gfpReduce() \
+	\ // m = (T * N') mod R, store m in R1:R2:R3:R4
+	MOVD ·np+0(SB), R17 \
+	MOVD ·np+8(SB), R25 \
+	MOVD ·np+16(SB), R19 \
+	MOVD ·np+24(SB), R20 \
+	\
+	MUL R9, R17, R1 \
+	UMULH R9, R17, R2 \
+	MUL R9, R25, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, R2 \
+	UMULH R9, R25, R3 \
+	MUL R9, R19, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R3 \
+	UMULH R9, R19, R4 \
+	MUL R9, R20, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R4 \
+	\
+	MUL R10, R17, R21 \
+	UMULH R10, R17, R22 \
+	MUL R10, R25, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, R22 \
+	UMULH R10, R25, R23 \
+	MUL R10, R19, R0 \
+	ADCS R0, R23 \
+	ADDS R21, R2 \
+	ADCS R22, R3 \
+	ADCS R23, R4 \
+	\
+	MUL R11, R17, R21 \
+	UMULH R11, R17, R22 \
+	MUL R11, R25, R0 \
+	ADDS R0, R22 \
+	ADDS R21, R3 \
+	ADCS R22, R4 \
+	\
+	MUL R12, R17, R21 \
+	ADDS R21, R4 \
+	\
+	\ // m * N
+	loadModulus(R5,R6,R7,R8) \
+	mul(R17,R25,R19,R20,R21,R22,R23,R24) \
+	\
+	\ // Add the 512-bit intermediate to m*N
+	MOVD  ZR, R0 \
+	ADDS  R9, R17 \
+	ADCS R10, R25 \
+	ADCS R11, R19 \
+	ADCS R12, R20 \
+	ADCS R13, R21 \
+	ADCS R14, R22 \
+	ADCS R15, R23 \
+	ADCS R16, R24 \
+	ADCS  ZR, R0 \
+	\
+	\ // Our output is R21:R22:R23:R24. Reduce mod p if necessary.
+	SUBS R5, R21, R10 \
+	SBCS R6, R22, R11 \
+	SBCS R7, R23, R12 \
+	SBCS R8, R24, R13 \
+	\
+	CSEL CS, R10, R21, R1 \
+	CSEL CS, R11, R22, R2 \
+	CSEL CS, R12, R23, R3 \
+	CSEL CS, R13, R24, R4
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_bmi2_amd64.h b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_bmi2_amd64.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71ad049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/mul_bmi2_amd64.h
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#define mulBMI2(a0,a1,a2,a3, rb) \
+	MOVQ a0, DX \
+	MOVQ $0, R13 \
+	MULXQ 0+rb, R8, R9 \
+	MULXQ 8+rb, AX, R10 \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	MULXQ 16+rb, AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ AX, R10 \
+	MULXQ 24+rb, AX, R12 \
+	ADCQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ $0, R12 \
+	ADCQ $0, R13 \
+	\
+	MOVQ a1, DX \
+	MOVQ $0, R14 \
+	MULXQ 0+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ BX, R10 \
+	MULXQ 16+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ BX, R12 \
+	ADCQ $0, R13 \
+	MULXQ 8+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ BX, R11 \
+	MULXQ 24+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R12 \
+	ADCQ BX, R13 \
+	ADCQ $0, R14 \
+	\
+	MOVQ a2, DX \
+	MOVQ $0, R15 \
+	MULXQ 0+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ BX, R11 \
+	MULXQ 16+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R12 \
+	ADCQ BX, R13 \
+	ADCQ $0, R14 \
+	MULXQ 8+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ BX, R12 \
+	MULXQ 24+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R13 \
+	ADCQ BX, R14 \
+	ADCQ $0, R15 \
+	\
+	MOVQ a3, DX \
+	MULXQ 0+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ BX, R12 \
+	MULXQ 16+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R13 \
+	ADCQ BX, R14 \
+	ADCQ $0, R15 \
+	MULXQ 8+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R12 \
+	ADCQ BX, R13 \
+	MULXQ 24+rb, AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R14 \
+	ADCQ BX, R15
+
+#define gfpReduceBMI2() \
+	\ // m = (T * N') mod R, store m in R8:R9:R10:R11
+	MOVQ ·np+0(SB), DX \
+	MULXQ 0(SP), R8, R9 \
+	MULXQ 8(SP), AX, R10 \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	MULXQ 16(SP), AX, R11 \
+	ADCQ AX, R10 \
+	MULXQ 24(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R11 \
+	\
+	MOVQ ·np+8(SB), DX \
+	MULXQ 0(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R9 \
+	ADCQ BX, R10 \
+	MULXQ 16(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADCQ AX, R11 \
+	MULXQ 8(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ BX, R11 \
+	\
+	MOVQ ·np+16(SB), DX \
+	MULXQ 0(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R10 \
+	ADCQ BX, R11 \
+	MULXQ 8(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	\
+	MOVQ ·np+24(SB), DX \
+	MULXQ 0(SP), AX, BX \
+	ADDQ AX, R11 \
+	\
+	storeBlock(R8,R9,R10,R11, 64(SP)) \
+	\
+	\ // m * N
+	mulBMI2(·p2+0(SB),·p2+8(SB),·p2+16(SB),·p2+24(SB), 64(SP)) \
+	\
+	\ // Add the 512-bit intermediate to m*N
+	MOVQ $0, AX \
+	ADDQ 0(SP), R8 \
+	ADCQ 8(SP), R9 \
+	ADCQ 16(SP), R10 \
+	ADCQ 24(SP), R11 \
+	ADCQ 32(SP), R12 \
+	ADCQ 40(SP), R13 \
+	ADCQ 48(SP), R14 \
+	ADCQ 56(SP), R15 \
+	ADCQ $0, AX \
+	\
+	gfpCarry(R12,R13,R14,R15,AX, R8,R9,R10,R11,BX)
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/optate.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/optate.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25418e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/optate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+func lineFunctionAdd(r, p *twistPoint, q *curvePoint, r2 *gfP2) (a, b, c *gfP2, rOut *twistPoint) {
+	// See the mixed addition algorithm from "Faster Computation of the
+	// Tate Pairing", http://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.0854v3.pdf
+	B := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&p.x, &r.t)
+
+	D := (&gfP2{}).Add(&p.y, &r.z)
+	D.Square(D).Sub(D, r2).Sub(D, &r.t).Mul(D, &r.t)
+
+	H := (&gfP2{}).Sub(B, &r.x)
+	I := (&gfP2{}).Square(H)
+
+	E := (&gfP2{}).Add(I, I)
+	E.Add(E, E)
+
+	J := (&gfP2{}).Mul(H, E)
+
+	L1 := (&gfP2{}).Sub(D, &r.y)
+	L1.Sub(L1, &r.y)
+
+	V := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&r.x, E)
+
+	rOut = &twistPoint{}
+	rOut.x.Square(L1).Sub(&rOut.x, J).Sub(&rOut.x, V).Sub(&rOut.x, V)
+
+	rOut.z.Add(&r.z, H).Square(&rOut.z).Sub(&rOut.z, &r.t).Sub(&rOut.z, I)
+
+	t := (&gfP2{}).Sub(V, &rOut.x)
+	t.Mul(t, L1)
+	t2 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&r.y, J)
+	t2.Add(t2, t2)
+	rOut.y.Sub(t, t2)
+
+	rOut.t.Square(&rOut.z)
+
+	t.Add(&p.y, &rOut.z).Square(t).Sub(t, r2).Sub(t, &rOut.t)
+
+	t2.Mul(L1, &p.x)
+	t2.Add(t2, t2)
+	a = (&gfP2{}).Sub(t2, t)
+
+	c = (&gfP2{}).MulScalar(&rOut.z, &q.y)
+	c.Add(c, c)
+
+	b = (&gfP2{}).Neg(L1)
+	b.MulScalar(b, &q.x).Add(b, b)
+
+	return
+}
+
+func lineFunctionDouble(r *twistPoint, q *curvePoint) (a, b, c *gfP2, rOut *twistPoint) {
+	// See the doubling algorithm for a=0 from "Faster Computation of the
+	// Tate Pairing", http://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.0854v3.pdf
+	A := (&gfP2{}).Square(&r.x)
+	B := (&gfP2{}).Square(&r.y)
+	C := (&gfP2{}).Square(B)
+
+	D := (&gfP2{}).Add(&r.x, B)
+	D.Square(D).Sub(D, A).Sub(D, C).Add(D, D)
+
+	E := (&gfP2{}).Add(A, A)
+	E.Add(E, A)
+
+	G := (&gfP2{}).Square(E)
+
+	rOut = &twistPoint{}
+	rOut.x.Sub(G, D).Sub(&rOut.x, D)
+
+	rOut.z.Add(&r.y, &r.z).Square(&rOut.z).Sub(&rOut.z, B).Sub(&rOut.z, &r.t)
+
+	rOut.y.Sub(D, &rOut.x).Mul(&rOut.y, E)
+	t := (&gfP2{}).Add(C, C)
+	t.Add(t, t).Add(t, t)
+	rOut.y.Sub(&rOut.y, t)
+
+	rOut.t.Square(&rOut.z)
+
+	t.Mul(E, &r.t).Add(t, t)
+	b = (&gfP2{}).Neg(t)
+	b.MulScalar(b, &q.x)
+
+	a = (&gfP2{}).Add(&r.x, E)
+	a.Square(a).Sub(a, A).Sub(a, G)
+	t.Add(B, B).Add(t, t)
+	a.Sub(a, t)
+
+	c = (&gfP2{}).Mul(&rOut.z, &r.t)
+	c.Add(c, c).MulScalar(c, &q.y)
+
+	return
+}
+
+func mulLine(ret *gfP12, a, b, c *gfP2) {
+	a2 := &gfP6{}
+	a2.y.Set(a)
+	a2.z.Set(b)
+	a2.Mul(a2, &ret.x)
+	t3 := (&gfP6{}).MulScalar(&ret.y, c)
+
+	t := (&gfP2{}).Add(b, c)
+	t2 := &gfP6{}
+	t2.y.Set(a)
+	t2.z.Set(t)
+	ret.x.Add(&ret.x, &ret.y)
+
+	ret.y.Set(t3)
+
+	ret.x.Mul(&ret.x, t2).Sub(&ret.x, a2).Sub(&ret.x, &ret.y)
+	a2.MulTau(a2)
+	ret.y.Add(&ret.y, a2)
+}
+
+// sixuPlus2NAF is 6u+2 in non-adjacent form.
+var sixuPlus2NAF = []int8{0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+	0, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+	1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1,
+	1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}
+
+// miller implements the Miller loop for calculating the Optimal Ate pairing.
+// See algorithm 1 from http://cryptojedi.org/papers/dclxvi-20100714.pdf
+func miller(q *twistPoint, p *curvePoint) *gfP12 {
+	ret := (&gfP12{}).SetOne()
+
+	aAffine := &twistPoint{}
+	aAffine.Set(q)
+	aAffine.MakeAffine()
+
+	bAffine := &curvePoint{}
+	bAffine.Set(p)
+	bAffine.MakeAffine()
+
+	minusA := &twistPoint{}
+	minusA.Neg(aAffine)
+
+	r := &twistPoint{}
+	r.Set(aAffine)
+
+	r2 := (&gfP2{}).Square(&aAffine.y)
+
+	for i := len(sixuPlus2NAF) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
+		a, b, c, newR := lineFunctionDouble(r, bAffine)
+		if i != len(sixuPlus2NAF)-1 {
+			ret.Square(ret)
+		}
+
+		mulLine(ret, a, b, c)
+		r = newR
+
+		switch sixuPlus2NAF[i-1] {
+		case 1:
+			a, b, c, newR = lineFunctionAdd(r, aAffine, bAffine, r2)
+		case -1:
+			a, b, c, newR = lineFunctionAdd(r, minusA, bAffine, r2)
+		default:
+			continue
+		}
+
+		mulLine(ret, a, b, c)
+		r = newR
+	}
+
+	// In order to calculate Q1 we have to convert q from the sextic twist
+	// to the full GF(p^12) group, apply the Frobenius there, and convert
+	// back.
+	//
+	// The twist isomorphism is (x', y') -> (xω², yω³). If we consider just
+	// x for a moment, then after applying the Frobenius, we have x̄ω^(2p)
+	// where x̄ is the conjugate of x. If we are going to apply the inverse
+	// isomorphism we need a value with a single coefficient of ω² so we
+	// rewrite this as x̄ω^(2p-2)ω². ξ⁶ = ω and, due to the construction of
+	// p, 2p-2 is a multiple of six. Therefore we can rewrite as
+	// x̄ξ^((p-1)/3)ω² and applying the inverse isomorphism eliminates the
+	// ω².
+	//
+	// A similar argument can be made for the y value.
+
+	q1 := &twistPoint{}
+	q1.x.Conjugate(&aAffine.x).Mul(&q1.x, xiToPMinus1Over3)
+	q1.y.Conjugate(&aAffine.y).Mul(&q1.y, xiToPMinus1Over2)
+	q1.z.SetOne()
+	q1.t.SetOne()
+
+	// For Q2 we are applying the p² Frobenius. The two conjugations cancel
+	// out and we are left only with the factors from the isomorphism. In
+	// the case of x, we end up with a pure number which is why
+	// xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3 is ∈ GF(p). With y we get a factor of -1. We
+	// ignore this to end up with -Q2.
+
+	minusQ2 := &twistPoint{}
+	minusQ2.x.MulScalar(&aAffine.x, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3)
+	minusQ2.y.Set(&aAffine.y)
+	minusQ2.z.SetOne()
+	minusQ2.t.SetOne()
+
+	r2.Square(&q1.y)
+	a, b, c, newR := lineFunctionAdd(r, q1, bAffine, r2)
+	mulLine(ret, a, b, c)
+	r = newR
+
+	r2.Square(&minusQ2.y)
+	a, b, c, _ = lineFunctionAdd(r, minusQ2, bAffine, r2)
+	mulLine(ret, a, b, c)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// finalExponentiation computes the (p¹²-1)/Order-th power of an element of
+// GF(p¹²) to obtain an element of GT (steps 13-15 of algorithm 1 from
+// http://cryptojedi.org/papers/dclxvi-20100714.pdf)
+func finalExponentiation(in *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	t1 := &gfP12{}
+
+	// This is the p^6-Frobenius
+	t1.x.Neg(&in.x)
+	t1.y.Set(&in.y)
+
+	inv := &gfP12{}
+	inv.Invert(in)
+	t1.Mul(t1, inv)
+
+	t2 := (&gfP12{}).FrobeniusP2(t1)
+	t1.Mul(t1, t2)
+
+	fp := (&gfP12{}).Frobenius(t1)
+	fp2 := (&gfP12{}).FrobeniusP2(t1)
+	fp3 := (&gfP12{}).Frobenius(fp2)
+
+	fu := (&gfP12{}).Exp(t1, u)
+	fu2 := (&gfP12{}).Exp(fu, u)
+	fu3 := (&gfP12{}).Exp(fu2, u)
+
+	y3 := (&gfP12{}).Frobenius(fu)
+	fu2p := (&gfP12{}).Frobenius(fu2)
+	fu3p := (&gfP12{}).Frobenius(fu3)
+	y2 := (&gfP12{}).FrobeniusP2(fu2)
+
+	y0 := &gfP12{}
+	y0.Mul(fp, fp2).Mul(y0, fp3)
+
+	y1 := (&gfP12{}).Conjugate(t1)
+	y5 := (&gfP12{}).Conjugate(fu2)
+	y3.Conjugate(y3)
+	y4 := (&gfP12{}).Mul(fu, fu2p)
+	y4.Conjugate(y4)
+
+	y6 := (&gfP12{}).Mul(fu3, fu3p)
+	y6.Conjugate(y6)
+
+	t0 := (&gfP12{}).Square(y6)
+	t0.Mul(t0, y4).Mul(t0, y5)
+	t1.Mul(y3, y5).Mul(t1, t0)
+	t0.Mul(t0, y2)
+	t1.Square(t1).Mul(t1, t0).Square(t1)
+	t0.Mul(t1, y1)
+	t1.Mul(t1, y0)
+	t0.Square(t0).Mul(t0, t1)
+
+	return t0
+}
+
+func optimalAte(a *twistPoint, b *curvePoint) *gfP12 {
+	e := miller(a, b)
+	ret := finalExponentiation(e)
+
+	if a.IsInfinity() || b.IsInfinity() {
+		ret.SetOne()
+	}
+	return ret
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/twist.go b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/twist.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3798d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/twist.go
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// twistPoint implements the elliptic curve y²=x³+3/ξ over GF(p²). Points are
+// kept in Jacobian form and t=z² when valid. The group G₂ is the set of
+// n-torsion points of this curve over GF(p²) (where n = Order)
+type twistPoint struct {
+	x, y, z, t gfP2
+}
+
+var twistB = &gfP2{
+	gfP{0x38e7ecccd1dcff67, 0x65f0b37d93ce0d3e, 0xd749d0dd22ac00aa, 0x0141b9ce4a688d4d},
+	gfP{0x3bf938e377b802a8, 0x020b1b273633535d, 0x26b7edf049755260, 0x2514c6324384a86d},
+}
+
+// twistGen is the generator of group G₂.
+var twistGen = &twistPoint{
+	gfP2{
+		gfP{0xafb4737da84c6140, 0x6043dd5a5802d8c4, 0x09e950fc52a02f86, 0x14fef0833aea7b6b},
+		gfP{0x8e83b5d102bc2026, 0xdceb1935497b0172, 0xfbb8264797811adf, 0x19573841af96503b},
+	},
+	gfP2{
+		gfP{0x64095b56c71856ee, 0xdc57f922327d3cbb, 0x55f935be33351076, 0x0da4a0e693fd6482},
+		gfP{0x619dfa9d886be9f6, 0xfe7fd297f59e9b78, 0xff9e1a62231b7dfe, 0x28fd7eebae9e4206},
+	},
+	gfP2{*newGFp(0), *newGFp(1)},
+	gfP2{*newGFp(0), *newGFp(1)},
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) String() string {
+	c.MakeAffine()
+	x, y := gfP2Decode(&c.x), gfP2Decode(&c.y)
+	return "(" + x.String() + ", " + y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Set(a *twistPoint) {
+	c.x.Set(&a.x)
+	c.y.Set(&a.y)
+	c.z.Set(&a.z)
+	c.t.Set(&a.t)
+}
+
+// IsOnCurve returns true iff c is on the curve.
+func (c *twistPoint) IsOnCurve() bool {
+	c.MakeAffine()
+	if c.IsInfinity() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	y2, x3 := &gfP2{}, &gfP2{}
+	y2.Square(&c.y)
+	x3.Square(&c.x).Mul(x3, &c.x).Add(x3, twistB)
+
+	if *y2 != *x3 {
+		return false
+	}
+	cneg := &twistPoint{}
+	cneg.Mul(c, Order)
+	return cneg.z.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) SetInfinity() {
+	c.x.SetZero()
+	c.y.SetOne()
+	c.z.SetZero()
+	c.t.SetZero()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) IsInfinity() bool {
+	return c.z.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Add(a, b *twistPoint) {
+	// For additional comments, see the same function in curve.go.
+
+	if a.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(b)
+		return
+	}
+	if b.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(a)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/addition/add-2007-bl.op3
+	z12 := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.z)
+	z22 := (&gfP2{}).Square(&b.z)
+	u1 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&a.x, z22)
+	u2 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&b.x, z12)
+
+	t := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&b.z, z22)
+	s1 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&a.y, t)
+
+	t.Mul(&a.z, z12)
+	s2 := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&b.y, t)
+
+	h := (&gfP2{}).Sub(u2, u1)
+	xEqual := h.IsZero()
+
+	t.Add(h, h)
+	i := (&gfP2{}).Square(t)
+	j := (&gfP2{}).Mul(h, i)
+
+	t.Sub(s2, s1)
+	yEqual := t.IsZero()
+	if xEqual && yEqual {
+		c.Double(a)
+		return
+	}
+	r := (&gfP2{}).Add(t, t)
+
+	v := (&gfP2{}).Mul(u1, i)
+
+	t4 := (&gfP2{}).Square(r)
+	t.Add(v, v)
+	t6 := (&gfP2{}).Sub(t4, j)
+	c.x.Sub(t6, t)
+
+	t.Sub(v, &c.x) // t7
+	t4.Mul(s1, j)  // t8
+	t6.Add(t4, t4) // t9
+	t4.Mul(r, t)   // t10
+	c.y.Sub(t4, t6)
+
+	t.Add(&a.z, &b.z) // t11
+	t4.Square(t)      // t12
+	t.Sub(t4, z12)    // t13
+	t4.Sub(t, z22)    // t14
+	c.z.Mul(t4, h)
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Double(a *twistPoint) {
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/doubling/dbl-2009-l.op3
+	A := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.x)
+	B := (&gfP2{}).Square(&a.y)
+	C := (&gfP2{}).Square(B)
+
+	t := (&gfP2{}).Add(&a.x, B)
+	t2 := (&gfP2{}).Square(t)
+	t.Sub(t2, A)
+	t2.Sub(t, C)
+	d := (&gfP2{}).Add(t2, t2)
+	t.Add(A, A)
+	e := (&gfP2{}).Add(t, A)
+	f := (&gfP2{}).Square(e)
+
+	t.Add(d, d)
+	c.x.Sub(f, t)
+
+	t.Add(C, C)
+	t2.Add(t, t)
+	t.Add(t2, t2)
+	c.y.Sub(d, &c.x)
+	t2.Mul(e, &c.y)
+	c.y.Sub(t2, t)
+
+	t.Mul(&a.y, &a.z)
+	c.z.Add(t, t)
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Mul(a *twistPoint, scalar *big.Int) {
+	sum, t := &twistPoint{}, &twistPoint{}
+
+	for i := scalar.BitLen(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Double(sum)
+		if scalar.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			sum.Add(t, a)
+		} else {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Set(sum)
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) MakeAffine() {
+	if c.z.IsOne() {
+		return
+	} else if c.z.IsZero() {
+		c.x.SetZero()
+		c.y.SetOne()
+		c.t.SetZero()
+		return
+	}
+
+	zInv := (&gfP2{}).Invert(&c.z)
+	t := (&gfP2{}).Mul(&c.y, zInv)
+	zInv2 := (&gfP2{}).Square(zInv)
+	c.y.Mul(t, zInv2)
+	t.Mul(&c.x, zInv2)
+	c.x.Set(t)
+	c.z.SetOne()
+	c.t.SetOne()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Neg(a *twistPoint) {
+	c.x.Set(&a.x)
+	c.y.Neg(&a.y)
+	c.z.Set(&a.z)
+	c.t.SetZero()
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/bn256.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/bn256.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a9d5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/bn256.go
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group.
+//
+// Bilinear groups are the basis of many of the new cryptographic protocols
+// that have been proposed over the past decade. They consist of a triplet of
+// groups (G₁, G₂ and GT) such that there exists a function e(g₁ˣ,g₂ʸ)=gTˣʸ
+// (where gₓ is a generator of the respective group). That function is called
+// a pairing function.
+//
+// This package specifically implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit
+// Barreto-Naehrig curve as described in
+// http://cryptojedi.org/papers/dclxvi-20100714.pdf. Its output is not
+// compatible with the implementation described in that paper, as different
+// parameters are chosen.
+//
+// (This package previously claimed to operate at a 128-bit security level.
+// However, recent improvements in attacks mean that is no longer true. See
+// https://moderncrypto.org/mail-archive/curves/2016/000740.html.)
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// BUG(agl): this implementation is not constant time.
+// TODO(agl): keep GF(p²) elements in Mongomery form.
+
+// G1 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G1 struct {
+	p *curvePoint
+}
+
+// RandomG1 returns x and g₁ˣ where x is a random, non-zero number read from r.
+func RandomG1(r io.Reader) (*big.Int, *G1, error) {
+	var k *big.Int
+	var err error
+
+	for {
+		k, err = rand.Int(r, Order)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if k.Sign() > 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return k, new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(k), nil
+}
+
+func (e *G1) String() string {
+	return "bn256.G1" + e.p.String()
+}
+
+// CurvePoints returns p's curve points in big integer
+func (e *G1) CurvePoints() (*big.Int, *big.Int, *big.Int, *big.Int) {
+	return e.p.x, e.p.y, e.p.z, e.p.t
+}
+
+// ScalarBaseMult sets e to g*k where g is the generator of the group and
+// then returns e.
+func (e *G1) ScalarBaseMult(k *big.Int) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newCurvePoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(curveGen, k, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// ScalarMult sets e to a*k and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) ScalarMult(a *G1, k *big.Int) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newCurvePoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(a.p, k, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Add sets e to a+b and then returns e.
+// BUG(agl): this function is not complete: a==b fails.
+func (e *G1) Add(a, b *G1) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newCurvePoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Add(a.p, b.p, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Neg sets e to -a and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) Neg(a *G1) *G1 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newCurvePoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Negative(a.p)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Marshal converts n to a byte slice.
+func (e *G1) Marshal() []byte {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if e.p.IsInfinity() {
+		return make([]byte, numBytes*2)
+	}
+
+	e.p.MakeAffine(nil)
+
+	xBytes := new(big.Int).Mod(e.p.x, P).Bytes()
+	yBytes := new(big.Int).Mod(e.p.y, P).Bytes()
+
+	ret := make([]byte, numBytes*2)
+	copy(ret[1*numBytes-len(xBytes):], xBytes)
+	copy(ret[2*numBytes-len(yBytes):], yBytes)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Unmarshal sets e to the result of converting the output of Marshal back into
+// a group element and then returns e.
+func (e *G1) Unmarshal(m []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+	if len(m) != 2*numBytes {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: not enough data")
+	}
+	// Unmarshal the points and check their caps
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newCurvePoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.x.SetBytes(m[0*numBytes : 1*numBytes])
+	if e.p.x.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+	}
+	e.p.y.SetBytes(m[1*numBytes : 2*numBytes])
+	if e.p.y.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+	}
+	// Ensure the point is on the curve
+	if e.p.x.Sign() == 0 && e.p.y.Sign() == 0 {
+		// This is the point at infinity.
+		e.p.y.SetInt64(1)
+		e.p.z.SetInt64(0)
+		e.p.t.SetInt64(0)
+	} else {
+		e.p.z.SetInt64(1)
+		e.p.t.SetInt64(1)
+
+		if !e.p.IsOnCurve() {
+			return nil, errors.New("bn256: malformed point")
+		}
+	}
+	return m[2*numBytes:], nil
+}
+
+// G2 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type G2 struct {
+	p *twistPoint
+}
+
+// RandomG1 returns x and g₂ˣ where x is a random, non-zero number read from r.
+func RandomG2(r io.Reader) (*big.Int, *G2, error) {
+	var k *big.Int
+	var err error
+
+	for {
+		k, err = rand.Int(r, Order)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if k.Sign() > 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return k, new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(k), nil
+}
+
+func (e *G2) String() string {
+	return "bn256.G2" + e.p.String()
+}
+
+// CurvePoints returns the curve points of p which includes the real
+// and imaginary parts of the curve point.
+func (e *G2) CurvePoints() (*gfP2, *gfP2, *gfP2, *gfP2) {
+	return e.p.x, e.p.y, e.p.z, e.p.t
+}
+
+// ScalarBaseMult sets e to g*k where g is the generator of the group and
+// then returns out.
+func (e *G2) ScalarBaseMult(k *big.Int) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newTwistPoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(twistGen, k, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// ScalarMult sets e to a*k and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) ScalarMult(a *G2, k *big.Int) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newTwistPoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(a.p, k, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Add sets e to a+b and then returns e.
+// BUG(agl): this function is not complete: a==b fails.
+func (e *G2) Add(a, b *G2) *G2 {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newTwistPoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Add(a.p, b.p, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Marshal converts n into a byte slice.
+func (n *G2) Marshal() []byte {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if n.p.IsInfinity() {
+		return make([]byte, numBytes*4)
+	}
+
+	n.p.MakeAffine(nil)
+
+	xxBytes := new(big.Int).Mod(n.p.x.x, P).Bytes()
+	xyBytes := new(big.Int).Mod(n.p.x.y, P).Bytes()
+	yxBytes := new(big.Int).Mod(n.p.y.x, P).Bytes()
+	yyBytes := new(big.Int).Mod(n.p.y.y, P).Bytes()
+
+	ret := make([]byte, numBytes*4)
+	copy(ret[1*numBytes-len(xxBytes):], xxBytes)
+	copy(ret[2*numBytes-len(xyBytes):], xyBytes)
+	copy(ret[3*numBytes-len(yxBytes):], yxBytes)
+	copy(ret[4*numBytes-len(yyBytes):], yyBytes)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Unmarshal sets e to the result of converting the output of Marshal back into
+// a group element and then returns e.
+func (e *G2) Unmarshal(m []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+	if len(m) != 4*numBytes {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: not enough data")
+	}
+	// Unmarshal the points and check their caps
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newTwistPoint(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.x.x.SetBytes(m[0*numBytes : 1*numBytes])
+	if e.p.x.x.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+	}
+	e.p.x.y.SetBytes(m[1*numBytes : 2*numBytes])
+	if e.p.x.y.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+	}
+	e.p.y.x.SetBytes(m[2*numBytes : 3*numBytes])
+	if e.p.y.x.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+	}
+	e.p.y.y.SetBytes(m[3*numBytes : 4*numBytes])
+	if e.p.y.y.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bn256: coordinate exceeds modulus")
+	}
+	// Ensure the point is on the curve
+	if e.p.x.x.Sign() == 0 &&
+		e.p.x.y.Sign() == 0 &&
+		e.p.y.x.Sign() == 0 &&
+		e.p.y.y.Sign() == 0 {
+		// This is the point at infinity.
+		e.p.y.SetOne()
+		e.p.z.SetZero()
+		e.p.t.SetZero()
+	} else {
+		e.p.z.SetOne()
+		e.p.t.SetOne()
+
+		if !e.p.IsOnCurve() {
+			return nil, errors.New("bn256: malformed point")
+		}
+	}
+	return m[4*numBytes:], nil
+}
+
+// GT is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
+// output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
+type GT struct {
+	p *gfP12
+}
+
+func (g *GT) String() string {
+	return "bn256.GT" + g.p.String()
+}
+
+// ScalarMult sets e to a*k and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) ScalarMult(a *GT, k *big.Int) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newGFp12(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Exp(a.p, k, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Add sets e to a+b and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Add(a, b *GT) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newGFp12(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Mul(a.p, b.p, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Neg sets e to -a and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Neg(a *GT) *GT {
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newGFp12(nil)
+	}
+	e.p.Invert(a.p, new(bnPool))
+	return e
+}
+
+// Marshal converts n into a byte slice.
+func (n *GT) Marshal() []byte {
+	n.p.Minimal()
+
+	xxxBytes := n.p.x.x.x.Bytes()
+	xxyBytes := n.p.x.x.y.Bytes()
+	xyxBytes := n.p.x.y.x.Bytes()
+	xyyBytes := n.p.x.y.y.Bytes()
+	xzxBytes := n.p.x.z.x.Bytes()
+	xzyBytes := n.p.x.z.y.Bytes()
+	yxxBytes := n.p.y.x.x.Bytes()
+	yxyBytes := n.p.y.x.y.Bytes()
+	yyxBytes := n.p.y.y.x.Bytes()
+	yyyBytes := n.p.y.y.y.Bytes()
+	yzxBytes := n.p.y.z.x.Bytes()
+	yzyBytes := n.p.y.z.y.Bytes()
+
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	ret := make([]byte, numBytes*12)
+	copy(ret[1*numBytes-len(xxxBytes):], xxxBytes)
+	copy(ret[2*numBytes-len(xxyBytes):], xxyBytes)
+	copy(ret[3*numBytes-len(xyxBytes):], xyxBytes)
+	copy(ret[4*numBytes-len(xyyBytes):], xyyBytes)
+	copy(ret[5*numBytes-len(xzxBytes):], xzxBytes)
+	copy(ret[6*numBytes-len(xzyBytes):], xzyBytes)
+	copy(ret[7*numBytes-len(yxxBytes):], yxxBytes)
+	copy(ret[8*numBytes-len(yxyBytes):], yxyBytes)
+	copy(ret[9*numBytes-len(yyxBytes):], yyxBytes)
+	copy(ret[10*numBytes-len(yyyBytes):], yyyBytes)
+	copy(ret[11*numBytes-len(yzxBytes):], yzxBytes)
+	copy(ret[12*numBytes-len(yzyBytes):], yzyBytes)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Unmarshal sets e to the result of converting the output of Marshal back into
+// a group element and then returns e.
+func (e *GT) Unmarshal(m []byte) (*GT, bool) {
+	// Each value is a 256-bit number.
+	const numBytes = 256 / 8
+
+	if len(m) != 12*numBytes {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	if e.p == nil {
+		e.p = newGFp12(nil)
+	}
+
+	e.p.x.x.x.SetBytes(m[0*numBytes : 1*numBytes])
+	e.p.x.x.y.SetBytes(m[1*numBytes : 2*numBytes])
+	e.p.x.y.x.SetBytes(m[2*numBytes : 3*numBytes])
+	e.p.x.y.y.SetBytes(m[3*numBytes : 4*numBytes])
+	e.p.x.z.x.SetBytes(m[4*numBytes : 5*numBytes])
+	e.p.x.z.y.SetBytes(m[5*numBytes : 6*numBytes])
+	e.p.y.x.x.SetBytes(m[6*numBytes : 7*numBytes])
+	e.p.y.x.y.SetBytes(m[7*numBytes : 8*numBytes])
+	e.p.y.y.x.SetBytes(m[8*numBytes : 9*numBytes])
+	e.p.y.y.y.SetBytes(m[9*numBytes : 10*numBytes])
+	e.p.y.z.x.SetBytes(m[10*numBytes : 11*numBytes])
+	e.p.y.z.y.SetBytes(m[11*numBytes : 12*numBytes])
+
+	return e, true
+}
+
+// Pair calculates an Optimal Ate pairing.
+func Pair(g1 *G1, g2 *G2) *GT {
+	return &GT{optimalAte(g2.p, g1.p, new(bnPool))}
+}
+
+// PairingCheck calculates the Optimal Ate pairing for a set of points.
+func PairingCheck(a []*G1, b []*G2) bool {
+	pool := new(bnPool)
+
+	acc := newGFp12(pool)
+	acc.SetOne()
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
+		if a[i].p.IsInfinity() || b[i].p.IsInfinity() {
+			continue
+		}
+		acc.Mul(acc, miller(b[i].p, a[i].p, pool), pool)
+	}
+	ret := finalExponentiation(acc, pool)
+	acc.Put(pool)
+
+	return ret.IsOne()
+}
+
+// bnPool implements a tiny cache of *big.Int objects that's used to reduce the
+// number of allocations made during processing.
+type bnPool struct {
+	bns   []*big.Int
+	count int
+}
+
+func (pool *bnPool) Get() *big.Int {
+	if pool == nil {
+		return new(big.Int)
+	}
+
+	pool.count++
+	l := len(pool.bns)
+	if l == 0 {
+		return new(big.Int)
+	}
+
+	bn := pool.bns[l-1]
+	pool.bns = pool.bns[:l-1]
+	return bn
+}
+
+func (pool *bnPool) Put(bn *big.Int) {
+	if pool == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	pool.bns = append(pool.bns, bn)
+	pool.count--
+}
+
+func (pool *bnPool) Count() int {
+	return pool.count
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/bn256_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/bn256_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4497ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/bn256_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestGFp2Invert(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := new(bnPool)
+
+	a := newGFp2(pool)
+	a.x.SetString("23423492374", 10)
+	a.y.SetString("12934872398472394827398470", 10)
+
+	inv := newGFp2(pool)
+	inv.Invert(a, pool)
+
+	b := newGFp2(pool).Mul(inv, a, pool)
+	if b.x.Int64() != 0 || b.y.Int64() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("bad result for a^-1*a: %s %s", b.x, b.y)
+	}
+
+	a.Put(pool)
+	b.Put(pool)
+	inv.Put(pool)
+
+	if c := pool.Count(); c > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Pool count non-zero: %d\n", c)
+	}
+}
+
+func isZero(n *big.Int) bool {
+	return new(big.Int).Mod(n, P).Int64() == 0
+}
+
+func isOne(n *big.Int) bool {
+	return new(big.Int).Mod(n, P).Int64() == 1
+}
+
+func TestGFp6Invert(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := new(bnPool)
+
+	a := newGFp6(pool)
+	a.x.x.SetString("239487238491", 10)
+	a.x.y.SetString("2356249827341", 10)
+	a.y.x.SetString("082659782", 10)
+	a.y.y.SetString("182703523765", 10)
+	a.z.x.SetString("978236549263", 10)
+	a.z.y.SetString("64893242", 10)
+
+	inv := newGFp6(pool)
+	inv.Invert(a, pool)
+
+	b := newGFp6(pool).Mul(inv, a, pool)
+	if !isZero(b.x.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.x.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.z.x) ||
+		!isOne(b.z.y) {
+		t.Fatalf("bad result for a^-1*a: %s", b)
+	}
+
+	a.Put(pool)
+	b.Put(pool)
+	inv.Put(pool)
+
+	if c := pool.Count(); c > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Pool count non-zero: %d\n", c)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGFp12Invert(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := new(bnPool)
+
+	a := newGFp12(pool)
+	a.x.x.x.SetString("239846234862342323958623", 10)
+	a.x.x.y.SetString("2359862352529835623", 10)
+	a.x.y.x.SetString("928836523", 10)
+	a.x.y.y.SetString("9856234", 10)
+	a.x.z.x.SetString("235635286", 10)
+	a.x.z.y.SetString("5628392833", 10)
+	a.y.x.x.SetString("252936598265329856238956532167968", 10)
+	a.y.x.y.SetString("23596239865236954178968", 10)
+	a.y.y.x.SetString("95421692834", 10)
+	a.y.y.y.SetString("236548", 10)
+	a.y.z.x.SetString("924523", 10)
+	a.y.z.y.SetString("12954623", 10)
+
+	inv := newGFp12(pool)
+	inv.Invert(a, pool)
+
+	b := newGFp12(pool).Mul(inv, a, pool)
+	if !isZero(b.x.x.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.x.x.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.x.y.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.x.y.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.x.z.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.x.z.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.x.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.x.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.y.x) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.y.y) ||
+		!isZero(b.y.z.x) ||
+		!isOne(b.y.z.y) {
+		t.Fatalf("bad result for a^-1*a: %s", b)
+	}
+
+	a.Put(pool)
+	b.Put(pool)
+	inv.Put(pool)
+
+	if c := pool.Count(); c > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Pool count non-zero: %d\n", c)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCurveImpl(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := new(bnPool)
+
+	g := &curvePoint{
+		pool.Get().SetInt64(1),
+		pool.Get().SetInt64(-2),
+		pool.Get().SetInt64(1),
+		pool.Get().SetInt64(0),
+	}
+
+	x := pool.Get().SetInt64(32498273234)
+	X := newCurvePoint(pool).Mul(g, x, pool)
+
+	y := pool.Get().SetInt64(98732423523)
+	Y := newCurvePoint(pool).Mul(g, y, pool)
+
+	s1 := newCurvePoint(pool).Mul(X, y, pool).MakeAffine(pool)
+	s2 := newCurvePoint(pool).Mul(Y, x, pool).MakeAffine(pool)
+
+	if s1.x.Cmp(s2.x) != 0 ||
+		s2.x.Cmp(s1.x) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("DH points don't match: (%s, %s) (%s, %s)", s1.x, s1.y, s2.x, s2.y)
+	}
+
+	pool.Put(x)
+	X.Put(pool)
+	pool.Put(y)
+	Y.Put(pool)
+	s1.Put(pool)
+	s2.Put(pool)
+	g.Put(pool)
+
+	if c := pool.Count(); c > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Pool count non-zero: %d\n", c)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOrderG1(t *testing.T) {
+	g := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(Order)
+	if !g.p.IsInfinity() {
+		t.Error("G1 has incorrect order")
+	}
+
+	one := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(new(big.Int).SetInt64(1))
+	g.Add(g, one)
+	g.p.MakeAffine(nil)
+	if g.p.x.Cmp(one.p.x) != 0 || g.p.y.Cmp(one.p.y) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("1+0 != 1 in G1")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOrderG2(t *testing.T) {
+	g := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(Order)
+	if !g.p.IsInfinity() {
+		t.Error("G2 has incorrect order")
+	}
+
+	one := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(new(big.Int).SetInt64(1))
+	g.Add(g, one)
+	g.p.MakeAffine(nil)
+	if g.p.x.x.Cmp(one.p.x.x) != 0 ||
+		g.p.x.y.Cmp(one.p.x.y) != 0 ||
+		g.p.y.x.Cmp(one.p.y.x) != 0 ||
+		g.p.y.y.Cmp(one.p.y.y) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("1+0 != 1 in G2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOrderGT(t *testing.T) {
+	gt := Pair(&G1{curveGen}, &G2{twistGen})
+	g := new(GT).ScalarMult(gt, Order)
+	if !g.p.IsOne() {
+		t.Error("GT has incorrect order")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBilinearity(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		a, p1, _ := RandomG1(rand.Reader)
+		b, p2, _ := RandomG2(rand.Reader)
+		e1 := Pair(p1, p2)
+
+		e2 := Pair(&G1{curveGen}, &G2{twistGen})
+		e2.ScalarMult(e2, a)
+		e2.ScalarMult(e2, b)
+
+		minusE2 := new(GT).Neg(e2)
+		e1.Add(e1, minusE2)
+
+		if !e1.p.IsOne() {
+			t.Fatalf("bad pairing result: %s", e1)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestG1Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	g := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(new(big.Int).SetInt64(1))
+	form := g.Marshal()
+	_, err := new(G1).Unmarshal(form)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal")
+	}
+
+	g.ScalarBaseMult(Order)
+	form = g.Marshal()
+
+	g2 := new(G1)
+	if _, err = g2.Unmarshal(form); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal ∞")
+	}
+	if !g2.p.IsInfinity() {
+		t.Fatalf("∞ unmarshaled incorrectly")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestG2Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	g := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(new(big.Int).SetInt64(1))
+	form := g.Marshal()
+	_, err := new(G2).Unmarshal(form)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal")
+	}
+
+	g.ScalarBaseMult(Order)
+	form = g.Marshal()
+	g2 := new(G2)
+	if _, err = g2.Unmarshal(form); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal ∞")
+	}
+	if !g2.p.IsInfinity() {
+		t.Fatalf("∞ unmarshaled incorrectly")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestG1Identity(t *testing.T) {
+	g := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(new(big.Int).SetInt64(0))
+	if !g.p.IsInfinity() {
+		t.Error("failure")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestG2Identity(t *testing.T) {
+	g := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(new(big.Int).SetInt64(0))
+	if !g.p.IsInfinity() {
+		t.Error("failure")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTripartiteDiffieHellman(t *testing.T) {
+	a, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	b, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	c, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+
+	pa := new(G1)
+	pa.Unmarshal(new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(a).Marshal())
+	qa := new(G2)
+	qa.Unmarshal(new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(a).Marshal())
+	pb := new(G1)
+	pb.Unmarshal(new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(b).Marshal())
+	qb := new(G2)
+	qb.Unmarshal(new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(b).Marshal())
+	pc := new(G1)
+	pc.Unmarshal(new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(c).Marshal())
+	qc := new(G2)
+	qc.Unmarshal(new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(c).Marshal())
+
+	k1 := Pair(pb, qc)
+	k1.ScalarMult(k1, a)
+	k1Bytes := k1.Marshal()
+
+	k2 := Pair(pc, qa)
+	k2.ScalarMult(k2, b)
+	k2Bytes := k2.Marshal()
+
+	k3 := Pair(pa, qb)
+	k3.ScalarMult(k3, c)
+	k3Bytes := k3.Marshal()
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(k1Bytes, k2Bytes) || !bytes.Equal(k2Bytes, k3Bytes) {
+		t.Errorf("keys didn't agree")
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPairing(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		Pair(&G1{curveGen}, &G2{twistGen})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/constants.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/constants.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2990bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func bigFromBase10(s string) *big.Int {
+	n, _ := new(big.Int).SetString(s, 10)
+	return n
+}
+
+// u is the BN parameter that determines the prime.
+var u = bigFromBase10("4965661367192848881")
+
+// P is a prime over which we form a basic field: 36u⁴+36u³+24u²+6u+1.
+var P = bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088696311157297823662689037894645226208583")
+
+// Order is the number of elements in both G₁ and G₂: 36u⁴+36u³+18u²+6u+1.
+// Needs to be highly 2-adic for efficient SNARK key and proof generation.
+// Order - 1 = 2^28 * 3^2 * 13 * 29 * 983 * 11003 * 237073 * 405928799 * 1670836401704629 * 13818364434197438864469338081.
+// Refer to https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/879.pdf and https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/507.pdf for more information on these parameters.
+var Order = bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617")
+
+// xiToPMinus1Over6 is ξ^((p-1)/6) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPMinus1Over6 = &gfP2{bigFromBase10("16469823323077808223889137241176536799009286646108169935659301613961712198316"), bigFromBase10("8376118865763821496583973867626364092589906065868298776909617916018768340080")}
+
+// xiToPMinus1Over3 is ξ^((p-1)/3) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPMinus1Over3 = &gfP2{bigFromBase10("10307601595873709700152284273816112264069230130616436755625194854815875713954"), bigFromBase10("21575463638280843010398324269430826099269044274347216827212613867836435027261")}
+
+// xiToPMinus1Over2 is ξ^((p-1)/2) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPMinus1Over2 = &gfP2{bigFromBase10("3505843767911556378687030309984248845540243509899259641013678093033130930403"), bigFromBase10("2821565182194536844548159561693502659359617185244120367078079554186484126554")}
+
+// xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3 is ξ^((p²-1)/3) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3 = bigFromBase10("21888242871839275220042445260109153167277707414472061641714758635765020556616")
+
+// xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3 is ξ^((2p²-2)/3) where ξ = i+9 (a cubic root of unity, mod p).
+var xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3 = bigFromBase10("2203960485148121921418603742825762020974279258880205651966")
+
+// xiToPSquaredMinus1Over6 is ξ^((1p²-1)/6) where ξ = i+9 (a cubic root of -1, mod p).
+var xiToPSquaredMinus1Over6 = bigFromBase10("21888242871839275220042445260109153167277707414472061641714758635765020556617")
+
+// xiTo2PMinus2Over3 is ξ^((2p-2)/3) where ξ = i+9.
+var xiTo2PMinus2Over3 = &gfP2{bigFromBase10("19937756971775647987995932169929341994314640652964949448313374472400716661030"), bigFromBase10("2581911344467009335267311115468803099551665605076196740867805258568234346338")}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/curve.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/curve.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..819cb81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/curve.go
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// curvePoint implements the elliptic curve y²=x³+3. Points are kept in
+// Jacobian form and t=z² when valid. G₁ is the set of points of this curve on
+// GF(p).
+type curvePoint struct {
+	x, y, z, t *big.Int
+}
+
+var curveB = new(big.Int).SetInt64(3)
+
+// curveGen is the generator of G₁.
+var curveGen = &curvePoint{
+	new(big.Int).SetInt64(1),
+	new(big.Int).SetInt64(2),
+	new(big.Int).SetInt64(1),
+	new(big.Int).SetInt64(1),
+}
+
+func newCurvePoint(pool *bnPool) *curvePoint {
+	return &curvePoint{
+		pool.Get(),
+		pool.Get(),
+		pool.Get(),
+		pool.Get(),
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) String() string {
+	c.MakeAffine(new(bnPool))
+	return "(" + c.x.String() + ", " + c.y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Put(pool *bnPool) {
+	pool.Put(c.x)
+	pool.Put(c.y)
+	pool.Put(c.z)
+	pool.Put(c.t)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Set(a *curvePoint) {
+	c.x.Set(a.x)
+	c.y.Set(a.y)
+	c.z.Set(a.z)
+	c.t.Set(a.t)
+}
+
+// IsOnCurve returns true iff c is on the curve where c must be in affine form.
+func (c *curvePoint) IsOnCurve() bool {
+	yy := new(big.Int).Mul(c.y, c.y)
+	xxx := new(big.Int).Mul(c.x, c.x)
+	xxx.Mul(xxx, c.x)
+	yy.Sub(yy, xxx)
+	yy.Sub(yy, curveB)
+	if yy.Sign() < 0 || yy.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		yy.Mod(yy, P)
+	}
+	return yy.Sign() == 0
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) SetInfinity() {
+	c.z.SetInt64(0)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) IsInfinity() bool {
+	return c.z.Sign() == 0
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Add(a, b *curvePoint, pool *bnPool) {
+	if a.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(b)
+		return
+	}
+	if b.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(a)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/addition/add-2007-bl.op3
+
+	// Normalize the points by replacing a = [x1:y1:z1] and b = [x2:y2:z2]
+	// by [u1:s1:z1·z2] and [u2:s2:z1·z2]
+	// where u1 = x1·z2², s1 = y1·z2³ and u1 = x2·z1², s2 = y2·z1³
+	z1z1 := pool.Get().Mul(a.z, a.z)
+	z1z1.Mod(z1z1, P)
+	z2z2 := pool.Get().Mul(b.z, b.z)
+	z2z2.Mod(z2z2, P)
+	u1 := pool.Get().Mul(a.x, z2z2)
+	u1.Mod(u1, P)
+	u2 := pool.Get().Mul(b.x, z1z1)
+	u2.Mod(u2, P)
+
+	t := pool.Get().Mul(b.z, z2z2)
+	t.Mod(t, P)
+	s1 := pool.Get().Mul(a.y, t)
+	s1.Mod(s1, P)
+
+	t.Mul(a.z, z1z1)
+	t.Mod(t, P)
+	s2 := pool.Get().Mul(b.y, t)
+	s2.Mod(s2, P)
+
+	// Compute x = (2h)²(s²-u1-u2)
+	// where s = (s2-s1)/(u2-u1) is the slope of the line through
+	// (u1,s1) and (u2,s2). The extra factor 2h = 2(u2-u1) comes from the value of z below.
+	// This is also:
+	// 4(s2-s1)² - 4h²(u1+u2) = 4(s2-s1)² - 4h³ - 4h²(2u1)
+	//                        = r² - j - 2v
+	// with the notations below.
+	h := pool.Get().Sub(u2, u1)
+	xEqual := h.Sign() == 0
+
+	t.Add(h, h)
+	// i = 4h²
+	i := pool.Get().Mul(t, t)
+	i.Mod(i, P)
+	// j = 4h³
+	j := pool.Get().Mul(h, i)
+	j.Mod(j, P)
+
+	t.Sub(s2, s1)
+	yEqual := t.Sign() == 0
+	if xEqual && yEqual {
+		c.Double(a, pool)
+		return
+	}
+	r := pool.Get().Add(t, t)
+
+	v := pool.Get().Mul(u1, i)
+	v.Mod(v, P)
+
+	// t4 = 4(s2-s1)²
+	t4 := pool.Get().Mul(r, r)
+	t4.Mod(t4, P)
+	t.Add(v, v)
+	t6 := pool.Get().Sub(t4, j)
+	c.x.Sub(t6, t)
+
+	// Set y = -(2h)³(s1 + s*(x/4h²-u1))
+	// This is also
+	// y = - 2·s1·j - (s2-s1)(2x - 2i·u1) = r(v-x) - 2·s1·j
+	t.Sub(v, c.x) // t7
+	t4.Mul(s1, j) // t8
+	t4.Mod(t4, P)
+	t6.Add(t4, t4) // t9
+	t4.Mul(r, t)   // t10
+	t4.Mod(t4, P)
+	c.y.Sub(t4, t6)
+
+	// Set z = 2(u2-u1)·z1·z2 = 2h·z1·z2
+	t.Add(a.z, b.z) // t11
+	t4.Mul(t, t)    // t12
+	t4.Mod(t4, P)
+	t.Sub(t4, z1z1) // t13
+	t4.Sub(t, z2z2) // t14
+	c.z.Mul(t4, h)
+	c.z.Mod(c.z, P)
+
+	pool.Put(z1z1)
+	pool.Put(z2z2)
+	pool.Put(u1)
+	pool.Put(u2)
+	pool.Put(t)
+	pool.Put(s1)
+	pool.Put(s2)
+	pool.Put(h)
+	pool.Put(i)
+	pool.Put(j)
+	pool.Put(r)
+	pool.Put(v)
+	pool.Put(t4)
+	pool.Put(t6)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Double(a *curvePoint, pool *bnPool) {
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/doubling/dbl-2009-l.op3
+	A := pool.Get().Mul(a.x, a.x)
+	A.Mod(A, P)
+	B := pool.Get().Mul(a.y, a.y)
+	B.Mod(B, P)
+	C_ := pool.Get().Mul(B, B)
+	C_.Mod(C_, P)
+
+	t := pool.Get().Add(a.x, B)
+	t2 := pool.Get().Mul(t, t)
+	t2.Mod(t2, P)
+	t.Sub(t2, A)
+	t2.Sub(t, C_)
+	d := pool.Get().Add(t2, t2)
+	t.Add(A, A)
+	e := pool.Get().Add(t, A)
+	f := pool.Get().Mul(e, e)
+	f.Mod(f, P)
+
+	t.Add(d, d)
+	c.x.Sub(f, t)
+
+	t.Add(C_, C_)
+	t2.Add(t, t)
+	t.Add(t2, t2)
+	c.y.Sub(d, c.x)
+	t2.Mul(e, c.y)
+	t2.Mod(t2, P)
+	c.y.Sub(t2, t)
+
+	t.Mul(a.y, a.z)
+	t.Mod(t, P)
+	c.z.Add(t, t)
+
+	pool.Put(A)
+	pool.Put(B)
+	pool.Put(C_)
+	pool.Put(t)
+	pool.Put(t2)
+	pool.Put(d)
+	pool.Put(e)
+	pool.Put(f)
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Mul(a *curvePoint, scalar *big.Int, pool *bnPool) *curvePoint {
+	sum := newCurvePoint(pool)
+	sum.SetInfinity()
+	t := newCurvePoint(pool)
+
+	for i := scalar.BitLen(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Double(sum, pool)
+		if scalar.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			sum.Add(t, a, pool)
+		} else {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Set(sum)
+	sum.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	return c
+}
+
+// MakeAffine converts c to affine form and returns c. If c is ∞, then it sets
+// c to 0 : 1 : 0.
+func (c *curvePoint) MakeAffine(pool *bnPool) *curvePoint {
+	if words := c.z.Bits(); len(words) == 1 && words[0] == 1 {
+		return c
+	}
+	if c.IsInfinity() {
+		c.x.SetInt64(0)
+		c.y.SetInt64(1)
+		c.z.SetInt64(0)
+		c.t.SetInt64(0)
+		return c
+	}
+	zInv := pool.Get().ModInverse(c.z, P)
+	t := pool.Get().Mul(c.y, zInv)
+	t.Mod(t, P)
+	zInv2 := pool.Get().Mul(zInv, zInv)
+	zInv2.Mod(zInv2, P)
+	c.y.Mul(t, zInv2)
+	c.y.Mod(c.y, P)
+	t.Mul(c.x, zInv2)
+	t.Mod(t, P)
+	c.x.Set(t)
+	c.z.SetInt64(1)
+	c.t.SetInt64(1)
+
+	pool.Put(zInv)
+	pool.Put(t)
+	pool.Put(zInv2)
+
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *curvePoint) Negative(a *curvePoint) {
+	c.x.Set(a.x)
+	c.y.Neg(a.y)
+	c.z.Set(a.z)
+	c.t.SetInt64(0)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/example_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2d1980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+)
+
+func ExamplePair() {
+	// This implements the tripartite Diffie-Hellman algorithm from "A One
+	// Round Protocol for Tripartite Diffie-Hellman", A. Joux.
+	// http://www.springerlink.com/content/cddc57yyva0hburb/fulltext.pdf
+
+	// Each of three parties, a, b and c, generate a private value.
+	a, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	b, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+	c, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, Order)
+
+	// Then each party calculates g₁ and g₂ times their private value.
+	pa := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(a)
+	qa := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(a)
+
+	pb := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(b)
+	qb := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(b)
+
+	pc := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(c)
+	qc := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(c)
+
+	// Now each party exchanges its public values with the other two and
+	// all parties can calculate the shared key.
+	k1 := Pair(pb, qc)
+	k1.ScalarMult(k1, a)
+
+	k2 := Pair(pc, qa)
+	k2.ScalarMult(k2, b)
+
+	k3 := Pair(pa, qb)
+	k3.ScalarMult(k3, c)
+
+	// k1, k2 and k3 will all be equal.
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp12.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp12.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f084edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp12.go
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+// For details of the algorithms used, see "Multiplication and Squaring on
+// Pairing-Friendly Fields, Devegili et al.
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf.
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// gfP12 implements the field of size p¹² as a quadratic extension of gfP6
+// where ω²=τ.
+type gfP12 struct {
+	x, y *gfP6 // value is xω + y
+}
+
+func newGFp12(pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	return &gfP12{newGFp6(pool), newGFp6(pool)}
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) String() string {
+	return "(" + e.x.String() + "," + e.y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Put(pool *bnPool) {
+	e.x.Put(pool)
+	e.y.Put(pool)
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Set(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Set(a.x)
+	e.y.Set(a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) SetZero() *gfP12 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetZero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) SetOne() *gfP12 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetOne()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Minimal() {
+	e.x.Minimal()
+	e.y.Minimal()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) IsZero() bool {
+	e.Minimal()
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) IsOne() bool {
+	e.Minimal()
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsOne()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Conjugate(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Negative(a.x)
+	e.y.Set(a.y)
+	return a
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Negative(a *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Negative(a.x)
+	e.y.Negative(a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+// Frobenius computes (xω+y)^p = x^p ω·ξ^((p-1)/6) + y^p
+func (e *gfP12) Frobenius(a *gfP12, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Frobenius(a.x, pool)
+	e.y.Frobenius(a.y, pool)
+	e.x.MulScalar(e.x, xiToPMinus1Over6, pool)
+	return e
+}
+
+// FrobeniusP2 computes (xω+y)^p² = x^p² ω·ξ^((p²-1)/6) + y^p²
+func (e *gfP12) FrobeniusP2(a *gfP12, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.FrobeniusP2(a.x)
+	e.x.MulGFP(e.x, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over6)
+	e.y.FrobeniusP2(a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Add(a, b *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Add(a.x, b.x)
+	e.y.Add(a.y, b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Sub(a, b *gfP12) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Sub(a.x, b.x)
+	e.y.Sub(a.y, b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Mul(a, b *gfP12, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	tx := newGFp6(pool)
+	tx.Mul(a.x, b.y, pool)
+	t := newGFp6(pool)
+	t.Mul(b.x, a.y, pool)
+	tx.Add(tx, t)
+
+	ty := newGFp6(pool)
+	ty.Mul(a.y, b.y, pool)
+	t.Mul(a.x, b.x, pool)
+	t.MulTau(t, pool)
+	e.y.Add(ty, t)
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+
+	tx.Put(pool)
+	ty.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) MulScalar(a *gfP12, b *gfP6, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	e.x.Mul(e.x, b, pool)
+	e.y.Mul(e.y, b, pool)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (c *gfP12) Exp(a *gfP12, power *big.Int, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	sum := newGFp12(pool)
+	sum.SetOne()
+	t := newGFp12(pool)
+
+	for i := power.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Square(sum, pool)
+		if power.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			sum.Mul(t, a, pool)
+		} else {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Set(sum)
+
+	sum.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+
+	return c
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Square(a *gfP12, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	// Complex squaring algorithm
+	v0 := newGFp6(pool)
+	v0.Mul(a.x, a.y, pool)
+
+	t := newGFp6(pool)
+	t.MulTau(a.x, pool)
+	t.Add(a.y, t)
+	ty := newGFp6(pool)
+	ty.Add(a.x, a.y)
+	ty.Mul(ty, t, pool)
+	ty.Sub(ty, v0)
+	t.MulTau(v0, pool)
+	ty.Sub(ty, t)
+
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	e.x.Double(v0)
+
+	v0.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	ty.Put(pool)
+
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP12) Invert(a *gfP12, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	// See "Implementing cryptographic pairings", M. Scott, section 3.2.
+	// ftp://136.206.11.249/pub/crypto/pairings.pdf
+	t1 := newGFp6(pool)
+	t2 := newGFp6(pool)
+
+	t1.Square(a.x, pool)
+	t2.Square(a.y, pool)
+	t1.MulTau(t1, pool)
+	t1.Sub(t2, t1)
+	t2.Invert(t1, pool)
+
+	e.x.Negative(a.x)
+	e.y.Set(a.y)
+	e.MulScalar(e, t2, pool)
+
+	t1.Put(pool)
+	t2.Put(pool)
+
+	return e
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp2.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp2.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3981f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp2.go
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+// For details of the algorithms used, see "Multiplication and Squaring on
+// Pairing-Friendly Fields, Devegili et al.
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf.
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// gfP2 implements a field of size p² as a quadratic extension of the base
+// field where i²=-1.
+type gfP2 struct {
+	x, y *big.Int // value is xi+y.
+}
+
+func newGFp2(pool *bnPool) *gfP2 {
+	return &gfP2{pool.Get(), pool.Get()}
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) String() string {
+	x := new(big.Int).Mod(e.x, P)
+	y := new(big.Int).Mod(e.y, P)
+	return "(" + x.String() + "," + y.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Put(pool *bnPool) {
+	pool.Put(e.x)
+	pool.Put(e.y)
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Set(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Set(a.x)
+	e.y.Set(a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) SetZero() *gfP2 {
+	e.x.SetInt64(0)
+	e.y.SetInt64(0)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) SetOne() *gfP2 {
+	e.x.SetInt64(0)
+	e.y.SetInt64(1)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Minimal() {
+	if e.x.Sign() < 0 || e.x.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		e.x.Mod(e.x, P)
+	}
+	if e.y.Sign() < 0 || e.y.Cmp(P) >= 0 {
+		e.y.Mod(e.y, P)
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) IsZero() bool {
+	return e.x.Sign() == 0 && e.y.Sign() == 0
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) IsOne() bool {
+	if e.x.Sign() != 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	words := e.y.Bits()
+	return len(words) == 1 && words[0] == 1
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Conjugate(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.y.Set(a.y)
+	e.x.Neg(a.x)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Negative(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Neg(a.x)
+	e.y.Neg(a.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Add(a, b *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Add(a.x, b.x)
+	e.y.Add(a.y, b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Sub(a, b *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Sub(a.x, b.x)
+	e.y.Sub(a.y, b.y)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Double(a *gfP2) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Lsh(a.x, 1)
+	e.y.Lsh(a.y, 1)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (c *gfP2) Exp(a *gfP2, power *big.Int, pool *bnPool) *gfP2 {
+	sum := newGFp2(pool)
+	sum.SetOne()
+	t := newGFp2(pool)
+
+	for i := power.BitLen() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Square(sum, pool)
+		if power.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			sum.Mul(t, a, pool)
+		} else {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Set(sum)
+
+	sum.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// See "Multiplication and Squaring in Pairing-Friendly Fields",
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf
+func (e *gfP2) Mul(a, b *gfP2, pool *bnPool) *gfP2 {
+	tx := pool.Get().Mul(a.x, b.y)
+	t := pool.Get().Mul(b.x, a.y)
+	tx.Add(tx, t)
+	tx.Mod(tx, P)
+
+	ty := pool.Get().Mul(a.y, b.y)
+	t.Mul(a.x, b.x)
+	ty.Sub(ty, t)
+	e.y.Mod(ty, P)
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+
+	pool.Put(tx)
+	pool.Put(ty)
+	pool.Put(t)
+
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) MulScalar(a *gfP2, b *big.Int) *gfP2 {
+	e.x.Mul(a.x, b)
+	e.y.Mul(a.y, b)
+	return e
+}
+
+// MulXi sets e=ξa where ξ=i+9 and then returns e.
+func (e *gfP2) MulXi(a *gfP2, pool *bnPool) *gfP2 {
+	// (xi+y)(i+3) = (9x+y)i+(9y-x)
+	tx := pool.Get().Lsh(a.x, 3)
+	tx.Add(tx, a.x)
+	tx.Add(tx, a.y)
+
+	ty := pool.Get().Lsh(a.y, 3)
+	ty.Add(ty, a.y)
+	ty.Sub(ty, a.x)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+
+	pool.Put(tx)
+	pool.Put(ty)
+
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Square(a *gfP2, pool *bnPool) *gfP2 {
+	// Complex squaring algorithm:
+	// (xi+b)² = (x+y)(y-x) + 2*i*x*y
+	t1 := pool.Get().Sub(a.y, a.x)
+	t2 := pool.Get().Add(a.x, a.y)
+	ty := pool.Get().Mul(t1, t2)
+	ty.Mod(ty, P)
+
+	t1.Mul(a.x, a.y)
+	t1.Lsh(t1, 1)
+
+	e.x.Mod(t1, P)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+
+	pool.Put(t1)
+	pool.Put(t2)
+	pool.Put(ty)
+
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Invert(a *gfP2, pool *bnPool) *gfP2 {
+	// See "Implementing cryptographic pairings", M. Scott, section 3.2.
+	// ftp://136.206.11.249/pub/crypto/pairings.pdf
+	t := pool.Get()
+	t.Mul(a.y, a.y)
+	t2 := pool.Get()
+	t2.Mul(a.x, a.x)
+	t.Add(t, t2)
+
+	inv := pool.Get()
+	inv.ModInverse(t, P)
+
+	e.x.Neg(a.x)
+	e.x.Mul(e.x, inv)
+	e.x.Mod(e.x, P)
+
+	e.y.Mul(a.y, inv)
+	e.y.Mod(e.y, P)
+
+	pool.Put(t)
+	pool.Put(t2)
+	pool.Put(inv)
+
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Real() *big.Int {
+	return e.x
+}
+
+func (e *gfP2) Imag() *big.Int {
+	return e.y
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp6.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp6.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2188566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/gfp6.go
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+// For details of the algorithms used, see "Multiplication and Squaring on
+// Pairing-Friendly Fields, Devegili et al.
+// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf.
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// gfP6 implements the field of size p⁶ as a cubic extension of gfP2 where τ³=ξ
+// and ξ=i+9.
+type gfP6 struct {
+	x, y, z *gfP2 // value is xτ² + yτ + z
+}
+
+func newGFp6(pool *bnPool) *gfP6 {
+	return &gfP6{newGFp2(pool), newGFp2(pool), newGFp2(pool)}
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) String() string {
+	return "(" + e.x.String() + "," + e.y.String() + "," + e.z.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Put(pool *bnPool) {
+	e.x.Put(pool)
+	e.y.Put(pool)
+	e.z.Put(pool)
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Set(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Set(a.x)
+	e.y.Set(a.y)
+	e.z.Set(a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) SetZero() *gfP6 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetZero()
+	e.z.SetZero()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) SetOne() *gfP6 {
+	e.x.SetZero()
+	e.y.SetZero()
+	e.z.SetOne()
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Minimal() {
+	e.x.Minimal()
+	e.y.Minimal()
+	e.z.Minimal()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) IsZero() bool {
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsZero() && e.z.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) IsOne() bool {
+	return e.x.IsZero() && e.y.IsZero() && e.z.IsOne()
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Negative(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Negative(a.x)
+	e.y.Negative(a.y)
+	e.z.Negative(a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Frobenius(a *gfP6, pool *bnPool) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Conjugate(a.x)
+	e.y.Conjugate(a.y)
+	e.z.Conjugate(a.z)
+
+	e.x.Mul(e.x, xiTo2PMinus2Over3, pool)
+	e.y.Mul(e.y, xiToPMinus1Over3, pool)
+	return e
+}
+
+// FrobeniusP2 computes (xτ²+yτ+z)^(p²) = xτ^(2p²) + yτ^(p²) + z
+func (e *gfP6) FrobeniusP2(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	// τ^(2p²) = τ²τ^(2p²-2) = τ²ξ^((2p²-2)/3)
+	e.x.MulScalar(a.x, xiTo2PSquaredMinus2Over3)
+	// τ^(p²) = ττ^(p²-1) = τξ^((p²-1)/3)
+	e.y.MulScalar(a.y, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3)
+	e.z.Set(a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Add(a, b *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Add(a.x, b.x)
+	e.y.Add(a.y, b.y)
+	e.z.Add(a.z, b.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Sub(a, b *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Sub(a.x, b.x)
+	e.y.Sub(a.y, b.y)
+	e.z.Sub(a.z, b.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Double(a *gfP6) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Double(a.x)
+	e.y.Double(a.y)
+	e.z.Double(a.z)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Mul(a, b *gfP6, pool *bnPool) *gfP6 {
+	// "Multiplication and Squaring on Pairing-Friendly Fields"
+	// Section 4, Karatsuba method.
+	// http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.pdf
+
+	v0 := newGFp2(pool)
+	v0.Mul(a.z, b.z, pool)
+	v1 := newGFp2(pool)
+	v1.Mul(a.y, b.y, pool)
+	v2 := newGFp2(pool)
+	v2.Mul(a.x, b.x, pool)
+
+	t0 := newGFp2(pool)
+	t0.Add(a.x, a.y)
+	t1 := newGFp2(pool)
+	t1.Add(b.x, b.y)
+	tz := newGFp2(pool)
+	tz.Mul(t0, t1, pool)
+
+	tz.Sub(tz, v1)
+	tz.Sub(tz, v2)
+	tz.MulXi(tz, pool)
+	tz.Add(tz, v0)
+
+	t0.Add(a.y, a.z)
+	t1.Add(b.y, b.z)
+	ty := newGFp2(pool)
+	ty.Mul(t0, t1, pool)
+	ty.Sub(ty, v0)
+	ty.Sub(ty, v1)
+	t0.MulXi(v2, pool)
+	ty.Add(ty, t0)
+
+	t0.Add(a.x, a.z)
+	t1.Add(b.x, b.z)
+	tx := newGFp2(pool)
+	tx.Mul(t0, t1, pool)
+	tx.Sub(tx, v0)
+	tx.Add(tx, v1)
+	tx.Sub(tx, v2)
+
+	e.x.Set(tx)
+	e.y.Set(ty)
+	e.z.Set(tz)
+
+	t0.Put(pool)
+	t1.Put(pool)
+	tx.Put(pool)
+	ty.Put(pool)
+	tz.Put(pool)
+	v0.Put(pool)
+	v1.Put(pool)
+	v2.Put(pool)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) MulScalar(a *gfP6, b *gfP2, pool *bnPool) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.Mul(a.x, b, pool)
+	e.y.Mul(a.y, b, pool)
+	e.z.Mul(a.z, b, pool)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) MulGFP(a *gfP6, b *big.Int) *gfP6 {
+	e.x.MulScalar(a.x, b)
+	e.y.MulScalar(a.y, b)
+	e.z.MulScalar(a.z, b)
+	return e
+}
+
+// MulTau computes τ·(aτ²+bτ+c) = bτ²+cτ+aξ
+func (e *gfP6) MulTau(a *gfP6, pool *bnPool) {
+	tz := newGFp2(pool)
+	tz.MulXi(a.x, pool)
+	ty := newGFp2(pool)
+	ty.Set(a.y)
+	e.y.Set(a.z)
+	e.x.Set(ty)
+	e.z.Set(tz)
+	tz.Put(pool)
+	ty.Put(pool)
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Square(a *gfP6, pool *bnPool) *gfP6 {
+	v0 := newGFp2(pool).Square(a.z, pool)
+	v1 := newGFp2(pool).Square(a.y, pool)
+	v2 := newGFp2(pool).Square(a.x, pool)
+
+	c0 := newGFp2(pool).Add(a.x, a.y)
+	c0.Square(c0, pool)
+	c0.Sub(c0, v1)
+	c0.Sub(c0, v2)
+	c0.MulXi(c0, pool)
+	c0.Add(c0, v0)
+
+	c1 := newGFp2(pool).Add(a.y, a.z)
+	c1.Square(c1, pool)
+	c1.Sub(c1, v0)
+	c1.Sub(c1, v1)
+	xiV2 := newGFp2(pool).MulXi(v2, pool)
+	c1.Add(c1, xiV2)
+
+	c2 := newGFp2(pool).Add(a.x, a.z)
+	c2.Square(c2, pool)
+	c2.Sub(c2, v0)
+	c2.Add(c2, v1)
+	c2.Sub(c2, v2)
+
+	e.x.Set(c2)
+	e.y.Set(c1)
+	e.z.Set(c0)
+
+	v0.Put(pool)
+	v1.Put(pool)
+	v2.Put(pool)
+	c0.Put(pool)
+	c1.Put(pool)
+	c2.Put(pool)
+	xiV2.Put(pool)
+
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *gfP6) Invert(a *gfP6, pool *bnPool) *gfP6 {
+	// See "Implementing cryptographic pairings", M. Scott, section 3.2.
+	// ftp://136.206.11.249/pub/crypto/pairings.pdf
+
+	// Here we can give a short explanation of how it works: let j be a cubic root of
+	// unity in GF(p²) so that 1+j+j²=0.
+	// Then (xτ² + yτ + z)(xj²τ² + yjτ + z)(xjτ² + yj²τ + z)
+	// = (xτ² + yτ + z)(Cτ²+Bτ+A)
+	// = (x³ξ²+y³ξ+z³-3ξxyz) = F is an element of the base field (the norm).
+	//
+	// On the other hand (xj²τ² + yjτ + z)(xjτ² + yj²τ + z)
+	// = τ²(y²-ξxz) + τ(ξx²-yz) + (z²-ξxy)
+	//
+	// So that's why A = (z²-ξxy), B = (ξx²-yz), C = (y²-ξxz)
+	t1 := newGFp2(pool)
+
+	A := newGFp2(pool)
+	A.Square(a.z, pool)
+	t1.Mul(a.x, a.y, pool)
+	t1.MulXi(t1, pool)
+	A.Sub(A, t1)
+
+	B := newGFp2(pool)
+	B.Square(a.x, pool)
+	B.MulXi(B, pool)
+	t1.Mul(a.y, a.z, pool)
+	B.Sub(B, t1)
+
+	C_ := newGFp2(pool)
+	C_.Square(a.y, pool)
+	t1.Mul(a.x, a.z, pool)
+	C_.Sub(C_, t1)
+
+	F := newGFp2(pool)
+	F.Mul(C_, a.y, pool)
+	F.MulXi(F, pool)
+	t1.Mul(A, a.z, pool)
+	F.Add(F, t1)
+	t1.Mul(B, a.x, pool)
+	t1.MulXi(t1, pool)
+	F.Add(F, t1)
+
+	F.Invert(F, pool)
+
+	e.x.Mul(C_, F, pool)
+	e.y.Mul(B, F, pool)
+	e.z.Mul(A, F, pool)
+
+	t1.Put(pool)
+	A.Put(pool)
+	B.Put(pool)
+	C_.Put(pool)
+	F.Put(pool)
+
+	return e
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/main_test.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/main_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0c8545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/main_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"crypto/rand"
+)
+
+func TestRandomG2Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		n, g2, err := RandomG2(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+		t.Logf("%v: %x\n", n, g2.Marshal())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPairings(t *testing.T) {
+	a1 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("1"))
+	a2 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("2"))
+	a37 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("37"))
+	an1 := new(G1).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495616"))
+
+	b0 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("0"))
+	b1 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("1"))
+	b2 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("2"))
+	b27 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("27"))
+	b999 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("999"))
+	bn1 := new(G2).ScalarBaseMult(bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495616"))
+
+	p1 := Pair(a1, b1)
+	pn1 := Pair(a1, bn1)
+	np1 := Pair(an1, b1)
+	if pn1.String() != np1.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, -b) != e(-a, b)")
+	}
+	if !PairingCheck([]*G1{a1, an1}, []*G2{b1, b1}) {
+		t.Error("MultiAte check gave false negative!")
+	}
+	p0 := new(GT).Add(p1, pn1)
+	p0_2 := Pair(a1, b0)
+	if p0.String() != p0_2.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b) * e(a, -b) != 1")
+	}
+	p0_3 := new(GT).ScalarMult(p1, bigFromBase10("21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617"))
+	if p0.String() != p0_3.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b) has wrong order")
+	}
+	p2 := Pair(a2, b1)
+	p2_2 := Pair(a1, b2)
+	p2_3 := new(GT).ScalarMult(p1, bigFromBase10("2"))
+	if p2.String() != p2_2.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b * 2) != e(a * 2, b)")
+	}
+	if p2.String() != p2_3.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a, b * 2) != e(a, b) ** 2")
+	}
+	if p2.String() == p1.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing is degenerate!")
+	}
+	if PairingCheck([]*G1{a1, a1}, []*G2{b1, b1}) {
+		t.Error("MultiAte check gave false positive!")
+	}
+	p999 := Pair(a37, b27)
+	p999_2 := Pair(a1, b999)
+	if p999.String() != p999_2.String() {
+		t.Error("Pairing mismatch: e(a * 37, b * 27) != e(a, b * 999)")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/optate.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/optate.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d69570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/optate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+func lineFunctionAdd(r, p *twistPoint, q *curvePoint, r2 *gfP2, pool *bnPool) (a, b, c *gfP2, rOut *twistPoint) {
+	// See the mixed addition algorithm from "Faster Computation of the
+	// Tate Pairing", http://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.0854v3.pdf
+
+	B := newGFp2(pool).Mul(p.x, r.t, pool)
+
+	D := newGFp2(pool).Add(p.y, r.z)
+	D.Square(D, pool)
+	D.Sub(D, r2)
+	D.Sub(D, r.t)
+	D.Mul(D, r.t, pool)
+
+	H := newGFp2(pool).Sub(B, r.x)
+	I := newGFp2(pool).Square(H, pool)
+
+	E := newGFp2(pool).Add(I, I)
+	E.Add(E, E)
+
+	J := newGFp2(pool).Mul(H, E, pool)
+
+	L1 := newGFp2(pool).Sub(D, r.y)
+	L1.Sub(L1, r.y)
+
+	V := newGFp2(pool).Mul(r.x, E, pool)
+
+	rOut = newTwistPoint(pool)
+	rOut.x.Square(L1, pool)
+	rOut.x.Sub(rOut.x, J)
+	rOut.x.Sub(rOut.x, V)
+	rOut.x.Sub(rOut.x, V)
+
+	rOut.z.Add(r.z, H)
+	rOut.z.Square(rOut.z, pool)
+	rOut.z.Sub(rOut.z, r.t)
+	rOut.z.Sub(rOut.z, I)
+
+	t := newGFp2(pool).Sub(V, rOut.x)
+	t.Mul(t, L1, pool)
+	t2 := newGFp2(pool).Mul(r.y, J, pool)
+	t2.Add(t2, t2)
+	rOut.y.Sub(t, t2)
+
+	rOut.t.Square(rOut.z, pool)
+
+	t.Add(p.y, rOut.z)
+	t.Square(t, pool)
+	t.Sub(t, r2)
+	t.Sub(t, rOut.t)
+
+	t2.Mul(L1, p.x, pool)
+	t2.Add(t2, t2)
+	a = newGFp2(pool)
+	a.Sub(t2, t)
+
+	c = newGFp2(pool)
+	c.MulScalar(rOut.z, q.y)
+	c.Add(c, c)
+
+	b = newGFp2(pool)
+	b.SetZero()
+	b.Sub(b, L1)
+	b.MulScalar(b, q.x)
+	b.Add(b, b)
+
+	B.Put(pool)
+	D.Put(pool)
+	H.Put(pool)
+	I.Put(pool)
+	E.Put(pool)
+	J.Put(pool)
+	L1.Put(pool)
+	V.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	t2.Put(pool)
+
+	return
+}
+
+func lineFunctionDouble(r *twistPoint, q *curvePoint, pool *bnPool) (a, b, c *gfP2, rOut *twistPoint) {
+	// See the doubling algorithm for a=0 from "Faster Computation of the
+	// Tate Pairing", http://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.0854v3.pdf
+
+	A := newGFp2(pool).Square(r.x, pool)
+	B := newGFp2(pool).Square(r.y, pool)
+	C_ := newGFp2(pool).Square(B, pool)
+
+	D := newGFp2(pool).Add(r.x, B)
+	D.Square(D, pool)
+	D.Sub(D, A)
+	D.Sub(D, C_)
+	D.Add(D, D)
+
+	E := newGFp2(pool).Add(A, A)
+	E.Add(E, A)
+
+	G := newGFp2(pool).Square(E, pool)
+
+	rOut = newTwistPoint(pool)
+	rOut.x.Sub(G, D)
+	rOut.x.Sub(rOut.x, D)
+
+	rOut.z.Add(r.y, r.z)
+	rOut.z.Square(rOut.z, pool)
+	rOut.z.Sub(rOut.z, B)
+	rOut.z.Sub(rOut.z, r.t)
+
+	rOut.y.Sub(D, rOut.x)
+	rOut.y.Mul(rOut.y, E, pool)
+	t := newGFp2(pool).Add(C_, C_)
+	t.Add(t, t)
+	t.Add(t, t)
+	rOut.y.Sub(rOut.y, t)
+
+	rOut.t.Square(rOut.z, pool)
+
+	t.Mul(E, r.t, pool)
+	t.Add(t, t)
+	b = newGFp2(pool)
+	b.SetZero()
+	b.Sub(b, t)
+	b.MulScalar(b, q.x)
+
+	a = newGFp2(pool)
+	a.Add(r.x, E)
+	a.Square(a, pool)
+	a.Sub(a, A)
+	a.Sub(a, G)
+	t.Add(B, B)
+	t.Add(t, t)
+	a.Sub(a, t)
+
+	c = newGFp2(pool)
+	c.Mul(rOut.z, r.t, pool)
+	c.Add(c, c)
+	c.MulScalar(c, q.y)
+
+	A.Put(pool)
+	B.Put(pool)
+	C_.Put(pool)
+	D.Put(pool)
+	E.Put(pool)
+	G.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+
+	return
+}
+
+func mulLine(ret *gfP12, a, b, c *gfP2, pool *bnPool) {
+	a2 := newGFp6(pool)
+	a2.x.SetZero()
+	a2.y.Set(a)
+	a2.z.Set(b)
+	a2.Mul(a2, ret.x, pool)
+	t3 := newGFp6(pool).MulScalar(ret.y, c, pool)
+
+	t := newGFp2(pool)
+	t.Add(b, c)
+	t2 := newGFp6(pool)
+	t2.x.SetZero()
+	t2.y.Set(a)
+	t2.z.Set(t)
+	ret.x.Add(ret.x, ret.y)
+
+	ret.y.Set(t3)
+
+	ret.x.Mul(ret.x, t2, pool)
+	ret.x.Sub(ret.x, a2)
+	ret.x.Sub(ret.x, ret.y)
+	a2.MulTau(a2, pool)
+	ret.y.Add(ret.y, a2)
+
+	a2.Put(pool)
+	t3.Put(pool)
+	t2.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+}
+
+// sixuPlus2NAF is 6u+2 in non-adjacent form.
+var sixuPlus2NAF = []int8{0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+	0, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+	1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1,
+	1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}
+
+// miller implements the Miller loop for calculating the Optimal Ate pairing.
+// See algorithm 1 from http://cryptojedi.org/papers/dclxvi-20100714.pdf
+func miller(q *twistPoint, p *curvePoint, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	ret := newGFp12(pool)
+	ret.SetOne()
+
+	aAffine := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	aAffine.Set(q)
+	aAffine.MakeAffine(pool)
+
+	bAffine := newCurvePoint(pool)
+	bAffine.Set(p)
+	bAffine.MakeAffine(pool)
+
+	minusA := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	minusA.Negative(aAffine, pool)
+
+	r := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	r.Set(aAffine)
+
+	r2 := newGFp2(pool)
+	r2.Square(aAffine.y, pool)
+
+	for i := len(sixuPlus2NAF) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
+		a, b, c, newR := lineFunctionDouble(r, bAffine, pool)
+		if i != len(sixuPlus2NAF)-1 {
+			ret.Square(ret, pool)
+		}
+
+		mulLine(ret, a, b, c, pool)
+		a.Put(pool)
+		b.Put(pool)
+		c.Put(pool)
+		r.Put(pool)
+		r = newR
+
+		switch sixuPlus2NAF[i-1] {
+		case 1:
+			a, b, c, newR = lineFunctionAdd(r, aAffine, bAffine, r2, pool)
+		case -1:
+			a, b, c, newR = lineFunctionAdd(r, minusA, bAffine, r2, pool)
+		default:
+			continue
+		}
+
+		mulLine(ret, a, b, c, pool)
+		a.Put(pool)
+		b.Put(pool)
+		c.Put(pool)
+		r.Put(pool)
+		r = newR
+	}
+
+	// In order to calculate Q1 we have to convert q from the sextic twist
+	// to the full GF(p^12) group, apply the Frobenius there, and convert
+	// back.
+	//
+	// The twist isomorphism is (x', y') -> (xω², yω³). If we consider just
+	// x for a moment, then after applying the Frobenius, we have x̄ω^(2p)
+	// where x̄ is the conjugate of x. If we are going to apply the inverse
+	// isomorphism we need a value with a single coefficient of ω² so we
+	// rewrite this as x̄ω^(2p-2)ω². ξ⁶ = ω and, due to the construction of
+	// p, 2p-2 is a multiple of six. Therefore we can rewrite as
+	// x̄ξ^((p-1)/3)ω² and applying the inverse isomorphism eliminates the
+	// ω².
+	//
+	// A similar argument can be made for the y value.
+
+	q1 := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	q1.x.Conjugate(aAffine.x)
+	q1.x.Mul(q1.x, xiToPMinus1Over3, pool)
+	q1.y.Conjugate(aAffine.y)
+	q1.y.Mul(q1.y, xiToPMinus1Over2, pool)
+	q1.z.SetOne()
+	q1.t.SetOne()
+
+	// For Q2 we are applying the p² Frobenius. The two conjugations cancel
+	// out and we are left only with the factors from the isomorphism. In
+	// the case of x, we end up with a pure number which is why
+	// xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3 is ∈ GF(p). With y we get a factor of -1. We
+	// ignore this to end up with -Q2.
+
+	minusQ2 := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	minusQ2.x.MulScalar(aAffine.x, xiToPSquaredMinus1Over3)
+	minusQ2.y.Set(aAffine.y)
+	minusQ2.z.SetOne()
+	minusQ2.t.SetOne()
+
+	r2.Square(q1.y, pool)
+	a, b, c, newR := lineFunctionAdd(r, q1, bAffine, r2, pool)
+	mulLine(ret, a, b, c, pool)
+	a.Put(pool)
+	b.Put(pool)
+	c.Put(pool)
+	r.Put(pool)
+	r = newR
+
+	r2.Square(minusQ2.y, pool)
+	a, b, c, newR = lineFunctionAdd(r, minusQ2, bAffine, r2, pool)
+	mulLine(ret, a, b, c, pool)
+	a.Put(pool)
+	b.Put(pool)
+	c.Put(pool)
+	r.Put(pool)
+	r = newR
+
+	aAffine.Put(pool)
+	bAffine.Put(pool)
+	minusA.Put(pool)
+	r.Put(pool)
+	r2.Put(pool)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+// finalExponentiation computes the (p¹²-1)/Order-th power of an element of
+// GF(p¹²) to obtain an element of GT (steps 13-15 of algorithm 1 from
+// http://cryptojedi.org/papers/dclxvi-20100714.pdf)
+func finalExponentiation(in *gfP12, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	t1 := newGFp12(pool)
+
+	// This is the p^6-Frobenius
+	t1.x.Negative(in.x)
+	t1.y.Set(in.y)
+
+	inv := newGFp12(pool)
+	inv.Invert(in, pool)
+	t1.Mul(t1, inv, pool)
+
+	t2 := newGFp12(pool).FrobeniusP2(t1, pool)
+	t1.Mul(t1, t2, pool)
+
+	fp := newGFp12(pool).Frobenius(t1, pool)
+	fp2 := newGFp12(pool).FrobeniusP2(t1, pool)
+	fp3 := newGFp12(pool).Frobenius(fp2, pool)
+
+	fu, fu2, fu3 := newGFp12(pool), newGFp12(pool), newGFp12(pool)
+	fu.Exp(t1, u, pool)
+	fu2.Exp(fu, u, pool)
+	fu3.Exp(fu2, u, pool)
+
+	y3 := newGFp12(pool).Frobenius(fu, pool)
+	fu2p := newGFp12(pool).Frobenius(fu2, pool)
+	fu3p := newGFp12(pool).Frobenius(fu3, pool)
+	y2 := newGFp12(pool).FrobeniusP2(fu2, pool)
+
+	y0 := newGFp12(pool)
+	y0.Mul(fp, fp2, pool)
+	y0.Mul(y0, fp3, pool)
+
+	y1, y4, y5 := newGFp12(pool), newGFp12(pool), newGFp12(pool)
+	y1.Conjugate(t1)
+	y5.Conjugate(fu2)
+	y3.Conjugate(y3)
+	y4.Mul(fu, fu2p, pool)
+	y4.Conjugate(y4)
+
+	y6 := newGFp12(pool)
+	y6.Mul(fu3, fu3p, pool)
+	y6.Conjugate(y6)
+
+	t0 := newGFp12(pool)
+	t0.Square(y6, pool)
+	t0.Mul(t0, y4, pool)
+	t0.Mul(t0, y5, pool)
+	t1.Mul(y3, y5, pool)
+	t1.Mul(t1, t0, pool)
+	t0.Mul(t0, y2, pool)
+	t1.Square(t1, pool)
+	t1.Mul(t1, t0, pool)
+	t1.Square(t1, pool)
+	t0.Mul(t1, y1, pool)
+	t1.Mul(t1, y0, pool)
+	t0.Square(t0, pool)
+	t0.Mul(t0, t1, pool)
+
+	inv.Put(pool)
+	t1.Put(pool)
+	t2.Put(pool)
+	fp.Put(pool)
+	fp2.Put(pool)
+	fp3.Put(pool)
+	fu.Put(pool)
+	fu2.Put(pool)
+	fu3.Put(pool)
+	fu2p.Put(pool)
+	fu3p.Put(pool)
+	y0.Put(pool)
+	y1.Put(pool)
+	y2.Put(pool)
+	y3.Put(pool)
+	y4.Put(pool)
+	y5.Put(pool)
+	y6.Put(pool)
+
+	return t0
+}
+
+func optimalAte(a *twistPoint, b *curvePoint, pool *bnPool) *gfP12 {
+	e := miller(a, b, pool)
+	ret := finalExponentiation(e, pool)
+	e.Put(pool)
+
+	if a.IsInfinity() || b.IsInfinity() {
+		ret.SetOne()
+	}
+	return ret
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/bn256/google/twist.go b/common/crypto/bn256/google/twist.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43364ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/bn256/google/twist.go
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bn256
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// twistPoint implements the elliptic curve y²=x³+3/ξ over GF(p²). Points are
+// kept in Jacobian form and t=z² when valid. The group G₂ is the set of
+// n-torsion points of this curve over GF(p²) (where n = Order)
+type twistPoint struct {
+	x, y, z, t *gfP2
+}
+
+var twistB = &gfP2{
+	bigFromBase10("266929791119991161246907387137283842545076965332900288569378510910307636690"),
+	bigFromBase10("19485874751759354771024239261021720505790618469301721065564631296452457478373"),
+}
+
+// twistGen is the generator of group G₂.
+var twistGen = &twistPoint{
+	&gfP2{
+		bigFromBase10("11559732032986387107991004021392285783925812861821192530917403151452391805634"),
+		bigFromBase10("10857046999023057135944570762232829481370756359578518086990519993285655852781"),
+	},
+	&gfP2{
+		bigFromBase10("4082367875863433681332203403145435568316851327593401208105741076214120093531"),
+		bigFromBase10("8495653923123431417604973247489272438418190587263600148770280649306958101930"),
+	},
+	&gfP2{
+		bigFromBase10("0"),
+		bigFromBase10("1"),
+	},
+	&gfP2{
+		bigFromBase10("0"),
+		bigFromBase10("1"),
+	},
+}
+
+func newTwistPoint(pool *bnPool) *twistPoint {
+	return &twistPoint{
+		newGFp2(pool),
+		newGFp2(pool),
+		newGFp2(pool),
+		newGFp2(pool),
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) String() string {
+	return "(" + c.x.String() + ", " + c.y.String() + ", " + c.z.String() + ")"
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Put(pool *bnPool) {
+	c.x.Put(pool)
+	c.y.Put(pool)
+	c.z.Put(pool)
+	c.t.Put(pool)
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Set(a *twistPoint) {
+	c.x.Set(a.x)
+	c.y.Set(a.y)
+	c.z.Set(a.z)
+	c.t.Set(a.t)
+}
+
+// IsOnCurve returns true iff c is on the curve where c must be in affine form.
+func (c *twistPoint) IsOnCurve() bool {
+	pool := new(bnPool)
+	yy := newGFp2(pool).Square(c.y, pool)
+	xxx := newGFp2(pool).Square(c.x, pool)
+	xxx.Mul(xxx, c.x, pool)
+	yy.Sub(yy, xxx)
+	yy.Sub(yy, twistB)
+	yy.Minimal()
+
+	if yy.x.Sign() != 0 || yy.y.Sign() != 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	cneg := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	cneg.Mul(c, Order, pool)
+	return cneg.z.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) SetInfinity() {
+	c.z.SetZero()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) IsInfinity() bool {
+	return c.z.IsZero()
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Add(a, b *twistPoint, pool *bnPool) {
+	// For additional comments, see the same function in curve.go.
+
+	if a.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(b)
+		return
+	}
+	if b.IsInfinity() {
+		c.Set(a)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/addition/add-2007-bl.op3
+	z1z1 := newGFp2(pool).Square(a.z, pool)
+	z2z2 := newGFp2(pool).Square(b.z, pool)
+	u1 := newGFp2(pool).Mul(a.x, z2z2, pool)
+	u2 := newGFp2(pool).Mul(b.x, z1z1, pool)
+
+	t := newGFp2(pool).Mul(b.z, z2z2, pool)
+	s1 := newGFp2(pool).Mul(a.y, t, pool)
+
+	t.Mul(a.z, z1z1, pool)
+	s2 := newGFp2(pool).Mul(b.y, t, pool)
+
+	h := newGFp2(pool).Sub(u2, u1)
+	xEqual := h.IsZero()
+
+	t.Add(h, h)
+	i := newGFp2(pool).Square(t, pool)
+	j := newGFp2(pool).Mul(h, i, pool)
+
+	t.Sub(s2, s1)
+	yEqual := t.IsZero()
+	if xEqual && yEqual {
+		c.Double(a, pool)
+		return
+	}
+	r := newGFp2(pool).Add(t, t)
+
+	v := newGFp2(pool).Mul(u1, i, pool)
+
+	t4 := newGFp2(pool).Square(r, pool)
+	t.Add(v, v)
+	t6 := newGFp2(pool).Sub(t4, j)
+	c.x.Sub(t6, t)
+
+	t.Sub(v, c.x)       // t7
+	t4.Mul(s1, j, pool) // t8
+	t6.Add(t4, t4)      // t9
+	t4.Mul(r, t, pool)  // t10
+	c.y.Sub(t4, t6)
+
+	t.Add(a.z, b.z)    // t11
+	t4.Square(t, pool) // t12
+	t.Sub(t4, z1z1)    // t13
+	t4.Sub(t, z2z2)    // t14
+	c.z.Mul(t4, h, pool)
+
+	z1z1.Put(pool)
+	z2z2.Put(pool)
+	u1.Put(pool)
+	u2.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	s1.Put(pool)
+	s2.Put(pool)
+	h.Put(pool)
+	i.Put(pool)
+	j.Put(pool)
+	r.Put(pool)
+	v.Put(pool)
+	t4.Put(pool)
+	t6.Put(pool)
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Double(a *twistPoint, pool *bnPool) {
+	// See http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-code/shortw/jacobian-0/doubling/dbl-2009-l.op3
+	A := newGFp2(pool).Square(a.x, pool)
+	B := newGFp2(pool).Square(a.y, pool)
+	C_ := newGFp2(pool).Square(B, pool)
+
+	t := newGFp2(pool).Add(a.x, B)
+	t2 := newGFp2(pool).Square(t, pool)
+	t.Sub(t2, A)
+	t2.Sub(t, C_)
+	d := newGFp2(pool).Add(t2, t2)
+	t.Add(A, A)
+	e := newGFp2(pool).Add(t, A)
+	f := newGFp2(pool).Square(e, pool)
+
+	t.Add(d, d)
+	c.x.Sub(f, t)
+
+	t.Add(C_, C_)
+	t2.Add(t, t)
+	t.Add(t2, t2)
+	c.y.Sub(d, c.x)
+	t2.Mul(e, c.y, pool)
+	c.y.Sub(t2, t)
+
+	t.Mul(a.y, a.z, pool)
+	c.z.Add(t, t)
+
+	A.Put(pool)
+	B.Put(pool)
+	C_.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	t2.Put(pool)
+	d.Put(pool)
+	e.Put(pool)
+	f.Put(pool)
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Mul(a *twistPoint, scalar *big.Int, pool *bnPool) *twistPoint {
+	sum := newTwistPoint(pool)
+	sum.SetInfinity()
+	t := newTwistPoint(pool)
+
+	for i := scalar.BitLen(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		t.Double(sum, pool)
+		if scalar.Bit(i) != 0 {
+			sum.Add(t, a, pool)
+		} else {
+			sum.Set(t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Set(sum)
+	sum.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	return c
+}
+
+// MakeAffine converts c to affine form and returns c. If c is ∞, then it sets
+// c to 0 : 1 : 0.
+func (c *twistPoint) MakeAffine(pool *bnPool) *twistPoint {
+	if c.z.IsOne() {
+		return c
+	}
+	if c.IsInfinity() {
+		c.x.SetZero()
+		c.y.SetOne()
+		c.z.SetZero()
+		c.t.SetZero()
+		return c
+	}
+	zInv := newGFp2(pool).Invert(c.z, pool)
+	t := newGFp2(pool).Mul(c.y, zInv, pool)
+	zInv2 := newGFp2(pool).Square(zInv, pool)
+	c.y.Mul(t, zInv2, pool)
+	t.Mul(c.x, zInv2, pool)
+	c.x.Set(t)
+	c.z.SetOne()
+	c.t.SetOne()
+
+	zInv.Put(pool)
+	t.Put(pool)
+	zInv2.Put(pool)
+
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *twistPoint) Negative(a *twistPoint, pool *bnPool) {
+	c.x.Set(a.x)
+	c.y.SetZero()
+	c.y.Sub(c.y, a.y)
+	c.z.Set(a.z)
+	c.t.SetZero()
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/crypto.go b/common/crypto/crypto.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c059006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/crypto.go
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/u256"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"hash"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// SignatureLength indicates the byte length required to carry a signature with recovery id.
+const SignatureLength = 64 + 1 // 64 bytes ECDSA signature + 1 byte recovery id
+
+// RecoveryIDOffset points to the byte offset within the signature that contains the recovery id.
+const RecoveryIDOffset = 64
+
+// DigestLength sets the signature digest exact length
+const DigestLength = 32
+
+var (
+	secp256k1N     = new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(hexutil.MustDecode("0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141"))
+	secp256k1NBig  = secp256k1N.ToBig()
+	secp256k1halfN = new(uint256.Int).Div(secp256k1N, u256.Num2)
+	EmptyCodeHash  = Keccak256Hash(nil)
+)
+
+var errInvalidPubkey = errors.New("invalid secp256k1 public key")
+
+// KeccakState wraps sha3.state. In addition to the usual hash methods, it also supports
+// Read to get a variable amount of data from the hash state. Read is faster than Sum
+// because it doesn't copy the internal state, but also modifies the internal state.
+type KeccakState interface {
+	hash.Hash
+	Read([]byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+// NewKeccakState creates a new KeccakState
+func NewKeccakState() KeccakState {
+	return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
+}
+
+// HashData hashes the provided data using the KeccakState and returns a 32 byte hash
+func HashData(kh KeccakState, data []byte) (h types.Hash) {
+	kh.Reset()
+	//nolint:errcheck
+	kh.Write(data)
+	//nolint:errcheck
+	kh.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+// Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data.
+func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
+	b := make([]byte, 32)
+	d := NewKeccakState()
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+	d.Read(b) //nolint:errcheck
+	return b
+}
+
+// Keccak256Hash calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data,
+// converting it to an internal Hash data structure.
+func Keccak256Hash(data ...[]byte) (h types.Hash) {
+	d := NewKeccakState()
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+	d.Read(h[:]) //nolint:errcheck
+	return h
+}
+
+// Keccak512 calculates and returns the Keccak512 hash of the input data.
+func Keccak512(data ...[]byte) []byte {
+	d := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak512()
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+	return d.Sum(nil)
+}
+
+// CreateAddress creates an ethereum address given the bytes and the nonce
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func CreateAddress(b types.Address, nonce uint64) types.Address {
+	data, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes([]interface{}{b, nonce})
+	return types.BytesToAddress(Keccak256(data)[12:])
+}
+
+// CreateAddress2 creates an ethereum address given the address bytes, initial
+// contract code hash and a salt.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func CreateAddress2(b types.Address, salt [32]byte, inithash []byte) types.Address {
+	return types.BytesToAddress(Keccak256([]byte{0xff}, b.Bytes(), salt[:], inithash)[12:])
+}
+
+// ToECDSA creates a private key with the given D value.
+func ToECDSA(d []byte) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	return toECDSA(d, true)
+}
+
+// ToECDSAUnsafe blindly converts a binary blob to a private key. It should almost
+// never be used unless you are sure the input is valid and want to avoid hitting
+// errors due to bad origin encoding (0 prefixes cut off).
+func ToECDSAUnsafe(d []byte) *ecdsa.PrivateKey {
+	priv, _ := toECDSA(d, false)
+	return priv
+}
+
+// toECDSA creates a private key with the given D value. The strict parameter
+// controls whether the key's length should be enforced at the curve size or
+// it can also accept legacy encodings (0 prefixes).
+func toECDSA(d []byte, strict bool) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	priv := new(ecdsa.PrivateKey)
+	priv.PublicKey.Curve = S256()
+	if strict && 8*len(d) != priv.Params().BitSize {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid length, need %d bits", priv.Params().BitSize)
+	}
+	priv.D = new(big.Int).SetBytes(d)
+
+	// The priv.D must < N
+	if priv.D.Cmp(secp256k1NBig) >= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid private key, >=N")
+	}
+	// The priv.D must not be zero or negative.
+	if priv.D.Sign() <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid private key, zero or negative")
+	}
+
+	priv.PublicKey.X, priv.PublicKey.Y = priv.PublicKey.Curve.ScalarBaseMult(d)
+	if priv.PublicKey.X == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid private key")
+	}
+	return priv, nil
+}
+
+// FromECDSA exports a private key into a binary dump.
+func FromECDSA(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) []byte {
+	if priv == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return math.PaddedBigBytes(priv.D, priv.Params().BitSize/8)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalPubkey converts bytes to a secp256k1 public key.
+func UnmarshalPubkey(pub []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(S256(), pub)
+	if x == nil {
+		return nil, errInvalidPubkey
+	}
+	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: S256(), X: x, Y: y}, nil
+}
+
+func FromECDSAPub(pub *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	if pub == nil || pub.X == nil || pub.Y == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return elliptic.Marshal(S256(), pub.X, pub.Y)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalPubkeyStd parses a public key from the given bytes in the standard "uncompressed" format.
+// The input slice must be 65 bytes long and have this format: [4, X..., Y...]
+// See MarshalPubkeyStd.
+func UnmarshalPubkeyStd(pub []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(S256(), pub)
+	if x == nil {
+		return nil, errInvalidPubkey
+	}
+	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: S256(), X: x, Y: y}, nil
+}
+
+// MarshalPubkeyStd converts a public key into the standard "uncompressed" format.
+// It returns a 65 bytes long slice that contains: [4, X..., Y...]
+// Returns nil if the given public key is not initialized.
+// See UnmarshalPubkeyStd.
+func MarshalPubkeyStd(pub *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	if pub == nil || pub.X == nil || pub.Y == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return elliptic.Marshal(S256(), pub.X, pub.Y)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalPubkey parses a public key from the given bytes in the 64 bytes "uncompressed" format.
+// The input slice must be 64 bytes long and have this format: [X..., Y...]
+// See MarshalPubkey.
+//func UnmarshalPubkey(keyBytes []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+//	keyBytes = append([]byte{0x4}, keyBytes...)
+//	return UnmarshalPubkeyStd(keyBytes)
+//}
+
+// MarshalPubkey converts a public key into a 64 bytes "uncompressed" format.
+// It returns a 64 bytes long slice that contains: [X..., Y...]
+// In the standard 65 bytes format the first byte is always constant (equal to 4),
+// so it can be cut off and trivially recovered later.
+// Returns nil if the given public key is not initialized.
+// See UnmarshalPubkey.
+func MarshalPubkey(pubkey *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	keyBytes := MarshalPubkeyStd(pubkey)
+	if keyBytes == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return keyBytes[1:]
+}
+
+// HexToECDSA parses a secp256k1 private key.
+func HexToECDSA(hexkey string) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(hexkey)
+	if byteErr, ok := err.(hex.InvalidByteError); ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid hex character %q in private key", byte(byteErr))
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid hex data for private key")
+	}
+	return ToECDSA(b)
+}
+
+// LoadECDSA loads a secp256k1 private key from the given file.
+func LoadECDSA(file string) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	fd, err := os.Open(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer fd.Close()
+
+	r := bufio.NewReader(fd)
+	buf := make([]byte, 64)
+	n, err := readASCII(buf, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if n != len(buf) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key file too short, want 64 hex characters")
+	}
+	if err := checkKeyFileEnd(r); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return HexToECDSA(string(buf))
+}
+
+// readASCII reads into 'buf', stopping when the buffer is full or
+// when a non-printable control character is encountered.
+func readASCII(buf []byte, r *bufio.Reader) (n int, err error) {
+	for ; n < len(buf); n++ {
+		buf[n], err = r.ReadByte()
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || buf[n] < '!':
+			return n, nil
+		case err != nil:
+			return n, err
+		}
+	}
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+// checkKeyFileEnd skips over additional newlines at the end of a key file.
+func checkKeyFileEnd(r *bufio.Reader) error {
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		b, err := r.ReadByte()
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, io.EOF):
+			return nil
+		case err != nil:
+			return err
+		case b != '\n' && b != '\r':
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid character %q at end of key file", b)
+		case i >= 2:
+			return errors.New("key file too long, want 64 hex characters")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// SaveECDSA saves a secp256k1 private key to the given file with
+// restrictive permissions. The key data is saved hex-encoded.
+func SaveECDSA(file string, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) error {
+	k := hex.EncodeToString(FromECDSA(key))
+	return os.WriteFile(file, []byte(k), 0600)
+}
+
+// GenerateKey generates a new private key.
+func GenerateKey() (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	return ecdsa.GenerateKey(S256(), rand.Reader)
+}
+
+// ValidateSignatureValues verifies whether the signature values are valid with
+// the given chain rules. The v value is assumed to be either 0 or 1.
+func ValidateSignatureValues(v byte, r, s *uint256.Int, homestead bool) bool {
+	if r.IsZero() || s.IsZero() {
+		return false
+	}
+	// reject upper range of s values (ECDSA malleability)
+	// see discussion in secp256k1/libsecp256k1/include/secp256k1.h
+	if homestead && s.Gt(secp256k1halfN) {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Frontier: allow s to be in full N range
+	return r.Lt(secp256k1N) && s.Lt(secp256k1N) && (v == 0 || v == 1)
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func PubkeyToAddress(p ecdsa.PublicKey) types.Address {
+	pubBytes := MarshalPubkey(&p)
+	return types.BytesToAddress(Keccak256(pubBytes)[12:])
+}
+
+func zeroBytes(bytes []byte) {
+	for i := range bytes {
+		bytes[i] = 0
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/cryptopool/pool.go b/common/crypto/cryptopool/pool.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2faa8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/cryptopool/pool.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package cryptopool
+
+import (
+	"hash"
+	"sync"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// hasherPool holds LegacyKeccak hashers.
+var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	},
+}
+
+func NewLegacyKeccak256() hash.Hash {
+	h := hasherPool.Get().(hash.Hash)
+	h.Reset()
+	return h
+}
+func ReturnToPoolKeccak256(h hash.Hash) { hasherPool.Put(h) }
diff --git a/common/crypto/ecies/.gitignore b/common/crypto/ecies/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..802b674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/ecies/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Compiled Object files, Static and Dynamic libs (Shared Objects)
+*.o
+*.a
+*.so
+
+# Folders
+_obj
+_test
+
+# Architecture specific extensions/prefixes
+*.[568vq]
+[568vq].out
+
+*.cgo1.go
+*.cgo2.c
+_cgo_defun.c
+_cgo_gotypes.go
+_cgo_export.*
+
+_testmain.go
+
+*.exe
+
+*~
diff --git a/common/crypto/ecies/LICENSE b/common/crypto/ecies/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1ed19a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/ecies/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Copyright (c) 2013 Kyle Isom <kyle@tyrfingr.is>
+Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+distribution.
+   * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/common/crypto/ecies/README b/common/crypto/ecies/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2650c7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/ecies/README
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# NOTE
+
+This implementation is direct fork of Kylom's implementation. I claim no authorship over this code apart from some minor modifications.
+Please be aware this code **has not yet been reviewed**.
+
+ecies implements the Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme.
+
+The package is designed to be compliant with the appropriate NIST
+standards, and therefore doesn't support the full SEC 1 algorithm set.
+
+
+STATUS:
+
+ecies should be ready for use. The ASN.1 support is only complete so
+far as to supported the listed algorithms before.
+
+
+CAVEATS
+
+1. CMAC support is currently not present.
+
+
+SUPPORTED ALGORITHMS
+
+        SYMMETRIC CIPHERS               HASH FUNCTIONS
+             AES128                         SHA-1
+             AES192                        SHA-224
+             AES256                        SHA-256
+                                           SHA-384
+        ELLIPTIC CURVE                     SHA-512
+             P256
+             P384		    KEY DERIVATION FUNCTION
+             P521	       NIST SP 800-65a Concatenation KDF
+
+Curve P224 isn't supported because it does not provide a minimum security
+level of AES128 with HMAC-SHA1. According to NIST SP 800-57, the security
+level of P224 is 112 bits of security. Symmetric ciphers use CTR-mode;
+message tags are computed using HMAC-<HASH> function.
+
+
+CURVE SELECTION
+
+According to NIST SP 800-57, the following curves should be selected:
+
+    +----------------+-------+
+    | SYMMETRIC SIZE | CURVE |
+    +----------------+-------+
+    |     128-bit    |  P256 |
+    +----------------+-------+
+    |     192-bit    |  P384 |
+    +----------------+-------+
+    |     256-bit    |  P521 |
+    +----------------+-------+
+
+
+TODO
+
+1. Look at serialising the parameters with the SEC 1 ASN.1 module.
+2. Validate ASN.1 formats with SEC 1.
+
+
+TEST VECTORS
+
+The only test vectors I've found so far date from 1993, predating AES
+and including only 163-bit curves. Therefore, there are no published
+test vectors to compare to.
+
+
+LICENSE
+
+ecies is released under the same license as the Go source code. See the
+LICENSE file for details.
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+* SEC (Standard for Efficient Cryptography) 1, version 2.0: Elliptic
+  Curve Cryptography; Certicom, May 2009.
+  http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf
+* GEC (Guidelines for Efficient Cryptography) 2, version 0.3: Test
+  Vectors for SEC 1; Certicom, September 1999.
+  http://read.pudn.com/downloads168/doc/772358/TestVectorsforSEC%201-gec2.pdf
+* NIST SP 800-56a: Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes
+  Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography. National Institute of Standards
+  and Technology, May 2007.
+  http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-56A/SP800-56A_Revision1_Mar08-2007.pdf
+* Suite B Implementer’s Guide to NIST SP 800-56A. National Security
+  Agency, July 28, 2009.
+  http://www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/SuiteB_Implementer_G-113808.pdf
+* NIST SP 800-57: Recommendation for Key Management – Part 1: General
+  (Revision 3). National Institute of Standards and Technology, July
+  2012.
+  http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-57/sp800-57_part1_rev3_general.pdf
+
diff --git a/common/crypto/ecies/ecies.go b/common/crypto/ecies/ecies.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64b5a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/ecies/ecies.go
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Kyle Isom <kyle@tyrfingr.is>
+// Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+package ecies
+
+import (
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/hmac"
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"hash"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrImport                     = fmt.Errorf("ecies: failed to import key")
+	ErrInvalidCurve               = fmt.Errorf("ecies: invalid elliptic curve")
+	ErrInvalidPublicKey           = fmt.Errorf("ecies: invalid public key")
+	ErrSharedKeyIsPointAtInfinity = fmt.Errorf("ecies: shared key is point at infinity")
+	ErrSharedKeyTooBig            = fmt.Errorf("ecies: shared key params are too big")
+)
+
+// PublicKey is a representation of an elliptic curve public key.
+type PublicKey struct {
+	X *big.Int
+	Y *big.Int
+	elliptic.Curve
+	Params *ECIESParams
+}
+
+// Export an ECIES public key as an ECDSA public key.
+func (pub *PublicKey) ExportECDSA() *ecdsa.PublicKey {
+	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: pub.Curve, X: pub.X, Y: pub.Y}
+}
+
+// Import an ECDSA public key as an ECIES public key.
+func ImportECDSAPublic(pub *ecdsa.PublicKey) *PublicKey {
+	return &PublicKey{
+		X:      pub.X,
+		Y:      pub.Y,
+		Curve:  pub.Curve,
+		Params: ParamsFromCurve(pub.Curve),
+	}
+}
+
+// PrivateKey is a representation of an elliptic curve private key.
+type PrivateKey struct {
+	PublicKey
+	D *big.Int
+}
+
+// Export an ECIES private key as an ECDSA private key.
+func (prv *PrivateKey) ExportECDSA() *ecdsa.PrivateKey {
+	pub := &prv.PublicKey
+	pubECDSA := pub.ExportECDSA()
+	return &ecdsa.PrivateKey{PublicKey: *pubECDSA, D: prv.D}
+}
+
+// Import an ECDSA private key as an ECIES private key.
+func ImportECDSA(prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *PrivateKey {
+	pub := ImportECDSAPublic(&prv.PublicKey)
+	return &PrivateKey{*pub, prv.D}
+}
+
+// Generate an elliptic curve public / private keypair. If params is nil,
+// the recommended default parameters for the key will be chosen.
+func GenerateKey(rand io.Reader, curve elliptic.Curve, params *ECIESParams) (prv *PrivateKey, err error) {
+	pb, x, y, err := elliptic.GenerateKey(curve, rand)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	prv = new(PrivateKey)
+	prv.PublicKey.X = x
+	prv.PublicKey.Y = y
+	prv.PublicKey.Curve = curve
+	prv.D = new(big.Int).SetBytes(pb)
+	if params == nil {
+		params = ParamsFromCurve(curve)
+	}
+	prv.PublicKey.Params = params
+	return
+}
+
+// MaxSharedKeyLength returns the maximum length of the shared key the
+// public key can produce.
+func MaxSharedKeyLength(pub *PublicKey) int {
+	return (pub.Curve.Params().BitSize + 7) / 8
+}
+
+// ECDH key agreement method used to establish secret keys for encryption.
+func (prv *PrivateKey) GenerateShared(pub *PublicKey, skLen, macLen int) (sk []byte, err error) {
+	if prv.PublicKey.Curve != pub.Curve {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidCurve
+	}
+	if skLen+macLen > MaxSharedKeyLength(pub) {
+		return nil, ErrSharedKeyTooBig
+	}
+
+	x, _ := pub.Curve.ScalarMult(pub.X, pub.Y, prv.D.Bytes())
+	if x == nil {
+		return nil, ErrSharedKeyIsPointAtInfinity
+	}
+
+	sk = make([]byte, skLen+macLen)
+	skBytes := x.Bytes()
+	copy(sk[len(sk)-len(skBytes):], skBytes)
+	return sk, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrSharedTooLong  = fmt.Errorf("ecies: shared secret is too long")
+	ErrInvalidMessage = fmt.Errorf("ecies: invalid message")
+)
+
+// NIST SP 800-56 Concatenation Key Derivation Function (see section 5.8.1).
+func concatKDF(hash hash.Hash, z, s1 []byte, kdLen int) []byte {
+	counterBytes := make([]byte, 4)
+	k := make([]byte, 0, roundup(kdLen, hash.Size()))
+	for counter := uint32(1); len(k) < kdLen; counter++ {
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(counterBytes, counter)
+		hash.Reset()
+		hash.Write(counterBytes)
+		hash.Write(z)
+		hash.Write(s1)
+		k = hash.Sum(k)
+	}
+	return k[:kdLen]
+}
+
+// roundup rounds size up to the next multiple of blocksize.
+func roundup(size, blocksize int) int {
+	return size + blocksize - (size % blocksize)
+}
+
+// deriveKeys creates the encryption and MAC keys using concatKDF.
+func deriveKeys(hash hash.Hash, z, s1 []byte, keyLen int) (Ke, Km []byte) {
+	K := concatKDF(hash, z, s1, 2*keyLen)
+	Ke = K[:keyLen]
+	Km = K[keyLen:]
+	hash.Reset()
+	hash.Write(Km)
+	Km = hash.Sum(Km[:0])
+	return Ke, Km
+}
+
+// messageTag computes the MAC of a message (called the tag) as per
+// SEC 1, 3.5.
+func messageTag(hash func() hash.Hash, km, msg, shared []byte) []byte {
+	mac := hmac.New(hash, km)
+	mac.Write(msg)
+	mac.Write(shared)
+	tag := mac.Sum(nil)
+	return tag
+}
+
+// Generate an initialisation vector for CTR mode.
+func generateIV(params *ECIESParams, rand io.Reader) (iv []byte, err error) {
+	iv = make([]byte, params.BlockSize)
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(rand, iv)
+	return
+}
+
+// symEncrypt carries out CTR encryption using the block cipher specified in the
+func symEncrypt(rand io.Reader, params *ECIESParams, key, m []byte) (ct []byte, err error) {
+	c, err := params.Cipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	iv, err := generateIV(params, rand)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	ctr := cipher.NewCTR(c, iv)
+
+	ct = make([]byte, len(m)+params.BlockSize)
+	copy(ct, iv)
+	ctr.XORKeyStream(ct[params.BlockSize:], m)
+	return
+}
+
+// symDecrypt carries out CTR decryption using the block cipher specified in
+// the parameters
+func symDecrypt(params *ECIESParams, key, ct []byte) (m []byte, err error) {
+	c, err := params.Cipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctr := cipher.NewCTR(c, ct[:params.BlockSize])
+
+	m = make([]byte, len(ct)-params.BlockSize)
+	ctr.XORKeyStream(m, ct[params.BlockSize:])
+	return
+}
+
+// Encrypt encrypts a message using ECIES as specified in SEC 1, 5.1.
+//
+// s1 and s2 contain shared information that is not part of the resulting
+// ciphertext. s1 is fed into key derivation, s2 is fed into the MAC. If the
+// shared information parameters aren't being used, they should be nil.
+func Encrypt(rand io.Reader, pub *PublicKey, m, s1, s2 []byte) (ct []byte, err error) {
+	params, err := pubkeyParams(pub)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	R, err := GenerateKey(rand, pub.Curve, params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	z, err := R.GenerateShared(pub, params.KeyLen, params.KeyLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hash := params.Hash()
+	Ke, Km := deriveKeys(hash, z, s1, params.KeyLen)
+
+	em, err := symEncrypt(rand, params, Ke, m)
+	if err != nil || len(em) <= params.BlockSize {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	d := messageTag(params.Hash, Km, em, s2)
+
+	Rb := elliptic.Marshal(pub.Curve, R.PublicKey.X, R.PublicKey.Y)
+	ct = make([]byte, len(Rb)+len(em)+len(d))
+	copy(ct, Rb)
+	copy(ct[len(Rb):], em)
+	copy(ct[len(Rb)+len(em):], d)
+	return ct, nil
+}
+
+// Decrypt decrypts an ECIES ciphertext.
+func (prv *PrivateKey) Decrypt(c, s1, s2 []byte) (m []byte, err error) {
+	if len(c) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidMessage
+	}
+	params, err := pubkeyParams(&prv.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hash := params.Hash()
+
+	var (
+		rLen   int
+		hLen   int = hash.Size()
+		mStart int
+		mEnd   int
+	)
+
+	switch c[0] {
+	case 2, 3, 4:
+		rLen = (prv.PublicKey.Curve.Params().BitSize + 7) / 4
+		if len(c) < (rLen + hLen + 1) {
+			return nil, ErrInvalidMessage
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, ErrInvalidPublicKey
+	}
+
+	mStart = rLen
+	mEnd = len(c) - hLen
+
+	R := new(PublicKey)
+	R.Curve = prv.PublicKey.Curve
+	R.X, R.Y = elliptic.Unmarshal(R.Curve, c[:rLen])
+	if R.X == nil {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidPublicKey
+	}
+
+	z, err := prv.GenerateShared(R, params.KeyLen, params.KeyLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	Ke, Km := deriveKeys(hash, z, s1, params.KeyLen)
+
+	d := messageTag(params.Hash, Km, c[mStart:mEnd], s2)
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(c[mEnd:], d) != 1 {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidMessage
+	}
+
+	return symDecrypt(params, Ke, c[mStart:mEnd])
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go b/common/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc54ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Kyle Isom <kyle@tyrfingr.is>
+// Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+package ecies
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+func TestKDF(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		length int
+		output []byte
+	}{
+		{6, decode("858b192fa2ed")},
+		{32, decode("858b192fa2ed4395e2bf88dd8d5770d67dc284ee539f12da8bceaa45d06ebae0")},
+		{48, decode("858b192fa2ed4395e2bf88dd8d5770d67dc284ee539f12da8bceaa45d06ebae0700f1ab918a5f0413b8140f9940d6955")},
+		{64, decode("858b192fa2ed4395e2bf88dd8d5770d67dc284ee539f12da8bceaa45d06ebae0700f1ab918a5f0413b8140f9940d6955f3467fd6672cce1024c5b1effccc0f61")},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		h := sha256.New()
+		k := concatKDF(h, []byte("input"), nil, test.length)
+		if !bytes.Equal(k, test.output) {
+			t.Fatalf("KDF: generated key %x does not match expected output %x", k, test.output)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var ErrBadSharedKeys = fmt.Errorf("ecies: shared keys don't match")
+
+// cmpParams compares a set of ECIES parameters. We assume, as per the
+// docs, that AES is the only supported symmetric encryption algorithm.
+func cmpParams(p1, p2 *ECIESParams) bool {
+	return p1.hashAlgo == p2.hashAlgo &&
+		p1.KeyLen == p2.KeyLen &&
+		p1.BlockSize == p2.BlockSize
+}
+
+// Validate the ECDH component.
+func TestSharedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	prv1, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	skLen := MaxSharedKeyLength(&prv1.PublicKey) / 2
+
+	prv2, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	sk1, err := prv1.GenerateShared(&prv2.PublicKey, skLen, skLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	sk2, err := prv2.GenerateShared(&prv1.PublicKey, skLen, skLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(sk1, sk2) {
+		t.Fatal(ErrBadSharedKeys)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSharedKeyPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	// sanity checks
+	prv0 := hexKey("1adf5c18167d96a1f9a0b1ef63be8aa27eaf6032c233b2b38f7850cf5b859fd9")
+	prv1 := hexKey("0097a076fc7fcd9208240668e31c9abee952cbb6e375d1b8febc7499d6e16f1a")
+	x0, _ := new(big.Int).SetString("1a8ed022ff7aec59dc1b440446bdda5ff6bcb3509a8b109077282b361efffbd8", 16)
+	x1, _ := new(big.Int).SetString("6ab3ac374251f638d0abb3ef596d1dc67955b507c104e5f2009724812dc027b8", 16)
+	y0, _ := new(big.Int).SetString("e040bd480b1deccc3bc40bd5b1fdcb7bfd352500b477cb9471366dbd4493f923", 16)
+	y1, _ := new(big.Int).SetString("8ad915f2b503a8be6facab6588731fefeb584fd2dfa9a77a5e0bba1ec439e4fa", 16)
+
+	if prv0.PublicKey.X.Cmp(x0) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("mismatched prv0.X:\nhave: %x\nwant: %x\n", prv0.PublicKey.X.Bytes(), x0.Bytes())
+	}
+	if prv0.PublicKey.Y.Cmp(y0) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("mismatched prv0.Y:\nhave: %x\nwant: %x\n", prv0.PublicKey.Y.Bytes(), y0.Bytes())
+	}
+	if prv1.PublicKey.X.Cmp(x1) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("mismatched prv1.X:\nhave: %x\nwant: %x\n", prv1.PublicKey.X.Bytes(), x1.Bytes())
+	}
+	if prv1.PublicKey.Y.Cmp(y1) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("mismatched prv1.Y:\nhave: %x\nwant: %x\n", prv1.PublicKey.Y.Bytes(), y1.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	// test shared secret generation
+	sk1, err := prv0.GenerateShared(&prv1.PublicKey, 16, 16)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Log(err.Error())
+	}
+
+	sk2, err := prv1.GenerateShared(&prv0.PublicKey, 16, 16)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(sk1, sk2) {
+		t.Fatal(ErrBadSharedKeys.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// Verify that the key generation code fails when too much key data is
+// requested.
+func TestTooBigSharedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	prv1, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	prv2, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = prv1.GenerateShared(&prv2.PublicKey, 32, 32)
+	if err != ErrSharedKeyTooBig {
+		t.Fatal("ecdh: shared key should be too large for curve")
+	}
+
+	_, err = prv2.GenerateShared(&prv1.PublicKey, 32, 32)
+	if err != ErrSharedKeyTooBig {
+		t.Fatal("ecdh: shared key should be too large for curve")
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmark the generation of P256 keys.
+func BenchmarkGenerateKeyP256(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		if _, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, elliptic.P256(), nil); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmark the generation of P256 shared keys.
+func BenchmarkGenSharedKeyP256(b *testing.B) {
+	prv, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, elliptic.P256(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, err := prv.GenerateShared(&prv.PublicKey, 16, 16)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmark the generation of S256 shared keys.
+func BenchmarkGenSharedKeyS256(b *testing.B) {
+	prv, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, crypto.S256(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, err := prv.GenerateShared(&prv.PublicKey, 16, 16)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Verify that an encrypted message can be successfully decrypted.
+func TestEncryptDecrypt(t *testing.T) {
+	prv1, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	prv2, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	message := []byte("Hello, world.")
+	ct, err := Encrypt(rand.Reader, &prv2.PublicKey, message, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	pt, err := prv2.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(pt, message) {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: plaintext doesn't match message")
+	}
+
+	_, err = prv1.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: encryption should not have succeeded")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecryptShared2(t *testing.T) {
+	prv, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	message := []byte("Hello, world.")
+	shared2 := []byte("shared data 2")
+	ct, err := Encrypt(rand.Reader, &prv.PublicKey, message, nil, shared2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Check that decrypting with correct shared data works.
+	pt, err := prv.Decrypt(ct, nil, shared2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(pt, message) {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: plaintext doesn't match message")
+	}
+
+	// Decrypting without shared data or incorrect shared data fails.
+	if _, err = prv.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: decrypting without shared data didn't fail")
+	}
+	if _, err = prv.Decrypt(ct, nil, []byte("garbage")); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: decrypting with incorrect shared data didn't fail")
+	}
+}
+
+type testCase struct {
+	Curve    elliptic.Curve
+	Name     string
+	Expected *ECIESParams
+}
+
+var testCases = []testCase{
+	{
+		Curve:    elliptic.P256(),
+		Name:     "P256",
+		Expected: ECIES_AES128_SHA256,
+	},
+	{
+		Curve:    elliptic.P384(),
+		Name:     "P384",
+		Expected: ECIES_AES192_SHA384,
+	},
+	{
+		Curve:    elliptic.P521(),
+		Name:     "P521",
+		Expected: ECIES_AES256_SHA512,
+	},
+}
+
+// Test parameter selection for each curve, and that P224 fails automatic
+// parameter selection (see README for a discussion of P224). Ensures that
+// selecting a set of parameters automatically for the given curve works.
+func TestParamSelection(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range testCases {
+		testParamSelection(t, c)
+	}
+}
+
+func testParamSelection(t *testing.T, c testCase) {
+	params := ParamsFromCurve(c.Curve)
+	if params == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ParamsFromCurve returned nil")
+	} else if params != nil && !cmpParams(params, c.Expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("ecies: parameters should be invalid (%s)\n", c.Name)
+	}
+
+	prv1, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%s (%s)\n", err.Error(), c.Name)
+	}
+
+	prv2, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%s (%s)\n", err.Error(), c.Name)
+	}
+
+	message := []byte("Hello, world.")
+	ct, err := Encrypt(rand.Reader, &prv2.PublicKey, message, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%s (%s)\n", err.Error(), c.Name)
+	}
+
+	pt, err := prv2.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%s (%s)\n", err.Error(), c.Name)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(pt, message) {
+		t.Fatalf("ecies: plaintext doesn't match message (%s)\n", c.Name)
+	}
+
+	_, err = prv1.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ecies: encryption should not have succeeded (%s)\n", c.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// Ensure that the basic public key validation in the decryption operation
+// works.
+func TestBasicKeyValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	badBytes := []byte{0, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
+
+	prv, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, DefaultCurve, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	message := []byte("Hello, world.")
+	ct, err := Encrypt(rand.Reader, &prv.PublicKey, message, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, b := range badBytes {
+		ct[0] = b
+		_, err := prv.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil)
+		if err != ErrInvalidPublicKey {
+			t.Fatal("ecies: validated an invalid key")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBox(t *testing.T) {
+	prv1 := hexKey("4b50fa71f5c3eeb8fdc452224b2395af2fcc3d125e06c32c82e048c0559db03f")
+	prv2 := hexKey("d0b043b4c5d657670778242d82d68a29d25d7d711127d17b8e299f156dad361a")
+	pub2 := &prv2.PublicKey
+
+	message := []byte("Hello, world.")
+	ct, err := Encrypt(rand.Reader, pub2, message, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	pt, err := prv2.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(pt, message) {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: plaintext doesn't match message")
+	}
+	if _, err = prv1.Decrypt(ct, nil, nil); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ecies: encryption should not have succeeded")
+	}
+}
+
+// Verify GenerateShared against static values - useful when
+// debugging changes in underlying libs
+func TestSharedKeyStatic(t *testing.T) {
+	prv1 := hexKey("7ebbc6a8358bc76dd73ebc557056702c8cfc34e5cfcd90eb83af0347575fd2ad")
+	prv2 := hexKey("6a3d6396903245bba5837752b9e0348874e72db0c4e11e9c485a81b4ea4353b9")
+
+	skLen := MaxSharedKeyLength(&prv1.PublicKey) / 2
+
+	sk1, err := prv1.GenerateShared(&prv2.PublicKey, skLen, skLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	sk2, err := prv2.GenerateShared(&prv1.PublicKey, skLen, skLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(sk1, sk2) {
+		t.Fatal(ErrBadSharedKeys)
+	}
+
+	sk := decode("167ccc13ac5e8a26b131c3446030c60fbfac6aa8e31149d0869f93626a4cdf62")
+	if !bytes.Equal(sk1, sk) {
+		t.Fatalf("shared secret mismatch: want: %x have: %x", sk, sk1)
+	}
+}
+
+func hexKey(prv string) *PrivateKey {
+	key, err := crypto.HexToECDSA(prv)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return ImportECDSA(key)
+}
+
+func decode(s string) []byte {
+	bytes, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return bytes
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/ecies/params.go b/common/crypto/ecies/params.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecc85f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/ecies/params.go
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Kyle Isom <kyle@tyrfingr.is>
+// Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+package ecies
+
+// This file contains parameters for ECIES encryption, specifying the
+// symmetric encryption and HMAC parameters.
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"fmt"
+	"hash"
+
+	ethcrypto "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+var (
+	DefaultCurve                  = ethcrypto.S256()
+	ErrUnsupportedECDHAlgorithm   = fmt.Errorf("ecies: unsupported ECDH algorithm")
+	ErrUnsupportedECIESParameters = fmt.Errorf("ecies: unsupported ECIES parameters")
+	ErrInvalidKeyLen              = fmt.Errorf("ecies: invalid key size (> %d) in ECIESParams", maxKeyLen)
+)
+
+// KeyLen is limited to prevent overflow of the counter
+// in concatKDF. While the theoretical limit is much higher,
+// no known cipher uses keys larger than 512 bytes.
+const maxKeyLen = 512
+
+type ECIESParams struct {
+	Hash      func() hash.Hash // hash function
+	hashAlgo  crypto.Hash
+	Cipher    func([]byte) (cipher.Block, error) // symmetric cipher
+	BlockSize int                                // block size of symmetric cipher
+	KeyLen    int                                // length of symmetric key
+}
+
+// Standard ECIES parameters:
+// * ECIES using AES128 and HMAC-SHA-256-16
+// * ECIES using AES256 and HMAC-SHA-256-32
+// * ECIES using AES256 and HMAC-SHA-384-48
+// * ECIES using AES256 and HMAC-SHA-512-64
+
+var (
+	ECIES_AES128_SHA256 = &ECIESParams{
+		Hash:      sha256.New,
+		hashAlgo:  crypto.SHA256,
+		Cipher:    aes.NewCipher,
+		BlockSize: aes.BlockSize,
+		KeyLen:    16,
+	}
+
+	ECIES_AES192_SHA384 = &ECIESParams{
+		Hash:      sha512.New384,
+		hashAlgo:  crypto.SHA384,
+		Cipher:    aes.NewCipher,
+		BlockSize: aes.BlockSize,
+		KeyLen:    24,
+	}
+
+	ECIES_AES256_SHA256 = &ECIESParams{
+		Hash:      sha256.New,
+		hashAlgo:  crypto.SHA256,
+		Cipher:    aes.NewCipher,
+		BlockSize: aes.BlockSize,
+		KeyLen:    32,
+	}
+
+	ECIES_AES256_SHA384 = &ECIESParams{
+		Hash:      sha512.New384,
+		hashAlgo:  crypto.SHA384,
+		Cipher:    aes.NewCipher,
+		BlockSize: aes.BlockSize,
+		KeyLen:    32,
+	}
+
+	ECIES_AES256_SHA512 = &ECIESParams{
+		Hash:      sha512.New,
+		hashAlgo:  crypto.SHA512,
+		Cipher:    aes.NewCipher,
+		BlockSize: aes.BlockSize,
+		KeyLen:    32,
+	}
+)
+
+var paramsFromCurve = map[elliptic.Curve]*ECIESParams{
+	ethcrypto.S256(): ECIES_AES128_SHA256,
+	elliptic.P256():  ECIES_AES128_SHA256,
+	elliptic.P384():  ECIES_AES192_SHA384,
+	elliptic.P521():  ECIES_AES256_SHA512,
+}
+
+func AddParamsForCurve(curve elliptic.Curve, params *ECIESParams) {
+	paramsFromCurve[curve] = params
+}
+
+// ParamsFromCurve selects parameters optimal for the selected elliptic curve.
+// Only the curves P256, P384, and P512 are supported.
+func ParamsFromCurve(curve elliptic.Curve) (params *ECIESParams) {
+	return paramsFromCurve[curve]
+}
+
+func pubkeyParams(key *PublicKey) (*ECIESParams, error) {
+	params := key.Params
+	if params == nil {
+		if params = ParamsFromCurve(key.Curve); params == nil {
+			return nil, ErrUnsupportedECIESParameters
+		}
+	}
+	if params.KeyLen > maxKeyLen {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidKeyLen
+	}
+	return params, nil
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/rand/BUILD.bazel b/common/crypto/rand/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8039ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/rand/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+load("@prysm//tools/go:def.bzl", "go_library", "go_test")
+
+go_library(
+    name = "go_default_library",
+    srcs = ["rand.go"],
+    importpath = "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/v3/crypto/rand",
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+)
+
+go_test(
+    name = "go_default_test",
+    srcs = ["rand_test.go"],
+    embed = [":go_default_library"],
+)
diff --git a/common/crypto/rand/rand.go b/common/crypto/rand/rand.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e7ecdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/rand/rand.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+Package rand defines methods of obtaining random number generators.
+
+One is expected to use randomness from this package only, without introducing any other packages.
+This limits the scope of code that needs to be hardened.
+
+There are two modes, one for deterministic and another non-deterministic randomness:
+1. If deterministic pseudo-random generator is enough, use:
+
+		import "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/v3/crypto/rand"
+		randGen := rand.NewDeterministicGenerator()
+		randGen.Intn(32) // or any other func defined in math.rand API
+
+	   In this mode, only seed is generated using cryptographically secure source (crypto/rand). So,
+	   once seed is obtained, and generator is seeded, the next generations are deterministic, thus fast.
+	   However given that we only seed this 63 bits from crypto/rand and use math/rand to generate the outputs,
+	   this method is not cryptographically secure. This is directly stated in the math/rand package,
+	   https://github.com/golang/go/blob/release-branch.go1.17/src/math/rand/rand.go#L15. For any security
+	   sensitive work this particular generator is NOT to be used.
+
+2. For cryptographically secure non-deterministic mode (CSPRNG), use:
+
+		import "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/v3/crypto/rand"
+		randGen := rand.NewGenerator()
+		randGen.Intn(32) // or any other func defined in math.rand API
+
+	   Again, any of the functions from `math/rand` can be used, however, they all use custom source
+	   of randomness (crypto/rand), on every step. This makes randomness non-deterministic. However,
+	   you take a performance hit -- as it is an order of magnitude slower.
+*/
+package rand
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	mrand "math/rand"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+type source struct{}
+
+var lock sync.RWMutex
+var _ mrand.Source64 = (*source)(nil) // #nosec G404 -- This ensures we meet the interface
+
+// Seed does nothing when crypto/rand is used as source.
+func (_ *source) Seed(_ int64) {}
+
+// Int63 returns uniformly-distributed random (as in CSPRNG) int64 value within [0, 1<<63) range.
+// Panics if random generator reader cannot return data.
+func (s *source) Int63() int64 {
+	return int64(s.Uint64() & ^uint64(1<<63))
+}
+
+// Uint64 returns uniformly-distributed random (as in CSPRNG) uint64 value within [0, 1<<64) range.
+// Panics if random generator reader cannot return data.
+func (_ *source) Uint64() (val uint64) {
+	lock.RLock()
+	defer lock.RUnlock()
+	if err := binary.Read(rand.Reader, binary.BigEndian, &val); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Rand is alias for underlying random generator.
+type Rand = mrand.Rand // #nosec G404
+
+// NewGenerator returns a new generator that uses random values from crypto/rand as a source
+// (cryptographically secure random number generator).
+// Panics if crypto/rand input cannot be read.
+// Use it for everything where crypto secure non-deterministic randomness is required. Performance
+// takes a hit, so use sparingly.
+func NewGenerator() *Rand {
+	return mrand.New(&source{}) // #nosec G404 -- excluded
+}
+
+// NewDeterministicGenerator returns a random generator which is only seeded with crypto/rand,
+// but is deterministic otherwise (given seed, produces given results, deterministically).
+// Panics if crypto/rand input cannot be read.
+// Use this method for performance, where deterministic pseudo-random behaviour is enough.
+// Otherwise, rely on NewGenerator(). This method is not cryptographically secure as outputs
+// can be potentially predicted even without knowledge of the underlying seed.
+func NewDeterministicGenerator() *Rand {
+	randGen := NewGenerator()
+	return mrand.New(mrand.NewSource(randGen.Int63())) // #nosec G404 -- excluded
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/rand/rand_test.go b/common/crypto/rand/rand_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..599006d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/rand/rand_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package rand
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestNewGenerator(_ *testing.T) {
+	// Make sure that generation works, no panics.
+	randGen := NewGenerator()
+	_ = randGen.Int63()
+	_ = randGen.Uint64()
+	_ = randGen.Intn(32)
+	var _ = rand.Source64(randGen)
+}
+
+func TestNewDeterministicGenerator(_ *testing.T) {
+	// Make sure that generation works, no panics.
+	randGen := NewDeterministicGenerator()
+	_ = randGen.Int63()
+	_ = randGen.Uint64()
+	_ = randGen.Intn(32)
+	var _ = rand.Source64(randGen)
+}
diff --git a/common/crypto/signature_cgo.go b/common/crypto/signature_cgo.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4c803c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/crypto/signature_cgo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !nacl && !js && cgo && !gofuzz
+
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/secp256k1"
+)
+
+// Ecrecover returns the uncompressed public key that created the given signature.
+func Ecrecover(hash, sig []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return secp256k1.RecoverPubkey(hash, sig)
+}
+
+// Ecrecover returns the uncompressed public key that created the given signature.
+func EcrecoverWithContext(context *secp256k1.Context, hash, sig []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return secp256k1.RecoverPubkeyWithContext(context, hash, sig, nil)
+}
+
+// SigToPub returns the public key that created the given signature.
+func SigToPub(hash, sig []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	s, err := Ecrecover(hash, sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(S256(), s)
+	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: S256(), X: x, Y: y}, nil
+}
+
+// Sign calculates an ECDSA signature.
+//
+// This function is susceptible to chosen plaintext attacks that can leak
+// information about the private key that is used for signing. Callers must
+// be aware that the given digest cannot be chosen by an adversery. Common
+// solution is to hash any input before calculating the signature.
+//
+// The produced signature is in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func Sign(digestHash []byte, prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) (sig []byte, err error) {
+	if len(digestHash) != DigestLength {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("hash is required to be exactly %d bytes (%d)", DigestLength, len(digestHash))
+	}
+	seckey := math.PaddedBigBytes(prv.D, prv.Params().BitSize/8)
+	defer zeroBytes(seckey)
+	return secp256k1.Sign(digestHash, seckey)
+}
+
+// VerifySignature checks that the given public key created signature over digest.
+// The public key should be in compressed (33 bytes) or uncompressed (65 bytes) format.
+// The signature should have the 64 byte [R || S] format.
+func VerifySignature(pubkey, digestHash, signature []byte) bool {
+	return secp256k1.VerifySignature(pubkey, digestHash, signature)
+}
+
+// DecompressPubkey parses a public key in the 33-byte compressed format.
+func DecompressPubkey(pubkey []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	x, y := secp256k1.DecompressPubkey(pubkey)
+	if x == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid public key")
+	}
+	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{X: x, Y: y, Curve: S256()}, nil
+}
+
+// CompressPubkey encodes a public key to the 33-byte compressed format.
+func CompressPubkey(pubkey *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	return secp256k1.CompressPubkey(pubkey.X, pubkey.Y)
+}
+
+// S256 returns an instance of the secp256k1 curve.
+func S256() elliptic.Curve {
+	return secp256k1.S256()
+}
diff --git a/common/db/database.go b/common/db/database.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4674aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/db/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package db
+
+type IDBReader interface {
+	Get(key []byte) (value []byte, err error)
+	Gets(key []byte, count uint) (keys [][]byte, value [][]byte, err error)
+	GetIterator(key []byte) (iterator IIterator, err error)
+}
+
+type IDBWriter interface {
+	Put(key []byte, value []byte) (err error)
+	Puts(keys [][]byte, values [][]byte) (err error)
+	Delete(key []byte) (err error)
+	Drop() (err error)
+}
+
+/*
+IIterator mdbx must close
+*/
+type IIterator interface {
+	Next() (err error)
+	Prev() (err error)
+	Key() (key []byte, err error)
+	Value() (value []byte, err error)
+	Close()
+}
+
+type IDBReaderWriter interface {
+	IDBReader
+	IDBWriter
+}
+
+type IDatabaseReader interface {
+	IDBReader
+}
+
+type IDatabaseWriter interface {
+	IDBWriter
+}
+
+type IDatabaseWriterReader interface {
+	IDBReaderWriter
+}
+
+type IDatabase interface {
+	OpenReader(dbName string) (reader IDatabaseReader, err error)
+	OpenWriter(dbName string) (writer IDatabaseWriter, err error)
+	Open(dbName string) (rw IDatabaseWriterReader, err error)
+	Snapshot() (ISnapshot, error)
+	Close() (err error)
+}
+
+type ISnapshot interface {
+	Put(dbName string, key []byte, value []byte) (err error)
+	Get(dbName string, key []byte) (value []byte, err error)
+	Commit() error
+	Rollback()
+}
diff --git a/common/events.go b/common/events.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97780dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/events.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+// NewLocalTxsEvent local txs
+type NewLocalTxsEvent struct{ Txs []*transaction.Transaction }
+
+// NewTxsEvent txs
+type NewTxsEvent struct{ Txs []*transaction.Transaction }
+
+// NewLogsEvent new logs
+type NewLogsEvent struct{ Logs []*block.Log }
+
+// RemovedLogsEvent is posted when a reorg happens // todo blockchain v2
+type RemovedLogsEvent struct{ Logs []*block.Log }
+
+// NewPendingLogsEvent is posted when a reorg happens // todo miner v2
+type NewPendingLogsEvent struct{ Logs []*block.Log }
+
+// PeerJoinEvent Peer join
+type PeerJoinEvent struct{ Peer peer.ID }
+
+// PeerDropEvent Peer drop
+type PeerDropEvent struct{ Peer peer.ID }
+
+// DownloaderStartEvent start download
+type DownloaderStartEvent struct{}
+
+// DownloaderFinishEvent finish download
+type DownloaderFinishEvent struct{}
+
+type ChainHighestBlock struct {
+	Block    block.Block
+	Inserted bool
+}
+type MinedEntireEvent struct {
+	Entire state.EntireCode
+}
diff --git a/common/format.go b/common/format.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef82196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/format.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// PrettyDuration is a pretty printed version of a time.Duration value that cuts
+// the unnecessary precision off from the formatted textual representation.
+type PrettyDuration time.Duration
+
+var prettyDurationRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\.[0-9]+`)
+
+// String implements the Stringer interface, allowing pretty printing of duration
+// values rounded to three decimals.
+func (d PrettyDuration) String() string {
+	label := fmt.Sprintf("%v", time.Duration(d))
+	if match := prettyDurationRe.FindString(label); len(match) > 4 {
+		label = strings.Replace(label, match, match[:4], 1)
+	}
+	return label
+}
+
+// PrettyAge is a pretty printed version of a time.Duration value that rounds
+// the values up to a single most significant unit, days/weeks/years included.
+type PrettyAge time.Time
+
+// ageUnits is a list of units the age pretty printing uses.
+var ageUnits = []struct {
+	Size   time.Duration
+	Symbol string
+}{
+	{12 * 30 * 24 * time.Hour, "y"},
+	{30 * 24 * time.Hour, "mo"},
+	{7 * 24 * time.Hour, "w"},
+	{24 * time.Hour, "d"},
+	{time.Hour, "h"},
+	{time.Minute, "m"},
+	{time.Second, "s"},
+}
+
+// String implements the Stringer interface, allowing pretty printing of duration
+// values rounded to the most significant time unit.
+func (t PrettyAge) String() string {
+	// Calculate the time difference and handle the 0 cornercase
+	diff := time.Since(time.Time(t))
+	if diff < time.Second {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	// Accumulate a precision of 3 components before returning
+	result, prec := "", 0
+
+	for _, unit := range ageUnits {
+		if diff > unit.Size {
+			result = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d%s", result, diff/unit.Size, unit.Symbol)
+			diff %= unit.Size
+
+			if prec += 1; prec >= 3 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
diff --git a/common/gaspool.go b/common/gaspool.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f50e494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/gaspool.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/core"
+	"math"
+)
+
+// GasPool tracks the amount of gas available during execution of the transactions
+// in a block. The zero value is a pool with zero gas available.
+type GasPool uint64
+
+// AddGas makes gas available for execution.
+func (gp *GasPool) AddGas(amount uint64) *GasPool {
+	if uint64(*gp) > math.MaxUint64-amount {
+		panic("gas pool pushed above uint64")
+	}
+	*(*uint64)(gp) += amount
+	return gp
+}
+
+// SubGas deducts the given amount from the pool if enough gas is
+// available and returns an error otherwise.
+func (gp *GasPool) SubGas(amount uint64) error {
+	if uint64(*gp) < amount {
+		return core.ErrGasLimitReached
+	}
+	*(*uint64)(gp) -= amount
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Gas returns the amount of gas remaining in the pool.
+func (gp *GasPool) Gas() uint64 {
+	return uint64(*gp)
+}
+
+func (gp *GasPool) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *gp)
+}
diff --git a/common/hash/hash.go b/common/hash/hash.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8005048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/hash/hash.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hash
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"sync"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// hasherPool holds LegacyKeccak256 hashers for rlpHash.
+var HasherPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} { return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256() },
+}
+
+// encodeBufferPool holds temporary encoder buffers for DeriveSha and TX encoding.
+var encodeBufferPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} { return new(bytes.Buffer) },
+}
+
+// DerivableList is the input to DeriveSha.
+// It is implemented by the 'Transactions' and 'Receipts' types.
+// This is internal, do not use these methods.
+type DerivableList interface {
+	Len() int
+	EncodeIndex(int, *bytes.Buffer)
+}
+
+func encodeForDerive(list DerivableList, i int, buf *bytes.Buffer) []byte {
+	buf.Reset()
+	list.EncodeIndex(i, buf)
+	// It's really unfortunate that we need to do perform this copy.
+	// StackTrie holds onto the values until Hash is called, so the values
+	// written to it must not alias.
+	return types.CopyBytes(buf.Bytes())
+}
+
+// DeriveSha creates the tree hashes of transactions and receipts in a block header.
+func DeriveSha(list DerivableList) (h types.Hash) {
+
+	sha := HasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer HasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+
+	valueBuf := encodeBufferPool.Get().(*bytes.Buffer)
+	defer encodeBufferPool.Put(valueBuf)
+
+	for i := 0; i < list.Len(); i++ {
+		value := encodeForDerive(list, i, valueBuf)
+		sha.Write(value)
+	}
+	sha.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+var (
+	// NilHash sum(nil)
+	NilHash = types.HexToHash("0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470")
+	// EmptyUncleHash rlpHash([]*Header(nil))
+	EmptyUncleHash = types.HexToHash("0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347")
+)
+
+func RlpHash(x interface{}) (h types.Hash) {
+	sha := HasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer HasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+	rlp.Encode(sha, x)
+	sha.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+// PrefixedRlpHash writes the prefix into the hasher before rlp-encoding x.
+// It's used for typed transactions.
+func PrefixedRlpHash(prefix byte, x interface{}) (h types.Hash) {
+	sha := HasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer HasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+	sha.Write([]byte{prefix})
+	rlp.Encode(sha, x)
+	sha.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+// Hash defines a function that returns the sha256 checksum of the data passed in.
+// https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v0.9.3/specs/core/0_beacon-chain.md#hash
+func Hash(data []byte) [32]byte {
+	h, _ := HasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer HasherPool.Put(h)
+	h.Reset()
+
+	var b [32]byte
+
+	// The hash interface never returns an error, for that reason
+	// we are not handling the error below. For reference, it is
+	// stated here https://golang.org/pkg/hash/#Hash
+
+	// #nosec G104
+	h.Write(data)
+	h.Read(b[:])
+
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/common/hexutil/hexutil.go b/common/hexutil/hexutil.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9080f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/hexutil/hexutil.go
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+/*
+Package hexutil implements hex encoding with 0x prefix.
+This encoding is used by the Ethereum RPC API to transport binary data in JSON payloads.
+
+# Encoding Rules
+
+All hex data must have prefix "0x".
+
+For byte slices, the hex data must be of even length. An empty byte slice
+encodes as "0x".
+
+Integers are encoded using the least amount of digits (no leading zero digits). Their
+encoding may be of uneven length. The number zero encodes as "0x0".
+*/
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+const uintBits = 32 << (uint64(^uint(0)) >> 63)
+
+// Errors
+var (
+	ErrEmptyString   = &decError{"empty hex string"}
+	ErrSyntax        = &decError{"invalid hex string"}
+	ErrMissingPrefix = &decError{"hex string without 0x prefix"}
+	ErrOddLength     = &decError{"hex string of odd length"}
+	ErrEmptyNumber   = &decError{"hex string \"0x\""}
+	ErrLeadingZero   = &decError{"hex number with leading zero digits"}
+	ErrUint64Range   = &decError{"hex number > 64 bits"}
+	ErrUintRange     = &decError{fmt.Sprintf("hex number > %d bits", uintBits)}
+	ErrBig256Range   = &decError{"hex number > 256 bits"}
+)
+
+type decError struct{ msg string }
+
+func (err decError) Error() string { return err.msg }
+
+// Decode decodes a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func Decode(input string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !has0xPrefix(input) {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(input[2:])
+	if err != nil {
+		err = mapError(err)
+	}
+	return b, err
+}
+
+// MustDecode decodes a hex string with 0x prefix. It panics for invalid input.
+func MustDecode(input string) []byte {
+	dec, err := Decode(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return dec
+}
+
+// Encode encodes b as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func Encode(b []byte) string {
+	enc := make([]byte, len(b)*2+2)
+	copy(enc, "0x")
+	hex.Encode(enc[2:], b)
+	return string(enc)
+}
+
+// DecodeUint64 decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+func DecodeUint64(input string) (uint64, error) {
+	raw, err := checkNumber(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	dec, err := strconv.ParseUint(raw, 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = mapError(err)
+	}
+	return dec, err
+}
+
+// MustDecodeUint64 decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+// It panics for invalid input.
+func MustDecodeUint64(input string) uint64 {
+	dec, err := DecodeUint64(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return dec
+}
+
+// EncodeUint64 encodes i as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func EncodeUint64(i uint64) string {
+	enc := make([]byte, 2, 10)
+	copy(enc, "0x")
+	return string(strconv.AppendUint(enc, i, 16))
+}
+
+var bigWordNibbles int
+
+func init() {
+	// This is a weird way to compute the number of nibbles required for big.Word.
+	// The usual way would be to use constant arithmetic but go vet can't handle that.
+	b, _ := new(big.Int).SetString("FFFFFFFFFF", 16)
+	switch len(b.Bits()) {
+	case 1:
+		bigWordNibbles = 16
+	case 2:
+		bigWordNibbles = 8
+	default:
+		panic("weird big.Word size")
+	}
+}
+
+// DecodeBig decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+// Numbers larger than 256 bits are not accepted.
+func DecodeBig(input string) (*big.Int, error) {
+	raw, err := checkNumber(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(raw) > 64 {
+		return nil, ErrBig256Range
+	}
+	words := make([]big.Word, len(raw)/bigWordNibbles+1)
+	end := len(raw)
+	for i := range words {
+		start := end - bigWordNibbles
+		if start < 0 {
+			start = 0
+		}
+		for ri := start; ri < end; ri++ {
+			nib := decodeNibble(raw[ri])
+			if nib == badNibble {
+				return nil, ErrSyntax
+			}
+			words[i] *= 16
+			words[i] += big.Word(nib)
+		}
+		end = start
+	}
+	dec := new(big.Int).SetBits(words)
+	return dec, nil
+}
+
+// MustDecodeBig decodes a hex string with 0x prefix as a quantity.
+// It panics for invalid input.
+func MustDecodeBig(input string) *big.Int {
+	dec, err := DecodeBig(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return dec
+}
+
+// EncodeBig encodes bigint as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+// The sign of the integer is ignored.
+func EncodeBig(bigint *big.Int) string {
+	nbits := bigint.BitLen()
+	if nbits == 0 {
+		return "0x0"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bigint)
+}
+
+func has0xPrefix(input string) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '0' && (input[1] == 'x' || input[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+func checkNumber(input string) (raw string, err error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !has0xPrefix(input) {
+		return "", ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	input = input[2:]
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrEmptyNumber
+	}
+	if len(input) > 1 && input[0] == '0' {
+		return "", ErrLeadingZero
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+const badNibble = ^uint64(0)
+
+func decodeNibble(in byte) uint64 {
+	switch {
+	case in >= '0' && in <= '9':
+		return uint64(in - '0')
+	case in >= 'A' && in <= 'F':
+		return uint64(in - 'A' + 10)
+	case in >= 'a' && in <= 'f':
+		return uint64(in - 'a' + 10)
+	default:
+		return badNibble
+	}
+}
+
+func mapError(err error) error {
+	if err, ok := err.(*strconv.NumError); ok {
+		switch err.Err {
+		case strconv.ErrRange:
+			return ErrUint64Range
+		case strconv.ErrSyntax:
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := err.(hex.InvalidByteError); ok {
+		return ErrSyntax
+	}
+	if err == hex.ErrLength {
+		return ErrOddLength
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// CompressNibbles - supports only even number of nibbles
+// This method supports only arrays of even nibbles
+//
+// HI_NIBBLE(b) = (b >> 4) & 0x0F
+// LO_NIBBLE(b) = b & 0x0F
+func CompressNibbles(nibbles []byte, out *[]byte) {
+	tmp := (*out)[:0]
+	for i := 0; i < len(nibbles); i += 2 {
+		tmp = append(tmp, nibbles[i]<<4|nibbles[i+1])
+	}
+	*out = tmp
+}
+
+// DecompressNibbles - supports only even number of nibbles
+//
+// HI_NIBBLE(b) = (b >> 4) & 0x0F
+// LO_NIBBLE(b) = b & 0x0F
+func DecompressNibbles(in []byte, out *[]byte) {
+	tmp := (*out)[:0]
+	for i := 0; i < len(in); i++ {
+		tmp = append(tmp, (in[i]>>4)&0x0F, in[i]&0x0F)
+	}
+	*out = tmp
+}
diff --git a/common/hexutil/hexutil_test.go b/common/hexutil/hexutil_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ce535e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/hexutil/hexutil_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type marshalTest struct {
+	input interface{}
+	want  string
+}
+
+type unmarshalTest struct {
+	input        string
+	want         interface{}
+	wantErr      error // if set, decoding must fail on any platform
+	wantErr32bit error // if set, decoding must fail on 32bit platforms (used for Uint tests)
+}
+
+var (
+	encodeBytesTests = []marshalTest{
+		{[]byte{}, "0x"},
+		{[]byte{0}, "0x00"},
+		{[]byte{0, 0, 1, 2}, "0x00000102"},
+	}
+
+	encodeBigTests = []marshalTest{
+		{referenceBig("0"), "0x0"},
+		{referenceBig("1"), "0x1"},
+		{referenceBig("ff"), "0xff"},
+		{referenceBig("112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"), "0x112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"},
+		{referenceBig("80a7f2c1bcc396c00"), "0x80a7f2c1bcc396c00"},
+		{referenceBig("-80a7f2c1bcc396c00"), "-0x80a7f2c1bcc396c00"},
+	}
+
+	encodeUint64Tests = []marshalTest{
+		{uint64(0), "0x0"},
+		{uint64(1), "0x1"},
+		{uint64(0xff), "0xff"},
+		{uint64(0x1122334455667788), "0x1122334455667788"},
+	}
+
+	encodeUintTests = []marshalTest{
+		{uint(0), "0x0"},
+		{uint(1), "0x1"},
+		{uint(0xff), "0xff"},
+		{uint(0x11223344), "0x11223344"},
+	}
+
+	decodeBytesTests = []unmarshalTest{
+		// invalid
+		{input: ``, wantErr: ErrEmptyString},
+		{input: `0`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+		{input: `0x0`, wantErr: ErrOddLength},
+		{input: `0x023`, wantErr: ErrOddLength},
+		{input: `0xxx`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		{input: `0x01zz01`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		// valid
+		{input: `0x`, want: []byte{}},
+		{input: `0X`, want: []byte{}},
+		{input: `0x02`, want: []byte{0x02}},
+		{input: `0X02`, want: []byte{0x02}},
+		{input: `0xffffffffff`, want: []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}},
+		{
+			input: `0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff`,
+			want:  []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff},
+		},
+	}
+
+	decodeBigTests = []unmarshalTest{
+		// invalid
+		{input: `0`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+		{input: `0x`, wantErr: ErrEmptyNumber},
+		{input: `0x01`, wantErr: ErrLeadingZero},
+		{input: `0xx`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		{input: `0x1zz01`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		{
+			input:   `0x10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000`,
+			wantErr: ErrBig256Range,
+		},
+		// valid
+		{input: `0x0`, want: big.NewInt(0)},
+		{input: `0x2`, want: big.NewInt(0x2)},
+		{input: `0x2F2`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0X2F2`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0x1122aaff`, want: big.NewInt(0x1122aaff)},
+		{input: `0xbBb`, want: big.NewInt(0xbbb)},
+		{input: `0xfffffffff`, want: big.NewInt(0xfffffffff)},
+		{
+			input: `0x112233445566778899aabbccddeeff`,
+			want:  referenceBig("112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"),
+		},
+		{
+			input: `0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff`,
+			want:  referenceBig("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+		},
+		{
+			input: `0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff`,
+			want:  referenceBig("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	decodeUint64Tests = []unmarshalTest{
+		// invalid
+		{input: `0`, wantErr: ErrMissingPrefix},
+		{input: `0x`, wantErr: ErrEmptyNumber},
+		{input: `0x01`, wantErr: ErrLeadingZero},
+		{input: `0xfffffffffffffffff`, wantErr: ErrUint64Range},
+		{input: `0xx`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		{input: `0x1zz01`, wantErr: ErrSyntax},
+		// valid
+		{input: `0x0`, want: uint64(0)},
+		{input: `0x2`, want: uint64(0x2)},
+		{input: `0x2F2`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0X2F2`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+		{input: `0x1122aaff`, want: uint64(0x1122aaff)},
+		{input: `0xbbb`, want: uint64(0xbbb)},
+		{input: `0xffffffffffffffff`, want: uint64(0xffffffffffffffff)},
+	}
+)
+
+func TestEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBytesTests {
+		enc := Encode(test.input.([]byte))
+		if enc != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("input %x: wrong encoding %s", test.input, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range decodeBytesTests {
+		dec, err := Decode(test.input)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(test.want.([]byte), dec) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, dec, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodeBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBigTests {
+		enc := EncodeBig(test.input.(*big.Int))
+		if enc != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("input %x: wrong encoding %s", test.input, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range decodeBigTests {
+		dec, err := DecodeBig(test.input)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if dec.Cmp(test.want.(*big.Int)) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, dec, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodeUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeUint64Tests {
+		enc := EncodeUint64(test.input.(uint64))
+		if enc != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("input %x: wrong encoding %s", test.input, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range decodeUint64Tests {
+		dec, err := DecodeUint64(test.input)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if dec != test.want.(uint64) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, dec, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/hexutil/json.go b/common/hexutil/json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccf9cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/hexutil/json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+var (
+	bytesT  = reflect.TypeOf(Bytes(nil))
+	bigT    = reflect.TypeOf((*Big)(nil))
+	uintT   = reflect.TypeOf(Uint(0))
+	uint64T = reflect.TypeOf(Uint64(0))
+)
+
+// Bytes marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The empty slice marshals as "0x".
+type Bytes []byte
+
+const hexPrefix = `0x`
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler
+func (b Bytes) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	result := make([]byte, len(b)*2+2)
+	copy(result, hexPrefix)
+	hex.Encode(result[2:], b)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Bytes) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return errNonString(bytesT)
+	}
+	return wrapTypeError(b.UnmarshalText(input[1:len(input)-1]), bytesT)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (b *Bytes) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkText(input, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dec := make([]byte, len(raw)/2)
+	if _, err = hex.Decode(dec, raw); err != nil {
+		err = mapError(err)
+	} else {
+		*b = dec
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b Bytes) String() string {
+	return Encode(b)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalFixedJSON decodes the input as a string with 0x prefix. The length of out
+// determines the required input length. This function is commonly used to implement the
+// UnmarshalJSON method for fixed-size types.
+func UnmarshalFixedJSON(typ reflect.Type, input, out []byte) error {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return errNonString(typ)
+	}
+	return wrapTypeError(UnmarshalFixedText(typ.String(), input[1:len(input)-1], out), typ)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalFixedText decodes the input as a string with 0x prefix. The length of out
+// determines the required input length. This function is commonly used to implement the
+// UnmarshalText method for fixed-size types.
+func UnmarshalFixedText(typname string, input, out []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkText(input, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw)/2 != len(out) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("hex string has length %d, want %d for %s", len(raw), len(out)*2, typname)
+	}
+	// Pre-verify syntax before modifying out.
+	for _, b := range raw {
+		if decodeNibble(b) == badNibble {
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	hex.Decode(out, raw)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText decodes the input as a string with optional 0x prefix. The
+// length of out determines the required input length. This function is commonly used to
+// implement the UnmarshalText method for fixed-size types.
+func UnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText(typname string, input, out []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkText(input, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw)/2 != len(out) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("hex string has length %d, want %d for %s", len(raw), len(out)*2, typname)
+	}
+	// Pre-verify syntax before modifying out.
+	for _, b := range raw {
+		if decodeNibble(b) == badNibble {
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	hex.Decode(out, raw)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Big marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The zero value marshals as "0x0".
+//
+// Negative integers are not supported at this time. Attempting to marshal them will
+// return an error. Values larger than 256bits are rejected by Unmarshal but will be
+// marshaled without error.
+type Big big.Int
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler
+func (b Big) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(EncodeBig((*big.Int)(&b))), nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Big) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return errNonString(bigT)
+	}
+	return wrapTypeError(b.UnmarshalText(input[1:len(input)-1]), bigT)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler
+func (b *Big) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkNumberText(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw) > 64 {
+		return ErrBig256Range
+	}
+	words := make([]big.Word, len(raw)/bigWordNibbles+1)
+	end := len(raw)
+	for i := range words {
+		start := end - bigWordNibbles
+		if start < 0 {
+			start = 0
+		}
+		for ri := start; ri < end; ri++ {
+			nib := decodeNibble(raw[ri])
+			if nib == badNibble {
+				return ErrSyntax
+			}
+			words[i] *= 16
+			words[i] += big.Word(nib)
+		}
+		end = start
+	}
+	var dec big.Int
+	dec.SetBits(words)
+	*b = (Big)(dec)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ToInt converts b to a big.Int.
+func (b *Big) ToInt() *big.Int {
+	return (*big.Int)(b)
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b *Big) String() string {
+	return EncodeBig(b.ToInt())
+}
+
+// Uint64 marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The zero value marshals as "0x0".
+type Uint64 uint64
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
+func (b Uint64) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 2, 10)
+	copy(buf, `0x`)
+	buf = strconv.AppendUint(buf, uint64(b), 16)
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Uint64) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return errNonString(uint64T)
+	}
+	return wrapTypeError(b.UnmarshalText(input[1:len(input)-1]), uint64T)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler
+func (b *Uint64) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkNumberText(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw) > 16 {
+		return ErrUint64Range
+	}
+	var dec uint64
+	for _, byte := range raw {
+		nib := decodeNibble(byte)
+		if nib == badNibble {
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+		dec *= 16
+		dec += nib
+	}
+	*b = Uint64(dec)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b Uint64) String() string {
+	return EncodeUint64(uint64(b))
+}
+
+// Uint marshals/unmarshals as a JSON string with 0x prefix.
+// The zero value marshals as "0x0".
+type Uint uint
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
+func (b Uint) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return Uint64(b).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (b *Uint) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	if !isString(input) {
+		return errNonString(uintT)
+	}
+	return wrapTypeError(b.UnmarshalText(input[1:len(input)-1]), uintT)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (b *Uint) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	var u64 Uint64
+	err := u64.UnmarshalText(input)
+	if u64 > Uint64(^uint(0)) || err == ErrUint64Range {
+		return ErrUintRange
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*b = Uint(u64)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// String returns the hex encoding of b.
+func (b Uint) String() string {
+	return EncodeUint64(uint64(b))
+}
+
+func isString(input []byte) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '"' && input[len(input)-1] == '"'
+}
+
+func bytesHave0xPrefix(input []byte) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '0' && (input[1] == 'x' || input[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+func checkText(input []byte, wantPrefix bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil // empty strings are allowed
+	}
+	if bytesHave0xPrefix(input) {
+		input = input[2:]
+	} else if wantPrefix {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	if len(input)%2 != 0 {
+		return nil, ErrOddLength
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func checkNumberText(input []byte) (raw []byte, err error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil // empty strings are allowed
+	}
+	if !bytesHave0xPrefix(input) {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	input = input[2:]
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyNumber
+	}
+	if len(input) > 1 && input[0] == '0' {
+		return nil, ErrLeadingZero
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func wrapTypeError(err error, typ reflect.Type) error {
+	if _, ok := err.(*decError); ok {
+		return &json.UnmarshalTypeError{Value: err.Error(), Type: typ}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func errNonString(typ reflect.Type) error {
+	return &json.UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "non-string", Type: typ}
+}
diff --git a/common/hexutil/json_test.go b/common/hexutil/json_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..accc7a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/hexutil/json_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package hexutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func checkError(t *testing.T, input string, got, want error) bool {
+	if got == nil {
+		if want != nil {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: got no error, want %q", input, want)
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	if want == nil {
+		t.Errorf("input %s: unexpected error %q", input, got)
+	} else if got.Error() != want.Error() {
+		t.Errorf("input %s: got error %q, want %q", input, got, want)
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func referenceBig(s string) *big.Int {
+	b, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(s, 16)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("invalid")
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func referenceBytes(s string) []byte {
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+var errJSONEOF = errors.New("unexpected end of JSON input")
+
+var unmarshalBytesTests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errJSONEOF},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString(bytesT)},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString(bytesT)},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrMissingPrefix, bytesT)},
+	{input: `"0x0"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrOddLength, bytesT)},
+	{input: `"0xxx"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, bytesT)},
+	{input: `"0x01zz01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, bytesT)},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `""`, want: referenceBytes("")},
+	{input: `"0x"`, want: referenceBytes("")},
+	{input: `"0x02"`, want: referenceBytes("02")},
+	{input: `"0X02"`, want: referenceBytes("02")},
+	{input: `"0xffffffffff"`, want: referenceBytes("ffffffffff")},
+	{
+		input: `"0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"`,
+		want:  referenceBytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+	},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalBytesTests {
+		var v Bytes
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(test.input), &v)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(test.want.([]byte), v) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, &v, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []byte(`"0x123456789abcdef123456789abcdef"`)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var v Bytes
+		if err := v.UnmarshalJSON(input); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBytesTests {
+		in := test.input.([]byte)
+		out, err := json.Marshal(Bytes(in))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%x: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := Bytes(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var unmarshalBigTests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errJSONEOF},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString(bigT)},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString(bigT)},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrMissingPrefix, bigT)},
+	{input: `"0x"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrEmptyNumber, bigT)},
+	{input: `"0x01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrLeadingZero, bigT)},
+	{input: `"0xx"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, bigT)},
+	{input: `"0x1zz01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, bigT)},
+	{
+		input:   `"0x10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"`,
+		wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrBig256Range, bigT),
+	},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `""`, want: big.NewInt(0)},
+	{input: `"0x0"`, want: big.NewInt(0)},
+	{input: `"0x2"`, want: big.NewInt(0x2)},
+	{input: `"0x2F2"`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0X2F2"`, want: big.NewInt(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0x1122aaff"`, want: big.NewInt(0x1122aaff)},
+	{input: `"0xbBb"`, want: big.NewInt(0xbbb)},
+	{input: `"0xfffffffff"`, want: big.NewInt(0xfffffffff)},
+	{
+		input: `"0x112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"`,
+		want:  referenceBig("112233445566778899aabbccddeeff"),
+	},
+	{
+		input: `"0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"`,
+		want:  referenceBig("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+	},
+	{
+		input: `"0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"`,
+		want:  referenceBig("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+	},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalBigTests {
+		var v Big
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(test.input), &v)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if test.want != nil && test.want.(*big.Int).Cmp((*big.Int)(&v)) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, (*big.Int)(&v), test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalBig(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []byte(`"0x123456789abcdef123456789abcdef"`)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var v Big
+		if err := v.UnmarshalJSON(input); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalBig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeBigTests {
+		in := test.input.(*big.Int)
+		out, err := json.Marshal((*Big)(in))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := (*Big)(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var unmarshalUint64Tests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errJSONEOF},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString(uint64T)},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString(uint64T)},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrMissingPrefix, uint64T)},
+	{input: `"0x"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrEmptyNumber, uint64T)},
+	{input: `"0x01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrLeadingZero, uint64T)},
+	{input: `"0xfffffffffffffffff"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrUint64Range, uint64T)},
+	{input: `"0xx"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, uint64T)},
+	{input: `"0x1zz01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, uint64T)},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `""`, want: uint64(0)},
+	{input: `"0x0"`, want: uint64(0)},
+	{input: `"0x2"`, want: uint64(0x2)},
+	{input: `"0x2F2"`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0X2F2"`, want: uint64(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0x1122aaff"`, want: uint64(0x1122aaff)},
+	{input: `"0xbbb"`, want: uint64(0xbbb)},
+	{input: `"0xffffffffffffffff"`, want: uint64(0xffffffffffffffff)},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalUint64Tests {
+		var v Uint64
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(test.input), &v)
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if uint64(v) != test.want.(uint64) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %d, want %d", test.input, v, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalUint64(b *testing.B) {
+	input := []byte(`"0x123456789abcdf"`)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var v Uint64
+		v.UnmarshalJSON(input)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeUint64Tests {
+		in := test.input.(uint64)
+		out, err := json.Marshal(Uint64(in))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := (Uint64)(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarshalUint(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range encodeUintTests {
+		in := test.input.(uint)
+		out, err := json.Marshal(Uint(in))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: %v", in, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if want := `"` + test.want + `"`; string(out) != want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: MarshalJSON output mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, want)
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := (Uint)(in).String(); out != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%x: String mismatch: got %q, want %q", in, out, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	// These are variables (not constants) to avoid constant overflow
+	// checks in the compiler on 32bit platforms.
+	maxUint33bits = uint64(^uint32(0)) + 1
+	maxUint64bits = ^uint64(0)
+)
+
+var unmarshalUintTests = []unmarshalTest{
+	// invalid encoding
+	{input: "", wantErr: errJSONEOF},
+	{input: "null", wantErr: errNonString(uintT)},
+	{input: "10", wantErr: errNonString(uintT)},
+	{input: `"0"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrMissingPrefix, uintT)},
+	{input: `"0x"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrEmptyNumber, uintT)},
+	{input: `"0x01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrLeadingZero, uintT)},
+	{input: `"0x100000000"`, want: uint(maxUint33bits), wantErr32bit: wrapTypeError(ErrUintRange, uintT)},
+	{input: `"0xfffffffffffffffff"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrUintRange, uintT)},
+	{input: `"0xx"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, uintT)},
+	{input: `"0x1zz01"`, wantErr: wrapTypeError(ErrSyntax, uintT)},
+
+	// valid encoding
+	{input: `""`, want: uint(0)},
+	{input: `"0x0"`, want: uint(0)},
+	{input: `"0x2"`, want: uint(0x2)},
+	{input: `"0x2F2"`, want: uint(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0X2F2"`, want: uint(0x2f2)},
+	{input: `"0x1122aaff"`, want: uint(0x1122aaff)},
+	{input: `"0xbbb"`, want: uint(0xbbb)},
+	{input: `"0xffffffff"`, want: uint(0xffffffff)},
+	{input: `"0xffffffffffffffff"`, want: uint(maxUint64bits), wantErr32bit: wrapTypeError(ErrUintRange, uintT)},
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalUint(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range unmarshalUintTests {
+		var v Uint
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(test.input), &v)
+		if uintBits == 32 && test.wantErr32bit != nil {
+			checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr32bit)
+			continue
+		}
+		if !checkError(t, test.input, err, test.wantErr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if uint(v) != test.want.(uint) {
+			t.Errorf("input %s: value mismatch: got %d, want %d", test.input, v, test.want)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input   string
+		want    []byte
+		wantErr error
+	}{
+		{input: "0x2", wantErr: ErrOddLength},
+		{input: "2", wantErr: ErrOddLength},
+		{input: "4444", wantErr: errors.New("hex string has length 4, want 8 for x")},
+		{input: "4444", wantErr: errors.New("hex string has length 4, want 8 for x")},
+		// check that output is not modified for partially correct input
+		{input: "444444gg", wantErr: ErrSyntax, want: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}},
+		{input: "0x444444gg", wantErr: ErrSyntax, want: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}},
+		// valid inputs
+		{input: "44444444", want: []byte{0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44}},
+		{input: "0x44444444", want: []byte{0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44}},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		out := make([]byte, 4)
+		err := UnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText("x", []byte(test.input), out)
+		switch {
+		case err == nil && test.wantErr != nil:
+			t.Errorf("%q: got no error, expected %q", test.input, test.wantErr)
+		case err != nil && test.wantErr == nil:
+			t.Errorf("%q: unexpected error %q", test.input, err)
+		case err != nil && err.Error() != test.wantErr.Error():
+			t.Errorf("%q: error mismatch: got %q, want %q", test.input, err, test.wantErr)
+		}
+		if test.want != nil && !bytes.Equal(out, test.want) {
+			t.Errorf("%q: output mismatch: got %x, want %x", test.input, out, test.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/interface/Transaction.go b/common/interface/Transaction.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c27442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/interface/Transaction.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package _interface
+
+//import (
+//	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+//	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
+//)
+//
+//type ITransaction interface {
+//	MarshalTo(data []byte) (n int, err error)
+//	ToProtoMessage() proto.Message
+//	Unmarshal(data []byte) error
+//	Marshal() ([]byte, error)
+//	Type() uint8
+//	ChainId() uint256.Int
+//	Data() []byte
+//}
+//
+//type Transactions []ITransaction
diff --git a/common/interfaces.go b/common/interfaces.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab95f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/interfaces.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+// Service is a struct that can be registered into a ServiceRegistry for
+// easy dependency management.
+type Service interface {
+	// Start spawns any goroutines required by the service.
+	//Start()
+	// Stop terminates all goroutines belonging to the service,
+	// blocking until they are all terminated.
+	Stop() error
+	// Status returns error if the service is not considered healthy.
+	//Status() error
+}
+
+type IDownloader interface {
+	SyncHeader() error
+	SyncBody() error
+	SyncTx() error
+	Start() error
+	Close() error
+	IsDownloading() bool
+	ConnHandler([]byte, peer.ID) error
+}
+
+type ConnHandler func([]byte, peer.ID) error
+
+type ProtocolHandshakeFn func(peer IPeer, genesisHash types.Hash, currentHeight *uint256.Int) (Peer, bool)
+type ProtocolHandshakeInfo func() (types.Hash, *uint256.Int, error)
+
+type INetwork interface {
+	WriterMessage(messageType message.MessageType, payload []byte, peer peer.ID) error
+	//BroadcastMessage(messageType message.MessageType, payload []byte) (int, error)
+	SetHandler(message.MessageType, ConnHandler) error
+	ClosePeer(id peer.ID) error
+	Start() error
+	Host() host.Host
+	PeerCount() int
+	Bootstrapped() bool
+}
+
+type IPeer interface {
+	ID() peer.ID
+	Write(msg message.IMessage) error
+	WriteMsg(messageType message.MessageType, payload []byte) error
+	SetHandler(message.MessageType, ConnHandler) error
+	ClearHandler(message.MessageType) error
+	Close() error
+}
+
+type IPubSub interface {
+	JoinTopic(topic string) (*pubsub.Topic, error)
+	Publish(topic string, msg proto.Message) error
+	GetTopics() []string
+	Start() error
+}
+
+type IStateDB interface {
+	CreateAccount(types.Address)
+
+	SubBalance(addr types.Address, amount uint256.Int)
+	AddBalance(addr types.Address, amount uint256.Int)
+	GetBalance(addr types.Address) uint256.Int
+
+	GetNonce(addr types.Address) uint64
+	SetNonce(addr types.Address, nonce uint64)
+
+	GetCodeHash(addr types.Address) types.Hash
+	GetCode(addr types.Address) []byte
+	SetCode(addr types.Address, code []byte)
+	GetCodeSize(addr types.Address) int
+
+	AddRefund(uint64)
+	SubRefund(uint64)
+	GetRefund() uint64
+
+	GetCommittedState(types.Address, types.Hash) types.Hash
+	GetState(types.Address, types.Hash) types.Hash
+	SetState(types.Address, types.Hash, types.Hash)
+
+	Suicide(types.Address) bool
+	HasSuicided(types.Address) bool
+
+	Exist(types.Address) bool
+	Empty(types.Address) bool
+
+	PrepareAccessList(sender types.Address, dest *types.Address, precompiles []types.Address, list transaction.AccessList)
+	AddressInAccessList(addr types.Address) bool
+	SlotInAccessList(addr types.Address, slot types.Hash) (addressOk bool, slotOk bool)
+	AddAddressToAccessList(addr types.Address)
+	AddSlotToAccessList(addr types.Address, slot types.Hash)
+
+	RevertToSnapshot(int)
+	Snapshot() int
+
+	AddLog(*block.Log)
+	GetLogs(hash types.Hash, blockHash types.Hash) []*block.Log
+
+	TxIndex() int
+	Prepare(thash types.Hash, ti int)
+
+	Error() error
+}
+type ChainStateReader interface {
+	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber uint256.Int) (uint256.Int, error)
+	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, key types.Hash, blockNumber uint256.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber uint256.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber uint256.Int) (uint64, error)
+}
+
+type ITxsPool interface {
+	Service
+	Has(hash types.Hash) bool
+	Pending(enforceTips bool) map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction
+	GetTransaction() ([]*transaction.Transaction, error)
+	GetTx(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction
+	AddRemotes(txs []*transaction.Transaction) []error
+	AddLocal(tx *transaction.Transaction) error
+	Stats() (int, int, int, int)
+	Nonce(addr types.Address) uint64
+	Content() (map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction, map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction)
+}
diff --git a/common/math/big.go b/common/math/big.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e88ce40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/math/big.go
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package math provides integer math utilities.
+package math
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Various big integer limit values.
+var (
+	tt255     = BigPow(2, 255)
+	tt256     = BigPow(2, 256)
+	tt256m1   = new(big.Int).Sub(tt256, big.NewInt(1))
+	tt63      = BigPow(2, 63)
+	MaxBig256 = new(big.Int).Set(tt256m1)
+	MaxBig63  = new(big.Int).Sub(tt63, big.NewInt(1))
+)
+
+const (
+	// number of bits in a big.Word
+	wordBits = 32 << (uint64(^big.Word(0)) >> 63)
+	// number of bytes in a big.Word
+	wordBytes = wordBits / 8
+)
+
+// HexOrDecimal256 marshals big.Int as hex or decimal.
+type HexOrDecimal256 big.Int
+
+// NewHexOrDecimal256 creates a new HexOrDecimal256
+func NewHexOrDecimal256(x int64) *HexOrDecimal256 {
+	b := big.NewInt(x)
+	h := HexOrDecimal256(*b)
+	return &h
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (i *HexOrDecimal256) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	bigint, ok := ParseBig256(string(input))
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid hex or decimal integer %q", input)
+	}
+	*i = HexOrDecimal256(*bigint)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
+func (i *HexOrDecimal256) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	if i == nil {
+		return []byte("0x0"), nil
+	}
+	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%#x", (*big.Int)(i))), nil
+}
+
+// Decimal256 unmarshals big.Int as a decimal string. When unmarshalling,
+// it however accepts either "0x"-prefixed (hex encoded) or non-prefixed (decimal)
+type Decimal256 big.Int
+
+// NewHexOrDecimal256 creates a new Decimal256
+func NewDecimal256(x int64) *Decimal256 {
+	b := big.NewInt(x)
+	d := Decimal256(*b)
+	return &d
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (i *Decimal256) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	bigint, ok := ParseBig256(string(input))
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid hex or decimal integer %q", input)
+	}
+	*i = Decimal256(*bigint)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
+func (i *Decimal256) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(i.String()), nil
+}
+
+// String implements Stringer.
+func (i *Decimal256) String() string {
+	if i == nil {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#d", (*big.Int)(i))
+}
+
+// ParseBig256 parses s as a 256 bit integer in decimal or hexadecimal syntax.
+// Leading zeros are accepted. The empty string parses as zero.
+func ParseBig256(s string) (*big.Int, bool) {
+	if s == "" {
+		return new(big.Int), true
+	}
+	var bigint *big.Int
+	var ok bool
+	if len(s) >= 2 && (s[:2] == "0x" || s[:2] == "0X") {
+		bigint, ok = new(big.Int).SetString(s[2:], 16)
+	} else {
+		bigint, ok = new(big.Int).SetString(s, 10)
+	}
+	if ok && bigint.BitLen() > 256 {
+		bigint, ok = nil, false
+	}
+	return bigint, ok
+}
+
+// MustParseBig256 parses s as a 256 bit big integer and panics if the string is invalid.
+func MustParseBig256(s string) *big.Int {
+	v, ok := ParseBig256(s)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("invalid 256 bit integer: " + s)
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// BigPow returns a ** b as a big integer.
+func BigPow(a, b int64) *big.Int {
+	r := big.NewInt(a)
+	return r.Exp(r, big.NewInt(b), nil)
+}
+
+// BigMax returns the larger of x or y.
+func BigMax(x, y *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if x.Cmp(y) < 0 {
+		return y
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// BigMin returns the smaller of x or y.
+func BigMin(x, y *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if x.Cmp(y) > 0 {
+		return y
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// U256Min returns the smaller of x or y.
+func U256Min(x, y *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	if x.Cmp(y) > 0 {
+		return y
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// Min256 returns the smaller of x or y.
+func Min256(x, y *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	if x.Cmp(y) > 0 {
+		return y
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// FirstBitSet returns the index of the first 1 bit in v, counting from LSB.
+func FirstBitSet(v *big.Int) int {
+	for i := 0; i < v.BitLen(); i++ {
+		if v.Bit(i) > 0 {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return v.BitLen()
+}
+
+// PaddedBigBytes encodes a big integer as a big-endian byte slice. The length
+// of the slice is at least n bytes.
+func PaddedBigBytes(bigint *big.Int, n int) []byte {
+	if bigint.BitLen()/8 >= n {
+		return bigint.Bytes()
+	}
+	ret := make([]byte, n)
+	ReadBits(bigint, ret)
+	return ret
+}
+
+// bigEndianByteAt returns the byte at position n,
+// in Big-Endian encoding
+// So n==0 returns the least significant byte
+func bigEndianByteAt(bigint *big.Int, n int) byte {
+	words := bigint.Bits()
+	// Check word-bucket the byte will reside in
+	i := n / wordBytes
+	if i >= len(words) {
+		return byte(0)
+	}
+	word := words[i]
+	// Offset of the byte
+	shift := 8 * uint(n%wordBytes)
+
+	return byte(word >> shift)
+}
+
+// Byte returns the byte at position n,
+// with the supplied padlength in Little-Endian encoding.
+// n==0 returns the MSB
+// Example: bigint '5', padlength 32, n=31 => 5
+func Byte(bigint *big.Int, padlength, n int) byte {
+	if n >= padlength {
+		return byte(0)
+	}
+	return bigEndianByteAt(bigint, padlength-1-n)
+}
+
+// ReadBits encodes the absolute value of bigint as big-endian bytes. Callers must ensure
+// that buf has enough space. If buf is too short the result will be incomplete.
+func ReadBits(bigint *big.Int, buf []byte) {
+	i := len(buf)
+	for _, d := range bigint.Bits() {
+		for j := 0; j < wordBytes && i > 0; j++ {
+			i--
+			buf[i] = byte(d)
+			d >>= 8
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// U256 encodes as a 256 bit two's complement number. This operation is destructive.
+func U256(x *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	return x.And(x, tt256m1)
+}
+
+// U256Bytes converts a big Int into a 256bit EVM number.
+// This operation is destructive.
+func U256Bytes(n *big.Int) []byte {
+	return PaddedBigBytes(U256(n), 32)
+}
+
+// S256 interprets x as a two's complement number.
+// x must not exceed 256 bits (the result is undefined if it does) and is not modified.
+//
+//	S256(0)        = 0
+//	S256(1)        = 1
+//	S256(2**255)   = -2**255
+//	S256(2**256-1) = -1
+func S256(x *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if x.Cmp(tt255) < 0 {
+		return x
+	}
+	return new(big.Int).Sub(x, tt256)
+}
+
+// Exp implements exponentiation by squaring.
+// Exp returns a newly-allocated big integer and does not change
+// base or exponent. The result is truncated to 256 bits.
+//
+// Courtesy @karalabe and @chfast
+func Exp(base, exponent *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	result := big.NewInt(1)
+
+	for _, word := range exponent.Bits() {
+		for i := 0; i < wordBits; i++ {
+			if word&1 == 1 {
+				U256(result.Mul(result, base))
+			}
+			U256(base.Mul(base, base))
+			word >>= 1
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
diff --git a/common/math/integer.go b/common/math/integer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6a2695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/math/integer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package math
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/bits"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// Integer limit values.
+const (
+	MaxInt8   = 1<<7 - 1
+	MinInt8   = -1 << 7
+	MaxInt16  = 1<<15 - 1
+	MinInt16  = -1 << 15
+	MaxInt32  = 1<<31 - 1
+	MinInt32  = -1 << 31
+	MaxInt64  = 1<<63 - 1
+	MinInt64  = -1 << 63
+	MaxUint8  = 1<<8 - 1
+	MaxUint16 = 1<<16 - 1
+	MaxUint32 = 1<<32 - 1
+	MaxUint64 = 1<<64 - 1
+)
+
+// HexOrDecimal64 marshals uint64 as hex or decimal.
+type HexOrDecimal64 uint64
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (i *HexOrDecimal64) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	int, ok := ParseUint64(string(input))
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid hex or decimal integer %q", input)
+	}
+	*i = HexOrDecimal64(int)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
+func (i HexOrDecimal64) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%#x", uint64(i))), nil
+}
+
+// ParseUint64 parses s as an integer in decimal or hexadecimal syntax.
+// Leading zeros are accepted. The empty string parses as zero.
+func ParseUint64(s string) (uint64, bool) {
+	if s == "" {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	if len(s) >= 2 && (s[:2] == "0x" || s[:2] == "0X") {
+		v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s[2:], 16, 64)
+		return v, err == nil
+	}
+	v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 64)
+	return v, err == nil
+}
+
+// MustParseUint64 parses s as an integer and panics if the string is invalid.
+func MustParseUint64(s string) uint64 {
+	v, ok := ParseUint64(s)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("invalid unsigned 64 bit integer: " + s)
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// SafeSub returns x-y and checks for overflow.
+func SafeSub(x, y uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	diff, borrowOut := bits.Sub64(x, y, 0)
+	return diff, borrowOut != 0
+}
+
+// SafeAdd returns x+y and checks for overflow.
+func SafeAdd(x, y uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	sum, carryOut := bits.Add64(x, y, 0)
+	return sum, carryOut != 0
+}
+
+// SafeMul returns x*y and checks for overflow.
+func SafeMul(x, y uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	hi, lo := bits.Mul64(x, y)
+	return lo, hi != 0
+}
+
+// AbsoluteDifference is a utility method that given 2 int64, it returns the absolute value of their difference in uint64 format.
+func AbsoluteDifference(x, y uint64) uint64 {
+	if x > y {
+		return x - y
+	}
+	return y - x
+}
+
+func RandInt64() (int64, error) {
+	n, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return n.Int64(), nil
+}
diff --git a/common/math/integer_test.go b/common/math/integer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9e3fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/math/integer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package math
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+type operation byte
+
+const (
+	sub operation = iota
+	add
+	mul
+)
+
+func TestOverflow(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range []struct {
+		x        uint64
+		y        uint64
+		overflow bool
+		op       operation
+	}{
+		// add operations
+		{MaxUint64, 1, true, add},
+		{MaxUint64 - 1, 1, false, add},
+
+		// sub operations
+		{0, 1, true, sub},
+		{0, 0, false, sub},
+
+		// mul operations
+		{0, 0, false, mul},
+		{10, 10, false, mul},
+		{MaxUint64, 2, true, mul},
+		{MaxUint64, 1, false, mul},
+	} {
+		var overflows bool
+		switch test.op {
+		case sub:
+			_, overflows = SafeSub(test.x, test.y)
+		case add:
+			_, overflows = SafeAdd(test.x, test.y)
+		case mul:
+			_, overflows = SafeMul(test.x, test.y)
+		}
+
+		if test.overflow != overflows {
+			t.Errorf("%d failed. Expected test to be %v, got %v", i, test.overflow, overflows)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHexOrDecimal64(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		num   uint64
+		ok    bool
+	}{
+		{"", 0, true},
+		{"0", 0, true},
+		{"0x0", 0, true},
+		{"12345678", 12345678, true},
+		{"0x12345678", 0x12345678, true},
+		{"0X12345678", 0x12345678, true},
+		// Tests for leading zero behaviour:
+		{"0123456789", 123456789, true}, // note: not octal
+		{"0x00", 0, true},
+		{"0x012345678abc", 0x12345678abc, true},
+		// Invalid syntax:
+		{"abcdef", 0, false},
+		{"0xgg", 0, false},
+		// Doesn't fit into 64 bits:
+		{"18446744073709551617", 0, false},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		var num HexOrDecimal64
+		err := num.UnmarshalText([]byte(test.input))
+		if (err == nil) != test.ok {
+			t.Errorf("ParseUint64(%q) -> (err == nil) = %t, want %t", test.input, err == nil, test.ok)
+			continue
+		}
+		if err == nil && uint64(num) != test.num {
+			t.Errorf("ParseUint64(%q) -> %d, want %d", test.input, num, test.num)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMustParseUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	if v := MustParseUint64("12345"); v != 12345 {
+		t.Errorf(`MustParseUint64("12345") = %d, want 12345`, v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMustParseUint64Panic(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if recover() == nil {
+			t.Error("MustParseBig should've panicked")
+		}
+	}()
+	MustParseUint64("ggg")
+}
+
+func TestAbsoluteDifference(t *testing.T) {
+	x1 := uint64(99)
+	x2 := uint64(45)
+	assert.Equal(t, AbsoluteDifference(x1, x2), x1-x2)
+	assert.Equal(t, AbsoluteDifference(x2, x1), x1-x2)
+}
diff --git a/common/mclock/mclock.go b/common/mclock/mclock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e07af28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/mclock/mclock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package mclock is a wrapper for a monotonic clock source
+package mclock
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
+)
+
+//go:noescape
+//go:linkname nanotime runtime.nanotime
+func nanotime() int64
+
+// AbsTime represents absolute monotonic time.
+type AbsTime int64
+
+// Now returns the current absolute monotonic time.
+func Now() AbsTime {
+	return AbsTime(nanotime())
+}
+
+// Add returns t + d as absolute time.
+func (t AbsTime) Add(d time.Duration) AbsTime {
+	return t + AbsTime(d)
+}
+
+// Sub returns t - t2 as a duration.
+func (t AbsTime) Sub(t2 AbsTime) time.Duration {
+	return time.Duration(t - t2)
+}
+
+// The Clock interface makes it possible to replace the monotonic system clock with
+// a simulated clock.
+type Clock interface {
+	Now() AbsTime
+	Sleep(time.Duration)
+	NewTimer(time.Duration) ChanTimer
+	After(time.Duration) <-chan AbsTime
+	AfterFunc(d time.Duration, f func()) Timer
+}
+
+// Timer is a cancellable event created by AfterFunc.
+type Timer interface {
+	// Stop cancels the timer. It returns false if the timer has already
+	// expired or been stopped.
+	Stop() bool
+}
+
+// ChanTimer is a cancellable event created by NewTimer.
+type ChanTimer interface {
+	Timer
+
+	// The channel returned by C receives a value when the timer expires.
+	C() <-chan AbsTime
+	// Reset reschedules the timer with a new timeout.
+	// It should be invoked only on stopped or expired timers with drained channels.
+	Reset(time.Duration)
+}
+
+// System implements Clock using the system clock.
+type System struct{}
+
+// Now returns the current monotonic time.
+func (c System) Now() AbsTime {
+	return Now()
+}
+
+// Sleep blocks for the given duration.
+func (c System) Sleep(d time.Duration) {
+	time.Sleep(d)
+}
+
+// NewTimer creates a timer which can be rescheduled.
+func (c System) NewTimer(d time.Duration) ChanTimer {
+	ch := make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	t := time.AfterFunc(d, func() {
+		// This send is non-blocking because that's how time.Timer
+		// behaves. It doesn't matter in the happy case, but does
+		// when Reset is misused.
+		select {
+		case ch <- c.Now():
+		default:
+		}
+	})
+	return &systemTimer{t, ch}
+}
+
+// After returns a channel which receives the current time after d has elapsed.
+func (c System) After(d time.Duration) <-chan AbsTime {
+	ch := make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	time.AfterFunc(d, func() { ch <- c.Now() })
+	return ch
+}
+
+// AfterFunc runs f on a new goroutine after the duration has elapsed.
+func (c System) AfterFunc(d time.Duration, f func()) Timer {
+	return time.AfterFunc(d, f)
+}
+
+type systemTimer struct {
+	*time.Timer
+	ch <-chan AbsTime
+}
+
+func (st *systemTimer) Reset(d time.Duration) {
+	st.Timer.Reset(d)
+}
+
+func (st *systemTimer) C() <-chan AbsTime {
+	return st.ch
+}
diff --git a/common/mclock/mclock.s b/common/mclock/mclock.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99a7a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/mclock/mclock.s
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// This file exists in order to be able to use go:linkname.
diff --git a/common/mclock/simclock.go b/common/mclock/simclock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dbe7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/mclock/simclock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package mclock
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Simulated implements a virtual Clock for reproducible time-sensitive tests. It
+// simulates a scheduler on a virtual timescale where actual processing takes zero time.
+//
+// The virtual clock doesn't advance on its own, call Run to advance it and execute timers.
+// Since there is no way to influence the Go scheduler, testing timeout behaviour involving
+// goroutines needs special care. A good way to test such timeouts is as follows: First
+// perform the action that is supposed to time out. Ensure that the timer you want to test
+// is created. Then run the clock until after the timeout. Finally observe the effect of
+// the timeout using a channel or semaphore.
+type Simulated struct {
+	now       AbsTime
+	scheduled simTimerHeap
+	mu        sync.RWMutex
+	cond      *sync.Cond
+}
+
+// simTimer implements ChanTimer on the virtual clock.
+type simTimer struct {
+	at    AbsTime
+	index int // position in s.scheduled
+	s     *Simulated
+	do    func()
+	ch    <-chan AbsTime
+}
+
+func (s *Simulated) init() {
+	if s.cond == nil {
+		s.cond = sync.NewCond(&s.mu)
+	}
+}
+
+// Run moves the clock by the given duration, executing all timers before that duration.
+func (s *Simulated) Run(d time.Duration) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.init()
+
+	end := s.now + AbsTime(d)
+	var do []func()
+	for len(s.scheduled) > 0 && s.scheduled[0].at <= end {
+		ev := heap.Pop(&s.scheduled).(*simTimer)
+		do = append(do, ev.do)
+	}
+	s.now = end
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, fn := range do {
+		fn()
+	}
+}
+
+// ActiveTimers returns the number of timers that haven't fired.
+func (s *Simulated) ActiveTimers() int {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return len(s.scheduled)
+}
+
+// WaitForTimers waits until the clock has at least n scheduled timers.
+func (s *Simulated) WaitForTimers(n int) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.init()
+
+	for len(s.scheduled) < n {
+		s.cond.Wait()
+	}
+}
+
+// Now returns the current virtual time.
+func (s *Simulated) Now() AbsTime {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return s.now
+}
+
+// Sleep blocks until the clock has advanced by d.
+func (s *Simulated) Sleep(d time.Duration) {
+	<-s.After(d)
+}
+
+// NewTimer creates a timer which fires when the clock has advanced by d.
+func (s *Simulated) NewTimer(d time.Duration) ChanTimer {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ch := make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	var timer *simTimer
+	timer = s.schedule(d, func() { ch <- timer.at })
+	timer.ch = ch
+	return timer
+}
+
+// After returns a channel which receives the current time after the clock
+// has advanced by d.
+func (s *Simulated) After(d time.Duration) <-chan AbsTime {
+	return s.NewTimer(d).C()
+}
+
+// AfterFunc runs fn after the clock has advanced by d. Unlike with the system
+// clock, fn runs on the goroutine that calls Run.
+func (s *Simulated) AfterFunc(d time.Duration, fn func()) Timer {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return s.schedule(d, fn)
+}
+
+func (s *Simulated) schedule(d time.Duration, fn func()) *simTimer {
+	s.init()
+
+	at := s.now + AbsTime(d)
+	ev := &simTimer{do: fn, at: at, s: s}
+	heap.Push(&s.scheduled, ev)
+	s.cond.Broadcast()
+	return ev
+}
+
+func (ev *simTimer) Stop() bool {
+	ev.s.mu.Lock()
+	defer ev.s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if ev.index < 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	heap.Remove(&ev.s.scheduled, ev.index)
+	ev.s.cond.Broadcast()
+	ev.index = -1
+	return true
+}
+
+func (ev *simTimer) Reset(d time.Duration) {
+	if ev.ch == nil {
+		panic("mclock: Reset() on timer created by AfterFunc")
+	}
+
+	ev.s.mu.Lock()
+	defer ev.s.mu.Unlock()
+	ev.at = ev.s.now.Add(d)
+	if ev.index < 0 {
+		heap.Push(&ev.s.scheduled, ev) // already expired
+	} else {
+		heap.Fix(&ev.s.scheduled, ev.index) // hasn't fired yet, reschedule
+	}
+	ev.s.cond.Broadcast()
+}
+
+func (ev *simTimer) C() <-chan AbsTime {
+	if ev.ch == nil {
+		panic("mclock: C() on timer created by AfterFunc")
+	}
+	return ev.ch
+}
+
+type simTimerHeap []*simTimer
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Len() int {
+	return len(*h)
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return (*h)[i].at < (*h)[j].at
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
+	(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
+	(*h)[i].index = i
+	(*h)[j].index = j
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
+	t := x.(*simTimer)
+	t.index = len(*h)
+	*h = append(*h, t)
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Pop() interface{} {
+	end := len(*h) - 1
+	t := (*h)[end]
+	t.index = -1
+	(*h)[end] = nil
+	*h = (*h)[:end]
+	return t
+}
diff --git a/common/mclock/simclock_test.go b/common/mclock/simclock_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffd02d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/mclock/simclock_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package mclock
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var _ Clock = System{}
+var _ Clock = new(Simulated)
+
+func TestSimulatedAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		timeout = 30 * time.Minute
+		offset  = 99 * time.Hour
+		adv     = 11 * time.Minute
+		c       Simulated
+	)
+	c.Run(offset)
+
+	end := c.Now().Add(timeout)
+	ch := c.After(timeout)
+	for c.Now() < end.Add(-adv) {
+		c.Run(adv)
+		select {
+		case <-ch:
+			t.Fatal("Timer fired early")
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Run(adv)
+	select {
+	case stamp := <-ch:
+		want := AbsTime(0).Add(offset).Add(timeout)
+		if stamp != want {
+			t.Errorf("Wrong time sent on timer channel: got %v, want %v", stamp, want)
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("Timer didn't fire")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedAfterFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	var c Simulated
+
+	called1 := false
+	timer1 := c.AfterFunc(100*time.Millisecond, func() { called1 = true })
+	if c.ActiveTimers() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d active timers, want one", c.ActiveTimers())
+	}
+	if fired := timer1.Stop(); !fired {
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned false even though timer didn't fire")
+	}
+	if c.ActiveTimers() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d active timers, want zero", c.ActiveTimers())
+	}
+	if called1 {
+		t.Fatal("timer 1 called")
+	}
+	if fired := timer1.Stop(); fired {
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned true after timer was already stopped")
+	}
+
+	called2 := false
+	timer2 := c.AfterFunc(100*time.Millisecond, func() { called2 = true })
+	c.Run(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	if called2 {
+		t.Fatal("timer 2 called")
+	}
+	c.Run(51 * time.Millisecond)
+	if !called2 {
+		t.Fatal("timer 2 not called")
+	}
+	if fired := timer2.Stop(); fired {
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned true after timer has fired")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedSleep(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		c       Simulated
+		timeout = 1 * time.Hour
+		done    = make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	)
+	go func() {
+		c.Sleep(timeout)
+		done <- c.Now()
+	}()
+
+	c.WaitForTimers(1)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	select {
+	case stamp := <-done:
+		want := AbsTime(2 * timeout)
+		if stamp != want {
+			t.Errorf("Wrong time after sleep: got %v, want %v", stamp, want)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Sleep didn't return in time")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedTimerReset(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		c       Simulated
+		timeout = 1 * time.Hour
+	)
+	timer := c.NewTimer(timeout)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	select {
+	case ftime := <-timer.C():
+		if ftime != AbsTime(timeout) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong time %v sent on timer channel, want %v", ftime, AbsTime(timeout))
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("timer didn't fire")
+	}
+
+	timer.Reset(timeout)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	select {
+	case ftime := <-timer.C():
+		if ftime != AbsTime(3*timeout) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong time %v sent on timer channel, want %v", ftime, AbsTime(3*timeout))
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("timer didn't fire again")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedTimerStop(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		c       Simulated
+		timeout = 1 * time.Hour
+	)
+	timer := c.NewTimer(timeout)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	if timer.Stop() {
+		t.Errorf("Stop returned true for fired timer")
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-timer.C():
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("timer didn't fire")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/message/message.go b/common/message/message.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a14c4c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/message/message.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package message
+
+import (
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+const (
+	MsgConnect = MessageType(iota + 1)
+	MsgPingReq
+	MsgPingResp
+	MsgSystem
+	MsgAppHandshake
+	MsgApplication
+	MsgDownloader
+	MsgNewBlock
+	MsgDisconnect
+	MsgTransaction
+	MsgTypeFirstInvalid
+)
+
+type MessageType uint8
+
+func (mt MessageType) IsValid() bool {
+	return mt >= MsgConnect && mt < MsgTypeFirstInvalid
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface.
+func (mt MessageType) String() string {
+	switch mt {
+	case MsgConnect:
+		return "Connect"
+	case MsgPingReq:
+		return "PingRequest"
+	case MsgPingResp:
+		return "PingResponse"
+	case MsgAppHandshake:
+		return "AppHandshake"
+	case MsgApplication:
+		return "MsgApplication"
+	case MsgDownloader:
+		return "MsgDownloader"
+	case MsgTransaction:
+		return "MsgTransaction"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+type IMessage interface {
+	Type() MessageType
+	Peer() peer.ID
+	Broadcast() bool
+	Encode() ([]byte, error)
+	Decode(MessageType, []byte) error
+}
diff --git a/common/message/topic_default.go b/common/message/topic_default.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbd1156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/message/topic_default.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package message
+
+var TopicMappings = map[string]interface{}{
+	GossipBlockMessage:       struct{}{},
+	GossipSyncState:          struct{}{},
+	GossipTransactionMessage: struct{}{},
+}
+
+const (
+	GossipPrefix             = "ast/1/"
+	GossipBlockMessage       = GossipPrefix + "new_block"
+	GossipSyncState          = GossipPrefix + "sync_state"
+	GossipTransactionMessage = GossipPrefix + "new_transaction"
+)
diff --git a/common/paths/paths.go b/common/paths/paths.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ccc839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/paths/paths.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package paths
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const dirname = "ast"
+
+// DefaultDataDir is the default data directory to use for the databases and other
+// persistence requirements.
+func DefaultDataDir() string {
+	// Try to place the data folder in the user's home dir
+	home := homeDir()
+	if home != "" {
+		switch runtime.GOOS {
+		case "darwin":
+			return filepath.Join(home, "Library", dirname)
+		case "windows":
+			// We used to put everything in %HOME%\AppData\Roaming, but this caused
+			// problems with non-typical setups. If this fallback location exists and
+			// is non-empty, use it, otherwise DTRT and check %LOCALAPPDATA%.
+			fallback := filepath.Join(home, "AppData", "Roaming", dirname)
+			appdata := windowsAppData()
+			if appdata == "" || isNonEmptyDir(fallback) {
+				return fallback
+			}
+			return filepath.Join(appdata, dirname)
+		default:
+			if xdgDataDir := os.Getenv("XDG_DATA_HOME"); xdgDataDir != "" {
+				return filepath.Join(xdgDataDir, strings.ToLower(dirname))
+			}
+			return filepath.Join(home, ".local/share", strings.ToLower(dirname))
+		}
+	}
+	// As we cannot guess a stable location, return empty and handle later
+	return ""
+}
+
+func windowsAppData() string {
+	v := os.Getenv("LOCALAPPDATA")
+	if v == "" {
+		// Windows XP and below don't have LocalAppData. Crash here because
+		// we don't support Windows XP and undefining the variable will cause
+		// other issues.
+		panic("environment variable LocalAppData is undefined")
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+func isNonEmptyDir(dir string) bool {
+	f, err := os.Open(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	names, _ := f.Readdir(1)
+	f.Close()
+	return len(names) > 0
+}
+
+func homeDir() string {
+	if home := os.Getenv("HOME"); home != "" {
+		return home
+	}
+	if usr, err := user.Current(); err == nil {
+		return usr.HomeDir
+	}
+	return ""
+}
diff --git a/common/peer_set.go b/common/peer_set.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa72141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/peer_set.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type Peer struct {
+	IPeer
+	CurrentHeight *uint256.Int
+	AddTimer      time.Time
+}
+
+type PeerSet []Peer
+type PeerMap map[peer.ID]Peer
+
+func (pm PeerMap) ToSlice() PeerSet {
+	peerSet := PeerSet{}
+	for k, _ := range pm {
+		peerSet = append(peerSet, pm[k])
+	}
+
+	return peerSet
+}
+
+func (ps PeerSet) Len() int {
+	return len(ps)
+}
+
+func (ps PeerSet) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	if ps[i].CurrentHeight.Cmp(ps[j].CurrentHeight) == 1 {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (ps PeerSet) Swap(i, j int) {
+	ps[i], ps[j] = ps[j], ps[i]
+}
diff --git a/common/prque/lazyqueue.go b/common/prque/lazyqueue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d55686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/prque/lazyqueue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// LazyQueue is a priority queue data structure where priorities can change over
+// time and are only evaluated on demand.
+// Two callbacks are required:
+//   - priority evaluates the actual priority of an item
+//   - maxPriority gives an upper estimate for the priority in any moment between
+//     now and the given absolute time
+//
+// If the upper estimate is exceeded then Update should be called for that item.
+// A global Refresh function should also be called periodically.
+type LazyQueue struct {
+	clock mclock.Clock
+	// Items are stored in one of two internal queues ordered by estimated max
+	// priority until the next and the next-after-next refresh. Update and Refresh
+	// always places items in queue[1].
+	queue                      [2]*sstack
+	popQueue                   *sstack
+	period                     time.Duration
+	maxUntil                   mclock.AbsTime
+	indexOffset                int
+	setIndex                   SetIndexCallback
+	priority                   PriorityCallback
+	maxPriority                MaxPriorityCallback
+	lastRefresh1, lastRefresh2 mclock.AbsTime
+}
+
+type (
+	PriorityCallback    func(data interface{}) int64                       // actual priority callback
+	MaxPriorityCallback func(data interface{}, until mclock.AbsTime) int64 // estimated maximum priority callback
+)
+
+// NewLazyQueue creates a new lazy queue
+func NewLazyQueue(setIndex SetIndexCallback, priority PriorityCallback, maxPriority MaxPriorityCallback, clock mclock.Clock, refreshPeriod time.Duration) *LazyQueue {
+	q := &LazyQueue{
+		popQueue:     newSstack(nil, false),
+		setIndex:     setIndex,
+		priority:     priority,
+		maxPriority:  maxPriority,
+		clock:        clock,
+		period:       refreshPeriod,
+		lastRefresh1: clock.Now(),
+		lastRefresh2: clock.Now(),
+	}
+	q.Reset()
+	q.refresh(clock.Now())
+	return q
+}
+
+// Reset clears the contents of the queue
+func (q *LazyQueue) Reset() {
+	q.queue[0] = newSstack(q.setIndex0, false)
+	q.queue[1] = newSstack(q.setIndex1, false)
+}
+
+// Refresh performs queue re-evaluation if necessary
+func (q *LazyQueue) Refresh() {
+	now := q.clock.Now()
+	for time.Duration(now-q.lastRefresh2) >= q.period*2 {
+		q.refresh(now)
+		q.lastRefresh2 = q.lastRefresh1
+		q.lastRefresh1 = now
+	}
+}
+
+// refresh re-evaluates items in the older queue and swaps the two queues
+func (q *LazyQueue) refresh(now mclock.AbsTime) {
+	q.maxUntil = now + mclock.AbsTime(q.period)
+	for q.queue[0].Len() != 0 {
+		q.Push(heap.Pop(q.queue[0]).(*item).value)
+	}
+	q.queue[0], q.queue[1] = q.queue[1], q.queue[0]
+	q.indexOffset = 1 - q.indexOffset
+	q.maxUntil += mclock.AbsTime(q.period)
+}
+
+// Push adds an item to the queue
+func (q *LazyQueue) Push(data interface{}) {
+	heap.Push(q.queue[1], &item{data, q.maxPriority(data, q.maxUntil)})
+}
+
+// Update updates the upper priority estimate for the item with the given queue index
+func (q *LazyQueue) Update(index int) {
+	q.Push(q.Remove(index))
+}
+
+// Pop removes and returns the item with the greatest actual priority
+func (q *LazyQueue) Pop() (interface{}, int64) {
+	var (
+		resData interface{}
+		resPri  int64
+	)
+	q.MultiPop(func(data interface{}, priority int64) bool {
+		resData = data
+		resPri = priority
+		return false
+	})
+	return resData, resPri
+}
+
+// peekIndex returns the index of the internal queue where the item with the
+// highest estimated priority is or -1 if both are empty
+func (q *LazyQueue) peekIndex() int {
+	if q.queue[0].Len() != 0 {
+		if q.queue[1].Len() != 0 && q.queue[1].blocks[0][0].priority > q.queue[0].blocks[0][0].priority {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return 0
+	}
+	if q.queue[1].Len() != 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// MultiPop pops multiple items from the queue and is more efficient than calling
+// Pop multiple times. Popped items are passed to the callback. MultiPop returns
+// when the callback returns false or there are no more items to pop.
+func (q *LazyQueue) MultiPop(callback func(data interface{}, priority int64) bool) {
+	nextIndex := q.peekIndex()
+	for nextIndex != -1 {
+		data := heap.Pop(q.queue[nextIndex]).(*item).value
+		heap.Push(q.popQueue, &item{data, q.priority(data)})
+		nextIndex = q.peekIndex()
+		for q.popQueue.Len() != 0 && (nextIndex == -1 || q.queue[nextIndex].blocks[0][0].priority < q.popQueue.blocks[0][0].priority) {
+			i := heap.Pop(q.popQueue).(*item)
+			if !callback(i.value, i.priority) {
+				for q.popQueue.Len() != 0 {
+					q.Push(heap.Pop(q.popQueue).(*item).value)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			nextIndex = q.peekIndex() // re-check because callback is allowed to push items back
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// PopItem pops the item from the queue only, dropping the associated priority value.
+func (q *LazyQueue) PopItem() interface{} {
+	i, _ := q.Pop()
+	return i
+}
+
+// Remove removes removes the item with the given index.
+func (q *LazyQueue) Remove(index int) interface{} {
+	if index < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return heap.Remove(q.queue[index&1^q.indexOffset], index>>1).(*item).value
+}
+
+// Empty checks whether the priority queue is empty.
+func (q *LazyQueue) Empty() bool {
+	return q.queue[0].Len() == 0 && q.queue[1].Len() == 0
+}
+
+// Size returns the number of items in the priority queue.
+func (q *LazyQueue) Size() int {
+	return q.queue[0].Len() + q.queue[1].Len()
+}
+
+// setIndex0 translates internal queue item index to the virtual index space of LazyQueue
+func (q *LazyQueue) setIndex0(data interface{}, index int) {
+	if index == -1 {
+		q.setIndex(data, -1)
+	} else {
+		q.setIndex(data, index+index)
+	}
+}
+
+// setIndex1 translates internal queue item index to the virtual index space of LazyQueue
+func (q *LazyQueue) setIndex1(data interface{}, index int) {
+	q.setIndex(data, index+index+1)
+}
diff --git a/common/prque/lazyqueue_test.go b/common/prque/lazyqueue_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acb7a3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/prque/lazyqueue_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	testItems        = 1000
+	testPriorityStep = 100
+	testSteps        = 1000000
+	testStepPeriod   = time.Millisecond
+	testQueueRefresh = time.Second
+	testAvgRate      = float64(testPriorityStep) / float64(testItems) / float64(testStepPeriod)
+)
+
+type lazyItem struct {
+	p, maxp int64
+	last    mclock.AbsTime
+	index   int
+}
+
+func testPriority(a interface{}) int64 {
+	return a.(*lazyItem).p
+}
+
+func testMaxPriority(a interface{}, until mclock.AbsTime) int64 {
+	i := a.(*lazyItem)
+	dt := until - i.last
+	i.maxp = i.p + int64(float64(dt)*testAvgRate)
+	return i.maxp
+}
+
+func testSetIndex(a interface{}, i int) {
+	a.(*lazyItem).index = i
+}
+
+func TestLazyQueue(t *testing.T) {
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+	clock := &mclock.Simulated{}
+	q := NewLazyQueue(testSetIndex, testPriority, testMaxPriority, clock, testQueueRefresh)
+
+	var (
+		items  [testItems]lazyItem
+		maxPri int64
+	)
+
+	for i := range items[:] {
+		items[i].p = rand.Int63n(testPriorityStep * 10)
+		if items[i].p > maxPri {
+			maxPri = items[i].p
+		}
+		items[i].index = -1
+		q.Push(&items[i])
+	}
+
+	var (
+		lock   sync.Mutex
+		wg     sync.WaitGroup
+		stopCh = make(chan chan struct{})
+	)
+	defer wg.Wait()
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-clock.After(testQueueRefresh):
+				lock.Lock()
+				q.Refresh()
+				lock.Unlock()
+			case <-stopCh:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for c := 0; c < testSteps; c++ {
+		i := rand.Intn(testItems)
+		lock.Lock()
+		items[i].p += rand.Int63n(testPriorityStep*2-1) + 1
+		if items[i].p > maxPri {
+			maxPri = items[i].p
+		}
+		items[i].last = clock.Now()
+		if items[i].p > items[i].maxp {
+			q.Update(items[i].index)
+		}
+		if rand.Intn(100) == 0 {
+			p := q.PopItem().(*lazyItem)
+			if p.p != maxPri {
+				lock.Unlock()
+				close(stopCh)
+				t.Fatalf("incorrect item (best known priority %d, popped %d)", maxPri, p.p)
+			}
+			q.Push(p)
+		}
+		lock.Unlock()
+		clock.Run(testStepPeriod)
+		clock.WaitForTimers(1)
+	}
+
+	close(stopCh)
+}
diff --git a/common/prque/prque.go b/common/prque/prque.go
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..54c78b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/prque/prque.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+// This is a duplicated and slightly modified version of "gopkg.in/karalabe/cookiejar.v2/collections/prque".
+
+// Package prque implements a priority queue data structure supporting arbitrary
+// value types and int64 priorities.
+//
+// If you would like to use a min-priority queue, simply negate the priorities.
+//
+// Internally the queue is based on the standard heap package working on a
+// sortable version of the block based stack.
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+)
+
+// Priority queue data structure.
+type Prque struct {
+	cont *sstack
+}
+
+// New creates a new priority queue.
+func New(setIndex SetIndexCallback) *Prque {
+	return &Prque{newSstack(setIndex, false)}
+}
+
+// NewWrapAround creates a new priority queue with wrap-around priority handling.
+func NewWrapAround(setIndex SetIndexCallback) *Prque {
+	return &Prque{newSstack(setIndex, true)}
+}
+
+// Pushes a value with a given priority into the queue, expanding if necessary.
+func (p *Prque) Push(data interface{}, priority int64) {
+	heap.Push(p.cont, &item{data, priority})
+}
+
+// Peek returns the value with the greates priority but does not pop it off.
+func (p *Prque) Peek() (interface{}, int64) {
+	item := p.cont.blocks[0][0]
+	return item.value, item.priority
+}
+
+// Pops the value with the greates priority off the stack and returns it.
+// Currently no shrinking is done.
+func (p *Prque) Pop() (interface{}, int64) {
+	item := heap.Pop(p.cont).(*item)
+	return item.value, item.priority
+}
+
+// Pops only the item from the queue, dropping the associated priority value.
+func (p *Prque) PopItem() interface{} {
+	return heap.Pop(p.cont).(*item).value
+}
+
+// Remove removes the element with the given index.
+func (p *Prque) Remove(i int) interface{} {
+	if i < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return heap.Remove(p.cont, i)
+}
+
+// Checks whether the priority queue is empty.
+func (p *Prque) Empty() bool {
+	return p.cont.Len() == 0
+}
+
+// Returns the number of element in the priority queue.
+func (p *Prque) Size() int {
+	return p.cont.Len()
+}
+
+// Clears the contents of the priority queue.
+func (p *Prque) Reset() {
+	*p = *New(p.cont.setIndex)
+}
diff --git a/common/prque/prque_test.go b/common/prque/prque_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cffceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/prque/prque_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestPrque(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a batch of random data and a specific priority order
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	prio := rand.Perm(size)
+	data := make([]int, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+	}
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Fill a priority queue with the above data
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			queue.Push(data[i], int64(prio[i]))
+			if queue.Size() != i+1 {
+				t.Errorf("queue size mismatch: have %v, want %v.", queue.Size(), i+1)
+			}
+		}
+		// Create a map the values to the priorities for easier verification
+		dict := make(map[int64]int)
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			dict[int64(prio[i])] = data[i]
+		}
+		// Pop out the elements in priority order and verify them
+		prevPrio := int64(size + 1)
+		for !queue.Empty() {
+			val, prio := queue.Pop()
+			if prio > prevPrio {
+				t.Errorf("invalid priority order: %v after %v.", prio, prevPrio)
+			}
+			prevPrio = prio
+			if val != dict[prio] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", val, dict[prio])
+			}
+			delete(dict, prio)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a batch of random data and a specific priority order
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	prio := rand.Perm(size)
+	data := make([]int, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+	}
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Fill a priority queue with the above data
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			queue.Push(data[i], int64(prio[i]))
+			if queue.Size() != i+1 {
+				t.Errorf("queue size mismatch: have %v, want %v.", queue.Size(), i+1)
+			}
+		}
+		// Create a map the values to the priorities for easier verification
+		dict := make(map[int64]int)
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			dict[int64(prio[i])] = data[i]
+		}
+		// Pop out half the elements in priority order and verify them
+		prevPrio := int64(size + 1)
+		for i := 0; i < size/2; i++ {
+			val, prio := queue.Pop()
+			if prio > prevPrio {
+				t.Errorf("invalid priority order: %v after %v.", prio, prevPrio)
+			}
+			prevPrio = prio
+			if val != dict[prio] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", val, dict[prio])
+			}
+			delete(dict, prio)
+		}
+		// Reset and ensure it's empty
+		queue.Reset()
+		if !queue.Empty() {
+			t.Errorf("priority queue not empty after reset: %v", queue)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPush(b *testing.B) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	data := make([]int, b.N)
+	prio := make([]int64, b.N)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+		prio[i] = rand.Int63()
+	}
+	// Execute the benchmark
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		queue.Push(data[i], prio[i])
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPop(b *testing.B) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	data := make([]int, b.N)
+	prio := make([]int64, b.N)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+		prio[i] = rand.Int63()
+	}
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		queue.Push(data[i], prio[i])
+	}
+	// Execute the benchmark
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for !queue.Empty() {
+		queue.Pop()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/prque/sstack.go b/common/prque/sstack.go
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b06a954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/prque/sstack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+// This is a duplicated and slightly modified version of "gopkg.in/karalabe/cookiejar.v2/collections/prque".
+
+package prque
+
+// The size of a block of data
+const blockSize = 4096
+
+// A prioritized item in the sorted stack.
+//
+// Note: priorities can "wrap around" the int64 range, a comes before b if (a.priority - b.priority) > 0.
+// The difference between the lowest and highest priorities in the queue at any point should be less than 2^63.
+type item struct {
+	value    interface{}
+	priority int64
+}
+
+// SetIndexCallback is called when the element is moved to a new index.
+// Providing SetIndexCallback is optional, it is needed only if the application needs
+// to delete elements other than the top one.
+type SetIndexCallback func(data interface{}, index int)
+
+// Internal sortable stack data structure. Implements the Push and Pop ops for
+// the stack (heap) functionality and the Len, Less and Swap methods for the
+// sortability requirements of the heaps.
+type sstack struct {
+	setIndex   SetIndexCallback
+	size       int
+	capacity   int
+	offset     int
+	wrapAround bool
+
+	blocks [][]*item
+	active []*item
+}
+
+// Creates a new, empty stack.
+func newSstack(setIndex SetIndexCallback, wrapAround bool) *sstack {
+	result := new(sstack)
+	result.setIndex = setIndex
+	result.active = make([]*item, blockSize)
+	result.blocks = [][]*item{result.active}
+	result.capacity = blockSize
+	result.wrapAround = wrapAround
+	return result
+}
+
+// Pushes a value onto the stack, expanding it if necessary. Required by
+// heap.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Push(data interface{}) {
+	if s.size == s.capacity {
+		s.active = make([]*item, blockSize)
+		s.blocks = append(s.blocks, s.active)
+		s.capacity += blockSize
+		s.offset = 0
+	} else if s.offset == blockSize {
+		s.active = s.blocks[s.size/blockSize]
+		s.offset = 0
+	}
+	if s.setIndex != nil {
+		s.setIndex(data.(*item).value, s.size)
+	}
+	s.active[s.offset] = data.(*item)
+	s.offset++
+	s.size++
+}
+
+// Pops a value off the stack and returns it. Currently no shrinking is done.
+// Required by heap.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Pop() (res interface{}) {
+	s.size--
+	s.offset--
+	if s.offset < 0 {
+		s.offset = blockSize - 1
+		s.active = s.blocks[s.size/blockSize]
+	}
+	res, s.active[s.offset] = s.active[s.offset], nil
+	if s.setIndex != nil {
+		s.setIndex(res.(*item).value, -1)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Returns the length of the stack. Required by sort.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Len() int {
+	return s.size
+}
+
+// Compares the priority of two elements of the stack (higher is first).
+// Required by sort.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	a, b := s.blocks[i/blockSize][i%blockSize].priority, s.blocks[j/blockSize][j%blockSize].priority
+	if s.wrapAround {
+		return a-b > 0
+	}
+	return a > b
+}
+
+// Swaps two elements in the stack. Required by sort.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Swap(i, j int) {
+	ib, io, jb, jo := i/blockSize, i%blockSize, j/blockSize, j%blockSize
+	a, b := s.blocks[jb][jo], s.blocks[ib][io]
+	if s.setIndex != nil {
+		s.setIndex(a.value, i)
+		s.setIndex(b.value, j)
+	}
+	s.blocks[ib][io], s.blocks[jb][jo] = a, b
+}
+
+// Resets the stack, effectively clearing its contents.
+func (s *sstack) Reset() {
+	*s = *newSstack(s.setIndex, false)
+}
diff --git a/common/prque/sstack_test.go b/common/prque/sstack_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc62989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/prque/sstack_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSstack(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	data := make([]*item, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = &item{rand.Int(), rand.Int63()}
+	}
+	stack := newSstack(nil, false)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Push all the data into the stack, pop out every second
+		secs := []*item{}
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			stack.Push(data[i])
+			if i%2 == 0 {
+				secs = append(secs, stack.Pop().(*item))
+			}
+		}
+		rest := []*item{}
+		for stack.Len() > 0 {
+			rest = append(rest, stack.Pop().(*item))
+		}
+		// Make sure the contents of the resulting slices are ok
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			if i%2 == 0 && data[i] != secs[i/2] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", secs[i/2], data[i])
+			}
+			if i%2 == 1 && data[i] != rest[len(rest)-i/2-1] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", rest[len(rest)-i/2-1], data[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSstackSort(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	data := make([]*item, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = &item{rand.Int(), int64(i)}
+	}
+	// Push all the data into the stack
+	stack := newSstack(nil, false)
+	for _, val := range data {
+		stack.Push(val)
+	}
+	// Sort and pop the stack contents (should reverse the order)
+	sort.Sort(stack)
+	for _, val := range data {
+		out := stack.Pop()
+		if out != val {
+			t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch after sort: have %v, want %v.", out, val)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSstackReset(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	data := make([]*item, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = &item{rand.Int(), rand.Int63()}
+	}
+	stack := newSstack(nil, false)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Push all the data into the stack, pop out every second
+		secs := []*item{}
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			stack.Push(data[i])
+			if i%2 == 0 {
+				secs = append(secs, stack.Pop().(*item))
+			}
+		}
+		// Reset and verify both pulled and stack contents
+		stack.Reset()
+		if stack.Len() != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("stack not empty after reset: %v", stack)
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			if i%2 == 0 && data[i] != secs[i/2] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", secs[i/2], data[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/access_list.go b/common/transaction/access_list.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b001639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/access_list.go
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type AccessList []AccessTuple
+
+// AccessTuple is the element type of an access list.
+type AccessTuple struct {
+	Address     types.Address `json:"address"        gencodec:"required"`
+	StorageKeys []types.Hash  `json:"storageKeys"    gencodec:"required"`
+}
+
+// StorageKeys returns the total number of storage keys in the access list.
+func (al AccessList) StorageKeys() int {
+	sum := 0
+	for _, tuple := range al {
+		sum += len(tuple.StorageKeys)
+	}
+	return sum
+}
+
+type AccessListTx struct {
+	ChainID    *uint256.Int   // destination chain ID
+	Nonce      uint64         // nonce of sender account
+	GasPrice   *uint256.Int   // wei per gas
+	Gas        uint64         // gas limit
+	To         *types.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	From       *types.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	Value      *uint256.Int   // wei amount
+	Data       []byte         // contract invocation input data
+	AccessList AccessList     // EIP-2930 access list
+	Sign       []byte         // signature values
+	V, R, S    *uint256.Int   // signature values
+}
+
+func (tx *AccessListTx) copy() TxData {
+	cpy := &AccessListTx{
+		Nonce: tx.Nonce,
+		To:    copyAddressPtr(tx.To),
+		From:  copyAddressPtr(tx.From),
+		Data:  types.CopyBytes(tx.Data),
+		Gas:   tx.Gas,
+		// These are copied below.
+		AccessList: make(AccessList, len(tx.AccessList)),
+		Value:      new(uint256.Int),
+		ChainID:    new(uint256.Int),
+		GasPrice:   new(uint256.Int),
+	}
+	copy(cpy.AccessList, tx.AccessList)
+	if tx.Value != nil {
+		cpy.Value.Set(tx.Value)
+	}
+	if tx.ChainID != nil {
+		cpy.ChainID.Set(tx.ChainID)
+	}
+	if tx.GasPrice != nil {
+		cpy.GasPrice.Set(tx.GasPrice)
+	}
+	if tx.V != nil {
+		cpy.V.Set(tx.V)
+	}
+	if tx.R != nil {
+		cpy.R.Set(tx.R)
+	}
+	if tx.S != nil {
+		cpy.S.Set(tx.S)
+	}
+
+	if tx.Sign != nil {
+		copy(cpy.Sign, tx.Sign)
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// accessors for innerTx.
+func (tx *AccessListTx) txType() byte            { return AccessListTxType }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) chainID() *uint256.Int   { return tx.ChainID }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) accessList() AccessList  { return tx.AccessList }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) data() []byte            { return tx.Data }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gas() uint64             { return tx.Gas }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gasPrice() *uint256.Int  { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gasTipCap() *uint256.Int { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gasFeeCap() *uint256.Int { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) value() *uint256.Int     { return tx.Value }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) nonce() uint64           { return tx.Nonce }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) to() *types.Address      { return tx.To }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) from() *types.Address    { return tx.From }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) sign() []byte            { return tx.Sign }
+
+func (tx *AccessListTx) hash() types.Hash {
+	hash := hash.PrefixedRlpHash(AccessListTxType, []interface{}{
+		tx.ChainID,
+		tx.Nonce,
+		tx.GasPrice,
+		tx.Gas,
+		tx.To,
+		tx.Value,
+		tx.Data,
+		tx.AccessList,
+		tx.V, tx.R, tx.S,
+	})
+	return hash
+}
+
+func (tx *AccessListTx) rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	return tx.V, tx.R, tx.S
+}
+
+func (tx *AccessListTx) setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	tx.ChainID, tx.V, tx.R, tx.S = chainID, v, r, s
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/dynamic_fee_tx.go b/common/transaction/dynamic_fee_tx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c77fbde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/dynamic_fee_tx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type DynamicFeeTx struct {
+	ChainID    *uint256.Int
+	Nonce      uint64
+	GasTipCap  *uint256.Int // a.k.a. maxPriorityFeePerGas
+	GasFeeCap  *uint256.Int // a.k.a. maxFeePerGas
+	Gas        uint64
+	To         *types.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	From       *types.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	Value      *uint256.Int
+	Data       []byte
+	AccessList AccessList
+	Sign       []byte       // Signature values
+	V, R, S    *uint256.Int // signature values
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the transaction data and initializes all fields.
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) copy() TxData {
+	cpy := &DynamicFeeTx{
+		Nonce: tx.Nonce,
+		To:    copyAddressPtr(tx.To),
+		From:  copyAddressPtr(tx.From),
+		Data:  common.CopyBytes(tx.Data),
+		Gas:   tx.Gas,
+		// These are copied below.
+		AccessList: make(AccessList, len(tx.AccessList)),
+		Value:      new(uint256.Int),
+		ChainID:    new(uint256.Int),
+		GasTipCap:  new(uint256.Int),
+		GasFeeCap:  new(uint256.Int),
+		V:          new(uint256.Int),
+		R:          new(uint256.Int),
+		S:          new(uint256.Int),
+	}
+	copy(cpy.AccessList, tx.AccessList)
+	if tx.Value != nil {
+		cpy.Value.Set(tx.Value)
+	}
+	if tx.ChainID != nil {
+		cpy.ChainID.Set(tx.ChainID)
+	}
+	if tx.GasTipCap != nil {
+		cpy.GasTipCap.Set(tx.GasTipCap)
+	}
+	if tx.GasFeeCap != nil {
+		cpy.GasFeeCap.Set(tx.GasFeeCap)
+	}
+	if tx.V != nil {
+		cpy.V.Set(tx.V)
+	}
+	if tx.R != nil {
+		cpy.R.Set(tx.R)
+	}
+	if tx.S != nil {
+		cpy.S.Set(tx.S)
+	}
+	if tx.Sign != nil {
+		copy(cpy.Sign, tx.Sign)
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// accessors for innerTx.
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) txType() byte            { return DynamicFeeTxType }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) chainID() *uint256.Int   { return tx.ChainID }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) accessList() AccessList  { return tx.AccessList }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) data() []byte            { return tx.Data }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gas() uint64             { return tx.Gas }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gasFeeCap() *uint256.Int { return tx.GasFeeCap }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gasTipCap() *uint256.Int { return tx.GasTipCap }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gasPrice() *uint256.Int  { return tx.GasFeeCap }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) value() *uint256.Int     { return tx.Value }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) nonce() uint64           { return tx.Nonce }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) to() *types.Address      { return tx.To }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) from() *types.Address    { return tx.From }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) sign() []byte            { return tx.Sign }
+
+// Hash computes the hash (but not for signatures!)
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) hash() types.Hash {
+	hash := hash.PrefixedRlpHash(DynamicFeeTxType, []interface{}{
+		tx.ChainID,
+		tx.Nonce,
+		tx.GasTipCap,
+		tx.GasFeeCap,
+		tx.Gas,
+		tx.To,
+		tx.Value,
+		tx.Data,
+		tx.AccessList,
+		tx.V, tx.R, tx.S,
+	})
+	return hash
+}
+
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	return tx.V, tx.R, tx.S
+}
+
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	tx.ChainID, tx.V, tx.R, tx.S = chainID, v, r, s
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/legacy_tx.go b/common/transaction/legacy_tx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f16e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/legacy_tx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// LegacyTx is the transaction data of regular Ethereum transactions.
+type LegacyTx struct {
+	Nonce    uint64         // nonce of sender account
+	GasPrice *uint256.Int   // wei per gas
+	Gas      uint64         // gas limit
+	To       *types.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	From     *types.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	Value    *uint256.Int   // wei amount
+	Data     []byte         // contract invocation input data
+	V, R, S  *uint256.Int   // signature values
+	Sign     []byte
+}
+
+// NewTransaction creates an unsigned legacy transaction.
+// Deprecated: use NewTx instead.
+func NewTransaction(nonce uint64, from types.Address, to *types.Address, amount *uint256.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *uint256.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+	return NewTx(&LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    nonce,
+		To:       to,
+		From:     &from,
+		Value:    amount,
+		Gas:      gasLimit,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Data:     data,
+	})
+}
+
+// NewContractCreation creates an unsigned legacy transaction.
+// Deprecated: use NewTx instead.
+func NewContractCreation(nonce uint64, amount *uint256.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *uint256.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+	return NewTx(&LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    nonce,
+		Value:    amount,
+		Gas:      gasLimit,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Data:     data,
+	})
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the transaction data and initializes all fields.
+func (tx *LegacyTx) copy() TxData {
+	cpy := &LegacyTx{
+		Nonce: tx.Nonce,
+		To:    copyAddressPtr(tx.To),
+		From:  copyAddressPtr(tx.From),
+		Data:  types.CopyBytes(tx.Data),
+		Gas:   tx.Gas,
+		// These are initialized below.
+		Value:    new(uint256.Int),
+		GasPrice: new(uint256.Int),
+		V:        new(uint256.Int),
+		R:        new(uint256.Int),
+		S:        new(uint256.Int),
+	}
+	if tx.Value != nil {
+		cpy.Value.Set(tx.Value)
+	}
+	if tx.GasPrice != nil {
+		cpy.GasPrice.Set(tx.GasPrice)
+	}
+	if tx.V != nil {
+		cpy.V.Set(tx.V)
+	}
+	if tx.R != nil {
+		cpy.R.Set(tx.R)
+	}
+	if tx.S != nil {
+		cpy.S.Set(tx.S)
+	}
+	if tx.sign() != nil {
+		copy(cpy.Sign, tx.Sign)
+	}
+
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// accessors for innerTx.
+func (tx *LegacyTx) txType() byte { return LegacyTxType }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) chainID() *uint256.Int {
+	return DeriveChainId(tx.V)
+}
+func (tx *LegacyTx) accessList() AccessList  { return nil }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) data() []byte            { return tx.Data }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gas() uint64             { return tx.Gas }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gasPrice() *uint256.Int  { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gasTipCap() *uint256.Int { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gasFeeCap() *uint256.Int { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) value() *uint256.Int     { return tx.Value }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) nonce() uint64           { return tx.Nonce }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) to() *types.Address      { return tx.To }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) from() *types.Address    { return tx.From }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) sign() []byte            { return tx.Sign }
+
+func (tx *LegacyTx) rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	return tx.V, tx.R, tx.S
+}
+
+func (tx *LegacyTx) setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	tx.V, tx.R, tx.S = v, r, s
+}
+
+func (tx *LegacyTx) hash() types.Hash {
+	hash := hash.RlpHash([]interface{}{
+		tx.Nonce,
+		tx.GasPrice,
+		tx.Gas,
+		tx.To,
+		tx.Value,
+		tx.Data,
+		tx.V, tx.R, tx.S,
+	})
+	return hash
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/sakuragi_tx.go b/common/transaction/sakuragi_tx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63a443c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/sakuragi_tx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type SakuragiTx struct {
+	Nonce    uint64      // nonce of sender account
+	GasPrice uint256.Int // wei per gas
+	Gas      uint64      // gas limit
+	To       *types.Address
+	From     *types.Address
+	Value    uint256.Int // wei amount
+	Data     []byte      // contract invocation input data
+	Sign     []byte      // signature values
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/transaction.go b/common/transaction/transaction.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f714bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/transaction.go
@@ -0,0 +1,695 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"math/big"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrGasFeeCapTooLow = fmt.Errorf("fee cap less than base fee")
+	ErrUnmarshalHash   = fmt.Errorf("hash verify falied")
+)
+
+// Transaction types.
+const (
+	LegacyTxType = iota
+	AccessListTxType
+	DynamicFeeTxType
+)
+
+type TxData interface {
+	txType() byte // returns the type ID
+	copy() TxData // creates a deep copy and initializes all fields
+
+	chainID() *uint256.Int
+	accessList() AccessList
+	data() []byte
+	gas() uint64
+	gasPrice() *uint256.Int
+	gasTipCap() *uint256.Int
+	gasFeeCap() *uint256.Int
+	value() *uint256.Int
+	nonce() uint64
+	to() *types.Address
+	from() *types.Address
+	sign() []byte
+	hash() types.Hash
+
+	rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *uint256.Int)
+	setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *uint256.Int)
+
+	//Marshal() ([]byte, error)
+	//MarshalTo(data []byte) (n int, err error)
+	//Unmarshal(data []byte) error
+	//Size() int
+}
+
+// Transactions implements DerivableList for transactions.
+type Transactions []*Transaction
+
+// Len returns the length of s.
+func (s Transactions) Len() int { return len(s) }
+
+// EncodeIndex encodes the i'th transaction to w. Note that this does not check for errors
+// because we assume that *Transaction will only ever contain valid txs that were either
+// constructed by decoding or via public API in this package.
+func (s Transactions) EncodeIndex(i int, w *bytes.Buffer) {
+	tx := s[i]
+	proto, _ := tx.Marshal()
+	w.Write(proto)
+}
+
+type Transaction struct {
+	inner TxData    // Consensus contents of a transaction
+	time  time.Time // Time first seen locally (spam avoidance)
+
+	// caches
+	hash atomic.Value
+	size atomic.Value
+	from atomic.Value
+}
+
+// NewTx creates a new transaction.
+func NewTx(inner TxData) *Transaction {
+	tx := new(Transaction)
+	tx.setDecoded(inner.copy(), 0)
+	return tx
+}
+
+func txDataFromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) (TxData, error) {
+	var (
+		pbTx  *types_pb.Transaction
+		ok    bool
+		inner TxData
+	)
+
+	if pbTx, ok = message.(*types_pb.Transaction); !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("aa")
+	}
+
+	switch pbTx.Type {
+	case LegacyTxType:
+		var itx LegacyTx
+		if nil != pbTx.To {
+			itx.To = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.To)
+			if *itx.To == (types.Address{}) {
+				itx.To = nil
+			}
+		}
+		itx.From = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.From)
+		itx.Sign = pbTx.Sign
+		itx.Nonce = pbTx.Nonce
+		itx.Gas = pbTx.Gas
+		itx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.GasPrice)
+		itx.Value = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.Value)
+		if nil != pbTx.V {
+			itx.V = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.V)
+		}
+		if nil != pbTx.R {
+			itx.R = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.R)
+		}
+		if nil != pbTx.S {
+			itx.S = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.S)
+		}
+		itx.Data = pbTx.Data
+		inner = &itx
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		var altt AccessListTx
+		altt.ChainID = uint256.NewInt(pbTx.ChainID)
+		altt.Nonce = pbTx.Nonce
+		altt.Gas = pbTx.Gas
+		altt.GasPrice = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.GasPrice)
+		altt.Value = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.Value)
+		if nil != pbTx.V {
+			altt.V = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.V)
+		}
+		if nil != pbTx.R {
+			altt.R = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.R)
+		}
+		if nil != pbTx.S {
+			altt.S = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.S)
+		}
+		altt.Data = pbTx.Data
+		if nil != pbTx.To {
+			altt.To = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.To)
+			if *altt.To == (types.Address{}) {
+				altt.To = nil
+			}
+		}
+		//altt.To = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.To)
+		altt.From = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.From)
+		altt.Sign = pbTx.Sign
+		inner = &altt
+	case DynamicFeeTxType:
+		var dftt DynamicFeeTx
+		dftt.ChainID = uint256.NewInt(pbTx.ChainID)
+		dftt.Nonce = pbTx.Nonce
+		dftt.Gas = pbTx.Gas
+		dftt.GasFeeCap = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.FeePerGas)
+		dftt.GasTipCap = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.PriorityFeePerGas)
+		dftt.Value = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.Value)
+		if nil != pbTx.V {
+			dftt.V = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.V)
+		}
+		if nil != pbTx.R {
+			dftt.R = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.R)
+		}
+		if nil != pbTx.S {
+			dftt.S = utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(pbTx.S)
+		}
+		dftt.Data = pbTx.Data
+		if nil != pbTx.To {
+			dftt.To = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.To)
+			if *dftt.To == (types.Address{}) {
+				dftt.To = nil
+			}
+		}
+
+		//dftt.To = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.To)
+		dftt.From = utils.ConvertH160ToPAddress(pbTx.From)
+		dftt.Sign = pbTx.Sign
+		inner = &dftt
+	}
+
+	// todo
+	protoHash := utils.ConvertH256ToHash(pbTx.Hash)
+	innerHash := inner.hash()
+	if bytes.Compare(protoHash[:], innerHash[:]) != 0 {
+		//return nil, ErrUnmarshalHash
+	}
+
+	return inner, nil
+}
+
+func FromProtoMessage(message proto.Message) (*Transaction, error) {
+	inner, err := txDataFromProtoMessage(message)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return NewTx(inner), nil
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+	var pbTx types_pb.Transaction
+	pbTx.Type = uint64(tx.inner.txType())
+
+	switch t := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *AccessListTx:
+		pbTx.ChainID = t.ChainID.Uint64()
+		pbTx.Nonce = tx.Nonce()
+		pbTx.Gas = tx.Gas()
+		pbTx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.GasPrice())
+		pbTx.Value = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.Value())
+		pbTx.Data = tx.Data()
+		pbTx.From = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.From())
+		pbTx.Sign = t.Sign
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		pbTx.Nonce = tx.Nonce()
+		pbTx.Gas = tx.Gas()
+		pbTx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.GasPrice())
+		pbTx.Value = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.Value())
+		pbTx.Data = tx.Data()
+		//pbTx.To = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.To())
+		pbTx.From = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.From())
+		pbTx.Sign = t.Sign
+	case *DynamicFeeTx:
+		pbTx.ChainID = t.ChainID.Uint64()
+		pbTx.Nonce = tx.Nonce()
+		pbTx.Gas = tx.Gas()
+		pbTx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.GasPrice())
+		pbTx.Value = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.Value())
+		pbTx.Data = tx.Data()
+		//pbTx.To = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.To())
+		pbTx.From = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.From())
+		pbTx.Sign = t.Sign
+		pbTx.FeePerGas = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(t.GasFeeCap)
+		pbTx.PriorityFeePerGas = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(t.GasTipCap)
+	}
+	if tx.To() != nil {
+		pbTx.To = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.To())
+	}
+
+	pbTx.Hash = utils.ConvertHashToH256(tx.Hash())
+
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	if nil != v {
+		pbTx.V = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(v)
+	}
+	if nil != r {
+		pbTx.R = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(r)
+	}
+	if nil != s {
+		pbTx.S = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(s)
+	}
+
+	return &pbTx
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) setDecoded(inner TxData, size int) {
+	tx.inner = inner
+	tx.time = time.Now()
+	//if size > 0 {
+	//	tx.size.Store(common.StorageSize(size))
+	//}
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) RawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *uint256.Int) {
+	return tx.inner.rawSignatureValues()
+}
+
+// WithSignature todo
+func (tx *Transaction) WithSignatureValues(v, r, s *uint256.Int) (*Transaction, error) {
+	//todo
+	tx.inner.setSignatureValues(uint256.NewInt(100100100), v, r, s)
+	return tx, nil
+}
+
+func (tx Transaction) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	var pbTx types_pb.Transaction
+	pbTx.Type = uint64(tx.inner.txType())
+
+	switch t := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *AccessListTx:
+		pbTx.ChainID = t.ChainID.Uint64()
+		pbTx.Nonce = tx.Nonce()
+		pbTx.Gas = tx.Gas()
+		pbTx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.GasPrice())
+		pbTx.Value = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.Value())
+		pbTx.Data = tx.Data()
+		pbTx.From = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.From())
+		pbTx.Sign = t.Sign
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		pbTx.Nonce = tx.Nonce()
+		pbTx.Gas = tx.Gas()
+		pbTx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.GasPrice())
+		pbTx.Value = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.Value())
+		pbTx.Data = tx.Data()
+		//pbTx.To = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.To())
+		pbTx.From = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.From())
+		pbTx.Sign = t.Sign
+	case *DynamicFeeTx:
+		pbTx.ChainID = t.ChainID.Uint64()
+		pbTx.Nonce = tx.Nonce()
+		pbTx.Gas = tx.Gas()
+		pbTx.GasPrice = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.GasPrice())
+		pbTx.Value = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(tx.Value())
+		pbTx.Data = tx.Data()
+		//pbTx.To = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.To())
+		pbTx.From = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.From())
+		pbTx.Sign = t.Sign
+		pbTx.FeePerGas = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(t.GasFeeCap)
+		pbTx.PriorityFeePerGas = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(t.GasTipCap)
+	}
+	if tx.To() != nil {
+		pbTx.To = utils.ConvertAddressToH160(*tx.To())
+	}
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	if nil != v {
+		pbTx.V = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(v)
+	}
+	if nil != r {
+		pbTx.R = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(r)
+	}
+	if nil != s {
+		pbTx.S = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(s)
+	}
+	return proto.Marshal(&pbTx)
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) MarshalTo(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	b, err := tx.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	copy(data, b)
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	var pbTx types_pb.Transaction
+	var err error
+	var inner TxData
+	err = proto.Unmarshal(data, &pbTx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	inner, err = txDataFromProtoMessage(&pbTx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	tx.setDecoded(inner, 0)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Type() uint8 {
+	return tx.inner.txType()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) ChainId() *uint256.Int {
+	return tx.inner.chainID()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Data() []byte {
+	return tx.inner.data()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) AccessList() AccessList {
+	return tx.inner.accessList()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Gas() uint64 {
+	return tx.inner.gas()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) GasPrice() *uint256.Int {
+	return tx.inner.gasPrice()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) GasTipCap() *uint256.Int {
+	return tx.inner.gasTipCap()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) GasFeeCap() *uint256.Int {
+	return tx.inner.gasFeeCap()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Value() *uint256.Int {
+	return tx.inner.value()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Nonce() uint64 {
+	return tx.inner.nonce()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) To() *types.Address {
+	return copyAddressPtr(tx.inner.to())
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) From() *types.Address {
+	return tx.inner.from()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) SetFrom(addr types.Address) {
+	switch t := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *AccessListTx:
+		t.From = &addr
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		t.From = &addr
+	case *DynamicFeeTx:
+		t.From = &addr
+	}
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) SetNonce(nonce uint64) {
+	switch t := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *AccessListTx:
+		t.Nonce = nonce
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		t.Nonce = nonce
+	case *DynamicFeeTx:
+		t.Nonce = nonce
+	}
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Sign() []byte {
+	return tx.inner.sign()
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Cost() *uint256.Int {
+	price := tx.inner.gasPrice()
+	gas := uint256.NewInt(tx.inner.gas())
+	total := new(uint256.Int).Mul(price, gas)
+	total = total.Add(total, tx.Value())
+	return total
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) Hash() types.Hash {
+	if hash := tx.hash.Load(); hash != nil {
+		return hash.(types.Hash)
+	}
+	h := tx.inner.hash()
+	tx.hash.Store(h)
+	return h
+}
+
+// GasFeeCapCmp compares the fee cap of two transactions.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasFeeCapCmp(other *Transaction) int {
+	return tx.inner.gasFeeCap().Cmp(other.inner.gasFeeCap())
+}
+
+// EffectiveGasTipIntCmp compares the effective gasTipCap of a transaction to the given gasTipCap.
+func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(other *uint256.Int, baseFee *uint256.Int) int {
+	if baseFee == nil {
+		return tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(other)
+	}
+	return tx.EffectiveGasTipValue(baseFee).Cmp(other)
+}
+
+// GasTipCapCmp compares the gasTipCap of two transactions.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasTipCapCmp(other *Transaction) int {
+	return tx.inner.gasTipCap().Cmp(other.inner.gasTipCap())
+}
+
+// GasFeeCapIntCmp compares the fee cap of the transaction against the given fee cap.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasFeeCapIntCmp(other *uint256.Int) int {
+	return tx.inner.gasFeeCap().Cmp(other)
+}
+
+// GasTipCapIntCmp compares the gasTipCap of the transaction against the given gasTipCap.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasTipCapIntCmp(other *uint256.Int) int {
+	return tx.inner.gasTipCap().Cmp(other)
+}
+
+// EffectiveGasTipValue is identical to EffectiveGasTip, but does not return an
+// error in case the effective gasTipCap is negative
+func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipValue(baseFee *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	effectiveTip, _ := tx.EffectiveGasTip(baseFee)
+	return effectiveTip
+}
+
+// EffectiveGasTipCmp compares the effective gasTipCap of two transactions assuming the given base fee.
+func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipCmp(other *Transaction, baseFee *uint256.Int) int {
+	if baseFee == nil {
+		return tx.GasTipCapCmp(other)
+	}
+	return tx.EffectiveGasTipValue(baseFee).Cmp(other.EffectiveGasTipValue(baseFee))
+}
+
+// EffectiveGasTip returns the effective miner gasTipCap for the given base fee.
+// Note: if the effective gasTipCap is negative, this method returns both error
+// the actual negative value, _and_ ErrGasFeeCapTooLow
+func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTip(baseFee *uint256.Int) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	if baseFee == nil {
+		return tx.GasTipCap(), nil
+	}
+	var err error
+	gasFeeCap := tx.GasFeeCap()
+	if gasFeeCap.Cmp(baseFee) == -1 {
+		err = ErrGasFeeCapTooLow
+	}
+	return uint256Min(tx.GasTipCap(), new(uint256.Int).Sub(gasFeeCap, baseFee)), err
+}
+
+func uint256Min(x, y *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	if x.Cmp(y) == 1 {
+		return x
+	}
+	return y
+}
+
+func isProtectedV(V *big.Int) bool {
+	if V.BitLen() <= 8 {
+		v := V.Uint64()
+		return v != 27 && v != 28 && v != 1 && v != 0
+	}
+	// anything not 27 or 28 is considered protected
+	return true
+}
+
+// Protected says whether the transaction is replay-protected.
+func (tx *Transaction) Protected() bool {
+	switch tx := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		return tx.V.ToBig() != nil && isProtectedV(tx.V.ToBig())
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithSignature returns a new transaction with the given signature.
+// This signature needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (tx *Transaction) WithSignature(signer Signer, sig []byte) (*Transaction, error) {
+	r, s, v, err := signer.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cpy := tx.inner.copy()
+	var chainID *uint256.Int
+	if signer.ChainID() == nil {
+		chainID = nil
+	} else {
+		chainID, _ = uint256.FromBig(signer.ChainID())
+	}
+
+	v1, _ := uint256.FromBig(v)
+	r1, _ := uint256.FromBig(r)
+	s1, _ := uint256.FromBig(s)
+	cpy.setSignatureValues(chainID, v1, r1, s1)
+	return &Transaction{inner: cpy, time: tx.time}, nil
+}
+
+//type Transaction struct {
+//	to        types.Address
+//	from      types.Address
+//	nonce     uint64
+//	amount    uint256.Int
+//	gasLimit  uint64
+//	gasPrice  uint256.Int
+//	gasFeeCap uint256.Int
+//	payload   []byte
+//}
+
+//func (t *Transaction) ToProtoMessage() proto.Message {
+//	pbTx := types_pb.Transaction{
+//		From:  types.Address(t.from),
+//		To:    types.Address(t.to),
+//		Value: t.amount,
+//		Data:  t.payload,
+//		Nonce: t.nonce,
+//		S:     nil,
+//		V:     nil,
+//		R:     nil,
+//	}
+//
+//	return &pbTx
+//}
+
+func copyAddressPtr(a *types.Address) *types.Address {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	cpy := *a
+	return &cpy
+}
+
+// Message is a fully derived transaction and implements core.Message
+type Message struct {
+	to         *types.Address
+	from       types.Address
+	nonce      uint64
+	amount     uint256.Int
+	gasLimit   uint64
+	gasPrice   uint256.Int
+	feeCap     uint256.Int
+	tip        uint256.Int
+	data       []byte
+	accessList AccessList
+	checkNonce bool
+	isFree     bool
+}
+
+func NewMessage(from types.Address, to *types.Address, nonce uint64, amount *uint256.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *uint256.Int, feeCap, tip *uint256.Int, data []byte, accessList AccessList, checkNonce bool, isFree bool) Message {
+	m := Message{
+		from:       from,
+		to:         to,
+		nonce:      nonce,
+		amount:     *amount,
+		gasLimit:   gasLimit,
+		data:       data,
+		accessList: accessList,
+		checkNonce: checkNonce,
+		isFree:     isFree,
+	}
+	if gasPrice != nil {
+		m.gasPrice.Set(gasPrice)
+	}
+	if tip != nil {
+		m.tip.Set(tip)
+	}
+	if feeCap != nil {
+		m.feeCap.Set(feeCap)
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// AsMessage returns the transaction as a core.Message.
+func (tx *Transaction) AsMessage(s Signer, baseFee *uint256.Int) (Message, error) {
+	msg := Message{
+		nonce:    tx.Nonce(),
+		gasLimit: tx.Gas(),
+		gasPrice: *new(uint256.Int).Set(tx.GasPrice()),
+		feeCap:   *new(uint256.Int).Set(tx.GasFeeCap()),
+		tip:      *new(uint256.Int).Set(tx.GasTipCap()),
+		//gasFeeCap:  new(big.Int).Set(tx.GasFeeCap()),
+		//gasTipCap:  new(big.Int).Set(tx.GasTipCap()),
+		to:         tx.To(),
+		amount:     *tx.Value(),
+		data:       tx.Data(),
+		accessList: tx.AccessList(),
+		checkNonce: false,
+		//isFake:     false,
+	}
+
+	// If baseFee provided, set gasPrice to effectiveGasPrice.
+	if baseFee != nil {
+		msg.gasPrice.Add(&msg.tip, baseFee)
+
+		if msg.gasPrice.Gt(&msg.feeCap) {
+			msg.gasPrice = msg.feeCap
+		}
+	}
+	//var err error
+	//msg.from, err = Sender(s, tx)
+	//if nil != err {
+	//	return msg, err
+	//}
+	msg.from = *tx.From()
+
+	return msg, nil
+}
+func (m Message) From() types.Address    { return m.from }
+func (m Message) To() *types.Address     { return m.to }
+func (m Message) GasPrice() *uint256.Int { return &m.gasPrice }
+func (m Message) FeeCap() *uint256.Int   { return &m.feeCap }
+func (m Message) Tip() *uint256.Int      { return &m.tip }
+func (m Message) Value() *uint256.Int    { return &m.amount }
+func (m Message) Gas() uint64            { return m.gasLimit }
+func (m Message) Nonce() uint64          { return m.nonce }
+func (m Message) Data() []byte           { return m.data }
+func (m Message) AccessList() AccessList { return m.accessList }
+func (m Message) CheckNonce() bool       { return m.checkNonce }
+func (m *Message) SetCheckNonce(checkNonce bool) {
+	m.checkNonce = checkNonce
+}
+func (m Message) IsFree() bool { return m.isFree }
+func (m *Message) SetIsFree(isFree bool) {
+	m.isFree = isFree
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/transaction_signing.go b/common/transaction/transaction_signing.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93ef3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/transaction_signing.go
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/u256"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidSig         = errors.New("invalid transaction v, r, s values")
+	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
+	ErrInvalidChainId     = errors.New("invalid chain id for signer")
+)
+
+// sigCache is used to cache the derived sender and contains
+// the signer used to derive it.
+type sigCache struct {
+	signer Signer
+	from   types.Address
+}
+
+// MakeSigner returns a Signer based on the given chain config and block number.
+func MakeSigner(config *params.ChainConfig, blockNumber *big.Int) Signer {
+	var signer Signer
+	switch {
+	case config.IsLondon(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = NewLondonSigner(config.ChainID)
+	case config.IsBerlin(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = NewEIP2930Signer(config.ChainID)
+	case config.IsEip1559FeeCollector(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainID)
+	case config.IsHomestead(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = HomesteadSigner{}
+	default:
+		signer = FrontierSigner{}
+	}
+	return signer
+}
+
+// LatestSignerForChainID returns the 'most permissive' Signer available. Specifically,
+// this enables support for EIP-155 replay protection and all implemented EIP-2718
+// transaction types if chainID is non-nil.
+//
+// Use this in transaction-handling code where the current block number and fork
+// configuration are unknown. If you have a ChainConfig, use LatestSigner instead.
+// If you have a ChainConfig and know the current block number, use MakeSigner instead.
+func LatestSignerForChainID(chainID *big.Int) Signer {
+	if chainID == nil {
+		return HomesteadSigner{}
+	}
+	return NewLondonSigner(chainID)
+}
+
+// SignNewTx creates a transaction and signs it.
+func SignNewTx(prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, s Signer, txdata TxData) (*Transaction, error) {
+	tx := NewTx(txdata)
+	h := s.Hash(tx)
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(h[:], prv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tx.WithSignature(s, sig)
+}
+
+// SignTx signs the transaction using the given signer and private key.
+func SignTx(tx *Transaction, s Signer, prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) (*Transaction, error) {
+	h := s.Hash(tx)
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(h[:], prv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tx.WithSignature(s, sig)
+}
+
+// Sender returns the address derived from the signature (V, R, S) using secp256k1
+// elliptic curve and an error if it failed deriving or upon an incorrect
+// signature.
+//
+// Sender may cache the address, allowing it to be used regardless of
+// signing method. The cache is invalidated if the cached signer does
+// not match the signer used in the current call.
+func Sender(signer Signer, tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	if sc := tx.from.Load(); sc != nil {
+		sigCache := sc.(sigCache)
+		// If the signer used to derive from in a previous
+		// call is not the same as used current, invalidate
+		// the cache.
+		if sigCache.signer.Equal(signer) {
+			return sigCache.from, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	addr, err := signer.Sender(tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, err
+	}
+	tx.from.Store(sigCache{signer: signer, from: addr})
+	return addr, nil
+}
+
+// Signer encapsulates transaction signature handling. The name of this type is slightly
+// misleading because Signers don't actually sign, they're just for validating and
+// processing of signatures.
+//
+// Note that this interface is not a stable API and may change at any time to accommodate
+// new protocol rules.
+type Signer interface {
+	// Sender returns the sender address of the transaction.
+	Sender(tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error)
+
+	// SignatureValues returns the raw R, S, V values corresponding to the
+	// given signature.
+	SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error)
+	ChainID() *big.Int
+
+	// Hash returns 'signature hash', i.e. the transaction hash that is signed by the
+	// private key. This hash does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+	Hash(tx *Transaction) types.Hash
+
+	// Equal returns true if the given signer is the same as the receiver.
+	Equal(Signer) bool
+}
+
+type londonSigner struct{ eip2930Signer }
+
+// NewLondonSigner returns a signer that accepts
+// - EIP-1559 dynamic fee transactions
+// - EIP-2930 access list transactions,
+// - EIP-155 replay protected transactions, and
+// - legacy Homestead transactions.
+func NewLondonSigner(chainId *big.Int) Signer {
+	return londonSigner{eip2930Signer{NewEIP155Signer(chainId)}}
+}
+
+func (s londonSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != DynamicFeeTxType {
+		return s.eip2930Signer.Sender(tx)
+	}
+	V, R, S := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	// DynamicFee txs are defined to use 0 and 1 as their recovery
+	// id, add 27 to become equivalent to unprotected Homestead signatures.
+	V1 := new(big.Int).Add(V.ToBig(), big.NewInt(27))
+	chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(s.chainId)
+	id := tx.ChainId()
+	if id.Cmp(chainId) != 0 {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	return recoverPlain(s.Hash(tx), R.ToBig(), S.ToBig(), V1, true)
+}
+
+func (s londonSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	x, ok := s2.(londonSigner)
+	return ok && x.chainId.Cmp(s.chainId) == 0
+}
+
+func (s londonSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big.Int, err error) {
+	txdata, ok := tx.inner.(*DynamicFeeTx)
+	if !ok {
+		return s.eip2930Signer.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+	}
+	// Check that chain ID of tx matches the signer. We also accept ID zero here,
+	// because it indicates that the chain ID was not specified in the tx.
+	chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(s.chainId)
+	if txdata.ChainID.Sign() != 0 && txdata.ChainID.Cmp(chainId) != 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	R, S, _ = decodeSignature(sig)
+	V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64]))
+	return R, S, V, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (s londonSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) types.Hash {
+	if tx.Type() != DynamicFeeTxType {
+		return s.eip2930Signer.Hash(tx)
+	}
+	return hash.PrefixedRlpHash(
+		tx.Type(),
+		[]interface{}{
+			s.chainId,
+			tx.Nonce(),
+			tx.GasTipCap(),
+			tx.GasFeeCap(),
+			tx.Gas(),
+			tx.To(),
+			tx.Value(),
+			tx.Data(),
+			tx.AccessList(),
+		})
+}
+
+type eip2930Signer struct{ EIP155Signer }
+
+// NewEIP2930Signer returns a signer that accepts EIP-2930 access list transactions,
+// EIP-155 replay protected transactions, and legacy Homestead transactions.
+func NewEIP2930Signer(chainId *big.Int) Signer {
+	return eip2930Signer{NewEIP155Signer(chainId)}
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return s.chainId
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	x, ok := s2.(eip2930Signer)
+	return ok && x.chainId.Cmp(s.chainId) == 0
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) Sender(tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	V, R, S := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	V1 := V.ToBig()
+	switch tx.Type() {
+	case LegacyTxType:
+		if !tx.Protected() {
+			return HomesteadSigner{}.Sender(tx)
+		}
+		V1 = new(big.Int).Sub(V1, s.chainIdMul)
+		V1.Sub(V1, big8)
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		// AL txs are defined to use 0 and 1 as their recovery
+		// id, add 27 to become equivalent to unprotected Homestead signatures.
+		V1 = new(big.Int).Add(V1, big.NewInt(27))
+	default:
+		return types.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(s.chainId)
+	id := tx.ChainId()
+	if id.Cmp(chainId) != 0 {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	return recoverPlain(s.Hash(tx), R.ToBig(), S.ToBig(), V1, true)
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big.Int, err error) {
+	switch txdata := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		return s.EIP155Signer.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+	case *AccessListTx:
+		// Check that chain ID of tx matches the signer. We also accept ID zero here,
+		// because it indicates that the chain ID was not specified in the tx.
+		chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(s.chainId)
+		if txdata.ChainID.Sign() != 0 && txdata.ChainID.Cmp(chainId) != 0 {
+			return nil, nil, nil, ErrInvalidChainId
+		}
+		R, S, _ = decodeSignature(sig)
+		V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64]))
+	default:
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	return R, S, V, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (s eip2930Signer) Hash(tx *Transaction) types.Hash {
+	switch tx.Type() {
+	case LegacyTxType:
+		return hash.RlpHash([]interface{}{
+			tx.Nonce(),
+			tx.GasPrice(),
+			tx.Gas(),
+			tx.To(),
+			tx.Value(),
+			tx.Data(),
+			s.chainId, uint(0), uint(0),
+		})
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		return hash.PrefixedRlpHash(
+			tx.Type(),
+			[]interface{}{
+				s.chainId,
+				tx.Nonce(),
+				tx.GasPrice(),
+				tx.Gas(),
+				tx.To(),
+				tx.Value(),
+				tx.Data(),
+				tx.AccessList(),
+			})
+	default:
+		// This _should_ not happen, but in case someone sends in a bad
+		// json struct via RPC, it's probably more prudent to return an
+		// empty hash instead of killing the node with a panic
+		//panic("Unsupported transaction type: %d", tx.typ)
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+}
+
+// EIP155Signer implements Signer using the EIP-155 rules. This accepts transactions which
+// are replay-protected as well as unprotected homestead transactions.
+type EIP155Signer struct {
+	chainId, chainIdMul *big.Int
+}
+
+func NewEIP155Signer(chainId *big.Int) EIP155Signer {
+	if chainId == nil {
+		chainId = new(big.Int)
+	}
+	return EIP155Signer{
+		chainId:    chainId,
+		chainIdMul: new(big.Int).Mul(chainId, big.NewInt(2)),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s EIP155Signer) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return s.chainId
+}
+
+func (s EIP155Signer) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	eip155, ok := s2.(EIP155Signer)
+	return ok && eip155.chainId.Cmp(s.chainId) == 0
+}
+
+var big8 = big.NewInt(8)
+
+func (s EIP155Signer) Sender(tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	if !tx.Protected() {
+		return HomesteadSigner{}.Sender(tx)
+	}
+	chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(s.chainId)
+	id := tx.ChainId()
+	if id.Cmp(chainId) != 0 {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	V, R, S := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	V1 := V.ToBig()
+	V1 = new(big.Int).Sub(V1, s.chainIdMul)
+	V1.Sub(V1, big8)
+	return recoverPlain(s.Hash(tx), R.ToBig(), S.ToBig(), V1, true)
+}
+
+// SignatureValues returns signature values. This signature
+// needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (s EIP155Signer) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big.Int, err error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	R, S, V = decodeSignature(sig)
+	if s.chainId.Sign() != 0 {
+		V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64] + 35))
+		V.Add(V, s.chainIdMul)
+	}
+	return R, S, V, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (s EIP155Signer) Hash(tx *Transaction) types.Hash {
+	return hash.RlpHash([]interface{}{
+		tx.Nonce(),
+		tx.GasPrice(),
+		tx.Gas(),
+		tx.To(),
+		tx.Value(),
+		tx.Data(),
+		s.chainId, uint(0), uint(0),
+	})
+}
+
+// HomesteadTransaction implements TransactionInterface using the
+// homestead rules.
+type HomesteadSigner struct{ FrontierSigner }
+
+func (s HomesteadSigner) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s HomesteadSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	_, ok := s2.(HomesteadSigner)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// SignatureValues returns signature values. This signature
+// needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (hs HomesteadSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error) {
+	return hs.FrontierSigner.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+}
+
+func (hs HomesteadSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	return recoverPlain(hs.Hash(tx), r.ToBig(), s.ToBig(), v.ToBig(), true)
+}
+
+type FrontierSigner struct{}
+
+func (s FrontierSigner) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s FrontierSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	_, ok := s2.(FrontierSigner)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (fs FrontierSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (types.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	return recoverPlain(fs.Hash(tx), r.ToBig(), s.ToBig(), v.ToBig(), false)
+}
+
+// SignatureValues returns signature values. This signature
+// needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (fs FrontierSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	r, s, v = decodeSignature(sig)
+	return r, s, v, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (fs FrontierSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) types.Hash {
+	return hash.RlpHash([]interface{}{
+		tx.Nonce(),
+		tx.GasPrice(),
+		tx.Gas(),
+		tx.To(),
+		tx.Value(),
+		tx.Data(),
+	})
+}
+
+func decodeSignature(sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int) {
+	if len(sig) != crypto.SignatureLength {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("wrong size for signature: got %d, want %d", len(sig), crypto.SignatureLength))
+	}
+	r = new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig[:32])
+	s = new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig[32:64])
+	v = new(big.Int).SetBytes([]byte{sig[64] + 27})
+	return r, s, v
+}
+
+func recoverPlain(sighash types.Hash, R, S, Vb *big.Int, homestead bool) (types.Address, error) {
+	if Vb.BitLen() > 8 {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrInvalidSig
+	}
+	V := byte(Vb.Uint64() - 27)
+	lr, _ := uint256.FromBig(R)
+	ls, _ := uint256.FromBig(S)
+	if !crypto.ValidateSignatureValues(V, lr, ls, homestead) {
+		return types.Address{}, ErrInvalidSig
+	}
+	// encode the signature in uncompressed format
+	r, s := R.Bytes(), S.Bytes()
+	sig := make([]byte, crypto.SignatureLength)
+	copy(sig[32-len(r):32], r)
+	copy(sig[64-len(s):64], s)
+	sig[64] = V
+	// recover the public key from the signature
+	pub, err := crypto.Ecrecover(sighash[:], sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, err
+	}
+	if len(pub) == 0 || pub[0] != 4 {
+		return types.Address{}, errors.New("invalid public key")
+	}
+	var addr types.Address
+	copy(addr[:], crypto.Keccak256(pub[1:])[12:])
+	return addr, nil
+}
+
+// deriveChainID derives the chain id from the given v parameter
+func DeriveChainId(v *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	if v.IsUint64() {
+		v := v.Uint64()
+		if v == 27 || v == 28 {
+			return new(uint256.Int)
+		}
+		return new(uint256.Int).SetUint64((v - 35) / 2)
+	}
+	r := new(uint256.Int).Sub(v, u256.Num35)
+	return r.Div(r, u256.Num2)
+}
diff --git a/common/transaction/transaction_test.go b/common/transaction/transaction_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f494484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/transaction/transaction_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package transaction
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestNewLegacyTx(t *testing.T) {
+	_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	addr := types.PublicToAddress(pub)
+
+	tx := NewTransaction(1, addr, &addr, uint256.NewInt(10000), 21000, uint256.NewInt(10000000), []byte("hello"))
+	t.Logf("tx: %v", tx)
+
+	buf1, err := json.Marshal(tx)
+	t.Log(types.BytesHash(buf1).String())
+
+	switch txt := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		buf, err := json.Marshal(txt)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		txHash := types.BytesHash(buf)
+		t.Log(txHash.String())
+	}
+
+	hash := tx.Hash()
+
+	t.Log(hash.String())
+
+}
+
+func TestTDin(t *testing.T) {
+	_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	addr := types.PublicToAddress(pub)
+
+	tx := NewTransaction(1, addr, &addr, uint256.NewInt(10000), 21000, uint256.NewInt(10000000), []byte("hello"))
+	t.Logf("tx: %v", tx)
+
+	b, err := tx.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	tx.Unmarshal(b)
+
+	t.Log(b)
+}
+
+func TestNewDynamicTx(t *testing.T) {
+	//_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	t.Fatal(err)
+	//}
+	//
+	//addr := types.PublicToAddress(pub)
+
+}
diff --git a/common/types/address.go b/common/types/address.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..249b97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/address.go
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+const (
+	AddressLength = 20
+	// IncarnationLength length of uint64 for contract incarnations
+	IncarnationLength = 2
+	// Address32Length is the expected length of the Starknet address (in bytes)
+	Address32Length = 32
+)
+
+var (
+	prefixAddress = "ast"
+	nullAddress   = Address{0}
+)
+
+type Address [AddressLength]byte
+
+// BytesToAddress returns Address with value b.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func BytesToAddress(b []byte) Address {
+	var a Address
+	a.SetBytes(b)
+	return a
+}
+
+// HexToAddress returns Address with byte values of s.
+// If s is larger than len(h), s will be cropped from the left.
+func HexToAddress(s string) Address { return BytesToAddress(FromHex1(s)) }
+
+func PublicToAddress(key crypto.PubKey) Address {
+	bPub, err := crypto.MarshalPublicKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Address{0}
+	}
+
+	h := sha3.New256()
+	h.Write(bPub)
+	hash := h.Sum(nil)
+	var addr Address
+	copy(addr[:], hash[:AddressLength])
+	return addr
+}
+
+func PrivateToAddress(key crypto.PrivKey) Address {
+	return PublicToAddress(key.GetPublic())
+}
+
+func HexToString(hexs string) (Address, error) {
+	a := Address{0}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToUpper(hexs), prefixAddress) {
+		return a, fmt.Errorf("invalid prefix address")
+	}
+
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(hexs[len(prefixAddress):])
+	if err != nil {
+		return a, err
+	}
+
+	copy(a[:], b)
+
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// IsHexAddress verifies whether a string can represent a valid hex-encoded
+// Ethereum address or not.
+func IsHexAddress(s string) bool {
+	if has0xPrefix(s) {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	return len(s) == 2*AddressLength && isHex(s)
+}
+
+// Bytes gets the string representation of the underlying address.
+func (a Address) Bytes() []byte { return a[:] }
+
+// Hash converts an address to a hash by left-padding it with zeros.
+func (a Address) Hash() Hash { return BytesToHash(a[:]) }
+
+// Hex returns an EIP55-compliant hex string representation of the address.
+func (a Address) Hex() string {
+	return string(a.checksumHex())
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer.
+func (a Address) String() string {
+	return a.Hex()
+}
+
+// Addresses is a slice of common.Address, implementing sort.Interface
+type Addresses []Address
+
+func (addrs Addresses) Len() int {
+	return len(addrs)
+}
+func (addrs Addresses) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return bytes.Compare(addrs[i][:], addrs[j][:]) == -1
+}
+func (addrs Addresses) Swap(i, j int) {
+	addrs[i], addrs[j] = addrs[j], addrs[i]
+}
+
+func (a *Address) checksumHex() []byte {
+	buf := a.hex()
+
+	// compute checksum
+	sha := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	//nolint:errcheck
+	sha.Write(buf[2:])
+	hash := sha.Sum(nil)
+	for i := 2; i < len(buf); i++ {
+		hashByte := hash[(i-2)/2]
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			hashByte = hashByte >> 4
+		} else {
+			hashByte &= 0xf
+		}
+		if buf[i] > '9' && hashByte > 7 {
+			buf[i] -= 32
+		}
+	}
+	return buf
+}
+
+func (a Address) hex() []byte {
+	var buf [len(a)*2 + 2]byte
+	copy(buf[:2], "0x")
+	hex.Encode(buf[2:], a[:])
+	return buf[:]
+}
+
+func (a *Address) DecodeBytes(b []byte) bool {
+	if len(b) != AddressLength {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	copy(a[:], b)
+	return true
+}
+
+func (a *Address) DecodeString(s string) bool {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToUpper(s), prefixAddress) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s[len(prefixAddress):])
+	if err != nil {
+		a = &Address{0}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	copy(a[:], b)
+	return true
+}
+
+func (a Address) Equal(other Address) bool {
+	return bytes.Equal(a[:], other[:])
+}
+
+func (a *Address) IsNull() bool {
+	return bytes.Equal(a[:], nullAddress[:])
+}
+
+func (a Address) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	return a.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (a *Address) MarshalTo(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	copy(data, a[:])
+	return len(data), nil
+}
+
+func (a *Address) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	if len(data) != AddressLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid bytes len: %d, hex: %s", len(data), a.Hex())
+	}
+
+	copy(a[:], data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets the address to the value of b.
+// If b is larger than len(a), b will be cropped from the left.
+func (a *Address) SetBytes(b []byte) *Address {
+	if len(b) > len(a) {
+		b = b[len(b)-AddressLength:]
+	}
+	copy(a[AddressLength-len(b):], b)
+	return a
+}
+
+// MarshalText returns the hex representation of a.
+func (a Address) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(a[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (a *Address) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("Address", input, a[:])
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (a *Address) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(addressT, input, a[:])
+}
+
+// Scan implements Scanner for database/sql.
+func (a *Address) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	srcB, ok := src.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan %T into Address", src)
+	}
+	if len(srcB) != AddressLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan []byte of len %d into Address, want %d", len(srcB), AddressLength)
+	}
+	copy(a[:], srcB)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements valuer for database/sql.
+func (a Address) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return a[:], nil
+}
+
+func (a Address) Size() int {
+	return AddressLength
+}
+
+// isHex validates whether each byte is valid hexadecimal string.
+func isHex(str string) bool {
+	if len(str)%2 != 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, c := range []byte(str) {
+		if !isHexCharacter(c) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// isHexCharacter returns bool of c being a valid hexadecimal.
+func isHexCharacter(c byte) bool {
+	return ('0' <= c && c <= '9') || ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'F')
+}
diff --git a/common/types/address_test.go b/common/types/address_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eba667d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/address_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"reflect"
+
+	// "github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils" cycle import
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+)
+
+func TestAddress_ed25519(t *testing.T) {
+	_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	addr := PublicToAddress(pub)
+	t.Log(addr.String())
+}
+
+func TestFromECDSAPub(t *testing.T) {
+	_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	addr := PublicToAddress(pub)
+	t.Log(addr.String())
+}
+
+// func TestAddress_DecodeString(t *testing.T) {
+// 	_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+// 	if err != nil {
+// 		t.Fatal(err)
+// 	}
+
+// 	addr := PublicToAddress(pub)
+// 	t.Log(addr.String())
+// 	t.Log(addr.Bytes())
+
+// 	h := addr.HexBytes()
+// 	var c Address
+// 	if c.DecodeHexBytes(h) {
+// 		t.Log(h)
+// 		t.Logf("c: %s", c.String())
+// 	}
+
+// 	var a, b Address
+// 	if a.DecodeString(addr.String()) {
+// 		t.Logf("a: %s", a.String())
+// 	}
+// 	if b.DecodeBytes(addr.Bytes()) {
+// 		t.Logf("b: %s", b.String())
+// 	}
+
+// 	t.Log("done!")
+// }
+
+func TestPrivateToAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	addr := PublicToAddress(pub)
+	t.Log(addr.String())
+	addr2 := PrivateToAddress(priv)
+	t.Log(addr2.String())
+}
+
+func TestAddress_null(t *testing.T) {
+	a := Address{}
+	if a.IsNull() {
+		t.Log("null address")
+	} else {
+		t.Log(a)
+	}
+
+	_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	addr := PublicToAddress(pub)
+
+	if addr.IsNull() {
+		t.Log("null address")
+	} else {
+		t.Log(strings.ToUpper(addr.String()))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		_, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := PublicToAddress(pub)
+
+		if addr.IsNull() {
+			t.Log("null address")
+		} else {
+			t.Log(strings.ToUpper(addr.String()))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []byte("hello")
+	//priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	s, err := priv.Sign(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("sign len (%d)", len(s))
+
+	ok, err := pub.Verify(data, s)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("sign len %d", len(s))
+	if !ok {
+		t.Log("verify sign failed")
+	} else {
+		t.Log("verify success")
+	}
+}
+
+// func TestAddressToInt(t *testing.T) {
+// 	priv, _, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+// 	if err != nil {
+// 		t.Fatal(err)
+// 	}
+
+// 	sp, err := utils.PrivateToString(priv)
+
+// 	addr := PrivateToAddress(priv)
+// 	t.Logf("address: %s", addr)
+// 	t.Logf("private: %s", sp)
+// }
+
+func TestAddressMarshal(t *testing.T) {
+	aa := make(map[Address]*uint256.Int)
+	var a1, a2 Address
+	a1.DecodeString("ast4541Fc1CCB4e042a3BaDFE46904F9D22d127B682")
+	a2.DecodeString("ast9BA336835422BAeFc537d75642959d2a866500a3")
+	aa[a1] = uint256.NewInt(1)
+	aa[a2] = uint256.NewInt(2)
+
+	b, err := json.Marshal(aa)
+	if nil != err {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	bb := make(map[Address]*uint256.Int)
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &bb); nil != err {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(aa, bb) {
+		t.Error("failed")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/types/bloom.go b/common/types/bloom.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12c6803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/bloom.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	bloomfilter "github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2"
+)
+
+// Collide rate
+const probCollide = 0.0000001
+
+type hasher []byte
+
+func (f hasher) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) { panic("not implemented") }
+func (f hasher) Sum(b []byte) []byte               { panic("not implemented") }
+func (f hasher) Reset()                            { panic("not implemented") }
+func (f hasher) BlockSize() int                    { panic("not implemented") }
+func (f hasher) Size() int                         { return 8 }
+func (f hasher) Sum64() uint64                     { return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(f) }
+
+type Bloom struct {
+	bloom *bloomfilter.Filter
+}
+
+func NewBloom(size uint64) (*Bloom, error) {
+	bloom, err := bloomfilter.NewOptimal(size, probCollide)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Bloom{bloom: bloom}, nil
+}
+
+func (b *Bloom) UnMarshalBloom(data []byte) error {
+	err := b.bloom.UnmarshalBinary(data)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (b *Bloom) Add(key []byte) error {
+	if len(key) != HashLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("key length is not 32 ")
+	}
+	b.bloom.Add(hasher(key))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Contain
+// - true maybe in the set
+// - false must not in the set
+func (b *Bloom) Contain(key []byte) bool {
+	return b.bloom.Contains(hasher(key))
+}
+
+func (b *Bloom) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	return b.bloom.MarshalBinary()
+}
diff --git a/common/types/bloom_test.go b/common/types/bloom_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..641aaa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/bloom_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestBloom_Contain(t *testing.T) {
+	bloom, _ := NewBloom(10)
+	hashes := []Hash{{0x01}, {0x02}, {0x03}, {0x04}, {0x05}, {0x06}, {0x07}, {0x08}, {0x09}, {0x0a}}
+	for _, hash := range hashes {
+		bloom.Add(hash.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	searchHash := []Hash{{0x10}, {0x11}, {0x01}}
+
+	for _, hash := range searchHash {
+		if bloom.Contain(hash.Bytes()) {
+			t.Logf("hash %d is in hashes %d", hash, hashes)
+		} else {
+			t.Logf("hash %d is not in hashes %d", hash, hashes)
+		}
+	}
+
+	b, _ := bloom.Marshal()
+	t.Logf("bloom Marshal: %+v", b)
+
+}
diff --git a/common/types/bytes.go b/common/types/bytes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b0d3bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/bytes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+)
+
+// FromHex returns the bytes represented by the hexadecimal string s.
+// s may be prefixed with "0x".
+func FromHex1(s string) []byte {
+	if has0xPrefix(s) {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	if len(s)%2 == 1 {
+		s = "0" + s
+	}
+	return Hex2Bytes(s)
+}
+
+// has0xPrefix validates str begins with '0x' or '0X'.
+func has0xPrefix(str string) bool {
+	return len(str) >= 2 && str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'x' || str[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+// Hex2Bytes returns the bytes represented by the hexadecimal string str.
+func Hex2Bytes(str string) []byte {
+	h, _ := hex.DecodeString(str)
+	return h
+}
+
+func KeyCmp(key1, key2 []byte) (int, bool) {
+	switch {
+	//both keys are empty
+	case len(key1) == 0 && len(key2) == 0:
+		return 0, true
+	//	key1 is empty
+	case len(key1) == 0 && len(key2) != 0:
+		return 1, false
+	//	key2 is empty
+	case len(key1) != 0 && len(key2) == 0:
+		return -1, false
+	default:
+		return bytes.Compare(key1, key2), false
+	}
+}
+
+// CopyBytes returns an exact copy of the provided bytes.
+func CopyBytes(b []byte) (copiedBytes []byte) {
+	if b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copiedBytes = make([]byte, len(b))
+	copy(copiedBytes, b)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// RightPadBytes zero-pads slice to the right up to length l.
+func RightPadBytes(slice []byte, l int) []byte {
+	if l <= len(slice) {
+		return slice
+	}
+
+	padded := make([]byte, l)
+	copy(padded, slice)
+
+	return padded
+}
+
+// LeftPadBytes zero-pads slice to the left up to length l.
+func LeftPadBytes(slice []byte, l int) []byte {
+	if l <= len(slice) {
+		return slice
+	}
+
+	padded := make([]byte, l)
+	copy(padded[l-len(slice):], slice)
+
+	return padded
+}
+
+// TrimLeftZeroes returns a subslice of s without leading zeroes
+func TrimLeftZeroes(s []byte) []byte {
+	idx := 0
+	for ; idx < len(s); idx++ {
+		if s[idx] != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return s[idx:]
+}
+
+// TrimRightZeroes returns a subslice of s without trailing zeroes
+func TrimRightZeroes(s []byte) []byte {
+	idx := len(s)
+	for ; idx > 0; idx-- {
+		if s[idx-1] != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return s[:idx]
+}
diff --git a/common/types/hash.go b/common/types/hash.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2608ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/hash.go
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+
+	"hash"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+const (
+	HashLength = 32
+)
+
+var (
+	hashT    = reflect.TypeOf(Hash{})
+	addressT = reflect.TypeOf(Address{})
+	//addressSt = reflect.TypeOf(Address32{})
+)
+
+type Hash [HashLength]byte
+
+// Bytes gets the byte representation of the underlying hash.
+func (h Hash) Bytes() []byte { return h[:] }
+
+// Big converts a hash to a big integer.
+func (h Hash) Big() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).SetBytes(h[:]) }
+
+// Hex converts a hash to a hex string.
+func (h Hash) Hex() string { return hexutil.Encode(h[:]) }
+
+// TerminalString implements log.TerminalStringer, formatting a string for console
+// output during logging.
+func (h Hash) TerminalString() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x…%x", h[:3], h[29:])
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (h *Hash) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("Hash", input, h[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText returns the hex representation of h.
+func (h Hash) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(h[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets the hash to the value of b.
+func (h *Hash) SetBytes(b []byte) error {
+	if len(b) != HashLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid bytes len %d", len(b))
+	}
+
+	copy(h[:], b[:HashLength])
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Generate implements testing/quick.Generator.
+func (h Hash) Generate(rand *rand.Rand, size int) reflect.Value {
+	m := rand.Intn(len(h))
+	for i := len(h) - 1; i > m; i-- {
+		h[i] = byte(rand.Uint32())
+	}
+	return reflect.ValueOf(h)
+}
+
+// Scan implements Scanner for database/sql.
+func (h *Hash) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	srcB, ok := src.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan %T into Hash", src)
+	}
+	if len(srcB) != HashLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan []byte of len %d into Hash, want %d", len(srcB), HashLength)
+	}
+	copy(h[:], srcB)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements valuer for database/sql.
+func (h Hash) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return h[:], nil
+}
+
+func BytesHash(b []byte) Hash {
+	h3 := sha3.New256()
+	h3.Write(b)
+	r := h3.Sum(nil)
+	var h Hash
+	copy(h[:], r[:HashLength])
+	return h
+}
+
+func BytesToHash(b []byte) Hash {
+	var h Hash
+	h.SetBytes(b)
+	return h
+}
+
+func StringToHash(s string) Hash {
+	var h Hash
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err == nil {
+		//copy(h[:], b[:HashLength])
+		return BytesToHash(b)
+	}
+
+	return h
+}
+
+func (h Hash) String() string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(h[:])
+}
+
+func (h Hash) HexBytes() []byte {
+	s := h.String()
+	return []byte(s)
+}
+
+func (h *Hash) SetString(s string) error {
+	if len(s) != HashLength*2 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid string len %v， len(%d)", string(s), len(s))
+	}
+
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return h.SetBytes(b)
+}
+
+func (h Hash) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	return h.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (h *Hash) MarshalTo(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	copy(data, h.Bytes())
+	return len(h.Bytes()), err
+}
+
+func (h *Hash) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	return h.SetBytes(data)
+}
+
+func (h *Hash) Size() int {
+	return len(h.Bytes())
+}
+
+// Format implements fmt.Formatter.
+// Hash supports the %v, %s, %v, %x, %X and %d format verbs.
+func (h Hash) Format(s fmt.State, c rune) {
+	hexb := make([]byte, 2+len(h)*2)
+	copy(hexb, "0x")
+	hex.Encode(hexb[2:], h[:])
+
+	switch c {
+	case 'x', 'X':
+		if !s.Flag('#') {
+			hexb = hexb[2:]
+		}
+		if c == 'X' {
+			hexb = bytes.ToUpper(hexb)
+		}
+		fallthrough
+	case 'v', 's':
+		s.Write(hexb)
+	case 'q':
+		q := []byte{'"'}
+		s.Write(q)
+		s.Write(hexb)
+		s.Write(q)
+	case 'd':
+		fmt.Fprint(s, ([len(h)]byte)(h))
+	default:
+		fmt.Fprintf(s, "%%!%c(hash=%x)", c, h)
+	}
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (h *Hash) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(hashT, input, h[:])
+}
+
+func (h Hash) Equal(other Hash) bool {
+	return bytes.Equal(h.Bytes(), other.Bytes())
+}
+
+// HashDifference returns a new set which is the difference between a and b.
+func HashDifference(a, b []Hash) []Hash {
+	keep := make([]Hash, 0, len(a))
+
+	remove := make(map[Hash]struct{})
+	for _, hash := range b {
+		remove[hash] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, hash := range a {
+		if _, ok := remove[hash]; !ok {
+			keep = append(keep, hash)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return keep
+}
+
+// keccakState wraps sha3.state. In addition to the usual hash methods, it also supports
+// Read to get a variable amount of data from the hash state. Read is faster than Sum
+// because it doesn't copy the internal state, but also modifies the internal state.
+type keccakState interface {
+	hash.Hash
+	Read([]byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+type Hasher struct {
+	Sha keccakState
+}
+
+var hasherPools = make(chan *Hasher, 128)
+
+func NewHasher() *Hasher {
+	var h *Hasher
+	select {
+	case h = <-hasherPools:
+	default:
+		h = &Hasher{Sha: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(keccakState)}
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+func ReturnHasherToPool(h *Hasher) {
+	select {
+	case hasherPools <- h:
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("Allowing Hasher to be garbage collected, pool is full\n")
+	}
+}
+
+func HashData(data []byte) (Hash, error) {
+	h := NewHasher()
+	defer ReturnHasherToPool(h)
+	h.Sha.Reset()
+
+	_, err := h.Sha.Write(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Hash{}, err
+	}
+
+	var buf Hash
+	_, err = h.Sha.Read(buf[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return Hash{}, err
+	}
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// Bytes2Hex returns the hexadecimal encoding of d.
+func Bytes2Hex(d []byte) string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(d)
+}
+
+// HexToHash sets byte representation of s to hash.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func HexToHash(s string) Hash { return BytesToHash(FromHex2Bytes(s)) }
+
+// FromHex returns the bytes represented by the hexadecimal string s.
+// s may be prefixed with "0x".
+func FromHex2Bytes(s string) []byte {
+	if has0xPrefix(s) {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	if len(s)%2 == 1 {
+		s = "0" + s
+	}
+	return Hex2Bytes(s)
+}
+
+// Hashes is a slice of common.Hash, implementing sort.Interface
+type Hashes []Hash
+
+func (hashes Hashes) Len() int {
+	return len(hashes)
+}
+func (hashes Hashes) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return bytes.Compare(hashes[i][:], hashes[j][:]) == -1
+}
+func (hashes Hashes) Swap(i, j int) {
+	hashes[i], hashes[j] = hashes[j], hashes[i]
+}
diff --git a/common/types/int256.go b/common/types/int256.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d106794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/int256.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func Int256Min(a, b *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	if a.Cmp(b) > 0 {
+		return b
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+// BigToHash sets byte representation of b to hash.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func BigToHash(b *big.Int) Hash { return BytesToHash(b.Bytes()) }
diff --git a/common/types/signature.go b/common/types/signature.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19cba22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/signature.go
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+const SignatureLength = 96
+const PublicKeyLength = 48
+
+var (
+	signatureT = reflect.TypeOf(Signature{})
+	publicKeyT = reflect.TypeOf(PublicKey{})
+)
+
+type Signature [SignatureLength]byte
+
+func (h Signature) Hex() string { return hexutil.Encode(h[:]) }
+func (h Signature) String() string {
+	return h.Hex()
+}
+
+func (h Signature) Size() int {
+	return SignatureLength
+}
+
+func (h Signature) Bytes() []byte { return h[:] }
+
+func (h *Signature) SetBytes(data []byte) error {
+	if len(data) != SignatureLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid bytes len %d", len(data))
+	}
+	copy(h[:], data[:SignatureLength])
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h Signature) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	return h.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (h *Signature) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	return h.SetBytes(data)
+}
+
+// Hash supports the %v, %s, %q, %x, %X and %d format verbs.
+func (h Signature) Format(s fmt.State, c rune) {
+	hexb := make([]byte, 2+len(h)*2)
+	copy(hexb, "0x")
+	hex.Encode(hexb[2:], h[:])
+
+	switch c {
+	case 'x', 'X':
+		if !s.Flag('#') {
+			hexb = hexb[2:]
+		}
+		if c == 'X' {
+			hexb = bytes.ToUpper(hexb)
+		}
+		fallthrough
+	case 'v', 's':
+		s.Write(hexb)
+	case 'q':
+		q := []byte{'"'}
+		s.Write(q)
+		s.Write(hexb)
+		s.Write(q)
+	case 'd':
+		fmt.Fprint(s, ([len(h)]byte)(h))
+	default:
+		fmt.Fprintf(s, "%%!%c(signature=%x)", c, h)
+	}
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (h *Signature) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("Signature", input, h[:])
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (h *Signature) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(signatureT, input, h[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText returns the hex representation of h.
+func (h Signature) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(h[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+type PublicKey [PublicKeyLength]byte
+
+func (h PublicKey) Hex() string { return hexutil.Encode(h[:]) }
+func (h PublicKey) String() string {
+	return h.Hex()
+}
+
+func (h PublicKey) Bytes() []byte {
+	return h[:]
+}
+
+func (h *PublicKey) SetBytes(b []byte) error {
+	if len(b) != PublicKeyLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid bytes len %d", len(b))
+	}
+
+	copy(h[:], b[:PublicKeyLength])
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h PublicKey) Size() int {
+	return PublicKeyLength
+}
+
+func (h PublicKey) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	return h.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (h *PublicKey) Unmarshal(data []byte) error {
+	return h.SetBytes(data)
+}
+
+// MarshalText returns the hex representation of a.
+func (a PublicKey) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(a[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (a *PublicKey) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("PublicKey", input, a[:])
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (a *PublicKey) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(publicKeyT, input, a[:])
+}
+
+// Format implements fmt.Formatter.
+// supports the %v, %s, %q, %x, %X and %d format verbs.
+func (h PublicKey) Format(s fmt.State, c rune) {
+	hexb := make([]byte, 2+len(h)*2)
+	copy(hexb, "0x")
+	hex.Encode(hexb[2:], h[:])
+
+	switch c {
+	case 'x', 'X':
+		if !s.Flag('#') {
+			hexb = hexb[2:]
+		}
+		if c == 'X' {
+			hexb = bytes.ToUpper(hexb)
+		}
+		fallthrough
+	case 'v', 's':
+		s.Write(hexb)
+	case 'q':
+		q := []byte{'"'}
+		s.Write(q)
+		s.Write(hexb)
+		s.Write(q)
+	case 'd':
+		fmt.Fprint(s, ([len(h)]byte)(h))
+	default:
+		fmt.Fprintf(s, "%%!%c(publickey=%x)", c, h)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/types/size.go b/common/types/size.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fa0cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/size.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// StorageSize is a wrapper around a float value that supports user friendly
+// formatting.
+type StorageSize float64
+
+// String implements the stringer interface.
+func (s StorageSize) String() string {
+	if s > 1099511627776 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f TiB", s/1099511627776)
+	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f GiB", s/1073741824)
+	} else if s > 1048576 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f MiB", s/1048576)
+	} else if s > 1024 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f KiB", s/1024)
+	} else {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f B", s)
+	}
+}
+
+// TerminalString implements log.TerminalStringer, formatting a string for console
+// output during logging.
+func (s StorageSize) TerminalString() string {
+	if s > 1099511627776 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fTiB", s/1099511627776)
+	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fGiB", s/1073741824)
+	} else if s > 1048576 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fMiB", s/1048576)
+	} else if s > 1024 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fKiB", s/1024)
+	} else {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fB", s)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/common/types/ssz/sszuint64.go b/common/types/ssz/sszuint64.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e417349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/types/ssz/sszuint64.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package ssztype
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+
+	fssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+)
+
+// SSZUint64 --
+type SSZUint64 uint64
+
+// SizeSSZ --
+func (s *SSZUint64) SizeSSZ() int {
+	return 8
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZTo --
+func (s *SSZUint64) MarshalSSZTo(dst []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	marshalled, err := s.MarshalSSZ()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return append(dst, marshalled...), nil
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ --
+func (s *SSZUint64) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	marshalled := fssz.MarshalUint64([]byte{}, uint64(*s))
+	return marshalled, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ --
+func (s *SSZUint64) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	if len(buf) != s.SizeSSZ() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected buffer of length %d received %d", s.SizeSSZ(), len(buf))
+	}
+	*s = SSZUint64(fssz.UnmarshallUint64(buf))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// HashTreeRoot --
+func (s *SSZUint64) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf, uint64(*s))
+	var root [32]byte
+	copy(root[:], buf)
+	return root, nil
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith --
+func (s *SSZUint64) HashTreeRootWith(hh *fssz.Hasher) error {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+	hh.PutUint64(uint64(*s))
+	hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/common/u256/big.go b/common/u256/big.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0abc9b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/u256/big.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package u256
+
+import (
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Common big integers often used
+var (
+	Num0  = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	Num1  = uint256.NewInt(1)
+	Num2  = uint256.NewInt(2)
+	Num4  = uint256.NewInt(4)
+	Num8  = uint256.NewInt(8)
+	Num27 = uint256.NewInt(27)
+	Num32 = uint256.NewInt(32)
+	Num35 = uint256.NewInt(35)
+)
diff --git a/conf/account_config.go b/conf/account_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62b771c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/account_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+type AccountConfig struct {
+	PasswordFile string `json:"password_file" yaml:"password_file"`
+}
diff --git a/conf/config.go b/conf/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5066f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"os"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+)
+
+type Config struct {
+	NodeCfg     NodeConfig          `json:"node" yaml:"node"`
+	NetworkCfg  NetWorkConfig       `json:"network" yaml:"network"`
+	LoggerCfg   LoggerConfig        `json:"logger" yaml:"logger"`
+	DatabaseCfg DatabaseConfig      `json:"database" yaml:"database"`
+	PprofCfg    PprofConfig         `json:"pprof" yaml:"pprof"`
+	ChainCfg    *params.ChainConfig `json:"chain" yaml:"chain"`
+	AccountCfg  AccountConfig       `json:"account" yaml:"account"`
+	MetricsCfg  MetricsConfig       `json:"metrics" yaml:"metrics"`
+	P2PCfg      *P2PConfig          `json:"p2p" yaml:"p2p"`
+	// Gas Price Oracle options
+	GPO   GpoConfig   `json:"gpo" yaml:"gpo"`
+	Miner MinerConfig `json:"miner"`
+}
+
+func SaveConfigToFile(file string, config Config) error {
+	if len(file) == 0 {
+		file = "./config2.yaml"
+	}
+
+	fd, err := os.OpenFile(file, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0777)
+	if err != nil {
+		//log.Errorf("filed open file %v, err %v", file, err)
+		return err
+	}
+	defer fd.Close()
+	return yaml.NewEncoder(fd).Encode(config)
+	//return toml.NewEncoder(fd).Encode(blockchain)
+}
+
+func LoadConfigFromFile(file string, config *Config) error {
+	if len(file) <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load blockchain from file, file is nil")
+	}
+	//_, err := toml.DecodeFile(file, blockchain)
+	fd, err := os.Open(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer fd.Close()
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(fd)
+	//return toml.NewDecoder(reader).Decode(blockchain)
+	return yaml.NewDecoder(reader).Decode(config)
+}
diff --git a/conf/consensus_config.go b/conf/consensus_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0adf595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/consensus_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+import "math/big"
+
+type ConsensusConfig struct {
+	EngineName string      `json:"name" yaml:"name"`
+	Etherbase  string      `json:"etherbase" yaml:"etherbase"`
+	Period     uint64      `json:"period" yaml:"period"`
+	APoa       *APoaConfig `json:"apoa" yaml:"poa"`
+	GasFloor   uint64      `json:"gasFloor" yaml:"gasFloor"` // Target gas floor for mined blocks.
+	GasCeil    uint64      `json:"gasCeil" yaml:"gasCeil"`   // Target gas ceiling for mined blocks.
+	APos       *APosConfig `json:"apos" yaml:"pos"`
+}
+
+type APoaConfig struct {
+	Epoch              uint64 `json:"epoch" yaml:"epoch"`
+	CheckpointInterval uint64 `json:"checkpointInterval" yaml:"checkpointInterval"`
+	InmemorySnapshots  int    `json:"inmemorySnapshots" yaml:"inmemorySnapshots"`
+	InmemorySignatures int    `json:"inmemorySignatures" yaml:"inmemorySignatures"`
+	InMemory           bool   `json:"inMemory" yaml:"inMemory"`
+}
+
+type APosConfig struct {
+	Epoch              uint64   `json:"epoch" yaml:"epoch"`
+	CheckpointInterval uint64   `json:"checkpointInterval" yaml:"checkpointInterval"`
+	InmemorySnapshots  int      `json:"inmemorySnapshots" yaml:"inmemorySnapshots"`
+	InmemorySignatures int      `json:"inmemorySignatures" yaml:"inmemorySignatures"`
+	InMemory           bool     `json:"inMemory" yaml:"inMemory"`
+	RewardEpoch        uint64   `json:"rewardEpoch" yaml:"rewardEpoch"`
+	RewardLimit        *big.Int `json:"rewardLimit" yaml:"rewardLimit"`
+
+	DepositContract    string `json:"depositContract" yaml:"depositContract"`       // Deposit contract
+	DepositNFTContract string `json:"depositNFTContract" yaml:"depositNFTContract"` // Deposit NFT contract
+}
diff --git a/conf/databae_config.go b/conf/databae_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b53012d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/databae_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+type DatabaseConfig struct {
+	DBType     string   `json:"db_type" yaml:"db_type"`
+	DBPath     string   `json:"path" yaml:"path"`
+	DBName     string   `json:"name" yaml:"name"`
+	SubDB      []string `json:"sub_name" yaml:"sub_name"`
+	Debug      bool     `json:"debug" yaml:"debug"`
+	IsMem      bool     `json:"memory" yaml:"memory"`
+	MaxDB      uint64   `json:"max_db" yaml:"max_db"`
+	MaxReaders uint64   `json:"max_readers" yaml:"max_readers"`
+}
diff --git a/conf/gasprice.go b/conf/gasprice.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61b9455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/gasprice.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var (
+	DefaultMaxPrice    = big.NewInt(500 * params.GWei)
+	DefaultIgnorePrice = big.NewInt(2 * params.Wei)
+)
+
+type GpoConfig struct {
+	Blocks           int
+	Percentile       int
+	MaxHeaderHistory int
+	MaxBlockHistory  int
+	Default          *big.Int `toml:",omitempty"`
+	MaxPrice         *big.Int `toml:",omitempty"`
+	IgnorePrice      *big.Int `toml:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+// FullNodeGPO contains default gasprice oracle settings for full node.
+var FullNodeGPO = GpoConfig{
+	Blocks:           20,
+	Percentile:       60,
+	MaxHeaderHistory: 1024,
+	MaxBlockHistory:  1024,
+	MaxPrice:         DefaultMaxPrice,
+	IgnorePrice:      DefaultIgnorePrice,
+}
+
+// LightClientGPO contains default gasprice oracle settings for light client.
+var LightClientGPO = GpoConfig{
+	Blocks:           2,
+	Percentile:       60,
+	MaxHeaderHistory: 300,
+	MaxBlockHistory:  5,
+	MaxPrice:         DefaultMaxPrice,
+	IgnorePrice:      DefaultIgnorePrice,
+}
diff --git a/conf/genesis_config.go b/conf/genesis_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9279acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/genesis_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+type Genesis struct {
+	Config     *params.ChainConfig `json:"config" yaml:"config"`
+	Nonce      uint64              `json:"nonce"`
+	Timestamp  uint64              `json:"timestamp"`
+	ExtraData  []byte              `json:"extraData"`
+	GasLimit   uint64              `json:"gasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
+	Difficulty *uint256.Int        `json:"difficulty" gencodec:"required"`
+	Mixhash    types.Hash          `json:"mixHash"`
+	Coinbase   types.Address       `json:"coinbase"`
+
+	//Engine *ConsensusConfig `json:"engine" yaml:"engine"`
+	Miners []string     `json:"miners" yaml:"miners"`
+	Alloc  GenesisAlloc `json:"alloc" yaml:"alloc"  gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// These fields are used for consensus tests. Please don't use them
+	// in actual genesis blocks.
+	Number     uint64       `json:"number"`
+	GasUsed    uint64       `json:"gasUsed"`
+	ParentHash types.Hash   `json:"parentHash"`
+	BaseFee    *uint256.Int `json:"baseFeePerGas"`
+}
+
+// GenesisAlloc specifies the initial state that is part of the genesis block.
+type GenesisAlloc map[types.Address]GenesisAccount
+
+type GenesisAccount struct {
+	//Address string                    `json:"address" toml:"address"`
+	Balance string                    `json:"balance"`
+	Code    []byte                    `json:"code,omitempty"`
+	Storage map[types.Hash]types.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+	Nonce   uint64                    `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+}
diff --git a/conf/logger_config.go b/conf/logger_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea310bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/logger_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+type LoggerConfig struct {
+	LogFile    string `json:"name" yaml:"name"`
+	Level      string `json:"level" yaml:"level"`
+	MaxSize    int    `json:"max_size" yaml:"max_size"`
+	MaxBackups int    `json:"max_count" yaml:"max_count"`
+	MaxAge     int    `json:"max_day" yaml:"max_day"`
+	Compress   bool   `json:"compress" yaml:"compress"`
+}
diff --git a/conf/metrics_config.go b/conf/metrics_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bfb360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/metrics_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+type MetricsConfig struct {
+	Enable bool   `json:"enable" yaml:"enable"`
+	Port   int    `json:"port" yaml:"port"`
+	HTTP   string `json:"http" yaml:"http"`
+}
diff --git a/conf/miner.go b/conf/miner.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe5cc4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/miner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type MinerConfig struct {
+	Etherbase string        // Public address for block mining rewards
+	GasCeil   uint64        // Target gas ceiling for mined blocks.
+	GasPrice  *big.Int      // Minimum gas price for mining a transaction
+	Recommit  time.Duration // The time interval for miner to re-create mining work
+}
diff --git a/conf/node_config.go b/conf/node_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9389f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/node_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+const (
+	datadirDefaultKeyStore = "keystore" // Path within the datadir to the keystore
+)
+
+type NodeConfig struct {
+	NodePrivate string `json:"private" yaml:"private"`
+	HTTP        bool   `json:"http" yaml:"http" `
+	HTTPHost    string `json:"http_host" yaml:"http_host" `
+	HTTPPort    string `json:"http_port" yaml:"http_port"`
+	HTTPApi     string `json:"http_api" yaml:"http_api"`
+	// HTTPCors is the Cross-Origin Resource Sharing header to send to requesting
+	// clients. Please be aware that CORS is a browser enforced security, it's fully
+	// useless for custom HTTP clients.
+	HTTPCors string `json:"http_cors" yaml:"http_cors"`
+
+	WS     bool   `json:"ws" yaml:"ws" `
+	WSHost string `json:"ws_host" yaml:"ws_host" `
+	WSPort string `json:"ws_port" yaml:"ws_port"`
+	WSApi  string `json:"ws_api" yaml:"ws_api"`
+	// WSOrigins is the list of domain to accept websocket requests from. Please be
+	// aware that the server can only act upon the HTTP request the client sends and
+	// cannot verify the validity of the request header.
+	WSOrigins        string `toml:",omitempty"`
+	IPCPath          string `json:"ipc_path" yaml:"ipc_path"`
+	DataDir          string `json:"data_dir" yaml:"data_dir"`
+	MinFreeDiskSpace int    `json:"min_free_disk_space" yaml:"min_free_disk_space"`
+	Chain            string `json:"chain" yaml:"chain"`
+	Miner            bool   `json:"miner" yaml:"miner"`
+
+	AuthRPC bool `json:"auth_rpc" yaml:"auth_rpc"`
+	// AuthAddr is the listening address on which authenticated APIs are provided.
+	AuthAddr string `json:"auth_addr" yaml:"auth_addr"`
+
+	// AuthPort is the port number on which authenticated APIs are provided.
+	AuthPort int `json:"auth_port" yaml:"auth_port"`
+
+	// AuthVirtualHosts is the list of virtual hostnames which are allowed on incoming requests
+	// for the authenticated api. This is by default {'localhost'}.
+	AuthVirtualHosts []string `json:"auth_virtual_hosts" yaml:"auth_virtual_hosts"`
+
+	// JWTSecret is the path to the hex-encoded jwt secret.
+	JWTSecret string `json:"jwt_secret" yaml:"jwt_secret"`
+
+	// KeyStoreDir is the file system folder that contains private keys. The directory can
+	// be specified as a relative path, in which case it is resolved relative to the
+	// current directory.
+	//
+	// If KeyStoreDir is empty, the default location is the "keystore" subdirectory of
+	// DataDir. If DataDir is unspecified and KeyStoreDir is empty, an ephemeral directory
+	// is created by New and destroyed when the node is stopped.
+	KeyStoreDir string `json:"key_store_dir" yaml:"key_store_dir"`
+
+	// ExternalSigner specifies an external URI for a clef-type signer
+	ExternalSigner string `json:"external_signer" yaml:"external_signer"`
+
+	// UseLightweightKDF lowers the memory and CPU requirements of the key store
+	// scrypt KDF at the expense of security.
+	UseLightweightKDF bool `json:"use_lightweight_kdf" yaml:"use_lightweight_kdf"`
+
+	// InsecureUnlockAllowed allows user to unlock accounts in unsafe http environment.
+	InsecureUnlockAllowed bool `json:"insecure_unlock_allowed" yaml:"insecure_unlock_allowed"`
+
+	PasswordFile string `json:"password_file" yaml:"password_file"`
+}
+
+// KeyDirConfig determines the settings for keydirectory
+func (c *NodeConfig) KeyDirConfig() (string, error) {
+	var (
+		keydir string
+		err    error
+	)
+	switch {
+	case filepath.IsAbs(c.KeyStoreDir):
+		keydir = c.KeyStoreDir
+	case c.DataDir != "":
+		if c.KeyStoreDir == "" {
+			keydir = filepath.Join(c.DataDir, datadirDefaultKeyStore)
+		} else {
+			keydir, err = filepath.Abs(c.KeyStoreDir)
+		}
+	case c.KeyStoreDir != "":
+		keydir, err = filepath.Abs(c.KeyStoreDir)
+	}
+	return keydir, err
+}
+
+// getKeyStoreDir retrieves the key directory and will create
+// and ephemeral one if necessary.
+func getKeyStoreDir(conf *NodeConfig) (string, bool, error) {
+	keydir, err := conf.KeyDirConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	isEphemeral := false
+	if keydir == "" {
+		// There is no datadir.
+		keydir, err = os.MkdirTemp("", "astranet-keystore")
+		isEphemeral = true
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(keydir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+
+	return keydir, isEphemeral, nil
+}
+
+// ExtRPCEnabled returns the indicator whether node enables the external
+// RPC(http, ws or graphql).
+func (c *NodeConfig) ExtRPCEnabled() bool {
+	return c.HTTPHost != "" || c.WSHost != ""
+}
diff --git a/conf/p2p_config.go b/conf/p2p_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7c1204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/p2p_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+type NetWorkConfig struct {
+	ListenersAddress []string `json:"listeners" yaml:"listeners"`
+	BootstrapPeers   []string `json:"bootstraps" yaml:"bootstraps"`
+	LocalPeerKey     string   `json:"private" yaml:"network_private"`
+	Bootstrapped     bool     `json:"discover" yaml:"discover"`
+}
+
+type P2PConfig struct {
+	NoDiscovery         bool     `json:"no_discovery" yaml:"no_discovery"`
+	EnableUPnP          bool     `json:"enable_upnp" yaml:"enable_upnp"`
+	StaticPeerID        bool     `json:"static_peer_id" yaml:"static_peer_id"`
+	StaticPeers         []string `json:"static_peers" yaml:"static_peers"`
+	BootstrapNodeAddr   []string `json:"bootstrap_node_addr" yaml:"bootstrap_node_addr"`
+	Discv5BootStrapAddr []string `json:"discv5_bootstrap_addr" yaml:"discv5_bootstrap_addr"`
+	RelayNodeAddr       string   `json:"relay_node_addr" yaml:"relay_node_addr"`
+	LocalIP             string   `json:"local_ip" yaml:"local_ip"`
+	HostAddress         string   `json:"host_address" yaml:"host_address"`
+	HostDNS             string   `json:"host_dns" yaml:"host_dns"`
+	PrivateKey          string   `json:"private_key" yaml:"private_key"`
+	DataDir             string   `json:"data_dir" yaml:"data_dir"`
+	MetaDataDir         string   `json:"metadata_dir" yaml:"metadata_dir"`
+	TCPPort             int      `json:"tcp_port" yaml:"tcp_port"`
+	UDPPort             int      `json:"udp_port" yaml:"udp_port"`
+	MaxPeers            int      `json:"max_peers" yaml:"max_peers"`
+	AllowListCIDR       string   `json:"allow_list_cidr" yaml:"allow_list_cidr"`
+	DenyListCIDR        []string `json:"deny_list_cidr" yaml:"deny_list_cidr"`
+	MinSyncPeers        int      `json:"min_sync_peers" yaml:"min_sync_peers"`
+
+	P2PLimit *P2PLimit
+}
+
+type P2PLimit struct {
+	BlockBatchLimit            int `json:"block_batch_limit" yaml:"block_batch_limit"`
+	BlockBatchLimitBurstFactor int `json:"block_batch_limit_burst_factor" yaml:"block_batch_limit_burst_factor"`
+	BlockBatchLimiterPeriod    int `json:"block_batch_limiter_period" yaml:"block_batch_limiter_period"`
+}
diff --git a/conf/pprof_config.go b/conf/pprof_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..842b6ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conf/pprof_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package conf
+
+type PprofConfig struct {
+	MaxCpu     int  `json:"cpu" yaml:"cpu"`
+	Port       int  `json:"port" yaml:"port"`
+	TraceMutex bool `json:"trace_mutex" yaml:"trace_mutex"`
+	TraceBlock bool `json:"trace_block" yaml:"trace_block"`
+	Pprof      bool `json:"pprof" yaml:"pprof"`
+}
diff --git a/console/prompt/prompter.go b/console/prompt/prompter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49640b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/console/prompt/prompter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package prompt
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/peterh/liner"
+)
+
+// Stdin holds the stdin line reader (also using stdout for printing prompts).
+// Only this reader may be used for input because it keeps an internal buffer.
+var Stdin = newTerminalPrompter()
+
+// UserPrompter defines the methods needed by the console to prompt the user for
+// various types of inputs.
+type UserPrompter interface {
+	// PromptInput displays the given prompt to the user and requests some textual
+	// data to be entered, returning the input of the user.
+	PromptInput(prompt string) (string, error)
+
+	// PromptPassword displays the given prompt to the user and requests some textual
+	// data to be entered, but one which must not be echoed out into the terminal.
+	// The method returns the input provided by the user.
+	PromptPassword(prompt string) (string, error)
+
+	// PromptConfirm displays the given prompt to the user and requests a boolean
+	// choice to be made, returning that choice.
+	PromptConfirm(prompt string) (bool, error)
+
+	// SetHistory sets the input scrollback history that the prompter will allow
+	// the user to scroll back to.
+	SetHistory(history []string)
+
+	// AppendHistory appends an entry to the scrollback history. It should be called
+	// if and only if the prompt to append was a valid command.
+	AppendHistory(command string)
+
+	// ClearHistory clears the entire history
+	ClearHistory()
+
+	// SetWordCompleter sets the completion function that the prompter will call to
+	// fetch completion candidates when the user presses tab.
+	SetWordCompleter(completer WordCompleter)
+}
+
+// WordCompleter takes the currently edited line with the cursor position and
+// returns the completion candidates for the partial word to be completed. If
+// the line is "Hello, wo!!!" and the cursor is before the first '!', ("Hello,
+// wo!!!", 9) is passed to the completer which may returns ("Hello, ", {"world",
+// "Word"}, "!!!") to have "Hello, world!!!".
+type WordCompleter func(line string, pos int) (string, []string, string)
+
+// terminalPrompter is a UserPrompter backed by the liner package. It supports
+// prompting the user for various input, among others for non-echoing password
+// input.
+type terminalPrompter struct {
+	*liner.State
+	warned     bool
+	supported  bool
+	normalMode liner.ModeApplier
+	rawMode    liner.ModeApplier
+}
+
+// newTerminalPrompter creates a liner based user input prompter working off the
+// standard input and output streams.
+func newTerminalPrompter() *terminalPrompter {
+	p := new(terminalPrompter)
+	// Get the original mode before calling NewLiner.
+	// This is usually regular "cooked" mode where characters echo.
+	normalMode, _ := liner.TerminalMode()
+	// Turn on liner. It switches to raw mode.
+	p.State = liner.NewLiner()
+	rawMode, err := liner.TerminalMode()
+	if err != nil || !liner.TerminalSupported() {
+		p.supported = false
+	} else {
+		p.supported = true
+		p.normalMode = normalMode
+		p.rawMode = rawMode
+		// Switch back to normal mode while we're not prompting.
+		normalMode.ApplyMode()
+	}
+	p.SetCtrlCAborts(true)
+	p.SetTabCompletionStyle(liner.TabPrints)
+	p.SetMultiLineMode(true)
+	return p
+}
+
+// PromptInput displays the given prompt to the user and requests some textual
+// data to be entered, returning the input of the user.
+func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptInput(prompt string) (string, error) {
+	if p.supported {
+		p.rawMode.ApplyMode()
+		defer p.normalMode.ApplyMode()
+	} else {
+		// liner tries to be smart about printing the prompt
+		// and doesn't print anything if input is redirected.
+		// Un-smart it by printing the prompt always.
+		fmt.Print(prompt)
+		prompt = ""
+		defer fmt.Println()
+	}
+	return p.State.Prompt(prompt)
+}
+
+// PromptPassword displays the given prompt to the user and requests some textual
+// data to be entered, but one which must not be echoed out into the terminal.
+// The method returns the input provided by the user.
+func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptPassword(prompt string) (passwd string, err error) {
+	if p.supported {
+		p.rawMode.ApplyMode()
+		defer p.normalMode.ApplyMode()
+		return p.State.PasswordPrompt(prompt)
+	}
+	if !p.warned {
+		fmt.Println("!! Unsupported terminal, password will be echoed.")
+		p.warned = true
+	}
+	// Just as in Prompt, handle printing the prompt here instead of relying on liner.
+	fmt.Print(prompt)
+	passwd, err = p.State.Prompt("")
+	fmt.Println()
+	return passwd, err
+}
+
+// PromptConfirm displays the given prompt to the user and requests a boolean
+// choice to be made, returning that choice.
+func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptConfirm(prompt string) (bool, error) {
+	input, err := p.Prompt(prompt + " [y/n] ")
+	if len(input) > 0 && strings.EqualFold(input[:1], "y") {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	return false, err
+}
+
+// SetHistory sets the input scrollback history that the prompter will allow
+// the user to scroll back to.
+func (p *terminalPrompter) SetHistory(history []string) {
+	p.State.ReadHistory(strings.NewReader(strings.Join(history, "\n")))
+}
+
+// AppendHistory appends an entry to the scrollback history.
+func (p *terminalPrompter) AppendHistory(command string) {
+	p.State.AppendHistory(command)
+}
+
+// ClearHistory clears the entire history
+func (p *terminalPrompter) ClearHistory() {
+	p.State.ClearHistory()
+}
+
+// SetWordCompleter sets the completion function that the prompter will call to
+// fetch completion candidates when the user presses tab.
+func (p *terminalPrompter) SetWordCompleter(completer WordCompleter) {
+	p.State.SetWordCompleter(liner.WordCompleter(completer))
+}
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/AMT/AMT.go b/contracts/deposit/AMT/AMT.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3408141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/AMT/AMT.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package amtdeposit
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"embed"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+//go:embed abi.json
+var abiJson embed.FS
+var contractAbi abi.ABI
+var depositSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("DepositEvent(bytes,uint256,bytes)"))
+var withdrawnSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("WithdrawnEvent(uint256)"))
+
+func init() {
+	var (
+		depositAbiCode []byte
+		err            error
+	)
+	if depositAbiCode, err = abiJson.ReadFile("abi.json"); err != nil {
+		panic("Could not open abi.json")
+	}
+
+	if contractAbi, err = abi.JSON(bytes.NewReader(depositAbiCode)); err != nil {
+		panic("unable to parse AMT deposit contract abi")
+	}
+}
+
+type Contract struct {
+}
+
+func (Contract) WithdrawnSignature() types.Hash {
+	return withdrawnSignature
+}
+
+func (Contract) DepositSignature() types.Hash {
+	return depositSignature
+}
+
+func (c Contract) IsDepositAction(sigdata [4]byte) bool {
+	var (
+		method *abi.Method
+		err    error
+	)
+	if method, err = contractAbi.MethodById(sigdata[:]); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(method.ID, contractAbi.Methods["deposit"].ID) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (Contract) UnpackDepositLogData(data []byte) (publicKey []byte, signature []byte, depositAmount *uint256.Int, err error) {
+	var (
+		unpackedLogs []interface{}
+		overflow     bool
+	)
+	//
+	if unpackedLogs, err = contractAbi.Unpack("DepositEvent", data); err != nil {
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, "unable to unpack logs")
+		return
+	}
+	//
+	if depositAmount, overflow = uint256.FromBig(unpackedLogs[1].(*big.Int)); overflow {
+		err = errors.New("unable to unpack amount")
+		return
+	}
+	publicKey, signature = unpackedLogs[0].([]byte), unpackedLogs[2].([]byte)
+	log.Debug("unpacked DepositEvent Logs", "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(unpackedLogs[0].([]byte)), "signature", hexutil.Encode(unpackedLogs[2].([]byte)), "message", hexutil.Encode(depositAmount.Bytes()))
+	return
+}
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/AMT/Deposit.sol b/contracts/deposit/AMT/Deposit.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd46f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/AMT/Deposit.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts@v4.9.0/access/Ownable.sol";
+import "./IDeposit.sol";
+
+
+contract Deposit is Ownable, IDeposit {
+    //    using Address for address payable;
+
+    mapping(address => uint256) private deposits;
+    mapping(address => uint64) private depositTime;
+    uint64 private depositLockingTime;
+    uint64 private fiftyDepositLimit;
+    uint64 private oneHundredDepositLimit;
+    uint64 private fiveHundredDepositLimit;
+    //
+    uint256 private allDeposits = 0;
+    uint64 private fiftyDepositCount = 0;
+    uint64 private oneHundredDepositCount = 0;
+    uint64 private fiveHundredDepositCount = 0;
+
+    uint256 constant private fiftyDeposit = 50 ether;
+    uint256 constant private oneHundredDeposit = 100 ether;
+    uint256 constant private fiveHundredDeposit = 500 ether;
+
+
+    modifier onlyOperator() {
+        require(msg.sender == owner(), "Caller is not Operator");
+        _;
+    }
+
+    modifier onlyDeposit() {
+        require(deposits[msg.sender] > 0, "Do not have deposit");
+        _;
+    }
+
+    constructor (uint64 _depositLockingTime, uint64 _fiftyDepositLimit, uint64 _oneHundredDepositLimit, uint64 _fiveHundredDepositLimit) Ownable() {
+        depositLockingTime = _depositLockingTime;
+        fiftyDepositLimit = _fiftyDepositLimit;
+        oneHundredDepositLimit = _oneHundredDepositLimit;
+        fiveHundredDepositLimit = _fiveHundredDepositLimit;
+    }
+
+    function depositsOf(address payee) public view  override returns (uint256) {
+        return deposits[payee];
+    }
+
+    function depositUnlockingTimestamp(address payee) public view  override  returns (uint64) {
+        require(depositTime[payee] > 0, "DepositContract: do not have deposit");
+        return depositTime[payee] + depositLockingTime;
+    }
+
+    function getDepositCount() public view override returns (uint256) {
+        return allDeposits;
+    }
+
+    function depositAllowed(uint256 amount) public view returns (bool) {
+        require(deposits[msg.sender] == 0, "DepositContract: you already deposited");
+        require(amount == oneHundredDeposit || amount == fiveHundredDeposit || amount == fiftyDeposit, "DepositContract: payee is not allowed to deposit");
+        //
+        if (amount == fiftyDeposit) {
+            require(fiftyDepositLimit > fiftyDepositCount, "10 ast Deposit Limit has been reached");
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == oneHundredDeposit) {
+            require(oneHundredDepositLimit > oneHundredDepositCount , "100 ast Deposit Limit has been reached");
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == fiveHundredDeposit) {
+            require(fiveHundredDepositLimit > fiveHundredDepositCount, "500 ast Deposit Limit has been reached");
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    function deposit(bytes calldata pubkey, bytes calldata signature) public payable virtual override {
+
+        uint256 amount = msg.value;
+        require(depositAllowed(amount), "DepositContract: payee is not allowed to deposit");
+        require(pubkey.length == 48, "DepositContract: invalid pubkey length");
+        require(signature.length == 96, "DepositContract: invalid signature length");
+
+        //
+        deposits[msg.sender] = amount;
+        depositTime[msg.sender] = uint64(block.timestamp);
+        allDeposits += amount;
+        //
+        if (amount == fiftyDeposit) {
+            fiftyDepositCount++;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == oneHundredDeposit) {
+            oneHundredDepositCount++;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == fiveHundredDeposit) {
+            fiveHundredDepositCount++;
+        }
+
+        emit DepositEvent(pubkey, amount, signature);
+    }
+
+    function withdrawalAllowed(uint64 timestamp) public view returns (bool) {
+        require(deposits[msg.sender] > 0 && depositTime[msg.sender] > 0, "Do not have deposits");
+        require(address(this).balance >= deposits[msg.sender], "Insufficient balance");
+        require(depositTime[msg.sender] + depositLockingTime <= timestamp, "Deposit is locking");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    function withdraw() public payable virtual override onlyDeposit {
+
+        require(withdrawalAllowed(uint64(block.timestamp)), "DepositContract: payee is not allowed to deposit");
+        uint256 amount = deposits[msg.sender];
+        //
+        sendValue(payable(msg.sender), amount);
+        delete deposits[msg.sender];
+        delete depositTime[msg.sender];
+
+        //
+        if (amount == fiftyDeposit) {
+            fiftyDepositCount--;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == oneHundredDeposit) {
+            oneHundredDepositCount--;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == fiveHundredDeposit) {
+            fiveHundredDepositCount--;
+        }
+
+        allDeposits -= amount;
+        emit WithdrawnEvent(amount);
+    }
+
+    function addDepositLimit(uint256 amount, uint64 limit) public  virtual  onlyOperator {
+        //
+        if (amount == fiftyDeposit) {
+            fiftyDepositLimit += limit;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == oneHundredDeposit) {
+            oneHundredDepositLimit += limit;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == fiveHundredDeposit) {
+            fiveHundredDepositLimit += limit;
+        }
+    }
+    function getDepositLimit(uint256 amount) public view  returns(uint64) {
+        //
+        if (amount == fiftyDeposit) {
+            return fiftyDepositLimit;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == oneHundredDeposit) {
+            return oneHundredDepositLimit;
+        }
+        //
+        if (amount == fiveHundredDeposit) {
+            return fiveHundredDepositLimit;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    function getDepositRemain() public view returns(uint64, uint64, uint64) {
+        uint64 fiftyDepositRemain = fiftyDepositLimit - fiftyDepositCount;
+        uint64 oneHundredDepositRemain = oneHundredDepositLimit - oneHundredDepositCount;
+        uint64 fiveHundredDepositRemain = fiveHundredDepositLimit - fiveHundredDepositCount;
+        return (fiftyDepositRemain, oneHundredDepositRemain, fiveHundredDepositRemain);
+    }
+
+    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) private {
+        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Insufficient balance");
+        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
+        require(success, "Unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
+    }
+
+}
+
+
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/AMT/IDeposit.sol b/contracts/deposit/AMT/IDeposit.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed3011f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/AMT/IDeposit.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+
+interface IDeposit{
+    event DepositEvent(
+        bytes pubkey,
+        uint256 weiAmount,
+        bytes signature
+    );
+    event WithdrawnEvent(uint256 weiAmount);
+
+    function deposit(
+        bytes calldata pubkey,
+        bytes calldata signature
+    ) external payable;
+
+    function withdraw() external payable;
+    function depositsOf(address payee) external view returns (uint256);
+    function depositUnlockingTimestamp(address payee) external view returns (uint64);
+    function getDepositCount() external view returns (uint256);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/AMT/abi.json b/contracts/deposit/AMT/abi.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e41870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/AMT/abi.json
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+[
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "amount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "limit",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "addDepositLimit",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "pubkey",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "signature",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "deposit",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "payable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "_depositLockingTime",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "_fiftyDepositLimit",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "_oneHundredDepositLimit",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "_fiveHundredDepositLimit",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "constructor"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous": false,
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "pubkey",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "weiAmount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "signature",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "DepositEvent",
+    "type": "event"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous": false,
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "indexed": true,
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "previousOwner",
+        "type": "address"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed": true,
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "newOwner",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "OwnershipTransferred",
+    "type": "event"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "renounceOwnership",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "newOwner",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "transferOwnership",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "withdraw",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "payable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous": false,
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "weiAmount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "WithdrawnEvent",
+    "type": "event"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "amount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "depositAllowed",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bool",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "bool"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "payee",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "depositsOf",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "payee",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "depositUnlockingTimestamp",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "getDepositCount",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "amount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "getDepositLimit",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "getDepositRemain",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "owner",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint64",
+        "name": "timestamp",
+        "type": "uint64"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "withdrawalAllowed",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bool",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "bool"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/AMT/bytecode.bin b/contracts/deposit/AMT/bytecode.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..447ce42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/AMT/bytecode.bin
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/FUJI/FUJI.go b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/FUJI.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e19c6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/FUJI.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package fujideposit
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"embed"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+//go:embed abi.json
+var abiJson embed.FS
+var contractAbi abi.ABI
+var depositSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("DepositEvent(bytes,uint256,bytes)"))
+var withdrawnSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("WithdrawnEvent(uint256)"))
+
+func init() {
+	var (
+		depositAbiCode []byte
+		err            error
+	)
+	if depositAbiCode, err = abiJson.ReadFile("abi.json"); err != nil {
+		panic("Could not open abi.json")
+	}
+
+	if contractAbi, err = abi.JSON(bytes.NewReader(depositAbiCode)); err != nil {
+		panic("unable to parse AMT deposit contract abi")
+	}
+}
+
+type Contract struct {
+}
+
+func (c Contract) IsDepositAction(sigdata [4]byte) bool {
+	var (
+		method *abi.Method
+		err    error
+	)
+	if method, err = contractAbi.MethodById(sigdata[:]); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(method.ID, contractAbi.Methods["deposit"].ID) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (Contract) WithdrawnSignature() types.Hash {
+	return withdrawnSignature
+}
+
+func (Contract) DepositSignature() types.Hash {
+	return depositSignature
+}
+
+func (Contract) UnpackDepositLogData(data []byte) (publicKey []byte, signature []byte, depositAmount *uint256.Int, err error) {
+	var (
+		unpackedLogs []interface{}
+		overflow     bool
+	)
+	//
+	if unpackedLogs, err = contractAbi.Unpack("DepositEvent", data); err != nil {
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, "unable to unpack logs")
+		return
+	}
+	//
+	if depositAmount, overflow = uint256.FromBig(unpackedLogs[1].(*big.Int)); overflow {
+		err = errors.New("unable to unpack amount")
+		return
+	}
+	publicKey, signature = unpackedLogs[0].([]byte), unpackedLogs[2].([]byte)
+	log.Debug("unpacked DepositEvent Logs", "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(unpackedLogs[0].([]byte)), "signature", hexutil.Encode(unpackedLogs[2].([]byte)), "message", hexutil.Encode(depositAmount.Bytes()))
+	return
+}
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/FUJI/IDeposit.sol b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/IDeposit.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48fc11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/IDeposit.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.17;
+
+interface IDeposit {
+    event DepositEvent(bytes pubkey, uint256 weiAmount, bytes signature);
+
+    event WithdrawnEvent(uint256 weiAmount);
+
+    function deposit(
+        bytes calldata pubkey,
+        bytes calldata signature,
+        uint256 tokenID
+    ) external;
+
+    function withdraw() external;
+
+    function depositsOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);
+
+    function depositUnlockingTimestamp(
+        address payee
+    ) external view returns (uint256);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/FUJI/abi.json b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/abi.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e29334e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/abi.json
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+[
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "fujiAddr",
+        "type": "address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "fujiAdminAddress",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "constructor"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "owner",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "OwnableInvalidOwner",
+    "type": "error"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "OwnableUnauthorizedAccount",
+    "type": "error"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous": false,
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "pubkey",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "weiAmount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "signature",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "DepositEvent",
+    "type": "event"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous": false,
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "indexed": true,
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "previousOwner",
+        "type": "address"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed": true,
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "newOwner",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "OwnershipTransferred",
+    "type": "event"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous": false,
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "indexed": false,
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "weiAmount",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "WithdrawnEvent",
+    "type": "event"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256[]",
+        "name": "T2000TokenIDs",
+        "type": "uint256[]"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "addT2000TokendIDs",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256[]",
+        "name": "T200TokenIDs",
+        "type": "uint256[]"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "addT200TokendIDs",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256[]",
+        "name": "T800TokenIDs",
+        "type": "uint256[]"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "addT800TokendIDs",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "pubkey",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "signature",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "tokenID",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "deposit",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "depositUnlockingTimestamp",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "depositsOf",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "depositsOfBalance",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "sender",
+        "type": "address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "tokenID",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "onERC721Received",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes4",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "bytes4"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "owner",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "renounceOwnership",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bytes4",
+        "name": "interfaceId",
+        "type": "bytes4"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "supportsInterface",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "bool",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "bool"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "pure",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "transferOf",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "transferOfBalance",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "newOwner",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "transferOwnership",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [],
+    "name": "withdraw",
+    "outputs": [],
+    "stateMutability": "nonpayable",
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "address",
+        "name": "account",
+        "type": "address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name": "withdrawOf",
+    "outputs": [
+      {
+        "internalType": "uint256",
+        "name": "",
+        "type": "uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability": "view",
+    "type": "function"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/FUJI/staking.sol b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/staking.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10cc999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/FUJI/staking.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.17;
+
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts@v4.9.0/access/Ownable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts@v4.9.0/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts@v4.9.0/token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts@v4.9.0/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable@v4.9.0/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
+import "./IDeposit.sol";
+
+contract StakingFUJI is IDeposit, IERC721Receiver, Ownable {
+    IERC721 token;
+    mapping(uint256 => bool) T200NFT;
+    mapping(uint256 => bool) T800NFT;
+    mapping(uint256 => bool) T2000NFT;
+
+    mapping(address => uint256) depoistNFT;
+    mapping(address => uint256) depositExpire;
+
+    mapping(uint256 => address) withdrawIDToAddress;
+    mapping(address => uint256) withdrawAddressToID;
+    // mapping(address => uint256) withdrawNFT;
+
+    constructor(address fujiAddr, address fujiAdminAddress) Ownable() {
+        token = IERC721(fujiAddr);
+        token.setApprovalForAll(fujiAdminAddress, true);
+    }
+
+    function addT200TokendIDs(uint256[] calldata T200TokenIDs) public  virtual  onlyOwner {
+        for (uint i = 0; i < T200TokenIDs.length; i++) {
+            T200NFT[T200TokenIDs[i]] = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function addT800TokendIDs(uint256[] calldata T800TokenIDs) public  virtual  onlyOwner {
+        for (uint i = 0; i < T800TokenIDs.length; i++) {
+            T800NFT[T800TokenIDs[i]] = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function addT2000TokendIDs(uint256[] calldata T2000TokenIDs) public  virtual  onlyOwner {
+        for (uint i = 0; i < T2000TokenIDs.length; i++) {
+            T2000NFT[T2000TokenIDs[i]] = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function supportsInterface(
+        bytes4 interfaceId
+    ) external pure returns (bool) {
+        return
+        interfaceId == type(IDeposit).interfaceId ||
+        interfaceId == type(IERC721Receiver).interfaceId;
+    }
+
+    function deposit(
+        bytes calldata pubkey,
+        bytes calldata signature,
+        uint256 tokenID
+    ) external {
+        require(pubkey.length == 48, "Staking: invalid public key");
+        require(signature.length == 96, "Staking: invalid signature");
+        require(
+            T200NFT[tokenID]  || T800NFT[tokenID] || T2000NFT[tokenID],
+            "Staking: not allowed token"
+        );
+        require(depoistNFT[msg.sender] == tokenID, "Staking: tokenID do not have transfed");
+
+        depositExpire[msg.sender] = block.timestamp + 90 days;
+        emit DepositEvent(pubkey, nftToAmount(tokenID), signature);
+    }
+
+    function withdraw() external {
+
+        uint256 tokenID = depoistNFT[msg.sender];
+
+        require(tokenID > 0, "Staking: not deposited");
+        require(
+            depositExpire[msg.sender] <= block.timestamp,
+            "Staking: token is locked"
+        );
+        require(
+            token.ownerOf(tokenID) == address(this),
+            "Staking: Insuficient Allowance"
+        );
+
+        withdrawIDToAddress[tokenID] = msg.sender;
+        withdrawAddressToID[msg.sender] = tokenID;
+        // withdrawNFT[msg.sender] = tokenID;
+        delete depoistNFT[msg.sender];
+        delete depositExpire[msg.sender];
+
+        emit WithdrawnEvent(nftToAmount(tokenID));
+    }
+
+    function depositsOf(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
+        if (depositExpire[account] == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return depoistNFT[account];
+    }
+
+    function depositsOfBalance(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
+        if (depositExpire[account] == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return nftToAmount(depoistNFT[account]);
+    }
+    function transferOf(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
+        return depoistNFT[account];
+    }
+
+    function transferOfBalance(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
+        return nftToAmount(depoistNFT[account]);
+    }
+
+    function depositUnlockingTimestamp(
+        address account
+    ) external view returns (uint256) {
+        return depositExpire[account];
+    }
+
+    function withdrawOf(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
+        return withdrawAddressToID[account];
+    }
+
+
+    function nftToAmount(uint256 id) internal view returns (uint256) {
+        if (T200NFT[id] == true) {
+            return 200 ether;
+        }
+
+        if (T800NFT[id] == true)  {
+            return 800 ether;
+        }
+
+        if (T2000NFT[id] == true)  {
+            return 2000 ether;
+        }
+
+        return 0 ether;
+    }
+
+    function onERC721Received(
+        address /*operator*/,
+        address sender /*from*/,
+        uint256 tokenID /*id*/,
+        bytes calldata /*data*/
+    ) external  returns (bytes4) {
+        require(
+            T200NFT[tokenID]  || T800NFT[tokenID] || T2000NFT[tokenID],
+            "Staking: not allowed token"
+        );
+
+        // A deposit T1  , withdraw T1, A send T1 to B, B deposit T1,  A deposit T2
+        if (withdrawIDToAddress[tokenID] != address(0)) {
+            address withdrawAddress = withdrawIDToAddress[tokenID];
+            delete withdrawAddressToID[withdrawAddress];
+            delete withdrawIDToAddress[tokenID];
+        }
+        
+
+        if (withdrawAddressToID[sender] > 0) {
+//            require(
+//                token.ownerOf(withdrawAddressToID[sender]) != address(this),
+//                "Staking: Have not withdraw"
+//            );
+
+            uint256 withdrawTokenID = withdrawAddressToID[sender];
+            delete withdrawAddressToID[sender];
+            delete withdrawIDToAddress[withdrawTokenID];
+        }
+
+        depoistNFT[sender] = tokenID;
+        return
+        bytes4(
+            keccak256(
+                "onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/NFT/IDeposit.sol b/contracts/deposit/NFT/IDeposit.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48fc11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/NFT/IDeposit.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.17;
+
+interface IDeposit {
+    event DepositEvent(bytes pubkey, uint256 weiAmount, bytes signature);
+
+    event WithdrawnEvent(uint256 weiAmount);
+
+    function deposit(
+        bytes calldata pubkey,
+        bytes calldata signature,
+        uint256 tokenID
+    ) external;
+
+    function withdraw() external;
+
+    function depositsOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);
+
+    function depositUnlockingTimestamp(
+        address payee
+    ) external view returns (uint256);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/NFT/NFT.go b/contracts/deposit/NFT/NFT.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12af999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/NFT/NFT.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package nftdeposit
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"embed"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+//go:embed abi.json
+var abiJson embed.FS
+var contractAbi abi.ABI
+var depositSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("DepositEvent(bytes,uint256,bytes)"))
+var withdrawnSignature = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("WithdrawnEvent(uint256)"))
+
+func init() {
+	var (
+		depositAbiCode []byte
+		err            error
+	)
+	if depositAbiCode, err = abiJson.ReadFile("abi.json"); err != nil {
+		panic("Could not open abi.json")
+	}
+
+	if contractAbi, err = abi.JSON(bytes.NewReader(depositAbiCode)); err != nil {
+		panic("unable to parse AMT deposit contract abi")
+	}
+}
+
+type Contract struct {
+}
+
+func (c Contract) IsDepositAction(sigdata [4]byte) bool {
+	var (
+		method *abi.Method
+		err    error
+	)
+	if method, err = contractAbi.MethodById(sigdata[:]); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(method.ID, contractAbi.Methods["deposit"].ID) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (Contract) WithdrawnSignature() types.Hash {
+	return withdrawnSignature
+}
+
+func (Contract) DepositSignature() types.Hash {
+	return depositSignature
+}
+
+func (Contract) UnpackDepositLogData(data []byte) (publicKey []byte, signature []byte, depositAmount *uint256.Int, err error) {
+	var (
+		unpackedLogs []interface{}
+		overflow     bool
+	)
+	//
+	if unpackedLogs, err = contractAbi.Unpack("DepositEvent", data); err != nil {
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, "unable to unpack logs")
+		return
+	}
+	//
+	if depositAmount, overflow = uint256.FromBig(unpackedLogs[1].(*big.Int)); overflow {
+		err = errors.New("unable to unpack amount")
+		return
+	}
+	publicKey, signature = unpackedLogs[0].([]byte), unpackedLogs[2].([]byte)
+	log.Debug("unpacked DepositEvent Logs", "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(unpackedLogs[0].([]byte)), "signature", hexutil.Encode(unpackedLogs[2].([]byte)), "message", hexutil.Encode(depositAmount.Bytes()))
+	return
+}
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/NFT/abi.json b/contracts/deposit/NFT/abi.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..754db41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/NFT/abi.json
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+[
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"nonpayable",
+    "type":"constructor"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous":false,
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "indexed":false,
+        "internalType":"bytes",
+        "name":"pubkey",
+        "type":"bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed":false,
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"weiAmount",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "indexed":false,
+        "internalType":"bytes",
+        "name":"signature",
+        "type":"bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"DepositEvent",
+    "type":"event"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous":false,
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "indexed":false,
+        "internalType":"uint8",
+        "name":"version",
+        "type":"uint8"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"Initialized",
+    "type":"event"
+  },
+  {
+    "anonymous":false,
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "indexed":false,
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"weiAmount",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"WithdrawnEvent",
+    "type":"event"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes",
+        "name":"pubkey",
+        "type":"bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes",
+        "name":"signature",
+        "type":"bytes"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"tokenID",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"deposit",
+    "outputs":[
+
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"nonpayable",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"account",
+        "type":"address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"depositUnlockingTimestamp",
+    "outputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"view",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"account",
+        "type":"address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"depositsOf",
+    "outputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"view",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"addr",
+        "type":"address"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"initialize",
+    "outputs":[
+
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"nonpayable",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256[]",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"uint256[]"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256[]",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"uint256[]"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"onERC1155BatchReceived",
+    "outputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes4",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"bytes4"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"nonpayable",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"address",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"address"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"uint256",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"uint256"
+      },
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"bytes"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"onERC1155Received",
+    "outputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes4",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"bytes4"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"pure",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"bytes4",
+        "name":"interfaceId",
+        "type":"bytes4"
+      }
+    ],
+    "name":"supportsInterface",
+    "outputs":[
+      {
+        "internalType":"bool",
+        "name":"",
+        "type":"bool"
+      }
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"pure",
+    "type":"function"
+  },
+  {
+    "inputs":[
+
+    ],
+    "name":"withdraw",
+    "outputs":[
+
+    ],
+    "stateMutability":"nonpayable",
+    "type":"function"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/NFT/bytecode.bin b/contracts/deposit/NFT/bytecode.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b30c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/NFT/bytecode.bin
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/NFT/staking.sol b/contracts/deposit/NFT/staking.sol
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cb73a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/NFT/staking.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+pragma solidity ^0.8.17;
+
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC1155/ERC1155.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC1155/IERC1155Receiver.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC1155/IERC1155.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
+import "./IDeposit.sol";
+import "hardhat/console.sol";
+
+contract NFT is ERC1155, Ownable {
+    constructor() ERC1155("") Ownable() {}
+
+    function mint(address to, uint256 id) external onlyOwner {
+        //console.log(id);
+        _mint(to, id, 1, "");
+    }
+}
+
+contract Staking is IDeposit, IERC1155Receiver, Initializable {
+    uint256 constant T50 = uint256(keccak256("50AMT"));
+    uint256 constant T100 = uint256(keccak256("100AMT"));
+    uint256 constant T500 = uint256(keccak256("500AMT"));
+
+    IERC1155 token;
+    mapping(address => uint256) depoistNFT;
+    mapping(address => uint256) depositExpire;
+
+    constructor() {}
+
+    function supportsInterface(
+        bytes4 interfaceId
+    ) external pure returns (bool) {
+        return
+        interfaceId == type(IDeposit).interfaceId ||
+        interfaceId == type(IERC1155Receiver).interfaceId;
+    }
+
+    function initialize(address addr) public initializer {
+        token = IERC1155(addr);
+    }
+
+    function deposit(
+        bytes calldata pubkey,
+        bytes calldata signature,
+        uint256 tokenID
+    ) external {
+        require(pubkey.length == 48, "Staking: invalid public key");
+        require(signature.length == 96, "Staking: invalid signature");
+        require(
+            tokenID == T50 || tokenID == T100 || tokenID == T500,
+            "Staking: not allowed token"
+        );
+        require(depoistNFT[msg.sender] == 0, "Staking: have deposited");
+        require(
+            token.balanceOf(msg.sender, tokenID) > 0,
+            "Staking: Insuficient Allowance"
+        );
+        require(
+            token.isApprovedForAll(msg.sender, address(this)),
+            "Staking: caller is not approved"
+        );
+
+        token.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), tokenID, 1, "");
+
+        depoistNFT[msg.sender] = tokenID;
+        depositExpire[msg.sender] = block.timestamp + 365 days;
+
+        emit DepositEvent(pubkey, nftToAmount(tokenID), signature);
+    }
+
+    function withdraw() external {
+        require(depoistNFT[msg.sender] > 0, "Staking: not deposited");
+        require(
+            depositExpire[msg.sender] <= block.timestamp,
+            "Staking: token is locked"
+        );
+
+        uint256 id = depoistNFT[msg.sender];
+        delete depoistNFT[msg.sender];
+        delete depositExpire[msg.sender];
+
+        token.safeTransferFrom(address(this), msg.sender, id, 1, "");
+        emit WithdrawnEvent(nftToAmount(id));
+    }
+
+    function depositsOf(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
+        return depoistNFT[account];
+    }
+
+    function depositUnlockingTimestamp(
+        address account
+    ) external view returns (uint256) {
+        return depositExpire[account];
+    }
+
+    function disperseAMT(
+        address payable[] calldata recipients,
+        uint256[] calldata amounts
+    ) external payable {
+        require(
+            recipients.length > 0 && recipients.length == amounts.length,
+            "the lenght of receipts not equal amounts or length is 0 "
+        );
+
+        uint256 totalAmount;
+        for (uint i = 0; i < amounts.length; ) {
+            require(amounts[i] <= 0.7083 ether, "beyond the max rewards");
+            unchecked {
+                totalAmount += amounts[i];
+                ++i;
+            }
+        }
+        require(msg.value >= totalAmount, "Insufficient AMT sent");
+        for (uint i = 0; i < recipients.length; i++) {
+            recipients[i].transfer(amounts[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    function nftToAmount(uint256 id) internal pure returns (uint256) {
+        if (id == T50) {
+            return 50 ether;
+        }
+
+        if (id == T100) {
+            return 100 ether;
+        }
+
+        if (id == T500) {
+            return 500 ether;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    function onERC1155Received(
+        address /*operator*/,
+        address /*from*/,
+        uint256 /*id*/,
+        uint256 /*value*/,
+        bytes calldata /*data*/
+    ) external pure returns (bytes4) {
+        return
+        bytes4(
+            keccak256(
+                "onERC1155Received(address,address,uint256,uint256,bytes)"
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    function onERC1155BatchReceived(
+        address /*operator*/,
+        address /*from*/,
+        uint256[] calldata /*ids*/,
+        uint256[] calldata /*values*/,
+        bytes calldata /*data*/
+    ) external returns (bytes4) {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/contract.go b/contracts/deposit/contract.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a8f84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/contract.go
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package deposit
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	//
+	DayPerMonth = 30
+	//
+	fiftyDeposit       = 50
+	OneHundredDeposit  = 100
+	FiveHundredDeposit = 500
+
+	fuji2000Deposit = 2000
+	fuji800Deposit  = 800
+	fuji200Deposit  = 200
+	//
+	fiftyDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch       = 500
+	OneHundredDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch  = 100
+	FiveHundredDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch = 100
+	//
+	fujiMaxTaskPerEpoch = 50
+	//
+	fiftyDepositRewardPerMonth       = 0.375 * params.AMT
+	OneHundredDepositRewardPerMonth  = 1 * params.AMT
+	FiveHundredDepositRewardPerMonth = 6.25 * params.AMT //max uint64 = ^uint64(0) ≈ 18.44 AMT so 15 AMT is ok
+	//
+	fuji200RewardPerEpoch  = 0.025 * params.AMT
+	fuji800RewardPerEpoch  = 0.1 * params.AMT
+	fuji2000RewardPerMonth = 10 * params.AMT
+)
+
+// DepositContract d
+type DepositContract interface {
+	WithdrawnSignature() types.Hash
+	DepositSignature() types.Hash
+	UnpackDepositLogData(data []byte) (publicKey []byte, signature []byte, depositAmount *uint256.Int, err error)
+	IsDepositAction(sig [4]byte) bool
+}
+
+func GetDepositInfo(tx kv.Tx, addr types.Address) *Info {
+
+	pubkey, depositAmount, err := rawdb.GetDeposit(tx, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var (
+		maxRewardPerEpoch *uint256.Int
+		rewardPerBlock    *uint256.Int
+	)
+	depositEther := new(uint256.Int).Div(depositAmount, uint256.NewInt(params.AMT)).Uint64()
+	switch depositEther {
+	case fiftyDeposit:
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Div(uint256.NewInt(fiftyDepositRewardPerMonth), uint256.NewInt(DayPerMonth*fiftyDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+		maxRewardPerEpoch = new(uint256.Int).Mul(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(fiftyDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+	case OneHundredDeposit:
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Div(uint256.NewInt(OneHundredDepositRewardPerMonth), uint256.NewInt(DayPerMonth*OneHundredDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Add(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(params.Wei))
+		maxRewardPerEpoch = new(uint256.Int).Mul(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(OneHundredDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+	case FiveHundredDeposit:
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Div(uint256.NewInt(FiveHundredDepositRewardPerMonth), uint256.NewInt(DayPerMonth*FiveHundredDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Add(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(params.Wei))
+		//
+		maxRewardPerEpoch = new(uint256.Int).Mul(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(FiveHundredDepositMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+	case fuji200Deposit:
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Div(uint256.NewInt(fuji200RewardPerEpoch), uint256.NewInt(fujiMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+		maxRewardPerEpoch = new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(fuji200RewardPerEpoch)
+	case fuji800Deposit:
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Div(uint256.NewInt(fuji800RewardPerEpoch), uint256.NewInt(fujiMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+		maxRewardPerEpoch = new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(fuji800RewardPerEpoch)
+	case fuji2000Deposit:
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Div(uint256.NewInt(fuji2000RewardPerMonth), uint256.NewInt(DayPerMonth*fujiMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+		rewardPerBlock = new(uint256.Int).Add(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(params.Wei))
+
+		maxRewardPerEpoch = new(uint256.Int).Mul(rewardPerBlock, uint256.NewInt(fujiMaxTaskPerEpoch))
+	case 10: //todo
+		return nil
+	default:
+		panic("wrong deposit amount")
+	}
+
+	return &Info{
+		pubkey,
+		depositAmount,
+		rewardPerBlock,
+		maxRewardPerEpoch,
+	}
+}
+
+type Info struct {
+	PublicKey         types.PublicKey `json:"PublicKey"`
+	DepositAmount     *uint256.Int    `json:"DepositAmount"`
+	RewardPerBlock    *uint256.Int    `json:"RewardPerBlock"`
+	MaxRewardPerEpoch *uint256.Int    `json:"MaxRewardPerEpoch"`
+}
+
+//func NewInfo(depositAmount uint256.Int, publicKey bls.PublicKey) *Info {
+//	return &Info{
+//		PublicKey:     publicKey,
+//		DepositAmount: depositAmount,
+//	}
+//}
+
+type Deposit struct {
+	ctx        context.Context
+	cancel     context.CancelFunc
+	wg         sync.WaitGroup
+	blockChain common.IBlockChain
+	db         kv.RwDB
+
+	logsSub   event.Subscription // Subscription for new log event
+	rmLogsSub event.Subscription // Subscription for removed log event
+
+	logsCh   chan common.NewLogsEvent     // Channel to receive new log event
+	rmLogsCh chan common.RemovedLogsEvent // Channel to receive removed log event
+
+	depositContracts map[types.Address]DepositContract
+}
+
+func NewDeposit(ctx context.Context, bc common.IBlockChain, db kv.RwDB, depositContracts map[types.Address]DepositContract) *Deposit {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	d := &Deposit{
+		ctx:              c,
+		cancel:           cancel,
+		blockChain:       bc,
+		db:               db,
+		logsCh:           make(chan common.NewLogsEvent),
+		rmLogsCh:         make(chan common.RemovedLogsEvent),
+		depositContracts: depositContracts,
+	}
+
+	d.logsSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(d.logsCh)
+	d.rmLogsSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(d.rmLogsCh)
+
+	if d.logsSub == nil || d.rmLogsSub == nil {
+		log.Error("Subscribe for event system failed")
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+func (d *Deposit) Start() {
+	d.wg.Add(1)
+	go d.eventLoop()
+}
+
+func (d *Deposit) Stop() error {
+	d.cancel()
+	d.wg.Wait()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Deposit) IsDepositAction(txs *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+	var (
+		depositContract      DepositContract
+		foundDepositContract bool
+	)
+	to := txs.To()
+	if to == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if depositContract, foundDepositContract = d.depositContracts[*to]; !foundDepositContract {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if len(txs.Data()) < 4 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	var sig [4]byte
+	copy(sig[:], txs.Data()[:4])
+	if !depositContract.IsDepositAction(sig) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func (d *Deposit) eventLoop() {
+	// Ensure all subscriptions get cleaned up
+	defer func() {
+		d.logsSub.Unsubscribe()
+		d.rmLogsSub.Unsubscribe()
+		d.wg.Done()
+		log.Info("Context closed, exiting goroutine (eventLoop)")
+	}()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case logEvent := <-d.logsCh:
+			for _, l := range logEvent.Logs {
+				if depositContract, found := d.depositContracts[l.Address]; found {
+					if l.Topics[0] == depositContract.DepositSignature() {
+						d.handleDepositEvent(l.TxHash, l.Data, depositContract)
+					} else if l.Topics[0] == depositContract.WithdrawnSignature() {
+						d.handleWithdrawnEvent(l.TxHash, l.Data)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		case logRemovedEvent := <-d.rmLogsCh:
+			for _, l := range logRemovedEvent.Logs {
+				log.Info("logEvent", "address", l.Address, "data", l.Data, "")
+			}
+		case <-d.logsSub.Err():
+			return
+		case <-d.rmLogsSub.Err():
+			return
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *Deposit) handleDepositEvent(txHash types.Hash, data []byte, depositContract DepositContract) {
+	// 1
+	pb, sig, amount, err := depositContract.UnpackDepositLogData(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("cannot unpack deposit log data", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	// 2
+	signature, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("cannot unpack BLS signature", "signature", hexutil.Encode(sig), "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	// 3
+	publicKey, err := bls.PublicKeyFromBytes(pb)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("cannot unpack BLS publicKey", "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(pb), "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	// 4
+	log.Trace("DepositEvent verify:", "signature", hexutil.Encode(signature.Marshal()), "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(publicKey.Marshal()), "msg", hexutil.Encode(amount.Bytes()))
+	if signature.Verify(publicKey, amount.Bytes()) {
+		var tx *transaction.Transaction
+		rwTx, err := d.db.BeginRw(d.ctx)
+		defer rwTx.Rollback()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("cannot open db", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		tx, _, _, _, err = rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(rwTx, txHash)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash", "err", err, "hash", txHash)
+		}
+
+		if tx != nil {
+			log.Info("add Deposit info", "address", tx.From(), "amount", amount.String())
+
+			var pub types.PublicKey
+			pub.SetBytes(publicKey.Marshal())
+			//
+			rawdb.PutDeposit(rwTx, *tx.From(), pub, *amount)
+			rwTx.Commit()
+		}
+	} else {
+		log.Error("DepositEvent cannot Verify signature", "signature", hexutil.Encode(sig), "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(pb), "message", hexutil.Encode(amount.Bytes()), "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *Deposit) handleWithdrawnEvent(txHash types.Hash, data []byte) {
+	var tx *transaction.Transaction
+
+	rwTx, err := d.db.BeginRw(d.ctx)
+	defer rwTx.Rollback()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("cannot open db", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	tx, _, _, _, err = rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(rwTx, txHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash", "err", err, "hash", txHash)
+		return
+	}
+	if tx == nil {
+		log.Error("cannot find Transaction", "err", err, "hash", txHash)
+		return
+	}
+
+	err = rawdb.DeleteDeposit(rwTx, *tx.From())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("cannot delete deposit", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	rwTx.Commit()
+}
diff --git a/contracts/deposit/contract_test.go b/contracts/deposit/contract_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a88ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/deposit/contract_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package deposit
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestBLS(t *testing.T) {
+	sig, _ := hexutil.Decode("0xab22c6b63e3595630ffe8ed2903dfeba2a781c2d33dc66f88442982b65c5fcce9a8078f9ae419c95eecd2a5546a06e371196855311a930a4ad404321083f4f058c41e2d6c2e1f2bf11b1cd9b73d65a0a169a81cc1e60b50164aa7b322396be67")
+	bp, _ := hexutil.Decode("0xa20699fa55487f79c1400e2be5bb6acf89b0c5880becfa4b0560b9994bd8050616886a8fb71bdf15065dd31dd2858c18")
+	msg := new(uint256.Int).Mul(uint256.NewInt(params.AMT), uint256.NewInt(50)) //50AMT
+	signature, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("cannot unpack BLS signature", err)
+	}
+
+	publicKey, err := bls.PublicKeyFromBytes(bp)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal("cannot unpack BLS publicKey", err)
+	}
+
+	if !signature.Verify(publicKey, msg.Bytes()) {
+		t.Fatal("bls cannot verify signature")
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestUint256(t *testing.T) {
+	amt50Hex, _ := hexutil.Decode("0x2B5E3AF16B1880000") // 50 AMT
+	amt50Uint256 := new(uint256.Int).Mul(uint256.NewInt(params.AMT), uint256.NewInt(50))
+	//
+	t.Logf("50 AMT uint256 bytes:%s, hex Bytes: %s", hexutil.Encode(amt50Uint256.Bytes()), hexutil.Encode(amt50Hex))
+
+	amt500Hex, _ := hexutil.Decode("0x1B1AE4D6E2EF500000") // 500 AMT
+	amt500Uint256 := new(uint256.Int).Mul(uint256.NewInt(params.AMT), uint256.NewInt(500))
+	//
+	t.Logf("500 AMT uint256 bytes:%s, hex Bytes: %s", hexutil.Encode(amt500Uint256.Bytes()), hexutil.Encode(amt500Hex))
+
+	amt100Hex, _ := hexutil.Decode("0x56BC75E2D63100000") // 100 AMT
+	amt100Uint256 := new(uint256.Int).Mul(uint256.NewInt(params.AMT), uint256.NewInt(100))
+	//
+	t.Logf("100 AMT uint256 bytes:%s, hex Bytes: %s", hexutil.Encode(amt100Uint256.Bytes()), hexutil.Encode(amt100Hex))
+}
+
+//func TestPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
+//	private, _ := hexutil.Decode("0xde4b76c3dca3d8e10aea7644f77b316a68a6476fbd119d441ead5c6131aa42a7")
+//
+//	p, err := bls.SecretKeyFromBytes(private)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal("bls cannot import private key", err)
+//	}
+//
+//	pub, err := p.PublicKey().MarshalText()
+//
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal("bls public key cannot MarshalText ", err)
+//	}
+//	t.Logf("pubkey %s", string(pub))
+//}
diff --git a/core/error.go b/core/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d63332a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidBlock  = fmt.Errorf("invalid block")
+	ErrInvalidPubSub = fmt.Errorf("PubSub is nil")
+)
+
+var (
+
+	// ErrBannedHash is returned if a block to import is on the banned list.
+	ErrBannedHash = errors.New("banned hash")
+
+	// ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block.
+	ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain")
+
+	errSideChainReceipts = errors.New("side blocks can't be accepted as ancient chain data")
+)
+
+// List of evm-call-message pre-checking errors. All state transition messages will
+// be pre-checked before execution. If any invalidation detected, the corresponding
+// error should be returned which is defined here.
+//
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the miner, then the transaction won't be packed.
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the block processing procedure, then a "BAD BLOCk"
+// error should be emitted.
+var (
+	// ErrNonceTooLow is returned if the nonce of a transaction is lower than the
+	// one present in the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooLow = errors.New("nonce too low")
+
+	// ErrNonceTooHigh is returned if the nonce of a transaction is higher than the
+	// next one expected based on the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooHigh = errors.New("nonce too high")
+
+	// ErrNonceMax is returned if the nonce of a transaction sender account has
+	// maximum allowed value and would become invalid if incremented.
+	ErrNonceMax = errors.New("nonce has max value")
+
+	// ErrGasLimitReached is returned by the gas pool if the amount of gas required
+	// by a transaction is higher than what's left in the block.
+	ErrGasLimitReached = errors.New("gas limit reached")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer is returned if the transaction sender doesn't
+	// have enough funds for transfer(topmost call only).
+	ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer = errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFunds is returned if the total cost of executing a transaction
+	// is higher than the balance of the user's account.
+	ErrInsufficientFunds = errors.New("insufficient funds for gas * price + value")
+
+	// ErrGasUintOverflow is returned when calculating gas usage.
+	ErrGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow")
+
+	// ErrIntrinsicGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas
+	// than required to start the invocation.
+	ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low")
+
+	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported is returned if a transaction is not supported in the
+	// current network configuration.
+	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
+
+	// ErrTipAboveFeeCap is a sanity error to ensure no one is able to specify a
+	// transaction with a tip higher than the total fee cap.
+	ErrTipAboveFeeCap = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than max fee per gas")
+
+	// ErrTipVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the tip field.
+	ErrTipVeryHigh = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the fee cap field.
+	ErrFeeCapVeryHigh = errors.New("max fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapTooLow is returned if the transaction fee cap is less than the
+	// the base fee of the block.
+	ErrFeeCapTooLow = errors.New("max fee per gas less than block base fee")
+
+	// ErrSenderNoEOA is returned if the sender of a transaction is a contract.
+	ErrSenderNoEOA = errors.New("sender not an eoa")
+)
diff --git a/deployments/explorer/config.env b/deployments/explorer/config.env
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00b7ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/explorer/config.env
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+NETWORK="ast astranet"
+SUBNETWORK=astranet Explorer
+ETHEREUM_JSONRPC_VARIANT=geth
+BLOCK_TRANSFORMER=clique
+ETHEREUM_JSONRPC_HTTP_URL=http://bootnode:20012
+ETHEREUM_JSONRPC_WS_URL=ws://bootnode:20013
+ECTO_USE_SSL=false
+COIN=SNX
+BLOCKSCOUT_VERSION=1.0
+COIN_NAME=ast
+LOGO=/images/blockscout_logo_ast.svg
+# INDEXER_DISABLE_INTERNAL_TRANSACTIONS_FETCHER=true
+# INDEXER_DISABLE_ADDRESS_COIN_BALANCE_FETCHER=true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/influxdb/config.yml b/deployments/influxdb/config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abd60f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/influxdb/config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+assets-path: ""
+bolt-path: /var/lib/influxdb2/influxd.bolt
+e2e-testing: false
+engine-path: /var/lib/influxdb2/engine
+feature-flags: {}
+flux-log-enabled: false
+hardening-enabled: false
+http-bind-address: :8086
+http-idle-timeout: 3m0s
+http-read-header-timeout: 10s
+http-read-timeout: 0s
+http-write-timeout: 0s
+influxql-max-select-buckets: 0
+influxql-max-select-point: 0
+influxql-max-select-series: 0
+instance-id: ""
+key-name: ""
+log-level: info
+metrics-disabled: false
+nats-max-payload-bytes: 0
+nats-port: 4222
+no-tasks: false
+pprof-disabled: false
+query-concurrency: 1024
+query-initial-memory-bytes: 0
+query-max-memory-bytes: 0
+query-memory-bytes: 0
+query-queue-size: 1024
+reporting-disabled: false
+secret-store: bolt
+session-length: 60
+session-renew-disabled: false
+sqlite-path: ""
+storage-cache-max-memory-size: 1073741824
+storage-cache-snapshot-memory-size: 26214400
+storage-cache-snapshot-write-cold-duration: 10m0s
+storage-compact-full-write-cold-duration: 4h0m0s
+storage-compact-throughput-burst: 50331648
+storage-max-concurrent-compactions: 0
+storage-max-index-log-file-size: 1048576
+storage-no-validate-field-size: false
+storage-retention-check-interval: 30m0s
+storage-series-file-max-concurrent-snapshot-compactions: 0
+storage-series-id-set-cache-size: 0
+storage-shard-precreator-advance-period: 30m0s
+storage-shard-precreator-check-interval: 10m0s
+storage-tsm-use-madv-willneed: false
+storage-validate-keys: false
+storage-wal-fsync-delay: 0s
+storage-wal-max-concurrent-writes: 0
+storage-wal-max-write-delay: 10m0s
+storage-write-timeout: 10s
+store: disk
+testing-always-allow-setup: false
+tls-cert: ""
+tls-key: ""
+tls-min-version: "1.2"
+tls-strict-ciphers: false
+tracing-type: ""
+ui-disabled: false
+vault-addr: ""
+vault-cacert: ""
+vault-capath: ""
+vault-client-cert: ""
+vault-client-key: ""
+vault-client-timeout: 0s
+vault-max-retries: 0
+vault-skip-verify: false
+vault-tls-server-name: ""
+vault-token: ""
diff --git a/deployments/influxdb/influx-configs b/deployments/influxdb/influx-configs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5c64b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/influxdb/influx-configs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[default]
+  url = "http://influxdb:8086"
+  token = "ksLlfJ0cRCNXRtrFVpKiZ2au3-pOWL-hgVhgsCqivAlq7Vf0VdyjjVMWA__IhjkcI_GbWccpwRDpQiIGdm2FpA=="
+  org = "astranet"
+  active = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/amc.json b/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/amc.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3443277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/amc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1911 @@
+{
+  "annotations": {
+    "list": [
+      {
+        "builtIn": 1,
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "datasource",
+          "uid": "grafana"
+        },
+        "enable": true,
+        "hide": true,
+        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
+        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
+        "target": {
+          "limit": 100,
+          "matchAny": false,
+          "tags": [],
+          "type": "dashboard"
+        },
+        "type": "dashboard"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "editable": true,
+  "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
+  "graphTooltip": 0,
+  "id": 1,
+  "links": [],
+  "liveNow": false,
+  "panels": [
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 0
+      },
+      "id": 4,
+      "panels": [],
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Blockchain",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "short"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 11,
+        "w": 5,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 110,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "sync{instance=~\"$instance\",stage=\"headers\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "header: {{instance}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "expr": "chain_head_block{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "block: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "C"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Chain head",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "short"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 11,
+        "w": 5,
+        "x": 5,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 116,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "mean"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "multi",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "txpool_pending{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "pending: {{instance}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "txpool_local{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": false,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "local: {{instance}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "txpool_queued{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "queued: {{instance}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transaction pool",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "percent"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 11,
+        "w": 7,
+        "x": 10,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 106,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "mean",
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "multi",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "increase(process_cpu_seconds_system_total{instance=~\"$instance\"}[1m])",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "system: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "increase(process_cpu_seconds_user_total{instance=~\"$instance\"}[1m])",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "iowait: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "B"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "CPU",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "description": "",
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "decbytes"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 11,
+        "w": 7,
+        "x": 17,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 154,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "mean",
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "multi",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "go_memstats_stack_sys_bytes{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "stack_sys: {{ instance }}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "go_memstats_sys_bytes{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "max: {{ instance }}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "go_memstats_stack_inuse_bytes{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "stack_inuse: {{ instance }}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "go_memstats_mspan_sys_bytes{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "mspan_sys: {{ instance }}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "go_memstats_mcache_sys_bytes{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "mcache_sys: {{ instance }}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "E"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "go_memstats_heap_alloc_bytes{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": false,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "current: {{ instance }}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "F"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Memory Use",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "description": "",
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "sign number",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 9,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 12
+      },
+      "id": 197,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "disableTextWrap": false,
+          "editorMode": "builder",
+          "expr": "block_sign_counter{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "fullMetaSearch": false,
+          "includeNullMetadata": true,
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "sign:{{instance}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A",
+          "useBackend": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Block signatures",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
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+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 49
+      },
+      "hiddenSeries": false,
+      "id": 136,
+      "legend": {
+        "avg": false,
+        "current": false,
+        "max": false,
+        "min": false,
+        "show": true,
+        "total": false,
+        "values": false
+      },
+      "lines": true,
+      "linewidth": 1,
+      "nullPointMode": "null",
+      "options": {
+        "alertThreshold": true
+      },
+      "percentage": false,
+      "pluginVersion": "10.1.2",
+      "pointradius": 2,
+      "points": false,
+      "renderer": "flot",
+      "seriesOverrides": [],
+      "spaceLength": 10,
+      "stack": false,
+      "steppedLine": false,
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "expr": "sum by (grpc_service, grpc_method, instance) (rate(grpc_server_started_total{instance=~\"$instance\"}[1m]))",
+          "interval": "",
+          "legendFormat": "Calls: {{grpc_service}}.{{grpc_method}}, {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "expr": "sum by (grpc_service, grpc_method, instance) (rate(grpc_server_handled_total{instance=~\"$instance\",grpc_code!=\"OK\"}[1m])) ",
+          "interval": "",
+          "legendFormat": "Errors: {{grpc_service}}.{{grpc_method}}, {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "B"
+        }
+      ],
+      "thresholds": [],
+      "timeRegions": [],
+      "title": "gRPC call, error rates ",
+      "tooltip": {
+        "shared": true,
+        "sort": 0,
+        "value_type": "individual"
+      },
+      "type": "graph",
+      "xaxis": {
+        "mode": "time",
+        "show": true,
+        "values": []
+      },
+      "yaxes": [
+        {
+          "format": "short",
+          "logBase": 1,
+          "show": true
+        },
+        {
+          "format": "short",
+          "logBase": 1,
+          "show": true
+        }
+      ],
+      "yaxis": {
+        "align": false
+      }
+    }
+  ],
+  "refresh": "30s",
+  "revision": 1,
+  "schemaVersion": 38,
+  "style": "dark",
+  "tags": [],
+  "templating": {
+    "list": [
+      {
+        "current": {
+          "selected": false,
+          "text": "0.97",
+          "value": "0.97"
+        },
+        "hide": 0,
+        "includeAll": false,
+        "multi": false,
+        "name": "quantile",
+        "options": [
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.0",
+            "value": "0.0"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.25",
+            "value": "0.25"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.5",
+            "value": "0.5"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.9",
+            "value": "0.9"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": true,
+            "text": "0.97",
+            "value": "0.97"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.99",
+            "value": "0.99"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1",
+            "value": "1"
+          }
+        ],
+        "query": "0.0,0.25,0.5, 0.9, 0.97, 0.99, 1",
+        "queryValue": "",
+        "skipUrlSync": false,
+        "type": "custom"
+      },
+      {
+        "current": {
+          "selected": false,
+          "text": "All",
+          "value": "$__all"
+        },
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "definition": "go_goroutines",
+        "hide": 0,
+        "includeAll": true,
+        "label": "instance",
+        "multi": true,
+        "name": "instance",
+        "options": [],
+        "query": {
+          "query": "go_goroutines",
+          "refId": "StandardVariableQuery"
+        },
+        "refresh": 1,
+        "regex": "/.*instance=\"([^\"]*).*/",
+        "skipUrlSync": false,
+        "sort": 0,
+        "tagValuesQuery": "",
+        "tagsQuery": "",
+        "type": "query",
+        "useTags": false
+      },
+      {
+        "auto": false,
+        "auto_count": 30,
+        "auto_min": "10s",
+        "current": {
+          "selected": false,
+          "text": "10m",
+          "value": "10m"
+        },
+        "hide": 0,
+        "label": "Rate Interval",
+        "name": "rate_interval",
+        "options": [
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1m",
+            "value": "1m"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": true,
+            "text": "10m",
+            "value": "10m"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "30m",
+            "value": "30m"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1h",
+            "value": "1h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "3h",
+            "value": "3h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "6h",
+            "value": "6h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "12h",
+            "value": "12h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1d",
+            "value": "1d"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "7d",
+            "value": "7d"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "14d",
+            "value": "14d"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "30d",
+            "value": "30d"
+          }
+        ],
+        "query": "1m,10m,30m,1h,3h,6h,12h,1d,7d,14d,30d",
+        "queryValue": "",
+        "refresh": 2,
+        "skipUrlSync": false,
+        "type": "interval"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "time": {
+    "from": "now-1h",
+    "to": "now"
+  },
+  "timepicker": {
+    "refresh_intervals": [
+      "10s",
+      "30s",
+      "1m",
+      "5m",
+      "15m",
+      "30m",
+      "1h",
+      "2h",
+      "1d"
+    ],
+    "time_options": [
+      "5m",
+      "15m",
+      "1h",
+      "6h",
+      "12h",
+      "24h",
+      "2d",
+      "7d",
+      "30d"
+    ]
+  },
+  "timezone": "",
+  "title": "astranet",
+  "uid": "FPpjH6Hik",
+  "version": 14,
+  "weekStart": ""
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/amc_internal.json b/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/amc_internal.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c63b59d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/amc_internal.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4600 @@
+{
+  "annotations": {
+    "list": [
+      {
+        "builtIn": 1,
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "datasource",
+          "uid": "grafana"
+        },
+        "enable": true,
+        "hide": true,
+        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
+        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
+        "target": {
+          "limit": 100,
+          "matchAny": false,
+          "tags": [],
+          "type": "dashboard"
+        },
+        "type": "dashboard"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "editable": true,
+  "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
+  "graphTooltip": 0,
+  "id": 2,
+  "links": [],
+  "liveNow": false,
+  "panels": [
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 0
+      },
+      "id": 171,
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Blocks execution",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": [
+          {
+            "__systemRef": "hideSeriesFrom",
+            "matcher": {
+              "id": "byNames",
+              "options": {
+                "mode": "exclude",
+                "names": [
+                  "0.025"
+                ],
+                "prefix": "All except:",
+                "readOnly": true
+              }
+            },
+            "properties": [
+              {
+                "id": "custom.hideFrom",
+                "value": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": true
+                }
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
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+        "w": 8,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 199,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "disableTextWrap": false,
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": false,
+          "expr": " ceil(increase(chain_execution_bucket{instance=~\"$instance\", le!=\"+Inf\"}[1m]))",
+          "format": "heatmap",
+          "fullMetaSearch": false,
+          "includeNullMetadata": false,
+          "instant": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "{{le}}",
+          "range": false,
+          "refId": "A",
+          "useBackend": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Block Execution speed ",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": [
+          {
+            "__systemRef": "hideSeriesFrom",
+            "matcher": {
+              "id": "byNames",
+              "options": {
+                "mode": "exclude",
+                "names": [
+                  "0.025"
+                ],
+                "prefix": "All except:",
+                "readOnly": true
+              }
+            },
+            "properties": [
+              {
+                "id": "custom.hideFrom",
+                "value": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": true
+                }
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 5,
+        "w": 8,
+        "x": 8,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 202,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "disableTextWrap": false,
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": false,
+          "expr": " ceil(increase(chain_inserts_bucket{instance=~\"$instance\", le!=\"+Inf\"}[1m]))",
+          "format": "heatmap",
+          "fullMetaSearch": false,
+          "includeNullMetadata": false,
+          "instant": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "{{le}}",
+          "range": false,
+          "refId": "A",
+          "useBackend": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Block insert speed ",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": [
+          {
+            "__systemRef": "hideSeriesFrom",
+            "matcher": {
+              "id": "byNames",
+              "options": {
+                "mode": "exclude",
+                "names": [
+                  "0.025"
+                ],
+                "prefix": "All except:",
+                "readOnly": true
+              }
+            },
+            "properties": [
+              {
+                "id": "custom.hideFrom",
+                "value": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": true
+                }
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 5,
+        "w": 8,
+        "x": 16,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 201,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "disableTextWrap": false,
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": false,
+          "expr": " ceil(increase(chain_validation_bucket{instance=~\"$instance\", le!=\"+Inf\"}[1m]))",
+          "format": "heatmap",
+          "fullMetaSearch": false,
+          "includeNullMetadata": false,
+          "instant": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "{{le}}",
+          "range": false,
+          "refId": "A",
+          "useBackend": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Block validate speed ",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": [
+          {
+            "__systemRef": "hideSeriesFrom",
+            "matcher": {
+              "id": "byNames",
+              "options": {
+                "mode": "exclude",
+                "names": [
+                  "0.025"
+                ],
+                "prefix": "All except:",
+                "readOnly": true
+              }
+            },
+            "properties": [
+              {
+                "id": "custom.hideFrom",
+                "value": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": true
+                }
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+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      },
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+        "w": 8,
+        "x": 8,
+        "y": 6
+      },
+      "id": 200,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "disableTextWrap": false,
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": false,
+          "expr": " ceil(increase(chain_write_bucket{instance=~\"$instance\", le!=\"+Inf\"}[1m]))",
+          "format": "heatmap",
+          "fullMetaSearch": false,
+          "includeNullMetadata": false,
+          "instant": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "{{le}}",
+          "range": false,
+          "refId": "A",
+          "useBackend": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Block write speed ",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
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+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 11
+      },
+      "id": 17,
+      "panels": [],
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Database",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
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+      "title": "Cache hit-rate",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 97
+      },
+      "id": 75,
+      "panels": [],
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Network",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "Bps"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 6,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 98
+      },
+      "id": 96,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "mean",
+            "lastNotNull",
+            "max",
+            "min"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "multi",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "rate(p2p_ingress{instance=~\"$instance\"}[$rate_interval])",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "ingress: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "exemplar": true,
+          "expr": "rate(p2p_egress{instance=~\"$instance\"}[$rate_interval])",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "hide": true,
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "egress: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "C"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Traffic",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "never",
+            "spanNulls": true,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": null
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "none"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 6,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 98
+      },
+      "id": 77,
+      "links": [],
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "mean",
+            "lastNotNull",
+            "max",
+            "min"
+          ],
+          "displayMode": "table",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "mode": "multi",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "8.0.6",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "expr": "p2p_peer_count{instance=~\"$instance\"}",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "peers: {{instance}}-{{state}}",
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "expr": "rate(p2p_dials{instance=~\"$instance\"}[1m])",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "dials: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus"
+          },
+          "expr": "rate(p2p_serves{instance=~\"$instance\"}[1m])",
+          "format": "time_series",
+          "interval": "",
+          "intervalFactor": 1,
+          "legendFormat": "serves: {{instance}}",
+          "refId": "C"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Peers",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    }
+  ],
+  "refresh": "30s",
+  "revision": 1,
+  "schemaVersion": 38,
+  "style": "dark",
+  "tags": [],
+  "templating": {
+    "list": [
+      {
+        "current": {
+          "selected": false,
+          "text": "0.97",
+          "value": "0.97"
+        },
+        "hide": 0,
+        "includeAll": false,
+        "multi": false,
+        "name": "quantile",
+        "options": [
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.0",
+            "value": "0.0"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.25",
+            "value": "0.25"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.5",
+            "value": "0.5"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.9",
+            "value": "0.9"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": true,
+            "text": "0.97",
+            "value": "0.97"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "0.99",
+            "value": "0.99"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1",
+            "value": "1"
+          }
+        ],
+        "query": "0.0,0.25,0.5, 0.9, 0.97, 0.99, 1",
+        "queryValue": "",
+        "skipUrlSync": false,
+        "type": "custom"
+      },
+      {
+        "current": {
+          "selected": true,
+          "text": [
+            "All"
+          ],
+          "value": [
+            "$__all"
+          ]
+        },
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "definition": "go_goroutines",
+        "hide": 0,
+        "includeAll": true,
+        "label": "instance",
+        "multi": true,
+        "name": "instance",
+        "options": [],
+        "query": {
+          "query": "go_goroutines",
+          "refId": "StandardVariableQuery"
+        },
+        "refresh": 1,
+        "regex": "/.*instance=\"([^\"]*).*/",
+        "skipUrlSync": false,
+        "sort": 0,
+        "tagValuesQuery": "",
+        "tagsQuery": "",
+        "type": "query",
+        "useTags": false
+      },
+      {
+        "auto": false,
+        "auto_count": 30,
+        "auto_min": "10s",
+        "current": {
+          "selected": false,
+          "text": "10m",
+          "value": "10m"
+        },
+        "hide": 0,
+        "label": "Rate Interval",
+        "name": "rate_interval",
+        "options": [
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1m",
+            "value": "1m"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": true,
+            "text": "10m",
+            "value": "10m"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "30m",
+            "value": "30m"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1h",
+            "value": "1h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "3h",
+            "value": "3h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "6h",
+            "value": "6h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "12h",
+            "value": "12h"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "1d",
+            "value": "1d"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "7d",
+            "value": "7d"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "14d",
+            "value": "14d"
+          },
+          {
+            "selected": false,
+            "text": "30d",
+            "value": "30d"
+          }
+        ],
+        "query": "1m,10m,30m,1h,3h,6h,12h,1d,7d,14d,30d",
+        "queryValue": "",
+        "refresh": 2,
+        "skipUrlSync": false,
+        "type": "interval"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "time": {
+    "from": "now-1h",
+    "to": "now"
+  },
+  "timepicker": {
+    "refresh_intervals": [
+      "10s",
+      "30s",
+      "1m",
+      "5m",
+      "15m",
+      "30m",
+      "1h",
+      "2h",
+      "1d"
+    ],
+    "time_options": [
+      "5m",
+      "15m",
+      "1h",
+      "6h",
+      "12h",
+      "24h",
+      "2d",
+      "7d",
+      "30d"
+    ]
+  },
+  "timezone": "",
+  "title": "astranet Internals",
+  "uid": "b42a61d7-02b1-416c-8ab4-b9c864356174",
+  "version": 19,
+  "weekStart": ""
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/dashboard.yml b/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/dashboard.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8eb2f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/prometheus/dashboards/dashboard.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+apiVersion: 1
+
+providers:
+  # <string> an unique provider name
+  - name: 'ast'
+    # <int> org id. will default to orgId 1 if not specified
+    orgId: 1
+    # <string, required> name of the dashboard folder. Required
+    folder: ''
+    # <string> folder UID. will be automatically generated if not specified
+    folderUid: ''
+    # <string, required> provider type. Required
+    type: file
+    # <bool> disable dashboard deletion
+    disableDeletion: false
+    # <bool> enable dashboard editing
+    editable: true
+    # <int> how often Grafana will scan for changed dashboards
+    updateIntervalSeconds: 10
+    # <bool> allow updating provisioned dashboards from the UI
+    allowUiUpdates: true
+    options:
+      # <string, required> path to dashboard files on disk. Required
+      path: /etc/grafana/provisioning/dashboards
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/prometheus/datasources/prometheus.yml b/deployments/prometheus/datasources/prometheus.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5dba38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/prometheus/datasources/prometheus.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# config file version
+apiVersion: 1
+
+# list of datasources that should be deleted from the database
+deleteDatasources:
+  - name: Prometheus
+    orgId: 1
+
+# list of datasources to insert/update depending
+# whats available in the database
+datasources:
+  # <string, required> name of the datasource. Required
+  - name: Prometheus
+    # <string, required> datasource type. Required
+    type: prometheus
+    # <string, required> access mode. direct or proxy. Required
+    access: proxy
+    # <int> org id. will default to orgId 1 if not specified
+    orgId: 1
+    # <string> url
+    url: http://prometheus:9090
+    # <string> database password, if used
+    password:
+    # <string> database user, if used
+    user:
+    # <string> database name, if used
+    database:
+    # <bool> enable/disable basic auth
+    basicAuth: false
+    # <string> basic auth username, if used
+    basicAuthUser:
+    # <string> basic auth password, if used
+    basicAuthPassword:
+    # <bool> enable/disable with credentials headers
+    withCredentials:
+    # <bool> mark as default datasource. Max one per org
+    isDefault: true
+    # <map> fields that will be converted to json and stored in json_data
+    jsonData:
+      graphiteVersion: "1.1"
+      tlsAuth: false
+      tlsAuthWithCACert: false
+    # <string> json object of data that will be encrypted.
+    secureJsonData:
+      tlsCACert: "..."
+      tlsClientCert: "..."
+      tlsClientKey: "..."
+    version: 1
+    # <bool> allow users to edit datasources from the UI.
+    editable: true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/prometheus/grafana.ini b/deployments/prometheus/grafana.ini
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6585c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/prometheus/grafana.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
+app_mode = production
+
+#################################### Logging ##########################
+[log]
+# Either "console", "file", "syslog". Default is console and  file
+# Use space to separate multiple modes, e.g. "console file"
+;mode = console file
+
+# Either "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "critical", default is "info"
+level = warn
+
+# optional settings to set different levels for specific loggers. Ex filters = sqlstore:debug
+;filters =
+
+#################################### Paths ####################################
+[paths]
+# Path to where grafana can store temp files, sessions, and the sqlite3 db (if that is used)
+;data = /var/lib/grafana
+
+# Temporary files in `data` directory older than given duration will be removed
+;temp_data_lifetime = 24h
+
+# Directory where grafana can store logs
+;logs = /var/log/grafana
+
+# Directory where grafana will automatically scan and look for plugins
+;plugins = /var/lib/grafana/plugins
+
+# folder that contains provisioning config files that grafana will apply on startup and while running.
+;provisioning = conf/provisioning
+
+#################################### Server ####################################
+[server]
+# Protocol (http, https, h2, socket)
+;protocol = http
+
+# The ip address to bind to, empty will bind to all interfaces
+;http_addr =
+
+# The http port  to use
+;http_port = 3000
+
+# The public facing domain name used to access grafana from a browser
+;domain = localhost
+
+# Redirect to correct domain if host header does not match domain
+# Prevents DNS rebinding attacks
+;enforce_domain = false
+
+# The full public facing url you use in browser, used for redirects and emails
+# If you use reverse proxy and sub path specify full url (with sub path)
+;root_url = %(protocol)s://%(domain)s:%(http_port)s/
+
+# Serve Grafana from subpath specified in `root_url` setting. By default it is set to `false` for compatibility reasons.
+;serve_from_sub_path = false
+
+# Log web requests
+;router_logging = false
+
+# the path relative working path
+;static_root_path = public
+
+# enable gzip
+;enable_gzip = false
+
+# https certs & key file
+;cert_file =
+;cert_key =
+
+# Unix socket path
+;socket =
+
+#################################### Database ####################################
+[database]
+# You can configure the database connection by specifying type, host, name, user and password
+# as separate properties or as on string using the url properties.
+
+# Either "mysql", "postgres" or "sqlite3", it's your choice
+;type = sqlite3
+;host = 127.0.0.1:3306
+;name = grafana
+;user = root
+# If the password contains # or ; you have to wrap it with triple quotes. Ex """#password;"""
+;password =
+
+# Use either URL or the previous fields to configure the database
+# Example: mysql://user:secret@host:port/database
+;url =
+
+# For "postgres" only, either "disable", "require" or "verify-full"
+;ssl_mode = disable
+
+;ca_cert_path =
+;client_key_path =
+;client_cert_path =
+;server_cert_name =
+
+# For "sqlite3" only, path relative to data_path setting
+;path = grafana.db
+
+# Max idle conn setting default is 2
+;max_idle_conn = 2
+
+# Max conn setting default is 0 (mean not set)
+;max_open_conn =
+
+# Connection Max Lifetime default is 14400 (means 14400 seconds or 4 hours)
+;conn_max_lifetime = 14400
+
+# Set to true to log the sql calls and execution times.
+;log_queries =
+
+# For "sqlite3" only. cache mode setting used for connecting to the database. (private, shared)
+;cache_mode = private
+
+#################################### Cache server #############################
+[remote_cache]
+# Either "redis", "memcached" or "database" default is "database"
+;type = database
+
+# cache connectionstring options
+# database: will use Grafana primary database.
+# redis: config like redis server e.g. `addr=127.0.0.1:6379,pool_size=100,db=0,ssl=false`. Only addr is required. ssl may be 'true', 'false', or 'insecure'.
+# memcache: 127.0.0.1:11211
+;connstr =
+
+#################################### Data proxy ###########################
+[dataproxy]
+
+# This enables data proxy logging, default is false
+;logging = false
+
+# How long the data proxy waits before timing out, default is 30 seconds.
+# This setting also applies to core backend HTTP data sources where query requests use an HTTP client with timeout set.
+;timeout = 30
+
+# If enabled and user is not anonymous, data proxy will add X-Grafana-User header with username into the request, default is false.
+;send_user_header = false
+
+#################################### Analytics ####################################
+[analytics]
+# Server reporting, sends usage counters to stats.grafana.org every 24 hours.
+# No ip addresses are being tracked, only simple counters to track
+# running instances, dashboard and error counts. It is very helpful to us.
+# Change this option to false to disable reporting.
+;reporting_enabled = true
+
+# Set to false to disable all checks to https://grafana.net
+# for new versions (grafana itself and plugins), check is used
+# in some UI views to notify that grafana or plugin update exists
+# This option does not cause any auto updates, nor send any information
+# only a GET request to http://grafana.com to get latest versions
+;check_for_updates = true
+
+# Google Analytics universal tracking code, only enabled if you specify an id here
+;google_analytics_ua_id =
+
+# Google Tag Manager ID, only enabled if you specify an id here
+;google_tag_manager_id =
+
+#################################### Security ####################################
+[security]
+# disable creation of admin user on first start of grafana
+;disable_initial_admin_creation = false
+
+# default admin user, created on startup
+;admin_user = admin
+
+# default admin password, can be changed before first start of grafana,  or in profile settings
+;admin_password = admin
+
+# used for signing
+;secret_key = SW2YcwTIb9zpOOhoPsMm
+
+# disable gravatar profile images
+;disable_gravatar = false
+
+# data source proxy whitelist (ip_or_domain:port separated by spaces)
+;data_source_proxy_whitelist =
+
+# disable protection against brute force login attempts
+;disable_brute_force_login_protection = false
+
+# set to true if you host Grafana behind HTTPS. default is false.
+;cookie_secure = false
+
+# set cookie SameSite attribute. defaults to `lax`. can be set to "lax", "strict", "none" and "disabled"
+;cookie_samesite = lax
+
+# set to true if you want to allow browsers to render Grafana in a <frame>, <iframe>, <embed> or <object>. default is false.
+;allow_embedding = false
+
+# Set to true if you want to enable http strict transport security (HSTS) response header.
+# This is only sent when HTTPS is enabled in this configuration.
+# HSTS tells browsers that the site should only be accessed using HTTPS.
+;strict_transport_security = false
+
+# Sets how long a browser should cache HSTS. Only applied if strict_transport_security is enabled.
+;strict_transport_security_max_age_seconds = 86400
+
+# Set to true if to enable HSTS preloading option. Only applied if strict_transport_security is enabled.
+;strict_transport_security_preload = false
+
+# Set to true if to enable the HSTS includeSubDomains option. Only applied if strict_transport_security is enabled.
+;strict_transport_security_subdomains = false
+
+# Set to true to enable the X-Content-Type-Options response header.
+# The X-Content-Type-Options response HTTP header is a marker used by the server to indicate that the MIME types advertised
+# in the Content-Type headers should not be changed and be followed.
+;x_content_type_options = true
+
+# Set to true to enable the X-XSS-Protection header, which tells browsers to stop pages from loading
+# when they detect reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.
+;x_xss_protection = true
+
+#################################### Snapshots ###########################
+[snapshots]
+# snapshot sharing options
+;external_enabled = true
+;external_snapshot_url = https://snapshots-origin.raintank.io
+;external_snapshot_name = Publish to snapshot.raintank.io
+
+# Set to true to enable this Grafana instance act as an external snapshot server and allow unauthenticated requests for
+# creating and deleting snapshots.
+;public_mode = false
+
+# remove expired snapshot
+;snapshot_remove_expired = true
+
+#################################### Dashboards History ##################
+[dashboards]
+# Number dashboard versions to keep (per dashboard). Default: 20, Minimum: 1
+;versions_to_keep = 20
+
+# Minimum dashboard refresh interval. When set, this will restrict users to set the refresh interval of a dashboard lower than given interval. Per default this is 5 seconds.
+# The interval string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, followed by a unit suffix (ms, s, m, h, d), e.g. 30s or 1m.
+;min_refresh_interval = 5s
+
+# Path to the default home dashboard. If this value is empty, then Grafana uses StaticRootPath + "dashboards/home.json"
+;default_home_dashboard_path =
+
+#################################### Users ###############################
+[users]
+# disable user signup / registration
+;allow_sign_up = true
+
+# Allow non admin users to create organizations
+;allow_org_create = true
+
+# Set to true to automatically assign new users to the default organization (id 1)
+;auto_assign_org = true
+
+# Set this value to automatically add new users to the provided organization (if auto_assign_org above is set to true)
+;auto_assign_org_id = 1
+
+# Default role new users will be automatically assigned (if disabled above is set to true)
+;auto_assign_org_role = Viewer
+
+# Require email validation before sign up completes
+;verify_email_enabled = false
+
+# Background text for the user field on the login page
+;login_hint = email or username
+;password_hint = password
+
+# Default UI theme ("dark" or "light")
+;default_theme = dark
+
+# External user management, these options affect the organization users view
+;external_manage_link_url =
+;external_manage_link_name =
+;external_manage_info =
+
+# Viewers can edit/inspect dashboard settings in the browser. But not save the dashboard.
+;viewers_can_edit = false
+
+# Editors can administrate dashboard, folders and teams they create
+;editors_can_admin = false
+
+[auth]
+# Login cookie name
+;login_cookie_name = grafana_session
+
+# The lifetime (days) an authenticated user can be inactive before being required to login at next visit. Default is 7 days,
+;login_maximum_inactive_lifetime_days = 7
+
+# The maximum lifetime (days) an authenticated user can be logged in since login time before being required to login. Default is 30 days.
+;login_maximum_lifetime_days = 30
+
+# How often should auth tokens be rotated for authenticated users when being active. The default is each 10 minutes.
+;token_rotation_interval_minutes = 10
+
+# Set to true to disable (hide) the login form, useful if you use OAuth, defaults to false
+;disable_login_form = false
+
+# Set to true to disable the signout link in the side menu. useful if you use auth.proxy, defaults to false
+;disable_signout_menu = false
+
+# URL to redirect the user to after sign out
+;signout_redirect_url =
+
+# Set to true to attempt login with OAuth automatically, skipping the login screen.
+# This setting is ignored if multiple OAuth providers are configured.
+;oauth_auto_login = false
+
+# OAuth state max age cookie duration. Defaults to 60 seconds.
+;oauth_state_cookie_max_age = 60
+
+# limit of api_key seconds to live before expiration
+;api_key_max_seconds_to_live = -1
+
+#################################### Anonymous Auth ######################
+[auth.anonymous]
+# enable anonymous access
+enabled = true
+
+# specify organization name that should be used for unauthenticated users
+;org_name = Main Org.
+
+# specify role for unauthenticated users
+org_role = Viewer
+
+# mask the Grafana version number for unauthenticated users
+;hide_version = false
+
+#################################### Github Auth ##########################
+[auth.github]
+;enabled = false
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_id
+;client_secret = some_secret
+;scopes = user:email,read:org
+;auth_url = https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize
+;token_url = https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token
+;api_url = https://api.github.com/user
+;allowed_domains =
+;team_ids =
+;allowed_organizations =
+
+#################################### GitLab Auth #########################
+[auth.gitlab]
+;enabled = false
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_id
+;client_secret = some_secret
+;scopes = api
+;auth_url = https://gitlab.com/oauth/authorize
+;token_url = https://gitlab.com/oauth/token
+;api_url = https://gitlab.com/api/v4
+;allowed_domains =
+;allowed_groups =
+
+#################################### Google Auth ##########################
+[auth.google]
+;enabled = false
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_client_id
+;client_secret = some_client_secret
+;scopes = https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email
+;auth_url = https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth
+;token_url = https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token
+;api_url = https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo
+;allowed_domains =
+;hosted_domain =
+
+#################################### Grafana.com Auth ####################
+[auth.grafana_com]
+;enabled = false
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_id
+;client_secret = some_secret
+;scopes = user:email
+;allowed_organizations =
+
+#################################### Azure AD OAuth #######################
+[auth.azuread]
+;name = Azure AD
+;enabled = false
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_client_id
+;client_secret = some_client_secret
+;scopes = openid email profile
+;auth_url = https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenant-id>/oauth2/v2.0/authorize
+;token_url = https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenant-id>/oauth2/v2.0/token
+;allowed_domains =
+;allowed_groups =
+
+#################################### Okta OAuth #######################
+[auth.okta]
+;name = Okta
+;enabled = false
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_id
+;client_secret = some_secret
+;scopes = openid profile email groups
+;auth_url = https://<tenant-id>.okta.com/oauth2/v1/authorize
+;token_url = https://<tenant-id>.okta.com/oauth2/v1/token
+;api_url = https://<tenant-id>.okta.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo
+;allowed_domains =
+;allowed_groups =
+;role_attribute_path =
+
+#################################### Generic OAuth ##########################
+[auth.generic_oauth]
+;enabled = false
+;name = OAuth
+;allow_sign_up = true
+;client_id = some_id
+;client_secret = some_secret
+;scopes = user:email,read:org
+;email_attribute_name = email:primary
+;email_attribute_path =
+;auth_url = https://foo.bar/login/oauth/authorize
+;token_url = https://foo.bar/login/oauth/access_token
+;api_url = https://foo.bar/user
+;allowed_domains =
+;team_ids =
+;allowed_organizations =
+;role_attribute_path =
+;tls_skip_verify_insecure = false
+;tls_client_cert =
+;tls_client_key =
+;tls_client_ca =
+
+#################################### Basic Auth ##########################
+[auth.basic]
+;enabled = true
+
+#################################### Auth Proxy ##########################
+[auth.proxy]
+;enabled = false
+;header_name = X-WEBAUTH-USER
+;header_property = username
+;auto_sign_up = true
+;sync_ttl = 60
+;whitelist = 192.168.1.1, 192.168.2.1
+;headers = Email:X-User-Email, Name:X-User-Name
+# Read the auth proxy docs for details on what the setting below enables
+;enable_login_token = false
+
+#################################### Auth LDAP ##########################
+[auth.ldap]
+;enabled = false
+;config_file = /etc/grafana/ldap.toml
+;allow_sign_up = true
+
+# LDAP backround sync (Enterprise only)
+# At 1 am every day
+;sync_cron = "0 0 1 * * *"
+;active_sync_enabled = true
+
+#################################### SMTP / Emailing ##########################
+[smtp]
+;enabled = false
+;host = localhost:25
+;user =
+# If the password contains # or ; you have to wrap it with triple quotes. Ex """#password;"""
+;password =
+;cert_file =
+;key_file =
+;skip_verify = false
+;from_address = admin@grafana.localhost
+;from_name = Grafana
+# EHLO identity in SMTP dialog (defaults to instance_name)
+;ehlo_identity = dashboard.example.com
+# SMTP startTLS policy (defaults to 'OpportunisticStartTLS')
+;startTLS_policy = NoStartTLS
+
+[emails]
+;welcome_email_on_sign_up = false
+;templates_pattern = emails/*.html
+
+
+# For "console" mode only
+[log.console]
+;level =
+
+# log line format, valid options are text, console and json
+;format = console
+
+# For "file" mode only
+[log.file]
+;level =
+
+# log line format, valid options are text, console and json
+;format = text
+
+# This enables automated log rotate(switch of following options), default is true
+;log_rotate = true
+
+# Max line number of single file, default is 1000000
+;max_lines = 1000000
+
+# Max size shift of single file, default is 28 means 1 << 28, 256MB
+;max_size_shift = 28
+
+# Segment log daily, default is true
+;daily_rotate = true
+
+# Expired days of log file(delete after max days), default is 7
+;max_days = 7
+
+[log.syslog]
+;level =
+
+# log line format, valid options are text, console and json
+;format = text
+
+# Syslog network type and address. This can be udp, tcp, or unix. If left blank, the default unix endpoints will be used.
+;network =
+;address =
+
+# Syslog facility. user, daemon and local0 through local7 are valid.
+;facility =
+
+# Syslog tag. By default, the process' argv[0] is used.
+;tag =
+
+#################################### Usage Quotas ########################
+[quota]
+; enabled = false
+
+#### set quotas to -1 to make unlimited. ####
+# limit number of users per Org.
+; org_user = 10
+
+# limit number of dashboards per Org.
+; org_dashboard = 100
+
+# limit number of data_sources per Org.
+; org_data_source = 10
+
+# limit number of api_keys per Org.
+; org_api_key = 10
+
+# limit number of orgs a user can create.
+; user_org = 10
+
+# Global limit of users.
+; global_user = -1
+
+# global limit of orgs.
+; global_org = -1
+
+# global limit of dashboards
+; global_dashboard = -1
+
+# global limit of api_keys
+; global_api_key = -1
+
+# global limit on number of logged in users.
+; global_session = -1
+
+#################################### Alerting ############################
+[alerting]
+# Disable alerting engine & UI features
+;enabled = true
+# Makes it possible to turn off alert rule execution but alerting UI is visible
+;execute_alerts = true
+
+# Default setting for new alert rules. Defaults to categorize error and timeouts as alerting. (alerting, keep_state)
+;error_or_timeout = alerting
+
+# Default setting for how Grafana handles nodata or null values in alerting. (alerting, no_data, keep_state, ok)
+;nodata_or_nullvalues = no_data
+
+# Alert notifications can include images, but rendering many images at the same time can overload the server
+# This limit will protect the server from render overloading and make sure notifications are sent out quickly
+;concurrent_render_limit = 5
+
+
+# Default setting for alert calculation timeout. Default value is 30
+;evaluation_timeout_seconds = 30
+
+# Default setting for alert notification timeout. Default value is 30
+;notification_timeout_seconds = 30
+
+# Default setting for max attempts to sending alert notifications. Default value is 3
+;max_attempts = 3
+
+# Makes it possible to enforce a minimal interval between evaluations, to reduce load on the backend
+;min_interval_seconds = 1
+
+#################################### Explore #############################
+[explore]
+# Enable the Explore section
+;enabled = true
+
+#################################### Internal Grafana Metrics ##########################
+# Metrics available at HTTP API Url /metrics
+[metrics]
+# Disable / Enable internal metrics
+;enabled           = true
+# Graphite Publish interval
+;interval_seconds  = 10
+# Disable total stats (stat_totals_*) metrics to be generated
+;disable_total_stats = false
+
+#If both are set, basic auth will be required for the metrics endpoint.
+; basic_auth_username =
+; basic_auth_password =
+
+# Send internal metrics to Graphite
+[metrics.graphite]
+# Enable by setting the address setting (ex localhost:2003)
+;address =
+;prefix = prod.grafana.%(instance_name)s.
+
+#################################### Grafana.com integration  ##########################
+# Url used to import dashboards directly from Grafana.com
+[grafana_com]
+;url = https://grafana.com
+
+#################################### Distributed tracing ############
+[tracing.jaeger]
+# Enable by setting the address sending traces to jaeger (ex localhost:6831)
+;address = localhost:6831
+# Tag that will always be included in when creating new spans. ex (tag1:value1,tag2:value2)
+;always_included_tag = tag1:value1
+# Type specifies the type of the sampler: const, probabilistic, rateLimiting, or remote
+;sampler_type = const
+# jaeger samplerconfig param
+# for "const" sampler, 0 or 1 for always false/true respectively
+# for "probabilistic" sampler, a probability between 0 and 1
+# for "rateLimiting" sampler, the number of spans per second
+# for "remote" sampler, param is the same as for "probabilistic"
+# and indicates the initial sampling rate before the actual one
+# is received from the mothership
+;sampler_param = 1
+# Whether or not to use Zipkin propagation (x-b3- HTTP headers).
+;zipkin_propagation = false
+# Setting this to true disables shared RPC spans.
+# Not disabling is the most common setting when using Zipkin elsewhere in your infrastructure.
+;disable_shared_zipkin_spans = false
+
+#################################### External image storage ##########################
+[external_image_storage]
+# Used for uploading images to public servers so they can be included in slack/email messages.
+# you can choose between (s3, webdav, gcs, azure_blob, local)
+;provider =
+
+[external_image_storage.s3]
+;endpoint =
+;path_style_access =
+;bucket =
+;region =
+;path =
+;access_key =
+;secret_key =
+
+[external_image_storage.webdav]
+;url =
+;public_url =
+;username =
+;password =
+
+[external_image_storage.gcs]
+;key_file =
+;bucket =
+;path =
+
+[external_image_storage.azure_blob]
+;account_name =
+;account_key =
+;container_name =
+
+[external_image_storage.local]
+# does not require any configuration
+
+[rendering]
+# Options to configure a remote HTTP image rendering service, e.g. using https://github.com/grafana/grafana-image-renderer.
+# URL to a remote HTTP image renderer service, e.g. http://localhost:8081/render, will enable Grafana to render panels and dashboards to PNG-images using HTTP requests to an external service.
+;server_url =
+# If the remote HTTP image renderer service runs on a different server than the Grafana server you may have to configure this to a URL where Grafana is reachable, e.g. http://grafana.domain/.
+;callback_url =
+# Concurrent render request limit affects when the /render HTTP endpoint is used. Rendering many images at the same time can overload the server,
+# which this setting can help protect against by only allowing a certain amount of concurrent requests.
+;concurrent_render_request_limit = 30
+
+[panels]
+# If set to true Grafana will allow script tags in text panels. Not recommended as it enable XSS vulnerabilities.
+;disable_sanitize_html = false
+
+[plugins]
+;enable_alpha = false
+;app_tls_skip_verify_insecure = false
+# Enter a comma-separated list of plugin identifiers to identify plugins that are allowed to be loaded even if they lack a valid signature.
+;allow_loading_unsigned_plugins =
+
+#################################### Grafana Image Renderer Plugin ##########################
+[plugin.grafana-image-renderer]
+# Instruct headless browser instance to use a default timezone when not provided by Grafana, e.g. when rendering panel image of alert.
+# See ICU’s metaZones.txt (https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/third_party/icu/source/data/misc/metaZones.txt) for a list of supported
+# timezone IDs. Fallbacks to TZ environment variable if not set.
+;rendering_timezone =
+
+# Instruct headless browser instance to use a default language when not provided by Grafana, e.g. when rendering panel image of alert.
+# Please refer to the HTTP header Accept-Language to understand how to format this value, e.g. 'fr-CH, fr;q=0.9, en;q=0.8, de;q=0.7, *;q=0.5'.
+;rendering_language =
+
+# Instruct headless browser instance to use a default device scale factor when not provided by Grafana, e.g. when rendering panel image of alert.
+# Default is 1. Using a higher value will produce more detailed images (higher DPI), but will require more disk space to store an image.
+;rendering_viewport_device_scale_factor =
+
+# Instruct headless browser instance whether to ignore HTTPS errors during navigation. Per default HTTPS errors are not ignored. Due to
+# the security risk it's not recommended to ignore HTTPS errors.
+;rendering_ignore_https_errors =
+
+# Instruct headless browser instance whether to capture and log verbose information when rendering an image. Default is false and will
+# only capture and log error messages. When enabled, debug messages are captured and logged as well.
+# For the verbose information to be included in the Grafana server log you have to adjust the rendering log level to debug, configure
+# [log].filter = rendering:debug.
+;rendering_verbose_logging =
+
+# Instruct headless browser instance whether to output its debug and error messages into running process of remote rendering service.
+# Default is false. This can be useful to enable (true) when troubleshooting.
+;rendering_dumpio =
+
+# Additional arguments to pass to the headless browser instance. Default is --no-sandbox. The list of Chromium flags can be found
+# here (https://peter.sh/experiments/chromium-command-line-switches/). Multiple arguments is separated with comma-character.
+;rendering_args =
+
+# You can configure the plugin to use a different browser binary instead of the pre-packaged version of Chromium.
+# Please note that this is not recommended, since you may encounter problems if the installed version of Chrome/Chromium is not
+# compatible with the plugin.
+;rendering_chrome_bin =
+
+# Instruct how headless browser instances are created. Default is 'default' and will create a new browser instance on each request.
+# Mode 'clustered' will make sure that only a maximum of browsers/incognito pages can execute concurrently.
+# Mode 'reusable' will have one browser instance and will create a new incognito page on each request.
+;rendering_mode =
+
+# When rendering_mode = clustered you can instruct how many browsers or incognito pages can execute concurrently. Default is 'browser'
+# and will cluster using browser instances.
+# Mode 'context' will cluster using incognito pages.
+;rendering_clustering_mode =
+# When rendering_mode = clustered you can define maximum number of browser instances/incognito pages that can execute concurrently..
+;rendering_clustering_max_concurrency =
+
+# Limit the maximum viewport width, height and device scale factor that can be requested.
+;rendering_viewport_max_width =
+;rendering_viewport_max_height =
+;rendering_viewport_max_device_scale_factor =
+
+# Change the listening host and port of the gRPC server. Default host is 127.0.0.1 and default port is 0 and will automatically assign
+# a port not in use.
+;grpc_host =
+;grpc_port =
+
+[enterprise]
+# Path to a valid Grafana Enterprise license.jwt file
+;license_path =
+
+[feature_toggles]
+# enable features, separated by spaces
+;enable =
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deployments/prometheus/prometheus.yml b/deployments/prometheus/prometheus.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea91873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deployments/prometheus/prometheus.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 10s
+  scrape_timeout: 3s
+  evaluation_interval: 5s
+
+scrape_configs:
+  - job_name: ast # example, how to connect prometheus to ast
+    metrics_path: /debug/metrics/prometheus
+    scheme: http
+    static_configs:
+      - targets:
+          - 172.18.0.2:6060
+#          - bootnode:6061
+#          - bootnode:6062
+#          - host.docker.internal:6060 # this is how docker-for-mac allow to access host machine
+#          - host.docker.internal:6061
+#          - host.docker.internal:6062
+#          - 192.168.255.134:6060
+#          - 192.168.255.134:6061
+#          - 192.168.255.134:6062
+#          - 192.168.255.138:6060
+#          - 192.168.255.138:6061
+#          - 192.168.255.138:6062
+
+#  - job_name: ast2 # this job collecting metrics in OpenMetrics format
+#    metrics_path: /debug/metrics/prometheus2
+#    scheme: http
+#    static_configs:
+#      - targets:
+#          - ast:6060
+#          - ast:6061
+#          - ast:6062
+#          - host.docker.internal:6060
+#          - host.docker.internal:6061
+#          - host.docker.internal:6062
+#          - 192.168.255.134:6060
+#          - 192.168.255.134:6061
+#          - 192.168.255.134:6062
+#          - 192.168.255.138:6060
+#          - 192.168.255.138:6061
+#          - 192.168.255.138:6062
diff --git a/docker-compose.yml b/docker-compose.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05a46b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker-compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+version: '3'
+services:
+  ast:
+    image: astranet/ast:latest
+    command:
+      - --data.dir
+      - data
+      - --log.level
+      - info
+      - --http
+      - --http.port
+      - '20012'
+      - --http.addr
+      - '0.0.0.0'
+      - --ws
+      - --ws.port
+      - '20013'
+      - --ws.addr
+      - '0.0.0.0'
+      - --metrics
+      - --metrics.addr
+      - '0.0.0.0'
+      - --p2p.min-sync-peers
+      - '1'
+    networks:
+      network1:
+        ipv4_address: 172.18.0.2
+    user: 1000:1000
+    volumes:
+      - ast:/home/ast/data
+    ports:
+      - "20012:20012"
+      - "20013:20013"
+
+  prometheus:
+    image: prom/prometheus:v2.47.0
+    user: ${DOCKER_UID:-1000}:${DOCKER_GID:-1000}
+    command: --log.level=warn --config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml --storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus --storage.tsdb.retention.time=150d --web.console.libraries=/usr/share/prometheus/console_libraries --web.console.templates=/usr/share/prometheus/consoles
+    ports: [ "9090:9090" ]
+    volumes:
+      - ${ast_PROMETHEUS_CONFIG:-./deployments/prometheus/prometheus.yml}:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
+      - ${XDG_DATA_HOME:-~/.local/share}/ast-prometheus:/prometheus
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    networks:
+      network1:
+        ipv4_address: 172.18.0.9
+
+  grafana:
+    image: grafana/grafana:10.1.2
+    user: "472:0" # required for grafana version >= 7.3
+    ports: [ "3000:3000" ]
+    volumes:
+      - ${ast_GRAFANA_CONFIG:-./deployments/prometheus/grafana.ini}:/etc/grafana/grafana.ini
+      - ./deployments/prometheus/datasources:/etc/grafana/provisioning/datasources
+      - ./deployments/prometheus/dashboards:/etc/grafana/provisioning/dashboards
+      - ${XDG_DATA_HOME:-~/.local/share}/ast-grafana:/var/lib/grafana
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    networks:
+      network1:
+        ipv4_address: 172.18.0.10
+
+networks:
+  network1:
+    ipam:
+      driver: default
+      config:
+        - subnet: 172.18.0.0/24
+volumes:
+  ast:
+    driver: local
diff --git a/docs/SUMMARY.md b/docs/SUMMARY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7713641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/SUMMARY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# ast docs
+
+1. [Introduction](./intro.md)
+1. [Installation](./installation/installation.md)
+   1. [Pre-Built Binaries](./installation/binaries.md)
+   1. [Docker](./installation/docker.md)
+   1. [Build from Source](./installation/source.md)
+   1. [Build for ARM devices](./installation/build-for-arm-devices.md)   
+1. [Run a Node](./run/run-a-node.md)
+   1. [Mainnet or official testnets](./run/mainnet.md)
+   1. [Private testnet](./run/private-testnet.md)
+   1. [Metrics](./run/observability.md)
+   1. [Transaction types](./run/transactions.md)
+   1. [Ports](./run/ports.md)
+   1. [Troubleshooting](./run/troubleshooting.md)
+1. [Interacting with astover JSON-RPC](./jsonrpc/intro.md)
+   1. [eth](./jsonrpc/eth.md)
+   1. [web3](./jsonrpc/web3.md)
+   1. [net](./jsonrpc/net.md)
+   1. [txpool](./jsonrpc/txpool.md)
+   1. [debug](./jsonrpc/debug.md)
+   1. [trace](./jsonrpc/trace.md)
+   1. [admin](./jsonrpc/admin.md)
+   1. [rpc](./jsonrpc/rpc.md)
+1. [CLI Reference](./cli/cli.md)   
+1. [Developers](./developers/developers.md)
+   1. [Code Submission Standards](./developers/codesubmission.md)
+   2. [Contribute](./developers/contribute.md)
+   3. [Code of Conduct](./developers/codeofconduct.md)
diff --git a/docs/cli/cli.md b/docs/cli/cli.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11c6495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/cli/cli.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# CLI Reference
+
+The ast node is operated via the CLI by running the `ast` command. To stop it, press `ctrl-c`. You may need to wait a bit as ast down existing p2p connections or other cleanup tasks.
+
+However, ast has more commands than that:
+
+```bash
+ast --help
+```
+
+See below for the full list of commands.
+
+## Commands
+
+```
+$ ast --help
+NAME:
+   ast - astranet system
+
+USAGE:
+   ast [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]
+
+VERSION:
+   0.01.1-36074172
+
+COMMANDS:
+   wallet   Manage astranet presale wallets
+   account  Manage accounts
+   export   Export astranet data
+   help, h  Shows a list of commands or help for one command
+
+GLOBAL OPTIONS:
+   --account.allow.insecure.unlock  Allow insecure account unlocking when account-related RPCs are exposed by http (default: false)
+   --account.keystore value         Directory for the keystore (default = inside the datadir)
+   --account.lightkdf               Reduce key-derivation RAM & CPU usage at some expense of KDF strength (default: false)
+   --account.password value         Password file to use for non-interactive password input
+   --account.unlock value           Comma separated list of accounts to unlock
+   --authrpc                        Enable the AUTH-RPC server (default: false)
+   --authrpc.addr value             Listening address for authenticated APIs
+   --authrpc.jwtsecret value        Path to a JWT secret to use for authenticated RPC endpoints
+   --authrpc.port value             Listening port for authenticated APIs (default: 0)
+   --blockchain value               Loading a Configuration File
+   --data.dir value                 data save dir (default: "./ast/")
+   --engine.etherbase value         consensus etherbase
+   --engine.miner                   miner (default: false)
+   --engine.type value              consensus engine (default: "APosEngine")
+   --help, -h                       show help (default: false)
+   --http                           Enable the HTTP json-rpc server (default: false)
+   --http.addr value                HTTP server listening interface (default: "127.0.0.1")
+   --http.api value                 API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface
+   --http.corsdomain value          Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
+   --http.port value                HTTP server listening port (default: "20012")
+   --ipcpath value                  Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the data dir (explicit paths escape it) (default: "ast.ipc")
+   --log.compress                   logger file compress (default: false)
+   --log.level value                logger output level (value:[debug,info,warn,error,dpanic,panic,fatal]) (default: "debug")
+   --log.maxAge value               logger file max age (default: 30)
+   --log.maxBackups value           logger file max backups (default: 10)
+   --log.maxSize value              logger file max size M (default: 10)
+   --log.name value                 logger file name and path (default: "ast.log")
+   --metrics                        Enable metrics collection and reporting (default: false)
+   --metrics.addr value             Enable stand-alone metrics HTTP server listening interface. (default: "127.0.0.1")
+   --metrics.port value             Metrics HTTP server listening port.
+Please note that --metrics.addr must be set to start the server. (default: 6060)
+   --node.key value                                           node private
+   --p2p.allowlist value                                      The CIDR subnet for allowing only certain peer connections. Using "public" would allow only public subnets. Example: 192.168.0.0/16 would permit connections to peers on your local network only. The default is to accept all connections.
+   --p2p.bootstrap value [ --p2p.bootstrap value ]            bootstrap node info
+   --p2p.bootstrap-node value [ --p2p.bootstrap-node value ]  The address of bootstrap node. Beacon node will connect for peer discovery via DHT.  Multiple nodes can be passed by using the flag multiple times but not comma-separated. You can also pass YAML files containing multiple nodes.
+   --p2p.denylist value [ --p2p.denylist value ]              The CIDR subnets for denying certainty peer connections. Using "private" would deny all private subnets. Example: 192.168.0.0/16 would deny connections from peers on your local network only. The default is to accept all connections.
+   --p2p.host-dns value                                       The DNS address advertised by libp2p. This may be used to advertise an external DNS.
+   --p2p.host-ip value                                        The IP address advertised by libp2p. This may be used to advertise an external IP.
+   --p2p.key value                                            private key of p2p node
+   --p2p.limit.block-batch value                              The amount of blocks the local peer is bounded to request and respond to in a batch. (default: 64)
+   --p2p.limit.block-burst-factor value                       The factor by which block batch limit may increase on burst. (default: 2)
+   --p2p.limit.block-limiter-period value                     Period to calculate expected limit for a single peer. (default: 5)
+   --p2p.listen value [ --p2p.listen value ]                  p2p listen address
+   --p2p.local-ip value                                       The local ip address to listen for incoming data.
+   --p2p.max-peers value                                      The max number of p2p peers to maintain. (default: 5)
+   --p2p.metadata value                                       The file containing the metadata to communicate with other peers.
+   --p2p.min-sync-peers value                                 The required number of valid peers to connect with before syncing. (default: 1)
+   --p2p.no-discovery                                         Enable only local network p2p and do not connect to cloud bootstrap nodes. (default: false)
+   --p2p.peer value [ --p2p.peer value ]                      Connect with this peer. This flag may be used multiple times.
+   --p2p.priv-key value                                       The file containing the private key to use in communications with other peers.
+   --p2p.relay-node value                                     The address of relay node. The beacon node will connect to the relay node and advertise their address via the relay node to other peers
+   --p2p.static-id                                            Enables the peer id of the node to be fixed by saving the generated network key to the default key path. (default: true)
+   --p2p.tcp-port value                                       The port used by libp2p. (default: 61016)
+   --p2p.udp-port value                                       The port used by discv5. (default: 61015)
+   --pprof                                                    Enable the pprof HTTP server (default: false)
+   --pprof.block                                              Turn on block profiling (default: false)
+   --pprof.maxcpu value                                       setup number of cpu (default: 0)
+   --pprof.mutex                                              Turn on mutex profiling (default: false)
+   --pprof.port value                                         pprof HTTP server listening port (default: 0)
+   --version, -v                                              print the version (default: false)
+   --ws                                                       Enable the WS-RPC server (default: false)
+   --ws.addr value                                            WS-RPC server listening interface
+   --ws.api value                                             API's offered over the WS-RPC interface
+   --ws.origins value                                         Origins from which to accept websockets requests
+   --ws.port value                                            WS-RPC server listening port (default: "20013")
+```
diff --git a/docs/developers/codeofconduct.md b/docs/developers/codeofconduct.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45d98c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/developers/codeofconduct.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+---
+description: Fundamental shared values and special norms that distinguish astranet's community.
+---
+
+# astranet Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+As members, contributors, and leaders of astranet, 
+we commit to fostering an inclusive environment within our community.
+We strive to ensure that everyone, regardless of age, physical attributes,
+disabilities, cultural backgrounds, gender identities, levels of expertise, 
+educational backgrounds, socioeconomic statuses, nationalities, appearances, 
+races, castes, colors, religions, sexual identities, or orientations, 
+feels respected and valued. Harassment of any form will not be tolerated.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
+diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
+community include:
+
+- Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
+- Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
+- Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
+- Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
+  and learning from the experience
+- Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall
+  community
+- Contributing to conversations about Amaze’s technology and ecosystem
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
+
+- The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of
+  any kind
+- Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+- Public or private harassment
+- Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address,
+  without their explicit permission
+- Focusing on the prices of digital assets or tokens, or where they can be purchased
+- Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
+
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
+acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
+or harmful.
+
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
+comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
+not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
+decisions when appropriate.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
+an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
+Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
+posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at astranet Discord.
+All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
+reporter of any incident.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
+the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
+unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
+clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
+behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series of
+actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
+interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
+those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
+includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
+like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent
+ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
+sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
+communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
+private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
+with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
+Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
+standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an
+individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the
+community.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
+version 2.1, available at
+[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html][v2.1].
+
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by
+[Mozilla's code of conduct enforcement ladder][Mozilla CoC].
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
+[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq][FAQ]. Translations are available at
+[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations][translations].
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+[v2.1]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html
+[Mozilla CoC]: https://github.com/mozilla/diversity
+[FAQ]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq
+[translations]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations
diff --git a/docs/developers/codesubmission.md b/docs/developers/codesubmission.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ae17b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/developers/codesubmission.md
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Code Submission Standards
+
+This document outlines the code submission and version control standards, with the code repository being managed based on git.
+
+Branching Model
+The code repository adopts a branching model for management, with the main branches as follows:
+- master
+- develop
+- feature/xxxx
+- hotfix
+
+There are two primary branches in the repository:
+master
+This is the product's main code branch, maintaining a stable codebase for external use. Direct work on this master branch is not allowed; instead, work should be done on other specified, independent feature branches (we will talk about this shortly). Not directly committing changes to the master branch is also a common rule in many workflows.
+
+develop
+The development branch is the base branch for any new development. When you start a new feature branch, it will be based on development. Additionally, this branch also collects all completed features, waiting to be integrated into the master branch.
+
+These two branches are known as long-term branches. They will exist throughout the entire lifecycle of the project. Other branches, such as those for features or releases, are only temporary. They are created as needed and deleted once they have completed their task.
+
+feature
+The feature is used for the development of functionalities and features.
+
+Feature Development
+The feature development process is as follows:
+1. Start a new feature
+   Each time a new feature is started, branch off from develop with a feature/xxx branch. Once the feature is completed, merge it back into develop.
+2. Feature submission
+   After the feature development is completed, the developer submits a pull request, waits for code review, and after passing the review, merges into the develop branch and deletes the feature/xxx branch.
+
+Managing Releases
+Release management is another very important topic in version control.
+Creating a Release
+When you think the code in the "develop" branch is now a mature release version, which means: first, it includes all new features and necessary fixes; second, it has been thoroughly tested. If both points are satisfied, then it's time to start generating a new release:
+1. Merge the develop branch into master.
+2. Tag the current master and issue the corresponding release version.
+
+hotfix
+Often, just a few hours or days after a release version has been fully tested, some minor errors may be discovered. In this case, we need to create a hotfix branch:
+1. Branch off from the main branch to make the hotfix.
+2. Submit a pull request and wait for code review.
+3. After the review, merge into both the master and develop branches.
diff --git a/docs/developers/contribute.md b/docs/developers/contribute.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c598bf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/developers/contribute.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Contribute
+ast has docs specifically geared for developers and contributors, including documentation on the structure and architecture of ast, the general workflow we employ, and other useful tips. You can find these docs here. Check out our contributing guidelines here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/developers/developers.md b/docs/developers/developers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0aeb0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/developers/developers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Developers
+
+ast is composed of several packages that can be used in standalone projects. If you are interested in using one or more of the packages, you can get an overview of them in the developer docs, or take a look at the crate docs.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/installation/binaries.md b/docs/installation/binaries.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5320de4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/installation/binaries.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Binaries
+
+Archives of pre-compiled binary files ready for Windows, macOS, and Linux are available. They are static executables. Users of platforms not explicitly listed below should download one of these archives.
+
+If you use macOS Homebrew or Linuxbrew, you can install ast from Amaze's homebrew tap:
+
+```text
+brew install astranet/ast
+```
+
diff --git a/docs/installation/build-for-arm-devices.md b/docs/installation/build-for-arm-devices.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ed1ab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/installation/build-for-arm-devices.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Building for ARM devices
+
+ast can be built for and run on ARM devices, but there are several considerations to be taken into account beforehand.
+
+## CPU Architecture
+
+First, you must have a 64-bit CPU and Operating System, otherwise some of the project dependencies will not be able to compile or be executed.
+
+## Memory Layout on AArch64
+
+Then, you must setup the virtual memory layout in such a way that the user space is sufficiently large.
+From [the Linux Kernel documentation](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.3/arm64/memory.html#:~:text=AArch64%20Linux%20uses%20either%203,for%20both%20user%20and%20kernel.), you can see that the memory layout with 4KB pages and a level-3 translation table limits the user space to 512GB, which is too low for astto sync on Ethereum mainnet.
+
+## ARM Board Virtual Memory Limitation
+
+### Issue Description
+
+Some ARM boards are equipped with only 3-level paging, which imposes a virtual memory limitation of 256GB for user space on Linux. This limitation can be a challenge for running applications like "reth", as the MDBX (Memory-mapped Database eXtreme) library requires a larger virtual memory allocation by design.
+
+### Understanding the Limitation
+
+To determine if a specific ARM board is affected by this virtual memory limitation:
+
+1. **Check Specifications:** When considering an ARM board, review its specifications for information on paging levels. Boards with 3-level paging may have a 256GB virtual memory limit.
+
+2. **Manufacturer Documentation:** Consult the official ARM board documentation for details on supported paging levels.
+
+3. **Community Discussions:** Search online ARM and Linux forums for insights into virtual memory limitations of specific boards.
+
+### Additional Context
+
+According to MDBX documentation, changing this upper bound, which dictates the maximum size the database can reach, is a costly operation. Therefore, a reasonably large value was chosen. Given that the upper bound is currently set to 4TB, the assumption was that growth to 3TB might occur relatively soon. If the upper bound size is set to only 342GB, then "reth" cannot store more than 342GB of data, which is insufficient for a full sync.
+
+It's worth noting that on x86_64 architecture, there is a 48-bit address space divided in half between user space and the kernel, providing each with 128TB of address space. In contrast, AArch64 architecture features a user space address space of 512GB and a kernel address space of 256TB.
+
+Some newer versions of ARM architecture offer support for Large Virtual Address space, but enabling this requires running with a 64KB page size. The specifics of how to enable this functionality might vary.
+
+### Additional Resources
+
+- [ARM developer documentation](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0406/cb/Appendixes/ARMv4-and-ARMv5-Differences/System-level-memory-model/Virtual-memory-support)
+- [ARM Community Forums](https://community.arm.com)
+
+## Build ast
+
+If both your CPU architecture and memory layout are valid, the instructions for building ast will not differ from the standard process.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+> If you ever need to recompile the Linux Kernel because the official OS images for your ARM board don't have the right memory layout configuration, you can use [the Armbian build framework](https://github.com/armbian/build).
+
+### Failed to open database
+
+This error is raised whenever MBDX can not open a database due to the limitations imposed by the memory layout of your kernel. If the user space is limited to 512GB, the database will not be able to grow below this size.
+
+You will need to recompile the Linux Kernel to fix the issue.
+
+A simple and safe approach to achieve this is to use the Armbian build framework to create a new image of the OS that will be flashed to a storage device of your choice - an SD card for example - with the following kernel feature values:
+- **Page Size**: 64 KB
+- **Virtual Address Space Size**: 48 Bits
+
+To be able to build an Armbian image and set those values, you will need to:
+- Clone the Armbian build framework repository
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/armbian/build
+cd build
+```
+- Run the compile script with the following parameters:
+```shell
+./compile.sh \
+BUILD_MINIMAL=yes \
+BUILD_DESKTOP=no \
+KERNEL_CONFIGURE=yes \
+CARD_DEVICE="/dev/sdX" # Replace sdX with your own storage device
+```
+- From there, you will be able to select the target board, the OS release and branch. Then, once you get in the **Kernel Configuration** screen, select the **Kernel Features options** and set the previous values accordingly.
+- Wait for the process to finish, plug your storage device into your board and start it. You can now download or install astand it should work properly.
diff --git a/docs/installation/docker.md b/docs/installation/docker.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..126c836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/installation/docker.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# Docker
+
+There are two ways to obtain a astDocker image:
+
+1. [GitHub](#github)
+2. [Building it from source](#building-the-docker-image)
+
+Once you have obtained the Docker image, proceed to [Using the Docker
+image](#using-the-docker-image).
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> astrequires Docker Engine version 20.10.10 or higher due to [missing support](https://docs.docker.com/engine/release-notes/20.10/#201010) for the `clone3` syscall in previous versions.
+## GitHub
+
+ast docker images for both x86_64 and ARM64 machines are published with every release of ast on GitHub Container Registry.
+
+You can obtain the latest image with:
+
+```bash
+docker pull astranet/ast
+```
+
+Or a specific version (e.g. v0.1.0) with:
+
+```bash
+docker pull astranet/ast:0.1.0
+```
+
+You can test the image with:
+
+```bash
+docker run --rm astranet/ast:0.1.0-amd64
+```
+
+If you see the latest ast release version, then you've successfully installed ast via Docker.
+
+## Building the Docker image
+
+To build the image from source, navigate to the root of the repository and run:
+
+```bash
+make images
+```
+
+The build will likely take several minutes. Once it's built, test it with:
+
+```bash
+docker run astranet/ast:local --version
+```
+
+## Using the Docker image
+
+There are two ways to use the Docker image:
+1. [Using Docker](#using-plain-docker)
+2. [Using Docker Compose](#using-docker-compose)
+
+### Using Plain Docker
+
+To run ast with Docker, execute:
+
+```
+docker run -p 6060:6060 -p 61016: 61016 -p 61015: 61015/udp -v astdata:/home/ast/data astranet/ast:local --metrics --metrics.addr '0.0.0.0' 
+```
+
+The above command will create a container named ast and a named volume called astdata for data persistence. It will also expose port 61016 TCP and 61015 UDP for peering with other nodes and port 6060 for metrics.
+
+It will use the local image ast:local. If you want to use the DockerHub Container Registry remote image, use astranet/ast with your preferred tag.
+
+### Using Docker Compose
+
+To run ast with Docker Compose, execute the following commands from a shell inside the root directory of this repository:
+
+```bash
+docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml up -d 
+# or make up
+```
+
+The default `docker-compose.yml` file will create three containers:
+
+- ast
+- Prometheus
+- Grafana
+
+
+Grafana will be exposed on `localhost:3000` and accessible via default credentials (username and password is `admin`):
+
+## Interacting with ast inside Docker
+
+To interact with ast, you must first open a shell inside the ast container by running:
+
+```bash
+docker exec -it ast sh
+```
+
+**If ast is running with Docker Compose, replace ast with ast-ast-1 in the above command.**
+
+Inside the ast container, refer to the [CLI docs](../cli/cli.md) documentation to interact with ast.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/installation/installation.md b/docs/installation/installation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2887bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/installation/installation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# Installation
+
+ast runs on Linux, Windows, and macOS.
+
+There are three primary methods to obtain ast:
+
+* [Pre-built binaries](./binaries.md)
+* [Docker images](./docker.md)
+* [Building from source.](./source.md)
+
+## Hardware Requirements
+
+The hardware requirements for running ast depend on the node configuration and may change over time as the network grows or new features are implemented.
+
+The most important requirement is by far the disk, whereas CPU and RAM requirements are relatively flexible.
+
+
+
+|           | Archive Node                            |  |
+|-----------|-----------------------------------------|--|
+| Disk      | At least 300GB (TLC NVMe recommended)   |  |
+| Memory    | 8GB+                                    |  |
+| CPU       | Higher clock speed over core count      |  |
+| Bandwidth | Stable 24Mbps+                          |  |
+
+#### QLC and TLC
+
+It is crucial to understand the difference between QLC and TLC NVMe drives when considering the disk requirement.
+
+QLC (Quad-Level Cell) NVMe drives utilize four bits of data per cell, allowing for higher storage density and lower manufacturing costs. However, this increased density comes at the expense of performance. QLC drives have slower read and write speeds compared to TLC drives. They also have a lower endurance, meaning they may have a shorter lifespan and be less suitable for heavy workloads or constant data rewriting.
+
+TLC (Triple-Level Cell) NVMe drives, on the other hand, use three bits of data per cell. While they have a slightly lower storage density compared to QLC drives, TLC drives offer faster performance. They typically have higher read and write speeds, making them more suitable for demanding tasks such as data-intensive applications, gaming, and multimedia editing. TLC drives also tend to have a higher endurance, making them more durable and longer-lasting.
+
+Prior to purchasing an NVMe drive, it is advisable to research and determine whether the disk will be based on QLC or TLC technology. An overview of recommended and not-so-recommended NVMe boards can be found at [here]( https://gist.github.com/yorickdowne/f3a3e79a573bf35767cd002cc977b038).
+
+### Disk
+
+There are multiple types of disks to sync ast, with varying size requirements, depending on the syncing mode.
+NVMe drives are recommended for the best performance, with SSDs being a cheaper alternative. HDDs are the cheapest option, but they will take the longest to sync, and are not recommended.
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> It is highly recommended to choose a TLC drive when using NVMe, and not a QLC drive. See [the note](#qlc-and-tlc) above. A list of recommended drives can be found [here]( https://gist.github.com/yorickdowne/f3a3e79a573bf35767cd002cc977b038).
+
+### CPU
+
+Most of the time during syncing is spent executing transactions, which is a single-threaded operation because transactions may depend on the state of previous transactions.
+
+Therefore, the number of cores is less important, but generally higher clock speeds are better. More cores are better for parallelizable stages (like sender recovery or body downloading), but these stages are not the primary bottleneck for syncing.
+
+### Memory
+
+It is recommended to use at least 8GB of RAM.
+
+Unless you are under heavy RPC load, most of ast's components tend to consume a low amount of memory, so this should matter less than the other requirements.
+
+Higher memory is generally better as it allows for better caching, resulting in less stress on the disk.
+
+### Bandwidth
+
+A stable and reliable internet connection is crucial for both syncing a node from genesis and for keeping up with the chain's tip.
+
+Once you're synced to the tip, you will need a reliable connection, especially if you're operating a validator. A 24Mbps connection is recommended, but you can probably get away with less. Ensure your ISP does not cap your bandwidth.
+
+## What hardware can I get?
+
+If you are buying your own NVMe SSD, please consult this actively maintained hardware comparison. We do not recommend purchasing DRAM-less or QLC devices as these are noticeably slower.
+
+All our benchmarks have been produced on Latitude.sh, a bare metal provider. We use c3.large.x86 boxes, and also recommend trying the s2.small.x86 box for pruned/full nodes. So far, our experience has been smooth, with some users reporting that the NVMe there outperforms AWS NVMe by 3x or more. We are excited for more ast nodes on Latitude.sh, so for a limited time, you can use a discount to get $250 off. Run a node now!
+
diff --git a/docs/installation/source.md b/docs/installation/source.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feca654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/installation/source.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Build from Source
+
+You can build ast Linux, macOS, Windows, and Windows WSL2.
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> ast does not work on Windows WSL1.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+First, Instructions for installing Go are available at the [Go installation page](https://golang.org/doc/install) and necessary bundles can be downloaded from the [Go download page](https://golang.org/dl/).
+Note: Please download version 1.2, as some libraries do not yet support higher versions.
+## Build ast
+
+With go and the dependencies installed, you're ready to build ast. First, clone the repository:
+
+```plaintext
+git clone https://github.com/WeAreAmaze/ast
+cd ast
+```
+
+Then, install ast into your PATH directly via:
+
+```plaintext
+go build -o ./build/bin ./cmd/ast
+# or make ast (Linux, MacOS)
+```
+Now, via the command line, the binary will be accessible as ast and resides in ./build/bin folder.
+
+Compilation may take around 1 minute. If `ast --help` displays the [command-line documentation](../cli/cli.md).
+
+If you run into any issues, please check the [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting) section, or reach out to us on [Telegram](https://t.me/astranett).
+
+## Update ast
+
+You can update ast to a specific version by running the commands below.
+
+The ast directory will be the location you cloned ast to during the installation process.
+
+${VERSION} will be the version you wish to build in the format vX.X.X.
+
+```bash
+cd ast
+git fetch
+git checkout ${VERSION}
+go build -o ./build/bin ./cmd/ast
+# or make ast  (Linux, MacOS)
+```
+
diff --git a/docs/intro.md b/docs/intro.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df39e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/intro.md
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# ast DOCS
+Documentation provided for ast users and developers.
+
+[![Telegram Chat][tg-badge]][tg-url]
+
+ast (Amaze Chain) is a blockchain full node implementation characterized by being user-friendly, highly modular, and fast and efficient.
+
+## What is this about?
+
+ast is a node implementation compatible with all node protocols that support Amaze Chain.
+
+It was originally built and promoted by Amaze, licensed under Apache and MIT licenses.
+
+As a complete Amaze Chain node, ast allows users to connect to the Amaze Chain network and interact with the Amaze Chain blockchain.
+
+This includes sending and receiving transactions, querying logs and traces, as well as accessing and interacting with smart contracts.
+
+Creating a successful Amaze Chain node requires a high-quality implementation that is both secure and efficient, and easy to use on consumer hardware. It also requires building a strong community of contributors to help support and improve the software.
+
+## What are the goals of ast?
+
+**1. Modularity**
+
+Every component of ast is built as a library: well-tested, heavily documented, and benchmarked. We envision developers importing the node's packages, mixing and matching, and innovating on top of them.
+
+Examples of such usage include, but are not limited to, launching standalone P2P networks, talking directly to a node's database, or "unbundling" the node into the components you need.
+
+To achieve this, we are licensing ast under the Apache/MIT permissive license.
+
+**2. Performance**
+
+ast aims to be fast, so we used Golang and parallel virtual machine sync node architecture.
+
+We also used tested and optimized Amaze Chain libraries.
+
+**3. Free for anyone to use any way they want**
+
+ast is free open-source software, built by the community for the community.
+
+By licensing the software under the Apache/MIT license, we want developers to use it without being bound by business licenses, or having to think about the implications of GPL-like licenses.
+
+**4. Client Diversity**
+
+The Amaze Chain protocol becomes more antifragile when no node implementation dominates. This ensures that if there's a software bug, the network does not confirm a wrong block. By building a new client, we hope to contribute to Amaze Chain's antifragility.
+
+**5. Used by a wide demographic**
+
+We aim to solve for node operators who care about fast historical queries, but also for hobbyists who cannot operate on large hardware.
+
+We also want to support teams and individuals who want both sync from genesis and via "fast sync".
+
+We envision that ast will be flexible enough for the trade-offs each team faces.
+
+## Who is this for?
+
+ast is a new Amaze Chain full node allowing users to sync and interact with the entire blockchain, including its historical state if in archive mode.
+
+- Full node: It can be used as a full node, storing and processing the entire blockchain, validating blocks and transactions, and participating in the consensus process.
+
+- Archive node: It can also be used as an archive node, storing the entire history of the blockchain, which is useful for applications that need access to historical data. As a data engineer/analyst, or as a data indexer, you'll want to use Archive mode. For all other use cases where historical access is not needed, you can use Full mode.
+
+## Is this secure?
+
+ast implements the specification of Amaze Chain as defined in the repository. To ensure the node is built securely, we run the following tests:
+
+1. Virtual machine state tests are run on every Pull Request.
+2. We regularly re-sync multiple nodes from scratch.
+3. We operate multiple nodes at the tip of Amaze Chain mainnet and various testnets.
+4. We extensively unit test, fuzz test, and document all our code, while also restricting PRs with aggressive lint rules.
+5. We also plan to audit/fuzz the virtual machine & parts of the codebase. Please reach out if you're interested in collaborating on securing this codebase.
+
+We intend to also audit/fuzz the EVM & parts of the codebase. Please reach out if you're interested in collaborating on securing this codebase.
+
+## Sections
+
+Here are some useful sections to jump to:
+
+- Install ast by following the [guide](./installation/installation.md).
+- Sync your node on any [official network](./run/run-a-node.md).
+- View [statistics and metrics](./run/observability.md) about your node.
+- Query the [JSON-RPC](./jsonrpc/intro.md) using Foundry's `cast` or `curl`.
+- Set up your [development environment and contribute](./developers/contribute.md)!
+
+> 📖 **About this book**
+>
+> The book is continuously rendered [here](https://github.com/WeAreAmaze/ast/docs)!
+> You can contribute to this book on [GitHub][gh-book].
+
+[tg-badge]: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?color=neon&logo=telegram&label=chat&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftg.sumanjay.workers.dev%2Fparadigm%5Freth
+[tg-url]: https://t.me/astranet
+[gh-book]: https://github.com/WeAreAmaze/ast/docs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/admin.md b/docs/jsonrpc/admin.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e48484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/admin.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# `admin` Namespace
+
+The `admin` API allows you to configure your node, including adding and removing peers.
+
+> **Note**
+> 
+> As this namespace can configure your node at runtime, it is generally **not advised** to expose it publicly.
+
+## `admin_addPeer`
+
+Add the given peer to the current peer set of the node.
+
+The method accepts a single argument, the [`enode`][enode] URL of the remote peer to connect to, and returns a `bool` indicating whether the peer was accepted or not.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                              |
+|--------|------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "admin_addPeer", "params": [url]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"admin_addPeer","params":["enode://a979fb575495b8d6db44f750317d0f4622bf4c2aa3365d6af7c284339968eef29b69ad0dce72a4d8db5ebb4968de0e3bec910127f134779fbcb0cb6d3331163c@52.16.188.185:30303"]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":true}
+```
+
+## `admin_removePeer`
+
+Disconnects from a peer if the connection exists. Returns a `bool` indicating whether the peer was successfully removed or not.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                  |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "admin_removePeer", "params": [url]}`  |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"admin_removePeer","params":["enode://a979fb575495b8d6db44f750317d0f4622bf4c2aa3365d6af7c284339968eef29b69ad0dce72a4d8db5ebb4968de0e3bec910127f134779fbcb0cb6d3331163c@52.16.188.185:30303"]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":true}
+```
+
+## `admin_addTrustedPeer`
+
+Adds the given peer to a list of trusted peers, which allows the peer to always connect, even if there would be no room for it otherwise.
+
+It returns a `bool` indicating whether the peer was added to the list or not.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                     |
+|--------|-------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "admin_addTrustedPeer", "params": [url]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"admin_addTrustedPeer","params":["enode://a979fb575495b8d6db44f750317d0f4622bf4c2aa3365d6af7c284339968eef29b69ad0dce72a4d8db5ebb4968de0e3bec910127f134779fbcb0cb6d3331163c@52.16.188.185:30303"]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":true}
+```
+
+## `admin_removeTrustedPeer`
+
+Removes a remote node from the trusted peer set, but it does not disconnect it automatically.
+
+Returns true if the peer was successfully removed.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                        |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "admin_removeTrustedPeer", "params": [url]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"admin_removeTrustedPeer","params":["enode://a979fb575495b8d6db44f750317d0f4622bf4c2aa3365d6af7c284339968eef29b69ad0dce72a4d8db5ebb4968de0e3bec910127f134779fbcb0cb6d3331163c@52.16.188.185:30303"]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":true}
+```
+
+## `admin_nodeInfo`
+
+Returns all information known about the running node.
+
+These include general information about the node itself, as well as what protocols it participates in, its IP and ports.
+
+| Client | Method invocation              |
+|--------|--------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "admin_nodeInfo"}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"admin_nodeInfo","params":[]}
+{
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "id": 1,
+    "result": {
+        "enode": "enode://44826a5d6a55f88a18298bca4773fca5749cdc3a5c9f308aa7d810e9b31123f3e7c5fba0b1d70aac5308426f47df2a128a6747040a3815cc7dd7167d03be320d@[::]:30303",
+            "id": "44826a5d6a55f88a18298bca4773fca5749cdc3a5c9f308aa7d810e9b31123f3e7c5fba0b1d70aac5308426f47df2a128a6747040a3815cc7dd7167d03be320d",
+            "ip": "::",
+            "listenAddr": "[::]:30303",
+            "name": "ast/v0.1.0/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
+            "ports": {
+                "discovery": 61015,
+                "listener": 61016
+        },
+        "protocols": {
+            "eth": {
+                "difficulty": 17334254859343145000,
+                "genesis": "0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3",
+                "head": "0xb83f73fbe6220c111136aefd27b160bf4a34085c65ba89f24246b3162257c36a",
+                "network": 1
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## `admin_peerEvents`, `admin_peerEvents_unsubscribe`
+
+<!-- TODO: This seems to be unimplemented, so it is not really known what the events look like !-->
+
+Subscribe to events received by peers over the network.
+
+Like other subscription methods, this returns the ID of the subscription, which is then used in all events subsequently.
+
+To unsubscribe from peer events, call `admin_peerEvents_unsubscribe`
+
+| Client | Method invocation                |
+|--------|----------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "admin_peerEvents"}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"admin_peerEvents","params":[]}
+// responds with subscription ID
+{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "result": "0xcd0c3e8af590364c09d0fa6a1210faf5"}
+```
+
+[enode]: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/networking-layer/network-addresses/#enode
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/debug.md b/docs/jsonrpc/debug.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7965e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/debug.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# `debug` Namespace
+
+The `debug` API provides several methods to inspect the Ethereum state, including Geth-style traces.
+
+## `debug_getRawHeader`
+
+Returns an RLP-encoded header.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                     |
+|--------|-------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_getRawHeader", "params": [block]}` |
+
+## `debug_getRawBlock`
+
+Retrieves and returns the RLP encoded block by number, hash or tag.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                    |
+|--------|------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_getRawBlock", "params": [block]}` |
+
+## `debug_getRawTransaction`
+
+Returns an EIP-2718 binary-encoded transaction.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                            |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_getRawTransaction", "params": [tx_hash]}` |
+
+## `debug_getRawReceipts`
+
+Returns an array of EIP-2718 binary-encoded receipts.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                       |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_getRawReceipts", "params": [block]}` |
+
+## `debug_getBadBlocks`
+
+Returns an array of recent bad blocks that the client has seen on the network.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_getBadBlocks", "params": []}` |
+
+## `debug_traceChain`
+
+Returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM between two blocks (excluding start) as a JSON object.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                                    |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_traceChain", "params": [start_block, end_block]}` |
+
+## `debug_traceBlock`
+
+The `debug_traceBlock` method will return a full stack trace of all invoked opcodes of all transaction that were included in this block.
+
+This expects an RLP-encoded block.
+
+> **Note**
+> 
+> The parent of this block must be present, or it will fail.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                       |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_traceBlock", "params": [rlp, opts]}` |
+
+## `debug_traceBlockByHash`
+
+Similar to [`debug_traceBlock`](#debug_traceblock), `debug_traceBlockByHash` accepts a block hash and will replay the block that is already present in the database.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                                    |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_traceBlockByHash", "params": [block_hash, opts]}` |
+
+## `debug_traceBlockByNumber`
+
+Similar to [`debug_traceBlockByHash`](#debug_traceblockbyhash), `debug_traceBlockByNumber` accepts a block number and will replay the block that is already present in the database.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                                        |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_traceBlockByNumber", "params": [block_number, opts]}` |
+
+## `debug_traceTransaction`
+
+The `debug_traceTransaction` debugging method will attempt to run the transaction in the exact same manner as it was executed on the network. It will replay any transaction that may have been executed prior to this one before it will finally attempt to execute the transaction that corresponds to the given hash.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                           |
+|--------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_traceTransaction", "params": [tx_hash, opts]}` |
+
+## `debug_traceCall`
+
+The `debug_traceCall` method lets you run an `eth_call` within the context of the given block execution using the final state of parent block as the base.
+
+The first argument (just as in `eth_call`) is a transaction request.
+
+The block can optionally be specified either by hash or by number as the second argument.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                                     |
+|--------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "debug_traceCall", "params": [call, block_number, opts]}` |
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/eth.md b/docs/jsonrpc/eth.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a3003c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/eth.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# `eth` Namespace
+
+Documentation for the API methods in the `eth` namespace can be found on [ethereum.org](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/).
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/intro.md b/docs/jsonrpc/intro.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..883c571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/intro.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# JSON-RPC
+
+You can interact with ast over JSON-RPC. ast supports all standard Ethereum JSON-RPC API methods.
+
+JSON-RPC is provided on multiple transports. ast supports HTTP, WebSocket and IPC (both UNIX sockets and Windows named pipes). Transports must be enabled through command-line flags.
+
+The JSON-RPC APIs are grouped into namespaces, depending on their purpose. All method names are composed of their namespace and their name, separated by an underscore.
+
+Each namespace must be explicitly enabled.
+
+## Namespaces
+
+The methods are grouped into namespaces, which are listed below:
+
+| Namespace               | Description                                                                                            | Sensitive |
+|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|
+| [`eth`](./eth.md)       | The `eth` API allows you to interact with Ethereum.                                                    | Maybe     |
+| [`web3`](./web3.md)     | The `web3` API provides utility functions for the web3 client.                                         | No        |
+| [`net`](./net.md)       | The `net` API provides access to network information of the node.                                      | No        |
+| [`txpool`](./txpool.md) | The `txpool` API allows you to inspect the transaction pool.                                           | No        |
+| [`debug`](./debug.md)   | The `debug` API provides several methods to inspect the Ethereum state, including Geth-style traces.   | No        |
+| [`trace`](./trace.md)   | The `trace` API provides several methods to inspect the Ethereum state, including Parity-style traces. | No        |
+| [`admin`](./admin.md)   | The `admin` API allows you to configure your node.                                                     | **Yes**   |
+| [`rpc`](./rpc.md)       | The `rpc` API provides information about the RPC server and its modules.                               | No        |
+
+Note that some APIs are sensitive, since they can be used to configure your node (admin), or access accounts stored on the node (eth).
+
+Generally, it is advisable to not expose any JSONRPC namespace publicly, unless you know what you are doing.
+
+
+## Transports
+
+ast supports HTTP, WebSockets and IPC.
+
+### HTTP
+
+Using the HTTP transport, clients send a request to the server and immediately get a response back. The connection is closed after the response for a given request is sent.
+
+Because HTTP is unidirectional, subscriptions are not supported.
+
+To start an HTTP server, pass --http to ast node:
+
+```bash
+ast --http
+```
+
+The default port is 8545, and the default listen address is localhost.
+
+You can configure the listen address and port using --http.addr and --http.port respectively:
+
+```bash
+ast --http --http.addr 127.0.0.1 --http.port 12345
+```
+
+To enable JSON-RPC namespaces on the HTTP server, pass each namespace separated by a comma to --http.api:
+
+```bash
+ast --http --http.api eth,net,trace
+```
+
+You can pass the `all` option, which is a convenient wrapper for the all the JSON-RPC namespaces `admin,debug,eth,net,trace,txpool,web3,rpc` on the HTTP server:
+
+```bash
+ast --http --http.api all
+```
+
+```bash
+ast --http --http.api All
+```
+
+You can also restrict who can access the HTTP server by specifying a domain for Cross-Origin requests. This is important, since any application local to your node will be able to access the RPC server:
+
+```bash
+ast --http --http.corsdomain https://mycoolapp.rs
+```
+
+Alternatively, if you want to allow any domain, you can pass `*`:
+
+```bash
+ast --http --http.corsdomain "*"
+```
+
+### WebSockets
+
+WebSockets is a bidirectional transport protocol. Most modern browsers support WebSockets.
+
+A WebSocket connection is maintained until it is explicitly terminated by either the client or the node.
+
+Because WebSockets are bidirectional, nodes can push events to clients, which enables clients to subscribe to specific events, such as new transactions in the transaction pool, and new logs for smart contracts.
+
+The configuration of the WebSocket server follows the same pattern as the HTTP server:
+
+- Enable it using `--ws`
+- Configure the server address by passing `--ws.addr` and `--ws.port` (default `8546`)
+- Configure cross-origin requests using `--ws.origins`
+- Enable APIs using `--ws.api`
+
+### IPC
+
+IPC is a simpler transport protocol for use in local environments where the node and the client exist on the same machine.
+
+The IPC transport is enabled by default and has access to all namespaces, unless explicitly disabled with `--ipcdisable`.
+
+Reth creates a UNIX socket on Linux and macOS at `/tmp/ast.ipc`. On Windows, IPC is provided using named pipes at `\\.\pipe\ast.ipc`.
+
+You can configure the IPC path using `--ipcpath`.
+
+## Interacting with the RPC
+
+One can easily interact with these APIs just like they would with any Ethereum client.
+
+You can use `curl`, a programming language with a low-level library, or a tool like Foundry to interact with the chain at the exposed HTTP or WS port.
+
+As a reminder, you need to run the command below to enable all of these APIs using an HTTP transport:
+
+```bash
+RUST_LOG=info reth node --http --http.api "admin,debug,eth,net,trace,txpool,web3,rpc"
+```
+
+This allows you to then call:
+
+```bash
+cast block-number
+cast rpc admin_nodeInfo
+cast rpc debug_traceTransaction
+cast rpc trace_replayBlockTransactions
+```
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/net.md b/docs/jsonrpc/net.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac40c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/net.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# `net` Namespace
+
+The `net` API provides information about the networking component of the node.
+
+## `net_listening`
+
+Returns a `bool` indicating whether or not the node is listening for network connections.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                           |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "net_listening", "params": []}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"net_listening","params":[]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":true}
+```
+
+## `net_peerCount`
+
+Returns the number of peers connected to the node.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                           |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "net_peerCount", "params": []}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"net_peerCount","params":[]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":10}
+```
+
+## `net_version`
+
+Returns the network ID (e.g. 1 for mainnet)
+
+| Client | Method invocation                         |
+|--------|-------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "net_version", "params": []}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"net_version","params":[]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":1}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/rpc.md b/docs/jsonrpc/rpc.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a47397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/rpc.md
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# `rpc` Namespace
+
+The `rpc` API provides methods to get information about the RPC server itself, such as the enabled namespaces.
+
+## `rpc_modules`
+
+Lists the enabled RPC namespaces and the versions of each.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                         |
+|--------|-------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "rpc_modules", "params": []}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"rpc_modules","params":[]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":{"txpool":"1.0","eth":"1.0","rpc":"1.0"}}
+```
+
+## Handling Responses During Syncing
+
+When interacting with the RPC server while it is still syncing, some RPC requests may return an empty or null response, while others return the expected results. This behavior can be observed due to the asynchronous nature of the syncing process and the availability of required data. Notably, endpoints that rely on specific stages of the syncing process, such as the execution stage, might not be available until those stages are complete.
+
+It's important to understand that during pipeline sync, some endpoints may not be accessible until the necessary data is fully synchronized. For instance, the `eth_getBlockReceipts` endpoint is only expected to return valid data after the execution stage, where receipts are generated, has completed. As a result, certain RPC requests may return empty or null responses until the respective stages are finished.
+
+This behavior is intrinsic to how the syncing mechanism works and is not indicative of an issue or bug. If you encounter such responses while the node is still syncing, it's recommended to wait until the sync process is complete to ensure accurate and expected RPC responses.
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/trace.md b/docs/jsonrpc/trace.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a9547c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/trace.md
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+# `trace` Namespace
+
+<!-- TODO: We should probably document the format of the traces themselves, OE does not do that !-->
+
+The `trace` API provides several methods to inspect the Ethereum state, including Parity-style traces.
+
+A similar module exists (with other debug functions) with Geth-style traces ([`debug`](./debug.md)).
+
+The `trace` API gives deeper insight into transaction processing.
+
+There are two types of methods in this API:
+
+- **Ad-hoc tracing APIs** for performing diagnostics on calls or transactions (historical or hypothetical).
+- **Transaction-trace filtering APIs** for getting full externality traces on any transaction executed by reth.
+
+## Ad-hoc tracing APIs
+
+Ad-hoc tracing APIs allow you to perform diagnostics on calls or transactions (historical or hypothetical), including:
+
+- Transaction traces (`trace`)
+- VM traces (`vmTrace`)
+- State difference traces (`stateDiff`)
+
+The ad-hoc tracing APIs are:
+
+- [`trace_call`](#trace_call)
+- [`trace_callMany`](#trace_callmany)
+- [`trace_rawTransaction`](#trace_rawtransaction)
+- [`trace_replayBlockTransactions`](#trace_replayblocktransactions)
+- [`trace_replayTransaction`](#trace_replaytransaction)
+
+## Transaction-trace filtering APIs
+
+Transaction trace filtering APIs are similar to log filtering APIs in the `eth` namespace, except these allow you to search and filter based only upon address information.
+
+Information returned includes the execution of all contract creations, destructions, and calls, together with their input data, output data, gas usage, transfer amounts and success statuses.
+
+The transaction trace filtering APIs are:
+
+- [`trace_block`](#trace_block)
+- [`trace_filter`](#trace_filter)
+- [`trace_get`](#trace_get)
+- [`trace_transaction`](#trace_transaction)
+
+## `trace_call`
+
+Executes the given call and returns a number of possible traces for it.
+
+The first parameter is a transaction object where the `from` field is optional and the `nonce` field is ommitted.
+
+The second parameter is an array of one or more trace types (`vmTrace`, `trace`, `stateDiff`).
+
+The third and optional parameter is a block number, block hash, or a block tag (`latest`, `finalized`, `safe`, `earliest`, `pending`).
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                         |
+|--------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_call", "params": [tx, type[], block]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_call","params":[{},["trace"]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": {
+        "output": "0x",
+        "stateDiff": null,
+        "trace": [{
+            "action": { ... },
+            "result": {
+                "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                "output": "0x"
+            },
+            "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [],
+            "type": "call"
+        }],
+        "vmTrace": null
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_callMany`
+
+Performs multiple call traces on top of the same block, that is, transaction `n` will be executed on top of a pending block with all `n - 1` transaction applied (and traced) first.
+
+The first parameter is a list of call traces, where each call trace is of the form `[tx, type[]]` (see [`trace_call`](#trace_call)).
+
+The second and optional parameter is a block number, block hash, or a block tag (`latest`, `finalized`, `safe`, `earliest`, `pending`).
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                      |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_call", "params": [trace[], block]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_callMany","params":[[[{"from":"0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1","to":"0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b","value":"0x186a0"},["trace"]],[{"from":"0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1","to":"0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b","value":"0x186a0"},["trace"]]],"latest"]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": [
+        {
+            "output": "0x",
+            "stateDiff": null,
+            "trace": [{
+                "action": {
+                    "callType": "call",
+                    "from": "0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1",
+                    "gas": "0x1dcd12f8",
+                    "input": "0x",
+                    "to": "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+                    "value": "0x186a0"
+                },
+                "result": {
+                    "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                    "output": "0x"
+                },
+                "subtraces": 0,
+                "traceAddress": [],
+                "type": "call"
+            }],
+            "vmTrace": null
+        },
+        {
+            "output": "0x",
+            "stateDiff": null,
+            "trace": [{
+                "action": {
+                    "callType": "call",
+                    "from": "0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1",
+                    "gas": "0x1dcd12f8",
+                    "input": "0x",
+                    "to": "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+                    "value": "0x186a0"
+                },
+                "result": {
+                    "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                    "output": "0x"
+                },
+                "subtraces": 0,
+                "traceAddress": [],
+                "type": "call"
+            }],
+            "vmTrace": null
+        }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_rawTransaction`
+
+Traces a call to `eth_sendRawTransaction` without making the call, returning the traces.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                      |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_call", "params": [raw_tx, type[]]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_rawTransaction","params":["0xd46e8dd67c5d32be8d46e8dd67c5d32be8058bb8eb970870f072445675058bb8eb970870f072445675",["trace"]]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": {
+        "output": "0x",
+            "stateDiff": null,
+            "trace": [{
+            "action": { ... },
+            "result": {
+                "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                "output": "0x"
+            },
+            "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [],
+            "type": "call"
+        }],
+            "vmTrace": null
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_replayBlockTransactions`
+
+Replays all transactions in a block returning the requested traces for each transaction.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                                        |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_replayBlockTransactions", "params": [block, type[]]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_replayBlockTransactions","params":["0x2ed119",["trace"]]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": [
+        {
+            "output": "0x",
+            "stateDiff": null,
+            "trace": [{
+                "action": { ... },
+                "result": {
+                    "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                    "output": "0x"
+                },
+                "subtraces": 0,
+                "traceAddress": [],
+                "type": "call"
+            }],
+            "transactionHash": "0x...",
+            "vmTrace": null
+        },
+        { ... }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_replayTransaction`
+
+Replays a transaction, returning the traces.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                                    |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_replayTransaction", "params": [tx_hash, type[]]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_replayTransaction","params":["0x02d4a872e096445e80d05276ee756cefef7f3b376bcec14246469c0cd97dad8f",["trace"]]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": {
+        "output": "0x",
+        "stateDiff": null,
+        "trace": [{
+            "action": { ... },
+            "result": {
+                "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                "output": "0x"
+            },
+            "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [],
+            "type": "call"
+        }],
+        "vmTrace": null
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_block`
+
+Returns traces created at given block.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                              |
+|--------|------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_block", "params": [block]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_block","params":["0x2ed119"]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": [
+        {
+            "action": {
+                "callType": "call",
+                "from": "0xaa7b131dc60b80d3cf5e59b5a21a666aa039c951",
+                "gas": "0x0",
+                "input": "0x",
+                "to": "0xd40aba8166a212d6892125f079c33e6f5ca19814",
+                "value": "0x4768d7effc3fbe"
+            },
+            "blockHash": "0x7eb25504e4c202cf3d62fd585d3e238f592c780cca82dacb2ed3cb5b38883add",
+            "blockNumber": 3068185,
+            "result": {
+                "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                "output": "0x"
+            },
+            "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [],
+            "transactionHash": "0x07da28d752aba3b9dd7060005e554719c6205c8a3aea358599fc9b245c52f1f6",
+            "transactionPosition": 0,
+            "type": "call"
+        },
+        ...
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_filter`
+
+Returns traces matching given filter.
+
+Filters are objects with the following properties:
+
+- `fromBlock`: Returns traces from the given block (a number, hash, or a tag like `latest`).
+- `toBlock`: Returns traces to the given block.
+- `fromAddress`: Sent from these addresses
+- `toAddress`: Sent to these addresses
+- `after`: The offset trace number
+- `count`: The number of traces to display in a batch
+
+All properties are optional.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_filter", "params": [filter]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_filter","params":[{"fromBlock":"0x2ed0c4","toBlock":"0x2ed128","toAddress":["0x8bbB73BCB5d553B5A556358d27625323Fd781D37"],"after":1000,"count":100}]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": [
+        {
+            "action": {
+                "callType": "call",
+                "from": "0x32be343b94f860124dc4fee278fdcbd38c102d88",
+                "gas": "0x4c40d",
+                "input": "0x",
+                "to": "0x8bbb73bcb5d553b5a556358d27625323fd781d37",
+                "value": "0x3f0650ec47fd240000"
+            },
+            "blockHash": "0x86df301bcdd8248d982dbf039f09faf792684e1aeee99d5b58b77d620008b80f",
+            "blockNumber": 3068183,
+            "result": {
+                "gasUsed": "0x0",
+                "output": "0x"
+            },
+            "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [],
+            "transactionHash": "0x3321a7708b1083130bd78da0d62ead9f6683033231617c9d268e2c7e3fa6c104",
+            "transactionPosition": 3,
+            "type": "call"
+        },
+        ...
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_get`
+
+Returns trace at given position.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                        |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_get", "params": [tx_hash,indices[]]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_get","params":["0x17104ac9d3312d8c136b7f44d4b8b47852618065ebfa534bd2d3b5ef218ca1f3",["0x0"]]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": {
+        "action": {
+            "callType": "call",
+            "from": "0x1c39ba39e4735cb65978d4db400ddd70a72dc750",
+            "gas": "0x13e99",
+            "input": "0x16c72721",
+            "to": "0x2bd2326c993dfaef84f696526064ff22eba5b362",
+            "value": "0x0"
+        },
+        "blockHash": "0x7eb25504e4c202cf3d62fd585d3e238f592c780cca82dacb2ed3cb5b38883add",
+            "blockNumber": 3068185,
+            "result": {
+            "gasUsed": "0x183",
+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+        },
+        "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [
+            0
+        ],
+        "transactionHash": "0x17104ac9d3312d8c136b7f44d4b8b47852618065ebfa534bd2d3b5ef218ca1f3",
+        "transactionPosition": 2,
+        "type": "call"
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## `trace_transaction`
+
+Returns all traces of given transaction
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                      |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "trace_transaction", "params": [tx_hash]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"trace_transaction","params":["0x17104ac9d3312d8c136b7f44d4b8b47852618065ebfa534bd2d3b5ef218ca1f3"]}
+{
+    "id": 1,
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "result": [
+        {
+            "action": {
+                "callType": "call",
+                "from": "0x1c39ba39e4735cb65978d4db400ddd70a72dc750",
+                "gas": "0x13e99",
+                "input": "0x16c72721",
+                "to": "0x2bd2326c993dfaef84f696526064ff22eba5b362",
+                "value": "0x0"
+            },
+            "blockHash": "0x7eb25504e4c202cf3d62fd585d3e238f592c780cca82dacb2ed3cb5b38883add",
+            "blockNumber": 3068185,
+            "result": {
+                "gasUsed": "0x183",
+                "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+            },
+            "subtraces": 0,
+            "traceAddress": [
+                0
+            ],
+            "transactionHash": "0x17104ac9d3312d8c136b7f44d4b8b47852618065ebfa534bd2d3b5ef218ca1f3",
+            "transactionPosition": 2,
+            "type": "call"
+        },
+        ...
+    ]
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/txpool.md b/docs/jsonrpc/txpool.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72fccc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/txpool.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# `txpool` Namespace
+
+The `txpool` API allows you to inspect the transaction pool.
+
+## `txpool_content`
+
+Returns the details of all transactions currently pending for inclusion in the next block(s), as well as the ones that are being scheduled for future execution only.
+
+See [here](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/rpc/ns-txpool#txpool_content) for more details
+
+| Client | Method invocation                            |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "txpool_content", "params": []}` |
+
+## `txpool_contentFrom`
+
+Retrieves the transactions contained within the txpool, returning pending as well as queued transactions of this address, grouped by nonce.
+
+See [here](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/rpc/ns-txpool#txpool_contentFrom) for more details
+
+| Client | Method invocation                                       |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "txpool_contentFrom", "params": [address]}` |
+
+## `txpool_inspect`
+
+Returns a summary of all the transactions currently pending for inclusion in the next block(s), as well as the ones that are being scheduled for future execution only.
+
+See [here](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/rpc/ns-txpool#txpool_inspect) for more details
+
+| Client | Method invocation                            |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "txpool_inspect", "params": []}` |
+
+## `txpool_status`
+
+Returns the number of transactions currently pending for inclusion in the next block(s), as well as the ones that are being scheduled for future execution only.
+
+See [here](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/rpc/ns-txpool#txpool_status) for more details
+
+| Client | Method invocation                           |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "txpool_status", "params": []}` |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/jsonrpc/web3.md b/docs/jsonrpc/web3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4887e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/jsonrpc/web3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# `web3` Namespace
+
+The `web3` API provides utility functions for the web3 client.
+
+## `web3_clientVersion`
+
+Get the web3 client version.
+
+
+| Client | Method invocation                  |
+|--------|------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "web3_clientVersion"}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"web3_clientVersion","params":[]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"ast/v0.1.0/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"}
+```
+
+## `web3_sha3`
+
+Get the Keccak-256 hash of the given data.
+
+| Client | Method invocation                            |
+|--------|----------------------------------------------|
+| RPC    | `{"method": "web3_sha3", "params": [bytes]}` |
+
+### Example
+
+```js
+// > {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"web3_sha3","params":["rust is awesome"]}
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0xe421b3428564a5c509ac118bad93a3b84485ec3f927e214b0c4c23076d4bc4e0"}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/run/mainnet.md b/docs/run/mainnet.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d186594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/mainnet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Running ast on Amaze Chain Mainnet or Testnets
+
+
+## Running the ast Node
+
+Firstly, ensure that you have installed ast by following the installation instructions.
+
+Now, to start the archive node, run:
+
+```plaintext
+ast 
+```
+At this point, our ast node has begun discovery and has even discovered some new nodes, and started syncing.
+
+
+## Verify the chain is growing
+
+You can easily verify this by inspecting the logs and seeing that headers are arriving in ast. Now sit back and wait for the stages to run! In the meantime, consider setting up observability to monitor your node's health or test the JSON RPC API.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/run/observability.md b/docs/run/observability.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bb9ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/observability.md
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# Observability with Prometheus & Grafana
+
+ast provides a variety of metrics, listed here. To serve them from an HTTP endpoint, add the `--metrics` flag:
+
+```bash
+astranet --metrics --metrics.addr '0.0.0.0' --metrics.port '6060'
+```
+
+While the node is running, you can use the `curl` command to access the endpoint specified by the `--metrics.port` flag to obtain a text dump of the metrics:
+
+```bash
+curl 127.0.0.1:6060/debug/metrics/prometheus
+```
+
+The response is quite descriptive but may be verbose. It represents just a snapshot of the metrics at the time you accessed the endpoint.
+
+To periodically poll the endpoint and print the values (excluding the header text) to the terminal, run the following command in a separate terminal:
+
+```bash
+while true; do date; curl -s 127.0.0.1:6060/debug/metrics/prometheus | grep -Ev '^(#|$)' | sort; echo; sleep 10; done
+```
+
+We're making progress! For a visual representation of how these metrics evolve over time (typically in a GUI), follow the next steps.
+
+## Prometheus & Grafana
+
+We will use Prometheus to collect metrics from the endpoint we set up, and Grafana to scrape the metrics from Prometheus and display them on a dashboard.
+
+First, install both Prometheus and Grafana, for instance via Homebrew:
+
+```bash
+brew update
+brew install prometheus
+brew install grafana
+```
+
+Then, start the Prometheus and Grafana services:
+
+```bash
+brew services start prometheus
+brew services start grafana
+```
+
+By default, Prometheus scrapes metrics about its instance. You'll need to modify its configuration to scrape metrics from your node's endpoint at `localhost:9001` set by the `--metrics` flag.
+
+You can find an example configuration for the Prometheus service in the repo here: [`etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml`](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/main/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml)
+
+Depending on your installation, the config file for Prometheus might be located at:
+- OSX: `/opt/homebrew/etc/prometheus.yml`
+- Linuxbrew: `/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/etc/prometheus.yml`
+- Others: `/usr/local/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml`
+
+Next, open `localhost:3000` in your browser, the default URL for Grafana. The default username and password are both "admin".
+
+After logging in, click on the gear icon in the lower left, and select "Data Sources". Then click on "Add data source", choose "Prometheus" as the type, and in the HTTP URL field, enter `http://localhost:9090`. Click "Save & Test".
+
+Note that `localhost:9001` is the endpoint that Reth exposes for Prometheus to collect metrics from, while Prometheus serves these metrics at `localhost:9090` for Grafana to access.
+
+To set up the dashboard in Grafana, click on the squares icon in the upper left, then "New", and "Import". Next, click on "Upload JSON file", and choose the example file from [`reth/etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json`](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/main/etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json). Select the Prometheus data source you just set up and click "Import".
+
+Voilà, you should now see your dashboard! If you're not yet connected to any peers, the dashboard may initially appear empty, but it will start populating with data once connections are established.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+In this guide, we've walked you through starting a node, exposing various log levels, exporting metrics, and finally visualizing those metrics on a Grafana dashboard.
+
+This information is invaluable, whether you're running a home node and want to monitor its performance, or you're a contributor interested in the impact of your changes—or those of others—on Reth's operations.
+
+[installation]: ../installation/installation.md
+
diff --git a/docs/run/ports.md b/docs/run/ports.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78e82ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/ports.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Ports
+
+This section provides essential information about the ports used by the system, their primary purposes, and recommendations for exposure settings.
+
+## Peering Ports
+
+- **Port:** 61016
+- **Protocol:** TCP
+- **Purpose:** Peering with other nodes for synchronization of blockchain data. Nodes communicate through this port to maintain network consensus and share updated information.
+- **Exposure Recommendation:** This port should be exposed to enable seamless interaction and synchronization with other nodes in the network.
+
+
+- **Port:** 61015
+- **Protocol:** UDP
+- **Purpose:** Peering discovery other peering using DiscoveryV5 protocol.
+
+## Metrics Port
+
+- **Port:** 6060
+- **Protocol:** TCP
+- **Purpose:** This port is designated for serving metrics related to the system's performance and operation. It allows internal monitoring and data collection for analysis.
+- **Exposure Recommendation:** By default, this port should not be exposed to the public. It is intended for internal monitoring and analysis purposes.
+
+## HTTP RPC Port
+
+- **Port:** 20012   
+- **Protocol:** TCP
+- **Purpose:** Port 8545 provides an HTTP-based Remote Procedure Call (RPC) interface. It enables external applications to interact with the blockchain by sending requests over HTTP.
+- **Exposure Recommendation:** Similar to the metrics port, exposing this port to the public is not recommended by default due to security considerations.
+
+## WS RPC Port
+
+- **Port:** 20013
+- **Protocol:** TCP
+- **Purpose:** Port 8546 offers a WebSocket-based Remote Procedure Call (RPC) interface. It allows real-time communication between external applications and the blockchain.
+- **Exposure Recommendation:** As with the HTTP RPC port, the WS RPC port should not be exposed by default for security reasons.
+
diff --git a/docs/run/private-testnet.md b/docs/run/private-testnet.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c388e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/private-testnet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Run ast in a private testnet
+
+For those who need a private testnet to validate functionality or scale with ast.
+
+## Initializing the ast Database
+To create a blockchain node that uses this genesis block, first use ast init to import and sets the canonical genesis block for the new chain. This requires the path to genesis.json to be passed as an argument.
+```
+ast init —data.dir data genesis.json
+```
+## Setting Up Networking
+
+With the node configured and initialized, the next step is to set up a peer-to-peer network. This requires a bootstrap node. The bootstrap node is a normal node that is designated to be the entry point that other nodes use to join the network. Any node can be chosen to be the bootstrap node.
+
+To configure a bootstrap node, the IP address of the machine the bootstrap node will run on must be known. The bootstrap node needs to know its own IP address so that it can broadcast it to other nodes. On a local machine this can be found using tools such as ifconfig and on cloud instances such as Amazon EC2 the IP address of the virtual machine can be found in the management console. Any firewalls must allow UDP and TCP traffic on port 61015/61016.
+
+The bootstrap node IP is set using the —p2p.host-ip flag (the command below contains an example address - replace it with the correct one).
+```
+ast --data.dir ./node --p2p.host-ip “1.243.83.152"
+```
+This command should print a base64 string such as the following example. Other nodes will use the information contained in the bootstrap node record to connect to the peer-to-peer network.
+Running Member Nodes
+
+Before running a member node, it must be initialized with the same genesis file as used for the bootstrap node. With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (telnet <ip> <port> will confirm that it is indeed reachable), more ast nodes can be started and connected to them via the bootstrap node using the —p2p.bootstrap-node flag. The process is to start ast on the same machine as the bootnode, with a separate data directory and listening port and the bootnode node record provided as an argument:
+
+For example, using data directory (example: data2) and listening port (example:  61115/61116.
+):
+
+```
+ast --data.dir ./node2 —p2p.bootstrap-node <bootstrap-node-record> —p2p.udp-port 61115 —p2p.tcp-port 61116 
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/run/run-a-node.md b/docs/run/run-a-node.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3337ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/run-a-node.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Run a Node
+
+Congratulations, now that you have installed ast, it's time to run it!
+
+In this chapter we'll go through a few different topics you'll encounter when running ast, including:
+1. [Running on mainnet or official testnets](./mainnet.md)
+1. [Logs and Observability](./observability.md)
+1. [Transaction types](./transactions.md)
+1. [Ports](./ports.md)
+1. [Troubleshooting](./troubleshooting.md)
+
+In the future, we also plan to support BTC, ETH, and Sui Stack, which will allow you to run ast as a Layer 2 client. More on this soon!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/run/transactions.md b/docs/run/transactions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1499c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/transactions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Transaction types
+
+Over time, the Ethereum network has undergone various upgrades and improvements to enhance transaction efficiency, security, and user experience. Three significant transaction types that have evolved are:
+
+- Legacy Transactions,
+- EIP-2930 Transactions,
+- EIP-1559 Transactions.
+
+Each of these transaction types brings unique features and improvements to the Ethereum network.
+
+## Legacy Transactions
+
+Legacy Transactions (type `0x0`), the traditional Ethereum transactions in use since the network's inception, include the following parameters:
+- `nonce`,
+- `gasPrice`,
+- `gasLimit`,
+- `to`,
+- `value`,
+- `data`,
+- `v`,
+- `r`,
+- `s`.
+
+These transactions do not utilize access lists, which specify the addresses and storage keys to be accessed, nor do they incorporate EIP-1559 fee market changes.
+
+## EIP-2930 Transactions
+
+Introduced in [EIP-2930](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930), transactions with type `0x1` incorporate an `accessList` parameter alongside legacy parameters. This `accessList` specifies an array of addresses and storage keys that the transaction plans to access, enabling gas savings on cross-contract calls by pre-declaring the accessed contract and storage slots. They do not include EIP-1559 fee market changes.
+
+## EIP-1559 Transactions
+
+[EIP-1559](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559) transactions (type `0x2`) were introduced in Ethereum's London fork to address network congestion and transaction fee overpricing caused by the historical fee market. Unlike traditional transactions, EIP-1559 transactions don't specify a gas price (`gasPrice`). Instead, they use an in-protocol, dynamically changing base fee per gas, adjusted at each block to manage network congestion.
+
+Alongside the `accessList` parameter and legacy parameters (except `gasPrice`), EIP-1559 transactions include:
+- `maxPriorityFeePerGas`, specifying the maximum fee above the base fee the sender is willing to pay,
+- `maxFeePerGas`, setting the maximum total fee the sender is willing to pay.
+
+The base fee is burned, while the priority fee is paid to the miner who includes the transaction, incentivizing miners to include transactions with higher priority fees per gas.
diff --git a/docs/run/troubleshooting.md b/docs/run/troubleshooting.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f298ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/run/troubleshooting.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Troubleshooting
+
+As ast is still in alpha, while running the node you can experience some problems related to different parts of the system: pipeline sync, blockchain tree, p2p, database, etc.
+
+This page tries to answer how to deal with the most popular issues.
+
+## Database
+
+### Database write error
+
+If you encounter an irrecoverable database-related errors, in most of the cases it's related to the RAM/NVMe/SSD you use. For example:
+```console
+Error: A stage encountered an irrecoverable error.
+
+Caused by:
+   0: An internal database error occurred: Database write error code: -30796
+   1: Database write error code: -30796
+```
+
+or
+
+```console
+Error: A stage encountered an irrecoverable error.
+
+Caused by:
+   0: An internal database error occurred: Database read error code: -30797
+   1: Database read error code: -30797
+```
+
+1. Check your memory health: use [memtest86+](https://www.memtest.org/) or [memtester](https://linux.die.net/man/8/memtester). If your memory is faulty, it's better to resync the node on different hardware.
+2. Check database integrity:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/amaze/ast
+cd ast
+make db-tools
+db-tools/mdbx_chk $(ast db path)/mdbx.dat | tee mdbx_chk.log
+```
+If mdbx_chk has detected any errors, please open an issue and post the output from the mdbx_chk.log file.
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..def3d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+module github.com/astranetworld/ast
+
+go 1.21
+
+toolchain go1.22.3
+
+require (
+	github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring v1.2.3
+	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics v1.23.1
+	github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.3
+	github.com/c2h5oh/datasize v0.0.0-20220606134207-859f65c6625b
+	github.com/cespare/cp v1.1.1
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
+	github.com/deckarep/golang-set v1.8.0
+	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.3.1
+	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20230122112309-96b1610dd4f7
+	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.0.0
+	github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go v0.37.1
+	github.com/fjl/gencodec v0.0.0-20230517082657-f9840df7b83e
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0
+	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.10.0
+	github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.1
+	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.8.1
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.4.2
+	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb
+	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.4.0
+	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.1
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr v0.1.14
+	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.5-0.20210104140557-80c98217689d
+	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7
+	github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3
+	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.3
+	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1
+	github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib v1.0.0
+	github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3 v3.9.0
+	github.com/ledgerwatch/secp256k1 v1.0.0
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p v0.35.1
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-kad-dht v0.25.1
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub v0.11.0
+	github.com/mgutz/ansi v0.0.0-20200706080929-d51e80ef957d
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.12.4
+	github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.16.5
+	github.com/onsi/gomega v1.30.0
+	github.com/paulbellamy/ratecounter v0.2.0
+	github.com/peterh/liner v1.2.2
+	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.19.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.48.0
+	github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz v0.0.0-20221107182844-78142813af44
+	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
+	github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
+	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.11
+	github.com/trailofbits/go-mutexasserts v0.0.0-20230328101604-8cdbc5f3d279
+	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.2
+	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0
+	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1
+	gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1
+	gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2 v2.0.0-20160621034901-c1b8fa8bdcce
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/benbjohnson/clock v1.3.5 // indirect
+	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/cgroups v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/davidlazar/go-crypto v0.0.0-20200604182044-b73af7476f6c // indirect
+	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/elastic/gosigar v0.14.2 // indirect
+	github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/francoispqt/gojay v1.2.13 // indirect
+	github.com/garslo/gogen v0.0.0-20170306192744-1d203ffc1f61 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap v2.1.3+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20230315185526-52ccab3ef572 // indirect
+	github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 // indirect
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240207164012-fb44976bdcd5 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/huin/goupnp v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ipfs/boxo v0.10.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ipfs/go-cid v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/ipfs/go-datastore v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ipfs/go-log v1.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/ipfs/go-log/v2 v2.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/ipld/go-ipld-prime v0.20.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackpal/go-nat-pmp v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jbenet/go-temp-err-catcher v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jbenet/goprocess v0.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.7 // indirect
+	github.com/koron/go-ssdp v0.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-buffer-pool v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-cidranger v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-flow-metrics v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-asn-util v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-kbucket v0.6.3 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-record v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-routing-helpers v0.7.2 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-msgio v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-nat v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-netroute v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-reuseport v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/libp2p/go-yamux/v4 v4.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/marten-seemann/tcp v0.0.0-20210406111302-dfbc87cc63fd // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.9 // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.58 // indirect
+	github.com/mikioh/tcpinfo v0.0.0-20190314235526-30a79bb1804b // indirect
+	github.com/mikioh/tcpopt v0.0.0-20190314235656-172688c1accc // indirect
+	github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/pointerstructure v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mschoch/smat v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr-dns v0.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr-fmt v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multibase v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multicodec v0.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multihash v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-multistream v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.7 // indirect
+	github.com/nxadm/tail v1.4.11 // indirect
+	github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pbnjay/memory v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/datachannel v1.5.6 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/dtls/v2 v2.2.11 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/ice/v2 v2.3.25 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/interceptor v0.1.29 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/logging v0.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/mdns v0.0.12 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/randutil v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/rtcp v1.2.14 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/rtp v1.8.6 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/sctp v1.8.16 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/sdp/v3 v3.0.9 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/srtp/v2 v2.0.18 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/stun v0.6.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/transport/v2 v2.2.5 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/turn/v2 v2.1.6 // indirect
+	github.com/pion/webrtc/v3 v3.2.40 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prysmaticlabs/gohashtree v0.0.3-alpha // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.44.0 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/webtransport-go v0.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/raulk/go-watchdog v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 // indirect
+	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/valyala/fastrand v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/valyala/histogram v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/whyrusleeping/go-keyspace v0.0.0-20160322163242-5b898ac5add1 // indirect
+	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240312152122-5f08fbb34913 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.16.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.16.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.16.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/dig v1.17.1 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/fx v1.21.1 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.20.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.21.0 // indirect
+	gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.13.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230110181048-76db0878b65f // indirect
+	gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.2.1 // indirect
+)
+
+//replace github.com/lucas-clemente/quic-go v0.29.0 => github.com/lucas-clemente/quic-go v0.28.1
+
+//replace github.com/torquem-ch/mdbx-go v0.30.0 => github.com/astranet/mdbx-go v0.0.0-20230203081605-fc0b6278d4f7
+
+replace github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics => github.com/ledgerwatch/victoria-metrics v0.0.4
+
+replace github.com/elastic/gosigar => github.com/Jackmeng1985/gosigar v0.14.2-fix-ios
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..217c589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
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diff --git a/interfaces.go b/interfaces.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9941fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/interfaces.go
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package metachain defines interfaces for interacting with astranet.
+package astranet
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.
+var NotFound = errors.New("not found")
+
+// TODO: move subscription to package event
+
+// Subscription represents an event subscription where events are
+// delivered on a data channel.
+type Subscription interface {
+	// Unsubscribe cancels the sending of events to the data channel
+	// and closes the error channel.
+	Unsubscribe()
+	// Err returns the subscription error channel. The error channel receives
+	// a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the network connection
+	// delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be sent.
+	// The error channel is closed by Unsubscribe.
+	Err() <-chan error
+}
+
+// ChainReader provides access to the blockchain. The methods in this interface access raw
+// data from either the canonical chain (when requesting by block number) or any
+// blockchain fork that was previously downloaded and processed by the node. The block
+// number argument can be nil to select the latest canonical block. Reading block headers
+// should be preferred over full blocks whenever possible.
+//
+// The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.
+type ChainReader interface {
+	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash types.Hash) (*block.Block, error)
+	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number uint256.Int) (*block.Block, error)
+	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash types.Hash) (*block.Header, error)
+	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number uint256.Int) (*block.Header, error)
+	TransactionCount(ctx context.Context, blockHash types.Hash) (uint, error)
+	TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash types.Hash, index uint) (*transaction.Transaction, error)
+
+	// This method subscribes to notifications about changes of the head block of
+	// the canonical chain.
+	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *block.Header) (Subscription, error)
+}
+
+// TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts.
+// Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that
+// can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.
+//
+// Avoid relying on this interface if possible. Contract logs (through the LogFilterer
+// interface) are more reliable and usually safer in the presence of chain
+// reorganisations.
+//
+// The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.
+type TransactionReader interface {
+	// TransactionByHash checks the pool of pending transactions in addition to the
+	// blockchain. The isPending return value indicates whether the transaction has been
+	// mined yet. Note that the transaction may not be part of the canonical chain even if
+	// it's not pending.
+	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, txHash types.Hash) (tx *transaction.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
+	// TransactionReceipt returns the receipt of a mined transaction. Note that the
+	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
+	// exists.
+	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash types.Hash) (*block.Receipt, error)
+}
+
+// ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that
+// implementations of the interface may be unable to return state values for old blocks.
+// In many cases, using CallContract can be preferable to reading raw contract storage.
+type ChainStateReader interface {
+	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
+	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, key types.Hash, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber uint256.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, blockNumber uint256.Int) (uint64, error)
+}
+
+// SyncProgress gives progress indications when the node is synchronising with
+// the Ethereum network.
+type SyncProgress struct {
+	StartingBlock uint64 // Block number where sync began
+	CurrentBlock  uint64 // Current block number where sync is at
+	HighestBlock  uint64 // Highest alleged block number in the chain
+
+	// "fast sync" fields. These used to be sent by geth, but are no longer used
+	// since version v1.10.
+	PulledStates uint64 // Number of state trie entries already downloaded
+	KnownStates  uint64 // Total number of state trie entries known about
+
+	// "snap sync" fields.
+	SyncedAccounts      uint64 // Number of accounts downloaded
+	SyncedAccountBytes  uint64 // Number of account trie bytes persisted to disk
+	SyncedBytecodes     uint64 // Number of bytecodes downloaded
+	SyncedBytecodeBytes uint64 // Number of bytecode bytes downloaded
+	SyncedStorage       uint64 // Number of storage slots downloaded
+	SyncedStorageBytes  uint64 // Number of storage trie bytes persisted to disk
+
+	HealedTrienodes     uint64 // Number of state trie nodes downloaded
+	HealedTrienodeBytes uint64 // Number of state trie bytes persisted to disk
+	HealedBytecodes     uint64 // Number of bytecodes downloaded
+	HealedBytecodeBytes uint64 // Number of bytecodes persisted to disk
+
+	HealingTrienodes uint64 // Number of state trie nodes pending
+	HealingBytecode  uint64 // Number of bytecodes pending
+}
+
+// ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no
+// sync currently running, it returns nil.
+type ChainSyncReader interface {
+	SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*SyncProgress, error)
+}
+
+// CallMsg contains parameters for contract calls.
+type CallMsg struct {
+	From      types.Address  // the sender of the 'transaction'
+	To        *types.Address // the destination contract (nil for contract creation)
+	Gas       uint64         // if 0, the call executes with near-infinite gas
+	GasPrice  *uint256.Int   // wei <-> gas exchange ratio
+	GasFeeCap *uint256.Int   // EIP-1559 fee cap per gas.
+	GasTipCap *uint256.Int   // EIP-1559 tip per gas.
+	Value     *uint256.Int   // amount of wei sent along with the call
+	Data      []byte         // input data, usually an ABI-encoded contract method invocation
+
+	//AccessList block.AccessList // EIP-2930 access list.
+}
+
+// A ContractCaller provides contract calls, essentially transactions that are executed by
+// the EVM but not mined into the blockchain. ContractCall is a low-level method to
+// execute such calls. For applications which are structured around specific contracts,
+// the abigen tool provides a nicer, properly typed way to perform calls.
+type ContractCaller interface {
+	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg, blockNumber uint256.Int) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// FilterQuery contains options for contract log filtering.
+type FilterQuery struct {
+	BlockHash *types.Hash     // used by eth_getLogs, return logs only from block with this hash
+	FromBlock *uint256.Int    // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
+	ToBlock   *uint256.Int    // end of the range, nil means latest block
+	Addresses []types.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts
+
+	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
+	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
+	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
+	// contained topics.
+	//
+	// Examples:
+	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
+	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
+	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position AND B in second position
+	// {{A}, {B}}         matches topic A in first position AND B in second position
+	// {{A, B}, {C, D}}   matches topic (A OR B) in first position AND (C OR D) in second position
+	Topics [][]types.Hash
+}
+
+// LogFilterer provides access to contract log events using a one-off query or continuous
+// event subscription.
+//
+// Logs received through a streaming query subscription may have Removed set to true,
+// indicating that the log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.
+type LogFilterer interface {
+	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery) ([]block.Log, error)
+	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery, ch chan<- block.Log) (Subscription, error)
+}
+
+// TransactionSender wraps transaction sending. The SendTransaction method injects a
+// signed transaction into the pending transaction pool for execution. If the transaction
+// was a contract creation, the TransactionReceipt method can be used to retrieve the
+// contract address after the transaction has been mined.
+//
+// The transaction must be signed and have a valid nonce to be included. Consumers of the
+// API can use package accounts to maintain local private keys and need can retrieve the
+// next available nonce using PendingNonceAt.
+type TransactionSender interface {
+	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *transaction.Transaction) error
+}
+
+// GasPricer wraps the gas price oracle, which monitors the blockchain to determine the
+// optimal gas price given current fee market conditions.
+type GasPricer interface {
+	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (uint256.Int, error)
+}
+
+// FeeHistory provides recent fee market data that consumers can use to determine
+// a reasonable maxPriorityFeePerGas value.
+type FeeHistory struct {
+	OldestBlock  uint256.Int     // block corresponding to first response value
+	Reward       [][]uint256.Int // list every txs priority fee per block
+	BaseFee      []uint256.Int   // list of each block's base fee
+	GasUsedRatio []float64       // ratio of gas used out of the total available limit
+}
+
+// A PendingStateReader provides access to the pending state, which is the result of all
+// known executable transactions which have not yet been included in the blockchain. It is
+// commonly used to display the result of ’unconfirmed’ actions (e.g. wallet value
+// transfers) initiated by the user. The PendingNonceAt operation is a good way to
+// retrieve the next available transaction nonce for a specific account.
+type PendingStateReader interface {
+	PendingBalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address) (uint256.Int, error)
+	PendingStorageAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address, key types.Hash) ([]byte, error)
+	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address) ([]byte, error)
+	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account types.Address) (uint64, error)
+	PendingTransactionCount(ctx context.Context) (uint, error)
+}
+
+// PendingContractCaller can be used to perform calls against the pending state.
+type PendingContractCaller interface {
+	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// GasEstimator wraps EstimateGas, which tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a
+// specific transaction based on the pending state. There is no guarantee that this is the
+// true gas limit requirement as other transactions may be added or removed by miners, but
+// it should provide a basis for setting a reasonable default.
+type GasEstimator interface {
+	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) (uint64, error)
+}
+
+// A PendingStateEventer provides access to real time notifications about changes to the
+// pending state.
+type PendingStateEventer interface {
+	SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *transaction.Transaction) (Subscription, error)
+}
diff --git a/internal/allocs/mainnet.json b/internal/allocs/mainnet.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8dfb85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/allocs/mainnet.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2324 @@
+{
+      "0x004F1EA718E3B6C91B3DCDA2BE96D7446390B948": {"balance": "999979000000000000"},
+      "0x012E8BF09A15A3D27496339F15B5AC0B7AB06AD9": {"balance": "29000000000000"},
+      "0x022CDCD54F800FB0A3DDFFD47DBBB7FEE9ABD6CF": {"balance": "10000000000000000000"},
+      "0x02ADC15EAF36523A0D53B127F4CCD195E26AD2A0": {"balance": "20000000000000000000"},
+      "0x041EEF7543976FE4C8D9D1A9D9042C52124DCD5B": {"balance": "29000000000000"},
+      "0x071AAD74A52F76AEC4A4B4FECFC910DBC8FE03F4": {"balance": "87142691481718436"},
+      "0x086A8184C9FBFB66D1EDF2406A5D20576911F5FE": {"balance": "1000000000000000"},
+      "0x08A13A975706491E679630F6DB6FE0D1851D7ACA": {"balance": "958000000000000"},
+      "0x09D6AF75D8FD2D7898A60453EF21F4C541FEC888": {"balance": "179797779000000000000"},
+      "0x0A4B214B3827F574046A9157FBCF395FCA653E68": {"balance": "10000000000000000000"},
+      "0x0EC245261ECCAD28A8A8D5CA51233425C08241D2": {"balance": "33589874000000000000"},
+      "0x0EC925D43EA2A911119D3ECCA0F72A90804A246E": {"balance": "20000000000000000000"},
+      "0x10FEE2F45C09DDF11AB850022B78B15875AD22B0": {"balance": "29000000000000"},
+      "0x123456F6ED06F81EB1EDC6FCCE34414E2C21FE5C": {"balance": "26558035031205"},
+      "0x12BAA59392A2FEC0C4EAC67C06F236229539253A": {"balance": "58000000000000"},
+      "0x13A59C26D2C9D4EB9CDA657E4389EB74C1E35EAA": {"balance": "979000000000000"},
+      "0x1478B6447FFD17AE8F1E32092970D8E275A567DF": {"balance": "38999979000000000000"},
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+      "0xBDE896C515589Bd5A170Ba93F32a0AbFE326F08A": {"balance": "50000000000000000000"},
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+      "0x9baCD559cCe426BA811E16dce51Ed67435a7e5a0": {"balance": "50000000000000000000"},
+      "0x9834fDc511ef2EdBF9AE04e0036591fA71945325": {"balance": "50000000000000000000"},
+      "0x490b95031Ed33F42C3Bb3CEB9d9B9878e2324468": {"balance": "50000000000000000000"},
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+      "0x3342717817B3F57283570DDD44A45D9C900EB1D0": {"balance": "20000000000000000000"},
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+      "0x4FD4C981B451887234381FEA82DB24652716225D": {"balance": "5000000000000000000"},
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+      "0x67F311E5124D819C348AB203365BAFC06942B12F": {"balance": "79000000000000"},
+      "0xB2F128F09F0CDE34818E40727EE31CC3E2539C6C": {"balance": "979000000000000"},
+      "0xC1AAB8F25BCDC322D7BAE8E6C8ADC5BB26000E13": {"balance": "2000000000000000000"},
+      "0xC275486FC57137C44EC19D682F4CE73823191F0E": {"balance": "5250000000000"},
+      "0xE932C272C7A807F42410FC061FE1D720D179CE69": {"balance": "100000000000000000"},
+      "0xEC5F54CCA9D91EA91ECD1D052FA0579C745C7A5B": {"balance": "5000000000000000000"},
+      "0xEb8aE6c1A31CeA7B4AfdD247211C863A1e7FB6D6": {"balance": "100000000000000000000000"}
+}
diff --git a/internal/allocs/testnet.json b/internal/allocs/testnet.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cd6a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/allocs/testnet.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+    "0xA2142AB3F25EAA9985F22C3F5B1FF9FA378DAC21": {"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"},
+    "0x5679AAcA8BC5A1ba9281B1da5a2288A6eC439149": {"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"},
+    "0xdD983ceE9ce4fa065361F130ECd9B41103b46035": {"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"},
+    "0xEb8aE6c1A31CeA7B4AfdD247211C863A1e7FB6D6": {"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"},
+    "0x588639773bc6f163aa262245cda746c120676431": {"balance": "100000000000000000000000000"},
+    "0xd1ff88affe38dfb65c621706dff6468ecd418bff": {"balance": "9000000000000000000000000"},
+    "0xf13d680bA12717fE27d33caB983c5C755Ff74358": {"balance": "109000000000000000000000000"}
+}
+
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/database.go b/internal/amcdb/database.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b36f8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package astdb
+
+type DBType uint8
+
+const (
+	DBMem = iota
+	DBLmdb
+	DBUnknown
+)
+
+func (dt DBType) String() string {
+	switch dt {
+	case DBMem:
+		return "memory"
+	case DBLmdb:
+		return "lmdb"
+	default:
+		return "unknown db"
+	}
+}
+
+func ToDBType(name string) DBType {
+	switch name {
+	case "memory":
+		return DBMem
+	case "lmdb":
+		return DBLmdb
+	default:
+		return DBUnknown
+	}
+}
+
+//func OpenDB(ctx context.Context, nodeConfig *conf.NodeConfig, config *conf.DatabaseConfig) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+//	dType := ToDBType(config.DBType)
+//	switch dType {
+//	case DBLmdb:
+//		return lmdb.NewLMDB(ctx, nodeConfig, config)
+//	case DBMem:
+//		return memdb.NewMemDB(), nil
+//	default:
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed open db, err: invalid db type")
+//	}
+//}
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/lmdb/db_rw.go b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/db_rw.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6ec372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/db_rw.go
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lmdb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/db"
+	"github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go/mdbx"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+type DBI struct {
+	*mdbx.DBI
+	env    *mdbx.Env
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+	name string
+
+	//log *zap.SugaredLogger
+}
+
+func newDBI(ctx context.Context, env *mdbx.Env, name string) (*DBI, error) {
+	var (
+		mdb mdbx.DBI
+		err error
+	)
+	err = env.Update(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		mdb, err = txn.OpenDBI(name, mdbx.Create, nil, nil)
+		return err
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	dbi := DBI{
+		DBI:    &mdb,
+		env:    env,
+		ctx:    c,
+		cancel: cancel,
+		name:   name,
+	}
+
+	return &dbi, nil
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) Get(key []byte) (value []byte, err error) {
+	db.lock.RLock()
+	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
+	err = db.env.View(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		value, err = txn.Get(*db.DBI, key)
+		return err
+	})
+
+	return value, err
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) Gets(key []byte, count uint) (keys [][]byte, values [][]byte, err error) {
+	db.lock.RLock()
+	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
+	err = db.env.View(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		cur, err := txn.OpenCursor(*db.DBI)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer cur.Close()
+
+		k, v, err := cur.Get(key, nil, mdbx.Set) //SetRange
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+		values = append(values, v)
+		for {
+			k, v, err = cur.Get(nil, nil, mdbx.Next)
+			if mdbx.IsNotFound(err) {
+				break
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+			values = append(values, v)
+			if len(keys) >= int(count) {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return keys, values, err
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) GetIterator(key []byte) (iterator db.IIterator, err error) {
+	//panic(fmt.Errorf("don`t support Iterator current"))
+	return newIterator(db, key)
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) Put(key []byte, value []byte) (err error) {
+	err = db.env.Update(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		return txn.Put(*db.DBI, key, value, 0) //mdbx.NoOverwrite
+	})
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) Puts(keys [][]byte, values [][]byte) (err error) {
+	db.lock.Lock()
+	defer db.lock.Unlock()
+	if len(keys) != len(values) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed the number of keys and values is inconsistent")
+	}
+	err = db.env.Update(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+			err = txn.Put(*db.DBI, keys[i], values[i], 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) Drop() (err error) {
+	db.lock.Lock()
+	defer db.lock.Unlock()
+	return db.env.Update(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		return txn.Drop(*db.DBI, true)
+	})
+}
+
+func (db *DBI) Delete(key []byte) (err error) {
+	db.lock.Lock()
+	defer db.lock.Unlock()
+	return db.env.Update(func(txn *mdbx.Txn) error {
+		return txn.Del(*db.DBI, key, nil)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/lmdb/errors.go b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d414beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lmdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+)
+
+var (
+	errorSnapshotIsClose = errors.New("snapshot already closed")
+)
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/lmdb/iterater.go b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/iterater.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aefe4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/iterater.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lmdb
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/db"
+	"github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go/mdbx"
+	"runtime"
+)
+
+/*
+ */
+type Iterator struct {
+	*mdbx.Cursor
+	txn *mdbx.Txn
+
+	key   []byte
+	value []byte
+	err   error
+}
+
+func newIterator(dbi *DBI, key []byte) (db.IIterator, error) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	txn, err := dbi.env.BeginTxn(nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cur, err := txn.OpenCursor(*dbi.DBI)
+	if err != nil {
+		runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var (
+		k, v []byte
+	)
+
+	if key != nil {
+		k, v, err = cur.Get(key, nil, mdbx.SetKey)
+	} else {
+		k, v, err = cur.Get(nil, nil, mdbx.First)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+		cur.Close()
+		txn.Abort()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	it := Iterator{
+		Cursor: cur,
+		txn:    txn,
+		key:    k,
+		value:  v,
+		err:    nil,
+	}
+	return &it, nil
+}
+
+func (it *Iterator) Next() error {
+	it.key, it.value, it.err = it.Cursor.Get(nil, nil, mdbx.Next)
+	return it.err
+}
+
+func (it *Iterator) Key() ([]byte, error) {
+	return it.key, it.err
+}
+
+func (it *Iterator) Prev() error {
+	it.key, it.value, it.err = it.Cursor.Get(nil, nil, mdbx.Prev)
+	return it.err
+}
+
+func (it *Iterator) Value() ([]byte, error) {
+	return it.value, it.err
+}
+func (it *Iterator) Close() {
+	it.Cursor.Close()
+	it.txn.Abort()
+	runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+}
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/lmdb/lmdb.go b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/lmdb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92e7efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/lmdb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lmdb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/db"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	"github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go/mdbx"
+)
+
+var (
+	_lmdb Lmdb
+)
+
+type Lmdb struct {
+	*mdbx.Env
+	config *conf.DatabaseConfig
+
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+
+	once    sync.Once
+	running bool
+	wg      sync.WaitGroup
+	mu      sync.RWMutex
+
+	mDBI map[string]*DBI
+}
+
+func NewLMDB(c context.Context, nodeConfig *conf.NodeConfig, config *conf.DatabaseConfig) (*Lmdb, error) { //ethdb.Database
+	if _lmdb.running {
+		return &_lmdb, nil
+	}
+	env, err := mdbx.NewEnv()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to create lmdb, err %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if config.Debug {
+		if err := env.SetDebug(mdbx.LogLvlDebug, mdbx.DbgDoNotChange, mdbx.LoggerDoNotChange); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to set lmdb with deubg, err: %v", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err = env.SetOption(mdbx.OptMaxDB, config.MaxDB); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to set max db, err: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err = env.SetOption(mdbx.OptMaxReaders, config.MaxReaders); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to set max reader, err: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err = env.SetGeometry(-1, -1, int(3*datasize.TB), int(2*datasize.GB), -1, 4*1024); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to set geometry, err: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var file string
+	//todo how deal with windows?
+	if strings.HasSuffix(config.DBPath, "/") {
+		file = fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s%s", nodeConfig.DataDir, config.DBPath, config.DBName)
+	} else {
+		file = fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", nodeConfig.DataDir, config.DBPath, config.DBName)
+	}
+
+	if !utils.Exists(file) {
+		if err := utils.MkdirAll(file, os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := env.Open(file, 0, os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+		if mdbx.IsNotExist(err) {
+			log.Warnf("failed to open db %s, path not exist, err: %v", file, err)
+			if err := utils.MkdirAll(file, 0666); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		} else {
+			log.Errorf("failed to open db %s, err: %v", file, err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c)
+	_lmdb = Lmdb{
+		Env:     env,
+		config:  config,
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		cancel:  cancel,
+		running: true,
+		mDBI:    make(map[string]*DBI),
+	}
+
+	return &_lmdb, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Lmdb) OpenReader(dbName string) (reader db.IDatabaseReader, err error) {
+	return m.openDBI(dbName)
+}
+
+func (m *Lmdb) OpenWriter(dbName string) (writer db.IDatabaseWriter, err error) {
+	return m.openDBI(dbName)
+}
+
+func (m *Lmdb) Open(dbName string) (rw db.IDatabaseWriterReader, err error) {
+	return m.openDBI(dbName)
+}
+
+/*
+Snapshot:
+*/
+func (m *Lmdb) Snapshot() (db.ISnapshot, error) {
+	return newSnapshot(m.ctx, nil, m.Env)
+}
+
+func (m *Lmdb) openDBI(dbName string) (rw db.IDatabaseWriterReader, err error) {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	if dbi, ok := m.mDBI[dbName]; ok {
+		m.mu.RUnlock()
+		return dbi, nil
+	}
+	m.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	dbi, err := newDBI(m.ctx, m.Env, dbName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	m.mDBI[dbName] = dbi
+	return dbi, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Lmdb) Close() (err error) {
+	m.once.Do(func() {
+		m.running = false
+		m.cancel()
+		m.Env.Close()
+	})
+	return
+}
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/lmdb/snapshot_rw.go b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/snapshot_rw.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c90e0f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/lmdb/snapshot_rw.go
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lmdb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go/mdbx"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+type DBISnapshot struct {
+	ctx context.Context
+	txn *mdbx.Txn
+	ok  bool
+
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+	once sync.Once
+
+	dbi     map[string]mdbx.DBI
+	dbiLock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+func newSnapshot(ctx context.Context, parent *mdbx.Txn, env *mdbx.Env) (*DBISnapshot, error) {
+	txn, err := env.BeginTxn(nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &DBISnapshot{
+		ctx: ctx,
+		txn: txn,
+		ok:  true,
+		dbi: make(map[string]mdbx.DBI),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (db *DBISnapshot) IsRunning() bool {
+	return db.ok
+}
+
+func (db *DBISnapshot) Get(dbName string, key []byte) (value []byte, err error) {
+	if !db.IsRunning() {
+		return nil, errorSnapshotIsClose
+	}
+	db.lock.RLock()
+	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	dbi, err := db.openDBI(dbName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return db.txn.Get(*dbi, key)
+}
+
+//func (db *DBISnapshot) GetIterator(dbName string, key []byte) (iterator db.IIterator, err error) {
+//	if !db.IsRunning() {
+//		return nil, errorSnapshotIsClose
+//	}
+//
+//	dbi, err := db.openDBI(dbName)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//
+//	return newIterator(dbi, key)
+//}
+
+func (db *DBISnapshot) Put(dbName string, key []byte, value []byte) (err error) {
+	if !db.IsRunning() {
+		return errorSnapshotIsClose
+	}
+	db.lock.RLock()
+	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	dbi, err := db.openDBI(dbName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return db.txn.Put(*dbi, key, value, 0)
+}
+
+func (db *DBISnapshot) Commit() error {
+	var err error
+	db.once.Do(func() {
+		if !db.IsRunning() {
+			err = errorSnapshotIsClose
+		}
+		db.lock.Lock()
+		defer db.lock.Unlock()
+		db.ok = false
+		_, err = db.txn.Commit()
+	})
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func (db *DBISnapshot) Rollback() {
+	db.once.Do(func() {
+		if db.IsRunning() {
+			db.lock.Lock()
+			defer db.lock.Unlock()
+			db.ok = false
+			db.txn.Abort()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (db *DBISnapshot) openDBI(name string) (*mdbx.DBI, error) {
+	if !db.IsRunning() {
+		return nil, errorSnapshotIsClose
+	}
+
+	db.dbiLock.Lock()
+	defer db.dbiLock.Unlock()
+
+	if dbi, ok := db.dbi[name]; ok {
+		return &dbi, nil
+	}
+
+	dbi, err := db.txn.OpenDBI(name, mdbx.Create, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	db.dbi[name] = dbi
+	return &dbi, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/amcdb/memdb/memdb.go b/internal/amcdb/memdb/memdb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..195ee00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/amcdb/memdb/memdb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package memdb
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/db"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+type MemoryDB struct {
+	db   map[string][]byte
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Snapshot() (db.ISnapshot, error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func NewMemDB() db.IDatabase {
+	return &MemoryDB{
+		db: make(map[string][]byte),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) OpenReader(dbName string) (db.IDatabaseReader, error) {
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) OpenWriter(dbName string) (db.IDatabaseWriter, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Open(dbName string) (db.IDatabaseWriterReader, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	m.lock.RLock()
+	defer m.lock.RUnlock()
+	if _, ok := m.db[string(key)]; ok {
+		v := m.db[string(key)]
+		return v, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid key")
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Gets(key []byte, count uint) ([][]byte, [][]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) GetIterator(key []byte) (db.IIterator, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+/*
+type IDBWriter interface {
+	Put(key []byte, value []byte) (err error)
+	Puts(keys [][]byte, values [][]byte) (err error)
+	Delete(key []byte) (err error)
+	Drop() (err error)
+}
+*/
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	m.lock.Lock()
+	defer m.lock.Unlock()
+	if _, ok := m.db[string(key)]; ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("already add")
+	}
+
+	m.db[string(key)] = value
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Puts(keys [][]byte, values [][]byte) error {
+	for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+		if err := m.Put(keys[i], values[i]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Delete(key []byte) error {
+	m.lock.Lock()
+	defer m.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := m.db[string(key)]; ok {
+		delete(m.db, string(key))
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("invalid key")
+}
+
+func (m *MemoryDB) Drop() error {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/account.go b/internal/api/account.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a42aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/account.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+type DumpAccount struct {
+	Balance   string                `json:"balance"`
+	Nonce     uint64                `json:"nonce"`
+	Root      hexutil.Bytes         `json:"root"`
+	CodeHash  hexutil.Bytes         `json:"codeHash"`
+	Code      hexutil.Bytes         `json:"code,omitempty"`
+	Storage   map[types.Hash]string `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+	Address   *common.Address       `json:"address,omitempty"` // Address only present in iterative (line-by-line) mode
+	SecureKey hexutil.Bytes         `json:"key,omitempty"`     // If we don't have address, we can output the key
+
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/addrlock.go b/internal/api/addrlock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..435bc49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/addrlock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+type AddrLocker struct {
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	locks map[types.Address]*sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// lock returns the lock of the given address.
+func (l *AddrLocker) lock(address types.Address) *sync.Mutex {
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+	if l.locks == nil {
+		l.locks = make(map[types.Address]*sync.Mutex)
+	}
+	if _, ok := l.locks[address]; !ok {
+		l.locks[address] = new(sync.Mutex)
+	}
+	return l.locks[address]
+}
+
+// LockAddr locks an account's mutex. This is used to prevent another tx getting the
+// same nonce until the lock is released. The mutex prevents the (an identical nonce) from
+// being read again during the time that the first transaction is being signed.
+func (l *AddrLocker) LockAddr(address types.Address) {
+	l.lock(address).Lock()
+}
+
+// UnlockAddr unlocks the mutex of the given account.
+func (l *AddrLocker) UnlockAddr(address types.Address) {
+	l.lock(address).Unlock()
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/agg_sign.go b/internal/api/agg_sign.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acd819d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/agg_sign.go
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls/blst"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+var sigChannel = make(chan AggSign, 10)
+
+var validVerifers = map[string]string{
+	"ast4541Fc1CCB4e042a3BaDFE46904F9D22d127B682": "157aee59b889a8a9e3ecec11e4f79f6c065e3d21c6da2222b916c54f8c820d9c",
+	"ast9BA336835422BAeFc537d75642959d2a866500a3": "00121edadf6e723f2fe8c23d2359f57a7058986a1b8458d23eb29db7204afea7",
+	"astf13d680bA12717fE27d33caB983c5C755Ff74358": "5de474bbf3fee5dfda9047287f596c6e6c0271876305357e399fffba6a5f9a9f",
+	"astd1ff88affe38dfb65c621706dff6468ecd418bff": "4c1ad066cc2971c94a8aca6a7d3e4bdd86891922c5b1d39e6d0da8cad9262be4",
+	"astb9e94477f5f88b5e8da2e97e8506d6e4fcf04e5b": "2c02dd3cf600af9a8567e5cc5ff158c1b89e1f3ea21bff61f505d141a96a60ee",
+}
+
+//type WithCodeAndHash struct {
+//	CodeIndex []byte `json:"codeIndex"`
+//	Code      []byte `json:"code"`
+//	Hash      []byte `json:"hash"`
+//}
+
+//func ExportCodeAndHash(ctx context.Context, db kv.RwDB) (WithCodeAndHash, error) {
+//	var result WithCodeAndHash
+//	var err error
+//	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+//	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+//	defer cancel()
+//
+//	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+//	wg.Add(2)
+//	// export header hash
+//	go func(ctx context.Context) {
+//		defer wg.Done()
+//		rtx, err := db.BeginRo(ctx)
+//		if nil != err {
+//			errs <- err
+//			return
+//		}
+//		defer rtx.Rollback()
+//
+//		buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+//		hashW := zlib.NewWriter(buf)
+//		defer hashW.Close()
+//
+//		cur, err := rtx.Cursor(modules.HeaderCanonical)
+//		if nil != err {
+//			errs <- err
+//			return
+//		}
+//		defer cur.Close()
+//
+//		select {
+//		case <-ctx.Done():
+//			return
+//		default:
+//			for k, v, err := cur.First(); k != nil; k, v, err = cur.Next() {
+//				if nil != err {
+//					errs <- err
+//					return
+//				}
+//				//b, _ := modules.DecodeBlockNumber(k)
+//				//h := types.Hash{}
+//				//h.SetBytes(v)
+//				//log.Tracef("read hash, %d, %v", b, h)
+//				hashW.Write(v)
+//			}
+//
+//			if err := hashW.Flush(); nil != err {
+//				errs <- err
+//				return
+//			}
+//			result.Hash = buf.Bytes()
+//		}
+//	}(ctx)
+//
+//	// export code
+//	go func(ctx context.Context) {
+//		defer wg.Done()
+//		rtx, err := db.BeginRo(ctx)
+//		if nil != err {
+//			errs <- err
+//			return
+//		}
+//		defer rtx.Rollback()
+//
+//		cur, err := rtx.Cursor(modules.Code)
+//		if nil != err {
+//			errs <- err
+//			return
+//		}
+//		defer cur.Close()
+//
+//		indBuf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+//		indW := zlib.NewWriter(indBuf)
+//		defer indW.Close()
+//		codeBuf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+//		codeW := zlib.NewWriter(codeBuf)
+//		defer codeW.Close()
+//		index := uint64(0)
+//
+//		select {
+//		case <-ctx.Done():
+//			return
+//		default:
+//			for k, v, err := cur.First(); k != nil; k, v, err = cur.Next() {
+//				if nil != err {
+//					errs <- err
+//					return
+//				}
+//				indW.Write(k)
+//				indW.Write(modules.EncodeBlockNumber(index))
+//				index += uint64(len(v))
+//				indW.Write(modules.EncodeBlockNumber(index))
+//				codeW.Write(v)
+//			}
+//			result.CodeIndex = indBuf.Bytes()
+//			result.Code = codeBuf.Bytes()
+//		}
+//	}(ctx)
+//
+//	select {
+//	case e := <-errs:
+//		err = e
+//		cancel()
+//	default:
+//		wg.Wait()
+//	}
+//	close(errs)
+//	log.Tracef("export code and hash: %+v", result)
+//	return result, err
+//}
+
+type AggSign struct {
+	Number    uint64          `json:"number"`
+	StateRoot types.Hash      `json:"stateRoot"`
+	Sign      types.Signature `json:"sign"`
+	Address   types.Address   `json:"address"`
+	PublicKey types.PublicKey `json:"-"`
+}
+
+func (s *AggSign) Check(root types.Hash) bool {
+	if s.StateRoot != root {
+		return false
+	}
+	sig, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(s.Sign[:])
+	if nil != err {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	pub, err := bls.PublicKeyFromBytes(s.PublicKey[:])
+	if nil != err {
+		return false
+	}
+	return sig.Verify(pub, s.StateRoot[:])
+}
+
+func DepositInfo(db kv.RwDB, key types.Address) *deposit.Info {
+	var info *deposit.Info
+	_ = db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		info = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, key)
+		return nil
+	})
+	return info
+}
+
+func IsDeposit(db kv.RwDB, addr types.Address) (bool, error) {
+	tx, err := db.BeginRo(context.Background())
+	if nil != err {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	return rawdb.IsDeposit(tx, addr), nil
+}
+
+func SignMerge(ctx context.Context, header *block.Header, depositNum uint64) (types.Signature, []*block.Verify, error) {
+	aggrSigns := make([]bls.Signature, 0)
+	verifiers := make([]*block.Verify, 0)
+	uniq := make(map[types.Address]struct{})
+
+LOOP:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case s := <-sigChannel:
+			log.Tracef("accept sign, %+v", s)
+			if s.Number != header.Number.Uint64() {
+				log.Tracef("discard sign: need block number %d, get %d", header.Number.Uint64(), s.Number)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if _, ok := uniq[s.Address]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if !s.Check(header.Root) {
+				log.Tracef("discard sign: sign check failed! %v", s)
+				continue
+			}
+			sig, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(s.Sign[:])
+			if nil != err {
+				return types.Signature{}, nil, err
+			}
+
+			aggrSigns = append(aggrSigns, sig)
+			verifiers = append(verifiers, &block.Verify{
+				Address:   s.Address,
+				PublicKey: s.PublicKey,
+			})
+			uniq[s.Address] = struct{}{}
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			break LOOP
+		}
+	}
+	// todo enough sigs check
+	// 1
+	// uint64(len(aggrSigns)) < depositNum/2
+	// uint64(len(aggrSigns)) < 7
+	if uint64(len(aggrSigns)) < 3 {
+		return types.Signature{}, nil, consensus.ErrNotEnoughSign
+	}
+
+	aggS := blst.AggregateSignatures(aggrSigns)
+	var aggSign types.Signature
+	copy(aggSign[:], aggS.Marshal())
+	return aggSign, verifiers, nil
+}
+
+func MachineVerify(ctx context.Context) error {
+	entire := make(chan common.MinedEntireEvent)
+	blocksSub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(entire)
+	defer blocksSub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	errs := make(chan error)
+	defer close(errs)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case b := <-entire:
+			log.Tracef("machine verify accept entire, number: %d", b.Entire.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64())
+			for k, s := range validVerifers {
+				go func(seckey string, address string) {
+					// recover private key
+					sByte, err := hex.DecodeString(seckey)
+					if nil != err {
+						errs <- err
+						return
+					}
+					var addr types.Address
+					if !addr.DecodeString(address) {
+						errs <- fmt.Errorf("unvalid address")
+						return
+					}
+
+					// before state verify
+					var hash types.Hash
+					hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+					state.EncodeBeforeState(hasher, b.Entire.Entire.Snap.Items, b.Entire.Codes)
+					_, err = hasher.(crypto.KeccakState).Read(hash[:])
+					if err != nil {
+						return
+					}
+					if b.Entire.Entire.Header.MixDigest != hash {
+						log.Warn("misMatch before state hash", "want:", b.Entire.Entire.Header.MixDigest, "get:", hash, b.Entire.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64())
+						return
+					}
+
+					// publicKey
+					var bs [32]byte
+					copy(bs[:], sByte)
+					pri, err := bls.SecretKeyFromRandom32Byte(bs)
+					if nil != err {
+						errs <- err
+						return
+					}
+
+					// Signature
+					sign := pri.Sign(b.Entire.Entire.Header.Root[:])
+					tmp := AggSign{Number: b.Entire.Entire.Header.Number.Uint64()}
+					copy(tmp.StateRoot[:], b.Entire.Entire.Header.Root[:])
+					copy(tmp.Sign[:], sign.Marshal())
+					copy(tmp.PublicKey[:], pri.PublicKey().Marshal())
+					tmp.Address = addr
+					// send res
+					sigChannel <- tmp
+					//log.Tracef("send verify sign, %+v", tmp)
+				}(s, k)
+			}
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		case err := <-errs:
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/api.go b/internal/api/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32f2461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1406 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/api/filters"
+	vm2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/turbo/rpchelper"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/abi"
+	mvm_common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+const (
+	// todo
+	baseFee       = 5000000
+	rpcEVMTimeout = time.Duration(5 * time.Second)
+	rpcGasCap     = 50000000
+)
+
+// API compatible EthereumAPI provides an API to access related information.
+type API struct {
+	db      kv.RwDB
+	bc      common.IBlockChain
+	engine  consensus.Engine
+	txspool common.ITxsPool
+
+	accountManager *accounts.Manager
+	chainConfig    *params.ChainConfig
+
+	gpo *Oracle
+}
+
+// NewAPI creates a new protocol API.
+func NewAPI(bc common.IBlockChain, db kv.RwDB, engine consensus.Engine, txspool common.ITxsPool, accountManager *accounts.Manager, config *params.ChainConfig) *API {
+	return &API{
+		db:             db,
+		bc:             bc,
+		engine:         engine,
+		txspool:        txspool,
+		accountManager: accountManager,
+		chainConfig:    config,
+	}
+}
+
+func (api *API) SetGpo(gpo *Oracle) {
+	api.gpo = gpo
+}
+
+func (api *API) Apis() []jsonrpc.API {
+	nonceLock := new(AddrLocker)
+	return []jsonrpc.API{
+		{
+			Namespace: "eth",
+			Service:   NewBlockChainAPI(api),
+		}, {
+			Namespace: "eth",
+			Service:   NewastAPI(api),
+		}, {
+			Namespace: "eth",
+			Service:   NewTransactionAPI(api, nonceLock),
+		}, {
+			Namespace: "web3",
+			Service:   &Web3API{api},
+		}, {
+			Namespace: "net",
+			Service:   NewNetAPI(api, api.GetChainConfig().ChainID.Uint64()),
+		},
+		{
+			Namespace: "debug",
+			Service:   NewDebugAPI(api),
+		},
+		{
+			Namespace: "txpool",
+			Service:   NewTxsPoolAPI(api),
+		}, {
+			Namespace: "eth",
+			Service:   filters.NewFilterAPI(api, 5*time.Minute),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *API) TxsPool() common.ITxsPool       { return n.txspool }
+func (n *API) Database() kv.RwDB              { return n.db }
+func (n *API) Engine() consensus.Engine       { return n.engine }
+func (n *API) BlockChain() common.IBlockChain { return n.bc }
+func (n *API) GetEvm(ctx context.Context, msg internal.Message, ibs evmtypes.IntraBlockState, header block.IHeader, vmConfig *vm2.Config) (*vm2.EVM, func() error, error) {
+	vmError := func() error { return nil }
+
+	txContext := internal.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+	context := internal.NewEVMBlockContext(header.(*block.Header), internal.GetHashFn(header.(*block.Header), nil), n.engine, nil)
+	//tx, err := n.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	//if nil != err {
+	//	return nil, nil, err
+	//}
+	//defer tx.Rollback()
+	//
+	//stateReader := state.NewPlainStateReader(tx)
+
+	return vm2.NewEVM(context, txContext, ibs, n.GetChainConfig(), *vmConfig), vmError, nil
+}
+
+func (n *API) State(tx kv.Tx, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) evmtypes.IntraBlockState {
+
+	_, blockHash, err := rpchelper.GetCanonicalBlockNumber(blockNrOrHash, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blockNr := rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(tx, blockHash)
+	if nil == blockNr {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	stateReader := state.NewPlainState(tx, *blockNr+1)
+	return state.New(stateReader)
+}
+
+func (n *API) GetChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig {
+	return n.chainConfig
+}
+
+func (n *API) RPCGasCap() uint64 {
+	return rpcGasCap
+}
+
+// astAPI provides an API to access metadata related information.
+type astAPI struct {
+	api *API
+}
+
+// NewastAPI creates a new Meta protocol API.
+func NewastAPI(api *API) *astAPI {
+	return &astAPI{api}
+}
+
+// GasPrice returns a suggestion for a gas price for legacy transactions.
+func (s *astAPI) GasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*hexutil.Big, error) {
+	conf.LightClientGPO.Default = big.NewInt(params.GWei)
+	//oracle := NewOracle(s.api.BlockChain(), conf.LightClientGPO)
+	tipcap, err := s.api.gpo.SuggestTipCap(ctx, s.api.GetChainConfig())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if head := s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header(); head.BaseFee64() != uint256.NewInt(0) {
+		tipcap.Add(tipcap, head.BaseFee64().ToBig())
+	}
+	return (*hexutil.Big)(tipcap), nil
+	//todo hardcode 13Gwei
+	//tipcap := 13000000000
+	//return (*hexutil.Big)(new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(tipcap))), nil
+}
+
+// MaxPriorityFeePerGas returns a suggestion for a gas tip cap for dynamic fee transactions.
+func (s *astAPI) MaxPriorityFeePerGas(ctx context.Context) (*hexutil.Big, error) {
+	tipcap, err := s.api.gpo.SuggestTipCap(ctx, s.api.GetChainConfig())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return (*hexutil.Big)(tipcap), err
+}
+
+type feeHistoryResult struct {
+	OldestBlock  *hexutil.Big     `json:"oldestBlock"`
+	Reward       [][]*hexutil.Big `json:"reward,omitempty"`
+	BaseFee      []*hexutil.Big   `json:"baseFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+	GasUsedRatio []float64        `json:"gasUsedRatio"`
+}
+
+// FeeHistory returns the fee market history.
+func (s *astAPI) FeeHistory(ctx context.Context, blockCount jsonrpc.DecimalOrHex, lastBlock jsonrpc.BlockNumber, rewardPercentiles []float64) (*feeHistoryResult, error) {
+
+	var (
+		resolvedLastBlock *uint256.Int
+		err               error
+	)
+
+	s.api.db.View(ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		resolvedLastBlock, _, err = rpchelper.GetBlockNumber(jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(lastBlock), tx)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	oldest, reward, baseFee, gasUsed, err := s.api.gpo.FeeHistory(ctx, int(blockCount), lastBlock, resolvedLastBlock, rewardPercentiles)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	results := &feeHistoryResult{
+		OldestBlock:  (*hexutil.Big)(oldest),
+		GasUsedRatio: gasUsed,
+	}
+	if reward != nil {
+		results.Reward = make([][]*hexutil.Big, len(reward))
+		for i, w := range reward {
+			results.Reward[i] = make([]*hexutil.Big, len(w))
+			for j, v := range w {
+				results.Reward[i][j] = (*hexutil.Big)(v)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if baseFee != nil {
+		results.BaseFee = make([]*hexutil.Big, len(baseFee))
+		for i, v := range baseFee {
+			results.BaseFee[i] = (*hexutil.Big)(v)
+		}
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+// TxPoolAPI offers and API for the transaction pool. It only operates on data that is non confidential.
+type TxPoolAPI struct {
+	api *API
+}
+
+// NewTxPoolAPI creates a new tx pool service that gives information about the transaction pool.
+func NewTxPoolAPI(api *API) *TxPoolAPI {
+	return &TxPoolAPI{api}
+}
+
+// Content returns the transactions contained within the transaction pool.
+func (s *TxPoolAPI) Content() map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction {
+	content := map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction{
+		"pending": make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction),
+		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction),
+	}
+	return content
+}
+
+// ContentFrom returns the transactions contained within the transaction pool.
+func (s *TxPoolAPI) ContentFrom(addr types.Address) map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction {
+	content := make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction, 2)
+
+	return content
+}
+
+// Status returns the number of pending and queued transaction in the pool.
+func (s *TxPoolAPI) Status() map[string]hexutil.Uint {
+	_, pending, _, queue := s.api.TxsPool().Stats()
+	return map[string]hexutil.Uint{
+		"pending": hexutil.Uint(pending),
+		"queued":  hexutil.Uint(queue),
+	}
+}
+
+// Inspect retrieves the content of the transaction pool and flattens it into an
+// easily inspectable list.
+func (s *TxPoolAPI) Inspect() map[string]map[string]map[string]string {
+	content := map[string]map[string]map[string]string{
+		"pending": make(map[string]map[string]string),
+		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string]string),
+	}
+
+	return content
+}
+
+// AccountAPI provides an API to access accounts managed by this node.
+// It offers only methods that can retrieve accounts.
+type AccountAPI struct {
+}
+
+// NewAccountAPI creates a new AccountAPI.
+func NewAccountAPI() *AccountAPI {
+	return &AccountAPI{}
+}
+
+// Accounts returns the collection of accounts this node manages.
+func (s *AccountAPI) Accounts() []types.Address {
+	//return s.am.Accounts()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BlockChainAPI provides an API to access Ethereum blockchain data.
+type BlockChainAPI struct {
+	api *API
+}
+
+// NewBlockChainAPI creates a new  blockchain API.
+func NewBlockChainAPI(api *API) *BlockChainAPI {
+	return &BlockChainAPI{api}
+}
+
+// ChainId get Chain ID
+func (api *BlockChainAPI) ChainId() *hexutil.Big {
+	return (*hexutil.Big)(api.api.GetChainConfig().ChainID)
+}
+
+// GetBalance get balance
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetBalance(ctx context.Context, address mvm_common.Address, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (*hexutil.Big, error) {
+	tx, err := s.api.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	state := s.api.State(tx, blockNrOrHash)
+	if state == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	balance := state.GetBalance(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address))
+	return (*hexutil.Big)(balance.ToBig()), nil
+}
+
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) BlockNumber() hexutil.Uint64 {
+	//jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber
+	header := s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header() // latest header should always be available
+	return hexutil.Uint64(header.Number64().Uint64())
+}
+
+// GetCode get code
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetCode(ctx context.Context, address mvm_common.Address, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
+	tx, err := s.api.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	state := s.api.State(tx, blockNrOrHash)
+	if state == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	code := state.GetCode(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address))
+	return code, nil
+}
+
+// GetStorageAt returns the storage from the state at the given address, key and
+// block number. The rpc.LatestBlockNumber and rpc.PendingBlockNumber metadata block
+// numbers are also allowed.
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetStorageAt(ctx context.Context, address types.Address, key string, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
+	tx, err := s.api.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	state := s.api.State(tx, blockNrOrHash)
+	if state == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var va uint256.Int
+	k := types.HexToHash(key)
+	state.GetState(address, &k, &va)
+	return va.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// GetUncleCountByBlockHash returns number of uncles in the block for the given block hash
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetUncleCountByBlockHash(ctx context.Context, blockHash mvm_common.Hash) *hexutil.Uint {
+	if block, _ := s.api.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(mvm_types.ToastHash(blockHash)); block != nil {
+		//POA donot have Uncles
+		n := hexutil.Uint(0)
+		return &n
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetUncleByBlockHashAndIndex returns the uncle block for the given block hash and index.
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetUncleByBlockHashAndIndex(ctx context.Context, blockHash mvm_common.Hash, index hexutil.Uint) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	b, err := s.api.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(mvm_types.ToastHash(blockHash))
+	if b != nil {
+		//POA donot have Uncles
+		var uncles []struct{}
+		if index >= hexutil.Uint(len(uncles)) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		block := block.NewBlock(&block.Header{}, nil)
+		return RPCMarshalBlock(block, s.api.BlockChain(), false, false)
+	}
+	return nil, err
+}
+
+// Result structs for GetProof
+type AccountResult struct {
+	Address      types.Address   `json:"address"`
+	AccountProof []string        `json:"accountProof"`
+	Balance      *hexutil.Big    `json:"balance"`
+	CodeHash     types.Hash      `json:"codeHash"`
+	Nonce        hexutil.Uint64  `json:"nonce"`
+	StorageHash  types.Hash      `json:"storageHash"`
+	StorageProof []StorageResult `json:"storageProof"`
+}
+
+type StorageResult struct {
+	Key   string       `json:"key"`
+	Value *hexutil.Big `json:"value"`
+	Proof []string     `json:"proof"`
+}
+
+// // OverrideAccount indicates the overriding fields of account during the execution
+// // of a message call.
+// // Note, state and stateDiff can't be specified at the same time. If state is
+// // set, message execution will only use the data in the given state. Otherwise
+// // if statDiff is set, all diff will be applied first and then execute the call
+// // message.
+type OverrideAccount struct {
+	Nonce      *hexutil.Uint64                      `json:"nonce"`
+	Code       *hexutil.Bytes                       `json:"code"`
+	Balance    **hexutil.Big                        `json:"balance"`
+	StatsPrint *map[mvm_common.Hash]mvm_common.Hash `json:"state"`
+	StateDiff  *map[mvm_common.Hash]mvm_common.Hash `json:"stateDiff"`
+}
+
+// StateOverride is the collection of overridden accounts.
+type StateOverride map[mvm_common.Address]OverrideAccount
+
+// Apply overrides the fields of specified accounts into the given state.
+func (diff *StateOverride) Apply(state *state.IntraBlockState) error {
+	if diff == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for addr, account := range *diff {
+		// Override account nonce.
+		if account.Nonce != nil {
+			state.SetNonce(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr), uint64(*account.Nonce))
+		}
+		// Override account(contract) code.
+		if account.Code != nil {
+			state.SetCode(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr), *account.Code)
+		}
+		// Override account balance.
+		if account.Balance != nil {
+			balance, _ := uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(*account.Balance))
+			state.SetBalance(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr), balance)
+		}
+		if account.StatsPrint != nil && account.StateDiff != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("account %s has both 'state' and 'stateDiff'", addr.String())
+		}
+		if account.StatsPrint != nil {
+			statesPrint := make(map[types.Hash]uint256.Int)
+			for k, v := range *account.StatsPrint {
+				d, _ := uint256.FromBig(v.Big())
+				statesPrint[mvm_types.ToastHash(k)] = *d
+			}
+			state.SetStorage(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr), statesPrint)
+		}
+		// Apply state diff into specified accounts.
+		if account.StateDiff != nil {
+			for key, value := range *account.StateDiff {
+				k := mvm_types.ToastHash(key)
+				v, _ := uint256.FromBig(value.Big())
+				state.SetState(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr), &k, *v)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BlockOverrides is a set of header fields to override.
+type BlockOverrides struct {
+	Number     *hexutil.Big
+	Difficulty *hexutil.Big
+	Time       *hexutil.Uint64
+	GasLimit   *hexutil.Uint64
+	Coinbase   *types.Address
+	Random     *types.Hash
+	BaseFee    *hexutil.Big
+}
+
+// Apply overrides the given header fields into the given block context.
+func (diff *BlockOverrides) Apply(blockCtx *evmtypes.BlockContext) {
+	if diff == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if diff.Number != nil {
+		blockCtx.BlockNumber = diff.Number.ToInt().Uint64()
+	}
+	if diff.Difficulty != nil {
+		blockCtx.Difficulty = diff.Difficulty.ToInt()
+	}
+	if diff.Time != nil {
+		blockCtx.Time = uint64(*diff.Time)
+	}
+	if diff.GasLimit != nil {
+		blockCtx.GasLimit = uint64(*diff.GasLimit)
+	}
+	if diff.Coinbase != nil {
+		blockCtx.Coinbase = *diff.Coinbase
+	}
+	if diff.Random != nil {
+		blockCtx.PrevRanDao = diff.Random
+	}
+	if diff.BaseFee != nil {
+		blockCtx.BaseFee, _ = uint256.FromBig(diff.BaseFee.ToInt())
+	}
+}
+
+func DoCall(ctx context.Context, api *API, args TransactionArgs, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, overrides *StateOverride, timeout time.Duration, globalGasCap uint64) (*internal.ExecutionResult, error) {
+	defer func(start time.Time) { log.Debug("Executing EVM call finished", "runtime", time.Since(start)) }(time.Now())
+
+	// header := api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()
+	//state := api.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Hash()).(*statedb.StateDB)
+	var header block.IHeader
+	var err error
+	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+		if blockNr < jsonrpc.EarliestBlockNumber {
+			header = api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()
+		} else {
+			header = api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(blockNr.Int64())))
+		}
+	}
+	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+		header, err = api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//state := api.State(blockNrOrHash).(*statedb.StateDB)
+	tx, err := api.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	//reader := state.NewPlainStateReader(tx)
+	//ibs := state.New(reader)
+	ibs := api.State(tx, blockNrOrHash)
+	if ibs == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("cannot load state")
+	}
+	if err := overrides.Apply(ibs.(*state.IntraBlockState)); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Setup context so it may be cancelled the call has completed
+	// or, in case of unmetered gas, setup a context with a timeout.
+	var cancel context.CancelFunc
+	if timeout > 0 {
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	} else {
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	}
+	// Make sure the context is cancelled when the call has completed
+	// this makes sure resources are cleaned up.
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Get a new instance of the EVM.
+	msg, err := args.ToMessage(globalGasCap, header.BaseFee64().ToBig())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	//todo debug: , Debug: true, Tracer: vm.NewMarkdownLogger(os.Stdout)
+	evm, vmError, err := api.GetEvm(ctx, msg, ibs, header, &vm2.Config{NoBaseFee: true})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Wait for the context to be done and cancel the evm. Even if the
+	// EVM has finished, cancelling may be done (repeatedly)
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		evm.Cancel()
+	}()
+
+	// Execute the message.
+	gp := new(common.GasPool).AddGas(math.MaxUint64)
+	result, err := internal.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gp, true, false)
+	if err := vmError(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if evm.Cancelled() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("execution aborted (timeout = %v)", timeout)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return result, fmt.Errorf("err: %w (supplied gas %d)", err, msg.Gas())
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func newRevertError(result *internal.ExecutionResult) *revertError {
+	reason, errUnpack := abi.UnpackRevert(result.Revert())
+	err := fmt.Errorf("execution reverted")
+	if errUnpack == nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("execution reverted: %v", reason)
+	}
+	return &revertError{
+		error:  err,
+		reason: hexutil.Encode(result.Revert()),
+	}
+}
+
+// revertError is an API error that encompassas an EVM revertal with JSON error
+// code and a binary data blob.
+type revertError struct {
+	error
+	reason string // revert reason hex encoded
+}
+
+// ErrorCode returns the JSON error code for a revertal.
+// See: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC-Error-Codes-Improvement-Proposal
+func (e *revertError) ErrorCode() int {
+	return 3
+}
+
+// ErrorData returns the hex encoded revert reason.
+func (e *revertError) ErrorData() interface{} {
+	return e.reason
+}
+
+// Call executes the given transaction on the state for the given block number.
+//
+// Additionally, the caller can specify a batch of contract for fields overriding.
+//
+// Note, this function doesn't make and changes in the state/blockchain and is
+// useful to execute and retrieve values.
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) Call(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, overrides *StateOverride) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
+
+	//b, _ := json.Marshal(args)
+	//log.Info("TransactionArgs %s", string(b))
+
+	result, err := DoCall(ctx, s.api, args, blockNrOrHash, overrides, rpcEVMTimeout, rpcGasCap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// If the result contains a revert reason, try to unpack and return it.
+	if len(result.Revert()) > 0 {
+		return nil, newRevertError(result)
+	}
+	return result.Return(), result.Err
+}
+
+func BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number jsonrpc.BlockNumber, n *API) (block.IBlock, error) {
+	// todo
+	// Pending block is only known by the miner
+	if number == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+		iblock := n.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
+		return iblock, nil
+	}
+	// Otherwise resolve and return the block
+	if number == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		iblock := n.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
+		return iblock, nil
+	}
+	iblock, err := n.BlockChain().GetBlockByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return iblock, nil
+}
+
+func BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, api *API) (block.IBlock, error) {
+	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+		if blockNr == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+			return api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock(), nil
+		}
+		return BlockByNumber(ctx, blockNr, api)
+	}
+	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+		iblock, err := api.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(types.Hash(hash))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if iblock == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("header found, but block body is missing")
+		}
+
+		//todo
+		//header := iblock.Header()
+		//if header == nil {
+		//	return nil, errors.New("header for hash not found")
+		//}
+		//iblock, err = n.BlockChain().GetBlockByNumber(header.Number64())
+		//if err != nil {
+		//	return nil, err
+		//}
+		//if blockNrOrHash.RequireCanonical && iblock.Hash() != types.Hash(hash) {
+		//	return nil, errors.New("hash is not currently canonical")
+		//}
+		//iblock, err = n.BlockChain().GetBlockByNumber(n.BlockChain().GetHeader(types.Hash(hash), header.Number64()).Number64())
+		//if err != nil {
+		//	return nil, err
+		//}
+		return iblock, nil
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
+}
+
+//func StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, n *API, number jsonrpc.BlockNumber) (*common.IStateDB, *block.IHeader, error) {
+//	var header block.IHeader
+//	var err error
+//	if number == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+//		header = n.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()
+//	} else {
+//		header, err = n.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number)))
+//	}
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, nil, err
+//	}
+//	if header == nil {
+//		return nil, nil, errors.New("header not found")
+//	}
+//	stateDb := n.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Hash())
+//	return &stateDb, &header, nil
+//}
+
+//func StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, n *API, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (*common.IStateDB, *block.IHeader, error) {
+//	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+//		return StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx, n, blockNr)
+//	}
+//	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+//		header, err := n.BlockChain().GetHeaderByHash(types.Hash(hash))
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return nil, nil, err
+//		}
+//		if header == nil {
+//			return nil, nil, errors.New("header for hash not found")
+//		}
+//		//todo
+//		//if blockNrOrHash.RequireCanonical && b.eth.blockchain.GetCanonicalHash(header.Number.Uint64()) != hash {
+//		//	return nil, nil, errors.New("hash is not currently canonical")
+//		//}
+//		stateDb := n.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Hash())
+//		return &stateDb, &header, err
+//	}
+//	return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
+//}
+
+func DoEstimateGas(ctx context.Context, n *API, args TransactionArgs, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, gasCap uint64) (hexutil.Uint64, error) {
+	// Binary search the gas requirement, as it may be higher than the amount used
+	var (
+		lo  = params.TxGas - 1
+		hi  uint64
+		cap uint64
+	)
+	// Use zero address if sender unspecified.
+	if args.From == nil {
+		args.From = new(mvm_common.Address)
+	}
+	// Determine the highest gas limit can be used during the estimation.
+	if args.Gas != nil && uint64(*args.Gas) >= params.TxGas {
+		hi = uint64(*args.Gas)
+	} else {
+		// Retrieve the block to act as the gas ceiling
+		iblock, err := BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx, blockNrOrHash, n)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if iblock == nil {
+			return 0, errors.New("block not found")
+		}
+		hi = iblock.GasLimit()
+	}
+
+	var feeCap *big.Int
+	if args.GasPrice != nil && (args.MaxFeePerGas != nil || args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil) {
+		return 0, errors.New("both gasPrice and (maxFeePerGas or maxPriorityFeePerGas) specified")
+	} else if args.GasPrice != nil {
+		feeCap = args.GasPrice.ToInt()
+	} else if args.MaxFeePerGas != nil {
+		feeCap = args.MaxFeePerGas.ToInt()
+	} else {
+		feeCap = common.Big0
+	}
+	// Recap the highest gas limit with account's available balance.
+	if feeCap.BitLen() != 0 {
+		tx, err := n.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		defer tx.Rollback()
+		statedb := n.State(tx, blockNrOrHash)
+		if statedb == nil {
+			return 0, errors.New("cannot load stateDB")
+		}
+		balance := statedb.GetBalance(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(args.From)) // from
+
+		// can't be nil
+		available := new(big.Int).Set(balance.ToBig())
+		if args.Value != nil {
+			if args.Value.ToInt().Cmp(available) >= 0 {
+				return 0, errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer")
+			}
+			available.Sub(available, args.Value.ToInt())
+		}
+		allowance := new(big.Int).Div(available, feeCap)
+
+		// If the allowance is larger than maximum uint64, skip checking
+		if allowance.IsUint64() && hi > allowance.Uint64() {
+			transfer := args.Value
+			if transfer == nil {
+				transfer = new(hexutil.Big)
+			}
+			log.Warn("Gas estimation capped by limited funds", "original", hi, "balance", balance,
+				"sent", transfer.ToInt(), "maxFeePerGas", feeCap, "fundable", allowance)
+			hi = allowance.Uint64()
+		}
+	}
+	// Recap the highest gas allowance with specified gascap.
+	if gasCap != 0 && hi > gasCap {
+		log.Warn("Caller gas above allowance, capping", "requested", hi, "cap", gasCap)
+		hi = gasCap
+	}
+	cap = hi
+
+	// Create a helper to check if a gas allowance results in an executable transaction
+	executable := func(gas uint64) (bool, *internal.ExecutionResult, error) {
+		args.Gas = (*hexutil.Uint64)(&gas)
+		result, err := DoCall(ctx, n, args, blockNrOrHash, nil, 0, gasCap)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, internal.ErrIntrinsicGas) {
+				return true, nil, nil // Special case, raise gas limit
+			}
+			return true, nil, err // Bail out
+		}
+		return result.Failed(), result, nil
+	}
+	// Execute the binary search and hone in on an executable gas limit
+	for lo+1 < hi {
+		mid := (hi + lo) / 2
+		failed, _, err := executable(mid)
+
+		// If the error is not nil(consensus error), it means the provided message
+		// call or transaction will never be accepted no matter how much gas it is
+		// assigened. Return the error directly, don't struggle any more.
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if failed {
+			lo = mid
+		} else {
+			hi = mid
+		}
+	}
+	// Reject the transaction as invalid if it still fails at the highest allowance
+	if hi == cap {
+		failed, result, err := executable(hi)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if failed {
+			if result != nil && !errors.Is(result.Err, vm2.ErrOutOfGas) {
+				if len(result.Revert()) > 0 {
+					return 0, newRevertError(result)
+				}
+				return 0, result.Err
+			}
+			// Otherwise, the specified gas cap is too low
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("gas required exceeds allowance (%d)", cap)
+		}
+	}
+	return hexutil.Uint64(hi), nil
+	//return hexutil.Uint64(baseFee), nil
+}
+
+// EstimateGas returns an estimate of the amount of gas needed to execute the
+// given transaction against the current pending block.
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs, blockNrOrHash *jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (hexutil.Uint64, error) {
+	bNrOrHash := jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber)
+	if blockNrOrHash != nil {
+		bNrOrHash = *blockNrOrHash
+	}
+	return DoEstimateGas(ctx, s.api, args, bNrOrHash, rpcGasCap)
+}
+
+// GetBlockByNumber returns the requested canonical block.
+//   - When blockNr is -1 the chain head is returned.
+//   - When blockNr is -2 the pending chain head is returned.
+//   - When fullTx is true all transactions in the block are returned, otherwise
+//     only the transaction hash is returned.
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number jsonrpc.BlockNumber, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+
+	var (
+		block block.IBlock
+		err   error
+	)
+	// header
+	if number == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		block = s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
+		err = nil
+	} else {
+		block, err = s.api.BlockChain().GetBlockByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+	}
+
+	if block != nil && err == nil {
+		response, err := RPCMarshalBlock(block, s.api.BlockChain(), true, fullTx)
+		if err == nil && number == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+			// Pending blocks need to nil out a few fields
+			for _, field := range []string{"hash", "nonce", "miner"} {
+				response[field] = nil
+			}
+		}
+		return response, err
+	}
+
+	return nil, err
+}
+
+// GetBlockByHash get block by hash
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash mvm_common.Hash, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	block, err := s.api.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(mvm_types.ToastHash(hash))
+
+	if block != nil {
+		return RPCMarshalBlock(block, s.api.BlockChain(), true, fullTx)
+	}
+	return nil, err
+}
+
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) MinedBlock(ctx context.Context, address types.Address) (*jsonrpc.Subscription, error) {
+	notifier, supported := jsonrpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
+	if !supported {
+		return &jsonrpc.Subscription{}, jsonrpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+	}
+
+	if is, err := IsDeposit(s.api.db, address); nil != err || !is {
+		if nil != err {
+			log.Errorf("IsDeposit(%s) failed, err= %v", address, err)
+		}
+		return &jsonrpc.Subscription{}, fmt.Errorf("unauthed address: %s", address)
+	}
+
+	rpcSub := notifier.CreateSubscription()
+	go func() {
+		entire := make(chan common.MinedEntireEvent, 20)
+		blocksSub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(entire)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case b := <-entire:
+				var pushData state.EntireCode
+				pushData.Entire = b.Entire.Entire.Clone()
+				pushData.Entire.Header.Root = types.Hash{}
+				pushData.Headers = b.Entire.Headers
+				pushData.Codes = b.Entire.Codes
+				pushData.Rewards = b.Entire.Rewards
+				pushData.CoinBase = b.Entire.CoinBase
+				log.Trace("send mining block", "addr", address, "blockNr", b.Entire.Entire.Header.Number.Hex(), "blockTime", time.Unix(int64(b.Entire.Entire.Header.Time), 0).Format(time.RFC3339))
+				notifier.Notify(rpcSub.ID, pushData)
+			case <-rpcSub.Err():
+				blocksSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			case <-notifier.Closed():
+				blocksSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return rpcSub, nil
+}
+
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) SubmitSign(sign AggSign) error {
+	info := DepositInfo(s.api.db, sign.Address)
+	if nil == info {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unauthed address: %s", sign.Address)
+	}
+	sign.PublicKey.SetBytes(info.PublicKey.Bytes())
+	go func() {
+		sigChannel <- sign
+	}()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TransactionAPI exposes methods for reading and creating transaction data.
+type TransactionAPI struct {
+	api       *API
+	nonceLock *AddrLocker
+	//signer    types.Signer
+}
+
+// NewTransactionAPI creates a new RPC service with methods for interacting with transactions.
+func NewTransactionAPI(api *API, nonceLock *AddrLocker) *TransactionAPI {
+	//signer := types.LatestSigner(b.ChainConfig())
+	return &TransactionAPI{api, nonceLock}
+}
+
+// GetTransactionCount returns the number of transactions the given address has sent for the given block number
+func (s *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionCount(ctx context.Context, address mvm_common.Address, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (*hexutil.Uint64, error) {
+
+	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok && blockNr == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+		nonce := s.api.TxsPool().Nonce(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address))
+		return (*hexutil.Uint64)(&nonce), nil
+	}
+
+	tx, err := s.api.db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	state := s.api.State(tx, blockNrOrHash)
+	if state == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	nonce := state.GetNonce(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address))
+	return (*hexutil.Uint64)(&nonce), nil
+
+}
+
+func (s *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransaction(ctx context.Context, input hexutil.Bytes) (mvm_common.Hash, error) {
+
+	//log.Debugf("tx type is : %s", string(input[0]))
+	tx := new(mvm_types.Transaction)
+	err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	header := s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header() // latest header should always be available
+	metaTx, err := tx.ToastTransaction(s.api.GetChainConfig(), header.Number64().ToBig())
+	if err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	return SubmitTransaction(context.Background(), s.api, metaTx)
+}
+
+func (s *TransactionAPI) BatchRawTransaction(ctx context.Context, inputs []hexutil.Bytes) ([]mvm_common.Hash, error) {
+
+	//log.Debugf("tx type is : %s", string(input[0]))
+	hs := make([]mvm_common.Hash, len(inputs))
+	for i, t := range inputs {
+		tx := new(mvm_types.Transaction)
+		err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			hs[i] = mvm_common.Hash{}
+			return hs, err
+		}
+		header := s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header() // latest header should always be available
+		metaTx, err := tx.ToastTransaction(s.api.GetChainConfig(), header.Number64().ToBig())
+		if err != nil {
+			hs[i] = mvm_common.Hash{}
+			return hs, err
+		}
+
+		if hs[i], err = SubmitTransaction(context.Background(), s.api, metaTx); nil != err {
+			return hs, err
+		}
+	}
+	return hs, nil
+}
+
+// GetTransactionReceipt returns the transaction receipt for the given transaction hash.
+func (s *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, hash mvm_common.Hash) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	var tx *transaction.Transaction
+	var blockHash types.Hash
+	var index uint64
+	var blockNumber uint64
+	var err error
+	s.api.Database().View(ctx, func(t kv.Tx) error {
+		tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err = rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(t, mvm_types.ToastHash(hash))
+		if err != nil || tx == nil {
+			log.Tracef("rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash, err = %v, txhash = %v \n", err, hash)
+			// When the transaction doesn't exist, the RPC method should return JSON null
+			// as per specification.
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if tx == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	//tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err := rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(s.api.Database().(kv.Tx), mvm_types.ToastHash(hash))
+	//if err != nil || tx == nil {
+	//	// When the transaction doesn't exist, the RPC method should return JSON null
+	//	// as per specification.
+	//	return nil, nil
+	//}
+	//log.Infof("GetTransactionReceipt, hash %+v , %+v, %+v, %+v", tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index)
+	receipts, err := s.api.BlockChain().GetReceipts(blockHash)
+
+	//log.Infof("GetTransactionReceipt, receipts %+v", receipts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(receipts) <= int(index) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	receipt := receipts[index]
+
+	from := tx.From()
+	fields := map[string]interface{}{
+		"blockHash":         mvm_types.FromastHash(blockHash),
+		"blockNumber":       hexutil.Uint64(blockNumber),
+		"transactionHash":   hash,
+		"transactionIndex":  hexutil.Uint64(index),
+		"from":              mvm_types.FromastAddress(from),
+		"to":                mvm_types.FromastAddress(tx.To()),
+		"gasUsed":           hexutil.Uint64(receipt.GasUsed),
+		"cumulativeGasUsed": hexutil.Uint64(receipt.CumulativeGasUsed),
+		"contractAddress":   nil,
+		"logsBloom":         receipt.Bloom, //receipt.Bloom
+		"type":              hexutil.Uint(tx.Type()),
+	}
+	// Assign the effective gas price paid
+	//todo !IsLondon
+	if false {
+		fields["effectiveGasPrice"] = hexutil.Uint64(tx.GasPrice().Uint64())
+	} else {
+		header, err := s.api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByHash(blockHash)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		gasPrice := new(big.Int).Add(header.BaseFee64().ToBig(), tx.EffectiveGasTipValue(header.BaseFee64()).ToBig())
+		fields["effectiveGasPrice"] = hexutil.Uint64(gasPrice.Uint64())
+	}
+	// Assign receipt status or post state.
+	if len(receipt.PostState) > 0 {
+		fields["root"] = hexutil.Bytes(receipt.PostState)
+	} else {
+		fields["status"] = hexutil.Uint(receipt.Status)
+	}
+	if receipt.Logs == nil {
+		fields["logs"] = []*mvm_types.Log{}
+	} else {
+		fields["logs"] = mvm_types.FromastLogs(receipt.Logs)
+	}
+	// If the ContractAddress is 20 0x0 bytes, assume it is not a contract creation
+	if !receipt.ContractAddress.IsNull() {
+		fields["contractAddress"] = mvm_types.FromastAddress(&receipt.ContractAddress)
+	}
+
+	//json, _ := json.Marshal(fields)
+	//log.Infof("GetTransactionReceipt, result %s", string(json))
+	return fields, nil
+}
+
+// GetBlockTransactionCountByHash returns the number of transactions in the block with the given hash.
+func (s *TransactionAPI) GetBlockTransactionCountByHash(ctx context.Context, blockHash mvm_common.Hash) *hexutil.Uint {
+	if block, _ := s.api.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(mvm_types.ToastHash(blockHash)); block != nil {
+		n := hexutil.Uint(len(block.Transactions()))
+		return &n
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetTransactionByHash returns the transaction for the given hash
+func (s *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, hash mvm_common.Hash) (*RPCTransaction, error) {
+	var (
+		tx          *transaction.Transaction
+		blockHash   types.Hash
+		blockNumber uint64
+		index       uint64
+		err         error
+	)
+	if err := s.api.Database().View(ctx, func(t kv.Tx) error {
+		tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err = rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(t, mvm_types.ToastHash(hash))
+		if err != nil {
+			// When the transaction doesn't exist, the RPC method should return JSON null
+			// as per specification.
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err := rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(s.api.Database().(kv.Tx), mvm_types.ToastHash(hash))
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	// When the transaction doesn't exist, the RPC method should return JSON null
+	//	// as per specification.
+	//	return nil, err
+	//}
+
+	if tx != nil {
+		header := s.api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(blockNumber))
+		if header == nil {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return newRPCTransaction(tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, header.BaseFee64().ToBig()), nil
+	}
+
+	if tx := s.api.TxsPool().GetTx(mvm_types.ToastHash(hash)); tx != nil {
+		return newRPCPendingTransaction(tx, s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()), nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// GetTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex returns the transaction for the given block hash and index.
+func (s *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex(ctx context.Context, blockHash mvm_common.Hash, index hexutil.Uint) *RPCTransaction {
+	if block, _ := s.api.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(mvm_types.ToastHash(blockHash)); block != nil {
+		for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+			if i == int(index) {
+				return newRPCTransaction(tx, mvm_types.ToastHash(blockHash), block.Number64().Uint64(), uint64(index), block.Header().BaseFee64().ToBig())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SubmitTransaction ?
+func SubmitTransaction(ctx context.Context, api *API, tx *transaction.Transaction) (mvm_common.Hash, error) {
+
+	if err := checkTxFee(*tx.GasPrice(), tx.Gas(), baseFee); err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+
+	if err := api.TxsPool().AddLocal(tx); err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+
+	if tx.To() == nil {
+		//log.Info("Submitted contract creation", "hash", tx.Hash().Hex(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "contract", addr.Hex(), "value", tx.Value())
+	} else {
+		//log.Info("Submitted transaction", "hash", tx.Hash().Hex(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "recipient", tx.To(), "value", tx.Value())
+	}
+	hash := tx.Hash()
+	return mvm_types.FromastHash(hash), nil
+}
+
+// SendTransaction Send Transaction
+func (s *TransactionAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs) (mvm_common.Hash, error) {
+	// Look up the wallet containing the requested signer
+	account := accounts.Account{Address: args.from()}
+
+	//wallet, err := s.b.AccountManager().Find(account)
+	wallet, err := s.api.accountManager.Find(account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+
+	if args.Nonce == nil {
+		s.nonceLock.LockAddr(args.from())
+		defer s.nonceLock.UnlockAddr(args.from())
+	}
+
+	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, s.api); err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	//header := s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()
+	tx := args.toTransaction()
+
+	signed, err := wallet.SignTx(account, tx, s.api.GetChainConfig().ChainID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return mvm_common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	// todo sign?
+	//signed := tx
+	return SubmitTransaction(ctx, s.api, signed)
+}
+
+// checkTxFee  todo
+func checkTxFee(gasPrice uint256.Int, gas uint64, cap float64) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// toHexSlice creates a slice of hex-strings based on []byte.
+func toHexSlice(b [][]byte) []string {
+	r := make([]string, len(b))
+	for i := range b {
+		r[i] = hexutil.Encode(b[i])
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+type Web3API struct {
+	stack *API
+}
+
+func (s *Web3API) ClientVersion() string {
+	return "testName"
+}
+
+func (s *Web3API) Sha3(input hexutil.Bytes) hexutil.Bytes {
+	return crypto.Keccak256(input)
+}
+
+type DebugAPI struct {
+	api *API
+}
+
+// NewDebugAPI creates a new instance of DebugAPI.
+func NewDebugAPI(api *API) *DebugAPI {
+	return &DebugAPI{api: api}
+}
+
+// SetHead rewinds the head of the blockchain to a previous block.
+func (api *DebugAPI) SetHead(number hexutil.Uint64) {
+	api.api.BlockChain().SetHead(uint64(number))
+}
+
+func (debug *DebugAPI) GetAccount(ctx context.Context, address types.Address) {
+
+}
+
+// NetAPI offers network related RPC methods
+type NetAPI struct {
+	api            *API
+	networkVersion uint64
+}
+
+// NewNetAPI creates a new net API instance.
+func NewNetAPI(api *API, networkVersion uint64) *NetAPI {
+	return &NetAPI{api, networkVersion}
+}
+
+// Listening returns an indication if the node is listening for network connections.
+func (s *NetAPI) Listening() bool {
+	return true // always listening
+}
+
+// PeerCount returns the number of connected peers
+func (s *NetAPI) PeerCount() hexutil.Uint {
+	//return hexutil.Uint(s.api.P2pServer().PeerCount())
+	return 0
+}
+
+// Version returns the current ethereum protocol version.
+func (s *NetAPI) Version() string {
+	//todo networkID == chainID？ s.api.GetChainConfig().ChainID
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", s.networkVersion)
+}
+
+// TxsPoolAPI offers and API for the transaction pool. It only operates on data that is non confidential.
+type TxsPoolAPI struct {
+	api *API
+}
+
+// NewTxsPoolAPI creates a new tx pool service that gives information about the transaction pool.
+func NewTxsPoolAPI(api *API) *TxsPoolAPI {
+	return &TxsPoolAPI{api}
+}
+
+// Content returns the transactions contained within the transaction pool.
+func (s *TxsPoolAPI) Content() map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction {
+	content := map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction{
+		"pending": make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction),
+		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction),
+	}
+	pending, queue := s.api.TxsPool().Content()
+	curHeader := s.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()
+	// Flatten the pending transactions
+	for account, txs := range pending {
+		dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction)
+		for _, tx := range txs {
+			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = newRPCPendingTransaction(tx, curHeader)
+		}
+		content["pending"][mvm_types.FromastAddress(&account).Hex()] = dump
+	}
+	// Flatten the queued transactions
+	for account, txs := range queue {
+		dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction)
+		for _, tx := range txs {
+			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = newRPCPendingTransaction(tx, curHeader)
+		}
+		content["queued"][mvm_types.FromastAddress(&account).Hex()] = dump
+	}
+	return content
+}
+
+func (api *TransactionAPI) TestBatchTxs(ctx context.Context) {
+	go batchTxs(api.api, 0, 1000000)
+}
+
+func batchTxs(api *API, start, end uint64) error {
+	var (
+		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("d6d8d19bd786d6676819b806694b1100a4414a94e51e9a82a351bd8f7f3f3658")
+		addr    = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+		signer  = new(transaction.HomesteadSigner)
+		content = context.Background()
+	)
+
+	for i := start; i < end; i++ {
+		tx, _ := transaction.SignTx(transaction.NewTx(
+			&transaction.LegacyTx{
+				Nonce:    uint64(i),
+				Value:    uint256.NewInt(params.Wei),
+				Gas:      params.TxGas,
+				To:       &addr,
+				GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(params.GWei),
+				Data:     nil},
+		), signer, key)
+		tx.SetFrom(addr)
+		_, err := SubmitTransaction(content, api, tx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/api_backend.go b/internal/api/api_backend.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d2e68b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/api_backend.go
@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	common2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	rpc "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// API implements ethapi.Backend for full nodes
+//type API struct {
+//	extRPCEnabled       bool
+//	allowUnprotectedTxs bool
+//	eth                 *node.Node
+//	//gpo                 *gasprice.Oracle
+//}
+
+// ChainConfig returns the active chain configuration.
+func (b *API) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig {
+	return b.chainConfig
+}
+
+func (b *API) CurrentBlock() *types.Header {
+	return b.bc.CurrentBlock().Header().(*types.Header)
+}
+
+//func (b *API) SetHead(number uint64) {
+//	b.eth.handler.downloader.Cancel()
+//	b.bc.SetHead(number)
+//}
+
+func (b *API) HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error) {
+	// Pending block is only known by the miner
+	//if number == rpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+	//	block := b.eth.Miner().PendingBlock()
+	//	return block.Header(), nil
+	//}
+	// Otherwise resolve and return the block
+	if number == rpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		return b.bc.CurrentBlock().Header().(*types.Header), nil
+	}
+	//if number == rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber {
+	//	if !b.eth.Merger().TDDReached() {
+	//		return nil, errors.New("'finalized' tag not supported on pre-merge network")
+	//	}
+	//	block := b.eth.blockchain.CurrentFinalBlock()
+	//	if block != nil {
+	//		return block, nil
+	//	}
+	//	return nil, errors.New("finalized block not found")
+	//}
+	//if number == rpc.SafeBlockNumber {
+	//	if !b.eth.Merger().TDDReached() {
+	//		return nil, errors.New("'safe' tag not supported on pre-merge network")
+	//	}
+	//	block := b.eth.blockchain.CurrentSafeBlock()
+	//	if block != nil {
+	//		return block, nil
+	//	}
+	//	return nil, errors.New("safe block not found")
+	//}
+	return b.bc.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64()))).(*types.Header), nil
+}
+
+func (b *API) HeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (*types.Header, error) {
+	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+		return b.HeaderByNumber(ctx, blockNr)
+	}
+	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+		header, _ := b.bc.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+		if header == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("header for hash not found")
+		}
+		if blockNrOrHash.RequireCanonical && b.bc.(*internal.BlockChain).GetCanonicalHash(header.Number64()) != hash {
+			return nil, errors.New("hash is not currently canonical")
+		}
+		return header.(*types.Header), nil
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
+}
+
+func (b *API) HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error) {
+	iHeader, _ := b.bc.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	return iHeader.(*types.Header), nil
+}
+
+func (b *API) BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Block, error) {
+	// Pending block is only known by the miner
+	//if number == rpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+	//	block := b.minPendingBlock()
+	//	return block, nil
+	//}
+	// Otherwise resolve and return the block
+	if number == rpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		header := b.bc.CurrentBlock()
+		return b.bc.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number64().Uint64()).(*types.Block), nil
+	}
+	//if number == rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber {
+	//	if !b.eth.Merger().TDDReached() {
+	//		return nil, errors.New("'finalized' tag not supported on pre-merge network")
+	//	}
+	//	header := b.eth.blockchain.CurrentFinalBlock()
+	//	return b.eth.blockchain.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()), nil
+	//}
+	//if number == rpc.SafeBlockNumber {
+	//	//if !b.eth.Merger().TDDReached() {
+	//	//	return nil, errors.New("'safe' tag not supported on pre-merge network")
+	//	//}
+	//	header := b.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
+	//	return b.eth.blockchain.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()), nil
+	//}
+	iBlock, err := b.bc.GetBlockByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number)))
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return iBlock.(*types.Block), nil
+}
+
+func (b *API) BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error) {
+	iBlock, _ := b.bc.GetBlockByHash(hash)
+	return iBlock.(*types.Block), nil
+}
+
+// GetBody returns body of a block. It does not resolve special block numbers.
+//func (b *API) GetBody(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Body, error) {
+//	if number < 0 || hash == (common.Hash{}) {
+//		return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; expect hash and no special block numbers")
+//	}
+//	if body := b.bc.GetBody(hash); body != nil {
+//		return body, nil
+//	}
+//	return nil, errors.New("block body not found")
+//}
+
+func (b *API) BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (*types.Block, error) {
+	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+		return b.BlockByNumber(ctx, blockNr)
+	}
+	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+		header, _ := b.bc.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+		if header == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("header for hash not found")
+		}
+		if blockNrOrHash.RequireCanonical && b.bc.(*internal.BlockChain).GetCanonicalHash(header.Number64()) != hash {
+			return nil, errors.New("hash is not currently canonical")
+		}
+		block := b.bc.GetBlock(hash, header.Number64().Uint64())
+		if block == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("header found, but block body is missing")
+		}
+		return block.(*types.Block), nil
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
+}
+
+//func (b *API) PendingBlockAndReceipts() (*types.Block, types.Receipts) {
+//	return b.eth.miner.PendingBlockAndReceipts()
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*state.StateDB, *types.Header, error) {
+//	// Pending state is only known by the miner
+//	if number == rpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+//		block, state := b.eth.miner.Pending()
+//		return state, block.Header(), nil
+//	}
+//	// Otherwise resolve the block number and return its state
+//	header, err := b.HeaderByNumber(ctx, number)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, nil, err
+//	}
+//	if header == nil {
+//		return nil, nil, errors.New("header not found")
+//	}
+//	stateDb, err := b.bc.StateAt(header.Root)
+//	return stateDb, header, err
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (*state.StateDB, *types.Header, error) {
+//	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+//		return b.StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx, blockNr)
+//	}
+//	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+//		header, err := b.HeaderByHash(ctx, hash)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return nil, nil, err
+//		}
+//		if header == nil {
+//			return nil, nil, errors.New("header for hash not found")
+//		}
+//		if blockNrOrHash.RequireCanonical && b.eth.blockchain.GetCanonicalHash(header.Number.Uint64()) != hash {
+//			return nil, nil, errors.New("hash is not currently canonical")
+//		}
+//		stateDb, err := b.bc.StateAt(header.Root)
+//		return stateDb, header, err
+//	}
+//	return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
+//}
+
+func (b *API) GetReceipts(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (types.Receipts, error) {
+	return b.bc.GetReceipts(hash)
+
+}
+
+//func (b *API) GetLogs(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, number uint64) ([][]*types.Log, error) {
+//	return rawdb.ReadLogs(b.eth.chainDb, hash, number, b.ChainConfig()), nil
+//}
+
+func (b *API) GetTd(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) *uint256.Int {
+	if header, _ := b.bc.GetHeaderByHash(hash); header != nil {
+		return b.bc.GetTd(hash, header.Number64())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *API) GetEVM(ctx context.Context, msg *transaction.Message, state *state.IntraBlockState, header *types.Header, vmConfig *vm.Config) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error) {
+	if vmConfig == nil {
+		//vmConfig = b.bc.GetVMConfig()
+		vmConfig = &vm.Config{}
+	}
+	txContext := internal.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+	getHeader := func(hash common.Hash, n uint64) *types.Header {
+		h := b.bc.GetHeader(hash, uint256.NewInt(n))
+		return h.(*types.Header)
+	}
+	context := internal.NewEVMBlockContext(header, internal.GetHashFn(header, getHeader), b.bc.Engine(), nil)
+	return vm.NewEVM(context, txContext, state, b.bc.Config(), *vmConfig), state.Error, nil
+}
+
+//func (b *API) SubscribeRemovedLogsEvent(ch chan<- core.RemovedLogsEvent) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.bc.SubscribeRemovedLogsEvent(ch)
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) SubscribePendingLogsEvent(ch chan<- []*types.Log) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.eth.miner.SubscribePendingLogs(ch)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) SubscribeChainEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainEvent) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.bc.SubscribeChainEvent(ch)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainHeadEvent) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.bc.SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) SubscribeChainSideEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainSideEvent) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.bc.SubscribeChainSideEvent(ch)
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) SubscribeLogsEvent(ch chan<- []*types.Log) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.bc.SubscribeLogsEvent(ch)
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) SendTx(ctx context.Context, signedTx *types.Transaction) error {
+//	return b.eth.txPool.AddLocal(signedTx)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) GetPoolTransactions() (types.Transactions, error) {
+//	pending := b.eth.txPool.Pending(false)
+//	var txs types.Transactions
+//	for _, batch := range pending {
+//		txs = append(txs, batch...)
+//	}
+//	return txs, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) GetPoolTransaction(hash common.Hash) *types.Transaction {
+//	return b.eth.txPool.Get(hash)
+//}
+
+func (b *API) GetTransaction(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*transaction.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64, error) {
+	var t *transaction.Transaction
+	var blockHash common.Hash
+	var index uint64
+	var err error
+	var blockNumber uint64
+	b.db.View(ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		t, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err = rawdb.ReadTransactionByHash(tx, txHash)
+		return err
+	})
+	return t, blockHash, blockNumber, index, nil
+}
+
+//func (b *API) GetPoolNonce(ctx context.Context, addr common.Address) (uint64, error) {
+//	return b.eth.txPool.Nonce(addr), nil
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) Stats() (pending int, queued int) {
+//	return b.eth.txPool.Stats()
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) TxPoolContent() (map[common.Address]types.Transactions, map[common.Address]types.Transactions) {
+//	return b.eth.TxPool().Content()
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) TxPoolContentFrom(addr common.Address) (types.Transactions, types.Transactions) {
+//	return b.eth.TxPool().ContentFrom(addr)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) TxPool() *txpool.TxPool {
+//	return b.eth.TxPool()
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) SubscribeNewTxsEvent(ch chan<- core.NewTxsEvent) event.Subscription {
+//	return b.eth.TxPool().SubscribeNewTxsEvent(ch)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) SyncProgress() ethereum.SyncProgress {
+//	return b.eth.Downloader().Progress()
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
+//	return b.gpo.SuggestTipCap(ctx)
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) FeeHistory(ctx context.Context, blockCount uint64, lastBlock rpc.BlockNumber, rewardPercentiles []float64) (firstBlock *big.Int, reward [][]*big.Int, baseFee []*big.Int, gasUsedRatio []float64, err error) {
+//	return b.gpo.FeeHistory(ctx, blockCount, lastBlock, rewardPercentiles)
+//}
+
+func (b *API) ChainDb() kv.RwDB {
+	return b.db
+}
+
+//func (b *API) EventMux() *event.TypeMux {
+//	return b.eth.EventMux()
+//}
+
+func (b *API) AccountManager() *accounts.Manager {
+	return b.accountManager
+}
+
+//func (b *API) ExtRPCEnabled() bool {
+//	return b.extRPCEnabled
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) UnprotectedAllowed() bool {
+//	return b.allowUnprotectedTxs
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) RPCGasCap() uint64 {
+//	return b.eth.config.RPCGasCap
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) RPCEVMTimeout() time.Duration {
+//	return b.eth.config.RPCEVMTimeout
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) RPCTxFeeCap() float64 {
+//	return b.eth.config.RPCTxFeeCap
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) BloomStatus() (uint64, uint64) {
+//	sections, _, _ := b.eth.bloomIndexer.Sections()
+//	return params.BloomBitsBlocks, sections
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) ServiceFilter(ctx context.Context, session *bloombits.MatcherSession) {
+//	for i := 0; i < bloomFilterThreads; i++ {
+//		go session.Multiplex(bloomRetrievalBatch, bloomRetrievalWait, b.eth.bloomRequests)
+//	}
+//}
+
+func (b *API) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
+	return b.bc.CurrentBlock().Header().(*types.Header)
+}
+
+//func (b *API) Miner() *miner.Miner {
+//	return b..Miner().(*miner.Miner)
+//}
+
+//func (b *API) StateAtBlock(ctx context.Context, tx kv.Tx, block *types.Block /*reexec uint64, base *state.IntraBlockState, readOnly bool, preferDisk bool*/) (*state.IntraBlockState, tracers.StateReleaseFunc, error) {
+//	return b.bc.StateAt(tx, block.Number64().Uint64()), nil, nil
+//}
+//
+//func (b *API) StateAtTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx kv.Tx, block *types.Block, txIndex int /*, reexec uint64*/) (*transaction.Message, evmtypes.BlockContext, *state.IntraBlockState, tracers.StateReleaseFunc, error) {
+//	return .StateAtTransaction(ctx, tx, block, txIndex /*, reexec*/)
+//}
+
+// stateAtTransaction returns the execution environment of a certain transaction.
+func (eth *API) StateAtTransaction(ctx context.Context, dbTx kv.Tx, blk *types.Block, txIndex int) (*transaction.Message, evmtypes.BlockContext, *state.IntraBlockState, error) {
+	// Short circuit if it's genesis block.
+	if blk.Number64().Uint64() == 0 {
+		return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, nil, errors.New("no transaction in genesis")
+	}
+	// Create the parent state database
+	parent := eth.BlockChain().GetBlock(blk.ParentHash(), blk.Number64().Uint64()-1).(*types.Block)
+	if parent == nil {
+		return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("parent %#x not found", blk.ParentHash())
+	}
+	// Lookup the statedb of parent block from the live database,
+	// otherwise regenerate it on the flight.
+
+	statedb, err := eth.StateAtBlock(ctx, dbTx, parent)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, nil, err
+	}
+	if txIndex == 0 && len(blk.Transactions()) == 0 {
+		return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, statedb, nil
+	}
+	// Recompute transactions up to the target index.
+	signer := transaction.MakeSigner(eth.BlockChain().Config(), blk.Number64().ToBig())
+	getHeader := func(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Header {
+		return rawdb.ReadHeader(dbTx, hash, number)
+	}
+	blockContext := internal.NewEVMBlockContext(blk.Header().(*types.Header), internal.GetHashFn(blk.Header().(*types.Header), getHeader), eth.Engine(), nil)
+	vmenv := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, evmtypes.TxContext{}, statedb, eth.BlockChain().Config(), vm.Config{})
+	rules := vmenv.ChainRules()
+
+	for idx, tx := range blk.Transactions() {
+		//// Assemble the transaction call message and return if the requested offset
+		//msg, _ := tx.AsMessage(signer, blk.BaseFee64())
+		//txContext := internal.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+		//
+		//if idx == txIndex {
+		//	return msg, blockContext, statedb, release, nil
+		//}
+		//vmenv.Reset()
+		//// Not yet the searched for transaction, execute on top of the current state
+		//statedb.Prepare(tx.Hash(), blk.Hash(), idx)
+		//if _, err := internal.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(common.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas()), true, false); err != nil {
+		//	return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction %#x failed: %v", tx.Hash(), err)
+		//}
+		//// Ensure any modifications are committed to the state
+		//// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
+		//statedb.FinalizeTx(rules, )
+		statedb.Prepare(tx.Hash(), blk.Hash(), idx)
+
+		// Assemble the transaction call message and return if the requested offset
+		msg, _ := tx.AsMessage(signer, blk.BaseFee64())
+		if msg.FeeCap().IsZero() && eth.Engine() != nil {
+			syscall := func(contract common.Address, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+				return internal.SysCallContract(contract, data, *eth.BlockChain().Config(), statedb, blk.Header().(*types.Header), eth.Engine() /* constCall */)
+			}
+			msg.SetIsFree(eth.Engine().IsServiceTransaction(msg.From(), syscall))
+		}
+
+		TxContext := internal.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+		if idx == txIndex {
+			return &msg, blockContext, statedb, nil
+		}
+		vmenv.Reset(TxContext, statedb)
+		// Not yet the searched for transaction, execute on top of the current state
+		if _, err := internal.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(common2.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas()), true /* refunds */, false /* gasBailout */); err != nil {
+			return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction %x failed: %w", tx.Hash(), err)
+		}
+		// Ensure any modifications are committed to the state
+		// Only delete empty objects if EIP161 (part of Spurious Dragon) is in effect
+		_ = statedb.FinalizeTx(rules, statedb.GetStateReader().(*state.PlainState))
+
+		if idx+1 == len(blk.Transactions()) {
+			// Return the state from evaluating all txs in the block, note no msg or TxContext in this case
+			return nil, blockContext, statedb, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, evmtypes.BlockContext{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction index %d out of range for block %#x", txIndex, blk.Hash())
+}
+
+// StateAtBlock retrieves the state database associated with a certain block.
+// If no state is locally available for the given block, a number of blocks
+// are attempted to be reexecuted to generate the desired state. The optional
+// base layer statedb can be provided which is regarded as the statedb of the
+// parent block.
+//
+// An additional release function will be returned if the requested state is
+// available. Release is expected to be invoked when the returned state is no longer needed.
+// Its purpose is to prevent resource leaking. Though it can be noop in some cases.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - block:      The block for which we want the state(state = block.Root)
+//   - reexec:     The maximum number of blocks to reprocess trying to obtain the desired state
+//   - base:       If the caller is tracing multiple blocks, the caller can provide the parent
+//     state continuously from the callsite.
+//   - readOnly:   If true, then the live 'blockchain' state database is used. No mutation should
+//     be made from caller, e.g. perform Commit or other 'save-to-disk' changes.
+//     Otherwise, the trash generated by caller may be persisted permanently.
+//   - preferDisk: this arg can be used by the caller to signal that even though the 'base' is
+//     provided, it would be preferable to start from a fresh state, if we have it
+//     on disk.
+func (eth *API) StateAtBlock(ctx context.Context, tx kv.Tx, blk *types.Block) (statedb *state.IntraBlockState, err error) {
+	var (
+		//current *block.Block
+		//// database state.Database
+		//report = true
+		origin = blk.Number64().Uint64()
+	)
+	// The state is only for reading purposes, check the state presence in
+	// live database.
+	//if readOnly {
+	// The state is available in live database, create a reference
+	// on top to prevent garbage collection and return a release
+	// function to deref it.
+	statedb = eth.BlockChain().StateAt(tx, origin)
+	//statedb.Database().TrieDB().Reference(block.Root(), common.Hash{})
+	return statedb, nil
+	//}
+	//}
+	// The state is both for reading and writing, or it's unavailable in disk,
+	// try to construct/recover the state over an ephemeral trie.Database for
+	// isolating the live one.
+	//if base != nil {
+	//	if preferDisk {
+	//		// Create an ephemeral trie.Database for isolating the live one. Otherwise
+	//		// the internal junks created by tracing will be persisted into the disk.
+	//		database = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(eth.chainDb, &trie.Config{Cache: 16})
+	//		if statedb, err = state.New(block.Root(), database, nil); err == nil {
+	//			log.Info("Found disk backend for state trie", "root", block.Root(), "number", block.Number())
+	//			return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
+	//		}
+	//	}
+	//	// The optional base statedb is given, mark the start point as parent block
+	//	statedb, database, report = base, base.Database(), false
+	//	current = eth.blockchain.GetBlock(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
+	//} else {
+	// Otherwise, try to reexec blocks until we find a state or reach our limit
+	//current = block
+
+	// Create an ephemeral trie.Database for isolating the live one. Otherwise
+	// the internal junks created by tracing will be persisted into the disk.
+	// database = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(eth.chainDb, &trie.Config{Cache: 16})
+
+	// If we didn't check the live database, do check state over ephemeral database,
+	// otherwise we would rewind past a persisted block (specific corner case is
+	// chain tracing from the genesis).
+	//if !readOnly {
+	//	statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database, nil)
+	//	if err == nil {
+	//		return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
+	//	}
+	//}
+	//// Database does not have the state for the given block, try to regenerate
+	//for i := uint64(0); i < reexec; i++ {
+	//	if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, err
+	//	}
+	//	if current.NumberU64() == 0 {
+	//		return nil, nil, errors.New("genesis state is missing")
+	//	}
+	//	parent := eth.blockchain.GetBlock(current.ParentHash(), current.NumberU64()-1)
+	//	if parent == nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("missing block %v %d", current.ParentHash(), current.NumberU64()-1)
+	//	}
+	//	current = parent
+	//
+	//	statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database, nil)
+	//	if err == nil {
+	//		break
+	//	}
+	//}
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	switch err.(type) {
+	//	case *trie.MissingNodeError:
+	//		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("required historical state unavailable (reexec=%d)", reexec)
+	//	default:
+	//		return nil, nil, err
+	//	}
+	//}
+	//}
+	// State is available at historical point, re-execute the blocks on top for
+	// the desired state.
+	//var (
+	//	start  = time.Now()
+	//	logged time.Time
+	//	parent common.Hash
+	//)
+	//for current.NumberU64() < origin {
+	//	if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, err
+	//	}
+	//	// Print progress logs if long enough time elapsed
+	//	if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second && report {
+	//		log.Info("Regenerating historical state", "block", current.NumberU64()+1, "target", origin, "remaining", origin-current.NumberU64()-1, "elapsed", time.Since(start))
+	//		logged = time.Now()
+	//	}
+	//	// Retrieve the next block to regenerate and process it
+	//	next := current.NumberU64() + 1
+	//	if current = eth.blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(next); current == nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("block #%d not found", next)
+	//	}
+	//	_, _, _, err := eth.blockchain.Processor().Process(current, statedb, vm.Config{})
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("processing block %d failed: %v", current.NumberU64(), err)
+	//	}
+	//	// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
+	//	root, err := statedb.Commit(eth.blockchain.Config().IsEIP158(current.Number()))
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("stateAtBlock commit failed, number %d root %v: %w",
+	//			current.NumberU64(), current.Root().Hex(), err)
+	//	}
+	//	statedb, err = state.New(root, database, nil)
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("state reset after block %d failed: %v", current.NumberU64(), err)
+	//	}
+	//	// Hold the state reference and also drop the parent state
+	//	// to prevent accumulating too many nodes in memory.
+	//	database.TrieDB().Reference(root, common.Hash{})
+	//	if parent != (common.Hash{}) {
+	//		database.TrieDB().Dereference(parent)
+	//	}
+	//	parent = root
+	//}
+	//if report {
+	//	nodes, imgs := database.TrieDB().Size()
+	//	log.Info("Historical state regenerated", "block", current.NumberU64(), "elapsed", time.Since(start), "nodes", nodes, "preimages", imgs)
+	//}
+	//return statedb, func() { database.TrieDB().Dereference(block.Root()) }, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/block_args.go b/internal/api/block_args.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cfd3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/block_args.go
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+func RPCMarshalBlock(block block.IBlock, chain common.IBlockChain, inclTx bool, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	fields := RPCMarshalHeader(block.Header())
+
+	if inclTx {
+		formatTx := func(tx *transaction.Transaction) (interface{}, error) {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			return mvm_types.FromastHash(hash), nil
+		}
+		if fullTx {
+			formatTx = func(tx *transaction.Transaction) (interface{}, error) {
+				hash := tx.Hash()
+				return newRPCTransactionFromBlockHash(block, hash), nil
+			}
+		}
+		txs := block.Transactions()
+		transactions := make([]interface{}, len(txs))
+		var err error
+		for i, tx := range txs {
+			if transactions[i], err = formatTx(tx); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		fields["transactions"] = transactions
+
+		// verifiers
+		verifiers := make([]interface{}, len(block.Body().Verifier()))
+		for i, verifier := range block.Body().Verifier() {
+			verifiers[i] = verifier
+		}
+		fields["verifier"] = verifiers
+
+		// reward todo
+		type RPCReward struct {
+			Address types.Address
+			Amount  *uint256.Int
+		}
+		rewards := make([]*RPCReward, len(block.Body().Reward()))
+		for i, reward := range block.Body().Reward() {
+			rewards[i] = &RPCReward{
+				reward.Address,
+				reward.Amount,
+			}
+		}
+		fields["rewards"] = rewards
+
+		td := chain.GetTd(block.Hash(), block.Number64())
+		if td == nil {
+			td = new(uint256.Int)
+		}
+		fields["totalDifficulty"] = (*hexutil.Big)(td.ToBig())
+
+	}
+	// POA
+	uncleHashes := make([]types.Hash, 0)
+	fields["uncles"] = uncleHashes
+
+	return fields, nil
+}
+
+// newRPCTransactionFromBlockHash returns a transaction that will serialize to the RPC representation.
+func newRPCTransactionFromBlockHash(b block.IBlock, findHash types.Hash) *RPCTransaction {
+	for idx, tx := range b.Transactions() {
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		if hash == findHash {
+			return newRPCTransactionFromBlockIndex(b, uint64(idx))
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// newRPCTransactionFromBlockIndex returns a transaction that will serialize to the RPC representation.
+func newRPCTransactionFromBlockIndex(b block.IBlock, index uint64) *RPCTransaction {
+	txs := b.Transactions()
+	if index >= uint64(len(txs)) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return newRPCTransaction(txs[index], b.Hash(), b.Number64().Uint64(), index, big.NewInt(baseFee))
+}
+
+// RPCMarshalHeader converts the given header to the RPC output .
+func RPCMarshalHeader(head block.IHeader) map[string]interface{} {
+	header := head.(*block.Header)
+	ethHeader := mvm_types.FromastHeader(head)
+
+	result := map[string]interface{}{
+		"number":           (*hexutil.Big)(head.Number64().ToBig()),
+		"hash":             mvm_types.FromastHash(header.Hash()),
+		"parentHash":       mvm_types.FromastHash(header.ParentHash),
+		"nonce":            header.Nonce,
+		"mixHash":          mvm_types.FromastHash(header.MixDigest),
+		"sha3Uncles":       mvm_types.FromastHash(hash.EmptyUncleHash),
+		"miner":            mvm_types.FromastAddress(&header.Coinbase),
+		"difficulty":       (*hexutil.Big)(header.Difficulty.ToBig()),
+		"extraData":        hexutil.Bytes(header.Extra),
+		"size":             hexutil.Uint64(ethHeader.Size()),
+		"gasLimit":         hexutil.Uint64(header.GasLimit),
+		"gasUsed":          hexutil.Uint64(header.GasUsed),
+		"timestamp":        hexutil.Uint64(header.Time),
+		"transactionsRoot": mvm_types.FromastHash(header.TxHash),
+		"receiptsRoot":     mvm_types.FromastHash(header.ReceiptHash),
+		"logsBloom":        ethHeader.Bloom,
+		"stateRoot":        mvm_types.FromastHash(header.Root),
+		"signature":        header.Signature,
+	}
+
+	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+		result["baseFeePerGas"] = (*hexutil.Big)(header.BaseFee.ToBig())
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/feehistory.go b/internal/api/feehistory.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c66dae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/feehistory.go
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"sort"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+var (
+	errInvalidPercentile = errors.New("invalid reward percentile")
+	errRequestBeyondHead = errors.New("request beyond head block")
+)
+
+const (
+	// maxBlockFetchers is the max number of goroutines to spin up to pull blocks
+	// for the fee history calculation (mostly relevant for LES).
+	maxBlockFetchers = 4
+)
+
+// blockFees represents a single block for processing
+type blockFees struct {
+	// set by the caller
+	blockNumber uint64
+	header      block.IHeader
+	block       block.IBlock // only set if reward percentiles are requested
+	receipts    block.Receipts
+	// filled by processBlock
+	results processedFees
+	err     error
+}
+
+type cacheKey struct {
+	number      uint64
+	percentiles string
+}
+
+// processedFees contains the results of a processed block.
+type processedFees struct {
+	reward               []*big.Int
+	baseFee, nextBaseFee *big.Int
+	gasUsedRatio         float64
+}
+
+// txGasAndReward is sorted in ascending order based on reward
+type (
+	txGasAndReward struct {
+		gasUsed uint64
+		reward  *big.Int
+	}
+	sortGasAndReward []txGasAndReward
+)
+
+func (s sortGasAndReward) Len() int { return len(s) }
+func (s sortGasAndReward) Swap(i, j int) {
+	s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
+}
+func (s sortGasAndReward) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return s[i].reward.Cmp(s[j].reward) < 0
+}
+
+// processBlock takes a blockFees structure with the blockNumber, the header and optionally
+// the block field filled in, retrieves the block from the backend if not present yet and
+// fills in the rest of the fields.
+func (oracle *Oracle) processBlock(bf *blockFees, percentiles []float64) {
+	if bf.results.baseFee = bf.header.BaseFee64().ToBig(); bf.results.baseFee == nil {
+		bf.results.baseFee = new(big.Int)
+	}
+
+	// todo baseFee = 0
+	bf.results.nextBaseFee = new(big.Int)
+
+	if oracle.chainConfig.IsLondon(bf.blockNumber + 1) {
+		bf.results.nextBaseFee = misc.CalcBaseFee(oracle.chainConfig, bf.header.(*block.Header))
+	} else {
+		bf.results.nextBaseFee = new(big.Int)
+	}
+
+	bf.results.gasUsedRatio = float64(bf.block.GasUsed()) / float64(bf.block.GasLimit())
+	if len(percentiles) == 0 {
+		// rewards were not requested, return null
+		return
+	}
+	if bf.block == nil || (bf.receipts == nil && len(bf.block.Transactions()) != 0) {
+		log.Error("Block or receipts are missing while reward percentiles are requested")
+		return
+	}
+
+	bf.results.reward = make([]*big.Int, len(percentiles))
+	if len(bf.block.Transactions()) == 0 {
+		// return an all zero row if there are no transactions to gather data from
+		for i := range bf.results.reward {
+			bf.results.reward[i] = new(big.Int)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	sorter := make(sortGasAndReward, len(bf.block.Transactions()))
+	for i, tx := range bf.block.Transactions() {
+		reward, _ := tx.EffectiveGasTip(bf.header.BaseFee64())
+		sorter[i] = txGasAndReward{gasUsed: bf.receipts[i].GasUsed, reward: reward.ToBig()}
+	}
+	sort.Stable(sorter)
+
+	var txIndex int
+	sumGasUsed := sorter[0].gasUsed
+
+	for i, p := range percentiles {
+		thresholdGasUsed := uint64(float64(bf.block.GasUsed()) * p / 100)
+		for sumGasUsed < thresholdGasUsed && txIndex < len(bf.block.Transactions())-1 {
+			txIndex++
+			sumGasUsed += sorter[txIndex].gasUsed
+		}
+		bf.results.reward[i] = sorter[txIndex].reward
+	}
+}
+
+// resolveBlockRange resolves the specified block range to absolute block numbers while also
+// enforcing backend specific limitations. The pending block and corresponding receipts are
+// also returned if requested and available.
+// Note: an error is only returned if retrieving the head header has failed. If there are no
+// retrievable blocks in the specified range then zero block count is returned with no error.
+func (oracle *Oracle) resolveBlockRange(ctx context.Context, reqEnd jsonrpc.BlockNumber, blocks int) (block.IBlock, []*block.Receipt, uint64, int, error) {
+	var (
+		headBlock       block.IHeader
+		pendingBlock    block.IBlock
+		pendingReceipts block.Receipts
+		//err             error
+	)
+
+	// Get the chain's current head.
+	headBlock = oracle.backend.CurrentBlock().Header()
+
+	head := jsonrpc.BlockNumber(headBlock.Number64().Uint64())
+
+	// Fail if request block is beyond the chain's current head.
+	if head < reqEnd {
+		return nil, nil, 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: requested %d, head %d", errRequestBeyondHead, reqEnd, head)
+	}
+
+	// Resolve block tag.
+	if reqEnd < 0 {
+		var (
+			resolved block.IHeader
+			err      error
+		)
+		switch reqEnd {
+		case jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber:
+			if pendingBlock, pendingReceipts = oracle.miner.PendingBlockAndReceipts(); pendingBlock != nil {
+				resolved = pendingBlock.Header()
+			} else {
+				// Pending block not supported by backend, process only until latest block.
+				resolved = headBlock
+
+				// Update total blocks to return to account for this.
+				blocks--
+			}
+		case jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber:
+			// Retrieved above.
+			resolved = headBlock
+		//case jsonrpc.SafeBlockNumber:
+		//case jsonrpc.FinalizedBlockNumber:
+		case jsonrpc.EarliestBlockNumber:
+			resolved = oracle.backend.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(0))
+		}
+		if resolved == nil || err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, 0, 0, err
+		}
+		// Absolute number resolved.
+		reqEnd = jsonrpc.BlockNumber(resolved.Number64().Uint64())
+	}
+
+	// If there are no blocks to return, short circuit.
+	if blocks == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	// Ensure not trying to retrieve before genesis.
+	if int(reqEnd+1) < blocks {
+		blocks = int(reqEnd + 1)
+	}
+	return pendingBlock, pendingReceipts, uint64(reqEnd), blocks, nil
+}
+
+// FeeHistory returns data relevant for fee estimation based on the specified range of blocks.
+// The range can be specified either with absolute block numbers or ending with the latest
+// or pending block. Backends may or may not support gathering data from the pending block
+// or blocks older than a certain age (specified in maxHistory). The first block of the
+// actually processed range is returned to avoid ambiguity when parts of the requested range
+// are not available or when the head has changed during processing this request.
+// Three arrays are returned based on the processed blocks:
+//   - reward: the requested percentiles of effective priority fees per gas of transactions in each
+//     block, sorted in ascending order and weighted by gas used.
+//   - baseFee: base fee per gas in the given block
+//   - gasUsedRatio: gasUsed/gasLimit in the given block
+//
+// Note: baseFee includes the next block after the newest of the returned range, because this
+// value can be derived from the newest block.
+func (oracle *Oracle) FeeHistory(ctx context.Context, blocks int, unresolvedLastBlock jsonrpc.BlockNumber, resolvedLastBlock *uint256.Int, rewardPercentiles []float64) (*big.Int, [][]*big.Int, []*big.Int, []float64, error) {
+	if blocks < 1 {
+		return common.Big0, nil, nil, nil, nil // returning with no data and no error means there are no retrievable blocks
+	}
+	maxFeeHistory := oracle.maxHeaderHistory
+	if len(rewardPercentiles) != 0 {
+		maxFeeHistory = oracle.maxBlockHistory
+	}
+	if blocks > maxFeeHistory {
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing fee history length", "requested", blocks, "truncated", maxFeeHistory)
+		blocks = maxFeeHistory
+	}
+	for i, p := range rewardPercentiles {
+		if p < 0 || p > 100 {
+			return common.Big0, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %f", errInvalidPercentile, p)
+		}
+		if i > 0 && p < rewardPercentiles[i-1] {
+			return common.Big0, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: #%d:%f > #%d:%f", errInvalidPercentile, i-1, rewardPercentiles[i-1], i, p)
+		}
+	}
+	var (
+		pendingBlock    block.IBlock
+		pendingReceipts []*block.Receipt
+		err             error
+	)
+	pendingBlock, pendingReceipts, lastBlock, blocks, err := oracle.resolveBlockRange(ctx, unresolvedLastBlock, blocks)
+	if err != nil || blocks == 0 {
+		return common.Big0, nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	oldestBlock := lastBlock + 1 - uint64(blocks)
+
+	var (
+		next    = oldestBlock
+		results = make(chan *blockFees, blocks)
+	)
+	percentileKey := make([]byte, 8*len(rewardPercentiles))
+	for i, p := range rewardPercentiles {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(percentileKey[i*8:(i+1)*8], math.Float64bits(p))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < maxBlockFetchers && i < blocks; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			for {
+				// Retrieve the next block number to fetch with this goroutine
+				blockNumber := atomic.AddUint64(&next, 1) - 1
+				if blockNumber > lastBlock {
+					return
+				}
+
+				fees := &blockFees{blockNumber: blockNumber}
+				if pendingBlock != nil && blockNumber >= pendingBlock.Number64().Uint64() {
+					fees.block, fees.receipts = pendingBlock, pendingReceipts
+					fees.header = fees.block.Header()
+					oracle.processBlock(fees, rewardPercentiles)
+					results <- fees
+				} else {
+					cacheKey := cacheKey{number: blockNumber, percentiles: string(percentileKey)}
+
+					if p, ok := oracle.historyCache.Get(cacheKey); ok {
+						fees.results = p.(processedFees)
+						results <- fees
+					} else {
+						if len(rewardPercentiles) != 0 {
+							fees.block, fees.err = oracle.backend.GetBlockByNumber(resolvedLastBlock)
+							if fees.block != nil && fees.err == nil {
+								fees.receipts, fees.err = oracle.backend.GetReceipts(fees.block.Hash())
+								fees.header = fees.block.Header()
+							}
+						} else {
+							fees.err = nil
+							fees.header = oracle.backend.GetHeaderByNumber(resolvedLastBlock)
+						}
+						if fees.header != nil && fees.err == nil {
+							oracle.processBlock(fees, rewardPercentiles)
+							if fees.err == nil {
+								oracle.historyCache.Add(cacheKey, fees.results)
+							}
+						}
+						// send to results even if empty to guarantee that blocks items are sent in total
+						results <- fees
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	var (
+		reward       = make([][]*big.Int, blocks)
+		baseFee      = make([]*big.Int, blocks+1)
+		gasUsedRatio = make([]float64, blocks)
+		firstMissing = blocks
+	)
+	for ; blocks > 0; blocks-- {
+		fees := <-results
+		if fees.err != nil {
+			return common.Big0, nil, nil, nil, fees.err
+		}
+		i := int(fees.blockNumber - oldestBlock)
+		if fees.results.baseFee != nil {
+			reward[i], baseFee[i], baseFee[i+1], gasUsedRatio[i] = fees.results.reward, fees.results.baseFee, fees.results.nextBaseFee, fees.results.gasUsedRatio
+		} else {
+			// getting no block and no error means we are requesting into the future (might happen because of a reorg)
+			if i < firstMissing {
+				firstMissing = i
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if firstMissing == 0 {
+		return common.Big0, nil, nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	if len(rewardPercentiles) != 0 {
+		reward = reward[:firstMissing]
+	} else {
+		reward = nil
+	}
+	baseFee, gasUsedRatio = baseFee[:firstMissing+1], gasUsedRatio[:firstMissing]
+	return new(big.Int).SetUint64(oldestBlock), reward, baseFee, gasUsedRatio, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/filters/api.go b/internal/api/filters/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8345108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/filters/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+package filters
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// filter is a helper struct that holds metadata information over the filter type
+// and associated subscription in the event system.
+type filter struct {
+	typ      Type
+	deadline *time.Timer // filter is inactiv when deadline triggers
+	hashes   []types.Hash
+	crit     FilterCriteria
+	logs     []*block.Log
+	s        *Subscription // associated subscription in event system
+}
+
+// FilterAPI offers support to create and manage filters. This will allow external clients to retrieve various
+// information related to the Ethereum protocol such als blocks, transactions and logs.
+type FilterAPI struct {
+	api       Api
+	events    *EventSystem
+	filtersMu sync.Mutex
+	filters   map[jsonrpc.ID]*filter
+	timeout   time.Duration
+}
+
+// NewFilterAPI returns a new FilterAPI instance.
+func NewFilterAPI(api Api, timeout time.Duration) *FilterAPI {
+	filterAPI := &FilterAPI{
+		api:     api,
+		events:  NewEventSystem(api),
+		filters: make(map[jsonrpc.ID]*filter),
+		timeout: timeout,
+	}
+	go filterAPI.timeoutLoop(timeout)
+
+	return filterAPI
+}
+
+// timeoutLoop runs at the interval set by 'timeout' and deletes filters
+// that have not been recently used. It is started when the API is created.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) timeoutLoop(timeout time.Duration) {
+	var toUninstall []*Subscription
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(timeout)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		<-ticker.C
+		filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+		for id, f := range filterApi.filters {
+			select {
+			case <-f.deadline.C:
+				toUninstall = append(toUninstall, f.s)
+				delete(filterApi.filters, id)
+			default:
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+
+		// Unsubscribes are processed outside the lock to avoid the following scenario:
+		// event loop attempts broadcasting events to still active filters while
+		// Unsubscribe is waiting for it to process the uninstall request.
+		for _, s := range toUninstall {
+			s.Unsubscribe()
+		}
+		toUninstall = nil
+	}
+}
+
+// NewPendingTransactionFilter creates a filter that fetches pending transaction hashes
+// as transactions enter the pending state.
+//
+// It is part of the filter package because this filter can be used through the
+// `eth_getFilterChanges` polling method that is also used for log filters.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) NewPendingTransactionFilter() jsonrpc.ID {
+	var (
+		pendingTxs   = make(chan []types.Hash)
+		pendingTxSub = filterApi.events.SubscribePendingTxs(pendingTxs)
+	)
+
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+	filterApi.filters[pendingTxSub.ID] = &filter{typ: PendingTransactionsSubscription, deadline: time.NewTimer(filterApi.timeout), hashes: make([]types.Hash, 0), s: pendingTxSub}
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case ph := <-pendingTxs:
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+				if f, found := filterApi.filters[pendingTxSub.ID]; found {
+					f.hashes = append(f.hashes, ph...)
+				}
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+			case <-pendingTxSub.Err():
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+				delete(filterApi.filters, pendingTxSub.ID)
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return pendingTxSub.ID
+}
+
+// NewPendingTransactions creates a subscription that is triggered each time a transaction
+// enters the transaction pool and was signed from one of the transactions this nodes manages.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) NewPendingTransactions(ctx context.Context) (*jsonrpc.Subscription, error) {
+	notifier, supported := jsonrpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
+	if !supported {
+		return &jsonrpc.Subscription{}, jsonrpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+	}
+
+	rpcSub := notifier.CreateSubscription()
+
+	go func() {
+		txHashes := make(chan []types.Hash, 128)
+		pendingTxSub := filterApi.events.SubscribePendingTxs(txHashes)
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case hashes := <-txHashes:
+				// To keep the original behaviour, send a single tx hash in one notification.
+				// TODO(rjl493456442) Send a batch of tx hashes in one notification
+				for _, h := range hashes {
+					notifier.Notify(rpcSub.ID, h)
+				}
+			case <-rpcSub.Err():
+				pendingTxSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			case <-notifier.Closed():
+				pendingTxSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return rpcSub, nil
+}
+
+// NewBlockFilter creates a filter that fetches blocks that are imported into the chain.
+// It is part of the filter package since polling goes with eth_getFilterChanges.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) NewBlockFilter() jsonrpc.ID {
+	var (
+		headers   = make(chan block.IHeader)
+		headerSub = filterApi.events.SubscribeNewHeads(headers)
+	)
+
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+	filterApi.filters[headerSub.ID] = &filter{typ: BlocksSubscription, deadline: time.NewTimer(filterApi.timeout), hashes: make([]types.Hash, 0), s: headerSub}
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case h := <-headers:
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+				if f, found := filterApi.filters[headerSub.ID]; found {
+					f.hashes = append(f.hashes, h.Hash())
+				}
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+			case <-headerSub.Err():
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+				delete(filterApi.filters, headerSub.ID)
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return headerSub.ID
+}
+
+// NewHeads send a notification each time a new (header) block is appended to the chain.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) NewHeads(ctx context.Context) (*jsonrpc.Subscription, error) {
+	notifier, supported := jsonrpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
+	if !supported {
+		return &jsonrpc.Subscription{}, jsonrpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+	}
+
+	rpcSub := notifier.CreateSubscription()
+
+	go func() {
+		headers := make(chan block.IHeader)
+		headersSub := filterApi.events.SubscribeNewHeads(headers)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case h := <-headers:
+				notifier.Notify(rpcSub.ID, mvm_types.FromastHeader(h))
+			case <-rpcSub.Err():
+				headersSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			case <-notifier.Closed():
+				headersSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return rpcSub, nil
+}
+
+// Logs creates a subscription that fires for all new log that match the given filter criteria.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) Logs(ctx context.Context, crit FilterCriteria) (*jsonrpc.Subscription, error) {
+	notifier, supported := jsonrpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
+	if !supported {
+		return &jsonrpc.Subscription{}, jsonrpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+	}
+
+	var (
+		rpcSub      = notifier.CreateSubscription()
+		matchedLogs = make(chan []*block.Log)
+	)
+
+	logsSub, err := filterApi.events.SubscribeLogs(crit, matchedLogs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case logs := <-matchedLogs:
+				for _, log := range logs {
+					log := log
+					notifier.Notify(rpcSub.ID, &log)
+				}
+			case <-rpcSub.Err(): // client send an unsubscribe request
+				logsSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			case <-notifier.Closed(): // connection dropped
+				logsSub.Unsubscribe()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return rpcSub, nil
+}
+
+// NewFilter creates a new filter and returns the filter id. It can be
+// used to retrieve logs when the state changes. This method cannot be
+// used to fetch logs that are already stored in the state.
+//
+// Default criteria for the from and to block are "latest".
+// Using "latest" as block number will return logs for mined blocks.
+// Using "pending" as block number returns logs for not yet mined (pending) blocks.
+// In case logs are removed (chain reorg) previously returned logs are returned
+// again but with the removed property set to true.
+//
+// In case "fromBlock" > "toBlock" an error is returned.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) NewFilter(crit FilterCriteria) (jsonrpc.ID, error) {
+	logs := make(chan []*block.Log)
+	logsSub, err := filterApi.events.SubscribeLogs(crit, logs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+	filterApi.filters[logsSub.ID] = &filter{typ: LogsSubscription, crit: crit, deadline: time.NewTimer(filterApi.timeout), logs: make([]*block.Log, 0), s: logsSub}
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case l := <-logs:
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+				if f, found := filterApi.filters[logsSub.ID]; found {
+					f.logs = append(f.logs, l...)
+				}
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+			case <-logsSub.Err():
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+				delete(filterApi.filters, logsSub.ID)
+				filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return logsSub.ID, nil
+}
+
+// GetLogs returns logs matching the given argument that are stored within the state.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) GetLogs(ctx context.Context, crit FilterCriteria) ([]*block.Log, error) {
+	var filter *Filter
+	if crit.BlockHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+		// Block filter requested, construct a single-shot filter
+		filter = NewBlockFilter(filterApi.api, crit.BlockHash, crit.Addresses, crit.Topics)
+	} else {
+		// Convert the RPC block numbers into internal representations
+		begin := jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64()
+		if crit.FromBlock != nil {
+			begin = crit.FromBlock.Int64()
+		}
+		end := jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64()
+		if crit.ToBlock != nil {
+			end = crit.ToBlock.Int64()
+		}
+		// Construct the range filter
+		filter = NewRangeFilter(filterApi.api, begin, end, crit.Addresses, crit.Topics)
+	}
+	// Run the filter and return all the logs
+	logs, err := filter.Logs(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return returnLogs(logs), err
+}
+
+// UninstallFilter removes the filter with the given filter id.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) UninstallFilter(id jsonrpc.ID) bool {
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+	f, found := filterApi.filters[id]
+	if found {
+		delete(filterApi.filters, id)
+	}
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+	if found {
+		f.s.Unsubscribe()
+	}
+
+	return found
+}
+
+// GetFilterLogs returns the logs for the filter with the given id.
+// If the filter could not be found an empty array of logs is returned.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) GetFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, id jsonrpc.ID) ([]*block.Log, error) {
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+	f, found := filterApi.filters[id]
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+
+	if !found || f.typ != LogsSubscription {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("filter not found")
+	}
+
+	var filter *Filter
+	if f.crit.BlockHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+		// Block filter requested, construct a single-shot filter
+		filter = NewBlockFilter(filterApi.api, f.crit.BlockHash, f.crit.Addresses, f.crit.Topics)
+	} else {
+		// Convert the RPC block numbers into internal representations
+		begin := jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64()
+		if f.crit.FromBlock != nil {
+			begin = f.crit.FromBlock.Int64()
+		}
+		end := jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64()
+		if f.crit.ToBlock != nil {
+			end = f.crit.ToBlock.Int64()
+		}
+		// Construct the range filter
+		filter = NewRangeFilter(filterApi.api, begin, end, f.crit.Addresses, f.crit.Topics)
+	}
+	// Run the filter and return all the logs
+	logs, err := filter.Logs(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return returnLogs(logs), nil
+}
+
+// GetFilterChanges returns the logs for the filter with the given id since
+// last time it was called. This can be used for polling.
+//
+// For pending transaction and block filters the result is []types.Hash.
+// (pending)Log filters return []Log.
+func (filterApi *FilterAPI) GetFilterChanges(id jsonrpc.ID) (interface{}, error) {
+	filterApi.filtersMu.Lock()
+	defer filterApi.filtersMu.Unlock()
+
+	if f, found := filterApi.filters[id]; found {
+		if !f.deadline.Stop() {
+			// timer expired but filter is not yet removed in timeout loop
+			// receive timer value and reset timer
+			<-f.deadline.C
+		}
+		f.deadline.Reset(filterApi.timeout)
+
+		switch f.typ {
+		case PendingTransactionsSubscription, BlocksSubscription:
+			hashes := f.hashes
+			f.hashes = nil
+			return returnHashes(hashes), nil
+		case LogsSubscription, MinedAndPendingLogsSubscription:
+			logs := f.logs
+			f.logs = nil
+			return returnLogs(logs), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return []interface{}{}, fmt.Errorf("filter not found")
+}
+
+// returnHashes is a helper that will return an empty hash array case the given hash array is nil,
+// otherwise the given hashes array is returned.
+func returnHashes(hashes []types.Hash) []types.Hash {
+	if hashes == nil {
+		return []types.Hash{}
+	}
+	return hashes
+}
+
+// returnLogs is a helper that will return an empty log array in case the given logs array is nil,
+// otherwise the given logs array is returned.
+func returnLogs(logs []*block.Log) []*block.Log {
+	if logs == nil {
+		return []*block.Log{}
+	}
+	return logs
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/filters/filter.go b/internal/api/filters/filter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c161bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/filters/filter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+package filters
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	vm2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+type Api interface {
+	TxsPool() common.ITxsPool
+	Database() kv.RwDB
+	Engine() consensus.Engine
+	BlockChain() common.IBlockChain
+	GetEvm(ctx context.Context, msg internal.Message, ibs evmtypes.IntraBlockState, header block.IHeader, vmConfig *vm2.Config) (*vm2.EVM, func() error, error)
+}
+
+// Filter can be used to retrieve and filter logs.
+type Filter struct {
+	api Api
+
+	db        kv.RwDB
+	addresses []types.Address
+	topics    [][]types.Hash
+
+	block      types.Hash // Block hash if filtering a single block
+	begin, end int64      // Range interval if filtering multiple blocks
+
+	//matcher *bloombits.Matcher
+}
+
+// NewRangeFilter creates a new filter which uses a bloom filter on blocks to
+// figure out whether a particular block is interesting or not.
+func NewRangeFilter(api Api, begin, end int64, addresses []types.Address, topics [][]types.Hash) *Filter {
+	// Flatten the address and topic filter clauses into a single bloombits filter
+	// system. Since the bloombits are not positional, nil topics are permitted,
+	// which get flattened into a nil byte slice.
+	var filters [][][]byte
+	if len(addresses) > 0 {
+		filter := make([][]byte, len(addresses))
+		for i, address := range addresses {
+			filter[i] = address.Bytes()
+		}
+		filters = append(filters, filter)
+	}
+	for _, topicList := range topics {
+		filter := make([][]byte, len(topicList))
+		for i, topic := range topicList {
+			filter[i] = topic.Bytes()
+		}
+		filters = append(filters, filter)
+	}
+	//size, _ := api.BloomStatus()
+
+	// Create a generic filter and convert it into a range filter
+	filter := newFilter(api, addresses, topics)
+
+	//filter.matcher = bloombits.NewMatcher(size, filters)
+	filter.begin = begin
+	filter.end = end
+
+	return filter
+}
+
+// NewBlockFilter creates a new filter which directly inspects the contents of
+// a block to figure out whether it is interesting or not.
+func NewBlockFilter(api Api, block types.Hash, addresses []types.Address, topics [][]types.Hash) *Filter {
+	// Create a generic filter and convert it into a block filter
+	filter := newFilter(api, addresses, topics)
+	filter.block = block
+	return filter
+}
+
+// newFilter creates a generic filter that can either filter based on a block hash,
+// or based on range queries. The search criteria needs to be explicitly set.
+func newFilter(api Api, addresses []types.Address, topics [][]types.Hash) *Filter {
+	return &Filter{
+		api:       api,
+		addresses: addresses,
+		topics:    topics,
+		db:        api.Database(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Logs searches the blockchain for matching log entries, returning all from the
+// first block that contains matches, updating the start of the filter accordingly.
+func (f *Filter) Logs(ctx context.Context) ([]*block.Log, error) {
+	// If we're doing singleton block filtering, execute and return
+	if f.block != (types.Hash{}) {
+		header, err := f.api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByHash(f.block)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if header == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("unknown block")
+		}
+		return f.blockLogs(ctx, header)
+	}
+	// Short-cut if all we care about is pending logs
+	if f.begin == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber.Int64() {
+		if f.end != jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber.Int64() {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid block range")
+		}
+		return f.pendingLogs()
+	}
+	// Figure out the limits of the filter range
+	header := f.api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header()
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var (
+		head    = header.Number64().Uint64()
+		end     = uint64(f.end)
+		pending = f.end == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber.Int64()
+	)
+	if f.begin == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64() {
+		f.begin = int64(head)
+	}
+	if f.end == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64() || f.end == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber.Int64() {
+		end = head
+	}
+	// Gather all indexed logs, and finish with non indexed ones
+	var (
+		logs           []*block.Log
+		err            error
+		size, sections = uint64(4096), uint64(10)
+		//todo
+	)
+	if indexed := sections * size; indexed > uint64(f.begin) {
+		if indexed > end {
+			logs, err = f.indexedLogs(ctx, end)
+		} else {
+			logs, err = f.indexedLogs(ctx, indexed-1)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return logs, err
+		}
+	}
+	rest, err := f.unindexedLogs(ctx, end)
+	logs = append(logs, rest...)
+	if pending {
+		pendingLogs, err := f.pendingLogs()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		logs = append(logs, pendingLogs...)
+	}
+	return logs, err
+}
+
+// indexedLogs returns the logs matching the filter criteria based on the bloom
+// bits indexed available locally or via the network.
+func (f *Filter) indexedLogs(ctx context.Context, end uint64) ([]*block.Log, error) {
+	// Create a matcher session and request servicing from the backend
+	matches := make(chan uint64, 64)
+
+	//session, err := f.matcher.Start(ctx, uint64(f.begin), end, matches)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return nil, err
+	//}
+	//defer session.Close()
+
+	//f.api.ServiceFilter(ctx, session)
+
+	// Iterate over the matches until exhausted or context closed
+	var logs []*block.Log
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case number, ok := <-matches:
+			// Abort if all matches have been fulfilled
+			if !ok {
+				//err := session.Error()
+				//if err == nil {
+				//	f.begin = int64(end) + 1
+				//}
+				return logs, nil
+			}
+			f.begin = int64(number) + 1
+
+			// Retrieve the suggested block and pull any truly matching logs
+			header := f.api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(number))
+			if header == nil {
+				return logs, nil
+			}
+			found, err := f.checkMatches(ctx, header)
+			if err != nil {
+				return logs, err
+			}
+			logs = append(logs, found...)
+
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return logs, ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// unindexedLogs returns the logs matching the filter criteria based on raw block
+// iteration and bloom matching.
+func (f *Filter) unindexedLogs(ctx context.Context, end uint64) ([]*block.Log, error) {
+	var logs []*block.Log
+
+	for ; f.begin <= int64(end); f.begin++ {
+		header := f.api.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(f.begin)))
+		if header == nil {
+			return logs, nil
+		}
+		found, err := f.blockLogs(ctx, header)
+		if err != nil {
+			return logs, err
+		}
+		logs = append(logs, found...)
+	}
+	return logs, nil
+}
+
+// blockLogs returns the logs matching the filter criteria within a single block.
+func (f *Filter) blockLogs(ctx context.Context, header block.IHeader) (logs []*block.Log, err error) {
+	//todo header.Bloom
+	bloom, _ := types.NewBloom(100)
+	if bloomFilter(bloom, f.addresses, f.topics) {
+		found, err := f.checkMatches(ctx, header)
+		if err != nil {
+			return logs, err
+		}
+		logs = append(logs, found...)
+	}
+	return logs, nil
+}
+
+// checkMatches checks if the receipts belonging to the given header contain any log events that
+// match the filter criteria. This function is called when the bloom filter signals a potential match.
+func (f *Filter) checkMatches(ctx context.Context, header block.IHeader) (logs []*block.Log, err error) {
+	// Get the logs of the block
+	logsList, err := f.api.BlockChain().GetLogs(header.Hash())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var unfiltered []*block.Log
+	for _, logs := range logsList {
+		unfiltered = append(unfiltered, logs...)
+	}
+	logs = filterLogs(unfiltered, nil, nil, f.addresses, f.topics)
+	if len(logs) > 0 {
+		// We have matching logs, check if we need to resolve full logs via the light client
+		if logs[0].TxHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+			receipts, err := f.api.BlockChain().GetReceipts(header.Hash())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			unfiltered = unfiltered[:0]
+			for _, receipt := range receipts {
+				unfiltered = append(unfiltered, receipt.Logs...)
+			}
+			logs = filterLogs(unfiltered, nil, nil, f.addresses, f.topics)
+		}
+		return logs, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// pendingLogs returns the logs matching the filter criteria within the pending block.
+func (f *Filter) pendingLogs() ([]*block.Log, error) {
+	//todo
+	//pendingBlock, receipts := f.api.PendingBlockAndReceipts()
+	//if bloomFilter(pendingBlock.Bloom(), f.addresses, f.topics) {
+	//	var unfiltered []*block.Log
+	//	for _, r := range receipts {
+	//		unfiltered = append(unfiltered, r.Logs...)
+	//	}
+	//	return filterLogs(unfiltered, nil, nil, f.addresses, f.topics), nil
+	//}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func includes(addresses []types.Address, a types.Address) bool {
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if addr == a {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// filterLogs creates a slice of logs matching the given criteria.
+func filterLogs(logs []*block.Log, fromBlock, toBlock *big.Int, addresses []types.Address, topics [][]types.Hash) []*block.Log {
+	var ret []*block.Log
+Logs:
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		if fromBlock != nil && fromBlock.Int64() >= 0 && fromBlock.Uint64() > log.BlockNumber.Uint64() {
+			continue
+		}
+		if toBlock != nil && toBlock.Int64() >= 0 && toBlock.Uint64() < log.BlockNumber.Uint64() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if len(addresses) > 0 && !includes(addresses, log.Address) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// If the to filtered topics is greater than the amount of topics in logs, skip.
+		if len(topics) > len(log.Topics) {
+			continue
+		}
+		for i, sub := range topics {
+			match := len(sub) == 0 // empty rule set == wildcard
+			for _, topic := range sub {
+				if log.Topics[i] == topic {
+					match = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !match {
+				continue Logs
+			}
+		}
+		ret = append(ret, log)
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func bloomFilter(bloom *types.Bloom, addresses []types.Address, topics [][]types.Hash) bool {
+	if len(addresses) > 0 {
+		var included bool
+		for _, addr := range addresses {
+			if bloom.Contain(addr.Bytes()) {
+				included = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !included {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, sub := range topics {
+		included := len(sub) == 0 // empty rule set == wildcard
+		for _, topic := range sub {
+			if bloom.Contain(topic.Bytes()) {
+				included = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !included {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/filters/filter_query.go b/internal/api/filters/filter_query.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d38d2a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/filters/filter_query.go
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package filters
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	mvm_common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// FilterCriteria contains options for contract log filtering.
+type FilterCriteria struct {
+	BlockHash types.Hash      // used by eth_getLogs, return logs only from block with this hash
+	FromBlock *big.Int        // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
+	ToBlock   *big.Int        // end of the rtypes nil means latest block
+	Addresses []types.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts
+
+	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
+	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
+	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
+	// contained topics.
+	//
+	// Examples:
+	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
+	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
+	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position AND B in second position
+	// {{A}, {B}}         matches topic A in first position AND B in second position
+	// {{A, B}, {C, D}}   matches topic (A OR B) in first position AND (C OR D) in second position
+	Topics [][]types.Hash
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON sets *args fields with given data.
+func (args *FilterCriteria) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type input struct {
+		BlockHash *mvm_common.Hash     `json:"blockHash"`
+		FromBlock *jsonrpc.BlockNumber `json:"fromBlock"`
+		ToBlock   *jsonrpc.BlockNumber `json:"toBlock"`
+		Addresses interface{}          `json:"address"`
+		Topics    []interface{}        `json:"topics"`
+	}
+
+	var raw input
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &raw); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if raw.BlockHash != nil {
+		if raw.FromBlock != nil || raw.ToBlock != nil {
+			// BlockHash is mutually exclusive with FromBlock/ToBlock criteria
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both BlockHash and FromBlock/ToBlock, choose one or the other")
+		}
+		args.BlockHash = mvm_types.ToastHash(*raw.BlockHash)
+	} else {
+		if raw.FromBlock != nil {
+			args.FromBlock = big.NewInt(raw.FromBlock.Int64())
+		}
+
+		if raw.ToBlock != nil {
+			args.ToBlock = big.NewInt(raw.ToBlock.Int64())
+		}
+	}
+
+	args.Addresses = []types.Address{}
+
+	if raw.Addresses != nil {
+		// raw.Address can contain a single address or an array of addresses
+		switch rawAddr := raw.Addresses.(type) {
+		case []interface{}:
+			for i, addr := range rawAddr {
+				if strAddr, ok := addr.(string); ok {
+					addr, err := decodeAddress(strAddr)
+					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("invalid address at index %d: %v", i, err)
+					}
+					args.Addresses = append(args.Addresses, *mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr))
+				} else {
+					return fmt.Errorf("non-string address at index %d", i)
+				}
+			}
+		case string:
+			addr, err := decodeAddress(rawAddr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid address: %v", err)
+			}
+			args.Addresses = []types.Address{*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&addr)}
+		default:
+			return errors.New("invalid addresses in query")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// topics is an array consisting of strings and/or arrays of strings.
+	// JSON null values are converted to types.Hash{} and ignored by the filter manager.
+	if len(raw.Topics) > 0 {
+		args.Topics = make([][]types.Hash, len(raw.Topics))
+		for i, t := range raw.Topics {
+			switch topic := t.(type) {
+			case nil:
+				// ignore topic when matching logs
+
+			case string:
+				// match specific topic
+				top, err := decodeTopic(topic)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				args.Topics[i] = []types.Hash{mvm_types.ToastHash(top)}
+
+			case []interface{}:
+				// or case e.g. [null, "topic0", "topic1"]
+				for _, rawTopic := range topic {
+					if rawTopic == nil {
+						// null component, match all
+						args.Topics[i] = nil
+						break
+					}
+					if topic, ok := rawTopic.(string); ok {
+						parsed, err := decodeTopic(topic)
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+						args.Topics[i] = append(args.Topics[i], mvm_types.ToastHash(parsed))
+					} else {
+						return fmt.Errorf("invalid topic(s)")
+					}
+				}
+			default:
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid topic(s)")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeAddress(s string) (mvm_common.Address, error) {
+	b, err := hexutil.Decode(s)
+	if err == nil && len(b) != mvm_common.AddressLength {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("hex has invalid length %d after decoding; expected %d for address", len(b), mvm_common.AddressLength)
+	}
+	return mvm_common.BytesToAddress(b), err
+}
+
+func decodeTopic(s string) (mvm_common.Hash, error) {
+	b, err := hexutil.Decode(s)
+	if err == nil && len(b) != mvm_common.HashLength {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("hex has invalid length %d after decoding; expected %d for topic", len(b), mvm_common.HashLength)
+	}
+	return mvm_common.BytesToHash(b), err
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/filters/filter_system.go b/internal/api/filters/filter_system.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62e3c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/filters/filter_system.go
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+package filters
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Type determines the kind of filter and is used to put the filter in to
+// the correct bucket when added.
+type Type byte
+
+const (
+	// UnknownSubscription indicates an unknown subscription type
+	UnknownSubscription Type = iota
+	// LogsSubscription queries for new or removed (chain reorg) logs
+	LogsSubscription
+	// PendingLogsSubscription queries for logs in pending blocks
+	PendingLogsSubscription
+	// MinedAndPendingLogsSubscription queries for logs in mined and pending blocks.
+	MinedAndPendingLogsSubscription
+	// PendingTransactionsSubscription queries tx hashes for pending
+	// transactions entering the pending state
+	PendingTransactionsSubscription
+	// BlocksSubscription queries hashes for blocks that are imported
+	BlocksSubscription
+	// LastSubscription keeps track of the last index
+	LastIndexSubscription
+)
+
+const (
+	// txChanSize is the size of channel listening to NewTxsEvent.
+	// The number is referenced from the size of tx pool.
+	txChanSize = 4096
+	// rmLogsChanSize is the size of channel listening to RemovedLogsEvent.
+	rmLogsChanSize = 10
+	// logsChanSize is the size of channel listening to LogsEvent.
+	logsChanSize = 10
+	// chainEvChanSize is the size of channel listening to ChainEvent.
+	chainEvChanSize = 10
+)
+
+type subscription struct {
+	id        jsonrpc.ID
+	typ       Type
+	created   time.Time
+	logsCrit  FilterCriteria
+	logs      chan []*block.Log
+	hashes    chan []types.Hash
+	headers   chan block.IHeader
+	installed chan struct{} // closed when the filter is installed
+	err       chan error    // closed when the filter is uninstalled
+}
+
+// EventSystem creates subscriptions, processes events and broadcasts them to the
+// subscription which match the subscription criteria.
+type EventSystem struct {
+	api       Api
+	lightMode bool
+	lastHead  block.IHeader
+
+	// Subscriptions
+	txsSub         event.Subscription // Subscription for new transaction event
+	logsSub        event.Subscription // Subscription for new log event
+	rmLogsSub      event.Subscription // Subscription for removed log event
+	pendingLogsSub event.Subscription // Subscription for pending log event
+	chainSub       event.Subscription // Subscription for new chain event
+
+	// Channels
+	install       chan *subscription              // install filter for event notification
+	uninstall     chan *subscription              // remove filter for event notification
+	txsCh         chan common.NewTxsEvent         // Channel to receive new transactions event
+	logsCh        chan common.NewLogsEvent        // Channel to receive new log event
+	pendingLogsCh chan common.NewPendingLogsEvent // Channel to receive new log event
+	rmLogsCh      chan common.RemovedLogsEvent    // Channel to receive removed log event
+	chainCh       chan common.ChainHighestBlock   // Channel to receive new chain event
+}
+
+// NewEventSystem creates a new manager that listens for event on the given mux,
+// parses and filters them. It uses the all map to retrieve filter changes. The
+// work loop holds its own index that is used to forward events to filters.
+//
+// The returned manager has a loop that needs to be stopped with the Stop function
+// or by stopping the given mux.
+func NewEventSystem(api Api) *EventSystem {
+
+	m := &EventSystem{
+		api:           api,
+		lightMode:     false,
+		install:       make(chan *subscription),
+		uninstall:     make(chan *subscription),
+		txsCh:         make(chan common.NewTxsEvent),
+		logsCh:        make(chan common.NewLogsEvent),
+		rmLogsCh:      make(chan common.RemovedLogsEvent),
+		pendingLogsCh: make(chan common.NewPendingLogsEvent),
+		chainCh:       make(chan common.ChainHighestBlock),
+	}
+
+	// Subscribe events
+	m.txsSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(m.txsCh)
+	m.logsSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(m.logsCh)
+	m.rmLogsSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(m.rmLogsCh)
+	m.chainSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(m.chainCh)
+	m.pendingLogsSub = event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(m.pendingLogsCh)
+
+	// Make sure none of the subscriptions are empty
+	if m.txsSub == nil || m.logsSub == nil || m.rmLogsSub == nil || m.chainSub == nil || m.pendingLogsSub == nil {
+		log.Error("Subscribe for event system failed")
+	}
+
+	go m.eventLoop()
+	return m
+}
+
+// Subscription is created when the client registers itself for a particular event.
+type Subscription struct {
+	ID        jsonrpc.ID
+	f         *subscription
+	es        *EventSystem
+	unsubOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+// Err returns a channel that is closed when unsubscribed.
+func (sub *Subscription) Err() <-chan error {
+	return sub.f.err
+}
+
+// Unsubscribe uninstalls the subscription from the event broadcast loop.
+func (sub *Subscription) Unsubscribe() {
+	sub.unsubOnce.Do(func() {
+	uninstallLoop:
+		for {
+			// write uninstall request and consume logs/hashes. This prevents
+			// the eventLoop broadcast method to deadlock when writing to the
+			// filter event channel while the subscription loop is waiting for
+			// this method to return (and thus not reading these events).
+			select {
+			case sub.es.uninstall <- sub.f:
+				break uninstallLoop
+			case <-sub.f.logs:
+			case <-sub.f.hashes:
+			case <-sub.f.headers:
+			}
+		}
+
+		// wait for filter to be uninstalled in work loop before returning
+		// this ensures that the manager won't use the event channel which
+		// will probably be closed by the client asap after this method returns.
+		<-sub.Err()
+	})
+}
+
+// subscribe installs the subscription in the event broadcast loop.
+func (es *EventSystem) subscribe(sub *subscription) *Subscription {
+	es.install <- sub
+	<-sub.installed
+	return &Subscription{ID: sub.id, f: sub, es: es}
+}
+
+// SubscribeLogs creates a subscription that will write all logs matching the
+// given criteria to the given logs channel. Default value for the from and to
+// block is "latest". If the fromBlock > toBlock an error is returned.
+func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeLogs(crit FilterCriteria, logs chan []*block.Log) (*Subscription, error) {
+	var from, to jsonrpc.BlockNumber
+	if crit.FromBlock == nil {
+		from = jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber
+	} else {
+		from = jsonrpc.BlockNumber(crit.FromBlock.Int64())
+	}
+	if crit.ToBlock == nil {
+		to = jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber
+	} else {
+		to = jsonrpc.BlockNumber(crit.ToBlock.Int64())
+	}
+
+	// only interested in pending logs
+	if from == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber && to == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+		return es.subscribePendingLogs(crit, logs), nil
+	}
+	// only interested in new mined logs
+	if from == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber && to == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		return es.subscribeLogs(crit, logs), nil
+	}
+	// only interested in mined logs within a specific block range
+	if from >= 0 && to >= 0 && to >= from {
+		return es.subscribeLogs(crit, logs), nil
+	}
+	// interested in mined logs from a specific block number, new logs and pending logs
+	if from >= jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber && to == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+		return es.subscribeMinedPendingLogs(crit, logs), nil
+	}
+	// interested in logs from a specific block number to new mined blocks
+	if from >= 0 && to == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		return es.subscribeLogs(crit, logs), nil
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid from and to block combination: from > to")
+}
+
+// subscribeMinedPendingLogs creates a subscription that returned mined and
+// pending logs that match the given criteria.
+func (es *EventSystem) subscribeMinedPendingLogs(crit FilterCriteria, logs chan []*block.Log) *Subscription {
+	sub := &subscription{
+		id:        jsonrpc.NewID(),
+		typ:       MinedAndPendingLogsSubscription,
+		logsCrit:  crit,
+		created:   time.Now(),
+		logs:      logs,
+		hashes:    make(chan []types.Hash),
+		headers:   make(chan block.IHeader),
+		installed: make(chan struct{}),
+		err:       make(chan error),
+	}
+	return es.subscribe(sub)
+}
+
+// subscribeLogs creates a subscription that will write all logs matching the
+// given criteria to the given logs channel.
+func (es *EventSystem) subscribeLogs(crit FilterCriteria, logs chan []*block.Log) *Subscription {
+	sub := &subscription{
+		id:        jsonrpc.NewID(),
+		typ:       LogsSubscription,
+		logsCrit:  crit,
+		created:   time.Now(),
+		logs:      logs,
+		hashes:    make(chan []types.Hash),
+		headers:   make(chan block.IHeader),
+		installed: make(chan struct{}),
+		err:       make(chan error),
+	}
+	return es.subscribe(sub)
+}
+
+// subscribePendingLogs creates a subscription that writes contract event logs for
+// transactions that enter the transaction pool.
+func (es *EventSystem) subscribePendingLogs(crit FilterCriteria, logs chan []*block.Log) *Subscription {
+	sub := &subscription{
+		id:        jsonrpc.NewID(),
+		typ:       PendingLogsSubscription,
+		logsCrit:  crit,
+		created:   time.Now(),
+		logs:      logs,
+		hashes:    make(chan []types.Hash),
+		headers:   make(chan block.IHeader),
+		installed: make(chan struct{}),
+		err:       make(chan error),
+	}
+	return es.subscribe(sub)
+}
+
+// SubscribeNewHeads creates a subscription that writes the header of a block that is
+// imported in the chain.
+func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeNewHeads(headers chan block.IHeader) *Subscription {
+	sub := &subscription{
+		id:        jsonrpc.NewID(),
+		typ:       BlocksSubscription,
+		created:   time.Now(),
+		logs:      make(chan []*block.Log),
+		hashes:    make(chan []types.Hash),
+		headers:   headers,
+		installed: make(chan struct{}),
+		err:       make(chan error),
+	}
+	return es.subscribe(sub)
+}
+
+// SubscribePendingTxs creates a subscription that writes transaction hashes for
+// transactions that enter the transaction pool.
+func (es *EventSystem) SubscribePendingTxs(hashes chan []types.Hash) *Subscription {
+	sub := &subscription{
+		id:        jsonrpc.NewID(),
+		typ:       PendingTransactionsSubscription,
+		created:   time.Now(),
+		logs:      make(chan []*block.Log),
+		hashes:    hashes,
+		headers:   make(chan block.IHeader),
+		installed: make(chan struct{}),
+		err:       make(chan error),
+	}
+	return es.subscribe(sub)
+}
+
+type filterIndex map[Type]map[jsonrpc.ID]*subscription
+
+func (es *EventSystem) handleLogs(filters filterIndex, ev common.NewLogsEvent) {
+	if len(ev.Logs) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, f := range filters[LogsSubscription] {
+		matchedLogs := filterLogs(ev.Logs, f.logsCrit.FromBlock, f.logsCrit.ToBlock, f.logsCrit.Addresses, f.logsCrit.Topics)
+		if len(matchedLogs) > 0 {
+			f.logs <- matchedLogs
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (es *EventSystem) handlePendingLogs(filters filterIndex, ev common.NewPendingLogsEvent) {
+	if len(ev.Logs) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, f := range filters[PendingLogsSubscription] {
+		matchedLogs := filterLogs(ev.Logs, nil, f.logsCrit.ToBlock, f.logsCrit.Addresses, f.logsCrit.Topics)
+		if len(matchedLogs) > 0 {
+			f.logs <- matchedLogs
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (es *EventSystem) handleRemovedLogs(filters filterIndex, ev common.RemovedLogsEvent) {
+	for _, f := range filters[LogsSubscription] {
+		matchedLogs := filterLogs(ev.Logs, f.logsCrit.FromBlock, f.logsCrit.ToBlock, f.logsCrit.Addresses, f.logsCrit.Topics)
+		if len(matchedLogs) > 0 {
+			f.logs <- matchedLogs
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (es *EventSystem) handleTxsEvent(filters filterIndex, ev common.NewTxsEvent) {
+	hashes := make([]types.Hash, 0, len(ev.Txs))
+	for _, tx := range ev.Txs {
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		hashes = append(hashes, hash)
+	}
+	for _, f := range filters[PendingTransactionsSubscription] {
+		f.hashes <- hashes
+	}
+}
+
+func (es *EventSystem) handleChainEvent(filters filterIndex, ev common.ChainHighestBlock) {
+	for _, f := range filters[BlocksSubscription] {
+		f.headers <- ev.Block.Header()
+	}
+	if es.lightMode && len(filters[LogsSubscription]) > 0 {
+		es.lightFilterNewHead(ev.Block.Header(), func(header block.IHeader, remove bool) {
+			for _, f := range filters[LogsSubscription] {
+				if matchedLogs := es.lightFilterLogs(header, f.logsCrit.Addresses, f.logsCrit.Topics, remove); len(matchedLogs) > 0 {
+					f.logs <- matchedLogs
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func (es *EventSystem) lightFilterNewHead(newHeader block.IHeader, callBack func(block.IHeader, bool)) {
+	oldh := es.lastHead
+	es.lastHead = newHeader
+	if oldh == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	newh := newHeader
+	// find common ancestor, create list of rolled back and new block hashes
+	var oldHeaders, newHeaders []block.IHeader
+	for oldh.Hash() != newh.Hash() {
+		if oldh.Number64().Uint64() >= newh.Number64().Uint64() {
+			oldHeaders = append(oldHeaders, oldh)
+			pHash := oldh.(*block.Header).ParentHash
+			es.api.Database().View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+				var err error
+				oldh, err = rawdb.ReadHeaderByHash(tx, pHash)
+				return err
+			})
+		}
+		if oldh.Number64().Uint64() < newh.Number64().Uint64() {
+			newHeaders = append(newHeaders, newh)
+			pHash := newh.(*block.Header).ParentHash
+			es.api.Database().View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+				newh, _ = rawdb.ReadHeaderByHash(tx, pHash)
+				if newh == nil {
+					// happens when CHT syncing, nothing to do
+					newh = oldh
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+
+		}
+	}
+	// roll back old blocks
+	for _, h := range oldHeaders {
+		callBack(h, true)
+	}
+	// check new blocks (array is in reverse order)
+	for i := len(newHeaders) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		callBack(newHeaders[i], false)
+	}
+}
+
+// filter logs of a single header in light client mode
+func (es *EventSystem) lightFilterLogs(header block.IHeader, addresses []types.Address, topics [][]types.Hash, remove bool) []*block.Log {
+	//todo header.Bloom
+	bloom, _ := types.NewBloom(100)
+	if bloomFilter(bloom, addresses, topics) {
+		// Get the logs of the block
+		_, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
+		defer cancel()
+		logsList, err := es.api.BlockChain().GetLogs(header.Hash())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		var unfiltered []*block.Log
+		for _, logs := range logsList {
+			for _, log := range logs {
+				logcopy := *log
+				logcopy.Removed = remove
+				unfiltered = append(unfiltered, &logcopy)
+			}
+		}
+		logs := filterLogs(unfiltered, nil, nil, addresses, topics)
+		if len(logs) > 0 && logs[0].TxHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+			// We have matching but non-derived logs
+			receipts, err := es.api.BlockChain().GetReceipts(header.Hash())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil
+			}
+			unfiltered = unfiltered[:0]
+			for _, receipt := range receipts {
+				for _, log := range receipt.Logs {
+					logcopy := *log
+					logcopy.Removed = remove
+					unfiltered = append(unfiltered, &logcopy)
+				}
+			}
+			logs = filterLogs(unfiltered, nil, nil, addresses, topics)
+		}
+		return logs
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// eventLoop (un)installs filters and processes mux events.
+func (es *EventSystem) eventLoop() {
+	// Ensure all subscriptions get cleaned up
+	defer func() {
+		es.txsSub.Unsubscribe()
+		es.logsSub.Unsubscribe()
+		es.rmLogsSub.Unsubscribe()
+		es.pendingLogsSub.Unsubscribe()
+		es.chainSub.Unsubscribe()
+	}()
+
+	index := make(filterIndex)
+	for i := UnknownSubscription; i < LastIndexSubscription; i++ {
+		index[i] = make(map[jsonrpc.ID]*subscription)
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case ev := <-es.txsCh:
+			es.handleTxsEvent(index, ev)
+		case ev := <-es.logsCh:
+			es.handleLogs(index, ev)
+		case ev := <-es.rmLogsCh:
+			es.handleRemovedLogs(index, ev)
+		case ev := <-es.pendingLogsCh:
+			es.handlePendingLogs(index, ev)
+		case ev := <-es.chainCh:
+			if ev.Inserted {
+				es.handleChainEvent(index, ev)
+			}
+
+		case f := <-es.install:
+			if f.typ == MinedAndPendingLogsSubscription {
+				// the type are logs and pending logs subscriptions
+				index[LogsSubscription][f.id] = f
+				index[PendingLogsSubscription][f.id] = f
+			} else {
+				index[f.typ][f.id] = f
+			}
+			close(f.installed)
+
+		case f := <-es.uninstall:
+			if f.typ == MinedAndPendingLogsSubscription {
+				// the type are logs and pending logs subscriptions
+				delete(index[LogsSubscription], f.id)
+				delete(index[PendingLogsSubscription], f.id)
+			} else {
+				delete(index[f.typ], f.id)
+			}
+			close(f.err)
+
+		// System stopped
+		case <-es.txsSub.Err():
+			return
+		case <-es.logsSub.Err():
+			return
+		case <-es.rmLogsSub.Err():
+			return
+		case <-es.chainSub.Err():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/gasprice.go b/internal/api/gasprice.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23f9806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/gasprice.go
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	common2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	types2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+const sampleNumber = 3 // Number of transactions sampled in a block
+
+// Oracle recommends gas prices based on the content of recent
+// blocks. Suitable for both light and full clients.
+type Oracle struct {
+	backend     common2.IBlockChain
+	miner       common2.IMiner
+	lastHead    types2.Hash
+	lastPrice   *big.Int
+	maxPrice    *big.Int
+	ignorePrice *big.Int
+	cacheLock   sync.RWMutex
+	fetchLock   sync.Mutex
+
+	checkBlocks, percentile           int
+	maxHeaderHistory, maxBlockHistory int
+	historyCache                      *lru.Cache
+	//
+	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+}
+
+// NewOracle returns a new gasprice oracle which can recommend suitable
+// gasprice for newly created transaction.
+func NewOracle(backend common2.IBlockChain, miner common2.IMiner, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, params conf.GpoConfig) *Oracle {
+	blocks := params.Blocks
+	if blocks < 1 {
+		blocks = 1
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle sample blocks", "provided", params.Blocks, "updated", blocks)
+	}
+	percent := params.Percentile
+	if percent < 0 {
+		percent = 0
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle sample percentile", "provided", params.Percentile, "updated", percent)
+	} else if percent > 100 {
+		percent = 100
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle sample percentile", "provided", params.Percentile, "updated", percent)
+	}
+	maxPrice := params.MaxPrice
+	if maxPrice == nil || maxPrice.Int64() <= 0 {
+		maxPrice = conf.DefaultMaxPrice
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle price cap", "provided", params.MaxPrice, "updated", maxPrice)
+	}
+	ignorePrice := params.IgnorePrice
+	if ignorePrice == nil || ignorePrice.Int64() <= 0 {
+		ignorePrice = conf.DefaultIgnorePrice
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle ignore price", "provided", params.IgnorePrice, "updated", ignorePrice)
+	} else if ignorePrice.Int64() > 0 {
+		log.Info("Gasprice oracle is ignoring threshold set", "threshold", ignorePrice)
+	}
+	maxHeaderHistory := params.MaxHeaderHistory
+	if maxHeaderHistory < 1 {
+		maxHeaderHistory = 1
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle max header history", "provided", params.MaxHeaderHistory, "updated", maxHeaderHistory)
+	}
+	maxBlockHistory := params.MaxBlockHistory
+	if maxBlockHistory < 1 {
+		maxBlockHistory = 1
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle max block history", "provided", params.MaxBlockHistory, "updated", maxBlockHistory)
+	}
+
+	cache, _ := lru.New(2048)
+
+	highestBlockCh := make(chan common2.ChainHighestBlock)
+	defer close(highestBlockCh)
+	highestSub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(highestBlockCh)
+	defer highestSub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	go func() {
+		var lastHead types2.Hash
+		for ev := range highestBlockCh {
+			if ev.Block.ParentHash() != lastHead {
+				cache.Purge()
+			}
+			lastHead = ev.Block.Hash()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return &Oracle{
+		backend:          backend,
+		miner:            miner,
+		lastPrice:        params.Default,
+		maxPrice:         maxPrice,
+		ignorePrice:      ignorePrice,
+		checkBlocks:      blocks,
+		percentile:       percent,
+		maxHeaderHistory: maxHeaderHistory,
+		maxBlockHistory:  maxBlockHistory,
+		historyCache:     cache,
+		chainConfig:      chainConfig,
+	}
+}
+
+// SuggestTipCap returns a tip cap so that newly created transaction can have a
+// very high chance to be included in the following blocks.
+//
+// Note, for legacy transactions and the legacy eth_gasPrice RPC call, it will be
+// necessary to add the basefee to the returned number to fall back to the legacy
+// behavior.
+func (oracle *Oracle) SuggestTipCap(ctx context.Context, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) (*big.Int, error) {
+	//var latestNumber jsonrpc.BlockNumber
+	//latestNumber = jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber
+
+	head := oracle.backend.CurrentBlock().Header()
+	var headHash types2.Hash
+	if head == nil {
+		headHash = types2.Hash{}
+	} else {
+		headHash = types2.Hash(head.Hash())
+	}
+
+	// If the latest gasprice is still available, return it.
+	oracle.cacheLock.RLock()
+	lastHead, lastPrice := oracle.lastHead, oracle.lastPrice
+	oracle.cacheLock.RUnlock()
+	if headHash == lastHead {
+		return new(big.Int).Set(lastPrice), nil
+	}
+	oracle.fetchLock.Lock()
+	defer oracle.fetchLock.Unlock()
+
+	// Try checking the cache again, maybe the last fetch fetched what we need
+	oracle.cacheLock.RLock()
+	lastHead, lastPrice = oracle.lastHead, oracle.lastPrice
+	oracle.cacheLock.RUnlock()
+	if headHash == lastHead {
+		return new(big.Int).Set(lastPrice), nil
+	}
+	var (
+		sent, exp int
+		number    = head.Number64().Uint64()
+		result    = make(chan results, oracle.checkBlocks)
+		quit      = make(chan struct{})
+		results   []*big.Int
+	)
+	for sent < oracle.checkBlocks && number > 0 {
+		go oracle.getBlockValues(ctx, types.MakeSigner(chainConfig, big.NewInt(int64(number))), number, sampleNumber, oracle.ignorePrice, result, quit)
+		sent++
+		exp++
+		number--
+	}
+	for exp > 0 {
+		res := <-result
+		if res.err != nil {
+			close(quit)
+			return new(big.Int).Set(lastPrice), res.err
+		}
+		exp--
+		// Nothing returned. There are two special cases here:
+		// - The block is empty
+		// - All the transactions included are sent by the miner itself.
+		// In these cases, use the latest calculated price for sampling.
+		if len(res.values) == 0 {
+			res.values = []*big.Int{lastPrice}
+		}
+		// Besides, in order to collect enough data for sampling, if nothing
+		// meaningful returned, try to query more blocks. But the maximum
+		// is 2*checkBlocks.
+		if len(res.values) == 1 && len(results)+1+exp < oracle.checkBlocks*2 && number > 0 {
+			go oracle.getBlockValues(ctx, types.MakeSigner(chainConfig, big.NewInt(int64(number))), number, sampleNumber, oracle.ignorePrice, result, quit)
+			sent++
+			exp++
+			number--
+		}
+		results = append(results, res.values...)
+	}
+	price := lastPrice
+	if len(results) > 0 {
+		sort.Sort(bigIntArray(results))
+		price = results[(len(results)-1)*oracle.percentile/100]
+	}
+	if price.Cmp(oracle.maxPrice) > 0 {
+		price = new(big.Int).Set(oracle.maxPrice)
+	}
+	oracle.cacheLock.Lock()
+	oracle.lastHead = headHash
+	oracle.lastPrice = price
+	oracle.cacheLock.Unlock()
+
+	return new(big.Int).Set(price), nil
+}
+
+type results struct {
+	values []*big.Int
+	err    error
+}
+
+// getBlockPrices calculates the lowest transaction gas price in a given block
+// and sends it to the result channel. If the block is empty or all transactions
+// are sent by the miner itself(it doesn't make any sense to include this kind of
+// transaction prices for sampling), nil gasprice is returned.
+func (oracle *Oracle) getBlockValues(ctx context.Context, signer types.Signer, blockNum uint64, limit int, ignoreUnder *big.Int, result chan results, quit chan struct{}) {
+	block, err := oracle.backend.GetBlockByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(jsonrpc.BlockNumber(blockNum))))
+	if block == nil {
+		select {
+		case result <- results{nil, err}:
+		case <-quit:
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	// Sort the transaction by effective tip in ascending sort.
+	txs := make([]*transaction.Transaction, len(block.Transactions()))
+	copy(txs, block.Transactions())
+	sorter := newSorter(txs, block.BaseFee64())
+	sort.Sort(sorter)
+
+	var prices []*big.Int
+	for _, tx := range sorter.txs {
+		tip, _ := tx.EffectiveGasTip(block.BaseFee64())
+		ignoreUnderx, _ := uint256.FromBig(ignoreUnder)
+		if ignoreUnder != nil && tip.Cmp(ignoreUnderx) == -1 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if *tx.From() != block.Coinbase() {
+			prices = append(prices, tip.ToBig())
+			if len(prices) >= limit {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	select {
+	case result <- results{prices, nil}:
+	case <-quit:
+	}
+}
+
+type txSorter struct {
+	txs     []*transaction.Transaction
+	baseFee *uint256.Int
+}
+
+func newSorter(txs []*transaction.Transaction, baseFee *uint256.Int) *txSorter {
+	return &txSorter{
+		txs:     txs,
+		baseFee: baseFee,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *txSorter) Len() int { return len(s.txs) }
+func (s *txSorter) Swap(i, j int) {
+	s.txs[i], s.txs[j] = s.txs[j], s.txs[i]
+}
+func (s *txSorter) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	// It's okay to discard the error because a tx would never be
+	// accepted into a block with an invalid effective tip.
+	tip1, _ := s.txs[i].EffectiveGasTip(s.baseFee)
+	tip2, _ := s.txs[j].EffectiveGasTip(s.baseFee)
+	x, _ := uint256.FromBig(tip2.ToBig())
+	return tip1.Cmp(x) < 0
+}
+
+type bigIntArray []*big.Int
+
+func (s bigIntArray) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s bigIntArray) Less(i, j int) bool { return s[i].Cmp(s[j]) < 0 }
+func (s bigIntArray) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
diff --git a/internal/api/transaction_args.go b/internal/api/transaction_args.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df9e6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/transaction_args.go
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package api
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	mvm_common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+)
+
+// TransactionArgs represents
+type TransactionArgs struct {
+	From                 *mvm_common.Address `json:"from"`
+	To                   *mvm_common.Address `json:"to"`
+	Gas                  *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"gas"`
+	GasPrice             *hexutil.Big        `json:"gasPrice"`
+	MaxFeePerGas         *hexutil.Big        `json:"maxFeePerGas"`
+	MaxPriorityFeePerGas *hexutil.Big        `json:"maxPriorityFeePerGas"`
+	Value                *hexutil.Big        `json:"value"`
+	Nonce                *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"nonce"`
+
+	Data  *hexutil.Bytes `json:"data"`
+	Input *hexutil.Bytes `json:"input"`
+
+	// Introduced by AccessListTxType transaction.
+	AccessList *mvm_types.AccessList `json:"accessList,omitempty"`
+	ChainID    *hexutil.Big          `json:"chainId,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// RPCTransaction represents a transaction that will serialize to the RPC representation of a transaction
+type RPCTransaction struct {
+	BlockHash        *mvm_common.Hash      `json:"blockHash"`
+	BlockNumber      *hexutil.Big          `json:"blockNumber"`
+	From             mvm_common.Address    `json:"from"`
+	Gas              hexutil.Uint64        `json:"gas"`
+	GasPrice         *hexutil.Big          `json:"gasPrice"`
+	GasFeeCap        *hexutil.Big          `json:"maxFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+	GasTipCap        *hexutil.Big          `json:"maxPriorityFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+	Hash             mvm_common.Hash       `json:"hash"`
+	Input            hexutil.Bytes         `json:"input"`
+	Nonce            hexutil.Uint64        `json:"nonce"`
+	To               *mvm_common.Address   `json:"to"`
+	TransactionIndex *hexutil.Uint64       `json:"transactionIndex"`
+	Value            *hexutil.Big          `json:"value"`
+	Type             hexutil.Uint64        `json:"type"`
+	Accesses         *mvm_types.AccessList `json:"accessList,omitempty"`
+	ChainID          *hexutil.Big          `json:"chainId,omitempty"`
+	V                *hexutil.Big          `json:"v"`
+	R                *hexutil.Big          `json:"r"`
+	S                *hexutil.Big          `json:"s"`
+}
+
+// from retrieves the transaction sender address.
+func (args *TransactionArgs) from() types.Address {
+	if args.From == nil {
+		return types.Address{}
+	}
+	from := *mvm_types.ToastAddress(args.From)
+	return from
+}
+
+// data retrieves the transaction calldata. Input field is preferred.
+func (args *TransactionArgs) data() []byte {
+	if args.Input != nil {
+		return *args.Input
+	}
+	if args.Data != nil {
+		return *args.Data
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// setDefaults
+func (args *TransactionArgs) setDefaults(ctx context.Context, api *API) error {
+	//if args.GasPrice != nil && (args.MaxFeePerGas != nil || args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil) {
+	//	return errors.New("both gasPrice and (maxFeePerGas or maxPriorityFeePerGas) specified")
+	//}
+	if err := args.setFeeDefaults(ctx, api); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if args.Value == nil {
+		args.Value = new(hexutil.Big)
+	}
+	if args.Nonce == nil {
+		nonce := api.TxsPool().Nonce(args.from())
+		args.Nonce = (*hexutil.Uint64)(&nonce)
+	}
+	if args.Data != nil && args.Input != nil && !bytes.Equal(*args.Data, *args.Input) {
+		return errors.New(`both "data" and "input" are set and not equal. Please use "input" to pass transaction call data`)
+	}
+	if args.To == nil && len(args.data()) == 0 {
+		return errors.New(`contract creation without any data provided`)
+	}
+	if args.Gas == nil {
+		data := args.data()
+		callArgs := TransactionArgs{
+			From:                 args.From,
+			To:                   args.To,
+			GasPrice:             args.GasPrice,
+			MaxFeePerGas:         args.MaxFeePerGas,
+			MaxPriorityFeePerGas: args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas,
+			Value:                args.Value,
+			Data:                 (*hexutil.Bytes)(&data),
+		}
+		pendingBlockNr := jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber)
+		//todo gasCap
+		estimated, err := DoEstimateGas(ctx, api, callArgs, pendingBlockNr, 50000000)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		args.Gas = &estimated
+	}
+	if args.ChainID == nil {
+		id := (*hexutil.Big)(api.GetChainConfig().ChainID)
+		args.ChainID = id
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ToMessage to evm message
+func (args *TransactionArgs) ToMessage(globalGasCap uint64, baseFee *big.Int) (transaction.Message, error) {
+	//header := api.BlockChain().CurrentBlock().Header().(*block.Header)
+	//signer := transaction.MakeSigner(api.chainConfig, header.Number.ToBig())
+	//args.setDefaults(context.Background(), api)
+	//return args.toTransaction().AsMessage(signer, header.BaseFee)
+	// msg := mvm_types.AsMessage(, header.BaseFee.ToBig(), true)
+
+	// Reject invalid combinations of pre- and post-1559 fee styles
+	if args.GasPrice != nil && (args.MaxFeePerGas != nil || args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil) {
+		return transaction.Message{}, errors.New("both gasPrice and (maxFeePerGas or maxPriorityFeePerGas) specified")
+	}
+	// Set sender address or use zero address if none specified.
+	addr := args.from()
+
+	// Set default gas & gas price if none were set
+	gas := globalGasCap
+	if gas == 0 {
+		gas = uint64(math.MaxUint64 / 2)
+	}
+	if args.Gas != nil {
+		gas = uint64(*args.Gas)
+	}
+	if globalGasCap != 0 && globalGasCap < gas {
+		log.Warn("Caller gas above allowance, capping", "requested", gas, "cap", globalGasCap)
+		gas = globalGasCap
+	}
+	var (
+		gasPrice  *big.Int
+		gasFeeCap *big.Int
+		gasTipCap *big.Int
+	)
+	if baseFee == nil {
+		// If there's no basefee, then it must be a non-1559 execution
+		gasPrice = new(big.Int)
+		if args.GasPrice != nil {
+			gasPrice = args.GasPrice.ToInt()
+		}
+		gasFeeCap, gasTipCap = gasPrice, gasPrice
+	} else {
+		// A basefee is provided, necessitating 1559-type execution
+		if args.GasPrice != nil {
+			// User specified the legacy gas field, convert to 1559 gas typing
+			gasPrice = args.GasPrice.ToInt()
+			gasFeeCap, gasTipCap = gasPrice, gasPrice
+		} else {
+			// User specified 1559 gas fields (or none), use those
+			gasFeeCap = new(big.Int)
+			if args.MaxFeePerGas != nil {
+				gasFeeCap = args.MaxFeePerGas.ToInt()
+			}
+			gasTipCap = new(big.Int)
+			if args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil {
+				gasTipCap = args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas.ToInt()
+			}
+			// Backfill the legacy gasPrice for EVM execution, unless we're all zeroes
+			gasPrice = new(big.Int)
+			if gasFeeCap.BitLen() > 0 || gasTipCap.BitLen() > 0 {
+				gasPrice = math.BigMin(new(big.Int).Add(gasTipCap, baseFee), gasFeeCap)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	value := new(big.Int)
+	if args.Value != nil {
+		value = args.Value.ToInt()
+	}
+	data := args.data()
+	var accessList transaction.AccessList
+	if args.AccessList != nil {
+		accessList = mvm_types.ToastAccessList(*args.AccessList)
+	}
+	val, is1 := uint256.FromBig(value)
+	gp, is2 := uint256.FromBig(gasPrice)
+	gfc, is3 := uint256.FromBig(gasFeeCap)
+	gtc, is4 := uint256.FromBig(gasTipCap)
+	if is1 || is2 || is3 || is4 {
+		return transaction.Message{}, fmt.Errorf("args.Value higher than 2^256-1")
+	}
+	msg := transaction.NewMessage(addr, mvm_types.ToastAddress(args.To), 0, val, gas, gp, gfc, gtc, data, accessList, false, true)
+	return msg, nil
+
+}
+
+// toTransaction assemble Transaction
+func (args *TransactionArgs) toTransaction() *transaction.Transaction {
+	var data transaction.TxData
+	switch {
+	case args.MaxFeePerGas != nil:
+		al := transaction.AccessList{}
+		if args.AccessList != nil {
+			al = mvm_types.ToastAccessList(*args.AccessList)
+		}
+		dy := &transaction.DynamicFeeTx{
+			To:         mvm_types.ToastAddress(args.To),
+			Nonce:      uint64(*args.Nonce),
+			Gas:        uint64(*args.Gas),
+			Data:       args.data(),
+			AccessList: al,
+		}
+		var is bool
+		dy.GasFeeCap, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.MaxFeePerGas))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("GasFeeCap to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		dy.ChainID, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.ChainID))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("ChainID to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		dy.GasTipCap, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("GasTipCap to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		dy.Value, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.Value))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("Value to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		data = dy
+	case args.AccessList != nil:
+		alt := &transaction.AccessListTx{
+			To:    mvm_types.ToastAddress(args.To),
+			Nonce: uint64(*args.Nonce),
+			Gas:   uint64(*args.Gas),
+			Data:  args.data(),
+		}
+		alt.AccessList = mvm_types.ToastAccessList(*args.AccessList)
+		var is bool
+		alt.GasPrice, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.GasPrice))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("GasPrice to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		alt.ChainID, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.ChainID))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("ChainID to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		alt.Value, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.Value))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("Value to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		data = alt
+	default:
+		lt := &transaction.LegacyTx{
+			To:    mvm_types.ToastAddress(args.To),
+			Nonce: uint64(*args.Nonce),
+			Gas:   uint64(*args.Gas),
+			Data:  args.data(),
+		}
+		var is bool
+		lt.GasPrice, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.GasPrice))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("GasPrice to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		lt.Value, is = uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(args.Value))
+		if is {
+			log.Error("Value to uint256 failed")
+		}
+		data = lt
+	}
+	return transaction.NewTx(data)
+}
+
+// ToTransaction
+//func (args *TransactionArgs) ToTransaction() *transaction.Transaction {
+//	return args.toTransaction()
+//}
+
+// LrpLegacyTx is the transaction data of regular Ethereum transactions.
+
+// newRPCPendingTransaction returns a pending transaction that will serialize to the RPC representation
+func newRPCPendingTransaction(tx *transaction.Transaction, current block.IHeader) *RPCTransaction {
+	blockNumber := uint64(0)
+	//todo baseFee
+	return newRPCTransaction(tx, types.Hash{}, blockNumber, 0, big.NewInt(baseFee))
+}
+
+// newRPCTransaction returns a transaction that will serialize to the RPC
+// representation, with the given location metadata set (if available).
+func newRPCTransaction(tx *transaction.Transaction, blockHash types.Hash, blockNumber uint64, index uint64, baseFee *big.Int) *RPCTransaction {
+
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	from := tx.From()
+	hash := tx.Hash()
+	result := &RPCTransaction{
+		Type:     hexutil.Uint64(tx.Type()),
+		From:     *mvm_types.FromastAddress(from),
+		Gas:      hexutil.Uint64(tx.Gas()),
+		GasPrice: (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasPrice().ToBig()),
+		Hash:     mvm_types.FromastHash(hash),
+		Input:    hexutil.Bytes(tx.Data()),
+		Nonce:    hexutil.Uint64(tx.Nonce()),
+		To:       mvm_types.FromastAddress(tx.To()),
+		Value:    (*hexutil.Big)(tx.Value().ToBig()),
+		V:        (*hexutil.Big)(v.ToBig()),
+		R:        (*hexutil.Big)(r.ToBig()),
+		S:        (*hexutil.Big)(s.ToBig()),
+	}
+	if blockHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+		hash := mvm_types.FromastHash(blockHash)
+		result.BlockHash = &hash
+		result.BlockNumber = (*hexutil.Big)(new(big.Int).SetUint64(blockNumber))
+		result.TransactionIndex = (*hexutil.Uint64)(&index)
+	}
+	switch tx.Type() {
+	case transaction.LegacyTxType:
+		// if a legacy transaction has an EIP-155 chain id, include it explicitly
+		if id := tx.ChainId(); id.Sign() != 0 {
+			result.ChainID = (*hexutil.Big)(id.ToBig())
+		}
+	case transaction.AccessListTxType:
+		// todo copy al
+		//al := tx.AccessList()
+		//result.Accesses = &al
+		result.ChainID = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.ChainId().ToBig())
+	case transaction.DynamicFeeTxType:
+		// todo copy al
+		//al := tx.AccessList()
+		//result.Accesses = &al
+		result.ChainID = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.ChainId().ToBig())
+		result.GasFeeCap = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasFeeCap().ToBig())
+		result.GasTipCap = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasTipCap().ToBig())
+		// if the transaction has been mined, compute the effective gas price
+		if baseFee != nil && blockHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+			// price = min(tip, gasFeeCap - baseFee) + baseFee
+			price := math.BigMin(new(big.Int).Add(tx.GasTipCap().ToBig(), baseFee), tx.GasFeeCap().ToBig())
+			result.GasPrice = (*hexutil.Big)(price)
+		} else {
+			result.GasPrice = (*hexutil.Big)(tx.GasFeeCap().ToBig())
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// setFeeDefaults fills in default fee values for unspecified tx fields.
+func (args *TransactionArgs) setFeeDefaults(ctx context.Context, b *API) error {
+	// If both gasPrice and at least one of the EIP-1559 fee parameters are specified, error.
+	if args.GasPrice != nil && (args.MaxFeePerGas != nil || args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil) {
+		return errors.New("both gasPrice and (maxFeePerGas or maxPriorityFeePerGas) specified")
+	}
+	// If the tx has completely specified a fee mechanism, no default is needed. This allows users
+	// who are not yet synced past London to get defaults for other tx values. See
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/23274 for more information.
+	eip1559ParamsSet := args.MaxFeePerGas != nil && args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil
+	if (args.GasPrice != nil && !eip1559ParamsSet) || (args.GasPrice == nil && eip1559ParamsSet) {
+		// Sanity check the EIP-1559 fee parameters if present.
+		if args.GasPrice == nil && args.MaxFeePerGas.ToInt().Cmp(args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas.ToInt()) < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("maxFeePerGas (%v) < maxPriorityFeePerGas (%v)", args.MaxFeePerGas, args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Now attempt to fill in default value depending on whether London is active or not.
+	head := b.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
+	if b.chainConfig.IsLondon(head.Number64().Uint64()) {
+		// London is active, set maxPriorityFeePerGas and maxFeePerGas.
+		if err := args.setLondonFeeDefaults(ctx, head.Header().(*block.Header), b); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if args.MaxFeePerGas != nil || args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("maxFeePerGas and maxPriorityFeePerGas are not valid before London is active")
+		}
+		// London not active, set gas price.
+		price, err := b.gpo.SuggestTipCap(ctx, b.chainConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		args.GasPrice = (*hexutil.Big)(price)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// setLondonFeeDefaults fills in reasonable default fee values for unspecified fields.
+func (args *TransactionArgs) setLondonFeeDefaults(ctx context.Context, head *block.Header, b *API) error {
+	// Set maxPriorityFeePerGas if it is missing.
+	if args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas == nil {
+		tip, err := b.gpo.SuggestTipCap(ctx, b.chainConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas = (*hexutil.Big)(tip)
+	}
+	// Set maxFeePerGas if it is missing.
+	if args.MaxFeePerGas == nil {
+		// Set the max fee to be 2 times larger than the previous block's base fee.
+		// The additional slack allows the tx to not become invalidated if the base
+		// fee is rising.
+		val := new(big.Int).Add(
+			args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas.ToInt(),
+			new(big.Int).Mul(head.BaseFee.ToBig(), big.NewInt(2)),
+		)
+		args.MaxFeePerGas = (*hexutil.Big)(val)
+	}
+	// Both EIP-1559 fee parameters are now set; sanity check them.
+	if args.MaxFeePerGas.ToInt().Cmp(args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas.ToInt()) < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("maxFeePerGas (%v) < maxPriorityFeePerGas (%v)", args.MaxFeePerGas, args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/abi.go b/internal/avm/abi/abi.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dc5423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/abi.go
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// The ABI holds information about a contract's context and available
+// invokable methods. It will allow you to type check function calls and
+// packs data accordingly.
+type ABI struct {
+	Constructor Method
+	Methods     map[string]Method
+	Events      map[string]Event
+	Errors      map[string]Error
+
+	// Additional "special" functions introduced in solidity v0.6.0.
+	// It's separated from the original default fallback. Each contract
+	// can only define one fallback and receive function.
+	Fallback Method // Note it's also used to represent legacy fallback before v0.6.0
+	Receive  Method
+}
+
+// JSON returns a parsed ABI interface and error if it failed.
+func JSON(reader io.Reader) (ABI, error) {
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(reader)
+
+	var abi ABI
+	if err := dec.Decode(&abi); err != nil {
+		return ABI{}, err
+	}
+	return abi, nil
+}
+
+// Pack the given method name to conform the ABI. Method call's data
+// will consist of method_id, args0, arg1, ... argN. Method id consists
+// of 4 bytes and arguments are all 32 bytes.
+// Method ids are created from the first 4 bytes of the hash of the
+// methods string signature. (signature = baz(uint32,string32))
+func (abi ABI) Pack(name string, args ...interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Fetch the ABI of the requested method
+	if name == "" {
+		// constructor
+		arguments, err := abi.Constructor.Inputs.Pack(args...)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return arguments, nil
+	}
+	method, exist := abi.Methods[name]
+	if !exist {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("method '%s' not found", name)
+	}
+	arguments, err := method.Inputs.Pack(args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Pack up the method ID too if not a constructor and return
+	return append(method.ID, arguments...), nil
+}
+
+func (abi ABI) getArguments(name string, data []byte) (Arguments, error) {
+	// since there can't be naming collisions with contracts and events,
+	// we need to decide whether we're calling a method or an event
+	var args Arguments
+	if method, ok := abi.Methods[name]; ok {
+		if len(data)%32 != 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: improperly formatted output: %s - Bytes: [%+v]", string(data), data)
+		}
+		args = method.Outputs
+	}
+	if event, ok := abi.Events[name]; ok {
+		args = event.Inputs
+	}
+	if args == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("abi: could not locate named method or event")
+	}
+	return args, nil
+}
+
+// Unpack unpacks the output according to the abi specification.
+func (abi ABI) Unpack(name string, data []byte) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	args, err := abi.getArguments(name, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return args.Unpack(data)
+}
+
+// UnpackIntoInterface unpacks the output in v according to the abi specification.
+// It performs an additional copy. Please only use, if you want to unpack into a
+// structure that does not strictly conform to the abi structure (e.g. has additional arguments)
+func (abi ABI) UnpackIntoInterface(v interface{}, name string, data []byte) error {
+	args, err := abi.getArguments(name, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	unpacked, err := args.Unpack(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return args.Copy(v, unpacked)
+}
+
+// UnpackIntoMap unpacks a log into the provided map[string]interface{}.
+func (abi ABI) UnpackIntoMap(v map[string]interface{}, name string, data []byte) (err error) {
+	args, err := abi.getArguments(name, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return args.UnpackIntoMap(v, data)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (abi *ABI) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var fields []struct {
+		Type    string
+		Name    string
+		Inputs  []Argument
+		Outputs []Argument
+
+		// Status indicator which can be: "pure", "view",
+		// "nonpayable" or "payable".
+		StateMutability string
+
+		// Deprecated Status indicators, but removed in v0.6.0.
+		Constant bool // True if function is either pure or view
+		Payable  bool // True if function is payable
+
+		// Event relevant indicator represents the event is
+		// declared as anonymous.
+		Anonymous bool
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &fields); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	abi.Methods = make(map[string]Method)
+	abi.Events = make(map[string]Event)
+	abi.Errors = make(map[string]Error)
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		switch field.Type {
+		case "constructor":
+			abi.Constructor = NewMethod("", "", Constructor, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, field.Inputs, nil)
+		case "function":
+			name := overloadedName(field.Name, func(s string) bool { _, ok := abi.Methods[s]; return ok })
+			abi.Methods[name] = NewMethod(name, field.Name, Function, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, field.Inputs, field.Outputs)
+		case "fallback":
+			// New introduced function type in v0.6.0, check more detail
+			// here https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.0/contracts.html#fallback-function
+			if abi.HasFallback() {
+				return errors.New("only single fallback is allowed")
+			}
+			abi.Fallback = NewMethod("", "", Fallback, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, nil, nil)
+		case "receive":
+			// New introduced function type in v0.6.0, check more detail
+			// here https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.0/contracts.html#fallback-function
+			if abi.HasReceive() {
+				return errors.New("only single receive is allowed")
+			}
+			if field.StateMutability != "payable" {
+				return errors.New("the statemutability of receive can only be payable")
+			}
+			abi.Receive = NewMethod("", "", Receive, field.StateMutability, field.Constant, field.Payable, nil, nil)
+		case "event":
+			name := overloadedName(field.Name, func(s string) bool { _, ok := abi.Events[s]; return ok })
+			abi.Events[name] = NewEvent(name, field.Name, field.Anonymous, field.Inputs)
+		case "error":
+			abi.Errors[field.Name] = NewError(field.Name, field.Inputs)
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("abi: could not recognize type %v of field %v", field.Type, field.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MethodById looks up a method by the 4-byte id,
+// returns nil if none found.
+func (abi *ABI) MethodById(sigdata []byte) (*Method, error) {
+	if len(sigdata) < 4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("data too short (%d bytes) for abi method lookup", len(sigdata))
+	}
+	for _, method := range abi.Methods {
+		if bytes.Equal(method.ID, sigdata[:4]) {
+			return &method, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no method with id: %#x", sigdata[:4])
+}
+
+// EventByID looks an event up by its topic hash in the
+// ABI and returns nil if none found.
+func (abi *ABI) EventByID(topic types.Hash) (*Event, error) {
+	for _, event := range abi.Events {
+		if bytes.Equal(event.ID.Bytes(), topic.Bytes()) {
+			return &event, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no event with id: %#x", topic.Hex())
+}
+
+// HasFallback returns an indicator whether a fallback function is included.
+func (abi *ABI) HasFallback() bool {
+	return abi.Fallback.Type == Fallback
+}
+
+// HasReceive returns an indicator whether a receive function is included.
+func (abi *ABI) HasReceive() bool {
+	return abi.Receive.Type == Receive
+}
+
+// revertSelector is a special function selector for revert reason unpacking.
+var revertSelector = utils.Keccak256([]byte("Error(string)"))[:4]
+
+// UnpackRevert resolves the abi-encoded revert reason. According to the solidity
+// spec https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/control-structures.html#revert,
+// the provided revert reason is abi-encoded as if it were a call to a function
+// `Error(string)`. So it's a special tool for it.
+func UnpackRevert(data []byte) (string, error) {
+	if len(data) < 4 {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data[:4], revertSelector) {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	typ, _ := NewType("string", "", nil)
+	unpacked, err := (Arguments{{Type: typ}}).Unpack(data[4:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return unpacked[0].(string), nil
+}
+
+// overloadedName returns the next available name for a given thing.
+// Needed since solidity allows for overloading.
+//
+// e.g. if the abi contains Methods send, send1
+// overloadedName would return send2 for input send.
+//
+// overloadedName works for methods, events and errors.
+func overloadedName(rawName string, isAvail func(string) bool) string {
+	name := rawName
+	ok := isAvail(name)
+	for idx := 0; ok; idx++ {
+		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", rawName, idx)
+		ok = isAvail(name)
+	}
+	return name
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/argument.go b/internal/avm/abi/argument.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99ed113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/argument.go
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Argument holds the name of the argument and the corresponding type.
+// Types are used when packing and testing arguments.
+type Argument struct {
+	Name    string
+	Type    Type
+	Indexed bool // indexed is only used by events
+}
+
+type Arguments []Argument
+
+type ArgumentMarshaling struct {
+	Name         string
+	Type         string
+	InternalType string
+	Components   []ArgumentMarshaling
+	Indexed      bool
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (argument *Argument) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var arg ArgumentMarshaling
+	err := json.Unmarshal(data, &arg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("argument json err: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	argument.Type, err = NewType(arg.Type, arg.InternalType, arg.Components)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	argument.Name = arg.Name
+	argument.Indexed = arg.Indexed
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NonIndexed returns the arguments with indexed arguments filtered out.
+func (arguments Arguments) NonIndexed() Arguments {
+	var ret []Argument
+	for _, arg := range arguments {
+		if !arg.Indexed {
+			ret = append(ret, arg)
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+// isTuple returns true for non-atomic constructs, like (uint,uint) or uint[].
+func (arguments Arguments) isTuple() bool {
+	return len(arguments) > 1
+}
+
+// Unpack performs the operation hexdata -> Go format.
+func (arguments Arguments) Unpack(data []byte) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		if len(arguments) != 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: attempting to unmarshall an empty string while arguments are expected")
+		}
+		return make([]interface{}, 0), nil
+	}
+	return arguments.UnpackValues(data)
+}
+
+// UnpackIntoMap performs the operation hexdata -> mapping of argument name to argument value.
+func (arguments Arguments) UnpackIntoMap(v map[string]interface{}, data []byte) error {
+	// Make sure map is not nil
+	if v == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot unpack into a nil map")
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		if len(arguments) != 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("abi: attempting to unmarshall an empty string while arguments are expected")
+		}
+		return nil // Nothing to unmarshal, return
+	}
+	marshalledValues, err := arguments.UnpackValues(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for i, arg := range arguments.NonIndexed() {
+		v[arg.Name] = marshalledValues[i]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Copy performs the operation go format -> provided struct.
+func (arguments Arguments) Copy(v interface{}, values []interface{}) error {
+	// make sure the passed value is arguments pointer
+	if reflect.Ptr != reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi: Unpack(non-pointer %T)", v)
+	}
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		if len(arguments) != 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("abi: attempting to copy no values while %d arguments are expected", len(arguments))
+		}
+		return nil // Nothing to copy, return
+	}
+	if arguments.isTuple() {
+		return arguments.copyTuple(v, values)
+	}
+	return arguments.copyAtomic(v, values[0])
+}
+
+// unpackAtomic unpacks ( hexdata -> go ) a single value
+func (arguments Arguments) copyAtomic(v interface{}, marshalledValues interface{}) error {
+	dst := reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem()
+	src := reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValues)
+
+	if dst.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+		return set(dst.Field(0), src)
+	}
+	return set(dst, src)
+}
+
+// copyTuple copies a batch of values from marshalledValues to v.
+func (arguments Arguments) copyTuple(v interface{}, marshalledValues []interface{}) error {
+	value := reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem()
+	nonIndexedArgs := arguments.NonIndexed()
+
+	switch value.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		argNames := make([]string, len(nonIndexedArgs))
+		for i, arg := range nonIndexedArgs {
+			argNames[i] = arg.Name
+		}
+		var err error
+		abi2struct, err := mapArgNamesToStructFields(argNames, value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for i, arg := range nonIndexedArgs {
+			field := value.FieldByName(abi2struct[arg.Name])
+			if !field.IsValid() {
+				return fmt.Errorf("abi: field %s can't be found in the given value", arg.Name)
+			}
+			if err := set(field, reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValues[i])); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
+		if value.Len() < len(marshalledValues) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("abi: insufficient number of arguments for unpack, want %d, got %d", len(arguments), value.Len())
+		}
+		for i := range nonIndexedArgs {
+			if err := set(value.Index(i), reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValues[i])); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi:[2] cannot unmarshal tuple in to %v", value.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnpackValues can be used to unpack ABI-encoded hexdata according to the ABI-specification,
+// without supplying a struct to unpack into. Instead, this method returns a list containing the
+// values. An atomic argument will be a list with one element.
+func (arguments Arguments) UnpackValues(data []byte) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	nonIndexedArgs := arguments.NonIndexed()
+	retval := make([]interface{}, 0, len(nonIndexedArgs))
+	virtualArgs := 0
+	for index, arg := range nonIndexedArgs {
+		marshalledValue, err := toGoType((index+virtualArgs)*32, arg.Type, data)
+		if arg.Type.T == ArrayTy && !isDynamicType(arg.Type) {
+			// If we have a static array, like [3]uint256, these are coded as
+			// just like uint256,uint256,uint256.
+			// This means that we need to add two 'virtual' arguments when
+			// we count the index from now on.
+			//
+			// Array values nested multiple levels deep are also encoded inline:
+			// [2][3]uint256: uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256
+			//
+			// Calculate the full array size to get the correct offset for the next argument.
+			// Decrement it by 1, as the normal index increment is still applied.
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(arg.Type)/32 - 1
+		} else if arg.Type.T == TupleTy && !isDynamicType(arg.Type) {
+			// If we have a static tuple, like (uint256, bool, uint256), these are
+			// coded as just like uint256,bool,uint256
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(arg.Type)/32 - 1
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		retval = append(retval, marshalledValue)
+	}
+	return retval, nil
+}
+
+// PackValues performs the operation Go format -> Hexdata.
+// It is the semantic opposite of UnpackValues.
+func (arguments Arguments) PackValues(args []interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	return arguments.Pack(args...)
+}
+
+// Pack performs the operation Go format -> Hexdata.
+func (arguments Arguments) Pack(args ...interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Make sure arguments match up and pack them
+	abiArgs := arguments
+	if len(args) != len(abiArgs) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("argument count mismatch: got %d for %d", len(args), len(abiArgs))
+	}
+	// variable input is the output appended at the end of packed
+	// output. This is used for strings and bytes types input.
+	var variableInput []byte
+
+	// input offset is the bytes offset for packed output
+	inputOffset := 0
+	for _, abiArg := range abiArgs {
+		inputOffset += getTypeSize(abiArg.Type)
+	}
+	var ret []byte
+	for i, a := range args {
+		input := abiArgs[i]
+		// pack the input
+		packed, err := input.Type.pack(reflect.ValueOf(a))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// check for dynamic types
+		if isDynamicType(input.Type) {
+			// set the offset
+			ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(inputOffset))...)
+			// calculate next offset
+			inputOffset += len(packed)
+			// append to variable input
+			variableInput = append(variableInput, packed...)
+		} else {
+			// append the packed value to the input
+			ret = append(ret, packed...)
+		}
+	}
+	// append the variable input at the end of the packed input
+	ret = append(ret, variableInput...)
+
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// ToCamelCase converts an under-score string to a camel-case string
+func ToCamelCase(input string) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(input, "_")
+	for i, s := range parts {
+		if len(s) > 0 {
+			parts[i] = strings.ToUpper(s[:1]) + s[1:]
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, "")
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/doc.go b/internal/avm/abi/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebc453d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/error.go b/internal/avm/abi/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fcc4fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	types2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+type Error struct {
+	Name   string
+	Inputs Arguments
+	str    string
+	// Sig contains the string signature according to the ABI spec.
+	// e.g.	 event foo(uint32 a, int b) = "foo(uint32,int256)"
+	// Please note that "int" is substitute for its canonical representation "int256"
+	Sig string
+	// ID returns the canonical representation of the event's signature used by the
+	// abi definition to identify event names and types.
+	ID types2.Hash
+}
+
+func NewError(name string, inputs Arguments) Error {
+	// sanitize inputs to remove inputs without names
+	// and precompute string and sig representation.
+	names := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	types := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	for i, input := range inputs {
+		if input.Name == "" {
+			inputs[i] = Argument{
+				Name:    fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", i),
+				Indexed: input.Indexed,
+				Type:    input.Type,
+			}
+		} else {
+			inputs[i] = input
+		}
+		// string representation
+		names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		if input.Indexed {
+			names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v indexed %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		}
+		// sig representation
+		types[i] = input.Type.String()
+	}
+
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("error %v(%v)", name, strings.Join(names, ", "))
+	sig := fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v)", name, strings.Join(types, ","))
+	id := types2.BytesToHash(crypto.Keccak256([]byte(sig)))
+
+	return Error{
+		Name:   name,
+		Inputs: inputs,
+		str:    str,
+		Sig:    sig,
+		ID:     id,
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *Error) String() string {
+	return e.str
+}
+
+func (e *Error) Unpack(data []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	if len(data) < 4 {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data[:4], e.ID[:4]) {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")
+	}
+	return e.Inputs.Unpack(data[4:])
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/error_handling.go b/internal/avm/abi/error_handling.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..661dbd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/error_handling.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+var (
+	errBadBool = errors.New("abi: improperly encoded boolean value")
+)
+
+// formatSliceString formats the reflection kind with the given slice size
+// and returns a formatted string representation.
+func formatSliceString(kind reflect.Kind, sliceSize int) string {
+	if sliceSize == -1 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("[]%v", kind)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[%d]%v", sliceSize, kind)
+}
+
+// sliceTypeCheck checks that the given slice can by assigned to the reflection
+// type in t.
+func sliceTypeCheck(t Type, val reflect.Value) error {
+	if val.Kind() != reflect.Slice && val.Kind() != reflect.Array {
+		return typeErr(formatSliceString(t.GetType().Kind(), t.Size), val.Type())
+	}
+
+	if t.T == ArrayTy && val.Len() != t.Size {
+		return typeErr(formatSliceString(t.Elem.GetType().Kind(), t.Size), formatSliceString(val.Type().Elem().Kind(), val.Len()))
+	}
+
+	if t.Elem.T == SliceTy || t.Elem.T == ArrayTy {
+		if val.Len() > 0 {
+			return sliceTypeCheck(*t.Elem, val.Index(0))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if val.Type().Elem().Kind() != t.Elem.GetType().Kind() {
+		return typeErr(formatSliceString(t.Elem.GetType().Kind(), t.Size), val.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// typeCheck checks that the given reflection value can be assigned to the reflection
+// type in t.
+func typeCheck(t Type, value reflect.Value) error {
+	if t.T == SliceTy || t.T == ArrayTy {
+		return sliceTypeCheck(t, value)
+	}
+
+	// Check base type validity. Element types will be checked later on.
+	if t.GetType().Kind() != value.Kind() {
+		return typeErr(t.GetType().Kind(), value.Kind())
+	} else if t.T == FixedBytesTy && t.Size != value.Len() {
+		return typeErr(t.GetType(), value.Type())
+	} else {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+}
+
+// typeErr returns a formatted type casting error.
+func typeErr(expected, got interface{}) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot use %v as type %v as argument", got, expected)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/event.go b/internal/avm/abi/event.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fa691c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/event.go
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	types2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+// Event is an event potentially triggered by the EVM's LOG mechanism. The Event
+// holds type information (inputs) about the yielded output. Anonymous events
+// don't get the signature canonical representation as the first LOG topic.
+type Event struct {
+	// Name is the event name used for internal representation. It's derived from
+	// the raw name and a suffix will be added in the case of a event overload.
+	//
+	// e.g.
+	// These are two events that have the same name:
+	// * foo(int,int)
+	// * foo(uint,uint)
+	// The event name of the first one wll be resolved as foo while the second one
+	// will be resolved as foo0.
+	Name string
+	// RawName is the raw event name parsed from ABI.
+	RawName   string
+	Anonymous bool
+	Inputs    Arguments
+	str       string
+	// Sig contains the string signature according to the ABI spec.
+	// e.g.	 event foo(uint32 a, int b) = "foo(uint32,int256)"
+	// Please note that "int" is substitute for its canonical representation "int256"
+	Sig string
+	// ID returns the canonical representation of the event's signature used by the
+	// abi definition to identify event names and types.
+	ID types2.Hash
+}
+
+// NewEvent creates a new Event.
+// It sanitizes the input arguments to remove unnamed arguments.
+// It also precomputes the id, signature and string representation
+// of the event.
+func NewEvent(name, rawName string, anonymous bool, inputs Arguments) Event {
+	// sanitize inputs to remove inputs without names
+	// and precompute string and sig representation.
+	names := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	types := make([]string, len(inputs))
+	for i, input := range inputs {
+		if input.Name == "" {
+			inputs[i] = Argument{
+				Name:    fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", i),
+				Indexed: input.Indexed,
+				Type:    input.Type,
+			}
+		} else {
+			inputs[i] = input
+		}
+		// string representation
+		names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		if input.Indexed {
+			names[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v indexed %v", input.Type, inputs[i].Name)
+		}
+		// sig representation
+		types[i] = input.Type.String()
+	}
+
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("event %v(%v)", rawName, strings.Join(names, ", "))
+	sig := fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v)", rawName, strings.Join(types, ","))
+	id := types2.BytesToHash(crypto.Keccak256([]byte(sig)))
+
+	return Event{
+		Name:      name,
+		RawName:   rawName,
+		Anonymous: anonymous,
+		Inputs:    inputs,
+		str:       str,
+		Sig:       sig,
+		ID:        id,
+	}
+}
+
+func (e Event) String() string {
+	return e.str
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/method.go b/internal/avm/abi/method.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a20ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/method.go
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+// FunctionType represents different types of functions a contract might have.
+type FunctionType int
+
+const (
+	// Constructor represents the constructor of the contract.
+	// The constructor function is called while deploying a contract.
+	Constructor FunctionType = iota
+	// Fallback represents the fallback function.
+	// This function is executed if no other function matches the given function
+	// signature and no receive function is specified.
+	Fallback
+	// Receive represents the receive function.
+	// This function is executed on plain Ether transfers.
+	Receive
+	// Function represents a normal function.
+	Function
+)
+
+// Method represents a callable given a `Name` and whether the method is a constant.
+// If the method is `Const` no transaction needs to be created for this
+// particular Method call. It can easily be simulated using a local VM.
+// For example a `Balance()` method only needs to retrieve something
+// from the storage and therefore requires no Tx to be sent to the
+// network. A method such as `Transact` does require a Tx and thus will
+// be flagged `false`.
+// Input specifies the required input parameters for this gives method.
+type Method struct {
+	// Name is the method name used for internal representation. It's derived from
+	// the raw name and a suffix will be added in the case of a function overload.
+	//
+	// e.g.
+	// These are two functions that have the same name:
+	// * foo(int,int)
+	// * foo(uint,uint)
+	// The method name of the first one will be resolved as foo while the second one
+	// will be resolved as foo0.
+	Name    string
+	RawName string // RawName is the raw method name parsed from ABI
+
+	// Type indicates whether the method is a
+	// special fallback introduced in solidity v0.6.0
+	Type FunctionType
+
+	// StateMutability indicates the mutability state of method,
+	// the default value is nonpayable. It can be empty if the abi
+	// is generated by legacy compiler.
+	StateMutability string
+
+	// Legacy indicators generated by compiler before v0.6.0
+	Constant bool
+	Payable  bool
+
+	Inputs  Arguments
+	Outputs Arguments
+	str     string
+	// Sig returns the methods string signature according to the ABI spec.
+	// e.g.		function foo(uint32 a, int b) = "foo(uint32,int256)"
+	// Please note that "int" is substitute for its canonical representation "int256"
+	Sig string
+	// ID returns the canonical representation of the method's signature used by the
+	// abi definition to identify method names and types.
+	ID []byte
+}
+
+// NewMethod creates a new Method.
+// A method should always be created using NewMethod.
+// It also precomputes the sig representation and the string representation
+// of the method.
+func NewMethod(name string, rawName string, funType FunctionType, mutability string, isConst, isPayable bool, inputs Arguments, outputs Arguments) Method {
+	var (
+		types       = make([]string, len(inputs))
+		inputNames  = make([]string, len(inputs))
+		outputNames = make([]string, len(outputs))
+	)
+	for i, input := range inputs {
+		inputNames[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", input.Type, input.Name)
+		types[i] = input.Type.String()
+	}
+	for i, output := range outputs {
+		outputNames[i] = output.Type.String()
+		if len(output.Name) > 0 {
+			outputNames[i] += fmt.Sprintf(" %v", output.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	// calculate the signature and method id. Note only function
+	// has meaningful signature and id.
+	var (
+		sig string
+		id  []byte
+	)
+	if funType == Function {
+		sig = fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v)", rawName, strings.Join(types, ","))
+		id = crypto.Keccak256([]byte(sig))[:4]
+	}
+	// Extract meaningful state mutability of solidity method.
+	// If it's default value, never print it.
+	state := mutability
+	if state == "nonpayable" {
+		state = ""
+	}
+	if state != "" {
+		state = state + " "
+	}
+	identity := fmt.Sprintf("function %v", rawName)
+	if funType == Fallback {
+		identity = "fallback"
+	} else if funType == Receive {
+		identity = "receive"
+	} else if funType == Constructor {
+		identity = "constructor"
+	}
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("%v(%v) %sreturns(%v)", identity, strings.Join(inputNames, ", "), state, strings.Join(outputNames, ", "))
+
+	return Method{
+		Name:            name,
+		RawName:         rawName,
+		Type:            funType,
+		StateMutability: mutability,
+		Constant:        isConst,
+		Payable:         isPayable,
+		Inputs:          inputs,
+		Outputs:         outputs,
+		str:             str,
+		Sig:             sig,
+		ID:              id,
+	}
+}
+
+func (method Method) String() string {
+	return method.str
+}
+
+// IsConstant returns the indicator whether the method is read-only.
+func (method Method) IsConstant() bool {
+	return method.StateMutability == "view" || method.StateMutability == "pure" || method.Constant
+}
+
+// IsPayable returns the indicator whether the method can process
+// plain ether transfers.
+func (method Method) IsPayable() bool {
+	return method.StateMutability == "payable" || method.Payable
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/method_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/method_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d364839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/method_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+const methoddata = `
+[
+	{"type": "function", "name": "balance", "stateMutability": "view"},
+	{"type": "function", "name": "send", "inputs": [{ "name": "amount", "type": "uint256" }]},
+	{"type": "function", "name": "transfer", "inputs": [{"name": "from", "type": "address"}, {"name": "to", "type": "address"}, {"name": "value", "type": "uint256"}], "outputs": [{"name": "success", "type": "bool"}]},
+	{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"components":[{"name":"x","type":"uint256"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256"}],"name":"a","type":"tuple"}],"name":"tuple","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},
+	{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"components":[{"name":"x","type":"uint256"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256"}],"name":"a","type":"tuple[]"}],"name":"tupleSlice","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},
+	{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"components":[{"name":"x","type":"uint256"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256"}],"name":"a","type":"tuple[5]"}],"name":"tupleArray","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},
+	{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"components":[{"name":"x","type":"uint256"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256"}],"name":"a","type":"tuple[5][]"}],"name":"complexTuple","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},
+	{"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"fallback"},
+	{"stateMutability":"payable","type":"receive"}
+]`
+
+func TestMethodString(t *testing.T) {
+	var table = []struct {
+		method      string
+		expectation string
+	}{
+		{
+			method:      "balance",
+			expectation: "function balance() view returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "send",
+			expectation: "function send(uint256 amount) returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "transfer",
+			expectation: "function transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) returns(bool success)",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "tuple",
+			expectation: "function tuple((uint256,uint256) a) returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "tupleArray",
+			expectation: "function tupleArray((uint256,uint256)[5] a) returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "tupleSlice",
+			expectation: "function tupleSlice((uint256,uint256)[] a) returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "complexTuple",
+			expectation: "function complexTuple((uint256,uint256)[5][] a) returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "fallback",
+			expectation: "fallback() returns()",
+		},
+		{
+			method:      "receive",
+			expectation: "receive() payable returns()",
+		},
+	}
+
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(methoddata))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range table {
+		var got string
+		if test.method == "fallback" {
+			got = abi.Fallback.String()
+		} else if test.method == "receive" {
+			got = abi.Receive.String()
+		} else {
+			got = abi.Methods[test.method].String()
+		}
+		if got != test.expectation {
+			t.Errorf("expected string to be %s, got %s", test.expectation, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMethodSig(t *testing.T) {
+	var cases = []struct {
+		method string
+		expect string
+	}{
+		{
+			method: "balance",
+			expect: "balance()",
+		},
+		{
+			method: "send",
+			expect: "send(uint256)",
+		},
+		{
+			method: "transfer",
+			expect: "transfer(address,address,uint256)",
+		},
+		{
+			method: "tuple",
+			expect: "tuple((uint256,uint256))",
+		},
+		{
+			method: "tupleArray",
+			expect: "tupleArray((uint256,uint256)[5])",
+		},
+		{
+			method: "tupleSlice",
+			expect: "tupleSlice((uint256,uint256)[])",
+		},
+		{
+			method: "complexTuple",
+			expect: "complexTuple((uint256,uint256)[5][])",
+		},
+	}
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(methoddata))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range cases {
+		got := abi.Methods[test.method].Sig
+		if got != test.expect {
+			t.Errorf("expected string to be %s, got %s", test.expect, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/pack.go b/internal/avm/abi/pack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df0422d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/pack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+// packBytesSlice packs the given bytes as [L, V] as the canonical representation
+// bytes slice.
+func packBytesSlice(bytes []byte, l int) []byte {
+	len := packNum(reflect.ValueOf(l))
+	return append(len, common.RightPadBytes(bytes, (l+31)/32*32)...)
+}
+
+// packElement packs the given reflect value according to the abi specification in
+// t.
+func packElement(t Type, reflectValue reflect.Value) ([]byte, error) {
+	switch t.T {
+	case IntTy, UintTy:
+		return packNum(reflectValue), nil
+	case StringTy:
+		return packBytesSlice([]byte(reflectValue.String()), reflectValue.Len()), nil
+	case AddressTy:
+		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			reflectValue = mustArrayToByteSlice(reflectValue)
+		}
+
+		return common.LeftPadBytes(reflectValue.Bytes(), 32), nil
+	case BoolTy:
+		if reflectValue.Bool() {
+			return math.PaddedBigBytes(common.Big1, 32), nil
+		}
+		return math.PaddedBigBytes(common.Big0, 32), nil
+	case BytesTy:
+		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			reflectValue = mustArrayToByteSlice(reflectValue)
+		}
+		if reflectValue.Type() != reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}) {
+			return []byte{}, errors.New("Bytes type is neither slice nor array")
+		}
+		return packBytesSlice(reflectValue.Bytes(), reflectValue.Len()), nil
+	case FixedBytesTy, FunctionTy:
+		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			reflectValue = mustArrayToByteSlice(reflectValue)
+		}
+		return common.RightPadBytes(reflectValue.Bytes(), 32), nil
+	default:
+		return []byte{}, fmt.Errorf("Could not pack element, unknown type: %v", t.T)
+	}
+}
+
+// packNum packs the given number (using the reflect value) and will cast it to appropriate number representation.
+func packNum(value reflect.Value) []byte {
+	switch kind := value.Kind(); kind {
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return math.U256Bytes(new(big.Int).SetUint64(value.Uint()))
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return math.U256Bytes(big.NewInt(value.Int()))
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		return math.U256Bytes(new(big.Int).Set(value.Interface().(*big.Int)))
+	default:
+		panic("abi: fatal error")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/pack_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/pack_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aab638d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/pack_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+// TestPack tests the general pack/unpack tests in packing_test.go
+func TestPack(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range packUnpackTests {
+		t.Run(strconv.Itoa(i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			encb, err := hex.DecodeString(test.packed)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid hex %s: %v", test.packed, err)
+			}
+			inDef := fmt.Sprintf(`[{ "name" : "method", "type": "function", "inputs": %s}]`, test.def)
+			inAbi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(inDef))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid ABI definition %s, %v", inDef, err)
+			}
+			var packed []byte
+			packed, err = inAbi.Pack("method", test.unpacked)
+
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("test %d (%v) failed: %v", i, test.def, err)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(packed[4:], encb) {
+				t.Errorf("test %d (%v) failed: expected %v, got %v", i, test.def, encb, packed[4:])
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+//func TestMethodPack(t *testing.T) {
+//	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(jsondata))
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	sig := abi.Methods["slice"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//
+//	packed, err := abi.Pack("slice", []uint32{1, 2})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//
+//	var addrA, addrB = common.Address{1}, common.Address{2}
+//	sig = abi.Methods["sliceAddress"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{32}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrA[:], 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrB[:], 32)...)
+//
+//	packed, err = abi.Pack("sliceAddress", []common.Address{addrA, addrB})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//
+//	var addrC, addrD = common.Address{3}, common.Address{4}
+//	sig = abi.Methods["sliceMultiAddress"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{64}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{160}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrA[:], 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrB[:], 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrC[:], 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrD[:], 32)...)
+//
+//	packed, err = abi.Pack("sliceMultiAddress", []common.Address{addrA, addrB}, []common.Address{addrC, addrD})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//
+//	sig = abi.Methods["slice256"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//
+//	packed, err = abi.Pack("slice256", []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//
+//	a := [2][2]*big.Int{{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(1)}, {big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(0)}}
+//	sig = abi.Methods["nestedArray"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0xa0}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrC[:], 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes(addrD[:], 32)...)
+//	packed, err = abi.Pack("nestedArray", a, []common.Address{addrC, addrD})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//
+//	sig = abi.Methods["nestedArray2"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0x20}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0x40}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0x80}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	packed, err = abi.Pack("nestedArray2", [2][]uint8{{1}, {1}})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//
+//	sig = abi.Methods["nestedSlice"].ID
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0x20}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0x02}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0x40}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{0xa0}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{1}, 32)...)
+//	sig = append(sig, common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{2}, 32)...)
+//	packed, err = abi.Pack("nestedSlice", [][]uint8{{1, 2}, {1, 2}})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	if !bytes.Equal(packed, sig) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", sig, packed)
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestPackNumber(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		value  reflect.Value
+		packed []byte
+	}{
+		// Protocol limits
+		{reflect.ValueOf(0), common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(1), common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(-1), common.Hex2Bytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")},
+
+		// Type corner cases
+		{reflect.ValueOf(uint8(math.MaxUint8)), common.Hex2Bytes("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(uint16(math.MaxUint16)), common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(uint32(math.MaxUint32)), common.Hex2Bytes("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(uint64(math.MaxUint64)), common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffff")},
+
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int8(math.MaxInt8)), common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int16(math.MaxInt16)), common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007fff")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int32(math.MaxInt32)), common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007fffffff")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int64(math.MaxInt64)), common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007fffffffffffffff")},
+
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int8(math.MinInt8)), common.Hex2Bytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff80")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int16(math.MinInt16)), common.Hex2Bytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff8000")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int32(math.MinInt32)), common.Hex2Bytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff80000000")},
+		{reflect.ValueOf(int64(math.MinInt64)), common.Hex2Bytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff8000000000000000")},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		packed := packNum(tt.value)
+		if !bytes.Equal(packed, tt.packed) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: pack mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, packed, tt.packed)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/packing_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/packing_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f8444f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/packing_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+type packUnpackTest struct {
+	def      string
+	unpacked interface{}
+	packed   string
+}
+
+var packUnpackTests = []packUnpackTest{
+	// Booleans
+	{
+		def:      `[{ "type": "bool" }]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: true,
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{ "type": "bool" }]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: false,
+	},
+	// Integers
+	{
+		def:      `[{ "type": "uint8" }]`,
+		unpacked: uint8(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{ "type": "uint8[]" }]`,
+		unpacked: []uint8{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{ "type": "uint16" }]`,
+		unpacked: uint16(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{ "type": "uint16[]" }]`,
+		unpacked: []uint16{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint17"}]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: big.NewInt(1),
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint32"}]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: uint32(1),
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint32[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []uint32{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint64"}]`,
+		unpacked: uint64(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint64[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []uint64{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint256"}]`,
+		unpacked: big.NewInt(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint256[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int8"}]`,
+		unpacked: int8(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int8[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []int8{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int16"}]`,
+		unpacked: int16(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int16[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []int16{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int17"}]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: big.NewInt(1),
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int32"}]`,
+		unpacked: int32(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int32"}]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: int32(1),
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int32[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []int32{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int64"}]`,
+		unpacked: int64(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int64[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []int64{1, 2},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int256"}]`,
+		unpacked: big.NewInt(2),
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int256"}]`,
+		packed:   "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+		unpacked: big.NewInt(-1),
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "int256[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+	},
+	// Address
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "address"}]`,
+		packed:   "0000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: common.Address{1},
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "address[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []common.Address{{1}, {2}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	// Bytes
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes1"}]`,
+		unpacked: [1]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes2"}]`,
+		unpacked: [2]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes3"}]`,
+		unpacked: [3]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes4"}]`,
+		unpacked: [4]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes5"}]`,
+		unpacked: [5]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes6"}]`,
+		unpacked: [6]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes7"}]`,
+		unpacked: [7]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes8"}]`,
+		unpacked: [8]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes9"}]`,
+		unpacked: [9]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes10"}]`,
+		unpacked: [10]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes11"}]`,
+		unpacked: [11]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes12"}]`,
+		unpacked: [12]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes13"}]`,
+		unpacked: [13]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes14"}]`,
+		unpacked: [14]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes15"}]`,
+		unpacked: [15]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes16"}]`,
+		unpacked: [16]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes17"}]`,
+		unpacked: [17]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes18"}]`,
+		unpacked: [18]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes19"}]`,
+		unpacked: [19]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes20"}]`,
+		unpacked: [20]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes21"}]`,
+		unpacked: [21]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes22"}]`,
+		unpacked: [22]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes23"}]`,
+		unpacked: [23]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes24"}]`,
+		unpacked: [24]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes25"}]`,
+		unpacked: [25]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes26"}]`,
+		unpacked: [26]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes27"}]`,
+		unpacked: [27]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes28"}]`,
+		unpacked: [28]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes29"}]`,
+		unpacked: [29]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes30"}]`,
+		unpacked: [30]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes31"}]`,
+		unpacked: [31]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32"}]`,
+		unpacked: [32]byte{1},
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32"}]`,
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [32]byte{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "bytes"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: common.Hex2Bytes("0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32"}]`,
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [32]byte{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+	},
+	// Functions
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "function"}]`,
+		packed:   "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [24]byte{1},
+	},
+	// Slice and Array
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []uint8{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: []uint8{},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint256[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: []*big.Int{},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]uint8{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int8[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]int8{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int16[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []int16{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int16[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]int16{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int32[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []int32{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int32[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]int32{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int64[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []int64{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int64[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]int64{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int256[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "int256[3]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+		unpacked: [3]*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	// multi dimensional, if these pass, all types that don't require length prefix should pass
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [][]uint8{},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [][]uint8{{1, 2}, {1, 2}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+		unpacked: [][]uint8{{1, 2}, {1, 2, 3}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[2][2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2][2]uint8{{1, 2}, {1, 2}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[][2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [2][]uint8{{}, {}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[][2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: [2][]uint8{{1}, {1}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[2][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [][2]uint8{},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[2][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [][2]uint8{{1, 2}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint8[2][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [][2]uint8{{1, 2}, {1, 2}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint16[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []uint16{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint16[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]uint16{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint32[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []uint32{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "uint32[2][3][4]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [4][3][2]uint32{{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}, {{7, 8}, {9, 10}, {11, 12}}, {{13, 14}, {15, 16}, {17, 18}}, {{19, 20}, {21, 22}, {23, 24}}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000013" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000015" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000018",
+	},
+
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [][32]byte{{1}, {2}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint32[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]uint32{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint64[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []uint64{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint64[2]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: [2]uint64{1, 2},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint256[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint256[3]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+		unpacked: [3]*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(3)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "string[4]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000140" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005" +
+			"48656c6c6f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005" +
+			"576f726c64000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b" +
+			"476f2d657468657265756d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008" +
+			"457468657265756d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [4]string{"Hello", "World", "Go-ethereum", "Ethereum"},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "string[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008" +
+			"457468657265756d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b" +
+			"676f2d657468657265756d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: []string{"Ethereum", "go-ethereum"},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "bytes[]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" +
+			"f0f0f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" +
+			"f0f0f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		unpacked: [][]byte{{0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0}, {0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0}},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"type": "uint256[2][][]"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c8" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003e8" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c8" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003e8",
+		unpacked: [][][2]*big.Int{{{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(200)}, {big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(1000)}}, {{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(200)}, {big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(1000)}}},
+	},
+	// struct outputs
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name":"int1","type":"int256"},{"name":"int2","type":"int256"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: struct {
+			Int1 *big.Int
+			Int2 *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+	},
+	{
+		def:    `[{"components": [{"name":"int_one","type":"int256"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+	{
+		def:    `[{"components": [{"name":"int__one","type":"int256"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+	{
+		def:    `[{"components": [{"name":"int_one_","type":"int256"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		unpacked: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name":"int_one","type":"int256"}, {"name":"intone","type":"int256"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		unpacked: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+			Intone *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "string"}]`,
+		unpacked: "foobar",
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006" +
+			"666f6f6261720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "string[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []string{"hello", "foobar"},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // len(array) = 2
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // offset 64 to i = 0
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" + // offset 128 to i = 1
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005" + // len(str[0]) = 5
+			"68656c6c6f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // str[0]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006" + // len(str[1]) = 6
+			"666f6f6261720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", // str[1]
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "string[2]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [2]string{"hello", "foobar"},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // offset to i = 0
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" + // offset to i = 1
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005" + // len(str[0]) = 5
+			"68656c6c6f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // str[0]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006" + // len(str[1]) = 6
+			"666f6f6261720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", // str[1]
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32[][]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [][][32]byte{{{1}, {2}}, {{3}, {4}, {5}}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // len(array) = 2
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // offset 64 to i = 0
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0" + // offset 160 to i = 1
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // len(array[0]) = 2
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][0]
+			"0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][1]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" + // len(array[1]) = 3
+			"0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[1][0]
+			"0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[1][1]
+			"0500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", // array[1][2]
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32[][2]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [2][][32]byte{{{1}, {2}}, {{3}, {4}, {5}}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // offset 64 to i = 0
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0" + // offset 160 to i = 1
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // len(array[0]) = 2
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][0]
+			"0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][1]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" + // len(array[1]) = 3
+			"0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[1][0]
+			"0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[1][1]
+			"0500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", // array[1][2]
+	},
+	{
+		def:      `[{"type": "bytes32[3][2]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [2][3][32]byte{{{1}, {2}, {3}}, {{3}, {4}, {5}}},
+		packed: "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][0]
+			"0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][1]
+			"0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[0][2]
+			"0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[1][0]
+			"0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // array[1][1]
+			"0500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", // array[1][2]
+	},
+	{
+		// static tuple
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name":"a","type":"int64"}, 
+		{"name":"b","type":"int256"}, 
+		{"name":"c","type":"int256"}, 
+		{"name":"d","type":"bool"},
+		{"name":"e","type":"bytes32[3][2]"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		unpacked: struct {
+			A int64
+			B *big.Int
+			C *big.Int
+			D bool
+			E [2][3][32]byte
+		}{1, big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(-1), true, [2][3][32]byte{{{1}, {2}, {3}}, {{3}, {4}, {5}}}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // struct[a]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // struct[b]
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff" + // struct[c]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // struct[d]
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // struct[e] array[0][0]
+			"0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // struct[e] array[0][1]
+			"0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // struct[e] array[0][2]
+			"0300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // struct[e] array[1][0]
+			"0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // struct[e] array[1][1]
+			"0500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", // struct[e] array[1][2]
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name":"a","type":"string"}, 
+		{"name":"b","type":"int64"}, 
+		{"name":"c","type":"bytes"}, 
+		{"name":"d","type":"string[]"},
+		{"name":"e","type":"int256[]"},
+		{"name":"f","type":"address[]"}], "type":"tuple"}]`,
+		unpacked: struct {
+			A string
+			B int64
+			C []byte
+			D []string
+			E []*big.Int
+			F []common.Address
+		}{"foobar", 1, []byte{1}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(-1)}, []common.Address{{1}, {2}}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // struct a
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0" + // struct[a] offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // struct[b]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100" + // struct[c] offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000140" + // struct[d] offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000220" + // struct[e] offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000280" + // struct[f] offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006" + // struct[a] length
+			"666f6f6261720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // struct[a] "foobar"
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // struct[c] length
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // []byte{1}
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // struct[d] length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // foo offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080" + // bar offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" + // foo length
+			"666f6f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // foo
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" + // bar offset
+			"6261720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // bar
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // struct[e] length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // 1
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff" + // -1
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // struct[f] length
+			"0000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000" + // common.Address{1}
+			"0000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000", // common.Address{2}
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{ "type": "tuple","components": [{"name": "a","type": "uint256"},	
+							{"name": "b","type": "uint256[]"}],	
+							"name": "a","type": "tuple"},
+							{"name": "b","type": "uint256[]"}],  "type": "tuple"}]`,
+		unpacked: struct {
+			A struct {
+				A *big.Int
+				B []*big.Int
+			}
+			B []*big.Int
+		}{
+			A: struct {
+				A *big.Int
+				B []*big.Int
+			}{big.NewInt(1), []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)}},
+			B: []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)}},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // struct a
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // a offset
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0" + // b offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // a.a value
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // a.b offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // a.b length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // a.b[0] value
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // a.b[1] value
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // b length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // b[0] value
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // b[1] value
+	},
+
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name": "a","type": "int256"},	
+							{"name": "b","type": "int256[]"}],	
+							"name": "a","type": "tuple[]"}]`,
+		unpacked: []struct {
+			A *big.Int
+			B []*big.Int
+		}{
+			{big.NewInt(-1), []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(3)}},
+			{big.NewInt(1), []*big.Int{big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(-1)}},
+		},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // tuple length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // tuple[0] offset
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0" + // tuple[1] offset
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff" + // tuple[0].A
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // tuple[0].B offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // tuple[0].B length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // tuple[0].B[0] value
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" + // tuple[0].B[1] value
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // tuple[1].A
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // tuple[1].B offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // tuple[1].B length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // tuple[1].B[0] value
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff", // tuple[1].B[1] value
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name": "a","type": "int256"},	
+							{"name": "b","type": "int256"}],	
+							"name": "a","type": "tuple[2]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [2]struct {
+			A *big.Int
+			B *big.Int
+		}{
+			{big.NewInt(-1), big.NewInt(1)},
+			{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(-1)},
+		},
+		packed: "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff" + // tuple[0].a
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // tuple[0].b
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // tuple[1].a
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff", // tuple[1].b
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"components": [{"name": "a","type": "int256[]"}],
+							"name": "a","type": "tuple[2]"}]`,
+		unpacked: [2]struct {
+			A []*big.Int
+		}{
+			{[]*big.Int{big.NewInt(-1), big.NewInt(1)}},
+			{[]*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(-1)}},
+		},
+		packed: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" +
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040" + // tuple[0] offset
+			"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0" + // tuple[1] offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // tuple[0].A offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // tuple[0].A length
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff" + // tuple[0].A[0]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // tuple[0].A[1]
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // tuple[1].A offset
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // tuple[1].A length
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // tuple[1].A[0]
+			"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff", // tuple[1].A[1]
+	},
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/reflect.go b/internal/avm/abi/reflect.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62ce88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/reflect.go
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ConvertType converts an interface of a runtime type into a interface of the
+// given type
+// e.g. turn
+// var fields []reflect.StructField
+//
+//	fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+//			Name: "X",
+//			Type: reflect.TypeOf(new(big.Int)),
+//			Tag:  reflect.StructTag("json:\"" + "x" + "\""),
+//	}
+//
+// into
+// type TupleT struct { X *big.Int }
+func ConvertType(in interface{}, proto interface{}) interface{} {
+	protoType := reflect.TypeOf(proto)
+	if reflect.TypeOf(in).ConvertibleTo(protoType) {
+		return reflect.ValueOf(in).Convert(protoType).Interface()
+	}
+	// Use set as a last ditch effort
+	if err := set(reflect.ValueOf(proto), reflect.ValueOf(in)); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return proto
+}
+
+// indirect recursively dereferences the value until it either gets the value
+// or finds a big.Int
+func indirect(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.Elem().Type() != reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{}) {
+		return indirect(v.Elem())
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// reflectIntType returns the reflect using the given size and
+// unsignedness.
+func reflectIntType(unsigned bool, size int) reflect.Type {
+	if unsigned {
+		switch size {
+		case 8:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint8(0))
+		case 16:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint16(0))
+		case 32:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint32(0))
+		case 64:
+			return reflect.TypeOf(uint64(0))
+		}
+	}
+	switch size {
+	case 8:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int8(0))
+	case 16:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int16(0))
+	case 32:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int32(0))
+	case 64:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))
+	}
+	return reflect.TypeOf(&big.Int{})
+}
+
+// mustArrayToByteSlice creates a new byte slice with the exact same size as value
+// and copies the bytes in value to the new slice.
+func mustArrayToByteSlice(value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}), value.Len(), value.Len())
+	reflect.Copy(slice, value)
+	return slice
+}
+
+// set attempts to assign src to dst by either setting, copying or otherwise.
+//
+// set is a bit more lenient when it comes to assignment and doesn't force an as
+// strict ruleset as bare `reflect` does.
+func set(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	dstType, srcType := dst.Type(), src.Type()
+	switch {
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Interface && dst.Elem().IsValid():
+		return set(dst.Elem(), src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && dstType.Elem() != reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{}):
+		return set(dst.Elem(), src)
+	case srcType.AssignableTo(dstType) && dst.CanSet():
+		dst.Set(src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Slice && srcType.Kind() == reflect.Slice && dst.CanSet():
+		return setSlice(dst, src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Array:
+		return setArray(dst, src)
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Struct:
+		return setStruct(dst, src)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot unmarshal %v in to %v", src.Type(), dst.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// setSlice attempts to assign src to dst when slices are not assignable by default
+// e.g. src: [][]byte -> dst: [][15]byte
+// setSlice ignores if we cannot copy all of src' elements.
+func setSlice(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(dst.Type(), src.Len(), src.Len())
+	for i := 0; i < src.Len(); i++ {
+		if err := set(slice.Index(i), src.Index(i)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if dst.CanSet() {
+		dst.Set(slice)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errors.New("Cannot set slice, destination not settable")
+}
+
+func setArray(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	if src.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		return set(dst, indirect(src))
+	}
+	array := reflect.New(dst.Type()).Elem()
+	min := src.Len()
+	if src.Len() > dst.Len() {
+		min = dst.Len()
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < min; i++ {
+		if err := set(array.Index(i), src.Index(i)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if dst.CanSet() {
+		dst.Set(array)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errors.New("Cannot set array, destination not settable")
+}
+
+func setStruct(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
+	for i := 0; i < src.NumField(); i++ {
+		srcField := src.Field(i)
+		dstField := dst.Field(i)
+		if !dstField.IsValid() || !srcField.IsValid() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Could not find src field: %v value: %v in destination", srcField.Type().Name(), srcField)
+		}
+		if err := set(dstField, srcField); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mapArgNamesToStructFields maps a slice of argument names to struct fields.
+// first round: for each Exportable field that contains a `abi:""` tag
+//
+//	and this field name exists in the given argument name list, pair them together.
+//
+// second round: for each argument name that has not been already linked,
+//
+//	find what variable is expected to be mapped into, if it exists and has not been
+//	used, pair them.
+//
+// Note this function assumes the given value is a struct value.
+func mapArgNamesToStructFields(argNames []string, value reflect.Value) (map[string]string, error) {
+	typ := value.Type()
+
+	abi2struct := make(map[string]string)
+	struct2abi := make(map[string]string)
+
+	// first round ~~~
+	for i := 0; i < typ.NumField(); i++ {
+		structFieldName := typ.Field(i).Name
+
+		// skip private struct fields.
+		if structFieldName[:1] != strings.ToUpper(structFieldName[:1]) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// skip fields that have no abi:"" tag.
+		tagName, ok := typ.Field(i).Tag.Lookup("abi")
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		// check if tag is empty.
+		if tagName == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("struct: abi tag in '%s' is empty", structFieldName)
+		}
+		// check which argument field matches with the abi tag.
+		found := false
+		for _, arg := range argNames {
+			if arg == tagName {
+				if abi2struct[arg] != "" {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("struct: abi tag in '%s' already mapped", structFieldName)
+				}
+				// pair them
+				abi2struct[arg] = structFieldName
+				struct2abi[structFieldName] = arg
+				found = true
+			}
+		}
+		// check if this tag has been mapped.
+		if !found {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("struct: abi tag '%s' defined but not found in abi", tagName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// second round ~~~
+	for _, argName := range argNames {
+
+		structFieldName := ToCamelCase(argName)
+
+		if structFieldName == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: purely underscored output cannot unpack to struct")
+		}
+
+		// this abi has already been paired, skip it... unless there exists another, yet unassigned
+		// struct field with the same field name. If so, raise an error:
+		//    abi: [ { "name": "value" } ]
+		//    struct { Value  *big.Int , Value1 *big.Int `abi:"value"`}
+		if abi2struct[argName] != "" {
+			if abi2struct[argName] != structFieldName &&
+				struct2abi[structFieldName] == "" &&
+				value.FieldByName(structFieldName).IsValid() {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: multiple variables maps to the same abi field '%s'", argName)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// return an error if this struct field has already been paired.
+		if struct2abi[structFieldName] != "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field '%s'", structFieldName)
+		}
+
+		if value.FieldByName(structFieldName).IsValid() {
+			// pair them
+			abi2struct[argName] = structFieldName
+			struct2abi[structFieldName] = argName
+		} else {
+			// not paired, but annotate as used, to detect cases like
+			//   abi : [ { "name": "value" }, { "name": "_value" } ]
+			//   struct { Value *big.Int }
+			struct2abi[structFieldName] = argName
+		}
+	}
+	return abi2struct, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/reflect_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/reflect_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64a6db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/reflect_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type reflectTest struct {
+	name  string
+	args  []string
+	struc interface{}
+	want  map[string]string
+	err   string
+}
+
+var reflectTests = []reflectTest{
+	{
+		name: "OneToOneCorrespondance",
+		args: []string{"fieldA"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldA": "FieldA",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "MissingFieldsInStruct",
+		args: []string{"fieldA", "fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldA": "FieldA",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "MoreFieldsInStructThanArgs",
+		args: []string{"fieldA"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+			FieldB int
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldA": "FieldA",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "MissingFieldInArgs",
+		args: []string{"fieldA"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+			FieldB int `abi:"fieldB"`
+		}{},
+		err: "struct: abi tag 'fieldB' defined but not found in abi",
+	},
+	{
+		name: "NoAbiDescriptor",
+		args: []string{"fieldA"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldA": "FieldA",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "NoArgs",
+		args: []string{},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+		}{},
+		err: "struct: abi tag 'fieldA' defined but not found in abi",
+	},
+	{
+		name: "DifferentName",
+		args: []string{"fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldB"`
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldB": "FieldA",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "DifferentName",
+		args: []string{"fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldB"`
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldB": "FieldA",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "MultipleFields",
+		args: []string{"fieldA", "fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+			FieldB int `abi:"fieldB"`
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldA": "FieldA",
+			"fieldB": "FieldB",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "MultipleFieldsABIMissing",
+		args: []string{"fieldA", "fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldA"`
+			FieldB int
+		}{},
+		want: map[string]string{
+			"fieldA": "FieldA",
+			"fieldB": "FieldB",
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name: "NameConflict",
+		args: []string{"fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldB"`
+			FieldB int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: multiple variables maps to the same abi field 'fieldB'",
+	},
+	{
+		name: "Underscored",
+		args: []string{"_"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: purely underscored output cannot unpack to struct",
+	},
+	{
+		name: "DoubleMapping",
+		args: []string{"fieldB", "fieldC", "fieldA"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldA int `abi:"fieldC"`
+			FieldB int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field 'FieldA'",
+	},
+	{
+		name: "AlreadyMapped",
+		args: []string{"fieldB", "fieldB"},
+		struc: struct {
+			FieldB int `abi:"fieldB"`
+		}{},
+		err: "struct: abi tag in 'FieldB' already mapped",
+	},
+}
+
+func TestReflectNameToStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range reflectTests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			m, err := mapArgNamesToStructFields(test.args, reflect.ValueOf(test.struc))
+			if len(test.err) > 0 {
+				if err == nil || err.Error() != test.err {
+					t.Fatalf("Invalid error: expected %v, got %v", test.err, err)
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
+				}
+				for fname := range test.want {
+					if m[fname] != test.want[fname] {
+						t.Fatalf("Incorrect value for field %s: expected %v, got %v", fname, test.want[fname], m[fname])
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertType(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test Basic Struct
+	type T struct {
+		X *big.Int
+		Y *big.Int
+	}
+	// Create on-the-fly structure
+	var fields []reflect.StructField
+	fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+		Name: "X",
+		Type: reflect.TypeOf(new(big.Int)),
+		Tag:  "json:\"" + "x" + "\"",
+	})
+	fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+		Name: "Y",
+		Type: reflect.TypeOf(new(big.Int)),
+		Tag:  "json:\"" + "y" + "\"",
+	})
+	val := reflect.New(reflect.StructOf(fields))
+	val.Elem().Field(0).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(1)))
+	val.Elem().Field(1).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(2)))
+	// ConvertType
+	out := *ConvertType(val.Interface(), new(T)).(*T)
+	if out.X.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out.X, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+	if out.Y.Cmp(big.NewInt(2)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out.Y, big.NewInt(2))
+	}
+	// Slice Type
+	val2 := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(reflect.StructOf(fields)), 2, 2)
+	val2.Index(0).Field(0).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(1)))
+	val2.Index(0).Field(1).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(2)))
+	val2.Index(1).Field(0).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(3)))
+	val2.Index(1).Field(1).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(4)))
+	out2 := *ConvertType(val2.Interface(), new([]T)).(*[]T)
+	if out2[0].X.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out2[0].X, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+	if out2[0].Y.Cmp(big.NewInt(2)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out2[1].Y, big.NewInt(2))
+	}
+	if out2[1].X.Cmp(big.NewInt(3)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out2[0].X, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+	if out2[1].Y.Cmp(big.NewInt(4)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out2[1].Y, big.NewInt(2))
+	}
+	// Array Type
+	val3 := reflect.New(reflect.ArrayOf(2, reflect.StructOf(fields)))
+	val3.Elem().Index(0).Field(0).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(1)))
+	val3.Elem().Index(0).Field(1).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(2)))
+	val3.Elem().Index(1).Field(0).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(3)))
+	val3.Elem().Index(1).Field(1).Set(reflect.ValueOf(big.NewInt(4)))
+	out3 := *ConvertType(val3.Interface(), new([2]T)).(*[2]T)
+	if out3[0].X.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out3[0].X, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+	if out3[0].Y.Cmp(big.NewInt(2)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out3[1].Y, big.NewInt(2))
+	}
+	if out3[1].X.Cmp(big.NewInt(3)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out3[0].X, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+	if out3[1].Y.Cmp(big.NewInt(4)) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ConvertType failed, got %v want %v", out3[1].Y, big.NewInt(2))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/selector_parser.go b/internal/avm/abi/selector_parser.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9c4a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/selector_parser.go
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+type SelectorMarshaling struct {
+	Name   string               `json:"name"`
+	Type   string               `json:"type"`
+	Inputs []ArgumentMarshaling `json:"inputs"`
+}
+
+func isDigit(c byte) bool {
+	return c >= '0' && c <= '9'
+}
+
+func isAlpha(c byte) bool {
+	return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+}
+
+func isIdentifierSymbol(c byte) bool {
+	return c == '$' || c == '_'
+}
+
+func parseToken(unescapedSelector string, isIdent bool) (string, string, error) {
+	if len(unescapedSelector) == 0 {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("empty token")
+	}
+	firstChar := unescapedSelector[0]
+	position := 1
+	if !(isAlpha(firstChar) || (isIdent && isIdentifierSymbol(firstChar))) {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("invalid token start: %c", firstChar)
+	}
+	for position < len(unescapedSelector) {
+		char := unescapedSelector[position]
+		if !(isAlpha(char) || isDigit(char) || (isIdent && isIdentifierSymbol(char))) {
+			break
+		}
+		position++
+	}
+	return unescapedSelector[:position], unescapedSelector[position:], nil
+}
+
+func parseIdentifier(unescapedSelector string) (string, string, error) {
+	return parseToken(unescapedSelector, true)
+}
+
+func parseElementaryType(unescapedSelector string) (string, string, error) {
+	parsedType, rest, err := parseToken(unescapedSelector, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse elementary type: %v", err)
+	}
+	// handle arrays
+	for len(rest) > 0 && rest[0] == '[' {
+		parsedType = parsedType + string(rest[0])
+		rest = rest[1:]
+		for len(rest) > 0 && isDigit(rest[0]) {
+			parsedType = parsedType + string(rest[0])
+			rest = rest[1:]
+		}
+		if len(rest) == 0 || rest[0] != ']' {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse array: expected ']', got %c", unescapedSelector[0])
+		}
+		parsedType = parsedType + string(rest[0])
+		rest = rest[1:]
+	}
+	return parsedType, rest, nil
+}
+
+func parseCompositeType(unescapedSelector string) ([]interface{}, string, error) {
+	if len(unescapedSelector) == 0 || unescapedSelector[0] != '(' {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("expected '(', got %c", unescapedSelector[0])
+	}
+	parsedType, rest, err := parseType(unescapedSelector[1:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse type: %v", err)
+	}
+	result := []interface{}{parsedType}
+	for len(rest) > 0 && rest[0] != ')' {
+		parsedType, rest, err = parseType(rest[1:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse type: %v", err)
+		}
+		result = append(result, parsedType)
+	}
+	if len(rest) == 0 || rest[0] != ')' {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("expected ')', got '%s'", rest)
+	}
+	if len(rest) >= 3 && rest[1] == '[' && rest[2] == ']' {
+		return append(result, "[]"), rest[3:], nil
+	}
+	return result, rest[1:], nil
+}
+
+func parseType(unescapedSelector string) (interface{}, string, error) {
+	if len(unescapedSelector) == 0 {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("empty type")
+	}
+	if unescapedSelector[0] == '(' {
+		return parseCompositeType(unescapedSelector)
+	} else {
+		return parseElementaryType(unescapedSelector)
+	}
+}
+
+func assembleArgs(args []interface{}) ([]ArgumentMarshaling, error) {
+	arguments := make([]ArgumentMarshaling, 0)
+	for i, arg := range args {
+		// generate dummy name to avoid unmarshal issues
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("name%d", i)
+		if s, ok := arg.(string); ok {
+			arguments = append(arguments, ArgumentMarshaling{name, s, s, nil, false})
+		} else if components, ok := arg.([]interface{}); ok {
+			subArgs, err := assembleArgs(components)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to assemble components: %v", err)
+			}
+			tupleType := "tuple"
+			if len(subArgs) != 0 && subArgs[len(subArgs)-1].Type == "[]" {
+				subArgs = subArgs[:len(subArgs)-1]
+				tupleType = "tuple[]"
+			}
+			arguments = append(arguments, ArgumentMarshaling{name, tupleType, tupleType, subArgs, false})
+		} else {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to assemble args: unexpected type %T", arg)
+		}
+	}
+	return arguments, nil
+}
+
+// ParseSelector converts a method selector into a struct that can be JSON encoded
+// and consumed by other functions in this package.
+// Note, although uppercase letters are not part of the ABI spec, this function
+// still accepts it as the general format is valid.
+func ParseSelector(unescapedSelector string) (SelectorMarshaling, error) {
+	name, rest, err := parseIdentifier(unescapedSelector)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector '%s': %v", unescapedSelector, err)
+	}
+	args := []interface{}{}
+	if len(rest) >= 2 && rest[0] == '(' && rest[1] == ')' {
+		rest = rest[2:]
+	} else {
+		args, rest, err = parseCompositeType(rest)
+		if err != nil {
+			return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector '%s': %v", unescapedSelector, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(rest) > 0 {
+		return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector '%s': unexpected string '%s'", unescapedSelector, rest)
+	}
+
+	// Reassemble the fake ABI and constuct the JSON
+	fakeArgs, err := assembleArgs(args)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SelectorMarshaling{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse selector: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return SelectorMarshaling{name, "function", fakeArgs}, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/selector_parser_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/selector_parser_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e70b34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/selector_parser_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestParseSelector(t *testing.T) {
+	mkType := func(types ...interface{}) []ArgumentMarshaling {
+		var result []ArgumentMarshaling
+		for i, typeOrComponents := range types {
+			name := fmt.Sprintf("name%d", i)
+			if typeName, ok := typeOrComponents.(string); ok {
+				result = append(result, ArgumentMarshaling{name, typeName, typeName, nil, false})
+			} else if components, ok := typeOrComponents.([]ArgumentMarshaling); ok {
+				result = append(result, ArgumentMarshaling{name, "tuple", "tuple", components, false})
+			} else if components, ok := typeOrComponents.([][]ArgumentMarshaling); ok {
+				result = append(result, ArgumentMarshaling{name, "tuple[]", "tuple[]", components[0], false})
+			} else {
+				log.Fatalf("unexpected type %T", typeOrComponents)
+			}
+		}
+		return result
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		name  string
+		args  []ArgumentMarshaling
+	}{
+		{"noargs()", "noargs", []ArgumentMarshaling{}},
+		{"simple(uint256,uint256,uint256)", "simple", mkType("uint256", "uint256", "uint256")},
+		{"other(uint256,address)", "other", mkType("uint256", "address")},
+		{"withArray(uint256[],address[2],uint8[4][][5])", "withArray", mkType("uint256[]", "address[2]", "uint8[4][][5]")},
+		{"singleNest(bytes32,uint8,(uint256,uint256),address)", "singleNest", mkType("bytes32", "uint8", mkType("uint256", "uint256"), "address")},
+		{"multiNest(address,(uint256[],uint256),((address,bytes32),uint256))", "multiNest",
+			mkType("address", mkType("uint256[]", "uint256"), mkType(mkType("address", "bytes32"), "uint256"))},
+		{"arrayNest((uint256,uint256)[],bytes32)", "arrayNest", mkType([][]ArgumentMarshaling{mkType("uint256", "uint256")}, "bytes32")},
+		{"multiArrayNest((uint256,uint256)[],(uint256,uint256)[])", "multiArrayNest",
+			mkType([][]ArgumentMarshaling{mkType("uint256", "uint256")}, [][]ArgumentMarshaling{mkType("uint256", "uint256")})},
+		{"singleArrayNestAndArray((uint256,uint256)[],bytes32[])", "singleArrayNestAndArray",
+			mkType([][]ArgumentMarshaling{mkType("uint256", "uint256")}, "bytes32[]")},
+		{"singleArrayNestWithArrayAndArray((uint256[],address[2],uint8[4][][5])[],bytes32[])", "singleArrayNestWithArrayAndArray",
+			mkType([][]ArgumentMarshaling{mkType("uint256[]", "address[2]", "uint8[4][][5]")}, "bytes32[]")},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		selector, err := ParseSelector(tt.input)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failed to parse selector '%v': %v", i, tt.input, err)
+		}
+		if selector.Name != tt.name {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: unexpected function name: '%s' != '%s'", i, selector.Name, tt.name)
+		}
+
+		if selector.Type != "function" {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: unexpected type: '%s' != '%s'", i, selector.Type, "function")
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(selector.Inputs, tt.args) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: unexpected args: '%v' != '%v'", i, selector.Inputs, tt.args)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/topics.go b/internal/avm/abi/topics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ecd38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/topics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+// MakeTopics converts a filter query argument list into a filter topic set.
+func MakeTopics(query ...[]interface{}) ([][]types.Hash, error) {
+	topics := make([][]types.Hash, len(query))
+	for i, filter := range query {
+		for _, rule := range filter {
+			var topic types.Hash
+
+			// Try to generate the topic based on simple types
+			switch rule := rule.(type) {
+			case types.Hash:
+				copy(topic[:], rule[:])
+			case types.Address:
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-types.AddressLength:], rule[:])
+			case *big.Int:
+				blob := rule.Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case bool:
+				if rule {
+					topic[types.HashLength-1] = 1
+				}
+			case int8:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(int64(rule), 1))
+			case int16:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(int64(rule), 2))
+			case int32:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(int64(rule), 4))
+			case int64:
+				copy(topic[:], genIntType(rule, 8))
+			case uint8:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(rule)).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case uint16:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(rule)).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case uint32:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(rule)).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case uint64:
+				blob := new(big.Int).SetUint64(rule).Bytes()
+				copy(topic[types.HashLength-len(blob):], blob)
+			case string:
+				hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte(rule))
+				copy(topic[:], hash[:])
+			case []byte:
+				hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(rule)
+				copy(topic[:], hash[:])
+
+			default:
+				// todo(rjl493456442) according solidity documentation, indexed event
+				// parameters that are not value types i.e. arrays and structs are not
+				// stored directly but instead a keccak256-hash of an encoding is stored.
+				//
+				// We only convert stringS and bytes to hash, still need to deal with
+				// array(both fixed-size and dynamic-size) and struct.
+
+				// Attempt to generate the topic from funky types
+				val := reflect.ValueOf(rule)
+				switch {
+				// static byte array
+				case val.Kind() == reflect.Array && reflect.TypeOf(rule).Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8:
+					reflect.Copy(reflect.ValueOf(topic[:val.Len()]), val)
+				default:
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported indexed type: %T", rule)
+				}
+			}
+			topics[i] = append(topics[i], topic)
+		}
+	}
+	return topics, nil
+}
+
+func genIntType(rule int64, size uint) []byte {
+	var topic [types.HashLength]byte
+	if rule < 0 {
+		// if a rule is negative, we need to put it into two's complement.
+		// extended to common.HashLength bytes.
+		topic = [types.HashLength]byte{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255}
+	}
+	for i := uint(0); i < size; i++ {
+		topic[types.HashLength-i-1] = byte(rule >> (i * 8))
+	}
+	return topic[:]
+}
+
+// ParseTopics converts the indexed topic fields into actual log field values.
+func ParseTopics(out interface{}, fields Arguments, topics []types.Hash) error {
+	return parseTopicWithSetter(fields, topics,
+		func(arg Argument, reconstr interface{}) {
+			field := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().FieldByName(ToCamelCase(arg.Name))
+			field.Set(reflect.ValueOf(reconstr))
+		})
+}
+
+// ParseTopicsIntoMap converts the indexed topic field-value pairs into map key-value pairs.
+func ParseTopicsIntoMap(out map[string]interface{}, fields Arguments, topics []types.Hash) error {
+	return parseTopicWithSetter(fields, topics,
+		func(arg Argument, reconstr interface{}) {
+			out[arg.Name] = reconstr
+		})
+}
+
+// parseTopicWithSetter converts the indexed topic field-value pairs and stores them using the
+// provided set function.
+//
+// Note, dynamic types cannot be reconstructed since they get mapped to Keccak256
+// hashes as the topic value!
+func parseTopicWithSetter(fields Arguments, topics []types.Hash, setter func(Argument, interface{})) error {
+	// Sanity check that the fields and topics match up
+	if len(fields) != len(topics) {
+		return errors.New("topic/field count mismatch")
+	}
+	// Iterate over all the fields and reconstruct them from topics
+	for i, arg := range fields {
+		if !arg.Indexed {
+			return errors.New("non-indexed field in topic reconstruction")
+		}
+		var reconstr interface{}
+		switch arg.Type.T {
+		case TupleTy:
+			return errors.New("tuple type in topic reconstruction")
+		case StringTy, BytesTy, SliceTy, ArrayTy:
+			// Array types (including strings and bytes) have their keccak256 hashes stored in the topic- not a hash
+			// whose bytes can be decoded to the actual value- so the best we can do is retrieve that hash
+			reconstr = topics[i]
+		case FunctionTy:
+			if garbage := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(topics[i][0:8]); garbage != 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("bind: got improperly encoded function type, got %v", topics[i].Bytes())
+			}
+			var tmp [24]byte
+			copy(tmp[:], topics[i][8:32])
+			reconstr = tmp
+		default:
+			var err error
+			reconstr, err = toGoType(0, arg.Type, topics[i].Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		// Use the setter function to store the value
+		setter(arg, reconstr)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/topics_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/topics_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75b4dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/topics_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+func TestMakeTopics(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		query [][]interface{}
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    args
+		want    [][]types.Hash
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			"support fixed byte types, right padded to 32 bytes",
+			args{[][]interface{}{{[5]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}}},
+			[][]types.Hash{{types.Hash{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support common hash types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{{types.Hash{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}}},
+			[][]types.Hash{{types.Hash{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support address types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{{types.Address{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}}},
+			[][]types.Hash{{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support *big.Int types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{{big.NewInt(1).Lsh(big.NewInt(2), 254)}}},
+			[][]types.Hash{{types.Hash{128}}},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support boolean types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{
+				{true},
+				{false},
+			}},
+			[][]types.Hash{
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}},
+				{types.Hash{0}},
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support int/uint(8/16/32/64) types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{
+				{int8(-2)},
+				{int16(-3)},
+				{int32(-4)},
+				{int64(-5)},
+				{int8(1)},
+				{int16(256)},
+				{int32(65536)},
+				{int64(4294967296)},
+				{uint8(1)},
+				{uint16(256)},
+				{uint32(65536)},
+				{uint64(4294967296)},
+			}},
+			[][]types.Hash{
+				{types.Hash{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 254}},
+				{types.Hash{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 253}},
+				{types.Hash{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 252}},
+				{types.Hash{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 251}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0}},
+				{types.Hash{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support string types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{{"hello world"}}},
+			[][]types.Hash{{crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("hello world"))}},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"support byte slice types in topics",
+			args{[][]interface{}{{[]byte{1, 2, 3}}}},
+			[][]types.Hash{{crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{1, 2, 3})}},
+			false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := MakeTopics(tt.args.query...)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("makeTopics() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("makeTopics() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type args struct {
+	createObj func() interface{}
+	resultObj func() interface{}
+	resultMap func() map[string]interface{}
+	fields    Arguments
+	topics    []types.Hash
+}
+
+type bytesStruct struct {
+	StaticBytes [5]byte
+}
+type int8Struct struct {
+	Int8Value int8
+}
+type int256Struct struct {
+	Int256Value *big.Int
+}
+
+type hashStruct struct {
+	HashValue types.Hash
+}
+
+type funcStruct struct {
+	FuncValue [24]byte
+}
+
+type topicTest struct {
+	name    string
+	args    args
+	wantErr bool
+}
+
+func setupTopicsTests() []topicTest {
+	bytesType, _ := NewType("bytes5", "", nil)
+	int8Type, _ := NewType("int8", "", nil)
+	int256Type, _ := NewType("int256", "", nil)
+	tupleType, _ := NewType("tuple(int256,int8)", "", nil)
+	stringType, _ := NewType("string", "", nil)
+	funcType, _ := NewType("function", "", nil)
+
+	tests := []topicTest{
+		{
+			name: "support fixed byte types, right padded to 32 bytes",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &bytesStruct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &bytesStruct{StaticBytes: [5]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}} },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} {
+					return map[string]interface{}{"staticBytes": [5]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}
+				},
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "staticBytes",
+					Type:    bytesType,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "int8 with negative value",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &int8Struct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &int8Struct{Int8Value: -1} },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} {
+					return map[string]interface{}{"int8Value": int8(-1)}
+				},
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "int8Value",
+					Type:    int8Type,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "int256 with negative value",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &int256Struct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &int256Struct{Int256Value: big.NewInt(-1)} },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} {
+					return map[string]interface{}{"int256Value": big.NewInt(-1)}
+				},
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "int256Value",
+					Type:    int256Type,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "hash type",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &hashStruct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &hashStruct{crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("stringtopic"))} },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} {
+					return map[string]interface{}{"hashValue": crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("stringtopic"))}
+				},
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "hashValue",
+					Type:    stringType,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("stringtopic")),
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "function type",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &funcStruct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} {
+					return &funcStruct{[24]byte{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255}}
+				},
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} {
+					return map[string]interface{}{"funcValue": [24]byte{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255}}
+				},
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "funcValue",
+					Type:    funcType,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "error on topic/field count mismatch",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return nil },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return nil },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} { return make(map[string]interface{}) },
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "tupletype",
+					Type:    tupleType,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "error on unindexed arguments",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &int256Struct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &int256Struct{} },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} { return make(map[string]interface{}) },
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "int256Value",
+					Type:    int256Type,
+					Indexed: false,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					{255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "error on tuple in topic reconstruction",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &tupleType },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &tupleType },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} { return make(map[string]interface{}) },
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "tupletype",
+					Type:    tupleType,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{{0}},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "error on improper encoded function",
+			args: args{
+				createObj: func() interface{} { return &funcStruct{} },
+				resultObj: func() interface{} { return &funcStruct{} },
+				resultMap: func() map[string]interface{} {
+					return make(map[string]interface{})
+				},
+				fields: Arguments{Argument{
+					Name:    "funcValue",
+					Type:    funcType,
+					Indexed: true,
+				}},
+				topics: []types.Hash{
+					{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+						255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	return tests
+}
+
+func TestParseTopics(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := setupTopicsTests()
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			createObj := tt.args.createObj()
+			if err := ParseTopics(createObj, tt.args.fields, tt.args.topics); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("parseTopics() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			resultObj := tt.args.resultObj()
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(createObj, resultObj) {
+				t.Errorf("parseTopics() = %v, want %v", createObj, resultObj)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseTopicsIntoMap(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := setupTopicsTests()
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			outMap := make(map[string]interface{})
+			if err := ParseTopicsIntoMap(outMap, tt.args.fields, tt.args.topics); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("parseTopicsIntoMap() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			resultMap := tt.args.resultMap()
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(outMap, resultMap) {
+				t.Errorf("parseTopicsIntoMap() = %v, want %v", outMap, resultMap)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/type.go b/internal/avm/abi/type.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ef7bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+// Type enumerator
+const (
+	IntTy byte = iota
+	UintTy
+	BoolTy
+	StringTy
+	SliceTy
+	ArrayTy
+	TupleTy
+	AddressTy
+	FixedBytesTy
+	BytesTy
+	HashTy
+	FixedPointTy
+	FunctionTy
+)
+
+// Type is the reflection of the supported argument type.
+type Type struct {
+	Elem *Type
+	Size int
+	T    byte // Our own type checking
+
+	stringKind string // holds the unparsed string for deriving signatures
+
+	// Tuple relative fields
+	TupleRawName  string       // Raw struct name defined in source code, may be empty.
+	TupleElems    []*Type      // Type information of all tuple fields
+	TupleRawNames []string     // Raw field name of all tuple fields
+	TupleType     reflect.Type // Underlying struct of the tuple
+}
+
+var (
+	// typeRegex parses the abi sub types
+	typeRegex = regexp.MustCompile("([a-zA-Z]+)(([0-9]+)(x([0-9]+))?)?")
+)
+
+// NewType creates a new reflection type of abi type given in t.
+func NewType(t string, internalType string, components []ArgumentMarshaling) (typ Type, err error) {
+	// check that array brackets are equal if they exist
+	if strings.Count(t, "[") != strings.Count(t, "]") {
+		return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid arg type in abi")
+	}
+	typ.stringKind = t
+
+	// if there are brackets, get ready to go into slice/array mode and
+	// recursively create the type
+	if strings.Count(t, "[") != 0 {
+		// Note internalType can be empty here.
+		subInternal := internalType
+		if i := strings.LastIndex(internalType, "["); i != -1 {
+			subInternal = subInternal[:i]
+		}
+		// recursively embed the type
+		i := strings.LastIndex(t, "[")
+		embeddedType, err := NewType(t[:i], subInternal, components)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Type{}, err
+		}
+		// grab the last cell and create a type from there
+		sliced := t[i:]
+		// grab the slice size with regexp
+		re := regexp.MustCompile("[0-9]+")
+		intz := re.FindAllString(sliced, -1)
+
+		if len(intz) == 0 {
+			// is a slice
+			typ.T = SliceTy
+			typ.Elem = &embeddedType
+			typ.stringKind = embeddedType.stringKind + sliced
+		} else if len(intz) == 1 {
+			// is an array
+			typ.T = ArrayTy
+			typ.Elem = &embeddedType
+			typ.Size, err = strconv.Atoi(intz[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("abi: error parsing variable size: %v", err)
+			}
+			typ.stringKind = embeddedType.stringKind + sliced
+		} else {
+			return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid formatting of array type")
+		}
+		return typ, err
+	}
+	// parse the type and size of the abi-type.
+	matches := typeRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(t, -1)
+	if len(matches) == 0 {
+		return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid type '%v'", t)
+	}
+	parsedType := matches[0]
+
+	// varSize is the size of the variable
+	var varSize int
+	if len(parsedType[3]) > 0 {
+		var err error
+		varSize, err = strconv.Atoi(parsedType[2])
+		if err != nil {
+			return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("abi: error parsing variable size: %v", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if parsedType[0] == "uint" || parsedType[0] == "int" {
+			// this should fail because it means that there's something wrong with
+			// the abi type (the compiler should always format it to the size...always)
+			return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported arg type: %s", t)
+		}
+	}
+	// varType is the parsed abi type
+	switch varType := parsedType[1]; varType {
+	case "int":
+		typ.Size = varSize
+		typ.T = IntTy
+	case "uint":
+		typ.Size = varSize
+		typ.T = UintTy
+	case "bool":
+		typ.T = BoolTy
+	case "address":
+		typ.Size = 20
+		typ.T = AddressTy
+	case "string":
+		typ.T = StringTy
+	case "bytes":
+		if varSize == 0 {
+			typ.T = BytesTy
+		} else {
+			typ.T = FixedBytesTy
+			typ.Size = varSize
+		}
+	case "tuple":
+		var (
+			fields     []reflect.StructField
+			elems      []*Type
+			names      []string
+			expression string // canonical parameter expression
+		)
+		expression += "("
+		overloadedNames := make(map[string]string)
+		for idx, c := range components {
+			cType, err := NewType(c.Type, c.InternalType, c.Components)
+			if err != nil {
+				return Type{}, err
+			}
+			fieldName, err := overloadedArgName(c.Name, overloadedNames)
+			if err != nil {
+				return Type{}, err
+			}
+			overloadedNames[fieldName] = fieldName
+			fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
+				Name: fieldName, // reflect.StructOf will panic for any exported field.
+				Type: cType.GetType(),
+				Tag:  reflect.StructTag("json:\"" + c.Name + "\""),
+			})
+			elems = append(elems, &cType)
+			names = append(names, c.Name)
+			expression += cType.stringKind
+			if idx != len(components)-1 {
+				expression += ","
+			}
+		}
+		expression += ")"
+
+		typ.TupleType = reflect.StructOf(fields)
+		typ.TupleElems = elems
+		typ.TupleRawNames = names
+		typ.T = TupleTy
+		typ.stringKind = expression
+
+		const structPrefix = "struct "
+		// After solidity 0.5.10, a new field of abi "internalType"
+		// is introduced. From that we can obtain the struct name
+		// user defined in the source code.
+		if internalType != "" && strings.HasPrefix(internalType, structPrefix) {
+			// Foo.Bar type definition is not allowed in golang,
+			// convert the format to FooBar
+			typ.TupleRawName = strings.Replace(internalType[len(structPrefix):], ".", "", -1)
+		}
+
+	case "function":
+		typ.T = FunctionTy
+		typ.Size = 24
+	default:
+		return Type{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported arg type: %s", t)
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetType returns the reflection type of the ABI type.
+func (t Type) GetType() reflect.Type {
+	switch t.T {
+	case IntTy:
+		return reflectIntType(false, t.Size)
+	case UintTy:
+		return reflectIntType(true, t.Size)
+	case BoolTy:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(false)
+	case StringTy:
+		return reflect.TypeOf("")
+	case SliceTy:
+		return reflect.SliceOf(t.Elem.GetType())
+	case ArrayTy:
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(t.Size, t.Elem.GetType())
+	case TupleTy:
+		return t.TupleType
+	case AddressTy:
+		return reflect.TypeOf(common.Address{})
+	case FixedBytesTy:
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(t.Size, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case BytesTy:
+		return reflect.SliceOf(reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case HashTy:
+		// hashtype currently not used
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(32, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case FixedPointTy:
+		// fixedpoint type currently not used
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(32, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	case FunctionTy:
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(24, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	default:
+		panic("Invalid type")
+	}
+}
+
+func overloadedArgName(rawName string, names map[string]string) (string, error) {
+	fieldName := ToCamelCase(rawName)
+	if fieldName == "" {
+		return "", errors.New("abi: purely anonymous or underscored field is not supported")
+	}
+	// Handle overloaded fieldNames
+	_, ok := names[fieldName]
+	for idx := 0; ok; idx++ {
+		fieldName = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", ToCamelCase(rawName), idx)
+		_, ok = names[fieldName]
+	}
+	return fieldName, nil
+}
+
+// String implements Stringer.
+func (t Type) String() (out string) {
+	return t.stringKind
+}
+
+func (t Type) pack(v reflect.Value) ([]byte, error) {
+	// dereference pointer first if it's a pointer
+	v = indirect(v)
+	if err := typeCheck(t, v); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch t.T {
+	case SliceTy, ArrayTy:
+		var ret []byte
+
+		if t.requiresLengthPrefix() {
+			// append length
+			ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(v.Len()))...)
+		}
+
+		// calculate offset if any
+		offset := 0
+		offsetReq := isDynamicType(*t.Elem)
+		if offsetReq {
+			offset = getTypeSize(*t.Elem) * v.Len()
+		}
+		var tail []byte
+		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+			val, err := t.Elem.pack(v.Index(i))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if !offsetReq {
+				ret = append(ret, val...)
+				continue
+			}
+			ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(offset))...)
+			offset += len(val)
+			tail = append(tail, val...)
+		}
+		return append(ret, tail...), nil
+	case TupleTy:
+		// (T1,...,Tk) for k >= 0 and any types T1, …, Tk
+		// enc(X) = head(X(1)) ... head(X(k)) tail(X(1)) ... tail(X(k))
+		// where X = (X(1), ..., X(k)) and head and tail are defined for Ti being a static
+		// type as
+		//     head(X(i)) = enc(X(i)) and tail(X(i)) = "" (the empty string)
+		// and as
+		//     head(X(i)) = enc(len(head(X(1)) ... head(X(k)) tail(X(1)) ... tail(X(i-1))))
+		//     tail(X(i)) = enc(X(i))
+		// otherwise, i.e. if Ti is a dynamic type.
+		fieldmap, err := mapArgNamesToStructFields(t.TupleRawNames, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Calculate prefix occupied size.
+		offset := 0
+		for _, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			offset += getTypeSize(*elem)
+		}
+		var ret, tail []byte
+		for i, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			field := v.FieldByName(fieldmap[t.TupleRawNames[i]])
+			if !field.IsValid() {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("field %s for tuple not found in the given struct", t.TupleRawNames[i])
+			}
+			val, err := elem.pack(field)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if isDynamicType(*elem) {
+				ret = append(ret, packNum(reflect.ValueOf(offset))...)
+				tail = append(tail, val...)
+				offset += len(val)
+			} else {
+				ret = append(ret, val...)
+			}
+		}
+		return append(ret, tail...), nil
+
+	default:
+		return packElement(t, v)
+	}
+}
+
+// requireLengthPrefix returns whether the type requires any sort of length
+// prefixing.
+func (t Type) requiresLengthPrefix() bool {
+	return t.T == StringTy || t.T == BytesTy || t.T == SliceTy
+}
+
+// isDynamicType returns true if the type is dynamic.
+// The following types are called “dynamic”:
+// * bytes
+// * string
+// * T[] for any T
+// * T[k] for any dynamic T and any k >= 0
+// * (T1,...,Tk) if Ti is dynamic for some 1 <= i <= k
+func isDynamicType(t Type) bool {
+	if t.T == TupleTy {
+		for _, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			if isDynamicType(*elem) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+	return t.T == StringTy || t.T == BytesTy || t.T == SliceTy || (t.T == ArrayTy && isDynamicType(*t.Elem))
+}
+
+// getTypeSize returns the size that this type needs to occupy.
+// We distinguish static and dynamic types. Static types are encoded in-place
+// and dynamic types are encoded at a separately allocated location after the
+// current block.
+// So for a static variable, the size returned represents the size that the
+// variable actually occupies.
+// For a dynamic variable, the returned size is fixed 32 bytes, which is used
+// to store the location reference for actual value storage.
+func getTypeSize(t Type) int {
+	if t.T == ArrayTy && !isDynamicType(*t.Elem) {
+		// Recursively calculate type size if it is a nested array
+		if t.Elem.T == ArrayTy || t.Elem.T == TupleTy {
+			return t.Size * getTypeSize(*t.Elem)
+		}
+		return t.Size * 32
+	} else if t.T == TupleTy && !isDynamicType(t) {
+		total := 0
+		for _, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+			total += getTypeSize(*elem)
+		}
+		return total
+	}
+	return 32
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/type_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/type_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37c6a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/type_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
+)
+
+// typeWithoutStringer is a alias for the Type type which simply doesn't implement
+// the stringer interface to allow printing type details in the tests below.
+type typeWithoutStringer Type
+
+// Tests that all allowed types get recognized by the type parser.
+func TestTypeRegexp(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		blob       string
+		components []ArgumentMarshaling
+		kind       Type
+	}{
+		{"bool", nil, Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}},
+		{"bool[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[]"}},
+		{"bool[2]", nil, Type{Size: 2, T: ArrayTy, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[2]"}},
+		{"bool[2][]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[2]"}, stringKind: "bool[2][]"}},
+		{"bool[][]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[]"}, stringKind: "bool[][]"}},
+		{"bool[][2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[]"}, stringKind: "bool[][2]"}},
+		{"bool[2][2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[2]"}, stringKind: "bool[2][2]"}},
+		{"bool[2][][2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[2]"}, stringKind: "bool[2][]"}, stringKind: "bool[2][][2]"}},
+		{"bool[2][2][2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[2]"}, stringKind: "bool[2][2]"}, stringKind: "bool[2][2][2]"}},
+		{"bool[][][]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[]"}, stringKind: "bool[][]"}, stringKind: "bool[][][]"}},
+		{"bool[][2][]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: BoolTy, stringKind: "bool"}, stringKind: "bool[]"}, stringKind: "bool[][2]"}, stringKind: "bool[][2][]"}},
+		{"int8", nil, Type{Size: 8, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int8"}},
+		{"int16", nil, Type{Size: 16, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int16"}},
+		{"int32", nil, Type{Size: 32, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int32"}},
+		{"int64", nil, Type{Size: 64, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int64"}},
+		{"int256", nil, Type{Size: 256, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int256"}},
+		{"int8[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 8, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int8"}, stringKind: "int8[]"}},
+		{"int8[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 8, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int8"}, stringKind: "int8[2]"}},
+		{"int16[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 16, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int16"}, stringKind: "int16[]"}},
+		{"int16[2]", nil, Type{Size: 2, T: ArrayTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 16, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int16"}, stringKind: "int16[2]"}},
+		{"int32[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 32, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int32"}, stringKind: "int32[]"}},
+		{"int32[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 32, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int32"}, stringKind: "int32[2]"}},
+		{"int64[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 64, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int64"}, stringKind: "int64[]"}},
+		{"int64[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 64, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int64"}, stringKind: "int64[2]"}},
+		{"int256[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 256, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int256"}, stringKind: "int256[]"}},
+		{"int256[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 256, T: IntTy, stringKind: "int256"}, stringKind: "int256[2]"}},
+		{"uint8", nil, Type{Size: 8, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint8"}},
+		{"uint16", nil, Type{Size: 16, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint16"}},
+		{"uint32", nil, Type{Size: 32, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint32"}},
+		{"uint64", nil, Type{Size: 64, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint64"}},
+		{"uint256", nil, Type{Size: 256, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint256"}},
+		{"uint8[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 8, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint8"}, stringKind: "uint8[]"}},
+		{"uint8[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 8, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint8"}, stringKind: "uint8[2]"}},
+		{"uint16[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 16, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint16"}, stringKind: "uint16[]"}},
+		{"uint16[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 16, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint16"}, stringKind: "uint16[2]"}},
+		{"uint32[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 32, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint32"}, stringKind: "uint32[]"}},
+		{"uint32[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 32, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint32"}, stringKind: "uint32[2]"}},
+		{"uint64[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 64, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint64"}, stringKind: "uint64[]"}},
+		{"uint64[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 64, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint64"}, stringKind: "uint64[2]"}},
+		{"uint256[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 256, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint256"}, stringKind: "uint256[]"}},
+		{"uint256[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 256, T: UintTy, stringKind: "uint256"}, stringKind: "uint256[2]"}},
+		{"bytes32", nil, Type{T: FixedBytesTy, Size: 32, stringKind: "bytes32"}},
+		{"bytes[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: BytesTy, stringKind: "bytes"}, stringKind: "bytes[]"}},
+		{"bytes[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: BytesTy, stringKind: "bytes"}, stringKind: "bytes[2]"}},
+		{"bytes32[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: FixedBytesTy, Size: 32, stringKind: "bytes32"}, stringKind: "bytes32[]"}},
+		{"bytes32[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: FixedBytesTy, Size: 32, stringKind: "bytes32"}, stringKind: "bytes32[2]"}},
+		{"string", nil, Type{T: StringTy, stringKind: "string"}},
+		{"string[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{T: StringTy, stringKind: "string"}, stringKind: "string[]"}},
+		{"string[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{T: StringTy, stringKind: "string"}, stringKind: "string[2]"}},
+		{"address", nil, Type{Size: 20, T: AddressTy, stringKind: "address"}},
+		{"address[]", nil, Type{T: SliceTy, Elem: &Type{Size: 20, T: AddressTy, stringKind: "address"}, stringKind: "address[]"}},
+		{"address[2]", nil, Type{T: ArrayTy, Size: 2, Elem: &Type{Size: 20, T: AddressTy, stringKind: "address"}, stringKind: "address[2]"}},
+		// TODO when fixed types are implemented properly
+		// {"fixed", nil, Type{}},
+		// {"fixed128x128", nil, Type{}},
+		// {"fixed[]", nil, Type{}},
+		// {"fixed[2]", nil, Type{}},
+		// {"fixed128x128[]", nil, Type{}},
+		// {"fixed128x128[2]", nil, Type{}},
+		{"tuple", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "a", Type: "int64"}}, Type{T: TupleTy, TupleType: reflect.TypeOf(struct {
+			A int64 `json:"a"`
+		}{}), stringKind: "(int64)",
+			TupleElems: []*Type{{T: IntTy, Size: 64, stringKind: "int64"}}, TupleRawNames: []string{"a"}}},
+		{"tuple with long name", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "aTypicalParamName", Type: "int64"}}, Type{T: TupleTy, TupleType: reflect.TypeOf(struct {
+			ATypicalParamName int64 `json:"aTypicalParamName"`
+		}{}), stringKind: "(int64)",
+			TupleElems: []*Type{{T: IntTy, Size: 64, stringKind: "int64"}}, TupleRawNames: []string{"aTypicalParamName"}}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		typ, err := NewType(tt.blob, "", tt.components)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("type %q: failed to parse type string: %v", tt.blob, err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(typ, tt.kind) {
+			t.Errorf("type %q: parsed type mismatch:\nGOT %s\nWANT %s ", tt.blob, spew.Sdump(typeWithoutStringer(typ)), spew.Sdump(typeWithoutStringer(tt.kind)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypeCheck(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range []struct {
+		typ        string
+		components []ArgumentMarshaling
+		input      interface{}
+		err        string
+	}{
+		{"uint", nil, big.NewInt(1), "unsupported arg type: uint"},
+		{"int", nil, big.NewInt(1), "unsupported arg type: int"},
+		{"uint256", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint256[][3][]", nil, [][3][]*big.Int{{{}}}, ""},
+		{"uint256[][][3]", nil, [3][][]*big.Int{{{}}}, ""},
+		{"uint256[3][][]", nil, [][][3]*big.Int{{{}}}, ""},
+		{"uint256[3][3][3]", nil, [3][3][3]*big.Int{{{}}}, ""},
+		{"uint8[][]", nil, [][]uint8{}, ""},
+		{"int256", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint8", nil, uint8(1), ""},
+		{"uint16", nil, uint16(1), ""},
+		{"uint32", nil, uint32(1), ""},
+		{"uint64", nil, uint64(1), ""},
+		{"int8", nil, int8(1), ""},
+		{"int16", nil, int16(1), ""},
+		{"int32", nil, int32(1), ""},
+		{"int64", nil, int64(1), ""},
+		{"uint24", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint40", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint48", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint56", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint72", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint80", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint88", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint96", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint104", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint112", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint120", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint128", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint136", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint144", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint152", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint160", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint168", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint176", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint184", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint192", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint200", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint208", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint216", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint224", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint232", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint240", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint248", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int24", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int40", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int48", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int56", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int72", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int80", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int88", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int96", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int104", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int112", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int120", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int128", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int136", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int144", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int152", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int160", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int168", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int176", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int184", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int192", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int200", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int208", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int216", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int224", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int232", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int240", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"int248", nil, big.NewInt(1), ""},
+		{"uint30", nil, uint8(1), "abi: cannot use uint8 as type ptr as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, uint16(1), "abi: cannot use uint16 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, uint32(1), "abi: cannot use uint32 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, uint64(1), "abi: cannot use uint64 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, int8(1), "abi: cannot use int8 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, int16(1), "abi: cannot use int16 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, int32(1), "abi: cannot use int32 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint8", nil, int64(1), "abi: cannot use int64 as type uint8 as argument"},
+		{"uint16", nil, uint16(1), ""},
+		{"uint16", nil, uint8(1), "abi: cannot use uint8 as type uint16 as argument"},
+		{"uint16[]", nil, []uint16{1, 2, 3}, ""},
+		{"uint16[]", nil, [3]uint16{1, 2, 3}, ""},
+		{"uint16[]", nil, []uint32{1, 2, 3}, "abi: cannot use []uint32 as type [0]uint16 as argument"},
+		{"uint16[3]", nil, [3]uint32{1, 2, 3}, "abi: cannot use [3]uint32 as type [3]uint16 as argument"},
+		{"uint16[3]", nil, [4]uint16{1, 2, 3}, "abi: cannot use [4]uint16 as type [3]uint16 as argument"},
+		{"uint16[3]", nil, []uint16{1, 2, 3}, ""},
+		{"uint16[3]", nil, []uint16{1, 2, 3, 4}, "abi: cannot use [4]uint16 as type [3]uint16 as argument"},
+		{"address[]", nil, []types.Address{{1}}, ""},
+		{"address[1]", nil, []types.Address{{1}}, ""},
+		{"address[1]", nil, [1]types.Address{{1}}, ""},
+		{"address[2]", nil, [1]types.Address{{1}}, "abi: cannot use [1]array as type [2]array as argument"},
+		{"bytes32", nil, [32]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes31", nil, [31]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes30", nil, [30]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes29", nil, [29]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes28", nil, [28]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes27", nil, [27]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes26", nil, [26]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes25", nil, [25]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes24", nil, [24]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes23", nil, [23]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes22", nil, [22]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes21", nil, [21]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes20", nil, [20]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes19", nil, [19]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes18", nil, [18]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes17", nil, [17]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes16", nil, [16]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes15", nil, [15]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes14", nil, [14]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes13", nil, [13]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes12", nil, [12]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes11", nil, [11]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes10", nil, [10]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes9", nil, [9]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes8", nil, [8]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes7", nil, [7]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes6", nil, [6]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes5", nil, [5]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes4", nil, [4]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes3", nil, [3]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes2", nil, [2]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes1", nil, [1]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes32", nil, [33]byte{}, "abi: cannot use [33]uint8 as type [32]uint8 as argument"},
+		{"bytes32", nil, types.Hash{1}, ""},
+		{"bytes31", nil, types.Hash{1}, "abi: cannot use types.Hash as type [31]uint8 as argument"},
+		{"bytes31", nil, [32]byte{}, "abi: cannot use [32]uint8 as type [31]uint8 as argument"},
+		{"bytes", nil, []byte{0, 1}, ""},
+		{"bytes", nil, [2]byte{0, 1}, "abi: cannot use array as type slice as argument"},
+		{"bytes", nil, types.Hash{1}, "abi: cannot use array as type slice as argument"},
+		{"string", nil, "hello world", ""},
+		{"string", nil, "", ""},
+		{"string", nil, []byte{}, "abi: cannot use slice as type string as argument"},
+		{"bytes32[]", nil, [][32]byte{{}}, ""},
+		{"function", nil, [24]byte{}, ""},
+		{"bytes20", nil, types.Address{}, ""},
+		{"address", nil, [20]byte{}, ""},
+		{"address", nil, types.Address{}, ""},
+		{"bytes32[]]", nil, "", "invalid arg type in abi"},
+		{"invalidType", nil, "", "unsupported arg type: invalidType"},
+		{"invalidSlice[]", nil, "", "unsupported arg type: invalidSlice"},
+		// simple tuple
+		{"tuple", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "a", Type: "uint256"}, {Name: "b", Type: "uint256"}}, struct {
+			A *big.Int
+			B *big.Int
+		}{}, ""},
+		// tuple slice
+		{"tuple[]", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "a", Type: "uint256"}, {Name: "b", Type: "uint256"}}, []struct {
+			A *big.Int
+			B *big.Int
+		}{}, ""},
+		// tuple array
+		{"tuple[2]", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "a", Type: "uint256"}, {Name: "b", Type: "uint256"}}, []struct {
+			A *big.Int
+			B *big.Int
+		}{{big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)}, {big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)}}, ""},
+	} {
+		typ, err := NewType(test.typ, "", test.components)
+		if err != nil && len(test.err) == 0 {
+			t.Fatal("unexpected parse error:", err)
+		} else if err != nil && len(test.err) != 0 {
+			if err.Error() != test.err {
+				t.Errorf("%d failed. Expected err: '%v' got err: '%v'", i, test.err, err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err = typeCheck(typ, reflect.ValueOf(test.input))
+		if err != nil && len(test.err) == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%d failed. Expected no err but got: %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if err == nil && len(test.err) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%d failed. Expected err: %v but got none", i, test.err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err != nil && len(test.err) != 0 && err.Error() != test.err {
+			t.Errorf("%d failed. Expected err: '%v' got err: '%v'", i, test.err, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInternalType(t *testing.T) {
+	components := []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "a", Type: "int64"}}
+	internalType := "struct a.b[]"
+	kind := Type{
+		T: TupleTy,
+		TupleType: reflect.TypeOf(struct {
+			A int64 `json:"a"`
+		}{}),
+		stringKind:    "(int64)",
+		TupleRawName:  "ab[]",
+		TupleElems:    []*Type{{T: IntTy, Size: 64, stringKind: "int64"}},
+		TupleRawNames: []string{"a"},
+	}
+
+	blob := "tuple"
+	typ, err := NewType(blob, internalType, components)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("type %q: failed to parse type string: %v", blob, err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(typ, kind) {
+		t.Errorf("type %q: parsed type mismatch:\nGOT %s\nWANT %s ", blob, spew.Sdump(typeWithoutStringer(typ)), spew.Sdump(typeWithoutStringer(kind)))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetTypeSize(t *testing.T) {
+	var testCases = []struct {
+		typ        string
+		components []ArgumentMarshaling
+		typSize    int
+	}{
+		// simple array
+		{"uint256[2]", nil, 32 * 2},
+		{"address[3]", nil, 32 * 3},
+		{"bytes32[4]", nil, 32 * 4},
+		// array array
+		{"uint256[2][3][4]", nil, 32 * (2 * 3 * 4)},
+		// array tuple
+		{"tuple[2]", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "bytes32"}, {Name: "y", Type: "bytes32"}}, (32 * 2) * 2},
+		// simple tuple
+		{"tuple", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "uint256"}, {Name: "y", Type: "uint256"}}, 32 * 2},
+		// tuple array
+		{"tuple", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "bytes32[2]"}}, 32 * 2},
+		// tuple tuple
+		{"tuple", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "tuple", Components: []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "bytes32"}}}}, 32},
+		{"tuple", []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "tuple", Components: []ArgumentMarshaling{{Name: "x", Type: "bytes32[2]"}, {Name: "y", Type: "uint256"}}}}, 32 * (2 + 1)},
+	}
+
+	for i, data := range testCases {
+		typ, err := NewType(data.typ, "", data.components)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("type %q: failed to parse type string: %v", data.typ, err)
+		}
+
+		result := getTypeSize(typ)
+		if result != data.typSize {
+			t.Errorf("case %d type %q: get type size error: actual: %d expected: %d", i, data.typ, result, data.typSize)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/unpack.go b/internal/avm/abi/unpack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71d79e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/unpack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+var (
+	// MaxUint256 is the maximum value that can be represented by a uint256.
+	MaxUint256 = new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Lsh(common.Big1, 256), common.Big1)
+	// MaxInt256 is the maximum value that can be represented by a int256.
+	MaxInt256 = new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Lsh(common.Big1, 255), common.Big1)
+)
+
+// ReadInteger reads the integer based on its kind and returns the appropriate value.
+func ReadInteger(typ Type, b []byte) interface{} {
+	if typ.T == UintTy {
+		switch typ.Size {
+		case 8:
+			return b[len(b)-1]
+		case 16:
+			return binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b[len(b)-2:])
+		case 32:
+			return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[len(b)-4:])
+		case 64:
+			return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[len(b)-8:])
+		default:
+			// the only case left for unsigned integer is uint256.
+			return new(big.Int).SetBytes(b)
+		}
+	}
+	switch typ.Size {
+	case 8:
+		return int8(b[len(b)-1])
+	case 16:
+		return int16(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b[len(b)-2:]))
+	case 32:
+		return int32(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[len(b)-4:]))
+	case 64:
+		return int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[len(b)-8:]))
+	default:
+		// the only case left for integer is int256
+		// big.SetBytes can't tell if a number is negative or positive in itself.
+		// On EVM, if the returned number > max int256, it is negative.
+		// A number is > max int256 if the bit at position 255 is set.
+		ret := new(big.Int).SetBytes(b)
+		if ret.Bit(255) == 1 {
+			ret.Add(MaxUint256, new(big.Int).Neg(ret))
+			ret.Add(ret, common.Big1)
+			ret.Neg(ret)
+		}
+		return ret
+	}
+}
+
+// readBool reads a bool.
+func readBool(word []byte) (bool, error) {
+	for _, b := range word[:31] {
+		if b != 0 {
+			return false, errBadBool
+		}
+	}
+	switch word[31] {
+	case 0:
+		return false, nil
+	case 1:
+		return true, nil
+	default:
+		return false, errBadBool
+	}
+}
+
+// A function type is simply the address with the function selection signature at the end.
+//
+// readFunctionType enforces that standard by always presenting it as a 24-array (address + sig = 24 bytes)
+func readFunctionType(t Type, word []byte) (funcTy [24]byte, err error) {
+	if t.T != FunctionTy {
+		return [24]byte{}, fmt.Errorf("abi: invalid type in call to make function type byte array")
+	}
+	if garbage := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(word[24:32]); garbage != 0 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("abi: got improperly encoded function type, got %v", word)
+	} else {
+		copy(funcTy[:], word[0:24])
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// ReadFixedBytes uses reflection to create a fixed array to be read from.
+func ReadFixedBytes(t Type, word []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	if t.T != FixedBytesTy {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: invalid type in call to make fixed byte array")
+	}
+	// convert
+	array := reflect.New(t.GetType()).Elem()
+
+	reflect.Copy(array, reflect.ValueOf(word[0:t.Size]))
+	return array.Interface(), nil
+
+}
+
+// forEachUnpack iteratively unpack elements.
+func forEachUnpack(t Type, output []byte, start, size int) (interface{}, error) {
+	if size < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot marshal input to array, size is negative (%d)", size)
+	}
+	if start+32*size > len(output) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go array: offset %d would go over slice boundary (len=%d)", len(output), start+32*size)
+	}
+
+	// this value will become our slice or our array, depending on the type
+	var refSlice reflect.Value
+
+	if t.T == SliceTy {
+		// declare our slice
+		refSlice = reflect.MakeSlice(t.GetType(), size, size)
+	} else if t.T == ArrayTy {
+		// declare our array
+		refSlice = reflect.New(t.GetType()).Elem()
+	} else {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: invalid type in array/slice unpacking stage")
+	}
+
+	// Arrays have packed elements, resulting in longer unpack steps.
+	// Slices have just 32 bytes per element (pointing to the contents).
+	elemSize := getTypeSize(*t.Elem)
+
+	for i, j := start, 0; j < size; i, j = i+elemSize, j+1 {
+		inter, err := toGoType(i, *t.Elem, output)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// append the item to our reflect slice
+		refSlice.Index(j).Set(reflect.ValueOf(inter))
+	}
+
+	// return the interface
+	return refSlice.Interface(), nil
+}
+
+func forTupleUnpack(t Type, output []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	retval := reflect.New(t.GetType()).Elem()
+	virtualArgs := 0
+	for index, elem := range t.TupleElems {
+		marshalledValue, err := toGoType((index+virtualArgs)*32, *elem, output)
+		if elem.T == ArrayTy && !isDynamicType(*elem) {
+			// If we have a static array, like [3]uint256, these are coded as
+			// just like uint256,uint256,uint256.
+			// This means that we need to add two 'virtual' arguments when
+			// we count the index from now on.
+			//
+			// Array values nested multiple levels deep are also encoded inline:
+			// [2][3]uint256: uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256,uint256
+			//
+			// Calculate the full array size to get the correct offset for the next argument.
+			// Decrement it by 1, as the normal index increment is still applied.
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(*elem)/32 - 1
+		} else if elem.T == TupleTy && !isDynamicType(*elem) {
+			// If we have a static tuple, like (uint256, bool, uint256), these are
+			// coded as just like uint256,bool,uint256
+			virtualArgs += getTypeSize(*elem)/32 - 1
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		retval.Field(index).Set(reflect.ValueOf(marshalledValue))
+	}
+	return retval.Interface(), nil
+}
+
+// toGoType parses the output bytes and recursively assigns the value of these bytes
+// into a go type with accordance with the ABI spec.
+func toGoType(index int, t Type, output []byte) (interface{}, error) {
+	if index+32 > len(output) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go type: length insufficient %d require %d", len(output), index+32)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		returnOutput  []byte
+		begin, length int
+		err           error
+	)
+
+	// if we require a length prefix, find the beginning word and size returned.
+	if t.requiresLengthPrefix() {
+		begin, length, err = lengthPrefixPointsTo(index, output)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		returnOutput = output[index : index+32]
+	}
+
+	switch t.T {
+	case TupleTy:
+		if isDynamicType(t) {
+			begin, err := tuplePointsTo(index, output)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return forTupleUnpack(t, output[begin:])
+		}
+		return forTupleUnpack(t, output[index:])
+	case SliceTy:
+		return forEachUnpack(t, output[begin:], 0, length)
+	case ArrayTy:
+		if isDynamicType(*t.Elem) {
+			offset := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(returnOutput[len(returnOutput)-8:])
+			if offset > uint64(len(output)) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: toGoType offset greater than output length: offset: %d, len(output): %d", offset, len(output))
+			}
+			return forEachUnpack(t, output[offset:], 0, t.Size)
+		}
+		return forEachUnpack(t, output[index:], 0, t.Size)
+	case StringTy: // variable arrays are written at the end of the return bytes
+		return string(output[begin : begin+length]), nil
+	case IntTy, UintTy:
+		return ReadInteger(t, returnOutput), nil
+	case BoolTy:
+		return readBool(returnOutput)
+	case AddressTy:
+		return common.BytesToAddress(returnOutput), nil
+	case HashTy:
+		return common.BytesToHash(returnOutput), nil
+	case BytesTy:
+		return output[begin : begin+length], nil
+	case FixedBytesTy:
+		return ReadFixedBytes(t, returnOutput)
+	case FunctionTy:
+		return readFunctionType(t, returnOutput)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("abi: unknown type %v", t.T)
+	}
+}
+
+// lengthPrefixPointsTo interprets a 32 byte slice as an offset and then determines which indices to look to decode the type.
+func lengthPrefixPointsTo(index int, output []byte) (start int, length int, err error) {
+	bigOffsetEnd := big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(output[index : index+32])
+	bigOffsetEnd.Add(bigOffsetEnd, common.Big32)
+	outputLength := big.NewInt(int64(len(output)))
+
+	if bigOffsetEnd.Cmp(outputLength) > 0 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go slice: offset %v would go over slice boundary (len=%v)", bigOffsetEnd, outputLength)
+	}
+
+	if bigOffsetEnd.BitLen() > 63 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi offset larger than int64: %v", bigOffsetEnd)
+	}
+
+	offsetEnd := int(bigOffsetEnd.Uint64())
+	lengthBig := big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(output[offsetEnd-32 : offsetEnd])
+
+	totalSize := big.NewInt(0)
+	totalSize.Add(totalSize, bigOffsetEnd)
+	totalSize.Add(totalSize, lengthBig)
+	if totalSize.BitLen() > 63 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: length larger than int64: %v", totalSize)
+	}
+
+	if totalSize.Cmp(outputLength) > 0 {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go type: length insufficient %v require %v", outputLength, totalSize)
+	}
+	start = int(bigOffsetEnd.Uint64())
+	length = int(lengthBig.Uint64())
+	return
+}
+
+// tuplePointsTo resolves the location reference for dynamic tuple.
+func tuplePointsTo(index int, output []byte) (start int, err error) {
+	offset := big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(output[index : index+32])
+	outputLen := big.NewInt(int64(len(output)))
+
+	if offset.Cmp(outputLen) > 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("abi: cannot marshal in to go slice: offset %v would go over slice boundary (len=%v)", offset, outputLen)
+	}
+	if offset.BitLen() > 63 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("abi offset larger than int64: %v", offset)
+	}
+	return int(offset.Uint64()), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/abi/unpack_test.go b/internal/avm/abi/unpack_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0baa2c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/abi/unpack_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package abi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// TestUnpack tests the general pack/unpack tests in packing_test.go
+func TestUnpack(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range packUnpackTests {
+		t.Run(strconv.Itoa(i)+" "+test.def, func(t *testing.T) {
+			//Unpack
+			def := fmt.Sprintf(`[{ "name" : "method", "type": "function", "outputs": %s}]`, test.def)
+			abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(def))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid ABI definition %s: %v", def, err)
+			}
+			encb, err := hex.DecodeString(test.packed)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid hex %s: %v", test.packed, err)
+			}
+			out, err := abi.Unpack("method", encb)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("test %d (%v) failed: %v", i, test.def, err)
+				return
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.unpacked, ConvertType(out[0], test.unpacked)) {
+				t.Errorf("test %d (%v) failed: expected %v, got %v", i, test.def, test.unpacked, out[0])
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type unpackTest struct {
+	def  string      // ABI definition JSON
+	enc  string      // evm return data
+	want interface{} // the expected output
+	err  string      // empty or error if expected
+}
+
+func (test unpackTest) checkError(err error) error {
+	if err != nil {
+		if len(test.err) == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("expected no err but got: %v", err)
+		} else if err.Error() != test.err {
+			return fmt.Errorf("expected err: '%v' got err: %q", test.err, err)
+		}
+	} else if len(test.err) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected err: %v but got none", test.err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var unpackTests = []unpackTest{
+	// Bools
+	{
+		def:  `[{ "type": "bool" }]`,
+		enc:  "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000001",
+		want: false,
+		err:  "abi: improperly encoded boolean value",
+	},
+	{
+		def:  `[{ "type": "bool" }]`,
+		enc:  "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+		want: false,
+		err:  "abi: improperly encoded boolean value",
+	},
+	// Integers
+	{
+		def:  `[{"type": "uint32"}]`,
+		enc:  "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		want: uint16(0),
+		err:  "abi: cannot unmarshal uint32 in to uint16",
+	},
+	{
+		def:  `[{"type": "uint17"}]`,
+		enc:  "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		want: uint16(0),
+		err:  "abi: cannot unmarshal *big.Int in to uint16",
+	},
+	{
+		def:  `[{"type": "int32"}]`,
+		enc:  "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		want: int16(0),
+		err:  "abi: cannot unmarshal int32 in to int16",
+	},
+	{
+		def:  `[{"type": "int17"}]`,
+		enc:  "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+		want: int16(0),
+		err:  "abi: cannot unmarshal *big.Int in to int16",
+	},
+	{
+		def:  `[{"type": "bytes"}]`,
+		enc:  "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		want: [32]byte{1},
+	},
+	{
+		def:  `[{"type": "bytes32"}]`,
+		enc:  "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		want: []byte(nil),
+		err:  "abi: cannot unmarshal [32]uint8 in to []uint8",
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"___","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+			Intone *big.Int
+		}{IntOne: big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"int_one","type":"int256"},{"name":"IntOne","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			Int1 *big.Int
+			Int2 *big.Int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field 'IntOne'",
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"int","type":"int256"},{"name":"Int","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			Int1 *big.Int
+			Int2 *big.Int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field 'Int'",
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"int","type":"int256"},{"name":"_int","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			Int1 *big.Int
+			Int2 *big.Int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field 'Int'",
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"Int","type":"int256"},{"name":"_int","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			Int1 *big.Int
+			Int2 *big.Int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: multiple outputs mapping to the same struct field 'Int'",
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"Int","type":"int256"},{"name":"_","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			Int1 *big.Int
+			Int2 *big.Int
+		}{},
+		err: "abi: purely underscored output cannot unpack to struct",
+	},
+	// Make sure only the first argument is consumed
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"int_one","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"int__one","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+	{
+		def: `[{"name":"int_one_","type":"int256"}]`,
+		enc: "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+		want: struct {
+			IntOne *big.Int
+		}{big.NewInt(1)},
+	},
+}
+
+// TestLocalUnpackTests runs test specially designed only for unpacking.
+// All test cases that can be used to test packing and unpacking should move to packing_test.go
+func TestLocalUnpackTests(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range unpackTests {
+		t.Run(strconv.Itoa(i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			//Unpack
+			def := fmt.Sprintf(`[{ "name" : "method", "type": "function", "outputs": %s}]`, test.def)
+			abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(def))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid ABI definition %s: %v", def, err)
+			}
+			encb, err := hex.DecodeString(test.enc)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid hex %s: %v", test.enc, err)
+			}
+			outptr := reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(test.want))
+			err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(outptr.Interface(), "method", encb)
+			if err := test.checkError(err); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("test %d (%v) failed: %v", i, test.def, err)
+				return
+			}
+			out := outptr.Elem().Interface()
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.want, out) {
+				t.Errorf("test %d (%v) failed: expected %v, got %v", i, test.def, test.want, out)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnpackIntoInterfaceSetDynamicArrayOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(`[{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"testDynamicFixedBytes15","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bytes15[]"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"testDynamicFixedBytes32","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bytes32[]"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"}]`))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		marshalledReturn32 = common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000230783132333435363738393000000000000000000000000000000000000000003078303938373635343332310000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+		marshalledReturn15 = common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000230783031323334350000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003078393837363534000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+
+		out32 [][32]byte
+		out15 [][15]byte
+	)
+
+	// test 32
+	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&out32, "testDynamicFixedBytes32", marshalledReturn32)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(out32) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected array with 2 values, got %d", len(out32))
+	}
+	expected := common.Hex2Bytes("3078313233343536373839300000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+	if !bytes.Equal(out32[0][:], expected) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x\n", expected, out32[0])
+	}
+	expected = common.Hex2Bytes("3078303938373635343332310000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+	if !bytes.Equal(out32[1][:], expected) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x\n", expected, out32[1])
+	}
+
+	// test 15
+	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&out15, "testDynamicFixedBytes32", marshalledReturn15)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(out15) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected array with 2 values, got %d", len(out15))
+	}
+	expected = common.Hex2Bytes("307830313233343500000000000000")
+	if !bytes.Equal(out15[0][:], expected) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x\n", expected, out15[0])
+	}
+	expected = common.Hex2Bytes("307839383736353400000000000000")
+	if !bytes.Equal(out15[1][:], expected) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x\n", expected, out15[1])
+	}
+}
+
+type methodMultiOutput struct {
+	Int    *big.Int
+	String string
+}
+
+func methodMultiReturn(require *require.Assertions) (ABI, []byte, methodMultiOutput) {
+	const definition = `[
+	{ "name" : "multi", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "name": "Int", "type": "uint256" }, { "name": "String", "type": "string" } ] }]`
+	var expected = methodMultiOutput{big.NewInt(1), "hello"}
+
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(definition))
+	require.NoError(err)
+	// using buff to make the code readable
+	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"))
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040"))
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005"))
+	buff.Write(common.RightPadBytes([]byte(expected.String), 32))
+	return abi, buff.Bytes(), expected
+}
+
+func TestMethodMultiReturn(t *testing.T) {
+	type reversed struct {
+		String string
+		Int    *big.Int
+	}
+
+	newInterfaceSlice := func(len int) interface{} {
+		slice := make([]interface{}, len)
+		return &slice
+	}
+
+	abi, data, expected := methodMultiReturn(require.New(t))
+	bigint := new(big.Int)
+	var testCases = []struct {
+		dest     interface{}
+		expected interface{}
+		error    string
+		name     string
+	}{{
+		&methodMultiOutput{},
+		&expected,
+		"",
+		"Can unpack into structure",
+	}, {
+		&reversed{},
+		&reversed{expected.String, expected.Int},
+		"",
+		"Can unpack into reversed structure",
+	}, {
+		&[]interface{}{&bigint, new(string)},
+		&[]interface{}{&expected.Int, &expected.String},
+		"",
+		"Can unpack into a slice",
+	}, {
+		&[2]interface{}{&bigint, new(string)},
+		&[2]interface{}{&expected.Int, &expected.String},
+		"",
+		"Can unpack into an array",
+	}, {
+		&[2]interface{}{},
+		&[2]interface{}{expected.Int, expected.String},
+		"",
+		"Can unpack into interface array",
+	}, {
+		newInterfaceSlice(2),
+		&[]interface{}{expected.Int, expected.String},
+		"",
+		"Can unpack into interface slice",
+	}, {
+		&[]interface{}{new(int), new(int)},
+		&[]interface{}{&expected.Int, &expected.String},
+		"abi: cannot unmarshal *big.Int in to int",
+		"Can not unpack into a slice with wrong types",
+	}, {
+		&[]interface{}{new(int)},
+		&[]interface{}{},
+		"abi: insufficient number of arguments for unpack, want 2, got 1",
+		"Can not unpack into a slice with wrong types",
+	}}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require := require.New(t)
+			err := abi.UnpackIntoInterface(tc.dest, "multi", data)
+			if tc.error == "" {
+				require.Nil(err, "Should be able to unpack method outputs.")
+				require.Equal(tc.expected, tc.dest)
+			} else {
+				require.EqualError(err, tc.error)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMultiReturnWithArray(t *testing.T) {
+	const definition = `[{"name" : "multi", "type": "function", "outputs": [{"type": "uint64[3]"}, {"type": "uint64"}]}]`
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(definition))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009"))
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008"))
+
+	ret1, ret1Exp := new([3]uint64), [3]uint64{9, 9, 9}
+	ret2, ret2Exp := new(uint64), uint64(8)
+	if err := abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&[]interface{}{ret1, ret2}, "multi", buff.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret1, ret1Exp) {
+		t.Error("array result", *ret1, "!= Expected", ret1Exp)
+	}
+	if *ret2 != ret2Exp {
+		t.Error("int result", *ret2, "!= Expected", ret2Exp)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMultiReturnWithStringArray(t *testing.T) {
+	const definition = `[{"name" : "multi", "type": "function", "outputs": [{"name": "","type": "uint256[3]"},{"name": "","type": "address"},{"name": "","type": "string[2]"},{"name": "","type": "bool"}]}]`
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(definition))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("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"))
+	temp, _ := big.NewInt(0).SetString("30000000000000000000", 10)
+	ret1, ret1Exp := new([3]*big.Int), [3]*big.Int{big.NewInt(1545304298), big.NewInt(6), temp}
+	ret2, ret2Exp := new(common.Address), common.HexToAddress("ab1257528b3782fb40d7ed5f72e624b744dffb2f")
+	ret3, ret3Exp := new([2]string), [2]string{"Ethereum", "Hello, Ethereum!"}
+	ret4, ret4Exp := new(bool), false
+	if err := abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&[]interface{}{ret1, ret2, ret3, ret4}, "multi", buff.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret1, ret1Exp) {
+		t.Error("big.Int array result", *ret1, "!= Expected", ret1Exp)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret2, ret2Exp) {
+		t.Error("address result", *ret2, "!= Expected", ret2Exp)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret3, ret3Exp) {
+		t.Error("string array result", *ret3, "!= Expected", ret3Exp)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret4, ret4Exp) {
+		t.Error("bool result", *ret4, "!= Expected", ret4Exp)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMultiReturnWithStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	const definition = `[{"name" : "multi", "type": "function", "outputs": [{"name": "","type": "string[]"},{"name": "","type": "uint256[]"}]}]`
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(definition))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040")) // output[0] offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000120")) // output[1] offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // output[0] length
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040")) // output[0][0] offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080")) // output[0][1] offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008")) // output[0][0] length
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("657468657265756d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")) // output[0][0] value
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b")) // output[0][1] length
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("676f2d657468657265756d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")) // output[0][1] value
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // output[1] length
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064")) // output[1][0] value
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000065")) // output[1][1] value
+	ret1, ret1Exp := new([]string), []string{"ethereum", "go-ethereum"}
+	ret2, ret2Exp := new([]*big.Int), []*big.Int{big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(101)}
+	if err := abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&[]interface{}{ret1, ret2}, "multi", buff.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret1, ret1Exp) {
+		t.Error("string slice result", *ret1, "!= Expected", ret1Exp)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret2, ret2Exp) {
+		t.Error("uint256 slice result", *ret2, "!= Expected", ret2Exp)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMultiReturnWithDeeplyNestedArray(t *testing.T) {
+	// Similar to TestMultiReturnWithArray, but with a special case in mind:
+	//  values of nested static arrays count towards the size as well, and any element following
+	//  after such nested array argument should be read with the correct offset,
+	//  so that it does not read content from the previous array argument.
+	const definition = `[{"name" : "multi", "type": "function", "outputs": [{"type": "uint64[3][2][4]"}, {"type": "uint64"}]}]`
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(definition))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	// construct the test array, each 3 char element is joined with 61 '0' chars,
+	// to from the ((3 + 61) * 0.5) = 32 byte elements in the array.
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes(strings.Join([]string{
+		"", //empty, to apply the 61-char separator to the first element as well.
+		"111", "112", "113", "121", "122", "123",
+		"211", "212", "213", "221", "222", "223",
+		"311", "312", "313", "321", "322", "323",
+		"411", "412", "413", "421", "422", "423",
+	}, "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")))
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009876"))
+
+	ret1, ret1Exp := new([4][2][3]uint64), [4][2][3]uint64{
+		{{0x111, 0x112, 0x113}, {0x121, 0x122, 0x123}},
+		{{0x211, 0x212, 0x213}, {0x221, 0x222, 0x223}},
+		{{0x311, 0x312, 0x313}, {0x321, 0x322, 0x323}},
+		{{0x411, 0x412, 0x413}, {0x421, 0x422, 0x423}},
+	}
+	ret2, ret2Exp := new(uint64), uint64(0x9876)
+	if err := abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&[]interface{}{ret1, ret2}, "multi", buff.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*ret1, ret1Exp) {
+		t.Error("array result", *ret1, "!= Expected", ret1Exp)
+	}
+	if *ret2 != ret2Exp {
+		t.Error("int result", *ret2, "!= Expected", ret2Exp)
+	}
+}
+
+//func TestUnmarshal(t *testing.T) {
+//	const definition = `[
+//	{ "name" : "int", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "uint256" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "bool", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "bool" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "bytes", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "bytes" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "fixed", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "bytes32" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "multi", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "bytes" }, { "type": "bytes" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "intArraySingle", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "uint256[3]" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "addressSliceSingle", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "type": "address[]" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "addressSliceDouble", "type": "function", "outputs": [ { "name": "a", "type": "address[]" }, { "name": "b", "type": "address[]" } ] },
+//	{ "name" : "mixedBytes", "type": "function", "stateMutability" : "view", "outputs": [ { "name": "a", "type": "bytes" }, { "name": "b", "type": "bytes32" } ] }]`
+//
+//	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(definition))
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+//
+//	// marshall mixed bytes (mixedBytes)
+//	p0, p0Exp := []byte{}, common.Hex2Bytes("01020000000000000000")
+//	p1, p1Exp := [32]byte{}, common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ddeeff")
+//	mixedBytes := []interface{}{&p0, &p1}
+//
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ddeeff"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0102000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+//
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&mixedBytes, "mixedBytes", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	} else {
+//		if !bytes.Equal(p0, p0Exp) {
+//			t.Errorf("unexpected value unpacked: want %x, got %x", p0Exp, p0)
+//		}
+//
+//		if !bytes.Equal(p1[:], p1Exp) {
+//			t.Errorf("unexpected value unpacked: want %x, got %x", p1Exp, p1)
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal int
+//	var Int *big.Int
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Int, "int", common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"))
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if Int == nil || Int.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
+//		t.Error("expected Int to be 1 got", Int)
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal bool
+//	var Bool bool
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bool, "bool", common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"))
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !Bool {
+//		t.Error("expected Bool to be true")
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal dynamic bytes max length 32
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"))
+//	bytesOut := common.RightPadBytes([]byte("hello"), 32)
+//	buff.Write(bytesOut)
+//
+//	var Bytes []byte
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "bytes", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !bytes.Equal(Bytes, bytesOut) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", bytesOut, Bytes)
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshall dynamic bytes max length 64
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040"))
+//	bytesOut = common.RightPadBytes([]byte("hello"), 64)
+//	buff.Write(bytesOut)
+//
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "bytes", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !bytes.Equal(Bytes, bytesOut) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", bytesOut, Bytes)
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshall dynamic bytes max length 64
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003f"))
+//	bytesOut = common.RightPadBytes([]byte("hello"), 64)
+//	buff.Write(bytesOut)
+//
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "bytes", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !bytes.Equal(Bytes, bytesOut[:len(bytesOut)-1]) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", bytesOut[:len(bytesOut)-1], Bytes)
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal dynamic bytes output empty
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "bytes", nil)
+//	if err == nil {
+//		t.Error("expected error")
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal dynamic bytes length 5
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005"))
+//	buff.Write(common.RightPadBytes([]byte("hello"), 32))
+//
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "bytes", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if !bytes.Equal(Bytes, []byte("hello")) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", bytesOut, Bytes)
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal dynamic bytes length 5
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.RightPadBytes([]byte("hello"), 32))
+//
+//	var hash common.Hash
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&hash, "fixed", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	helloHash := common.BytesToHash(common.RightPadBytes([]byte("hello"), 32))
+//	if hash != helloHash {
+//		t.Errorf("Expected %x to equal %x", hash, helloHash)
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal error
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"))
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "bytes", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err == nil {
+//		t.Error("expected error")
+//	}
+//
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&Bytes, "multi", make([]byte, 64))
+//	if err == nil {
+//		t.Error("expected error")
+//	}
+//
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003"))
+//	// marshal int array
+//	var intArray [3]*big.Int
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&intArray, "intArraySingle", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	var testAgainstIntArray [3]*big.Int
+//	testAgainstIntArray[0] = big.NewInt(1)
+//	testAgainstIntArray[1] = big.NewInt(2)
+//	testAgainstIntArray[2] = big.NewInt(3)
+//
+//	for i, Int := range intArray {
+//		if Int.Cmp(testAgainstIntArray[i]) != 0 {
+//			t.Errorf("expected %v, got %v", testAgainstIntArray[i], Int)
+//		}
+//	}
+//	// marshal address slice
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020")) // offset
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // size
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+//
+//	var outAddr []common.Address
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&outAddr, "addressSliceSingle", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal("didn't expect error:", err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if len(outAddr) != 1 {
+//		t.Fatal("expected 1 item, got", len(outAddr))
+//	}
+//
+//	if outAddr[0] != (common.Address{1}) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x", common.Address{1}, outAddr[0])
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal multiple address slice
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040")) // offset
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080")) // offset
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // size
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // size
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+//
+//	var outAddrStruct struct {
+//		A []common.Address
+//		B []common.Address
+//	}
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&outAddrStruct, "addressSliceDouble", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal("didn't expect error:", err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if len(outAddrStruct.A) != 1 {
+//		t.Fatal("expected 1 item, got", len(outAddrStruct.A))
+//	}
+//
+//	if outAddrStruct.A[0] != (common.Address{1}) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x", common.Address{1}, outAddrStruct.A[0])
+//	}
+//
+//	if len(outAddrStruct.B) != 2 {
+//		t.Fatal("expected 1 item, got", len(outAddrStruct.B))
+//	}
+//
+//	if outAddrStruct.B[0] != (common.Address{2}) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x", common.Address{2}, outAddrStruct.B[0])
+//	}
+//	if outAddrStruct.B[1] != (common.Address{3}) {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x", common.Address{3}, outAddrStruct.B[1])
+//	}
+//
+//	// marshal invalid address slice
+//	buff.Reset()
+//	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100"))
+//
+//	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&outAddr, "addressSliceSingle", buff.Bytes())
+//	if err == nil {
+//		t.Fatal("expected error:", err)
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestUnpackTuple(t *testing.T) {
+	const simpleTuple = `[{"name":"tuple","type":"function","outputs":[{"type":"tuple","name":"ret","components":[{"type":"int256","name":"a"},{"type":"int256","name":"b"}]}]}]`
+	abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(simpleTuple))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	buff := new(bytes.Buffer)
+
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // ret[a] = 1
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")) // ret[b] = -1
+
+	// If the result is single tuple, use struct as return value container directly.
+	type v struct {
+		A *big.Int
+		B *big.Int
+	}
+	type r struct {
+		Result v
+	}
+	var ret0 = new(r)
+	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(ret0, "tuple", buff.Bytes())
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	} else {
+		if ret0.Result.A.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected value unpacked: want %x, got %x", 1, ret0.Result.A)
+		}
+		if ret0.Result.B.Cmp(big.NewInt(-1)) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected value unpacked: want %x, got %x", -1, ret0.Result.B)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test nested tuple
+	const nestedTuple = `[{"name":"tuple","type":"function","outputs":[
+		{"type":"tuple","name":"s","components":[{"type":"uint256","name":"a"},{"type":"uint256[]","name":"b"},{"type":"tuple[]","name":"c","components":[{"name":"x", "type":"uint256"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256"}]}]},
+		{"type":"tuple","name":"t","components":[{"name":"x", "type":"uint256"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256"}]},
+		{"type":"uint256","name":"a"}
+	]}]`
+
+	abi, err = JSON(strings.NewReader(nestedTuple))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	buff.Reset()
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080")) // s offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")) // t.X = 0
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // t.Y = 1
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // a = 1
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // s.A = 1
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060")) // s.B offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0")) // s.C offset
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // s.B length
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // s.B[0] = 1
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // s.B[0] = 2
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // s.C length
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // s.C[0].X
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // s.C[0].Y
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")) // s.C[1].X
+	buff.Write(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001")) // s.C[1].Y
+
+	type T struct {
+		X *big.Int `abi:"x"`
+		Z *big.Int `abi:"y"` // Test whether the abi tag works.
+	}
+
+	type S struct {
+		A *big.Int
+		B []*big.Int
+		C []T
+	}
+
+	type Ret struct {
+		FieldS S `abi:"s"`
+		FieldT T `abi:"t"`
+		A      *big.Int
+	}
+	var ret Ret
+	var expected = Ret{
+		FieldS: S{
+			A: big.NewInt(1),
+			B: []*big.Int{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+			C: []T{
+				{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(2)},
+				{big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(1)},
+			},
+		},
+		FieldT: T{
+			big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(1),
+		},
+		A: big.NewInt(1),
+	}
+
+	err = abi.UnpackIntoInterface(&ret, "tuple", buff.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if reflect.DeepEqual(ret, expected) {
+		t.Error("unexpected unpack value")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOOMMaliciousInput(t *testing.T) {
+	oomTests := []unpackTest{
+		{
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // offset
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+		{ // Length larger than 64 bits
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // offset
+				"00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000002" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+		{ // Offset very large (over 64 bits)
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000020" + // offset
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+		{ // Offset very large (below 64 bits)
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007ffffffffff00020" + // offset
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+		{ // Offset negative (as 64 bit)
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f000000000000020" + // offset
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+
+		{ // Negative length
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // offset
+				"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f000000000000002" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+		{ // Very large length
+			def: `[{"type": "uint8[]"}]`,
+			enc: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020" + // offset
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007fffffffff000002" + // num elems
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" + // elem 1
+				"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002", // elem 2
+		},
+	}
+	for i, test := range oomTests {
+		def := fmt.Sprintf(`[{ "name" : "method", "type": "function", "outputs": %s}]`, test.def)
+		abi, err := JSON(strings.NewReader(def))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("invalid ABI definition %s: %v", def, err)
+		}
+		encb, err := hex.DecodeString(test.enc)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("invalid hex: %s" + test.enc)
+		}
+		_, err = abi.Methods["method"].Outputs.UnpackValues(encb)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected error on malicious input, test %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/big.go b/internal/avm/common/big.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28d7897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/big.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import "math/big"
+
+// Common big integers often used
+var (
+	Big1   = big.NewInt(1)
+	Big2   = big.NewInt(2)
+	Big3   = big.NewInt(3)
+	Big0   = big.NewInt(0)
+	Big32  = big.NewInt(32)
+	Big256 = big.NewInt(256)
+	Big257 = big.NewInt(257)
+)
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/bitutil/bitutil.go b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/bitutil.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd3e721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/bitutil.go
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Adapted from: https://golang.org/src/crypto/cipher/xor.go
+
+// Package bitutil implements fast bitwise operations.
+package bitutil
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+const wordSize = int(unsafe.Sizeof(uintptr(0)))
+const supportsUnaligned = runtime.GOARCH == "386" || runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" || runtime.GOARCH == "ppc64" || runtime.GOARCH == "ppc64le" || runtime.GOARCH == "s390x"
+
+// XORBytes xors the bytes in a and b. The destination is assumed to have enough
+// space. Returns the number of bytes xor'd.
+func XORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	if supportsUnaligned {
+		return fastXORBytes(dst, a, b)
+	}
+	return safeXORBytes(dst, a, b)
+}
+
+// fastXORBytes xors in bulk. It only works on architectures that support
+// unaligned read/writes.
+func fastXORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	w := n / wordSize
+	if w > 0 {
+		dw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&dst))
+		aw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&a))
+		bw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+		for i := 0; i < w; i++ {
+			dw[i] = aw[i] ^ bw[i]
+		}
+	}
+	for i := n - n%wordSize; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// safeXORBytes xors one by one. It works on all architectures, independent if
+// it supports unaligned read/writes or not.
+func safeXORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// ANDBytes ands the bytes in a and b. The destination is assumed to have enough
+// space. Returns the number of bytes and'd.
+func ANDBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	if supportsUnaligned {
+		return fastANDBytes(dst, a, b)
+	}
+	return safeANDBytes(dst, a, b)
+}
+
+// fastANDBytes ands in bulk. It only works on architectures that support
+// unaligned read/writes.
+func fastANDBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	w := n / wordSize
+	if w > 0 {
+		dw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&dst))
+		aw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&a))
+		bw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+		for i := 0; i < w; i++ {
+			dw[i] = aw[i] & bw[i]
+		}
+	}
+	for i := n - n%wordSize; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] & b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// safeANDBytes ands one by one. It works on all architectures, independent if
+// it supports unaligned read/writes or not.
+func safeANDBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] & b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// ORBytes ors the bytes in a and b. The destination is assumed to have enough
+// space. Returns the number of bytes or'd.
+func ORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	if supportsUnaligned {
+		return fastORBytes(dst, a, b)
+	}
+	return safeORBytes(dst, a, b)
+}
+
+// fastORBytes ors in bulk. It only works on architectures that support
+// unaligned read/writes.
+func fastORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	w := n / wordSize
+	if w > 0 {
+		dw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&dst))
+		aw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&a))
+		bw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+		for i := 0; i < w; i++ {
+			dw[i] = aw[i] | bw[i]
+		}
+	}
+	for i := n - n%wordSize; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] | b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// safeORBytes ors one by one. It works on all architectures, independent if
+// it supports unaligned read/writes or not.
+func safeORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] | b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// TestBytes tests whether any bit is set in the input byte slice.
+func TestBytes(p []byte) bool {
+	if supportsUnaligned {
+		return fastTestBytes(p)
+	}
+	return safeTestBytes(p)
+}
+
+// fastTestBytes tests for set bits in bulk. It only works on architectures that
+// support unaligned read/writes.
+func fastTestBytes(p []byte) bool {
+	n := len(p)
+	w := n / wordSize
+	if w > 0 {
+		pw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&p))
+		for i := 0; i < w; i++ {
+			if pw[i] != 0 {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for i := n - n%wordSize; i < n; i++ {
+		if p[i] != 0 {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// safeTestBytes tests for set bits one byte at a time. It works on all
+// architectures, independent if it supports unaligned read/writes or not.
+func safeTestBytes(p []byte) bool {
+	for i := 0; i < len(p); i++ {
+		if p[i] != 0 {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..307bf73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Adapted from: https://golang.org/src/crypto/cipher/xor_test.go
+
+package bitutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Tests that bitwise XOR works for various alignments.
+func TestXOR(t *testing.T) {
+	for alignP := 0; alignP < 2; alignP++ {
+		for alignQ := 0; alignQ < 2; alignQ++ {
+			for alignD := 0; alignD < 2; alignD++ {
+				p := make([]byte, 1023)[alignP:]
+				q := make([]byte, 1023)[alignQ:]
+
+				for i := 0; i < len(p); i++ {
+					p[i] = byte(i)
+				}
+				for i := 0; i < len(q); i++ {
+					q[i] = byte(len(q) - i)
+				}
+				d1 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
+				d2 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
+
+				XORBytes(d1, p, q)
+				safeXORBytes(d2, p, q)
+				if !bytes.Equal(d1, d2) {
+					t.Error("not equal", d1, d2)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that bitwise AND works for various alignments.
+func TestAND(t *testing.T) {
+	for alignP := 0; alignP < 2; alignP++ {
+		for alignQ := 0; alignQ < 2; alignQ++ {
+			for alignD := 0; alignD < 2; alignD++ {
+				p := make([]byte, 1023)[alignP:]
+				q := make([]byte, 1023)[alignQ:]
+
+				for i := 0; i < len(p); i++ {
+					p[i] = byte(i)
+				}
+				for i := 0; i < len(q); i++ {
+					q[i] = byte(len(q) - i)
+				}
+				d1 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
+				d2 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
+
+				ANDBytes(d1, p, q)
+				safeANDBytes(d2, p, q)
+				if !bytes.Equal(d1, d2) {
+					t.Error("not equal")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that bitwise OR works for various alignments.
+func TestOR(t *testing.T) {
+	for alignP := 0; alignP < 2; alignP++ {
+		for alignQ := 0; alignQ < 2; alignQ++ {
+			for alignD := 0; alignD < 2; alignD++ {
+				p := make([]byte, 1023)[alignP:]
+				q := make([]byte, 1023)[alignQ:]
+
+				for i := 0; i < len(p); i++ {
+					p[i] = byte(i)
+				}
+				for i := 0; i < len(q); i++ {
+					q[i] = byte(len(q) - i)
+				}
+				d1 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
+				d2 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
+
+				ORBytes(d1, p, q)
+				safeORBytes(d2, p, q)
+				if !bytes.Equal(d1, d2) {
+					t.Error("not equal")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that bit testing works for various alignments.
+func TestTest(t *testing.T) {
+	for align := 0; align < 2; align++ {
+		// Test for bits set in the bulk part
+		p := make([]byte, 1023)[align:]
+		p[100] = 1
+
+		if TestBytes(p) != safeTestBytes(p) {
+			t.Error("not equal")
+		}
+		// Test for bits set in the tail part
+		q := make([]byte, 1023)[align:]
+		q[len(q)-1] = 1
+
+		if TestBytes(q) != safeTestBytes(q) {
+			t.Error("not equal")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the potentially optimized XOR performance.
+func BenchmarkFastXOR1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastXOR(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkFastXOR2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastXOR(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkFastXOR4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastXOR(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkFastXOR(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		XORBytes(p, p, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the baseline XOR performance.
+func BenchmarkBaseXOR1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseXOR(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkBaseXOR2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseXOR(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkBaseXOR4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseXOR(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkBaseXOR(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		safeXORBytes(p, p, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the potentially optimized AND performance.
+func BenchmarkFastAND1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastAND(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkFastAND2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastAND(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkFastAND4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastAND(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkFastAND(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		ANDBytes(p, p, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the baseline AND performance.
+func BenchmarkBaseAND1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseAND(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkBaseAND2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseAND(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkBaseAND4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseAND(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkBaseAND(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		safeANDBytes(p, p, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the potentially optimized OR performance.
+func BenchmarkFastOR1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastOR(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkFastOR2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastOR(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkFastOR4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastOR(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkFastOR(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		ORBytes(p, p, q)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the baseline OR performance.
+func BenchmarkBaseOR1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseOR(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkBaseOR2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseOR(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkBaseOR4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseOR(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkBaseOR(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		safeORBytes(p, p, q)
+	}
+}
+
+var GloBool bool // Exported global will not be dead-code eliminated, at least not yet.
+
+// Benchmarks the potentially optimized bit testing performance.
+func BenchmarkFastTest1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastTest(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkFastTest2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastTest(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkFastTest4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFastTest(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkFastTest(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p := make([]byte, size)
+	a := false
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		a = a != TestBytes(p)
+	}
+	GloBool = a // Use of benchmark "result" to prevent total dead code elimination.
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the baseline bit testing performance.
+func BenchmarkBaseTest1KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseTest(b, 1024) }
+func BenchmarkBaseTest2KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseTest(b, 2048) }
+func BenchmarkBaseTest4KB(b *testing.B) { benchmarkBaseTest(b, 4096) }
+
+func benchmarkBaseTest(b *testing.B, size int) {
+	p := make([]byte, size)
+	a := false
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		a = a != safeTestBytes(p)
+	}
+	GloBool = a // Use of benchmark "result" to prevent total dead code elimination.
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/bitutil/compress.go b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/compress.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9edba1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/compress.go
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bitutil
+
+import "errors"
+
+var (
+	// errMissingData is returned from decompression if the byte referenced by
+	// the bitset header overflows the input data.
+	errMissingData = errors.New("missing bytes on input")
+
+	// errUnreferencedData is returned from decompression if not all bytes were used
+	// up from the input data after decompressing it.
+	errUnreferencedData = errors.New("extra bytes on input")
+
+	// errExceededTarget is returned from decompression if the bitset header has
+	// more bits defined than the number of target buffer space available.
+	errExceededTarget = errors.New("target data size exceeded")
+
+	// errZeroContent is returned from decompression if a data byte referenced in
+	// the bitset header is actually a zero byte.
+	errZeroContent = errors.New("zero byte in input content")
+)
+
+// The compression algorithm implemented by CompressBytes and DecompressBytes is
+// optimized for sparse input data which contains a lot of zero bytes. Decompression
+// requires knowledge of the decompressed data length.
+//
+// Compression works as follows:
+//
+//   if data only contains zeroes,
+//       CompressBytes(data) == nil
+//   otherwise if len(data) <= 1,
+//       CompressBytes(data) == data
+//   otherwise:
+//       CompressBytes(data) == append(CompressBytes(nonZeroBitset(data)), nonZeroBytes(data)...)
+//       where
+//         nonZeroBitset(data) is a bit vector with len(data) bits (MSB first):
+//             nonZeroBitset(data)[i/8] && (1 << (7-i%8)) != 0  if data[i] != 0
+//             len(nonZeroBitset(data)) == (len(data)+7)/8
+//         nonZeroBytes(data) contains the non-zero bytes of data in the same order
+
+// CompressBytes compresses the input byte slice according to the sparse bitset
+// representation algorithm. If the result is bigger than the original input, no
+// compression is done.
+func CompressBytes(data []byte) []byte {
+	if out := bitsetEncodeBytes(data); len(out) < len(data) {
+		return out
+	}
+	cpy := make([]byte, len(data))
+	copy(cpy, data)
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// bitsetEncodeBytes compresses the input byte slice according to the sparse
+// bitset representation algorithm.
+func bitsetEncodeBytes(data []byte) []byte {
+	// Empty slices get compressed to nil
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// One byte slices compress to nil or retain the single byte
+	if len(data) == 1 {
+		if data[0] == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return data
+	}
+	// Calculate the bitset of set bytes, and gather the non-zero bytes
+	nonZeroBitset := make([]byte, (len(data)+7)/8)
+	nonZeroBytes := make([]byte, 0, len(data))
+
+	for i, b := range data {
+		if b != 0 {
+			nonZeroBytes = append(nonZeroBytes, b)
+			nonZeroBitset[i/8] |= 1 << byte(7-i%8)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(nonZeroBytes) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return append(bitsetEncodeBytes(nonZeroBitset), nonZeroBytes...)
+}
+
+// DecompressBytes decompresses data with a known target size. If the input data
+// matches the size of the target, it means no compression was done in the first
+// place.
+func DecompressBytes(data []byte, target int) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(data) > target {
+		return nil, errExceededTarget
+	}
+	if len(data) == target {
+		cpy := make([]byte, len(data))
+		copy(cpy, data)
+		return cpy, nil
+	}
+	return bitsetDecodeBytes(data, target)
+}
+
+// bitsetDecodeBytes decompresses data with a known target size.
+func bitsetDecodeBytes(data []byte, target int) ([]byte, error) {
+	out, size, err := bitsetDecodePartialBytes(data, target)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if size != len(data) {
+		return nil, errUnreferencedData
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// bitsetDecodePartialBytes decompresses data with a known target size, but does
+// not enforce consuming all the input bytes. In addition to the decompressed
+// output, the function returns the length of compressed input data corresponding
+// to the output as the input slice may be longer.
+func bitsetDecodePartialBytes(data []byte, target int) ([]byte, int, error) {
+	// Sanity check 0 targets to avoid infinite recursion
+	if target == 0 {
+		return nil, 0, nil
+	}
+	// Handle the zero and single byte corner cases
+	decomp := make([]byte, target)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return decomp, 0, nil
+	}
+	if target == 1 {
+		decomp[0] = data[0] // copy to avoid referencing the input slice
+		if data[0] != 0 {
+			return decomp, 1, nil
+		}
+		return decomp, 0, nil
+	}
+	// Decompress the bitset of set bytes and distribute the non zero bytes
+	nonZeroBitset, ptr, err := bitsetDecodePartialBytes(data, (target+7)/8)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, ptr, err
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 8*len(nonZeroBitset); i++ {
+		if nonZeroBitset[i/8]&(1<<byte(7-i%8)) != 0 {
+			// Make sure we have enough data to push into the correct slot
+			if ptr >= len(data) {
+				return nil, 0, errMissingData
+			}
+			if i >= len(decomp) {
+				return nil, 0, errExceededTarget
+			}
+			// Make sure the data is valid and push into the slot
+			if data[ptr] == 0 {
+				return nil, 0, errZeroContent
+			}
+			decomp[i] = data[ptr]
+			ptr++
+		}
+	}
+	return decomp, ptr, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/bitutil/compress_test.go b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/compress_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd37197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/bitutil/compress_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bitutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+)
+
+// Tests that data bitset encoding and decoding works and is bijective.
+func TestEncodingCycle(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []string{
+		// Tests generated by go-fuzz to maximize code coverage
+		"0x000000000000000000",
+		"0xef0400",
+		"0xdf7070533534333636313639343638373532313536346c1bc33339343837313070706336343035336336346c65fefb3930393233383838ac2f65fefb",
+		"0x7b64000000",
+		"0x000034000000000000",
+		"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f0000000000000000000",
+		"0x4912385c0e7b64000000",
+		"0x000034000000000000000000000000000000",
+		"0x00",
+		"0x000003e834ff7f0000",
+		"0x0000",
+		"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ff00",
+		"0x895f0c6a020f850c6a020f85f88df88d",
+		"0xdf7070533534333636313639343638373432313536346c1bc3315aac2f65fefb",
+		"0x0000000000",
+		"0xdf70706336346c65fefb",
+		"0x00006d643634000000",
+		"0xdf7070533534333636313639343638373532313536346c1bc333393438373130707063363430353639343638373532313536346c1bc333393438336336346c65fe",
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		data := hexutil.MustDecode(tt)
+
+		proc, err := bitsetDecodeBytes(bitsetEncodeBytes(data), len(data))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failed to decompress compressed data: %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(data, proc) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: compress/decompress mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, proc, data)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that data bitset decoding and rencoding works and is bijective.
+func TestDecodingCycle(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		size  int
+		input string
+		fail  error
+	}{
+		{size: 0, input: "0x"},
+
+		// Crashers generated by go-fuzz
+		{size: 0, input: "0x0020", fail: errUnreferencedData},
+		{size: 0, input: "0x30", fail: errUnreferencedData},
+		{size: 1, input: "0x00", fail: errUnreferencedData},
+		{size: 2, input: "0x07", fail: errMissingData},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x8000", fail: errZeroContent},
+
+		// Tests generated by go-fuzz to maximize code coverage
+		{size: 29490, input: "0x343137343733323134333839373334323073333930783e3078333930783e70706336346c65303e", fail: errMissingData},
+		{size: 59395, input: "0x00", fail: errUnreferencedData},
+		{size: 52574, input: "0x70706336346c65c0de", fail: errExceededTarget},
+		{size: 42264, input: "0x07", fail: errMissingData},
+		{size: 52, input: "0xa5045bad48f4", fail: errExceededTarget},
+		{size: 52574, input: "0xc0de", fail: errMissingData},
+		{size: 52574, input: "0x"},
+		{size: 29490, input: "0x34313734373332313433383937333432307333393078073034333839373334323073333930783e3078333937333432307333393078073061333930783e70706336346c65303e", fail: errMissingData},
+		{size: 29491, input: "0x3973333930783e30783e", fail: errMissingData},
+
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x808080608080"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x808470705e3632383337363033313434303137393130306c6580ef46806380635a80"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x8080808070"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x808070705e36346c6580ef46806380635a80"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x80808046802680"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x4040404035"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x4040bf3ba2b3f684402d353234373438373934409fe5b1e7ada94ebfd7d0505e27be4035"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x404040bf3ba2b3f6844035"},
+		{size: 1024, input: "0x40402d35323437343837393440bfd7d0505e27be4035"},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		data := hexutil.MustDecode(tt.input)
+
+		orig, err := bitsetDecodeBytes(data, tt.size)
+		if err != tt.fail {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, tt.fail)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if comp := bitsetEncodeBytes(orig); !bytes.Equal(comp, data) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: decompress/compress mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, comp, data)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCompression tests that compression works by returning either the bitset
+// encoded input, or the actual input if the bitset version is longer.
+func TestCompression(t *testing.T) {
+	// Check the compression returns the bitset encoding is shorter
+	in := hexutil.MustDecode("0x4912385c0e7b64000000")
+	out := hexutil.MustDecode("0x80fe4912385c0e7b64")
+
+	if data := CompressBytes(in); !bytes.Equal(data, out) {
+		t.Errorf("encoding mismatch for sparse data: have %x, want %x", data, out)
+	}
+	if data, err := DecompressBytes(out, len(in)); err != nil || !bytes.Equal(data, in) {
+		t.Errorf("decoding mismatch for sparse data: have %x, want %x, error %v", data, in, err)
+	}
+	// Check the compression returns the input if the bitset encoding is longer
+	in = hexutil.MustDecode("0xdf7070533534333636313639343638373532313536346c1bc33339343837313070706336343035336336346c65fefb3930393233383838ac2f65fefb")
+	out = hexutil.MustDecode("0xdf7070533534333636313639343638373532313536346c1bc33339343837313070706336343035336336346c65fefb3930393233383838ac2f65fefb")
+
+	if data := CompressBytes(in); !bytes.Equal(data, out) {
+		t.Errorf("encoding mismatch for dense data: have %x, want %x", data, out)
+	}
+	if data, err := DecompressBytes(out, len(in)); err != nil || !bytes.Equal(data, in) {
+		t.Errorf("decoding mismatch for dense data: have %x, want %x, error %v", data, in, err)
+	}
+	// Check that decompressing a longer input than the target fails
+	if _, err := DecompressBytes([]byte{0xc0, 0x01, 0x01}, 2); err != errExceededTarget {
+		t.Errorf("decoding error mismatch for long data: have %v, want %v", err, errExceededTarget)
+	}
+}
+
+// Crude benchmark for compressing random slices of bytes.
+func BenchmarkEncoding1KBVerySparse(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 1024, 0.0001) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding2KBVerySparse(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 2048, 0.0001) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding4KBVerySparse(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 4096, 0.0001) }
+
+func BenchmarkEncoding1KBSparse(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 1024, 0.001) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding2KBSparse(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 2048, 0.001) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding4KBSparse(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 4096, 0.001) }
+
+func BenchmarkEncoding1KBDense(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 1024, 0.1) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding2KBDense(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 2048, 0.1) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding4KBDense(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 4096, 0.1) }
+
+func BenchmarkEncoding1KBSaturated(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 1024, 0.5) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding2KBSaturated(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 2048, 0.5) }
+func BenchmarkEncoding4KBSaturated(b *testing.B) { benchmarkEncoding(b, 4096, 0.5) }
+
+func benchmarkEncoding(b *testing.B, bytes int, fill float64) {
+	// Generate a random slice of bytes to compress
+	random := rand.NewSource(0) // reproducible and comparable
+
+	data := make([]byte, bytes)
+	bits := int(float64(bytes) * 8 * fill)
+
+	for i := 0; i < bits; i++ {
+		idx := random.Int63() % int64(len(data))
+		bit := uint(random.Int63() % 8)
+		data[idx] |= 1 << bit
+	}
+	// Reset the benchmark and measure encoding/decoding
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		bitsetDecodeBytes(bitsetEncodeBytes(data), len(data))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/bytes.go b/internal/avm/common/bytes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69d2e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/bytes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package common contains various helper functions.
+package common
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+)
+
+// FromHex returns the bytes represented by the hexadecimal string s.
+// s may be prefixed with "0x".
+func FromHex(s string) []byte {
+	if has0xPrefix(s) {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	if len(s)%2 == 1 {
+		s = "0" + s
+	}
+	return Hex2Bytes(s)
+}
+
+// CopyBytes returns an exact copy of the provided bytes.
+func CopyBytes(b []byte) (copiedBytes []byte) {
+	if b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copiedBytes = make([]byte, len(b))
+	copy(copiedBytes, b)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// has0xPrefix validates str begins with '0x' or '0X'.
+func has0xPrefix(str string) bool {
+	return len(str) >= 2 && str[0] == '0' && (str[1] == 'x' || str[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+// isHexCharacter returns bool of c being a valid hexadecimal.
+func isHexCharacter(c byte) bool {
+	return ('0' <= c && c <= '9') || ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'F')
+}
+
+// isHex validates whether each byte is valid hexadecimal string.
+func isHex(str string) bool {
+	if len(str)%2 != 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, c := range []byte(str) {
+		if !isHexCharacter(c) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Bytes2Hex returns the hexadecimal encoding of d.
+func Bytes2Hex(d []byte) string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(d)
+}
+
+// Hex2Bytes returns the bytes represented by the hexadecimal string str.
+func Hex2Bytes(str string) []byte {
+	h, _ := hex.DecodeString(str)
+	return h
+}
+
+// Hex2BytesFixed returns bytes of a specified fixed length flen.
+func Hex2BytesFixed(str string, flen int) []byte {
+	h, _ := hex.DecodeString(str)
+	if len(h) == flen {
+		return h
+	}
+	if len(h) > flen {
+		return h[len(h)-flen:]
+	}
+	hh := make([]byte, flen)
+	copy(hh[flen-len(h):flen], h)
+	return hh
+}
+
+// RightPadBytes zero-pads slice to the right up to length l.
+func RightPadBytes(slice []byte, l int) []byte {
+	if l <= len(slice) {
+		return slice
+	}
+
+	padded := make([]byte, l)
+	copy(padded, slice)
+
+	return padded
+}
+
+// LeftPadBytes zero-pads slice to the left up to length l.
+func LeftPadBytes(slice []byte, l int) []byte {
+	if l <= len(slice) {
+		return slice
+	}
+
+	padded := make([]byte, l)
+	copy(padded[l-len(slice):], slice)
+
+	return padded
+}
+
+// TrimLeftZeroes returns a subslice of s without leading zeroes
+func TrimLeftZeroes(s []byte) []byte {
+	idx := 0
+	for ; idx < len(s); idx++ {
+		if s[idx] != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return s[idx:]
+}
+
+// TrimRightZeroes returns a subslice of s without trailing zeroes
+func TrimRightZeroes(s []byte) []byte {
+	idx := len(s)
+	for ; idx > 0; idx-- {
+		if s[idx-1] != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return s[:idx]
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/bytes_test.go b/internal/avm/common/bytes_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a10bf8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/bytes_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestCopyBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+	v := CopyBytes(input)
+	if !bytes.Equal(v, []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}) {
+		t.Fatal("not equal after copy")
+	}
+	v[0] = 99
+	if bytes.Equal(v, input) {
+		t.Fatal("result is not a copy")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLeftPadBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	val := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	padded := []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+	if r := LeftPadBytes(val, 8); !bytes.Equal(r, padded) {
+		t.Fatalf("LeftPadBytes(%v, 8) == %v", val, r)
+	}
+	if r := LeftPadBytes(val, 2); !bytes.Equal(r, val) {
+		t.Fatalf("LeftPadBytes(%v, 2) == %v", val, r)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRightPadBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	val := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	padded := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+
+	if r := RightPadBytes(val, 8); !bytes.Equal(r, padded) {
+		t.Fatalf("RightPadBytes(%v, 8) == %v", val, r)
+	}
+	if r := RightPadBytes(val, 2); !bytes.Equal(r, val) {
+		t.Fatalf("RightPadBytes(%v, 2) == %v", val, r)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromHex(t *testing.T) {
+	input := "0x01"
+	expected := []byte{1}
+	result := FromHex(input)
+	if !bytes.Equal(expected, result) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %x got %x", expected, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsHex(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		ok    bool
+	}{
+		{"", true},
+		{"0", false},
+		{"00", true},
+		{"a9e67e", true},
+		{"A9E67E", true},
+		{"0xa9e67e", false},
+		{"a9e67e001", false},
+		{"0xHELLO_MY_NAME_IS_STEVEN_@#$^&*", false},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		if ok := isHex(test.input); ok != test.ok {
+			t.Errorf("isHex(%q) = %v, want %v", test.input, ok, test.ok)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFromHexOddLength(t *testing.T) {
+	input := "0x1"
+	expected := []byte{1}
+	result := FromHex(input)
+	if !bytes.Equal(expected, result) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %x got %x", expected, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNoPrefixShortHexOddLength(t *testing.T) {
+	input := "1"
+	expected := []byte{1}
+	result := FromHex(input)
+	if !bytes.Equal(expected, result) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %x got %x", expected, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTrimRightZeroes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		arr []byte
+		exp []byte
+	}{
+		{FromHex("0x00ffff00ff0000"), FromHex("0x00ffff00ff")},
+		{FromHex("0x00000000000000"), []byte{}},
+		{FromHex("0xff"), FromHex("0xff")},
+		{[]byte{}, []byte{}},
+		{FromHex("0x00ffffffffffff"), FromHex("0x00ffffffffffff")},
+	}
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		got := TrimRightZeroes(test.arr)
+		if !bytes.Equal(got, test.exp) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d, got %x exp %x", i, got, test.exp)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/helpers.go b/internal/avm/common/compiler/helpers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b20f498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/helpers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package compiler wraps the Solidity and Vyper compiler executables (solc; vyper).
+package compiler
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"regexp"
+)
+
+var versionRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)`)
+
+// Contract contains information about a compiled contract, alongside its code and runtime code.
+type Contract struct {
+	Code        string            `json:"code"`
+	RuntimeCode string            `json:"runtime-code"`
+	Info        ContractInfo      `json:"info"`
+	Hashes      map[string]string `json:"hashes"`
+}
+
+// ContractInfo contains information about a compiled contract, including access
+// to the ABI definition, source mapping, user and developer docs, and metadata.
+//
+// Depending on the source, language version, compiler version, and compiler
+// options will provide information about how the contract was compiled.
+type ContractInfo struct {
+	Source          string      `json:"source"`
+	Language        string      `json:"language"`
+	LanguageVersion string      `json:"languageVersion"`
+	CompilerVersion string      `json:"compilerVersion"`
+	CompilerOptions string      `json:"compilerOptions"`
+	SrcMap          interface{} `json:"srcMap"`
+	SrcMapRuntime   string      `json:"srcMapRuntime"`
+	AbiDefinition   interface{} `json:"abiDefinition"`
+	UserDoc         interface{} `json:"userDoc"`
+	DeveloperDoc    interface{} `json:"developerDoc"`
+	Metadata        string      `json:"metadata"`
+}
+
+func slurpFiles(files []string) (string, error) {
+	var concat bytes.Buffer
+	for _, file := range files {
+		content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		concat.Write(content)
+	}
+	return concat.String(), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/solidity.go b/internal/avm/common/compiler/solidity.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a05f9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/solidity.go
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package compiler wraps the Solidity and Vyper compiler executables (solc; vyper).
+package compiler
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Solidity contains information about the solidity compiler.
+type Solidity struct {
+	Path, Version, FullVersion string
+	Major, Minor, Patch        int
+	ExtraAllowedPath           []string
+}
+
+// --combined-output format
+type solcOutput struct {
+	Contracts map[string]struct {
+		BinRuntime                                  string `json:"bin-runtime"`
+		SrcMapRuntime                               string `json:"srcmap-runtime"`
+		Bin, SrcMap, Abi, Devdoc, Userdoc, Metadata string
+		Hashes                                      map[string]string
+	}
+	Version string
+}
+
+// solidity v.0.8 changes the way ABI, Devdoc and Userdoc are serialized
+type solcOutputV8 struct {
+	Contracts map[string]struct {
+		BinRuntime            string `json:"bin-runtime"`
+		SrcMapRuntime         string `json:"srcmap-runtime"`
+		Bin, SrcMap, Metadata string
+		Abi                   interface{}
+		Devdoc                interface{}
+		Userdoc               interface{}
+		Hashes                map[string]string
+	}
+	Version string
+}
+
+func (s *Solidity) allowedPaths() string {
+	paths := []string{".", "./", "../"} // default to support relative paths
+	if len(s.ExtraAllowedPath) > 0 {
+		paths = append(paths, s.ExtraAllowedPath...)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(paths, ", ")
+}
+
+func (s *Solidity) makeArgs() []string {
+	p := []string{
+		"--combined-json", "bin,bin-runtime,srcmap,srcmap-runtime,abi,userdoc,devdoc",
+		"--optimize", // code optimizer switched on
+		"--allow-paths", s.allowedPaths(),
+	}
+	if s.Major > 0 || s.Minor > 4 || s.Patch > 6 {
+		p[1] += ",metadata,hashes"
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+// SolidityVersion runs solc and parses its version output.
+func SolidityVersion(solc string) (*Solidity, error) {
+	if solc == "" {
+		solc = "solc"
+	}
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd := exec.Command(solc, "--version")
+	cmd.Stdout = &out
+	err := cmd.Run()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	matches := versionRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(out.String())
+	if len(matches) != 4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't parse solc version %q", out.String())
+	}
+	s := &Solidity{Path: cmd.Path, FullVersion: out.String(), Version: matches[0]}
+	if s.Major, err = strconv.Atoi(matches[1]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s.Minor, err = strconv.Atoi(matches[2]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s.Patch, err = strconv.Atoi(matches[3]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+// CompileSolidityString builds and returns all the contracts contained within a source string.
+func CompileSolidityString(solc, source string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	if len(source) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("solc: empty source string")
+	}
+	s, err := SolidityVersion(solc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s.CompileSource(source)
+}
+
+// CompileSolidity compiles all given Solidity source files.
+func CompileSolidity(solc string, sourcefiles ...string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	if len(sourcefiles) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("solc: no source files")
+	}
+	s, err := SolidityVersion(solc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return s.CompileFiles(sourcefiles...)
+}
+
+// CompileSource builds and returns all the contracts contained within a source string.
+func (s *Solidity) CompileSource(source string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	args := append(s.makeArgs(), "--")
+	cmd := exec.Command(s.Path, append(args, "-")...)
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader(source)
+	return s.run(cmd, source)
+}
+
+// CompileFiles compiles all given Solidity source files.
+func (s *Solidity) CompileFiles(sourcefiles ...string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	source, err := slurpFiles(sourcefiles)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	args := append(s.makeArgs(), "--")
+	cmd := exec.Command(s.Path, append(args, sourcefiles...)...)
+	return s.run(cmd, source)
+}
+
+func (s *Solidity) run(cmd *exec.Cmd, source string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	var stderr, stdout bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("solc: %v\n%s", err, stderr.Bytes())
+	}
+	return ParseCombinedJSON(stdout.Bytes(), source, s.Version, s.Version, strings.Join(s.makeArgs(), " "))
+}
+
+// ParseCombinedJSON takes the direct output of a solc --combined-output run and
+// parses it into a map of string contract name to Contract structs. The
+// provided source, language and compiler version, and compiler options are all
+// passed through into the Contract structs.
+//
+// The solc output is expected to contain ABI, source mapping, user docs, and dev docs.
+//
+// Returns an error if the JSON is malformed or missing data, or if the JSON
+// embedded within the JSON is malformed.
+func ParseCombinedJSON(combinedJSON []byte, source string, languageVersion string, compilerVersion string, compilerOptions string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	var output solcOutput
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(combinedJSON, &output); err != nil {
+		// Try to parse the output with the new solidity v.0.8.0 rules
+		return parseCombinedJSONV8(combinedJSON, source, languageVersion, compilerVersion, compilerOptions)
+	}
+	// Compilation succeeded, assemble and return the contracts.
+	contracts := make(map[string]*Contract)
+	for name, info := range output.Contracts {
+		// Parse the individual compilation results.
+		var abi interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(info.Abi), &abi); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("solc: error reading abi definition (%v)", err)
+		}
+		var userdoc, devdoc interface{}
+		json.Unmarshal([]byte(info.Userdoc), &userdoc)
+		json.Unmarshal([]byte(info.Devdoc), &devdoc)
+
+		contracts[name] = &Contract{
+			Code:        "0x" + info.Bin,
+			RuntimeCode: "0x" + info.BinRuntime,
+			Hashes:      info.Hashes,
+			Info: ContractInfo{
+				Source:          source,
+				Language:        "Solidity",
+				LanguageVersion: languageVersion,
+				CompilerVersion: compilerVersion,
+				CompilerOptions: compilerOptions,
+				SrcMap:          info.SrcMap,
+				SrcMapRuntime:   info.SrcMapRuntime,
+				AbiDefinition:   abi,
+				UserDoc:         userdoc,
+				DeveloperDoc:    devdoc,
+				Metadata:        info.Metadata,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	return contracts, nil
+}
+
+// parseCombinedJSONV8 parses the direct output of solc --combined-output
+// and parses it using the rules from solidity v.0.8.0 and later.
+func parseCombinedJSONV8(combinedJSON []byte, source string, languageVersion string, compilerVersion string, compilerOptions string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	var output solcOutputV8
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(combinedJSON, &output); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Compilation succeeded, assemble and return the contracts.
+	contracts := make(map[string]*Contract)
+	for name, info := range output.Contracts {
+		contracts[name] = &Contract{
+			Code:        "0x" + info.Bin,
+			RuntimeCode: "0x" + info.BinRuntime,
+			Hashes:      info.Hashes,
+			Info: ContractInfo{
+				Source:          source,
+				Language:        "Solidity",
+				LanguageVersion: languageVersion,
+				CompilerVersion: compilerVersion,
+				CompilerOptions: compilerOptions,
+				SrcMap:          info.SrcMap,
+				SrcMapRuntime:   info.SrcMapRuntime,
+				AbiDefinition:   info.Abi,
+				UserDoc:         info.Userdoc,
+				DeveloperDoc:    info.Devdoc,
+				Metadata:        info.Metadata,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	return contracts, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/solidity_test.go b/internal/avm/common/compiler/solidity_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26aba47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/solidity_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package compiler
+
+import (
+	"os/exec"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+const (
+	testSource = `
+pragma solidity >0.0.0;
+contract test {
+   /// @notice Will multiply ` + "`a`" + ` by 7.
+   function multiply(uint a) public returns(uint d) {
+       return a * 7;
+   }
+}
+`
+)
+
+func skipWithoutSolc(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("solc"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSolidityCompiler(t *testing.T) {
+	skipWithoutSolc(t)
+
+	contracts, err := CompileSolidityString("", testSource)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error compiling source. result %v: %v", contracts, err)
+	}
+	if len(contracts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("one contract expected, got %d", len(contracts))
+	}
+	c, ok := contracts["test"]
+	if !ok {
+		c, ok = contracts["<stdin>:test"]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatal("info for contract 'test' not present in result")
+		}
+	}
+	if c.Code == "" {
+		t.Error("empty code")
+	}
+	if c.Info.Source != testSource {
+		t.Error("wrong source")
+	}
+	if c.Info.CompilerVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("empty version")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSolidityCompileError(t *testing.T) {
+	skipWithoutSolc(t)
+
+	contracts, err := CompileSolidityString("", testSource[4:])
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("error expected compiling source. got none. result %v", contracts)
+	}
+	t.Logf("error: %v", err)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/test.v.py b/internal/avm/common/compiler/test.v.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35af56c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/test.v.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+@public
+def test():
+    hello: int128
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/test_bad.v.py b/internal/avm/common/compiler/test_bad.v.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..443ef78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/test_bad.v.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+lic
+def test():
+    hello: int128
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/vyper.go b/internal/avm/common/compiler/vyper.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ccabb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/vyper.go
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package compiler wraps the Solidity and Vyper compiler executables (solc; vyper).
+package compiler
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Vyper contains information about the vyper compiler.
+type Vyper struct {
+	Path, Version, FullVersion string
+	Major, Minor, Patch        int
+}
+
+func (s *Vyper) makeArgs() []string {
+	p := []string{
+		"-f", "combined_json",
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+// VyperVersion runs vyper and parses its version output.
+func VyperVersion(vyper string) (*Vyper, error) {
+	if vyper == "" {
+		vyper = "vyper"
+	}
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd := exec.Command(vyper, "--version")
+	cmd.Stdout = &out
+	err := cmd.Run()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	matches := versionRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(out.String())
+	if len(matches) != 4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't parse vyper version %q", out.String())
+	}
+	s := &Vyper{Path: cmd.Path, FullVersion: out.String(), Version: matches[0]}
+	if s.Major, err = strconv.Atoi(matches[1]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s.Minor, err = strconv.Atoi(matches[2]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s.Patch, err = strconv.Atoi(matches[3]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+// CompileVyper compiles all given Vyper source files.
+func CompileVyper(vyper string, sourcefiles ...string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	if len(sourcefiles) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("vyper: no source files")
+	}
+	source, err := slurpFiles(sourcefiles)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s, err := VyperVersion(vyper)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	args := s.makeArgs()
+	cmd := exec.Command(s.Path, append(args, sourcefiles...)...)
+	return s.run(cmd, source)
+}
+
+func (s *Vyper) run(cmd *exec.Cmd, source string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	var stderr, stdout bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("vyper: %v\n%s", err, stderr.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	return ParseVyperJSON(stdout.Bytes(), source, s.Version, s.Version, strings.Join(s.makeArgs(), " "))
+}
+
+// ParseVyperJSON takes the direct output of a vyper --f combined_json run and
+// parses it into a map of string contract name to Contract structs. The
+// provided source, language and compiler version, and compiler options are all
+// passed through into the Contract structs.
+//
+// The vyper output is expected to contain ABI and source mapping.
+//
+// Returns an error if the JSON is malformed or missing data, or if the JSON
+// embedded within the JSON is malformed.
+func ParseVyperJSON(combinedJSON []byte, source string, languageVersion string, compilerVersion string, compilerOptions string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
+	var output map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(combinedJSON, &output); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Compilation succeeded, assemble and return the contracts.
+	contracts := make(map[string]*Contract)
+	for name, info := range output {
+		// Parse the individual compilation results.
+		if name == "version" {
+			continue
+		}
+		c := info.(map[string]interface{})
+
+		contracts[name] = &Contract{
+			Code:        c["bytecode"].(string),
+			RuntimeCode: c["bytecode_runtime"].(string),
+			Info: ContractInfo{
+				Source:          source,
+				Language:        "Vyper",
+				LanguageVersion: languageVersion,
+				CompilerVersion: compilerVersion,
+				CompilerOptions: compilerOptions,
+				SrcMap:          c["source_map"],
+				SrcMapRuntime:   "",
+				AbiDefinition:   c["abi"],
+				UserDoc:         "",
+				DeveloperDoc:    "",
+				Metadata:        "",
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	return contracts, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/compiler/vyper_test.go b/internal/avm/common/compiler/vyper_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7653e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/compiler/vyper_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package compiler
+
+import (
+	"os/exec"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func skipWithoutVyper(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("vyper"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVyperCompiler(t *testing.T) {
+	skipWithoutVyper(t)
+
+	testSource := []string{"test.v.py"}
+	source, err := slurpFiles(testSource)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error("couldn't read test files")
+	}
+	contracts, err := CompileVyper("", testSource...)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error compiling test.v.py. result %v: %v", contracts, err)
+	}
+	if len(contracts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("one contract expected, got %d", len(contracts))
+	}
+	c, ok := contracts["test.v.py"]
+	if !ok {
+		c, ok = contracts["<stdin>:test"]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatal("info for contract 'test.v.py' not present in result")
+		}
+	}
+	if c.Code == "" {
+		t.Error("empty code")
+	}
+	if c.Info.Source != source {
+		t.Error("wrong source")
+	}
+	if c.Info.CompilerVersion == "" {
+		t.Error("empty version")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVyperCompileError(t *testing.T) {
+	skipWithoutVyper(t)
+
+	contracts, err := CompileVyper("", "test_bad.v.py")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("error expected compiling test_bad.v.py. got none. result %v", contracts)
+	}
+	t.Logf("error: %v", err)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/debug.go b/internal/avm/common/debug.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..410f07e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/debug.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Report gives off a warning requesting the user to submit an issue to the github tracker.
+func Report(extra ...interface{}) {
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "You've encountered a sought after, hard to reproduce bug. Please report this to the developers <3 https://github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/issues")
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, extra...)
+
+	_, file, line, _ := runtime.Caller(1)
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v:%v\n", file, line)
+
+	debug.PrintStack()
+
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "#### BUG! PLEASE REPORT ####")
+}
+
+// PrintDeprecationWarning prints the given string in a box using fmt.Println.
+func PrintDeprecationWarning(str string) {
+	line := strings.Repeat("#", len(str)+4)
+	emptyLine := strings.Repeat(" ", len(str))
+	fmt.Printf(`
+%s
+# %s #
+# %s #
+# %s #
+%s
+
+`, line, emptyLine, str, emptyLine, line)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_bsd.go b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_bsd.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e050768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_bsd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build freebsd || dragonfly
+// +build freebsd dragonfly
+
+package fdlimit
+
+import "syscall"
+
+// This file is largely identical to fdlimit_unix.go,
+// but Rlimit fields have type int64 on *BSD so it needs
+// an extra conversion.
+
+// Raise tries to maximize the file descriptor allowance of this process
+// to the maximum hard-limit allowed by the OS.
+func Raise(max uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// Get the current limit
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Try to update the limit to the max allowance
+	limit.Cur = limit.Max
+	if limit.Cur > int64(max) {
+		limit.Cur = int64(max)
+	}
+	if err := syscall.Setrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return uint64(limit.Cur), nil
+}
+
+// Current retrieves the number of file descriptors allowed to be opened by this
+// process.
+func Current() (int, error) {
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return int(limit.Cur), nil
+}
+
+// Maximum retrieves the maximum number of file descriptors this process is
+// allowed to request for itself.
+func Maximum() (int, error) {
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return int(limit.Max), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_darwin.go b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_darwin.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..541740b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_darwin.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package fdlimit
+
+import "syscall"
+
+// hardlimit is the number of file descriptors allowed at max by the kernel.
+const hardlimit = 10240
+
+// Raise tries to maximize the file descriptor allowance of this process
+// to the maximum hard-limit allowed by the OS.
+// Returns the size it was set to (may differ from the desired 'max')
+func Raise(max uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// Get the current limit
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Try to update the limit to the max allowance
+	limit.Cur = limit.Max
+	if limit.Cur > max {
+		limit.Cur = max
+	}
+	if err := syscall.Setrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// MacOS can silently apply further caps, so retrieve the actually set limit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return limit.Cur, nil
+}
+
+// Current retrieves the number of file descriptors allowed to be opened by this
+// process.
+func Current() (int, error) {
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return int(limit.Cur), nil
+}
+
+// Maximum retrieves the maximum number of file descriptors this process is
+// allowed to request for itself.
+func Maximum() (int, error) {
+	// Retrieve the maximum allowed by dynamic OS limits
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Cap it to OPEN_MAX (10240) because macos is a special snowflake
+	if limit.Max > hardlimit {
+		limit.Max = hardlimit
+	}
+	return int(limit.Max), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_test.go b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be41aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package fdlimit
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestFileDescriptorLimits simply tests whether the file descriptor allowance
+// per this process can be retrieved.
+func TestFileDescriptorLimits(t *testing.T) {
+	target := 4096
+	hardlimit, err := Maximum()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if hardlimit < target {
+		t.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("system limit is less than desired test target: %d < %d", hardlimit, target))
+	}
+
+	if limit, err := Current(); err != nil || limit <= 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to retrieve file descriptor limit (%d): %v", limit, err)
+	}
+	if _, err := Raise(uint64(target)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to raise file allowance")
+	}
+	if limit, err := Current(); err != nil || limit < target {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to retrieve raised descriptor limit (have %v, want %v): %v", limit, target, err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_unix.go b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_unix.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbba144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_unix.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build linux || netbsd || openbsd || solaris
+// +build linux netbsd openbsd solaris
+
+package fdlimit
+
+import "syscall"
+
+// Raise tries to maximize the file descriptor allowance of this process
+// to the maximum hard-limit allowed by the OS.
+// Returns the size it was set to (may differ from the desired 'max')
+func Raise(max uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// Get the current limit
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Try to update the limit to the max allowance
+	limit.Cur = limit.Max
+	if limit.Cur > max {
+		limit.Cur = max
+	}
+	if err := syscall.Setrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// MacOS can silently apply further caps, so retrieve the actually set limit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return limit.Cur, nil
+}
+
+// Current retrieves the number of file descriptors allowed to be opened by this
+// process.
+func Current() (int, error) {
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return int(limit.Cur), nil
+}
+
+// Maximum retrieves the maximum number of file descriptors this process is
+// allowed to request for itself.
+func Maximum() (int, error) {
+	var limit syscall.Rlimit
+	if err := syscall.Getrlimit(syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limit); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return int(limit.Max), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_windows.go b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d2c5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/fdlimit/fdlimit_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package fdlimit
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// hardlimit is the number of file descriptors allowed at max by the kernel.
+const hardlimit = 16384
+
+// Raise tries to maximize the file descriptor allowance of this process
+// to the maximum hard-limit allowed by the OS.
+func Raise(max uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// This method is NOP by design:
+	//  * Linux/Darwin counterparts need to manually increase per process limits
+	//  * On Windows Go uses the CreateFile API, which is limited to 16K files, non
+	//    changeable from within a running process
+	// This way we can always "request" raising the limits, which will either have
+	// or not have effect based on the platform we're running on.
+	if max > hardlimit {
+		return hardlimit, fmt.Errorf("file descriptor limit (%d) reached", hardlimit)
+	}
+	return max, nil
+}
+
+// Current retrieves the number of file descriptors allowed to be opened by this
+// process.
+func Current() (int, error) {
+	// Please see Raise for the reason why we use hard coded 16K as the limit
+	return hardlimit, nil
+}
+
+// Maximum retrieves the maximum number of file descriptors this process is
+// allowed to request for itself.
+func Maximum() (int, error) {
+	return Current()
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/format.go b/internal/avm/common/format.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef82196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/format.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// PrettyDuration is a pretty printed version of a time.Duration value that cuts
+// the unnecessary precision off from the formatted textual representation.
+type PrettyDuration time.Duration
+
+var prettyDurationRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\.[0-9]+`)
+
+// String implements the Stringer interface, allowing pretty printing of duration
+// values rounded to three decimals.
+func (d PrettyDuration) String() string {
+	label := fmt.Sprintf("%v", time.Duration(d))
+	if match := prettyDurationRe.FindString(label); len(match) > 4 {
+		label = strings.Replace(label, match, match[:4], 1)
+	}
+	return label
+}
+
+// PrettyAge is a pretty printed version of a time.Duration value that rounds
+// the values up to a single most significant unit, days/weeks/years included.
+type PrettyAge time.Time
+
+// ageUnits is a list of units the age pretty printing uses.
+var ageUnits = []struct {
+	Size   time.Duration
+	Symbol string
+}{
+	{12 * 30 * 24 * time.Hour, "y"},
+	{30 * 24 * time.Hour, "mo"},
+	{7 * 24 * time.Hour, "w"},
+	{24 * time.Hour, "d"},
+	{time.Hour, "h"},
+	{time.Minute, "m"},
+	{time.Second, "s"},
+}
+
+// String implements the Stringer interface, allowing pretty printing of duration
+// values rounded to the most significant time unit.
+func (t PrettyAge) String() string {
+	// Calculate the time difference and handle the 0 cornercase
+	diff := time.Since(time.Time(t))
+	if diff < time.Second {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	// Accumulate a precision of 3 components before returning
+	result, prec := "", 0
+
+	for _, unit := range ageUnits {
+		if diff > unit.Size {
+			result = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d%s", result, diff/unit.Size, unit.Symbol)
+			diff %= unit.Size
+
+			if prec += 1; prec >= 3 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/mclock/mclock.go b/internal/avm/common/mclock/mclock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e07af28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/mclock/mclock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package mclock is a wrapper for a monotonic clock source
+package mclock
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	_ "unsafe" // for go:linkname
+)
+
+//go:noescape
+//go:linkname nanotime runtime.nanotime
+func nanotime() int64
+
+// AbsTime represents absolute monotonic time.
+type AbsTime int64
+
+// Now returns the current absolute monotonic time.
+func Now() AbsTime {
+	return AbsTime(nanotime())
+}
+
+// Add returns t + d as absolute time.
+func (t AbsTime) Add(d time.Duration) AbsTime {
+	return t + AbsTime(d)
+}
+
+// Sub returns t - t2 as a duration.
+func (t AbsTime) Sub(t2 AbsTime) time.Duration {
+	return time.Duration(t - t2)
+}
+
+// The Clock interface makes it possible to replace the monotonic system clock with
+// a simulated clock.
+type Clock interface {
+	Now() AbsTime
+	Sleep(time.Duration)
+	NewTimer(time.Duration) ChanTimer
+	After(time.Duration) <-chan AbsTime
+	AfterFunc(d time.Duration, f func()) Timer
+}
+
+// Timer is a cancellable event created by AfterFunc.
+type Timer interface {
+	// Stop cancels the timer. It returns false if the timer has already
+	// expired or been stopped.
+	Stop() bool
+}
+
+// ChanTimer is a cancellable event created by NewTimer.
+type ChanTimer interface {
+	Timer
+
+	// The channel returned by C receives a value when the timer expires.
+	C() <-chan AbsTime
+	// Reset reschedules the timer with a new timeout.
+	// It should be invoked only on stopped or expired timers with drained channels.
+	Reset(time.Duration)
+}
+
+// System implements Clock using the system clock.
+type System struct{}
+
+// Now returns the current monotonic time.
+func (c System) Now() AbsTime {
+	return Now()
+}
+
+// Sleep blocks for the given duration.
+func (c System) Sleep(d time.Duration) {
+	time.Sleep(d)
+}
+
+// NewTimer creates a timer which can be rescheduled.
+func (c System) NewTimer(d time.Duration) ChanTimer {
+	ch := make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	t := time.AfterFunc(d, func() {
+		// This send is non-blocking because that's how time.Timer
+		// behaves. It doesn't matter in the happy case, but does
+		// when Reset is misused.
+		select {
+		case ch <- c.Now():
+		default:
+		}
+	})
+	return &systemTimer{t, ch}
+}
+
+// After returns a channel which receives the current time after d has elapsed.
+func (c System) After(d time.Duration) <-chan AbsTime {
+	ch := make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	time.AfterFunc(d, func() { ch <- c.Now() })
+	return ch
+}
+
+// AfterFunc runs f on a new goroutine after the duration has elapsed.
+func (c System) AfterFunc(d time.Duration, f func()) Timer {
+	return time.AfterFunc(d, f)
+}
+
+type systemTimer struct {
+	*time.Timer
+	ch <-chan AbsTime
+}
+
+func (st *systemTimer) Reset(d time.Duration) {
+	st.Timer.Reset(d)
+}
+
+func (st *systemTimer) C() <-chan AbsTime {
+	return st.ch
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/mclock/mclock.s b/internal/avm/common/mclock/mclock.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99a7a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/mclock/mclock.s
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// This file exists in order to be able to use go:linkname.
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/mclock/simclock.go b/internal/avm/common/mclock/simclock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dbe7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/mclock/simclock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package mclock
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Simulated implements a virtual Clock for reproducible time-sensitive tests. It
+// simulates a scheduler on a virtual timescale where actual processing takes zero time.
+//
+// The virtual clock doesn't advance on its own, call Run to advance it and execute timers.
+// Since there is no way to influence the Go scheduler, testing timeout behaviour involving
+// goroutines needs special care. A good way to test such timeouts is as follows: First
+// perform the action that is supposed to time out. Ensure that the timer you want to test
+// is created. Then run the clock until after the timeout. Finally observe the effect of
+// the timeout using a channel or semaphore.
+type Simulated struct {
+	now       AbsTime
+	scheduled simTimerHeap
+	mu        sync.RWMutex
+	cond      *sync.Cond
+}
+
+// simTimer implements ChanTimer on the virtual clock.
+type simTimer struct {
+	at    AbsTime
+	index int // position in s.scheduled
+	s     *Simulated
+	do    func()
+	ch    <-chan AbsTime
+}
+
+func (s *Simulated) init() {
+	if s.cond == nil {
+		s.cond = sync.NewCond(&s.mu)
+	}
+}
+
+// Run moves the clock by the given duration, executing all timers before that duration.
+func (s *Simulated) Run(d time.Duration) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.init()
+
+	end := s.now + AbsTime(d)
+	var do []func()
+	for len(s.scheduled) > 0 && s.scheduled[0].at <= end {
+		ev := heap.Pop(&s.scheduled).(*simTimer)
+		do = append(do, ev.do)
+	}
+	s.now = end
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, fn := range do {
+		fn()
+	}
+}
+
+// ActiveTimers returns the number of timers that haven't fired.
+func (s *Simulated) ActiveTimers() int {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return len(s.scheduled)
+}
+
+// WaitForTimers waits until the clock has at least n scheduled timers.
+func (s *Simulated) WaitForTimers(n int) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.init()
+
+	for len(s.scheduled) < n {
+		s.cond.Wait()
+	}
+}
+
+// Now returns the current virtual time.
+func (s *Simulated) Now() AbsTime {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return s.now
+}
+
+// Sleep blocks until the clock has advanced by d.
+func (s *Simulated) Sleep(d time.Duration) {
+	<-s.After(d)
+}
+
+// NewTimer creates a timer which fires when the clock has advanced by d.
+func (s *Simulated) NewTimer(d time.Duration) ChanTimer {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ch := make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	var timer *simTimer
+	timer = s.schedule(d, func() { ch <- timer.at })
+	timer.ch = ch
+	return timer
+}
+
+// After returns a channel which receives the current time after the clock
+// has advanced by d.
+func (s *Simulated) After(d time.Duration) <-chan AbsTime {
+	return s.NewTimer(d).C()
+}
+
+// AfterFunc runs fn after the clock has advanced by d. Unlike with the system
+// clock, fn runs on the goroutine that calls Run.
+func (s *Simulated) AfterFunc(d time.Duration, fn func()) Timer {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return s.schedule(d, fn)
+}
+
+func (s *Simulated) schedule(d time.Duration, fn func()) *simTimer {
+	s.init()
+
+	at := s.now + AbsTime(d)
+	ev := &simTimer{do: fn, at: at, s: s}
+	heap.Push(&s.scheduled, ev)
+	s.cond.Broadcast()
+	return ev
+}
+
+func (ev *simTimer) Stop() bool {
+	ev.s.mu.Lock()
+	defer ev.s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if ev.index < 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	heap.Remove(&ev.s.scheduled, ev.index)
+	ev.s.cond.Broadcast()
+	ev.index = -1
+	return true
+}
+
+func (ev *simTimer) Reset(d time.Duration) {
+	if ev.ch == nil {
+		panic("mclock: Reset() on timer created by AfterFunc")
+	}
+
+	ev.s.mu.Lock()
+	defer ev.s.mu.Unlock()
+	ev.at = ev.s.now.Add(d)
+	if ev.index < 0 {
+		heap.Push(&ev.s.scheduled, ev) // already expired
+	} else {
+		heap.Fix(&ev.s.scheduled, ev.index) // hasn't fired yet, reschedule
+	}
+	ev.s.cond.Broadcast()
+}
+
+func (ev *simTimer) C() <-chan AbsTime {
+	if ev.ch == nil {
+		panic("mclock: C() on timer created by AfterFunc")
+	}
+	return ev.ch
+}
+
+type simTimerHeap []*simTimer
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Len() int {
+	return len(*h)
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return (*h)[i].at < (*h)[j].at
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
+	(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
+	(*h)[i].index = i
+	(*h)[j].index = j
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
+	t := x.(*simTimer)
+	t.index = len(*h)
+	*h = append(*h, t)
+}
+
+func (h *simTimerHeap) Pop() interface{} {
+	end := len(*h) - 1
+	t := (*h)[end]
+	t.index = -1
+	(*h)[end] = nil
+	*h = (*h)[:end]
+	return t
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/mclock/simclock_test.go b/internal/avm/common/mclock/simclock_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffd02d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/mclock/simclock_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package mclock
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var _ Clock = System{}
+var _ Clock = new(Simulated)
+
+func TestSimulatedAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		timeout = 30 * time.Minute
+		offset  = 99 * time.Hour
+		adv     = 11 * time.Minute
+		c       Simulated
+	)
+	c.Run(offset)
+
+	end := c.Now().Add(timeout)
+	ch := c.After(timeout)
+	for c.Now() < end.Add(-adv) {
+		c.Run(adv)
+		select {
+		case <-ch:
+			t.Fatal("Timer fired early")
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.Run(adv)
+	select {
+	case stamp := <-ch:
+		want := AbsTime(0).Add(offset).Add(timeout)
+		if stamp != want {
+			t.Errorf("Wrong time sent on timer channel: got %v, want %v", stamp, want)
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("Timer didn't fire")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedAfterFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	var c Simulated
+
+	called1 := false
+	timer1 := c.AfterFunc(100*time.Millisecond, func() { called1 = true })
+	if c.ActiveTimers() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d active timers, want one", c.ActiveTimers())
+	}
+	if fired := timer1.Stop(); !fired {
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned false even though timer didn't fire")
+	}
+	if c.ActiveTimers() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d active timers, want zero", c.ActiveTimers())
+	}
+	if called1 {
+		t.Fatal("timer 1 called")
+	}
+	if fired := timer1.Stop(); fired {
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned true after timer was already stopped")
+	}
+
+	called2 := false
+	timer2 := c.AfterFunc(100*time.Millisecond, func() { called2 = true })
+	c.Run(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	if called2 {
+		t.Fatal("timer 2 called")
+	}
+	c.Run(51 * time.Millisecond)
+	if !called2 {
+		t.Fatal("timer 2 not called")
+	}
+	if fired := timer2.Stop(); fired {
+		t.Fatal("Stop returned true after timer has fired")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedSleep(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		c       Simulated
+		timeout = 1 * time.Hour
+		done    = make(chan AbsTime, 1)
+	)
+	go func() {
+		c.Sleep(timeout)
+		done <- c.Now()
+	}()
+
+	c.WaitForTimers(1)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	select {
+	case stamp := <-done:
+		want := AbsTime(2 * timeout)
+		if stamp != want {
+			t.Errorf("Wrong time after sleep: got %v, want %v", stamp, want)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Sleep didn't return in time")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedTimerReset(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		c       Simulated
+		timeout = 1 * time.Hour
+	)
+	timer := c.NewTimer(timeout)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	select {
+	case ftime := <-timer.C():
+		if ftime != AbsTime(timeout) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong time %v sent on timer channel, want %v", ftime, AbsTime(timeout))
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("timer didn't fire")
+	}
+
+	timer.Reset(timeout)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	select {
+	case ftime := <-timer.C():
+		if ftime != AbsTime(3*timeout) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong time %v sent on timer channel, want %v", ftime, AbsTime(3*timeout))
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("timer didn't fire again")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulatedTimerStop(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		c       Simulated
+		timeout = 1 * time.Hour
+	)
+	timer := c.NewTimer(timeout)
+	c.Run(2 * timeout)
+	if timer.Stop() {
+		t.Errorf("Stop returned true for fired timer")
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-timer.C():
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("timer didn't fire")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/path.go b/internal/avm/common/path.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67abc43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/path.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+)
+
+// MakeName creates a node name that follows the ethereum convention
+// for such names. It adds the operation system name and Go runtime version
+// the name.
+func MakeName(name, version string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/v%s/%s/%s", name, version, runtime.GOOS, runtime.Version())
+}
+
+// FileExist checks if a file exists at filePath.
+func FileExist(filePath string) bool {
+	_, err := os.Stat(filePath)
+	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// AbsolutePath returns datadir + filename, or filename if it is absolute.
+func AbsolutePath(datadir string, filename string) string {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(filename) {
+		return filename
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(datadir, filename)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/prque/lazyqueue.go b/internal/avm/common/prque/lazyqueue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d487659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/prque/lazyqueue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common/mclock"
+)
+
+// LazyQueue is a priority queue data structure where priorities can change over
+// time and are only evaluated on demand.
+// Two callbacks are required:
+//   - priority evaluates the actual priority of an item
+//   - maxPriority gives an upper estimate for the priority in any moment between
+//     now and the given absolute time
+//
+// If the upper estimate is exceeded then Update should be called for that item.
+// A global Refresh function should also be called periodically.
+type LazyQueue struct {
+	clock mclock.Clock
+	// Items are stored in one of two internal queues ordered by estimated max
+	// priority until the next and the next-after-next refresh. Update and Refresh
+	// always places items in queue[1].
+	queue                      [2]*sstack
+	popQueue                   *sstack
+	period                     time.Duration
+	maxUntil                   mclock.AbsTime
+	indexOffset                int
+	setIndex                   SetIndexCallback
+	priority                   PriorityCallback
+	maxPriority                MaxPriorityCallback
+	lastRefresh1, lastRefresh2 mclock.AbsTime
+}
+
+type (
+	PriorityCallback    func(data interface{}) int64                       // actual priority callback
+	MaxPriorityCallback func(data interface{}, until mclock.AbsTime) int64 // estimated maximum priority callback
+)
+
+// NewLazyQueue creates a new lazy queue
+func NewLazyQueue(setIndex SetIndexCallback, priority PriorityCallback, maxPriority MaxPriorityCallback, clock mclock.Clock, refreshPeriod time.Duration) *LazyQueue {
+	q := &LazyQueue{
+		popQueue:     newSstack(nil, false),
+		setIndex:     setIndex,
+		priority:     priority,
+		maxPriority:  maxPriority,
+		clock:        clock,
+		period:       refreshPeriod,
+		lastRefresh1: clock.Now(),
+		lastRefresh2: clock.Now(),
+	}
+	q.Reset()
+	q.refresh(clock.Now())
+	return q
+}
+
+// Reset clears the contents of the queue
+func (q *LazyQueue) Reset() {
+	q.queue[0] = newSstack(q.setIndex0, false)
+	q.queue[1] = newSstack(q.setIndex1, false)
+}
+
+// Refresh performs queue re-evaluation if necessary
+func (q *LazyQueue) Refresh() {
+	now := q.clock.Now()
+	for time.Duration(now-q.lastRefresh2) >= q.period*2 {
+		q.refresh(now)
+		q.lastRefresh2 = q.lastRefresh1
+		q.lastRefresh1 = now
+	}
+}
+
+// refresh re-evaluates items in the older queue and swaps the two queues
+func (q *LazyQueue) refresh(now mclock.AbsTime) {
+	q.maxUntil = now + mclock.AbsTime(q.period)
+	for q.queue[0].Len() != 0 {
+		q.Push(heap.Pop(q.queue[0]).(*item).value)
+	}
+	q.queue[0], q.queue[1] = q.queue[1], q.queue[0]
+	q.indexOffset = 1 - q.indexOffset
+	q.maxUntil += mclock.AbsTime(q.period)
+}
+
+// Push adds an item to the queue
+func (q *LazyQueue) Push(data interface{}) {
+	heap.Push(q.queue[1], &item{data, q.maxPriority(data, q.maxUntil)})
+}
+
+// Update updates the upper priority estimate for the item with the given queue index
+func (q *LazyQueue) Update(index int) {
+	q.Push(q.Remove(index))
+}
+
+// Pop removes and returns the item with the greatest actual priority
+func (q *LazyQueue) Pop() (interface{}, int64) {
+	var (
+		resData interface{}
+		resPri  int64
+	)
+	q.MultiPop(func(data interface{}, priority int64) bool {
+		resData = data
+		resPri = priority
+		return false
+	})
+	return resData, resPri
+}
+
+// peekIndex returns the index of the internal queue where the item with the
+// highest estimated priority is or -1 if both are empty
+func (q *LazyQueue) peekIndex() int {
+	if q.queue[0].Len() != 0 {
+		if q.queue[1].Len() != 0 && q.queue[1].blocks[0][0].priority > q.queue[0].blocks[0][0].priority {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return 0
+	}
+	if q.queue[1].Len() != 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// MultiPop pops multiple items from the queue and is more efficient than calling
+// Pop multiple times. Popped items are passed to the callback. MultiPop returns
+// when the callback returns false or there are no more items to pop.
+func (q *LazyQueue) MultiPop(callback func(data interface{}, priority int64) bool) {
+	nextIndex := q.peekIndex()
+	for nextIndex != -1 {
+		data := heap.Pop(q.queue[nextIndex]).(*item).value
+		heap.Push(q.popQueue, &item{data, q.priority(data)})
+		nextIndex = q.peekIndex()
+		for q.popQueue.Len() != 0 && (nextIndex == -1 || q.queue[nextIndex].blocks[0][0].priority < q.popQueue.blocks[0][0].priority) {
+			i := heap.Pop(q.popQueue).(*item)
+			if !callback(i.value, i.priority) {
+				for q.popQueue.Len() != 0 {
+					q.Push(heap.Pop(q.popQueue).(*item).value)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			nextIndex = q.peekIndex() // re-check because callback is allowed to push items back
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// PopItem pops the item from the queue only, dropping the associated priority value.
+func (q *LazyQueue) PopItem() interface{} {
+	i, _ := q.Pop()
+	return i
+}
+
+// Remove removes removes the item with the given index.
+func (q *LazyQueue) Remove(index int) interface{} {
+	if index < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return heap.Remove(q.queue[index&1^q.indexOffset], index>>1).(*item).value
+}
+
+// Empty checks whether the priority queue is empty.
+func (q *LazyQueue) Empty() bool {
+	return q.queue[0].Len() == 0 && q.queue[1].Len() == 0
+}
+
+// Size returns the number of items in the priority queue.
+func (q *LazyQueue) Size() int {
+	return q.queue[0].Len() + q.queue[1].Len()
+}
+
+// setIndex0 translates internal queue item index to the virtual index space of LazyQueue
+func (q *LazyQueue) setIndex0(data interface{}, index int) {
+	if index == -1 {
+		q.setIndex(data, -1)
+	} else {
+		q.setIndex(data, index+index)
+	}
+}
+
+// setIndex1 translates internal queue item index to the virtual index space of LazyQueue
+func (q *LazyQueue) setIndex1(data interface{}, index int) {
+	q.setIndex(data, index+index+1)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/prque/lazyqueue_test.go b/internal/avm/common/prque/lazyqueue_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbc6997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/prque/lazyqueue_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common/mclock"
+)
+
+const (
+	testItems        = 1000
+	testPriorityStep = 100
+	testSteps        = 1000000
+	testStepPeriod   = time.Millisecond
+	testQueueRefresh = time.Second
+	testAvgRate      = float64(testPriorityStep) / float64(testItems) / float64(testStepPeriod)
+)
+
+type lazyItem struct {
+	p, maxp int64
+	last    mclock.AbsTime
+	index   int
+}
+
+func testPriority(a interface{}) int64 {
+	return a.(*lazyItem).p
+}
+
+func testMaxPriority(a interface{}, until mclock.AbsTime) int64 {
+	i := a.(*lazyItem)
+	dt := until - i.last
+	i.maxp = i.p + int64(float64(dt)*testAvgRate)
+	return i.maxp
+}
+
+func testSetIndex(a interface{}, i int) {
+	a.(*lazyItem).index = i
+}
+
+func TestLazyQueue(t *testing.T) {
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+	clock := &mclock.Simulated{}
+	q := NewLazyQueue(testSetIndex, testPriority, testMaxPriority, clock, testQueueRefresh)
+
+	var (
+		items  [testItems]lazyItem
+		maxPri int64
+	)
+
+	for i := range items[:] {
+		items[i].p = rand.Int63n(testPriorityStep * 10)
+		if items[i].p > maxPri {
+			maxPri = items[i].p
+		}
+		items[i].index = -1
+		q.Push(&items[i])
+	}
+
+	var (
+		lock   sync.Mutex
+		wg     sync.WaitGroup
+		stopCh = make(chan chan struct{})
+	)
+	defer wg.Wait()
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-clock.After(testQueueRefresh):
+				lock.Lock()
+				q.Refresh()
+				lock.Unlock()
+			case <-stopCh:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for c := 0; c < testSteps; c++ {
+		i := rand.Intn(testItems)
+		lock.Lock()
+		items[i].p += rand.Int63n(testPriorityStep*2-1) + 1
+		if items[i].p > maxPri {
+			maxPri = items[i].p
+		}
+		items[i].last = clock.Now()
+		if items[i].p > items[i].maxp {
+			q.Update(items[i].index)
+		}
+		if rand.Intn(100) == 0 {
+			p := q.PopItem().(*lazyItem)
+			if p.p != maxPri {
+				lock.Unlock()
+				close(stopCh)
+				t.Fatalf("incorrect item (best known priority %d, popped %d)", maxPri, p.p)
+			}
+			q.Push(p)
+		}
+		lock.Unlock()
+		clock.Run(testStepPeriod)
+		clock.WaitForTimers(1)
+	}
+
+	close(stopCh)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/prque/prque.go b/internal/avm/common/prque/prque.go
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..54c78b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/prque/prque.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+// This is a duplicated and slightly modified version of "gopkg.in/karalabe/cookiejar.v2/collections/prque".
+
+// Package prque implements a priority queue data structure supporting arbitrary
+// value types and int64 priorities.
+//
+// If you would like to use a min-priority queue, simply negate the priorities.
+//
+// Internally the queue is based on the standard heap package working on a
+// sortable version of the block based stack.
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+)
+
+// Priority queue data structure.
+type Prque struct {
+	cont *sstack
+}
+
+// New creates a new priority queue.
+func New(setIndex SetIndexCallback) *Prque {
+	return &Prque{newSstack(setIndex, false)}
+}
+
+// NewWrapAround creates a new priority queue with wrap-around priority handling.
+func NewWrapAround(setIndex SetIndexCallback) *Prque {
+	return &Prque{newSstack(setIndex, true)}
+}
+
+// Pushes a value with a given priority into the queue, expanding if necessary.
+func (p *Prque) Push(data interface{}, priority int64) {
+	heap.Push(p.cont, &item{data, priority})
+}
+
+// Peek returns the value with the greates priority but does not pop it off.
+func (p *Prque) Peek() (interface{}, int64) {
+	item := p.cont.blocks[0][0]
+	return item.value, item.priority
+}
+
+// Pops the value with the greates priority off the stack and returns it.
+// Currently no shrinking is done.
+func (p *Prque) Pop() (interface{}, int64) {
+	item := heap.Pop(p.cont).(*item)
+	return item.value, item.priority
+}
+
+// Pops only the item from the queue, dropping the associated priority value.
+func (p *Prque) PopItem() interface{} {
+	return heap.Pop(p.cont).(*item).value
+}
+
+// Remove removes the element with the given index.
+func (p *Prque) Remove(i int) interface{} {
+	if i < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return heap.Remove(p.cont, i)
+}
+
+// Checks whether the priority queue is empty.
+func (p *Prque) Empty() bool {
+	return p.cont.Len() == 0
+}
+
+// Returns the number of element in the priority queue.
+func (p *Prque) Size() int {
+	return p.cont.Len()
+}
+
+// Clears the contents of the priority queue.
+func (p *Prque) Reset() {
+	*p = *New(p.cont.setIndex)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/prque/prque_test.go b/internal/avm/common/prque/prque_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cffceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/prque/prque_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestPrque(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a batch of random data and a specific priority order
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	prio := rand.Perm(size)
+	data := make([]int, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+	}
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Fill a priority queue with the above data
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			queue.Push(data[i], int64(prio[i]))
+			if queue.Size() != i+1 {
+				t.Errorf("queue size mismatch: have %v, want %v.", queue.Size(), i+1)
+			}
+		}
+		// Create a map the values to the priorities for easier verification
+		dict := make(map[int64]int)
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			dict[int64(prio[i])] = data[i]
+		}
+		// Pop out the elements in priority order and verify them
+		prevPrio := int64(size + 1)
+		for !queue.Empty() {
+			val, prio := queue.Pop()
+			if prio > prevPrio {
+				t.Errorf("invalid priority order: %v after %v.", prio, prevPrio)
+			}
+			prevPrio = prio
+			if val != dict[prio] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", val, dict[prio])
+			}
+			delete(dict, prio)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a batch of random data and a specific priority order
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	prio := rand.Perm(size)
+	data := make([]int, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+	}
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Fill a priority queue with the above data
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			queue.Push(data[i], int64(prio[i]))
+			if queue.Size() != i+1 {
+				t.Errorf("queue size mismatch: have %v, want %v.", queue.Size(), i+1)
+			}
+		}
+		// Create a map the values to the priorities for easier verification
+		dict := make(map[int64]int)
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			dict[int64(prio[i])] = data[i]
+		}
+		// Pop out half the elements in priority order and verify them
+		prevPrio := int64(size + 1)
+		for i := 0; i < size/2; i++ {
+			val, prio := queue.Pop()
+			if prio > prevPrio {
+				t.Errorf("invalid priority order: %v after %v.", prio, prevPrio)
+			}
+			prevPrio = prio
+			if val != dict[prio] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", val, dict[prio])
+			}
+			delete(dict, prio)
+		}
+		// Reset and ensure it's empty
+		queue.Reset()
+		if !queue.Empty() {
+			t.Errorf("priority queue not empty after reset: %v", queue)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPush(b *testing.B) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	data := make([]int, b.N)
+	prio := make([]int64, b.N)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+		prio[i] = rand.Int63()
+	}
+	// Execute the benchmark
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		queue.Push(data[i], prio[i])
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPop(b *testing.B) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	data := make([]int, b.N)
+	prio := make([]int64, b.N)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		data[i] = rand.Int()
+		prio[i] = rand.Int63()
+	}
+	queue := New(nil)
+	for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+		queue.Push(data[i], prio[i])
+	}
+	// Execute the benchmark
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for !queue.Empty() {
+		queue.Pop()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/prque/sstack.go b/internal/avm/common/prque/sstack.go
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b06a954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/prque/sstack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+// This is a duplicated and slightly modified version of "gopkg.in/karalabe/cookiejar.v2/collections/prque".
+
+package prque
+
+// The size of a block of data
+const blockSize = 4096
+
+// A prioritized item in the sorted stack.
+//
+// Note: priorities can "wrap around" the int64 range, a comes before b if (a.priority - b.priority) > 0.
+// The difference between the lowest and highest priorities in the queue at any point should be less than 2^63.
+type item struct {
+	value    interface{}
+	priority int64
+}
+
+// SetIndexCallback is called when the element is moved to a new index.
+// Providing SetIndexCallback is optional, it is needed only if the application needs
+// to delete elements other than the top one.
+type SetIndexCallback func(data interface{}, index int)
+
+// Internal sortable stack data structure. Implements the Push and Pop ops for
+// the stack (heap) functionality and the Len, Less and Swap methods for the
+// sortability requirements of the heaps.
+type sstack struct {
+	setIndex   SetIndexCallback
+	size       int
+	capacity   int
+	offset     int
+	wrapAround bool
+
+	blocks [][]*item
+	active []*item
+}
+
+// Creates a new, empty stack.
+func newSstack(setIndex SetIndexCallback, wrapAround bool) *sstack {
+	result := new(sstack)
+	result.setIndex = setIndex
+	result.active = make([]*item, blockSize)
+	result.blocks = [][]*item{result.active}
+	result.capacity = blockSize
+	result.wrapAround = wrapAround
+	return result
+}
+
+// Pushes a value onto the stack, expanding it if necessary. Required by
+// heap.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Push(data interface{}) {
+	if s.size == s.capacity {
+		s.active = make([]*item, blockSize)
+		s.blocks = append(s.blocks, s.active)
+		s.capacity += blockSize
+		s.offset = 0
+	} else if s.offset == blockSize {
+		s.active = s.blocks[s.size/blockSize]
+		s.offset = 0
+	}
+	if s.setIndex != nil {
+		s.setIndex(data.(*item).value, s.size)
+	}
+	s.active[s.offset] = data.(*item)
+	s.offset++
+	s.size++
+}
+
+// Pops a value off the stack and returns it. Currently no shrinking is done.
+// Required by heap.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Pop() (res interface{}) {
+	s.size--
+	s.offset--
+	if s.offset < 0 {
+		s.offset = blockSize - 1
+		s.active = s.blocks[s.size/blockSize]
+	}
+	res, s.active[s.offset] = s.active[s.offset], nil
+	if s.setIndex != nil {
+		s.setIndex(res.(*item).value, -1)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Returns the length of the stack. Required by sort.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Len() int {
+	return s.size
+}
+
+// Compares the priority of two elements of the stack (higher is first).
+// Required by sort.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	a, b := s.blocks[i/blockSize][i%blockSize].priority, s.blocks[j/blockSize][j%blockSize].priority
+	if s.wrapAround {
+		return a-b > 0
+	}
+	return a > b
+}
+
+// Swaps two elements in the stack. Required by sort.Interface.
+func (s *sstack) Swap(i, j int) {
+	ib, io, jb, jo := i/blockSize, i%blockSize, j/blockSize, j%blockSize
+	a, b := s.blocks[jb][jo], s.blocks[ib][io]
+	if s.setIndex != nil {
+		s.setIndex(a.value, i)
+		s.setIndex(b.value, j)
+	}
+	s.blocks[ib][io], s.blocks[jb][jo] = a, b
+}
+
+// Resets the stack, effectively clearing its contents.
+func (s *sstack) Reset() {
+	*s = *newSstack(s.setIndex, false)
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/prque/sstack_test.go b/internal/avm/common/prque/sstack_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc62989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/prque/sstack_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// CookieJar - A contestant's algorithm toolbox
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Peter Szilagyi. All rights reserved.
+//
+// CookieJar is dual licensed: use of this source code is governed by a BSD
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Alternatively, the CookieJar
+// toolbox may be used in accordance with the terms and conditions contained
+// in a signed written agreement between you and the author(s).
+
+package prque
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSstack(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	data := make([]*item, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = &item{rand.Int(), rand.Int63()}
+	}
+	stack := newSstack(nil, false)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Push all the data into the stack, pop out every second
+		secs := []*item{}
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			stack.Push(data[i])
+			if i%2 == 0 {
+				secs = append(secs, stack.Pop().(*item))
+			}
+		}
+		rest := []*item{}
+		for stack.Len() > 0 {
+			rest = append(rest, stack.Pop().(*item))
+		}
+		// Make sure the contents of the resulting slices are ok
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			if i%2 == 0 && data[i] != secs[i/2] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", secs[i/2], data[i])
+			}
+			if i%2 == 1 && data[i] != rest[len(rest)-i/2-1] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", rest[len(rest)-i/2-1], data[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSstackSort(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	data := make([]*item, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = &item{rand.Int(), int64(i)}
+	}
+	// Push all the data into the stack
+	stack := newSstack(nil, false)
+	for _, val := range data {
+		stack.Push(val)
+	}
+	// Sort and pop the stack contents (should reverse the order)
+	sort.Sort(stack)
+	for _, val := range data {
+		out := stack.Pop()
+		if out != val {
+			t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch after sort: have %v, want %v.", out, val)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSstackReset(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create some initial data
+	size := 16 * blockSize
+	data := make([]*item, size)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		data[i] = &item{rand.Int(), rand.Int63()}
+	}
+	stack := newSstack(nil, false)
+	for rep := 0; rep < 2; rep++ {
+		// Push all the data into the stack, pop out every second
+		secs := []*item{}
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			stack.Push(data[i])
+			if i%2 == 0 {
+				secs = append(secs, stack.Pop().(*item))
+			}
+		}
+		// Reset and verify both pulled and stack contents
+		stack.Reset()
+		if stack.Len() != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("stack not empty after reset: %v", stack)
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			if i%2 == 0 && data[i] != secs[i/2] {
+				t.Errorf("push/pop mismatch: have %v, want %v.", secs[i/2], data[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/size.go b/internal/avm/common/size.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42c0bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/size.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// StorageSize is a wrapper around a float value that supports user friendly
+// formatting.
+type StorageSize float64
+
+// String implements the stringer interface.
+func (s StorageSize) String() string {
+	if s > 1099511627776 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f TiB", s/1099511627776)
+	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f GiB", s/1073741824)
+	} else if s > 1048576 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f MiB", s/1048576)
+	} else if s > 1024 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f KiB", s/1024)
+	} else {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f B", s)
+	}
+}
+
+// TerminalString implements log.TerminalStringer, formatting a string for console
+// output during logging.
+func (s StorageSize) TerminalString() string {
+	if s > 1099511627776 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fTiB", s/1099511627776)
+	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fGiB", s/1073741824)
+	} else if s > 1048576 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fMiB", s/1048576)
+	} else if s > 1024 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fKiB", s/1024)
+	} else {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fB", s)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/size_test.go b/internal/avm/common/size_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df93c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/size_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestStorageSizeString(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		size StorageSize
+		str  string
+	}{
+		{2381273, "2.27 MiB"},
+		{2192, "2.14 KiB"},
+		{12, "12.00 B"},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		if test.size.String() != test.str {
+			t.Errorf("%f: got %q, want %q", float64(test.size), test.size.String(), test.str)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/test_utils.go b/internal/avm/common/test_utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..473274f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/test_utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+)
+
+// LoadJSON reads the given file and unmarshals its content.
+func LoadJSON(file string, val interface{}) error {
+	content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(content, val); err != nil {
+		if syntaxerr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
+			line := findLine(content, syntaxerr.Offset)
+			return fmt.Errorf("JSON syntax error at %v:%v: %v", file, line, err)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("JSON unmarshal error in %v: %v", file, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// findLine returns the line number for the given offset into data.
+func findLine(data []byte, offset int64) (line int) {
+	line = 1
+	for i, r := range string(data) {
+		if int64(i) >= offset {
+			return
+		}
+		if r == '\n' {
+			line++
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/types.go b/internal/avm/common/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17f9dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// Lengths of hashes and addresses in bytes.
+const (
+	// HashLength is the expected length of the hash
+	HashLength = 32
+	// AddressLength is the expected length of the address
+	AddressLength = 20
+)
+
+var (
+	hashT    = reflect.TypeOf(Hash{})
+	addressT = reflect.TypeOf(Address{})
+)
+
+// Hash represents the 32 byte Keccak256 hash of arbitrary data.
+type Hash [HashLength]byte
+
+func BytesToHash(b []byte) Hash {
+	h3 := sha3.New256()
+	h3.Write(b)
+	r := h3.Sum(nil)
+	var h Hash
+	copy(h[:], r[:HashLength])
+	return h
+}
+
+func StringToHash(s string) Hash {
+	var h Hash
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err == nil {
+		//copy(h[:], b[:HashLength])
+		return BytesToHash(b)
+	}
+
+	return h
+}
+
+// BigToHash sets byte representation of b to hash.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func BigToHash(b *big.Int) Hash { return BytesToHash(b.Bytes()) }
+
+// HexToHash sets byte representation of s to hash.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func HexToHash(s string) Hash { return BytesToHash(FromHex(s)) }
+
+// Bytes gets the byte representation of the underlying hash.
+func (h Hash) Bytes() []byte { return h[:] }
+
+// Big converts a hash to a big integer.
+func (h Hash) Big() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).SetBytes(h[:]) }
+
+// Hex converts a hash to a hex string.
+func (h Hash) Hex() string { return hexutil.Encode(h[:]) }
+
+// TerminalString implements log.TerminalStringer, formatting a string for console
+// output during logging.
+func (h Hash) TerminalString() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x..%x", h[:3], h[29:])
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface and is used also by the logger when
+// doing full logging into a file.
+func (h Hash) String() string {
+	return h.Hex()
+}
+
+// Format implements fmt.Formatter.
+// Hash supports the %v, %s, %q, %x, %X and %d format verbs.
+func (h Hash) Format(s fmt.State, c rune) {
+	hexb := make([]byte, 2+len(h)*2)
+	copy(hexb, "0x")
+	hex.Encode(hexb[2:], h[:])
+
+	switch c {
+	case 'x', 'X':
+		if !s.Flag('#') {
+			hexb = hexb[2:]
+		}
+		if c == 'X' {
+			hexb = bytes.ToUpper(hexb)
+		}
+		fallthrough
+	case 'v', 's':
+		s.Write(hexb)
+	case 'q':
+		q := []byte{'"'}
+		s.Write(q)
+		s.Write(hexb)
+		s.Write(q)
+	case 'd':
+		fmt.Fprint(s, ([len(h)]byte)(h))
+	default:
+		fmt.Fprintf(s, "%%!%c(hash=%x)", c, h)
+	}
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (h *Hash) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("Hash", input, h[:])
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (h *Hash) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(hashT, input, h[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText returns the hex representation of h.
+func (h Hash) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(h[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets the hash to the value of b.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func (h *Hash) SetBytes(b []byte) {
+	if len(b) > len(h) {
+		b = b[len(b)-HashLength:]
+	}
+
+	copy(h[HashLength-len(b):], b)
+}
+
+// Generate implements testing/quick.Generator.
+func (h Hash) Generate(rand *rand.Rand, size int) reflect.Value {
+	m := rand.Intn(len(h))
+	for i := len(h) - 1; i > m; i-- {
+		h[i] = byte(rand.Uint32())
+	}
+	return reflect.ValueOf(h)
+}
+
+// Scan implements Scanner for database/sql.
+func (h *Hash) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	srcB, ok := src.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan %T into Hash", src)
+	}
+	if len(srcB) != HashLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan []byte of len %d into Hash, want %d", len(srcB), HashLength)
+	}
+	copy(h[:], srcB)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements valuer for database/sql.
+func (h Hash) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return h[:], nil
+}
+
+// ImplementsGraphQLType returns true if Hash implements the specified GraphQL type.
+func (Hash) ImplementsGraphQLType(name string) bool { return name == "Bytes32" }
+
+// UnmarshalGraphQL unmarshals the provided GraphQL query data.
+func (h *Hash) UnmarshalGraphQL(input interface{}) error {
+	var err error
+	switch input := input.(type) {
+	case string:
+		err = h.UnmarshalText([]byte(input))
+	default:
+		err = fmt.Errorf("unexpected type %T for Hash", input)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// UnprefixedHash allows marshaling a Hash without 0x prefix.
+type UnprefixedHash Hash
+
+// UnmarshalText decodes the hash from hex. The 0x prefix is optional.
+func (h *UnprefixedHash) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText("UnprefixedHash", input, h[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText encodes the hash as hex.
+func (h UnprefixedHash) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(hex.EncodeToString(h[:])), nil
+}
+
+/////////// Address
+
+// Address represents the 20 byte address of an Ethereum account.
+type Address [AddressLength]byte
+
+// BytesToAddress returns Address with value b.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func BytesToAddress(b []byte) Address {
+	var a Address
+	a.SetBytes(b)
+	return a
+}
+
+// BigToAddress returns Address with byte values of b.
+// If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
+func BigToAddress(b *big.Int) Address { return BytesToAddress(b.Bytes()) }
+
+// HexToAddress returns Address with byte values of s.
+// If s is larger than len(h), s will be cropped from the left.
+func HexToAddress(s string) Address { return BytesToAddress(FromHex(s)) }
+
+// IsHexAddress verifies whether a string can represent a valid hex-encoded
+// Ethereum address or not.
+func IsHexAddress(s string) bool {
+	if has0xPrefix(s) {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	return len(s) == 2*AddressLength && isHex(s)
+}
+
+// Bytes gets the string representation of the underlying address.
+func (a Address) Bytes() []byte { return a[:] }
+
+// Hash converts an address to a hash by left-padding it with zeros.
+func (a Address) Hash() Hash { return BytesToHash(a[:]) }
+
+// Hex returns an EIP55-compliant hex string representation of the address.
+func (a Address) Hex() string {
+	return string(a.checksumHex())
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer.
+func (a Address) String() string {
+	return a.Hex()
+}
+
+func (a Address) IsNull() bool {
+	return a == Address{}
+}
+
+func (a *Address) checksumHex() []byte {
+	buf := a.hex()
+
+	// compute checksum
+	sha := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	sha.Write(buf[2:])
+	hash := sha.Sum(nil)
+	for i := 2; i < len(buf); i++ {
+		hashByte := hash[(i-2)/2]
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			hashByte = hashByte >> 4
+		} else {
+			hashByte &= 0xf
+		}
+		if buf[i] > '9' && hashByte > 7 {
+			buf[i] -= 32
+		}
+	}
+	return buf[:]
+}
+
+func (a Address) hex() []byte {
+	var buf [len(a)*2 + 2]byte
+	copy(buf[:2], "0x")
+	hex.Encode(buf[2:], a[:])
+	return buf[:]
+}
+
+// Format implements fmt.Formatter.
+// Address supports the %v, %s, %q, %x, %X and %d format verbs.
+func (a Address) Format(s fmt.State, c rune) {
+	switch c {
+	case 'v', 's':
+		s.Write(a.checksumHex())
+	case 'q':
+		q := []byte{'"'}
+		s.Write(q)
+		s.Write(a.checksumHex())
+		s.Write(q)
+	case 'x', 'X':
+		// %x disables the checksum.
+		hex := a.hex()
+		if !s.Flag('#') {
+			hex = hex[2:]
+		}
+		if c == 'X' {
+			hex = bytes.ToUpper(hex)
+		}
+		s.Write(hex)
+	case 'd':
+		fmt.Fprint(s, ([len(a)]byte)(a))
+	default:
+		fmt.Fprintf(s, "%%!%c(address=%x)", c, a)
+	}
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets the address to the value of b.
+// If b is larger than len(a), b will be cropped from the left.
+func (a *Address) SetBytes(b []byte) {
+	if len(b) > len(a) {
+		b = b[len(b)-AddressLength:]
+	}
+	copy(a[AddressLength-len(b):], b)
+}
+
+// MarshalText returns the hex representation of a.
+func (a Address) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(a[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (a *Address) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("Address", input, a[:])
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses a hash in hex syntax.
+func (a *Address) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(addressT, input, a[:])
+}
+
+// Scan implements Scanner for database/sql.
+func (a *Address) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	srcB, ok := src.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan %T into Address", src)
+	}
+	if len(srcB) != AddressLength {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't scan []byte of len %d into Address, want %d", len(srcB), AddressLength)
+	}
+	copy(a[:], srcB)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements valuer for database/sql.
+func (a Address) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return a[:], nil
+}
+
+// ImplementsGraphQLType returns true if Hash implements the specified GraphQL type.
+func (a Address) ImplementsGraphQLType(name string) bool { return name == "Address" }
+
+// UnmarshalGraphQL unmarshals the provided GraphQL query data.
+func (a *Address) UnmarshalGraphQL(input interface{}) error {
+	var err error
+	switch input := input.(type) {
+	case string:
+		err = a.UnmarshalText([]byte(input))
+	default:
+		err = fmt.Errorf("unexpected type %T for Address", input)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// UnprefixedAddress allows marshaling an Address without 0x prefix.
+type UnprefixedAddress Address
+
+// UnmarshalText decodes the address from hex. The 0x prefix is optional.
+func (a *UnprefixedAddress) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText("UnprefixedAddress", input, a[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText encodes the address as hex.
+func (a UnprefixedAddress) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(hex.EncodeToString(a[:])), nil
+}
+
+// MixedcaseAddress retains the original string, which may or may not be
+// correctly checksummed
+type MixedcaseAddress struct {
+	addr     Address
+	original string
+}
+
+// NewMixedcaseAddress constructor (mainly for testing)
+func NewMixedcaseAddress(addr Address) MixedcaseAddress {
+	return MixedcaseAddress{addr: addr, original: addr.Hex()}
+}
+
+// NewMixedcaseAddressFromString is mainly meant for unit-testing
+func NewMixedcaseAddressFromString(hexaddr string) (*MixedcaseAddress, error) {
+	if !IsHexAddress(hexaddr) {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid address")
+	}
+	a := FromHex(hexaddr)
+	return &MixedcaseAddress{addr: BytesToAddress(a), original: hexaddr}, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON parses MixedcaseAddress
+func (ma *MixedcaseAddress) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	if err := hexutil.UnmarshalFixedJSON(addressT, input, ma.addr[:]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return json.Unmarshal(input, &ma.original)
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals the original value
+func (ma *MixedcaseAddress) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(ma.original, "0x") || strings.HasPrefix(ma.original, "0X") {
+		return json.Marshal(fmt.Sprintf("0x%s", ma.original[2:]))
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(fmt.Sprintf("0x%s", ma.original))
+}
+
+// Address returns the address
+func (ma *MixedcaseAddress) Address() Address {
+	return ma.addr
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer
+func (ma *MixedcaseAddress) String() string {
+	if ma.ValidChecksum() {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s [chksum ok]", ma.original)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s [chksum INVALID]", ma.original)
+}
+
+// ValidChecksum returns true if the address has valid checksum
+func (ma *MixedcaseAddress) ValidChecksum() bool {
+	return ma.original == ma.addr.Hex()
+}
+
+// Original returns the mixed-case input string
+func (ma *MixedcaseAddress) Original() string {
+	return ma.original
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/common/types_test.go b/internal/avm/common/types_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b34a8aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/common/types_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+//func TestBytesConversion(t *testing.T) {
+//	bytes := []byte{5}
+//	hash := BytesToHash(bytes)
+//
+//	var exp Hash
+//	exp[31] = 5
+//
+//	if hash != exp {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x got %x", exp, hash)
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestIsHexAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		str string
+		exp bool
+	}{
+		{"0x5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed", true},
+		{"5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed", true},
+		{"0X5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed", true},
+		{"0XAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", true},
+		{"0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA", true},
+		{"0x5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed1", false},
+		{"0x5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beae", false},
+		{"5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed11", false},
+		{"0xxaaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		if result := IsHexAddress(test.str); result != test.exp {
+			t.Errorf("IsHexAddress(%s) == %v; expected %v",
+				test.str, result, test.exp)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+//func TestHashJsonValidation(t *testing.T) {
+//	var tests = []struct {
+//		Prefix string
+//		Size   int
+//		Error  string
+//	}{
+//		{"", 62, "json: cannot unmarshal hex string without 0x prefix into Go value of type types.Hash"},
+//		{"0x", 66, "hex string has length 66, want 64 for types.Hash"},
+//		{"0x", 63, "json: cannot unmarshal hex string of odd length into Go value of type types.Hash"},
+//		{"0x", 0, "hex string has length 0, want 64 for types.Hash"},
+//		{"0x", 64, ""},
+//		{"0X", 64, ""},
+//	}
+//	for _, test := range tests {
+//		input := `"` + test.Prefix + strings.Repeat("0", test.Size) + `"`
+//		var v Hash
+//		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(input), &v)
+//		if err == nil {
+//			if test.Error != "" {
+//				t.Errorf("%s: error mismatch: have nil, want %q", input, test.Error)
+//			}
+//		} else {
+//			if err.Error() != test.Error {
+//				t.Errorf("%s: error mismatch: have %q, want %q", input, err, test.Error)
+//			}
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestAddressUnmarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	var tests = []struct {
+		Input     string
+		ShouldErr bool
+		Output    *big.Int
+	}{
+		{"", true, nil},
+		{`""`, true, nil},
+		{`"0x"`, true, nil},
+		{`"0x00"`, true, nil},
+		{`"0xG000000000000000000000000000000000000000"`, true, nil},
+		{`"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"`, false, big.NewInt(0)},
+		{`"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010"`, false, big.NewInt(16)},
+	}
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		var v Address
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(test.Input), &v)
+		if err != nil && !test.ShouldErr {
+			t.Errorf("test #%d: unexpected error: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if err == nil {
+			if test.ShouldErr {
+				t.Errorf("test #%d: expected error, got none", i)
+			}
+			if got := new(big.Int).SetBytes(v.Bytes()); got.Cmp(test.Output) != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("test #%d: address mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, got, test.Output)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddressHexChecksum(t *testing.T) {
+	var tests = []struct {
+		Input  string
+		Output string
+	}{
+		// Test cases from https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-55.md#specification
+		{"0x5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed", "0x5aAeb6053F3E94C9b9A09f33669435E7Ef1BeAed"},
+		{"0xfb6916095ca1df60bb79ce92ce3ea74c37c5d359", "0xfB6916095ca1df60bB79Ce92cE3Ea74c37c5d359"},
+		{"0xdbf03b407c01e7cd3cbea99509d93f8dddc8c6fb", "0xdbF03B407c01E7cD3CBea99509d93f8DDDC8C6FB"},
+		{"0xd1220a0cf47c7b9be7a2e6ba89f429762e7b9adb", "0xD1220A0cf47c7B9Be7A2E6BA89F429762e7b9aDb"},
+		// Ensure that non-standard length input values are handled correctly
+		{"0xa", "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000A"},
+		{"0x0a", "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000A"},
+		{"0x00a", "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000A"},
+		{"0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a", "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000A"},
+	}
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		output := HexToAddress(test.Input).Hex()
+		if output != test.Output {
+			t.Errorf("test #%d: failed to match when it should (%s != %s)", i, output, test.Output)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAddressHex(b *testing.B) {
+	testAddr := HexToAddress("0x5aaeb6053f3e94c9b9a09f33669435e7ef1beaed")
+	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+		testAddr.Hex()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMixedcaseAccount_Address(t *testing.T) {
+
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-55.md
+	// Note: 0X{checksum_addr} is not valid according to spec above
+
+	var res []struct {
+		A     MixedcaseAddress
+		Valid bool
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`[
+		{"A" : "0xae967917c465db8578ca9024c205720b1a3651A9", "Valid": false},
+		{"A" : "0xAe967917c465db8578ca9024c205720b1a3651A9", "Valid": true},
+		{"A" : "0XAe967917c465db8578ca9024c205720b1a3651A9", "Valid": false},
+		{"A" : "0x1111111111111111111112222222222223333323", "Valid": true}
+		]`), &res); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, r := range res {
+		if got := r.A.ValidChecksum(); got != r.Valid {
+			t.Errorf("Expected checksum %v, got checksum %v, input %v", r.Valid, got, r.A.String())
+		}
+	}
+
+	//These should throw exceptions:
+	var r2 []MixedcaseAddress
+	for _, r := range []string{
+		`["0x11111111111111111111122222222222233333"]`,     // Too short
+		`["0x111111111111111111111222222222222333332"]`,    // Too short
+		`["0x11111111111111111111122222222222233333234"]`,  // Too long
+		`["0x111111111111111111111222222222222333332344"]`, // Too long
+		`["1111111111111111111112222222222223333323"]`,     // Missing 0x
+		`["x1111111111111111111112222222222223333323"]`,    // Missing 0
+		`["0xG111111111111111111112222222222223333323"]`,   //Non-hex
+	} {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(r), &r2); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected failure, input %v", r)
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestHash_Scan(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		src interface{}
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    args
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "working scan",
+			args: args{src: []byte{
+				0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+				0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+				0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+				0x10, 0x00,
+			}},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non working scan",
+			args:    args{src: int64(1234567890)},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid length scan",
+			args: args{src: []byte{
+				0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+				0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+				0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+			}},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			h := &Hash{}
+			if err := h.Scan(tt.args.src); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Hash.Scan() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+
+			if !tt.wantErr {
+				for i := range h {
+					if h[i] != tt.args.src.([]byte)[i] {
+						t.Errorf(
+							"Hash.Scan() didn't scan the %d src correctly (have %X, want %X)",
+							i, h[i], tt.args.src.([]byte)[i],
+						)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHash_Value(t *testing.T) {
+	b := []byte{
+		0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+		0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+		0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+		0x10, 0x00,
+	}
+	var usedH Hash
+	usedH.SetBytes(b)
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		h       Hash
+		want    driver.Value
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "Working value",
+			h:       usedH,
+			want:    b,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := tt.h.Value()
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Hash.Value() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("Hash.Value() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddress_Scan(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		src interface{}
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    args
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "working scan",
+			args: args{src: []byte{
+				0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+				0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+			}},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non working scan",
+			args:    args{src: int64(1234567890)},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid length scan",
+			args: args{src: []byte{
+				0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+				0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a,
+			}},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			a := &Address{}
+			if err := a.Scan(tt.args.src); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Address.Scan() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+
+			if !tt.wantErr {
+				for i := range a {
+					if a[i] != tt.args.src.([]byte)[i] {
+						t.Errorf(
+							"Address.Scan() didn't scan the %d src correctly (have %X, want %X)",
+							i, a[i], tt.args.src.([]byte)[i],
+						)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddress_Value(t *testing.T) {
+	b := []byte{
+		0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+		0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+	}
+	var usedA Address
+	usedA.SetBytes(b)
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		a       Address
+		want    driver.Value
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "Working value",
+			a:       usedA,
+			want:    b,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := tt.a.Value()
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Address.Value() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("Address.Value() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddress_Format(t *testing.T) {
+	b := []byte{
+		0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+		0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+	}
+	var addr Address
+	addr.SetBytes(b)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		out  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "println",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintln(addr),
+			want: "0xB26f2b342AAb24BCF63ea218c6A9274D30Ab9A15\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "print",
+			out:  fmt.Sprint(addr),
+			want: "0xB26f2b342AAb24BCF63ea218c6A9274D30Ab9A15",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-s",
+			out: func() string {
+				buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+				fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s", addr)
+				return buf.String()
+			}(),
+			want: "0xB26f2b342AAb24BCF63ea218c6A9274D30Ab9A15",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-q",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%q", addr),
+			want: `"0xB26f2b342AAb24BCF63ea218c6A9274D30Ab9A15"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-x",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%x", addr),
+			want: "b26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-X",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%X", addr),
+			want: "B26F2B342AAB24BCF63EA218C6A9274D30AB9A15",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-#x",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%#x", addr),
+			want: "0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-v",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%v", addr),
+			want: "0xB26f2b342AAb24BCF63ea218c6A9274D30Ab9A15",
+		},
+		// The original default formatter for byte slice
+		{
+			name: "printf-d",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%d", addr),
+			want: "[178 111 43 52 42 171 36 188 246 62 162 24 198 169 39 77 48 171 154 21]",
+		},
+		// Invalid format char.
+		{
+			name: "printf-t",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%t", addr),
+			want: "%!t(address=b26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15)",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tt.out != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("%s does not render as expected:\n got %s\nwant %s", tt.name, tt.out, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHash_Format(t *testing.T) {
+	var hash Hash
+	hash.SetBytes([]byte{
+		0xb2, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x2a, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbc, 0xf6, 0x3e,
+		0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+		0xa2, 0x18, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x4d, 0x30, 0xab, 0x9a, 0x15,
+		0x10, 0x00,
+	})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		out  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "println",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintln(hash),
+			want: "0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "print",
+			out:  fmt.Sprint(hash),
+			want: "0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-s",
+			out: func() string {
+				buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+				fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s", hash)
+				return buf.String()
+			}(),
+			want: "0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-q",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%q", hash),
+			want: `"0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-x",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%x", hash),
+			want: "b26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-X",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%X", hash),
+			want: "B26F2B342AAB24BCF63EA218C6A9274D30AB9A15A218C6A9274D30AB9A151000",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-#x",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%#x", hash),
+			want: "0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-#X",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%#X", hash),
+			want: "0XB26F2B342AAB24BCF63EA218C6A9274D30AB9A15A218C6A9274D30AB9A151000",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "printf-v",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%v", hash),
+			want: "0xb26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000",
+		},
+		// The original default formatter for byte slice
+		{
+			name: "printf-d",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%d", hash),
+			want: "[178 111 43 52 42 171 36 188 246 62 162 24 198 169 39 77 48 171 154 21 162 24 198 169 39 77 48 171 154 21 16 0]",
+		},
+		// Invalid format char.
+		{
+			name: "printf-t",
+			out:  fmt.Sprintf("%t", hash),
+			want: "%!t(hash=b26f2b342aab24bcf63ea218c6a9274d30ab9a15a218c6a9274d30ab9a151000)",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tt.out != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("%s does not render as expected:\n got %s\nwant %s", tt.name, tt.out, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/error.go b/internal/avm/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4855657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package avm
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrKnownBlock is returned when a block to import is already known locally.
+	ErrKnownBlock = errors.New("block already known")
+
+	// ErrBannedHash is returned if a block to import is on the banned list.
+	ErrBannedHash = errors.New("banned hash")
+
+	// ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block.
+	ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain")
+
+	errSideChainReceipts = errors.New("side blocks can't be accepted as ancient chain data")
+)
+
+// List of evm-call-message pre-checking errors. All state transition messages will
+// be pre-checked before execution. If any invalidation detected, the corresponding
+// error should be returned which is defined here.
+//
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the miner, then the transaction won't be packed.
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the block processing procedure, then a "BAD BLOCk"
+// error should be emitted.
+var (
+	// ErrNonceTooLow is returned if the nonce of a transaction is lower than the
+	// one present in the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooLow = errors.New("nonce too low")
+
+	// ErrNonceTooHigh is returned if the nonce of a transaction is higher than the
+	// next one expected based on the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooHigh = errors.New("nonce too high")
+
+	// ErrNonceMax is returned if the nonce of a transaction sender account has
+	// maximum allowed value and would become invalid if incremented.
+	ErrNonceMax = errors.New("nonce has max value")
+
+	// ErrGasLimitReached is returned by the gas pool if the amount of gas required
+	// by a transaction is higher than what's left in the block.
+	ErrGasLimitReached = errors.New("gas limit reached")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer is returned if the transaction sender doesn't
+	// have enough funds for transfer(topmost call only).
+	ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer = errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFunds is returned if the total cost of executing a transaction
+	// is higher than the balance of the user's account.
+	ErrInsufficientFunds = errors.New("insufficient funds for gas * price + value")
+
+	// ErrGasUintOverflow is returned when calculating gas usage.
+	ErrGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow")
+
+	// ErrIntrinsicGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas
+	// than required to start the invocation.
+	ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low")
+
+	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported is returned if a transaction is not supported in the
+	// current network configuration.
+	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
+
+	// ErrTipAboveFeeCap is a sanity error to ensure no one is able to specify a
+	// transaction with a tip higher than the total fee cap.
+	ErrTipAboveFeeCap = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than max fee per gas")
+
+	// ErrTipVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the tip field.
+	ErrTipVeryHigh = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the fee cap field.
+	ErrFeeCapVeryHigh = errors.New("max fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapTooLow is returned if the transaction fee cap is less than the
+	// the base fee of the block.
+	ErrFeeCapTooLow = errors.New("max fee per gas less than block base fee")
+
+	// ErrSenderNoEOA is returned if the sender of a transaction is a contract.
+	ErrSenderNoEOA = errors.New("sender not an eoa")
+)
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/decode.go b/internal/avm/rlp/decode.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e36bbbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/decode.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1122 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+//lint:ignore ST1012 EOL is not an error.
+
+// EOL is returned when the end of the current list
+// has been reached during streaming.
+var EOL = errors.New("rlp: end of list")
+
+var (
+	ErrExpectedString      = errors.New("rlp: expected String or Byte")
+	ErrExpectedList        = errors.New("rlp: expected List")
+	ErrCanonInt            = errors.New("rlp: non-canonical integer format")
+	ErrCanonSize           = errors.New("rlp: non-canonical size information")
+	ErrElemTooLarge        = errors.New("rlp: element is larger than containing list")
+	ErrValueTooLarge       = errors.New("rlp: value size exceeds available input length")
+	ErrMoreThanOneValue    = errors.New("rlp: input contains more than one value")
+	ErrWrongTxTypePrefix   = errors.New("rlp: only 1-byte tx type prefix is supported")
+	ErrUnknownTxTypePrefix = errors.New("rlp: unknown tx type prefix")
+
+	// internal errors
+	errNotInList     = errors.New("rlp: call of ListEnd outside of any list")
+	errNotAtEOL      = errors.New("rlp: call of ListEnd not positioned at EOL")
+	errUintOverflow  = errors.New("rlp: uint overflow")
+	errNoPointer     = errors.New("rlp: interface given to Decode must be a pointer")
+	errDecodeIntoNil = errors.New("rlp: pointer given to Decode must not be nil")
+
+	streamPool = sync.Pool{
+		New: func() interface{} { return new(Stream) },
+	}
+)
+
+func IsInvalidRLPError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, ErrExpectedString) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrExpectedList) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrCanonInt) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrCanonInt) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrCanonSize) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrElemTooLarge) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrValueTooLarge) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrMoreThanOneValue) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrWrongTxTypePrefix) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ErrUnknownTxTypePrefix) ||
+		// internal errors
+		errors.Is(err, errNotInList) ||
+		errors.Is(err, errNotAtEOL) ||
+		errors.Is(err, errUintOverflow) ||
+		// stream errors
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "rlp: input list has too many elements") ||
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "rlp: expected input string or byte") ||
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "rlp: expected input list") ||
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "rlp: non-canonical size information") ||
+		strings.Contains(err.Error(), "rlp: non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes)")
+}
+
+// Decoder is implemented by types that require custom RLP decoding rules or need to decode
+// into private fields.
+//
+// The DecodeRLP method should read one value from the given Stream. It is not forbidden to
+// read less or more, but it might be confusing.
+type Decoder interface {
+	DecodeRLP(*Stream) error
+}
+
+// Decode parses RLP-encoded data from r and stores the result in the value pointed to by
+// val. Please see package-level documentation for the decoding rules. Val must be a
+// non-nil pointer.
+//
+// If r does not implement ByteReader, Decode will do its own buffering.
+//
+// Note that Decode does not set an input limit for all readers and may be vulnerable to
+// panics cause by huge value sizes. If you need an input limit, use
+//
+//	NewStream(r, limit).Decode(val)
+func Decode(r io.Reader, val interface{}) error {
+	stream, ok := streamPool.Get().(*Stream)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Warn("Failed to type convert to Stream pointer")
+	}
+	defer streamPool.Put(stream)
+
+	stream.Reset(r, 0)
+	return stream.Decode(val)
+}
+
+// DecodeBytes parses RLP data from b into val. Please see package-level documentation for
+// the decoding rules. The input must contain exactly one value and no trailing data.
+func DecodeBytes(b []byte, val interface{}) error {
+	r := bytes.NewReader(b)
+
+	stream, ok := streamPool.Get().(*Stream)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Warn("Failed to type convert to Stream pointer")
+	}
+	defer streamPool.Put(stream)
+
+	stream.Reset(r, uint64(len(b)))
+	if err := stream.Decode(val); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if r.Len() > 0 {
+		return ErrMoreThanOneValue
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type decodeError struct {
+	msg string
+	typ reflect.Type
+	ctx []string
+}
+
+func (err *decodeError) Error() string {
+	ctx := ""
+	if len(err.ctx) > 0 {
+		ctx = ", decoding into "
+		for i := len(err.ctx) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			ctx += err.ctx[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("rlp: %s for %v%s", err.msg, err.typ, ctx)
+}
+
+func wrapStreamError(err error, typ reflect.Type) error {
+	switch err {
+	case ErrCanonInt:
+		return &decodeError{msg: "non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes)", typ: typ}
+	case ErrCanonSize:
+		return &decodeError{msg: "non-canonical size information", typ: typ}
+	case ErrExpectedList:
+		return &decodeError{msg: "expected input list", typ: typ}
+	case ErrExpectedString:
+		return &decodeError{msg: "expected input string or byte", typ: typ}
+	case errUintOverflow:
+		return &decodeError{msg: "input string too long", typ: typ}
+	case errNotAtEOL:
+		return &decodeError{msg: "input list has too many elements", typ: typ}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func addErrorContext(err error, ctx string) error {
+	if decErr, ok := err.(*decodeError); ok {
+		decErr.ctx = append(decErr.ctx, ctx)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+var (
+	decoderInterface = reflect.TypeOf(new(Decoder)).Elem()
+	bigInt           = reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{})
+	uint256Int       = reflect.TypeOf(uint256.Int{})
+)
+
+func makeDecoder(typ reflect.Type, tags tags) (dec decoder, err error) {
+	kind := typ.Kind()
+	switch {
+	case typ == rawValueType:
+		return decodeRawValue, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(reflect.PtrTo(bigInt)):
+		return decodeBigInt, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(bigInt):
+		return decodeBigIntNoPtr, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(reflect.PtrTo(uint256Int)):
+		return decodeUint256, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(uint256Int):
+		return decodeUint256NoPtr, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Ptr:
+		return makePtrDecoder(typ, tags)
+	case reflect.PtrTo(typ).Implements(decoderInterface):
+		return decodeDecoder, nil
+	case isUint(kind):
+		return decodeUint, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Bool:
+		return decodeBool, nil
+	case kind == reflect.String:
+		return decodeString, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Slice || kind == reflect.Array:
+		return makeListDecoder(typ, tags)
+	case kind == reflect.Struct:
+		return makeStructDecoder(typ)
+	case kind == reflect.Interface:
+		return decodeInterface, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rlp: type %v is not RLP-serializable", typ)
+	}
+}
+
+func decodeRawValue(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	r, err := s.Raw()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	val.SetBytes(r)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeUint(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	typ := val.Type()
+	num, err := s.uint(typ.Bits())
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+	val.SetUint(num)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeBool(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	b, err := s.Bool()
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+	val.SetBool(b)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeString(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	b, err := s.Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+	val.SetString(string(b))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeBigIntNoPtr(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	return decodeBigInt(s, val.Addr())
+}
+
+func decodeBigInt(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	b, err := s.bigIntBytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+
+	// Set the integer bytes.
+	i := val.Interface().(*big.Int)
+	if i == nil {
+		i = new(big.Int)
+		val.Set(reflect.ValueOf(i))
+	}
+	i.SetBytes(b)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeUint256NoPtr(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	return decodeUint256(s, val.Addr())
+}
+
+func decodeUint256(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	b, err := s.Uint256Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+
+	// Set the integer bytes.
+	i := val.Interface().(*uint256.Int)
+	if i == nil {
+		i = new(uint256.Int)
+		val.Set(reflect.ValueOf(i))
+	}
+	i.SetBytes(b)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func makeListDecoder(typ reflect.Type, tag tags) (decoder, error) {
+	etype := typ.Elem()
+	if etype.Kind() == reflect.Uint8 && !reflect.PtrTo(etype).Implements(decoderInterface) {
+		if typ.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+			return decodeByteArray, nil
+		}
+		return decodeByteSlice, nil
+	}
+	etypeinfo := cachedTypeInfo1(etype, tags{})
+	if etypeinfo.decoderErr != nil {
+		return nil, etypeinfo.decoderErr
+	}
+	var dec decoder
+	switch {
+	case typ.Kind() == reflect.Array:
+		dec = func(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+			return decodeListArray(s, val, etypeinfo.decoder)
+		}
+	case tag.tail:
+		// A slice with "tail" tag can occur as the last field
+		// of a struct and is supposed to swallow all remaining
+		// list elements. The struct decoder already called s.List,
+		// proceed directly to decoding the elements.
+		dec = func(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+			return decodeSliceElems(s, val, etypeinfo.decoder)
+		}
+	default:
+		dec = func(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+			return decodeListSlice(s, val, etypeinfo.decoder)
+		}
+	}
+	return dec, nil
+}
+
+func decodeListSlice(s *Stream, val reflect.Value, elemdec decoder) error {
+	size, err := s.List()
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+	if size == 0 {
+		val.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(val.Type(), 0, 0))
+		return s.ListEnd()
+	}
+	if err := decodeSliceElems(s, val, elemdec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return s.ListEnd()
+}
+
+func decodeSliceElems(s *Stream, val reflect.Value, elemdec decoder) error {
+	i := 0
+	for ; ; i++ {
+		// grow slice if necessary
+		if i >= val.Cap() {
+			newcap := val.Cap() + val.Cap()/2
+			if newcap < 4 {
+				newcap = 4
+			}
+			newv := reflect.MakeSlice(val.Type(), val.Len(), newcap)
+			reflect.Copy(newv, val)
+			val.Set(newv)
+		}
+		if i >= val.Len() {
+			val.SetLen(i + 1)
+		}
+		// decode into element
+		if err := elemdec(s, val.Index(i)); err == EOL {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return addErrorContext(err, fmt.Sprint("[", i, "]"))
+		}
+	}
+	if i < val.Len() {
+		val.SetLen(i)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeListArray(s *Stream, val reflect.Value, elemdec decoder) error {
+	if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+	vlen := val.Len()
+	i := 0
+	for ; i < vlen; i++ {
+		if err := elemdec(s, val.Index(i)); err == EOL {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return addErrorContext(err, fmt.Sprint("[", i, "]"))
+		}
+	}
+	if i < vlen {
+		return &decodeError{msg: "input list has too few elements", typ: val.Type()}
+	}
+	return wrapStreamError(s.ListEnd(), val.Type())
+}
+
+func decodeByteSlice(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	b, err := s.Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return wrapStreamError(err, val.Type())
+	}
+	val.SetBytes(b)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeByteArray(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	vlen := val.Len()
+	switch kind {
+	case Byte:
+		if vlen == 0 {
+			return &decodeError{msg: "input string too long", typ: val.Type()}
+		}
+		if vlen > 1 {
+			return &decodeError{msg: "input string too short", typ: val.Type()}
+		}
+		bv, _ := s.Uint()
+		val.Index(0).SetUint(bv)
+	case String:
+		if uint64(vlen) < size {
+			return &decodeError{msg: "input string too long", typ: val.Type()}
+		}
+		if uint64(vlen) > size {
+			return &decodeError{msg: "input string too short", typ: val.Type()}
+		}
+		slice := val.Slice(0, vlen).Interface().([]byte)
+		if err := s.readFull(slice); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// Reject cases where single byte encoding should have been used.
+		if size == 1 && slice[0] < 128 {
+			return wrapStreamError(ErrCanonSize, val.Type())
+		}
+	case List:
+		return wrapStreamError(ErrExpectedString, val.Type())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func makeStructDecoder(typ reflect.Type) (decoder, error) {
+	fields, err := structFields(typ)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if f.info.decoderErr != nil {
+			return nil, structFieldError{typ, f.index, f.info.decoderErr}
+		}
+	}
+	dec := func(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) (err error) {
+		if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+			return wrapStreamError(err, typ)
+		}
+		for i, f := range fields {
+			err := f.info.decoder(s, val.Field(f.index))
+			if err == EOL {
+				if f.optional {
+					// The field is optional, so reaching the end of the list before
+					// reaching the last field is acceptable. All remaining undecoded
+					// fields are zeroed.
+					zeroFields(val, fields[i:])
+					break
+				}
+				return &decodeError{msg: "too few elements", typ: typ}
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return addErrorContext(err, "."+typ.Field(f.index).Name)
+			}
+		}
+		return wrapStreamError(s.ListEnd(), typ)
+	}
+	return dec, nil
+}
+
+func zeroFields(structval reflect.Value, fields []field) {
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		fv := structval.Field(f.index)
+		fv.Set(reflect.Zero(fv.Type()))
+	}
+}
+
+// makePtrDecoder creates a decoder that decodes into the pointer's element type.
+func makePtrDecoder(typ reflect.Type, tag tags) (decoder, error) {
+	etype := typ.Elem()
+	etypeinfo := cachedTypeInfo1(etype, tags{})
+	switch {
+	case etypeinfo.decoderErr != nil:
+		return nil, etypeinfo.decoderErr
+	case !tag.nilOK:
+		return makeSimplePtrDecoder(etype, etypeinfo), nil
+	default:
+		return makeNilPtrDecoder(etype, etypeinfo, tag.nilKind), nil
+	}
+}
+
+func makeSimplePtrDecoder(etype reflect.Type, etypeinfo *typeinfo) decoder {
+	return func(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) (err error) {
+		newval := val
+		if val.IsNil() {
+			newval = reflect.New(etype)
+		}
+		if err = etypeinfo.decoder(s, newval.Elem()); err == nil {
+			val.Set(newval)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+// makeNilPtrDecoder creates a decoder that decodes empty values as nil. Non-empty
+// values are decoded into a value of the element type, just like makePtrDecoder does.
+//
+// This decoder is used for pointer-typed struct fields with struct tag "nil".
+func makeNilPtrDecoder(etype reflect.Type, etypeinfo *typeinfo, nilKind Kind) decoder {
+	typ := reflect.PtrTo(etype)
+	nilPtr := reflect.Zero(typ)
+	return func(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) (err error) {
+		kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+		if err != nil {
+			val.Set(nilPtr)
+			return wrapStreamError(err, typ)
+		}
+		// Handle empty values as a nil pointer.
+		if kind != Byte && size == 0 {
+			if kind != nilKind {
+				return &decodeError{
+					msg: fmt.Sprintf("wrong kind of empty value (got %v, want %v)", kind, nilKind),
+					typ: typ,
+				}
+			}
+			// rearm s.Kind. This is important because the input
+			// position must advance to the next value even though
+			// we don't read anything.
+			s.kind = -1
+			val.Set(nilPtr)
+			return nil
+		}
+		newval := val
+		if val.IsNil() {
+			newval = reflect.New(etype)
+		}
+		if err = etypeinfo.decoder(s, newval.Elem()); err == nil {
+			val.Set(newval)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+var ifsliceType = reflect.TypeOf([]interface{}{})
+
+func decodeInterface(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	if val.Type().NumMethod() != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("rlp: type %v is not RLP-serializable", val.Type())
+	}
+	kind, _, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if kind == List {
+		slice := reflect.New(ifsliceType).Elem()
+		if err := decodeListSlice(s, slice, decodeInterface); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		val.Set(slice)
+	} else {
+		b, err := s.Bytes()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		val.Set(reflect.ValueOf(b))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeDecoder(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
+	return val.Addr().Interface().(Decoder).DecodeRLP(s)
+}
+
+// Kind represents the kind of value contained in an RLP stream.
+type Kind int
+
+const (
+	Byte Kind = iota
+	String
+	List
+)
+
+func (k Kind) String() string {
+	switch k {
+	case Byte:
+		return "Byte"
+	case String:
+		return "String"
+	case List:
+		return "List"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Unknown(%d)", k)
+	}
+}
+
+// ByteReader must be implemented by any input reader for a Stream. It
+// is implemented by e.g. bufio.Reader and bytes.Reader.
+type ByteReader interface {
+	io.Reader
+	io.ByteReader
+}
+
+// Stream can be used for piecemeal decoding of an input stream. This
+// is useful if the input is very large or if the decoding rules for a
+// type depend on the input structure. Stream does not keep an
+// internal buffer. After decoding a value, the input reader will be
+// positioned just before the type information for the next value.
+//
+// When decoding a list and the input position reaches the declared
+// length of the list, all operations will return error EOL.
+// The end of the list must be acknowledged using ListEnd to continue
+// reading the enclosing list.
+//
+// Stream is not safe for concurrent use.
+type Stream struct {
+	r ByteReader
+
+	// number of bytes remaining to be read from r.
+	remaining uint64
+	limited   bool
+
+	// auxiliary buffer for integer decoding
+	uintbuf [32]byte
+
+	kind    Kind   // kind of value ahead
+	size    uint64 // size of value ahead
+	byteval byte   // value of single byte in type tag
+	kinderr error  // error from last readKind
+	stack   []listpos
+}
+
+type listpos struct{ pos, size uint64 }
+
+// NewStream creates a new decoding stream reading from r.
+//
+// If r implements the ByteReader interface, Stream will
+// not introduce any buffering.
+//
+// For non-toplevel values, Stream returns ErrElemTooLarge
+// for values that do not fit into the enclosing list.
+//
+// Stream supports an optional input limit. If a limit is set, the
+// size of any toplevel value will be checked against the remaining
+// input length. Stream operations that encounter a value exceeding
+// the remaining input length will return ErrValueTooLarge. The limit
+// can be set by passing a non-zero value for inputLimit.
+//
+// If r is a bytes.Reader or strings.Reader, the input limit is set to
+// the length of r's underlying data unless an explicit limit is
+// provided.
+func NewStream(r io.Reader, inputLimit uint64) *Stream {
+	s := new(Stream)
+	s.Reset(r, inputLimit)
+	return s
+}
+
+// NewListStream creates a new stream that pretends to be positioned
+// at an encoded list of the given length.
+func NewListStream(r io.Reader, len uint64) *Stream {
+	s := new(Stream)
+	s.Reset(r, len)
+	s.kind = List
+	s.size = len
+	return s
+}
+
+// Bytes reads an RLP string and returns its contents as a byte slice.
+// If the input does not contain an RLP string, the returned
+// error will be ErrExpectedString.
+func (s *Stream) Bytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	switch kind {
+	case Byte:
+		s.kind = -1 // rearm Kind
+		return []byte{s.byteval}, nil
+	case String:
+		b := make([]byte, size)
+		if err = s.readFull(b); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if size == 1 && b[0] < 128 {
+			return nil, ErrCanonSize
+		}
+		return b, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, ErrExpectedString
+	}
+}
+
+// Raw reads a raw encoded value including RLP type information.
+func (s *Stream) Raw() ([]byte, error) {
+	kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if kind == Byte {
+		s.kind = -1 // rearm Kind
+		return []byte{s.byteval}, nil
+	}
+	// the original header has already been read and is no longer
+	// available. read content and put a new header in front of it.
+	start := headsize(size)
+	buf := make([]byte, uint64(start)+size)
+	if err := s.readFull(buf[start:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if kind == String {
+		puthead(buf, 0x80, 0xB7, size)
+	} else {
+		puthead(buf, 0xC0, 0xF7, size)
+	}
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// Uint reads an RLP string of up to 8 bytes and returns its contents
+// as an unsigned integer. If the input does not contain an RLP string, the
+// returned error will be ErrExpectedString.
+func (s *Stream) Uint() (uint64, error) {
+	return s.uint(64)
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) uint(maxbits int) (uint64, error) {
+	kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	switch kind {
+	case Byte:
+		if s.byteval == 0 {
+			return 0, ErrCanonInt
+		}
+		s.kind = -1 // rearm Kind
+		return uint64(s.byteval), nil
+	case String:
+		if size > uint64(maxbits/8) {
+			return 0, errUintOverflow
+		}
+		v, err := s.readUint(byte(size))
+		switch {
+		case err == ErrCanonSize:
+			// Adjust error because we're not reading a size right now.
+			return 0, ErrCanonInt
+		case err != nil:
+			return 0, err
+		case size > 0 && v < 128:
+			return 0, ErrCanonSize
+		default:
+			return v, nil
+		}
+	default:
+		return 0, ErrExpectedString
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) Uint256Bytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	b, err := s.bigIntBytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(b) > 32 {
+		return nil, errUintOverflow
+	}
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) bigIntBytes() ([]byte, error) {
+	var buffer []byte
+	kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+	switch {
+	case err != nil:
+		return nil, err
+	case kind == List:
+		return nil, ErrExpectedString
+	case kind == Byte:
+		buffer = s.uintbuf[:1]
+		buffer[0] = s.byteval
+		s.kind = -1 // re-arm Kind
+	case size == 0:
+		// Avoid zero-length read.
+		s.kind = -1
+	case size <= uint64(len(s.uintbuf)):
+		// For integers smaller than s.uintbuf, allocating a buffer
+		// can be avoided.
+		buffer = s.uintbuf[:size]
+		if err := s.readFull(buffer); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Reject inputs where single byte encoding should have been used.
+		if size == 1 && buffer[0] < 128 {
+			return nil, ErrCanonSize
+		}
+	default:
+		// For large integers, a temporary buffer is needed.
+		buffer = make([]byte, size)
+		if err := s.readFull(buffer); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reject leading zero bytes.
+	if len(buffer) > 0 && buffer[0] == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrCanonInt
+	}
+
+	return buffer, nil
+}
+
+// Bool reads an RLP string of up to 1 byte and returns its contents
+// as a boolean. If the input does not contain an RLP string, the
+// returned error will be ErrExpectedString.
+func (s *Stream) Bool() (bool, error) {
+	num, err := s.uint(8)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	switch num {
+	case 0:
+		return false, nil
+	case 1:
+		return true, nil
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("rlp: invalid boolean value: %d", num)
+	}
+}
+
+// List starts decoding an RLP list. If the input does not contain a
+// list, the returned error will be ErrExpectedList. When the list's
+// end has been reached, any Stream operation will return EOL.
+func (s *Stream) List() (size uint64, err error) {
+	kind, size, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if kind != List {
+		return 0, ErrExpectedList
+	}
+	s.NewList(size)
+	return size, nil
+}
+
+// NewList starts decoding an RLP list, but without reading its prefix
+func (s *Stream) NewList(size uint64) {
+	s.stack = append(s.stack, listpos{0, size})
+	s.kind = -1
+	s.size = 0
+}
+
+// ListEnd returns to the enclosing list.
+// The input reader must be positioned at the end of a list.
+func (s *Stream) ListEnd() error {
+	if len(s.stack) == 0 {
+		return errNotInList
+	}
+	tos := s.stack[len(s.stack)-1]
+	if tos.pos != tos.size {
+		return errNotAtEOL
+	}
+	s.stack = s.stack[:len(s.stack)-1] // pop
+	if len(s.stack) > 0 {
+		s.stack[len(s.stack)-1].pos += tos.size
+	}
+	s.kind = -1
+	s.size = 0
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Decode decodes a value and stores the result in the value pointed
+// to by val. Please see the documentation for the Decode function
+// to learn about the decoding rules.
+func (s *Stream) Decode(val interface{}) error {
+	if val == nil {
+		return errDecodeIntoNil
+	}
+	rval := reflect.ValueOf(val)
+	rtyp := rval.Type()
+	if rtyp.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		return errNoPointer
+	}
+	if rval.IsNil() {
+		return errDecodeIntoNil
+	}
+	dcd, err := cachedDecoder(rtyp.Elem())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = dcd(s, rval.Elem())
+	if decErr, ok := err.(*decodeError); ok && len(decErr.ctx) > 0 {
+		// add decode target type to error so context has more meaning
+		decErr.ctx = append(decErr.ctx, fmt.Sprint("(", rtyp.Elem(), ")"))
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// Reset discards any information about the current decoding context
+// and starts reading from r. This method is meant to facilitate reuse
+// of a preallocated Stream across many decoding operations.
+//
+// If r does not also implement ByteReader, Stream will do its own
+// buffering.
+func (s *Stream) Reset(r io.Reader, inputLimit uint64) {
+	if inputLimit > 0 {
+		s.remaining = inputLimit
+		s.limited = true
+	} else {
+		// Attempt to automatically discover
+		// the limit when reading from a byte slice.
+		switch br := r.(type) {
+		case *bytes.Reader:
+			s.remaining = uint64(br.Len())
+			s.limited = true
+		case *strings.Reader:
+			s.remaining = uint64(br.Len())
+			s.limited = true
+		default:
+			s.limited = false
+		}
+	}
+	// Wrap r with a buffer if it doesn't have one.
+	bufr, ok := r.(ByteReader)
+	if !ok {
+		bufr = bufio.NewReader(r)
+	}
+	s.r = bufr
+	// Reset the decoding context.
+	s.stack = s.stack[:0]
+	s.size = 0
+	s.kind = -1
+	s.kinderr = nil
+	s.uintbuf = [32]byte{}
+	s.byteval = 0
+}
+
+// Kind returns the kind and size of the next value in the
+// input stream.
+//
+// The returned size is the number of bytes that make up the value.
+// For kind == Byte, the size is zero because the value is
+// contained in the type tag.
+//
+// The first call to Kind will read size information from the input
+// reader and leave it positioned at the start of the actual bytes of
+// the value. Subsequent calls to Kind (until the value is decoded)
+// will not advance the input reader and return cached information.
+func (s *Stream) Kind() (kind Kind, size uint64, err error) {
+	var tos *listpos
+	if len(s.stack) > 0 {
+		tos = &s.stack[len(s.stack)-1]
+	}
+	if s.kind < 0 {
+		s.kinderr = nil
+		// Don't read further if we're at the end of the
+		// innermost list.
+		if tos != nil && tos.pos == tos.size {
+			return 0, 0, EOL
+		}
+		s.kind, s.size, s.kinderr = s.readKind()
+		if s.kinderr == nil {
+			if tos == nil {
+				// At toplevel, check that the value is smaller
+				// than the remaining input length.
+				if s.limited && s.size > s.remaining {
+					s.kinderr = ErrValueTooLarge
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Inside a list, check that the value doesn't overflow the list.
+				if s.size > tos.size-tos.pos {
+					s.kinderr = ErrElemTooLarge
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Note: this might return a sticky error generated
+	// by an earlier call to readKind.
+	return s.kind, s.size, s.kinderr
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) readKind() (kind Kind, size uint64, err error) {
+	b, err := s.readByte()
+	if err != nil {
+		if len(s.stack) == 0 {
+			// At toplevel, Adjust the error to actual EOF. io.EOF is
+			// used by callers to determine when to stop decoding.
+			switch err {
+			case io.ErrUnexpectedEOF:
+				err = io.EOF
+			case ErrValueTooLarge:
+				err = io.EOF
+			}
+		}
+		return 0, 0, err
+	}
+	s.byteval = 0
+	switch {
+	case b < 0x80: //128
+		// For a single byte whose value is in the [0x00, 0x7F] range, that byte
+		// is its own RLP encoding.
+		s.byteval = b
+		return Byte, 0, nil
+	case b < 0xB8: //184
+		// Otherwise, if a string is 0-55 bytes long,
+		// the RLP encoding consists of a single byte with value 0x80 plus the
+		// length of the string followed by the string. The range of the first
+		// byte is thus [0x80, 0xB7].
+		return String, uint64(b - 0x80), nil
+	case b < 0xC0: //192
+		// If a string is more than 55 bytes long, the
+		// RLP encoding consists of a single byte with value 0xB7 plus the length
+		// of the length of the string in binary form, followed by the length of
+		// the string, followed by the string. For example, a length-1024 string
+		// would be encoded as 0xB90400 followed by the string. The range of
+		// the first byte is thus [0xB8, 0xBF].
+		size, err = s.readUint(b - 0xB7)
+		if err == nil && size < 56 {
+			err = ErrCanonSize
+		}
+		return String, size, err
+	case b < 0xF8: //248
+		// If the total payload of a list
+		// (i.e. the combined length of all its items) is 0-55 bytes long, the
+		// RLP encoding consists of a single byte with value 0xC0 plus the length
+		// of the list followed by the concatenation of the RLP encodings of the
+		// items. The range of the first byte is thus [0xC0, 0xF7].
+		return List, uint64(b - 0xC0), nil
+	default:
+		// If the total payload of a list is more than 55 bytes long,
+		// the RLP encoding consists of a single byte with value 0xF7
+		// plus the length of the length of the payload in binary
+		// form, followed by the length of the payload, followed by
+		// the concatenation of the RLP encodings of the items. The
+		// range of the first byte is thus [0xF8, 0xFF].
+		size, err = s.readUint(b - 0xF7) //247
+		if err == nil && size < 56 {
+			err = ErrCanonSize
+		}
+		return List, size, err
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) readUint(size byte) (uint64, error) {
+	switch size {
+	case 0:
+		s.kind = -1 // rearm Kind
+		return 0, nil
+	case 1:
+		b, err := s.readByte()
+		return uint64(b), err
+	default:
+		buffer := s.uintbuf[:8]
+		for i := range buffer {
+			buffer[i] = 0
+		}
+		start := int(8 - size)
+		if err := s.readFull(buffer[start:]); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if buffer[start] == 0 {
+			// Note: readUint is also used to decode integer values.
+			// The error needs to be adjusted to become ErrCanonInt in this case.
+			return 0, ErrCanonSize
+		}
+		return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buffer), nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) readFull(buf []byte) (err error) {
+	if e := s.willRead(uint64(len(buf))); e != nil {
+		return e
+	}
+	var nn, n int
+	for n < len(buf) && err == nil {
+		nn, err = s.r.Read(buf[n:])
+		n += nn
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		if n < len(buf) {
+			err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		} else {
+			// Readers are allowed to give EOF even though the read succeeded.
+			// In such cases, we discard the EOF, like io.ReadFull() does.
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) readByte() (byte, error) {
+	if err := s.willRead(1); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	b, err := s.r.ReadByte()
+	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return b, err
+}
+
+func (s *Stream) willRead(n uint64) error {
+	s.kind = -1 // rearm Kind
+
+	if len(s.stack) > 0 {
+		// check list overflow
+		tos := s.stack[len(s.stack)-1]
+		if n > tos.size-tos.pos {
+			return ErrElemTooLarge
+		}
+		s.stack[len(s.stack)-1].pos += n
+	}
+	if s.limited {
+		if n > s.remaining {
+			return ErrValueTooLarge
+		}
+		s.remaining -= n
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/decode_tail_test.go b/internal/avm/rlp/decode_tail_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97c50f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/decode_tail_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+type structWithTail struct {
+	A, B uint
+	C    []uint `rlp:"tail"`
+}
+
+func ExampleDecode_structTagTail() {
+	// In this example, the "tail" struct tag is used to decode lists of
+	// differing length into a struct.
+	var val structWithTail
+
+	err := Decode(bytes.NewReader([]byte{0xC4, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04}), &val)
+	fmt.Printf("with 4 elements: err=%v val=%v\n", err, val)
+
+	err = Decode(bytes.NewReader([]byte{0xC6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06}), &val)
+	fmt.Printf("with 6 elements: err=%v val=%v\n", err, val)
+
+	// Note that at least two list elements must be present to
+	// fill fields A and B:
+	err = Decode(bytes.NewReader([]byte{0xC1, 0x01}), &val)
+	fmt.Printf("with 1 element: err=%q\n", err)
+
+	// Output:
+	// with 4 elements: err=<nil> val={1 2 [3 4]}
+	// with 6 elements: err=<nil> val={1 2 [3 4 5 6]}
+	// with 1 element: err="rlp: too few elements for rlp.structWithTail"
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/decode_test.go b/internal/avm/rlp/decode_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d507686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/decode_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1140 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+func TestStreamKind(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input    string
+		wantKind Kind
+		wantLen  uint64
+	}{
+		{"00", Byte, 0},
+		{"01", Byte, 0},
+		{"7F", Byte, 0},
+		{"80", String, 0},
+		{"B7", String, 55},
+		{"B90400", String, 1024},
+		{"BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", String, ^uint64(0)},
+		{"C0", List, 0},
+		{"C8", List, 8},
+		{"F7", List, 55},
+		{"F90400", List, 1024},
+		{"FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", List, ^uint64(0)},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		// using plainReader to inhibit input limit errors.
+		s := NewStream(newPlainReader(unhex(test.input)), 0)
+		kind, len, err := s.Kind()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: Kind returned error: %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if kind != test.wantKind {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: kind mismatch: got %d, want %d", i, kind, test.wantKind)
+		}
+		if len != test.wantLen {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: len mismatch: got %d, want %d", i, len, test.wantLen)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewListStream(t *testing.T) {
+	ls := NewListStream(bytes.NewReader(unhex("0101010101")), 3)
+	if k, size, err := ls.Kind(); k != List || size != 3 || err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Kind() returned (%v, %d, %v), expected (List, 3, nil)", k, size, err)
+	}
+	if size, err := ls.List(); size != 3 || err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("List() returned (%d, %v), expected (3, nil)", size, err)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		if val, err := ls.Uint(); val != 1 || err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Uint() returned (%d, %v), expected (1, nil)", val, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := ls.ListEnd(); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ListEnd() returned %v, expected (3, nil)", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStreamErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	withoutInputLimit := func(b []byte) *Stream {
+		return NewStream(newPlainReader(b), 0)
+	}
+	withCustomInputLimit := func(limit uint64) func([]byte) *Stream {
+		return func(b []byte) *Stream {
+			return NewStream(bytes.NewReader(b), limit)
+		}
+	}
+
+	type calls []string
+	tests := []struct {
+		string
+		calls
+		newStream func([]byte) *Stream // uses bytes.Reader if nil
+		error     error
+	}{
+		{"C0", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, ErrExpectedString},
+		{"C0", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrExpectedString},
+		{"89000000000000000001", calls{"Uint"}, nil, errUintOverflow},
+		{"00", calls{"List"}, nil, ErrExpectedList},
+		{"80", calls{"List"}, nil, ErrExpectedList},
+		{"C0", calls{"List", "Uint"}, nil, EOL},
+		{"C8C9010101010101010101", calls{"List", "Kind"}, nil, ErrElemTooLarge},
+		{"C3C2010201", calls{"List", "List", "Uint", "Uint", "ListEnd", "Uint"}, nil, EOL},
+		{"00", calls{"ListEnd"}, nil, errNotInList},
+		{"C401020304", calls{"List", "Uint", "ListEnd"}, nil, errNotAtEOL},
+
+		// Non-canonical integers (e.g. leading zero bytes).
+		{"00", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrCanonInt},
+		{"820002", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrCanonInt},
+		{"8133", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"817F", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"8180", calls{"Uint"}, nil, nil},
+
+		// Non-valid boolean
+		{"02", calls{"Bool"}, nil, errors.New("rlp: invalid boolean value: 2")},
+
+		// Size tags must use the smallest possible encoding.
+		// Leading zero bytes in the size tag are also rejected.
+		{"8100", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"8100", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"8101", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"817F", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"8180", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, nil},
+		{"B800", calls{"Kind"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"B90000", calls{"Kind"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"B90055", calls{"Kind"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"BA0002FFFF", calls{"Bytes"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"F800", calls{"Kind"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"F90000", calls{"Kind"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"F90055", calls{"Kind"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"FA0002FFFF", calls{"List"}, withoutInputLimit, ErrCanonSize},
+
+		// Expected EOF
+		{"", calls{"Kind"}, nil, io.EOF},
+		{"", calls{"Uint"}, nil, io.EOF},
+		{"", calls{"List"}, nil, io.EOF},
+		{"8180", calls{"Uint", "Uint"}, nil, io.EOF},
+		{"C0", calls{"List", "ListEnd", "List"}, nil, io.EOF},
+
+		{"", calls{"List"}, withoutInputLimit, io.EOF},
+		{"8180", calls{"Uint", "Uint"}, withoutInputLimit, io.EOF},
+		{"C0", calls{"List", "ListEnd", "List"}, withoutInputLimit, io.EOF},
+
+		// Input limit errors.
+		{"81", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, ErrValueTooLarge},
+		{"81", calls{"Uint"}, nil, ErrValueTooLarge},
+		{"81", calls{"Raw"}, nil, ErrValueTooLarge},
+		{"BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", calls{"Bytes"}, nil, ErrValueTooLarge},
+		{"C801", calls{"List"}, nil, ErrValueTooLarge},
+
+		// Test for list element size check overflow.
+		{"CD04040404FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0303", calls{"List", "Uint", "Uint", "Uint", "Uint", "List"}, nil, ErrElemTooLarge},
+
+		// Test for input limit overflow. Since we are counting the limit
+		// down toward zero in Stream.remaining, reading too far can overflow
+		// remaining to a large value, effectively disabling the limit.
+		{"C40102030401", calls{"Raw", "Uint"}, withCustomInputLimit(5), io.EOF},
+		{"C4010203048180", calls{"Raw", "Uint"}, withCustomInputLimit(6), ErrValueTooLarge},
+
+		// Check that the same calls are fine without a limit.
+		{"C40102030401", calls{"Raw", "Uint"}, withoutInputLimit, nil},
+		{"C4010203048180", calls{"Raw", "Uint"}, withoutInputLimit, nil},
+
+		// Unexpected EOF. This only happens when there is
+		// no input limit, so the reader needs to be 'dumbed down'.
+		{"81", calls{"Bytes"}, withoutInputLimit, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		{"81", calls{"Uint"}, withoutInputLimit, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		{"BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", calls{"Bytes"}, withoutInputLimit, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		{"C801", calls{"List", "Uint", "Uint"}, withoutInputLimit, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+
+		// This test verifies that the input position is advanced
+		// correctly when calling Bytes for empty strings. Kind can be called
+		// any number of times in between and doesn't advance.
+		{"C3808080", calls{
+			"List",  // enter the list
+			"Bytes", // past first element
+
+			"Kind", "Kind", "Kind", // this shouldn't advance
+
+			"Bytes", // past second element
+
+			"Kind", "Kind", // can't hurt to try
+
+			"Bytes", // past final element
+			"Bytes", // this one should fail
+		}, nil, EOL},
+	}
+
+testfor:
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		if test.newStream == nil {
+			test.newStream = func(b []byte) *Stream { return NewStream(bytes.NewReader(b), 0) }
+		}
+		s := test.newStream(unhex(test.string))
+		rs := reflect.ValueOf(s)
+		for j, call := range test.calls {
+			fval := rs.MethodByName(call)
+			ret := fval.Call(nil)
+			err := "<nil>"
+			if lastret := ret[len(ret)-1].Interface(); lastret != nil {
+				err = lastret.(error).Error()
+			}
+			if j == len(test.calls)-1 {
+				want := "<nil>"
+				if test.error != nil {
+					want = test.error.Error()
+				}
+				if err != want {
+					t.Log(test)
+					t.Errorf("test %d: last call (%s) error mismatch\ngot:  %s\nwant: %s",
+						i, call, err, test.error)
+				}
+			} else if err != "<nil>" {
+				t.Log(test)
+				t.Errorf("test %d: call %d (%s) unexpected error: %q", i, j, call, err)
+				continue testfor
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStreamList(t *testing.T) {
+	s := NewStream(bytes.NewReader(unhex("C80102030405060708")), 0)
+
+	if len, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("List error: %v", err)
+	} else if len != 8 {
+		t.Fatalf("List returned invalid length, got %d, want 8", len)
+	}
+
+	for i := uint64(1); i <= 8; i++ {
+		if v, err := s.Uint(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Uint error: %v", err)
+		} else if i != v {
+			t.Errorf("Uint returned wrong value, got %d, want %d", v, i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := s.Uint(); err != EOL {
+		t.Errorf("Uint error mismatch, got %v, want %v", err, EOL)
+	}
+	if err := s.ListEnd(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListEnd error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStreamRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input  string
+		output string
+	}{
+		{
+			"C58401010101",
+			"8401010101",
+		},
+		{
+			"F842B84001010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101",
+			"B84001010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101",
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		s := NewStream(bytes.NewReader(unhex(tt.input)), 0)
+		if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		want := unhex(tt.output)
+		raw, err := s.Raw()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(want, raw) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: raw mismatch: got %x, want %x", i, raw, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	r := bytes.NewReader(nil)
+
+	if err := Decode(r, nil); err != errDecodeIntoNil {
+		t.Errorf("Decode(r, nil) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, errDecodeIntoNil)
+	}
+
+	var nilptr *struct{}
+	if err := Decode(r, nilptr); err != errDecodeIntoNil {
+		t.Errorf("Decode(r, nilptr) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, errDecodeIntoNil)
+	}
+
+	if err := Decode(r, struct{}{}); err != errNoPointer {
+		t.Errorf("Decode(r, struct{}{}) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, errNoPointer)
+	}
+
+	expectErr := "rlp: type chan bool is not RLP-serializable"
+	if err := Decode(r, new(chan bool)); err == nil || err.Error() != expectErr {
+		t.Errorf("Decode(r, new(chan bool)) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, expectErr)
+	}
+
+	if err := Decode(r, new(uint)); err != io.EOF {
+		t.Errorf("Decode(r, new(int)) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, io.EOF)
+	}
+}
+
+type decodeTest struct {
+	input string
+	ptr   interface{}
+	value interface{}
+	error string
+}
+
+type simplestruct struct {
+	A uint
+	B string
+}
+
+type recstruct struct {
+	I     uint
+	Child *recstruct `rlp:"nil"`
+}
+
+type bigIntStruct struct {
+	I *big.Int
+	B string
+}
+
+type invalidNilTag struct {
+	X []byte `rlp:"nil"`
+}
+
+type invalidTail1 struct {
+	A uint `rlp:"tail"`
+	B string
+}
+
+type invalidTail2 struct {
+	A uint
+	B string `rlp:"tail"`
+}
+
+type tailRaw struct {
+	A    uint
+	Tail []RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+}
+
+type tailUint struct {
+	A    uint
+	Tail []uint `rlp:"tail"`
+}
+
+type tailPrivateFields struct {
+	A    uint
+	Tail []uint `rlp:"tail"`
+	x, y bool
+}
+
+type nilListUint struct {
+	X *uint `rlp:"nilList"`
+}
+
+type nilStringSlice struct {
+	X *[]uint `rlp:"nilString"`
+}
+
+type intField struct {
+	X int
+}
+
+type optionalFields struct {
+	A uint
+	B uint `rlp:"optional"`
+	C uint `rlp:"optional"`
+}
+
+type optionalAndTailField struct {
+	A    uint
+	B    uint   `rlp:"optional"`
+	Tail []uint `rlp:"tail"`
+}
+
+type optionalBigIntField struct {
+	A uint
+	B *big.Int `rlp:"optional"`
+}
+
+type optionalPtrField struct {
+	A uint
+	B *[3]byte `rlp:"optional"`
+}
+
+type optionalPtrFieldNil struct {
+	A uint
+	B *[3]byte `rlp:"optional,nil"`
+}
+
+type ignoredField struct {
+	A uint
+	B uint `rlp:"-"`
+	C uint
+}
+
+var (
+	veryBigInt = uint256.NewInt(0).Add(
+		uint256.NewInt(0).Lsh(uint256.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), 16),
+		uint256.NewInt(0xFFFF),
+	)
+	realBigInt     = big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(unhex("010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+	veryVeryBigInt = new(big.Int).Exp(veryBigInt.ToBig(), big.NewInt(8), nil)
+)
+
+var decodeTests = []decodeTest{
+	// booleans
+	{input: "01", ptr: new(bool), value: true},
+	{input: "80", ptr: new(bool), value: false},
+	{input: "02", ptr: new(bool), error: "rlp: invalid boolean value: 2"},
+
+	// integers
+	{input: "05", ptr: new(uint32), value: uint32(5)},
+	{input: "80", ptr: new(uint32), value: uint32(0)},
+	{input: "820505", ptr: new(uint32), value: uint32(0x0505)},
+	{input: "83050505", ptr: new(uint32), value: uint32(0x050505)},
+	{input: "8405050505", ptr: new(uint32), value: uint32(0x05050505)},
+	{input: "850505050505", ptr: new(uint32), error: "rlp: input string too long for uint32"},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new(uint32), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for uint32"},
+	{input: "00", ptr: new(uint32), error: "rlp: non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes) for uint32"},
+	{input: "8105", ptr: new(uint32), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for uint32"},
+	{input: "820004", ptr: new(uint32), error: "rlp: non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes) for uint32"},
+	{input: "B8020004", ptr: new(uint32), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for uint32"},
+
+	// slices
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new([]uint), value: []uint{}},
+	{input: "C80102030405060708", ptr: new([]uint), value: []uint{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}},
+	{input: "F8020004", ptr: new([]uint), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for []uint"},
+
+	// arrays
+	{input: "C50102030405", ptr: new([5]uint), value: [5]uint{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new([5]uint), error: "rlp: input list has too few elements for [5]uint"},
+	{input: "C102", ptr: new([5]uint), error: "rlp: input list has too few elements for [5]uint"},
+	{input: "C6010203040506", ptr: new([5]uint), error: "rlp: input list has too many elements for [5]uint"},
+	{input: "F8020004", ptr: new([5]uint), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for [5]uint"},
+
+	// zero sized arrays
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new([0]uint), value: [0]uint{}},
+	{input: "C101", ptr: new([0]uint), error: "rlp: input list has too many elements for [0]uint"},
+
+	// byte slices
+	{input: "01", ptr: new([]byte), value: []byte{1}},
+	{input: "80", ptr: new([]byte), value: []byte{}},
+	{input: "8D6162636465666768696A6B6C6D", ptr: new([]byte), value: []byte("abcdefghijklm")},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new([]byte), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for []uint8"},
+	{input: "8105", ptr: new([]byte), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for []uint8"},
+
+	// byte arrays
+	{input: "02", ptr: new([1]byte), value: [1]byte{2}},
+	{input: "8180", ptr: new([1]byte), value: [1]byte{128}},
+	{input: "850102030405", ptr: new([5]byte), value: [5]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}},
+
+	// byte array errors
+	{input: "02", ptr: new([5]byte), error: "rlp: input string too short for [5]uint8"},
+	{input: "80", ptr: new([5]byte), error: "rlp: input string too short for [5]uint8"},
+	{input: "820000", ptr: new([5]byte), error: "rlp: input string too short for [5]uint8"},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new([5]byte), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for [5]uint8"},
+	{input: "C3010203", ptr: new([5]byte), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for [5]uint8"},
+	{input: "86010203040506", ptr: new([5]byte), error: "rlp: input string too long for [5]uint8"},
+	{input: "8105", ptr: new([1]byte), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for [1]uint8"},
+	{input: "817F", ptr: new([1]byte), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for [1]uint8"},
+
+	// zero sized byte arrays
+	{input: "80", ptr: new([0]byte), value: [0]byte{}},
+	{input: "01", ptr: new([0]byte), error: "rlp: input string too long for [0]uint8"},
+	{input: "8101", ptr: new([0]byte), error: "rlp: input string too long for [0]uint8"},
+
+	// strings
+	{input: "00", ptr: new(string), value: "\000"},
+	{input: "8D6162636465666768696A6B6C6D", ptr: new(string), value: "abcdefghijklm"},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new(string), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for string"},
+
+	// big ints
+	{input: "80", ptr: new(*big.Int), value: big.NewInt(0)},
+	{input: "01", ptr: new(*big.Int), value: big.NewInt(1)},
+	{input: "89FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", ptr: new(*big.Int), value: veryBigInt.ToBig()},
+	{input: "A1010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", ptr: new(*big.Int), value: realBigInt},
+	{input: "B848FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF800000000000000001BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC8000000000000000045FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC800000000000000001BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF8000000000000000001", ptr: new(*big.Int), value: veryVeryBigInt},
+	{input: "10", ptr: new(big.Int), value: *big.NewInt(16)}, // non-pointer also works
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new(*big.Int), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for *big.Int"},
+	{input: "00", ptr: new(*big.Int), error: "rlp: non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes) for *big.Int"},
+	{input: "820001", ptr: new(*big.Int), error: "rlp: non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes) for *big.Int"},
+	{input: "8105", ptr: new(*big.Int), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for *big.Int"},
+
+	// uint256
+	{input: "01", ptr: new(*uint256.Int), value: uint256.NewInt(1)},
+	{input: "89FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", ptr: new(*uint256.Int), value: veryBigInt},
+	{input: "A1010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", ptr: new(*uint256.Int), error: "rlp: input string too long for *uint256.Int"},
+	{input: "10", ptr: new(uint256.Int), value: *uint256.NewInt(16)}, // non-pointer also works
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new(*uint256.Int), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for *uint256.Int"},
+	{input: "820001", ptr: new(uint256.Int), error: "rlp: non-canonical integer (leading zero bytes) for *uint256.Int"},
+	{input: "8105", ptr: new(uint256.Int), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for *uint256.Int"},
+
+	// structs
+	{
+		input: "C50583343434",
+		ptr:   new(simplestruct),
+		value: simplestruct{5, "444"},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C601C402C203C0",
+		ptr:   new(recstruct),
+		value: recstruct{1, &recstruct{2, &recstruct{3, nil}}},
+	},
+	{
+		// This checks that empty big.Int works correctly in struct context. It's easy to
+		// miss the update of s.kind for this case, so it needs its own test.
+		input: "C58083343434",
+		ptr:   new(bigIntStruct),
+		value: bigIntStruct{new(big.Int), "444"},
+	},
+
+	// struct errors
+	{
+		input: "C0",
+		ptr:   new(simplestruct),
+		error: "rlp: too few elements for rlp.simplestruct",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C105",
+		ptr:   new(simplestruct),
+		error: "rlp: too few elements for rlp.simplestruct",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C7C50583343434C0",
+		ptr:   new([]*simplestruct),
+		error: "rlp: too few elements for rlp.simplestruct, decoding into ([]*rlp.simplestruct)[1]",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "83222222",
+		ptr:   new(simplestruct),
+		error: "rlp: expected input list for rlp.simplestruct",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C3010101",
+		ptr:   new(simplestruct),
+		error: "rlp: input list has too many elements for rlp.simplestruct",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C501C3C00000",
+		ptr:   new(recstruct),
+		error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for uint, decoding into (rlp.recstruct).Child.I",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C103",
+		ptr:   new(intField),
+		error: "rlp: type int is not RLP-serializable (struct field rlp.intField.X)",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C50102C20102",
+		ptr:   new(tailUint),
+		error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for uint, decoding into (rlp.tailUint).Tail[1]",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C0",
+		ptr:   new(invalidNilTag),
+		error: `rlp: invalid struct tag "nil" for rlp.invalidNilTag.X (field is not a pointer)`,
+	},
+
+	// struct tag "tail"
+	{
+		input: "C3010203",
+		ptr:   new(tailRaw),
+		value: tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: []RawValue{unhex("02"), unhex("03")}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(tailRaw),
+		value: tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: []RawValue{unhex("02")}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   new(tailRaw),
+		value: tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: []RawValue{}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C3010203",
+		ptr:   new(tailPrivateFields),
+		value: tailPrivateFields{A: 1, Tail: []uint{2, 3}, x: false, y: false},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C0",
+		ptr:   new(invalidTail1),
+		error: `rlp: invalid struct tag "tail" for rlp.invalidTail1.A (must be on last field)`,
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C0",
+		ptr:   new(invalidTail2),
+		error: `rlp: invalid struct tag "tail" for rlp.invalidTail2.B (field type is not slice)`,
+	},
+
+	// struct tag "-"
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(ignoredField),
+		value: ignoredField{A: 1, C: 2},
+	},
+
+	// struct tag "nilList"
+	{
+		input: "C180",
+		ptr:   new(nilListUint),
+		error: "rlp: wrong kind of empty value (got String, want List) for *uint, decoding into (rlp.nilListUint).X",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C1C0",
+		ptr:   new(nilListUint),
+		value: nilListUint{},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C103",
+		ptr:   new(nilListUint),
+		value: func() interface{} {
+			v := uint(3)
+			return nilListUint{X: &v}
+		}(),
+	},
+
+	// struct tag "nilString"
+	{
+		input: "C1C0",
+		ptr:   new(nilStringSlice),
+		error: "rlp: wrong kind of empty value (got List, want String) for *[]uint, decoding into (rlp.nilStringSlice).X",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C180",
+		ptr:   new(nilStringSlice),
+		value: nilStringSlice{},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C2C103",
+		ptr:   new(nilStringSlice),
+		value: nilStringSlice{X: &[]uint{3}},
+	},
+
+	// struct tag "optional"
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   new(optionalFields),
+		value: optionalFields{1, 0, 0},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(optionalFields),
+		value: optionalFields{1, 2, 0},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C3010203",
+		ptr:   new(optionalFields),
+		value: optionalFields{1, 2, 3},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C401020304",
+		ptr:   new(optionalFields),
+		error: "rlp: input list has too many elements for rlp.optionalFields",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   new(optionalAndTailField),
+		value: optionalAndTailField{A: 1},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(optionalAndTailField),
+		value: optionalAndTailField{A: 1, B: 2, Tail: []uint{}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C401020304",
+		ptr:   new(optionalAndTailField),
+		value: optionalAndTailField{A: 1, B: 2, Tail: []uint{3, 4}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   new(optionalBigIntField),
+		value: optionalBigIntField{A: 1, B: nil},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(optionalBigIntField),
+		value: optionalBigIntField{A: 1, B: big.NewInt(2)},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrField),
+		value: optionalPtrField{A: 1},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20180", // not accepted because "optional" doesn't enable "nil"
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrField),
+		error: "rlp: input string too short for [3]uint8, decoding into (rlp.optionalPtrField).B",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrField),
+		error: "rlp: input string too short for [3]uint8, decoding into (rlp.optionalPtrField).B",
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C50183010203",
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrField),
+		value: optionalPtrField{A: 1, B: &[3]byte{1, 2, 3}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrFieldNil),
+		value: optionalPtrFieldNil{A: 1},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20180", // accepted because "nil" tag allows empty input
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrFieldNil),
+		value: optionalPtrFieldNil{A: 1},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   new(optionalPtrFieldNil),
+		error: "rlp: input string too short for [3]uint8, decoding into (rlp.optionalPtrFieldNil).B",
+	},
+
+	// struct tag "optional" field clearing
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   &optionalFields{A: 9, B: 8, C: 7},
+		value: optionalFields{A: 1, B: 0, C: 0},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   &optionalFields{A: 9, B: 8, C: 7},
+		value: optionalFields{A: 1, B: 2, C: 0},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C20102",
+		ptr:   &optionalAndTailField{A: 9, B: 8, Tail: []uint{7, 6, 5}},
+		value: optionalAndTailField{A: 1, B: 2, Tail: []uint{}},
+	},
+	{
+		input: "C101",
+		ptr:   &optionalPtrField{A: 9, B: &[3]byte{8, 7, 6}},
+		value: optionalPtrField{A: 1},
+	},
+
+	// RawValue
+	{input: "01", ptr: new(RawValue), value: RawValue(unhex("01"))},
+	{input: "82FFFF", ptr: new(RawValue), value: RawValue(unhex("82FFFF"))},
+	{input: "C20102", ptr: new([]RawValue), value: []RawValue{unhex("01"), unhex("02")}},
+
+	// pointers
+	{input: "00", ptr: new(*[]byte), value: &[]byte{0}},
+	{input: "80", ptr: new(*uint), value: uintp(0)},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new(*uint), error: "rlp: expected input string or byte for uint"},
+	{input: "07", ptr: new(*uint), value: uintp(7)},
+	{input: "817F", ptr: new(*uint), error: "rlp: non-canonical size information for uint"},
+	{input: "8180", ptr: new(*uint), value: uintp(0x80)},
+	{input: "C109", ptr: new(*[]uint), value: &[]uint{9}},
+	{input: "C58403030303", ptr: new(*[][]byte), value: &[][]byte{{3, 3, 3, 3}}},
+
+	// check that input position is advanced also for empty values.
+	{input: "C3808005", ptr: new([]*uint), value: []*uint{uintp(0), uintp(0), uintp(5)}},
+
+	// interface{}
+	{input: "00", ptr: new(interface{}), value: []byte{0}},
+	{input: "01", ptr: new(interface{}), value: []byte{1}},
+	{input: "80", ptr: new(interface{}), value: []byte{}},
+	{input: "850505050505", ptr: new(interface{}), value: []byte{5, 5, 5, 5, 5}},
+	{input: "C0", ptr: new(interface{}), value: []interface{}{}},
+	{input: "C50183040404", ptr: new(interface{}), value: []interface{}{[]byte{1}, []byte{4, 4, 4}}},
+	{
+		input: "C3010203",
+		ptr:   new([]io.Reader),
+		error: "rlp: type io.Reader is not RLP-serializable",
+	},
+
+	// fuzzer crashes
+	{
+		input: "c330f9c030f93030ce3030303030303030bd303030303030",
+		ptr:   new(interface{}),
+		error: "rlp: element is larger than containing list",
+	},
+}
+
+func uintp(i uint) *uint { return &i }
+
+func runTests(t *testing.T, decode func([]byte, interface{}) error) {
+	for i, test := range decodeTests {
+		input, err := hex.DecodeString(test.input)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: invalid hex input %q", i, test.input)
+			continue
+		}
+		err = decode(input, test.ptr)
+		if err != nil && test.error == "" {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: unexpected Decode error: %v\ndecoding into %T\ninput %q",
+				i, err, test.ptr, test.input)
+			continue
+		}
+		if test.error != "" && fmt.Sprint(err) != test.error {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: Decode error mismatch\ngot  %v\nwant %v\ndecoding into %T\ninput %q",
+				i, err, test.error, test.ptr, test.input)
+			continue
+		}
+		deref := reflect.ValueOf(test.ptr).Elem().Interface()
+		if err == nil && !reflect.DeepEqual(deref, test.value) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: value mismatch\ngot  %#v\nwant %#v\ndecoding into %T\ninput %q",
+				i, deref, test.value, test.ptr, test.input)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeWithByteReader(t *testing.T) {
+	runTests(t, func(input []byte, into interface{}) error {
+		return Decode(bytes.NewReader(input), into)
+	})
+}
+
+func testDecodeWithEncReader(t *testing.T, n int) {
+	s := strings.Repeat("0", n)
+	_, r, _ := EncodeToReader(s)
+	var decoded string
+	err := Decode(r, &decoded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected decode error with n=%v: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if decoded != s {
+		t.Errorf("Decode mismatch with n=%v", n)
+	}
+}
+
+// This is a regression test checking that decoding from encReader
+// works for RLP values of size 8192 bytes or more.
+func TestDecodeWithEncReader(t *testing.T) {
+	testDecodeWithEncReader(t, 8188) // length with header is 8191
+	testDecodeWithEncReader(t, 8189) // length with header is 8192
+}
+
+// plainReader reads from a byte slice but does not
+// implement ReadByte. It is also not recognized by the
+// size validation. This is useful to test how the decoder
+// behaves on a non-buffered input stream.
+type plainReader []byte
+
+func newPlainReader(b []byte) io.Reader {
+	return (*plainReader)(&b)
+}
+
+func (r *plainReader) Read(buf []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if len(*r) == 0 {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+	n = copy(buf, *r)
+	*r = (*r)[n:]
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+func TestDecodeWithNonByteReader(t *testing.T) {
+	runTests(t, func(input []byte, into interface{}) error {
+		return Decode(newPlainReader(input), into)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestDecodeStreamReset(t *testing.T) {
+	s := NewStream(nil, 0)
+	runTests(t, func(input []byte, into interface{}) error {
+		s.Reset(bytes.NewReader(input), 0)
+		return s.Decode(into)
+	})
+}
+
+type testDecoder struct{ called bool }
+
+func (t *testDecoder) DecodeRLP(s *Stream) error {
+	if _, err := s.Uint(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.called = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestDecodeDecoder(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		T1 testDecoder
+		T2 *testDecoder
+		T3 **testDecoder
+	}
+	if err := Decode(bytes.NewReader(unhex("C3010203")), &s); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Decode error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !s.T1.called {
+		t.Errorf("DecodeRLP was not called for (non-pointer) testDecoder")
+	}
+
+	if s.T2 == nil {
+		t.Errorf("*testDecoder has not been allocated")
+	} else if !s.T2.called {
+		t.Errorf("DecodeRLP was not called for *testDecoder")
+	}
+
+	if s.T3 == nil || *s.T3 == nil {
+		t.Errorf("**testDecoder has not been allocated")
+	} else if !(*s.T3).called {
+		t.Errorf("DecodeRLP was not called for **testDecoder")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeDecoderNilPointer(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		T1 *testDecoder `rlp:"nil"`
+		T2 *testDecoder
+	}
+	if err := Decode(bytes.NewReader(unhex("C2C002")), &s); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Decode error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if s.T1 != nil {
+		t.Errorf("decoder T1 allocated for empty input (called: %v)", s.T1.called)
+	}
+	if s.T2 == nil || !s.T2.called {
+		t.Errorf("decoder T2 not allocated/called")
+	}
+}
+
+type byteDecoder byte
+
+func (bd *byteDecoder) DecodeRLP(s *Stream) error {
+	_, err := s.Uint()
+	*bd = 255
+	return err
+}
+
+func (bd byteDecoder) called() bool {
+	return bd == 255
+}
+
+// This test verifies that the byte slice/byte array logic
+// does not kick in for element types implementing Decoder.
+func TestDecoderInByteSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	var slice []byteDecoder
+	if err := Decode(bytes.NewReader(unhex("C101")), &slice); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected Decode error %v", err)
+	} else if !slice[0].called() {
+		t.Errorf("DecodeRLP not called for slice element")
+	}
+
+	var array [1]byteDecoder
+	if err := Decode(bytes.NewReader(unhex("C101")), &array); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected Decode error %v", err)
+	} else if !array[0].called() {
+		t.Errorf("DecodeRLP not called for array element")
+	}
+}
+
+type unencodableDecoder func()
+
+func (f *unencodableDecoder) DecodeRLP(s *Stream) error {
+	if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := s.ListEnd(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*f = func() {}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestDecoderFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	var x func()
+	if err := DecodeBytes([]byte{0xC0}, (*unencodableDecoder)(&x)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	x()
+}
+
+// This tests the validity checks for fields with struct tag "optional".
+func TestInvalidOptionalField(t *testing.T) {
+	type (
+		invalid1 struct {
+			A uint `rlp:"optional"`
+			B uint
+		}
+		invalid2 struct {
+			T []uint `rlp:"tail,optional"`
+		}
+		invalid3 struct {
+			T []uint `rlp:"optional,tail"`
+		}
+	)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		v   interface{}
+		err string
+	}{
+		{v: new(invalid1), err: `rlp: struct field rlp.invalid1.B needs "optional" tag`},
+		{v: new(invalid2), err: `rlp: invalid struct tag "optional" for rlp.invalid2.T (also has "tail" tag)`},
+		{v: new(invalid3), err: `rlp: invalid struct tag "tail" for rlp.invalid3.T (also has "optional" tag)`},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		err := DecodeBytes(unhex("C20102"), test.v)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("no error for %T", test.v)
+		} else if err.Error() != test.err {
+			t.Errorf("wrong error for %T: %v", test.v, err.Error())
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+func ExampleDecode() {
+	input, _ := hex.DecodeString("C90A1486666F6F626172")
+
+	type example struct {
+		A, B   uint
+		String string
+	}
+
+	var s example
+	err := Decode(bytes.NewReader(input), &s)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error: %v\n", err)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("Decoded value: %#v\n", s)
+	}
+	// Output:
+	// Decoded value: rlp.example{A:0xa, B:0x14, String:"foobar"}
+}
+
+func ExampleDecode_structTagNil() {
+	// In this example, we'll use the "nil" struct tag to change
+	// how a pointer-typed field is decoded. The input contains an RLP
+	// list of one element, an empty string.
+	input := []byte{0xC1, 0x80}
+
+	// This type uses the normal rules.
+	// The empty input string is decoded as a pointer to an empty Go string.
+	var normalRules struct {
+		String *string
+	}
+	_ = Decode(bytes.NewReader(input), &normalRules)
+	fmt.Printf("normal: String = %q\n", *normalRules.String)
+
+	// This type uses the struct tag.
+	// The empty input string is decoded as a nil pointer.
+	var withEmptyOK struct {
+		String *string `rlp:"nil"`
+	}
+	_ = Decode(bytes.NewReader(input), &withEmptyOK)
+	fmt.Printf("with nil tag: String = %v\n", withEmptyOK.String)
+
+	// Output:
+	// normal: String = ""
+	// with nil tag: String = <nil>
+}
+
+func ExampleStream() {
+	input, _ := hex.DecodeString("C90A1486666F6F626172")
+	s := NewStream(bytes.NewReader(input), 0)
+
+	// Check what kind of value lies ahead
+	kind, size, _ := s.Kind()
+	fmt.Printf("Kind: %v size:%d\n", kind, size)
+
+	// Enter the list
+	if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("List error: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Decode elements
+	fmt.Println(s.Uint())
+	fmt.Println(s.Uint())
+	fmt.Println(s.Bytes())
+
+	// Acknowledge end of list
+	if err := s.ListEnd(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("ListEnd error: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	// Output:
+	// Kind: List size:9
+	// 10 <nil>
+	// 20 <nil>
+	// [102 111 111 98 97 114] <nil>
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDecode(b *testing.B) {
+	enc := encodeTestSlice(90000)
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(enc)))
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		var s []uint
+		r := bytes.NewReader(enc)
+		if err := Decode(r, &s); err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Decode error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeIntSliceReuse(b *testing.B) {
+	enc := encodeTestSlice(100000)
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(enc)))
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	var s []uint
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		r := bytes.NewReader(enc)
+		if err := Decode(r, &s); err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Decode error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func encodeTestSlice(n uint) []byte {
+	s := make([]uint, n)
+	for i := uint(0); i < n; i++ {
+		s[i] = i
+	}
+	b, err := EncodeToBytes(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("encode error: %v", err))
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func unhex(str string) []byte {
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(strings.ReplaceAll(str, " ", ""))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid hex string: %q", str))
+	}
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/doc.go b/internal/avm/rlp/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4b696f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+/*
+Package rlp implements the RLP serialization format.
+
+The purpose of RLP (Recursive Linear Prefix) is to encode arbitrarily nested arrays of
+binary data, and RLP is the main encoding method used to serialize objects in Ethereum.
+The only purpose of RLP is to encode structure; encoding specific atomic data types (eg.
+strings, ints, floats) is left up to higher-order protocols. In Ethereum integers must be
+represented in big endian binary form with no leading zeroes (thus making the integer
+value zero equivalent to the empty string).
+
+RLP values are distinguished by a type tag. The type tag precedes the value in the input
+stream and defines the size and kind of the bytes that follow.
+
+# Encoding Rules
+
+Package rlp uses reflection and encodes RLP based on the Go type of the value.
+
+If the type implements the Encoder interface, Encode calls EncodeRLP. It does not
+call EncodeRLP on nil pointer values.
+
+To encode a pointer, the value being pointed to is encoded. A nil pointer to a struct
+type, slice or array always encodes as an empty RLP list unless the slice or array has
+elememt type byte. A nil pointer to any other value encodes as the empty string.
+
+Struct values are encoded as an RLP list of all their encoded public fields. Recursive
+struct types are supported.
+
+To encode slices and arrays, the elements are encoded as an RLP list of the value's
+elements. Note that arrays and slices with element type uint8 or byte are always encoded
+as an RLP string.
+
+A Go string is encoded as an RLP string.
+
+An unsigned integer value is encoded as an RLP string. Zero always encodes as an empty RLP
+string. big.Int values are treated as integers. Signed integers (int, int8, int16, ...)
+are not supported and will return an error when encoding.
+
+Boolean values are encoded as the unsigned integers zero (false) and one (true).
+
+An interface value encodes as the value contained in the interface.
+
+Floating point numbers, maps, channels and functions are not supported.
+
+# Decoding Rules
+
+Decoding uses the following type-dependent rules:
+
+If the type implements the Decoder interface, DecodeRLP is called.
+
+To decode into a pointer, the value will be decoded as the element type of the pointer. If
+the pointer is nil, a new value of the pointer's element type is allocated. If the pointer
+is non-nil, the existing value will be reused. Note that package rlp never leaves a
+pointer-type struct field as nil unless one of the "nil" struct tags is present.
+
+To decode into a struct, decoding expects the input to be an RLP list. The decoded
+elements of the list are assigned to each public field in the order given by the struct's
+definition. The input list must contain an element for each decoded field. Decoding
+returns an error if there are too few or too many elements for the struct.
+
+To decode into a slice, the input must be a list and the resulting slice will contain the
+input elements in order. For byte slices, the input must be an RLP string. Array types
+decode similarly, with the additional restriction that the number of input elements (or
+bytes) must match the array's defined length.
+
+To decode into a Go string, the input must be an RLP string. The input bytes are taken
+as-is and will not necessarily be valid UTF-8.
+
+To decode into an unsigned integer type, the input must also be an RLP string. The bytes
+are interpreted as a big endian representation of the integer. If the RLP string is larger
+than the bit size of the type, decoding will return an error. Decode also supports
+*big.Int. There is no size limit for big integers.
+
+To decode into a boolean, the input must contain an unsigned integer of value zero (false)
+or one (true).
+
+To decode into an interface value, one of these types is stored in the value:
+
+	[]interface{}, for RLP lists
+	[]byte, for RLP strings
+
+Non-empty interface types are not supported when decoding.
+Signed integers, floating point numbers, maps, channels and functions cannot be decoded into.
+
+# Struct Tags
+
+As with other encoding packages, the "-" tag ignores fields.
+
+	type StructWithIgnoredField struct{
+	    Ignored uint `rlp:"-"`
+	    Field   uint
+	}
+
+Go struct values encode/decode as RLP lists. There are two ways of influencing the mapping
+of fields to list elements. The "tail" tag, which may only be used on the last exported
+struct field, allows slurping up any excess list elements into a slice.
+
+	type StructWithTail struct{
+	    Field   uint
+	    Tail    []string `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+
+The "optional" tag says that the field may be omitted if it is zero-valued. If this tag is
+used on a struct field, all subsequent public fields must also be declared optional.
+
+When encoding a struct with optional fields, the output RLP list contains all values up to
+the last non-zero optional field.
+
+When decoding into a struct, optional fields may be omitted from the end of the input
+list. For the example below, this means input lists of one, two, or three elements are
+accepted.
+
+	type StructWithOptionalFields struct{
+	     Required  uint
+	     Optional1 uint `rlp:"optional"`
+	     Optional2 uint `rlp:"optional"`
+	}
+
+The "nil", "nilList" and "nilString" tags apply to pointer-typed fields only, and change
+the decoding rules for the field type. For regular pointer fields without the "nil" tag,
+input values must always match the required input length exactly and the decoder does not
+produce nil values. When the "nil" tag is set, input values of size zero decode as a nil
+pointer. This is especially useful for recursive types.
+
+	type StructWithNilField struct {
+	    Field *[3]byte `rlp:"nil"`
+	}
+
+In the example above, Field allows two possible input sizes. For input 0xC180 (a list
+containing an empty string) Field is set to nil after decoding. For input 0xC483000000 (a
+list containing a 3-byte string), Field is set to a non-nil array pointer.
+
+RLP supports two kinds of empty values: empty lists and empty strings. When using the
+"nil" tag, the kind of empty value allowed for a type is chosen automatically. A field
+whose Go type is a pointer to an unsigned integer, string, boolean or byte array/slice
+expects an empty RLP string. Any other pointer field type encodes/decodes as an empty RLP
+list.
+
+The choice of null value can be made explicit with the "nilList" and "nilString" struct
+tags. Using these tags encodes/decodes a Go nil pointer value as the empty RLP value kind
+defined by the tag.
+*/
+package rlp
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/encode.go b/internal/avm/rlp/encode.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b784af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/encode.go
@@ -0,0 +1,856 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/bits"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/RLP
+const (
+	// EmptyStringCode is the RLP code for empty strings.
+	EmptyStringCode = 0x80
+	// EmptyListCode is the RLP code for empty lists.
+	EmptyListCode = 0xC0
+)
+
+var (
+	// Common encoded values.
+	// These are useful when implementing EncodeRLP.
+	EmptyString = []byte{EmptyStringCode}
+	EmptyList   = []byte{EmptyListCode}
+)
+
+// Encoder is implemented by types that require custom
+// encoding rules or want to encode private fields.
+type Encoder interface {
+	// EncodeRLP should write the RLP encoding of its receiver to w.
+	// If the implementation is a pointer method, it may also be
+	// called for nil pointers.
+	//
+	// Implementations should generate valid RLP. The data written is
+	// not verified at the moment, but a future version might. It is
+	// recommended to write only a single value but writing multiple
+	// values or no value at all is also permitted.
+	EncodeRLP(io.Writer) error
+}
+
+// Encode writes the RLP encoding of val to w. Note that Encode may
+// perform many small writes in some cases. Consider making w
+// buffered.
+//
+// Please see package-level documentation of encoding rules.
+func Encode(w io.Writer, val interface{}) error {
+	if outer, ok := w.(*encbuf); ok {
+		// Encode was called by some type's EncodeRLP.
+		// Avoid copying by writing to the outer encbuf directly.
+		return outer.encode(val)
+	}
+	eb := encbufPool.Get().(*encbuf)
+	defer encbufPool.Put(eb)
+	eb.reset()
+	if err := eb.encode(val); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return eb.toWriter(w)
+}
+
+func Write(w io.Writer, val []byte) error {
+	if outer, ok := w.(*encbuf); ok {
+		// Encode was called by some type's EncodeRLP.
+		// Avoid copying by writing to the outer encbuf directly.
+		_, err := outer.Write(val)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err := w.Write(val)
+	return err
+}
+
+// EncodeToBytes returns the RLP encoding of val.
+// Please see package-level documentation for the encoding rules.
+func EncodeToBytes(val interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	eb := encbufPool.Get().(*encbuf)
+	defer encbufPool.Put(eb)
+	eb.reset()
+	if err := eb.encode(val); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return eb.toBytes(), nil
+}
+
+// EncodeToReader returns a reader from which the RLP encoding of val
+// can be read. The returned size is the total size of the encoded
+// data.
+//
+// Please see the documentation of Encode for the encoding rules.
+func EncodeToReader(val interface{}) (size int, r io.Reader, err error) {
+	eb := encbufPool.Get().(*encbuf)
+	eb.reset()
+	if err := eb.encode(val); err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, err
+	}
+	return eb.size(), &encReader{buf: eb}, nil
+}
+
+type listhead struct {
+	offset int // index of this header in string data
+	size   int // total size of encoded data (including list headers)
+}
+
+// encode writes head to the given buffer, which must be at least
+// 9 bytes long. It returns the encoded bytes.
+func (head *listhead) encode(buf []byte) []byte {
+	return buf[:puthead(buf, 0xC0, 0xF7, uint64(head.size))]
+}
+
+// headsize returns the size of a list or string header
+// for a value of the given size.
+func headsize(size uint64) int {
+	if size < 56 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return 1 + intsize(size)
+}
+
+// puthead writes a list or string header to buf.
+// buf must be at least 9 bytes long.
+func puthead(buf []byte, smalltag, largetag byte, size uint64) int {
+	if size < 56 {
+		buf[0] = smalltag + byte(size)
+		return 1
+	}
+	sizesize := putint(buf[1:], size)
+	buf[0] = largetag + byte(sizesize)
+	return sizesize + 1
+}
+
+type encbuf struct {
+	str      []byte        // string data, contains everything except list headers
+	lheads   []listhead    // all list headers
+	lhsize   int           // sum of sizes of all encoded list headers
+	sizebuf  [9]byte       // auxiliary buffer for uint encoding
+	bufvalue reflect.Value // used in writeByteArrayCopy
+}
+
+// encbufs are pooled.
+var encbufPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		var bytes []byte
+		return &encbuf{bufvalue: reflect.ValueOf(&bytes).Elem()}
+	},
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) reset() {
+	w.lhsize = 0
+	w.str = w.str[:0]
+	w.lheads = w.lheads[:0]
+}
+
+// encbuf implements io.Writer so it can be passed it into EncodeRLP.
+func (w *encbuf) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	w.str = append(w.str, b...)
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) encode(val interface{}) error {
+	rval := reflect.ValueOf(val)
+	writer, err := cachedWriter(rval.Type())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return writer(rval, w)
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) encodeStringHeader(size int) {
+	if size < 56 {
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode+byte(size))
+	} else {
+		sizesize := putint(w.sizebuf[1:], uint64(size))
+		w.sizebuf[0] = 0xB7 + byte(sizesize)
+		w.str = append(w.str, w.sizebuf[:sizesize+1]...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) encodeString(b []byte) {
+	if len(b) == 1 && b[0] <= 0x7F {
+		// fits single byte, no string header
+		w.str = append(w.str, b[0])
+	} else {
+		w.encodeStringHeader(len(b))
+		w.str = append(w.str, b...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) encodeUint(i uint64) {
+	if i == 0 {
+		w.str = append(w.str, 0x80)
+	} else if i < 128 {
+		// fits single byte
+		w.str = append(w.str, byte(i))
+	} else {
+		s := putint(w.sizebuf[1:], i)
+		w.sizebuf[0] = 0x80 + byte(s)
+		w.str = append(w.str, w.sizebuf[:s+1]...)
+	}
+}
+
+// list adds a new list header to the header stack. It returns the index
+// of the header. The caller must call listEnd with this index after encoding
+// the content of the list.
+func (w *encbuf) list() int {
+	w.lheads = append(w.lheads, listhead{offset: len(w.str), size: w.lhsize})
+	return len(w.lheads) - 1
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) listEnd(index int) {
+	lh := &w.lheads[index]
+	lh.size = w.size() - lh.offset - lh.size
+	if lh.size < 56 {
+		w.lhsize++ // length encoded into kind tag
+	} else {
+		w.lhsize += 1 + intsize(uint64(lh.size))
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) size() int {
+	return len(w.str) + w.lhsize
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) toBytes() []byte {
+	out := make([]byte, w.size())
+	strpos := 0
+	pos := 0
+	for _, head := range w.lheads {
+		// write string data before header
+		n := copy(out[pos:], w.str[strpos:head.offset])
+		pos += n
+		strpos += n
+		// write the header
+		enc := head.encode(out[pos:])
+		pos += len(enc)
+	}
+	// copy string data after the last list header
+	copy(out[pos:], w.str[strpos:])
+	return out
+}
+
+func (w *encbuf) toWriter(out io.Writer) (err error) {
+	strpos := 0
+	for _, head := range w.lheads {
+		// write string data before header
+		if head.offset-strpos > 0 {
+			n, nErr := out.Write(w.str[strpos:head.offset])
+			strpos += n
+			if nErr != nil {
+				return nErr
+			}
+		}
+		// write the header
+		enc := head.encode(w.sizebuf[:])
+		if _, wErr := out.Write(enc); wErr != nil {
+			return wErr
+		}
+	}
+	if strpos < len(w.str) {
+		// write string data after the last list header
+		_, err = out.Write(w.str[strpos:])
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// encReader is the io.Reader returned by EncodeToReader.
+// It releases its encbuf at EOF.
+type encReader struct {
+	buf    *encbuf // the buffer we're reading from. this is nil when we're at EOF.
+	lhpos  int     // index of list header that we're reading
+	strpos int     // current position in string buffer
+	piece  []byte  // next piece to be read
+}
+
+func (r *encReader) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	for {
+		if r.piece = r.next(); r.piece == nil {
+			// Put the encode buffer back into the pool at EOF when it
+			// is first encountered. Subsequent calls still return EOF
+			// as the error but the buffer is no longer valid.
+			if r.buf != nil {
+				encbufPool.Put(r.buf)
+				r.buf = nil
+			}
+			return n, io.EOF
+		}
+		nn := copy(b[n:], r.piece)
+		n += nn
+		if nn < len(r.piece) {
+			// piece didn't fit, see you next time.
+			r.piece = r.piece[nn:]
+			return n, nil
+		}
+		r.piece = nil
+	}
+}
+
+// next returns the next piece of data to be read.
+// it returns nil at EOF.
+func (r *encReader) next() []byte {
+	switch {
+	case r.buf == nil:
+		return nil
+
+	case r.piece != nil:
+		// There is still data available for reading.
+		return r.piece
+
+	case r.lhpos < len(r.buf.lheads):
+		// We're before the last list header.
+		head := r.buf.lheads[r.lhpos]
+		sizebefore := head.offset - r.strpos
+		if sizebefore > 0 {
+			// String data before header.
+			p := r.buf.str[r.strpos:head.offset]
+			r.strpos += sizebefore
+			return p
+		}
+		r.lhpos++
+		return head.encode(r.buf.sizebuf[:])
+
+	case r.strpos < len(r.buf.str):
+		// String data at the end, after all list headers.
+		p := r.buf.str[r.strpos:]
+		r.strpos = len(r.buf.str)
+		return p
+
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+var encoderInterface = reflect.TypeOf(new(Encoder)).Elem()
+
+// makeWriter creates a writer function for the given type.
+func makeWriter(typ reflect.Type, ts tags) (writer, error) {
+	kind := typ.Kind()
+	switch {
+	case typ == rawValueType:
+		return writeRawValue, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(reflect.PtrTo(bigInt)):
+		return writeBigIntPtr, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(bigInt):
+		return writeBigIntNoPtr, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(reflect.PtrTo(uint256Int)):
+		return writeUint256Ptr, nil
+	case typ.AssignableTo(uint256Int):
+		return writeUint256NoPtr, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Ptr:
+		return makePtrWriter(typ, ts)
+	case reflect.PtrTo(typ).Implements(encoderInterface):
+		return makeEncoderWriter(typ), nil
+	case isUint(kind):
+		return writeUint, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Bool:
+		return writeBool, nil
+	case kind == reflect.String:
+		return writeString, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Slice && isByte(typ.Elem()):
+		return writeBytes, nil
+	case kind == reflect.Array && isByte(typ.Elem()):
+		return makeByteArrayWriter(typ), nil
+	case kind == reflect.Slice || kind == reflect.Array:
+		return makeSliceWriter(typ, ts)
+	case kind == reflect.Struct:
+		return makeStructWriter(typ)
+	case kind == reflect.Interface:
+		return writeInterface, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rlp: type %v is not RLP-serializable", typ)
+	}
+}
+
+func writeRawValue(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	w.str = append(w.str, val.Bytes()...)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeUint(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	w.encodeUint(val.Uint())
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeBool(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	if val.Bool() {
+		w.str = append(w.str, 0x01)
+	} else {
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeBigIntPtr(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	ptr := val.Interface().(*big.Int)
+	if ptr == nil {
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return writeBigInt(ptr, w)
+}
+
+func writeBigIntNoPtr(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	i := val.Interface().(big.Int)
+	return writeBigInt(&i, w)
+}
+
+// wordBytes is the number of bytes in a big.Word
+const wordBytes = (32 << (uint64(^big.Word(0)) >> 63)) / 8
+
+func writeBigInt(i *big.Int, w *encbuf) error {
+	if i.Sign() == -1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("rlp: cannot encode negative *big.Int")
+	}
+	bitlen := i.BitLen()
+	if bitlen <= 64 {
+		w.encodeUint(i.Uint64())
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Integer is larger than 64 bits, encode from i.Bits().
+	// The minimal byte length is bitlen rounded up to the next
+	// multiple of 8, divided by 8.
+	length := ((bitlen + 7) & -8) >> 3
+	w.encodeStringHeader(length)
+	w.str = append(w.str, make([]byte, length)...)
+	index := length
+	buf := w.str[len(w.str)-length:]
+	for _, d := range i.Bits() {
+		for j := 0; j < wordBytes && index > 0; j++ {
+			index--
+			buf[index] = byte(d)
+			d >>= 8
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeUint256Ptr(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	ptr := val.Interface().(*uint256.Int)
+	if ptr == nil {
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return writeUint256(ptr, w)
+}
+
+func writeUint256NoPtr(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	i := val.Interface().(uint256.Int)
+	return writeUint256(&i, w)
+}
+
+func writeUint256(i *uint256.Int, w *encbuf) error {
+	if i.IsZero() {
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode)
+	} else if i.LtUint64(0x80) {
+		w.str = append(w.str, byte(i.Uint64()))
+	} else {
+		n := i.ByteLen()
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode+byte(n))
+		pos := len(w.str)
+		w.str = append(w.str, make([]byte, n)...)
+		i.WriteToSlice(w.str[pos:])
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeBytes(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	w.encodeString(val.Bytes())
+	return nil
+}
+
+var byteType = reflect.TypeOf(byte(0))
+
+func makeByteArrayWriter(typ reflect.Type) writer {
+	length := typ.Len()
+	if length == 0 {
+		return writeLengthZeroByteArray
+	} else if length == 1 {
+		return writeLengthOneByteArray
+	}
+	if typ.Elem() != byteType {
+		return writeNamedByteArray
+	}
+	return func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+		writeByteArrayCopy(length, val, w)
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func writeLengthZeroByteArray(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	w.str = append(w.str, 0x80)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeLengthOneByteArray(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	b := byte(val.Index(0).Uint())
+	if b <= 0x7f {
+		w.str = append(w.str, b)
+	} else {
+		w.str = append(w.str, 0x81, b)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeByteArrayCopy encodes byte arrays using reflect.Copy. This is
+// the fast path for [N]byte where N > 1.
+func writeByteArrayCopy(length int, val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) {
+	w.encodeStringHeader(length)
+	offset := len(w.str)
+	w.str = append(w.str, make([]byte, length)...)
+	w.bufvalue.SetBytes(w.str[offset:])
+	reflect.Copy(w.bufvalue, val)
+}
+
+// writeNamedByteArray encodes byte arrays with named element type.
+// This exists because reflect.Copy can't be used with such types.
+func writeNamedByteArray(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	if !val.CanAddr() {
+		// Slice requires the value to be addressable.
+		// Make it addressable by copying.
+		copy := reflect.New(val.Type()).Elem()
+		copy.Set(val)
+		val = copy
+	}
+	size := val.Len()
+	slice := val.Slice(0, size).Bytes()
+	w.encodeString(slice)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeString(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	s := val.String()
+	if len(s) == 1 && s[0] <= 0x7f {
+		// fits single byte, no string header
+		w.str = append(w.str, s[0])
+	} else {
+		w.encodeStringHeader(len(s))
+		w.str = append(w.str, s...)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeInterface(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+	if val.IsNil() {
+		// Write empty list. This is consistent with the previous RLP
+		// encoder that we had and should therefore avoid any
+		// problems.
+		w.str = append(w.str, EmptyListCode)
+		return nil
+	}
+	eval := val.Elem()
+	wtr, wErr := cachedWriter(eval.Type())
+	if wErr != nil {
+		return wErr
+	}
+	return wtr(eval, w)
+}
+
+func makeSliceWriter(typ reflect.Type, ts tags) (writer, error) {
+	etypeinfo := cachedTypeInfo1(typ.Elem(), tags{})
+	if etypeinfo.writerErr != nil {
+		return nil, etypeinfo.writerErr
+	}
+	writer := func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+		if !ts.tail {
+			defer w.listEnd(w.list())
+		}
+		vlen := val.Len()
+		for i := 0; i < vlen; i++ {
+			if err := etypeinfo.writer(val.Index(i), w); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return writer, nil
+}
+
+func makeStructWriter(typ reflect.Type) (writer, error) {
+	fields, err := structFields(typ)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if f.info.writerErr != nil {
+			return nil, structFieldError{typ, f.index, f.info.writerErr}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var writer writer
+	firstOptionalField := firstOptionalField(fields)
+	if firstOptionalField == len(fields) {
+		// This is the writer function for structs without any optional fields.
+		writer = func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+			lh := w.list()
+			for _, f := range fields {
+				if err := f.info.writer(val.Field(f.index), w); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			w.listEnd(lh)
+			return nil
+		}
+	} else {
+		// If there are any "optional" fields, the writer needs to perform additional
+		// checks to determine the output list length.
+		writer = func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+			lastField := len(fields) - 1
+			for ; lastField >= firstOptionalField; lastField-- {
+				if !val.Field(fields[lastField].index).IsZero() {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			lh := w.list()
+			for i := 0; i <= lastField; i++ {
+				if err := fields[i].info.writer(val.Field(fields[i].index), w); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			w.listEnd(lh)
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return writer, nil
+}
+
+func makePtrWriter(typ reflect.Type, ts tags) (writer, error) {
+	etypeinfo := cachedTypeInfo1(typ.Elem(), tags{})
+	if etypeinfo.writerErr != nil {
+		return nil, etypeinfo.writerErr
+	}
+	// Determine how to encode nil pointers.
+	var nilKind Kind
+	if ts.nilOK {
+		nilKind = ts.nilKind // use struct tag if provided
+	} else {
+		nilKind = defaultNilKind(typ.Elem())
+	}
+
+	writer := func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+		if val.IsNil() {
+			if nilKind == String {
+				w.str = append(w.str, EmptyStringCode)
+			} else {
+				w.listEnd(w.list())
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		return etypeinfo.writer(val.Elem(), w)
+	}
+	return writer, nil
+}
+
+func makeEncoderWriter(typ reflect.Type) writer {
+	if typ.Implements(encoderInterface) {
+		return func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+			return val.Interface().(Encoder).EncodeRLP(w)
+		}
+	}
+	w := func(val reflect.Value, w *encbuf) error {
+		if !val.CanAddr() {
+			// package json simply doesn't call MarshalJSON for this case, but encodes the
+			// value as if it didn't implement the interface. We don't want to handle it that
+			// way.
+			return fmt.Errorf("rlp: unadressable value of type %v, EncodeRLP is pointer method", val.Type())
+		}
+		return val.Addr().Interface().(Encoder).EncodeRLP(w)
+	}
+	return w
+}
+
+// putint writes i to the beginning of b in big endian byte
+// order, using the least number of bytes needed to represent i.
+func putint(b []byte, i uint64) (size int) {
+	switch {
+	case i < (1 << 8):
+		b[0] = byte(i)
+		return 1
+	case i < (1 << 16):
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[1] = byte(i)
+		return 2
+	case i < (1 << 24):
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 16)
+		b[1] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[2] = byte(i)
+		return 3
+	case i < (1 << 32):
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 24)
+		b[1] = byte(i >> 16)
+		b[2] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[3] = byte(i)
+		return 4
+	case i < (1 << 40):
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 32)
+		b[1] = byte(i >> 24)
+		b[2] = byte(i >> 16)
+		b[3] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[4] = byte(i)
+		return 5
+	case i < (1 << 48):
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 40)
+		b[1] = byte(i >> 32)
+		b[2] = byte(i >> 24)
+		b[3] = byte(i >> 16)
+		b[4] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[5] = byte(i)
+		return 6
+	case i < (1 << 56):
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 48)
+		b[1] = byte(i >> 40)
+		b[2] = byte(i >> 32)
+		b[3] = byte(i >> 24)
+		b[4] = byte(i >> 16)
+		b[5] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[6] = byte(i)
+		return 7
+	default:
+		b[0] = byte(i >> 56)
+		b[1] = byte(i >> 48)
+		b[2] = byte(i >> 40)
+		b[3] = byte(i >> 32)
+		b[4] = byte(i >> 24)
+		b[5] = byte(i >> 16)
+		b[6] = byte(i >> 8)
+		b[7] = byte(i)
+		return 8
+	}
+}
+
+// intsize computes the minimum number of bytes required to store i.
+func intsize(i uint64) (size int) {
+	return (bits.Len64(i) + 7) / 8
+}
+
+func IntLenExcludingHead(i uint64) int {
+	if i < 0x80 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return intsize(i)
+}
+
+func BigIntLenExcludingHead(i *big.Int) int {
+	bitLen := i.BitLen()
+	if bitLen < 8 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return (bitLen + 7) / 8
+}
+
+func Uint256LenExcludingHead(i *uint256.Int) int {
+	bitLen := i.BitLen()
+	if bitLen < 8 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return (bitLen + 7) / 8
+}
+
+// precondition: len(buffer) >= 9
+func EncodeInt(i uint64, w io.Writer, buffer []byte) error {
+	if 0 < i && i < 0x80 {
+		buffer[0] = byte(i)
+		_, err := w.Write(buffer[:1])
+		return err
+	}
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buffer[1:], i)
+	size := intsize(i)
+	buffer[8-size] = 0x80 + byte(size)
+	_, err := w.Write(buffer[8-size : 9])
+	return err
+}
+
+func EncodeBigInt(i *big.Int, w io.Writer, buffer []byte) error {
+	bitLen := 0 // treat nil as 0
+	if i != nil {
+		bitLen = i.BitLen()
+	}
+	if bitLen < 8 {
+		if bitLen > 0 {
+			buffer[0] = byte(i.Uint64())
+		} else {
+			buffer[0] = 0x80
+		}
+		_, err := w.Write(buffer[:1])
+		return err
+	}
+
+	size := (bitLen + 7) / 8
+	buffer[0] = 0x80 + byte(size)
+	i.FillBytes(buffer[1 : 1+size])
+	_, err := w.Write(buffer[:1+size])
+	return err
+}
+
+func EncodeString(s []byte, w io.Writer, buffer []byte) error {
+	switch len(s) {
+	case 0:
+		buffer[0] = 128
+		if _, err := w.Write(buffer[:1]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	case 1:
+		if s[0] >= 128 {
+			buffer[0] = 129
+			if _, err := w.Write(buffer[:1]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if _, err := w.Write(s); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	default:
+		if err := EncodeStringSizePrefix(len(s), w, buffer); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := w.Write(s); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func EncodeStringSizePrefix(size int, w io.Writer, buffer []byte) error {
+	if size >= 56 {
+		beSize := (bits.Len(uint(size)) + 7) / 8
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buffer[1:], uint64(size))
+		buffer[8-beSize] = byte(beSize) + 183
+		if _, err := w.Write(buffer[8-beSize : 9]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		buffer[0] = byte(size) + 128
+		if _, err := w.Write(buffer[:1]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/encode_test.go b/internal/avm/rlp/encode_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0d3c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/encode_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type testEncoder struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (e *testEncoder) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	if e == nil {
+		panic("EncodeRLP called on nil value")
+	}
+	if e.err != nil {
+		return e.err
+	}
+	if _, err := w.Write([]byte{0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type testEncoderValueMethod struct{}
+
+func (e testEncoderValueMethod) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	_, err := w.Write([]byte{0xFA, 0xFE, 0xF0})
+	return err
+}
+
+type byteEncoder byte
+
+func (e byteEncoder) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	_, err := w.Write(EmptyList)
+	return err
+}
+
+type undecodableEncoder func()
+
+func (f undecodableEncoder) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	_, err := w.Write([]byte{0xF5, 0xF5, 0xF5})
+	return err
+}
+
+type encodableReader struct {
+	A, B uint
+}
+
+func (e *encodableReader) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	panic("called")
+}
+
+type namedByteType byte
+
+var (
+	_ = Encoder(&testEncoder{})
+	_ = Encoder(byteEncoder(0))
+
+	reader io.Reader = &encodableReader{1, 2}
+)
+
+type encTest struct {
+	val           interface{}
+	output, error string
+}
+
+var encTests = []encTest{
+	// booleans
+	{val: true, output: "01"},
+	{val: false, output: "80"},
+
+	// integers
+	{val: uint32(0), output: "80"},
+	{val: uint32(127), output: "7F"},
+	{val: uint32(128), output: "8180"},
+	{val: uint32(256), output: "820100"},
+	{val: uint32(1024), output: "820400"},
+	{val: uint32(0xFFFFFF), output: "83FFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint32(0xFFFFFFFF), output: "84FFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint64(0xFFFFFFFF), output: "84FFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint64(0xFFFFFFFFFF), output: "85FFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint64(0xFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "86FFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint64(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "87FFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint64(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "88FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+
+	// big integers (should match uint for small values)
+	{val: big.NewInt(0), output: "80"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(1), output: "01"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(127), output: "7F"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(128), output: "8180"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(256), output: "820100"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(1024), output: "820400"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(0xFFFFFF), output: "83FFFFFF"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFF), output: "84FFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFF), output: "85FFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "86FFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: big.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "87FFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{
+		val:    big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(unhex("102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F2")),
+		output: "8F102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F2",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(unhex("0100020003000400050006000700080009000A000B000C000D000E01")),
+		output: "9C0100020003000400050006000700080009000A000B000C000D000E01",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(unhex("010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")),
+		output: "A1010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    veryBigInt,
+		output: "89FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    veryVeryBigInt,
+		output: "B848FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF800000000000000001BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC8000000000000000045FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC800000000000000001BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF8000000000000000001",
+	},
+
+	// non-pointer big.Int
+	{val: *big.NewInt(0), output: "80"},
+	{val: *big.NewInt(0xFFFFFF), output: "83FFFFFF"},
+
+	// negative ints are not supported
+	{val: big.NewInt(-1), error: "rlp: cannot encode negative *big.Int"},
+
+	// uint256 integers (should match uint for small values)
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(0), output: "80"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(1), output: "01"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(127), output: "7F"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(128), output: "8180"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(256), output: "820100"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(1024), output: "820400"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(0xFFFFFF), output: "83FFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFF), output: "84FFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFF), output: "85FFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "86FFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{val: uint256.NewInt(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), output: "87FFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+	{
+		val:    uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(unhex("102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F2")),
+		output: "8F102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F2",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(unhex("0100020003000400050006000700080009000A000B000C000D000E01")),
+		output: "9C0100020003000400050006000700080009000A000B000C000D000E01",
+	},
+
+	// named byte type arrays
+	{val: [0]namedByteType{}, output: "80"},
+	{val: [1]namedByteType{0}, output: "00"},
+	{val: [1]namedByteType{1}, output: "01"},
+	{val: [1]namedByteType{0x7F}, output: "7F"},
+	{val: [1]namedByteType{0x80}, output: "8180"},
+	{val: [1]namedByteType{0xFF}, output: "81FF"},
+	{val: [3]namedByteType{1, 2, 3}, output: "83010203"},
+	{val: [57]namedByteType{1, 2, 3}, output: "B839010203000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"},
+
+	// byte slices
+	{val: []byte{}, output: "80"},
+	{val: []byte{0}, output: "00"},
+	{val: []byte{0x7E}, output: "7E"},
+	{val: []byte{0x7F}, output: "7F"},
+	{val: []byte{0x80}, output: "8180"},
+	{val: []byte{1, 2, 3}, output: "83010203"},
+
+	// named byte type slices
+	{val: []namedByteType{}, output: "80"},
+	{val: []namedByteType{0}, output: "00"},
+	{val: []namedByteType{0x7E}, output: "7E"},
+	{val: []namedByteType{0x7F}, output: "7F"},
+	{val: []namedByteType{0x80}, output: "8180"},
+	{val: []namedByteType{1, 2, 3}, output: "83010203"},
+
+	// strings
+	{val: "", output: "80"},
+	{val: "\x7E", output: "7E"},
+	{val: "\x7F", output: "7F"},
+	{val: "\x80", output: "8180"},
+	{val: "dog", output: "83646F67"},
+	{
+		val:    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing eli",
+		output: "B74C6F72656D20697073756D20646F6C6F722073697420616D65742C20636F6E7365637465747572206164697069736963696E6720656C69",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit",
+		output: "B8384C6F72656D20697073756D20646F6C6F722073697420616D65742C20636F6E7365637465747572206164697069736963696E6720656C6974",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur mauris magna, suscipit sed vehicula non, iaculis faucibus tortor. Proin suscipit ultricies malesuada. Duis tortor elit, dictum quis tristique eu, ultrices at risus. Morbi a est imperdiet mi ullastorper aliquet suscipit nec lorem. Aenean quis leo mollis, vulputate elit varius, consequat enim. Nulla ultrices turpis justo, et posuere urna consectetur nec. Proin non convallis metus. Donec tempor ipsum in mauris congue sollicitudin. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Suspendisse convallis sem vel massa faucibus, eget lacinia lacus tempor. Nulla quis ultricies purus. Proin auctor rhoncus nibh condimentum mollis. Aliquam consequat enim at metus luctus, a eleifend purus egestas. Curabitur at nibh metus. Nam bibendum, neque at auctor tristique, lorem libero aliquet arcu, non interdum tellus lectus sit amet eros. Cras rhoncus, metus ac ornare cursus, dolor justo ultrices metus, at ullastorper volutpat",
+		output: "B904004C6F72656D20697073756D20646F6C6F722073697420616D65742C20636F6E73656374657475722061646970697363696E6720656C69742E20437572616269747572206D6175726973206D61676E612C20737573636970697420736564207665686963756C61206E6F6E2C20696163756C697320666175636962757320746F72746F722E2050726F696E20737573636970697420756C74726963696573206D616C6573756164612E204475697320746F72746F7220656C69742C2064696374756D2071756973207472697374697175652065752C20756C7472696365732061742072697375732E204D6F72626920612065737420696D70657264696574206D6920756C6C616D636F7270657220616C6971756574207375736369706974206E6563206C6F72656D2E2041656E65616E2071756973206C656F206D6F6C6C69732C2076756C70757461746520656C6974207661726975732C20636F6E73657175617420656E696D2E204E756C6C6120756C74726963657320747572706973206A7573746F2C20657420706F73756572652075726E6120636F6E7365637465747572206E65632E2050726F696E206E6F6E20636F6E76616C6C6973206D657475732E20446F6E65632074656D706F7220697073756D20696E206D617572697320636F6E67756520736F6C6C696369747564696E2E20566573746962756C756D20616E746520697073756D207072696D697320696E206661756369627573206F726369206C756374757320657420756C74726963657320706F737565726520637562696C69612043757261653B2053757370656E646973736520636F6E76616C6C69732073656D2076656C206D617373612066617563696275732C2065676574206C6163696E6961206C616375732074656D706F722E204E756C6C61207175697320756C747269636965732070757275732E2050726F696E20617563746F722072686F6E637573206E69626820636F6E64696D656E74756D206D6F6C6C69732E20416C697175616D20636F6E73657175617420656E696D206174206D65747573206C75637475732C206120656C656966656E6420707572757320656765737461732E20437572616269747572206174206E696268206D657475732E204E616D20626962656E64756D2C206E6571756520617420617563746F72207472697374697175652C206C6F72656D206C696265726F20616C697175657420617263752C206E6F6E20696E74657264756D2074656C6C7573206C65637475732073697420616D65742065726F732E20437261732072686F6E6375732C206D65747573206163206F726E617265206375727375732C20646F6C6F72206A7573746F20756C747269636573206D657475732C20617420756C6C616D636F7270657220766F6C7574706174",
+	},
+
+	// slices
+	{val: []uint{}, output: "C0"},
+	{val: []uint{1, 2, 3}, output: "C3010203"},
+	{
+		// [ [], [[]], [ [], [[]] ] ]
+		val:    []interface{}{[]interface{}{}, [][]interface{}{{}}, []interface{}{[]interface{}{}, [][]interface{}{{}}}},
+		output: "C7C0C1C0C3C0C1C0",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    []string{"aaa", "bbb", "ccc", "ddd", "eee", "fff", "ggg", "hhh", "iii", "jjj", "kkk", "lll", "mmm", "nnn", "ooo"},
+		output: "F83C836161618362626283636363836464648365656583666666836767678368686883696969836A6A6A836B6B6B836C6C6C836D6D6D836E6E6E836F6F6F",
+	},
+	{
+		val:    []interface{}{uint(1), uint(0xFFFFFF), []interface{}{[]uint{4, 5, 5}}, "abc"},
+		output: "CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263",
+	},
+	{
+		val: [][]string{
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+			{"asdf", "qwer", "zxcv"},
+		},
+		output: "F90200CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376CF84617364668471776572847A786376",
+	},
+
+	// RawValue
+	{val: RawValue(unhex("01")), output: "01"},
+	{val: RawValue(unhex("82FFFF")), output: "82FFFF"},
+	{val: []RawValue{unhex("01"), unhex("02")}, output: "C20102"},
+
+	// structs
+	{val: simplestruct{}, output: "C28080"},
+	{val: simplestruct{A: 3, B: "foo"}, output: "C50383666F6F"},
+	{val: &recstruct{5, nil}, output: "C205C0"},
+	{val: &recstruct{5, &recstruct{4, &recstruct{3, nil}}}, output: "C605C404C203C0"},
+	{val: &intField{X: 3}, error: "rlp: type int is not RLP-serializable (struct field rlp.intField.X)"},
+
+	// struct tag "-"
+	{val: &ignoredField{A: 1, B: 2, C: 3}, output: "C20103"},
+
+	// struct tag "tail"
+	{val: &tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: []RawValue{unhex("02"), unhex("03")}}, output: "C3010203"},
+	{val: &tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: []RawValue{unhex("02")}}, output: "C20102"},
+	{val: &tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: []RawValue{}}, output: "C101"},
+	{val: &tailRaw{A: 1, Tail: nil}, output: "C101"},
+
+	// struct tag "optional"
+	{val: &optionalFields{}, output: "C180"},
+	{val: &optionalFields{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
+	{val: &optionalFields{A: 1, B: 2}, output: "C20102"},
+	{val: &optionalFields{A: 1, B: 2, C: 3}, output: "C3010203"},
+	{val: &optionalFields{A: 1, B: 0, C: 3}, output: "C3018003"},
+	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
+	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1, B: 2}, output: "C20102"},
+	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1, Tail: []uint{5, 6}}, output: "C401800506"},
+	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1, Tail: []uint{5, 6}}, output: "C401800506"},
+	{val: &optionalBigIntField{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
+	{val: &optionalPtrField{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
+	{val: &optionalPtrFieldNil{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
+
+	// nil
+	{val: (*uint)(nil), output: "80"},
+	{val: (*string)(nil), output: "80"},
+	{val: (*[]byte)(nil), output: "80"},
+	{val: (*[10]byte)(nil), output: "80"},
+	{val: (*big.Int)(nil), output: "80"},
+	{val: (*uint256.Int)(nil), output: "80"},
+	{val: (*[]string)(nil), output: "C0"},
+	{val: (*[10]string)(nil), output: "C0"},
+	{val: (*[]interface{})(nil), output: "C0"},
+	{val: (*[]struct{ uint })(nil), output: "C0"},
+	{val: (*interface{})(nil), output: "C0"},
+
+	// nil struct fields
+	{
+		val: struct {
+			X *[]byte
+		}{},
+		output: "C180",
+	},
+	{
+		val: struct {
+			X *[2]byte
+		}{},
+		output: "C180",
+	},
+	{
+		val: struct {
+			X *uint64
+		}{},
+		output: "C180",
+	},
+	{
+		val: struct {
+			X *uint64 `rlp:"nilList"`
+		}{},
+		output: "C1C0",
+	},
+	{
+		val: struct {
+			X *[]uint64
+		}{},
+		output: "C1C0",
+	},
+	{
+		val: struct {
+			X *[]uint64 `rlp:"nilString"`
+		}{},
+		output: "C180",
+	},
+
+	// interfaces
+	{val: []io.Reader{reader}, output: "C3C20102"}, // the contained value is a struct
+
+	// Encoder
+	{val: (*testEncoder)(nil), output: "C0"},
+	{val: &testEncoder{}, output: "00010001000100010001"},
+	{val: &testEncoder{errors.New("test error")}, error: "test error"},
+	{val: struct{ E testEncoderValueMethod }{}, output: "C3FAFEF0"},
+	{val: struct{ E *testEncoderValueMethod }{}, output: "C1C0"},
+
+	// Verify that the Encoder interface works for unsupported types like func().
+	{val: undecodableEncoder(func() {}), output: "F5F5F5"},
+
+	// Verify that pointer method testEncoder.EncodeRLP is called for
+	// addressable non-pointer values.
+	{val: &struct{ TE testEncoder }{testEncoder{}}, output: "CA00010001000100010001"},
+	{val: &struct{ TE testEncoder }{testEncoder{errors.New("test error")}}, error: "test error"},
+
+	// Verify the error for non-addressable non-pointer Encoder.
+	{val: testEncoder{}, error: "rlp: unadressable value of type rlp.testEncoder, EncodeRLP is pointer method"},
+
+	// Verify Encoder takes precedence over []byte.
+	{val: []byteEncoder{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, output: "C5C0C0C0C0C0"},
+}
+
+func runEncTests(t *testing.T, f func(val interface{}) ([]byte, error)) {
+	for i, test := range encTests {
+		output, err := f(test.val)
+		if err != nil && test.error == "" {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: unexpected error: %v\nvalue %#v\ntype %T",
+				i, err, test.val, test.val)
+			continue
+		}
+		if test.error != "" && fmt.Sprint(err) != test.error {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: error mismatch\ngot   %v\nwant  %v\nvalue %#v\ntype  %T",
+				i, err, test.error, test.val, test.val)
+			continue
+		}
+		if err == nil && !bytes.Equal(output, unhex(test.output)) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: output mismatch:\ngot   %X\nwant  %s\nvalue %#v\ntype  %T",
+				i, output, test.output, test.val, test.val)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	runEncTests(t, func(val interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+		b := new(bytes.Buffer)
+		err := Encode(b, val)
+		return b.Bytes(), err
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEncodeToBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	runEncTests(t, EncodeToBytes)
+}
+
+func TestEncodeToReader(t *testing.T) {
+	runEncTests(t, func(val interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+		_, r, err := EncodeToReader(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return io.ReadAll(r)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEncodeToReaderPiecewise(t *testing.T) {
+	runEncTests(t, func(val interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+		size, r, err := EncodeToReader(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// read output piecewise
+		output := make([]byte, size)
+		for start, end := 0, 0; start < size; start = end {
+			if remaining := size - start; remaining < 3 {
+				end += remaining
+			} else {
+				end = start + 3
+			}
+			n, err := r.Read(output[start:end])
+			end = start + n
+			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				break
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		return output, nil
+	})
+}
+
+// This is a regression test verifying that encReader
+// returns its encbuf to the pool only once.
+func TestEncodeToReaderReturnToPool(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 50)
+	wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+				_, r, _ := EncodeToReader("foo")
+				io.ReadAll(r)
+				r.Read(buf)
+				r.Read(buf)
+				r.Read(buf)
+				r.Read(buf)
+			}
+			wg.Done()
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+var sink interface{}
+
+func BenchmarkIntsize(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		sink = intsize(0x12345678)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPutint(b *testing.B) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 8)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		putint(buf, 0x12345678)
+		sink = buf
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeBigInts(b *testing.B) {
+	ints := make([]*big.Int, 200)
+	for i := range ints {
+		ints[i] = math.BigPow(2, int64(i))
+	}
+	out := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 4096))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		out.Reset()
+		if err := Encode(out, ints); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/encoder_example_test.go b/internal/avm/rlp/encoder_example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1745d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/encoder_example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+type MyCoolType struct {
+	Name string
+	a, b uint
+}
+
+// EncodeRLP writes x as RLP list [a, b] that omits the Name field.
+func (x *MyCoolType) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) (err error) {
+	return Encode(w, []uint{x.a, x.b})
+}
+
+func ExampleEncoder() {
+	var t *MyCoolType // t is nil pointer to MyCoolType
+	bytes, _ := EncodeToBytes(t)
+	fmt.Printf("%v → %X\n", t, bytes)
+
+	t = &MyCoolType{Name: "foobar", a: 5, b: 6}
+	bytes, _ = EncodeToBytes(t)
+	fmt.Printf("%v → %X\n", t, bytes)
+
+	// Output:
+	// <nil> → C0
+	// &{foobar 5 6} → C20506
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/iterator.go b/internal/avm/rlp/iterator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7aee19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/iterator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+type listIterator struct {
+	data []byte
+	next []byte
+	err  error
+}
+
+// NewListIterator creates an iterator for the (list) represented by data
+func NewListIterator(data RawValue) (*listIterator, error) {
+	k, t, c, err := readKind(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if k != List {
+		return nil, ErrExpectedList
+	}
+	it := &listIterator{
+		data: data[t : t+c],
+	}
+	return it, nil
+
+}
+
+// Next forwards the iterator one step, returns true if it was not at end yet
+func (it *listIterator) Next() bool {
+	if len(it.data) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	_, t, c, err := readKind(it.data)
+	it.next = it.data[:t+c]
+	it.data = it.data[t+c:]
+	it.err = err
+	return true
+}
+
+// Value returns the current value
+func (it *listIterator) Value() []byte {
+	return it.next
+}
+
+func (it *listIterator) Err() error {
+	return it.err
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/iterator_test.go b/internal/avm/rlp/iterator_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0aeb7f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/iterator_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestIterator tests some basic things about the ListIterator. A more
+// comprehensive test can be found in core/rlp_test.go, where we can
+// use both types and rlp without dependency cycles
+func TestIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	bodyRlpHex := "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"
+	bodyRlp := hexutil.MustDecode(bodyRlpHex)
+
+	it, err := NewListIterator(bodyRlp)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Check that txs exist
+	if !it.Next() {
+		t.Fatal("expected two elems, got zero")
+	}
+	txs := it.Value()
+	// Check that uncles exist
+	if !it.Next() {
+		t.Fatal("expected two elems, got one")
+	}
+	txit, err := NewListIterator(txs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var i = 0
+	for txit.Next() {
+		if txit.err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(txit.err)
+		}
+		i++
+	}
+	if exp := 2; i != exp {
+		t.Errorf("count wrong, expected %d got %d", i, exp)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/raw.go b/internal/avm/rlp/raw.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9c9efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/raw.go
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// RawValue represents an encoded RLP value and can be used to delay
+// RLP decoding or to precompute an encoding. Note that the decoder does
+// not verify whether the content of RawValues is valid RLP.
+type RawValue []byte
+
+var rawValueType = reflect.TypeOf(RawValue{})
+
+// StringSize returns the encoded size of a string.
+func StringSize(s string) uint64 {
+	switch {
+	case len(s) == 0:
+		return 1
+	case len(s) == 1:
+		if s[0] <= 0x7f {
+			return 1
+		} else {
+			return 2
+		}
+	default:
+		return uint64(headsize(uint64(len(s))) + len(s))
+	}
+}
+
+// BytesSize returns the encoded size of a byte slice.
+func BytesSize(b []byte) uint64 {
+	switch {
+	case len(b) == 0:
+		return 1
+	case len(b) == 1:
+		if b[0] <= 0x7f {
+			return 1
+		} else {
+			return 2
+		}
+	default:
+		return uint64(headsize(uint64(len(b))) + len(b))
+	}
+}
+
+// ListSize returns the encoded size of an RLP list with the given
+// content size.
+func ListSize(contentSize uint64) uint64 {
+	return uint64(headsize(contentSize)) + contentSize
+}
+
+// IntSize returns the encoded size of the integer x.
+func IntSize(x uint64) int {
+	if x < 0x80 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return 1 + intsize(x)
+}
+
+// Split returns the content of first RLP value and any
+// bytes after the value as subslices of b.
+func Split(b []byte) (k Kind, content, rest []byte, err error) {
+	k, ts, cs, err := readKind(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, b, err
+	}
+	return k, b[ts : ts+cs], b[ts+cs:], nil
+}
+
+// SplitString splits b into the content of an RLP string
+// and any remaining bytes after the string.
+func SplitString(b []byte) (content, rest []byte, err error) {
+	k, content, rest, err := Split(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, b, err
+	}
+	if k == List {
+		return nil, b, ErrExpectedString
+	}
+	return content, rest, nil
+}
+
+// SplitUint64 decodes an integer at the beginning of b.
+// It also returns the remaining data after the integer in 'rest'.
+func SplitUint64(b []byte) (x uint64, rest []byte, err error) {
+	content, rest, err := SplitString(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, b, err
+	}
+	switch {
+	case len(content) == 0:
+		return 0, rest, nil
+	case len(content) == 1:
+		if content[0] == 0 {
+			return 0, b, ErrCanonInt
+		}
+		return uint64(content[0]), rest, nil
+	case len(content) > 8:
+		return 0, b, errUintOverflow
+	default:
+		x, err = readSize(content, byte(len(content)))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, b, ErrCanonInt
+		}
+		return x, rest, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// SplitList splits b into the content of a list and any remaining
+// bytes after the list.
+func SplitList(b []byte) (content, rest []byte, err error) {
+	k, content, rest, err := Split(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, b, err
+	}
+	if k != List {
+		return nil, b, ErrExpectedList
+	}
+	return content, rest, nil
+}
+
+// CountValues counts the number of encoded values in b.
+func CountValues(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := 0
+	for ; len(b) > 0; i++ {
+		_, tagsize, size, err := readKind(b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		b = b[tagsize+size:]
+	}
+	return i, nil
+}
+
+func readKind(buf []byte) (k Kind, tagsize, contentsize uint64, err error) {
+	if len(buf) == 0 {
+		return 0, 0, 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	b := buf[0]
+	switch {
+	case b < 0x80:
+		k = Byte
+		tagsize = 0
+		contentsize = 1
+	case b < 0xB8:
+		k = String
+		tagsize = 1
+		contentsize = uint64(b - 0x80)
+		// Reject strings that should've been single bytes.
+		if contentsize == 1 && len(buf) > 1 && buf[1] < 128 {
+			return 0, 0, 0, ErrCanonSize
+		}
+	case b < 0xC0:
+		k = String
+		tagsize = uint64(b-0xB7) + 1
+		contentsize, err = readSize(buf[1:], b-0xB7)
+	case b < 0xF8:
+		k = List
+		tagsize = 1
+		contentsize = uint64(b - 0xC0)
+	default:
+		k = List
+		tagsize = uint64(b-0xF7) + 1
+		contentsize, err = readSize(buf[1:], b-0xF7)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	// Reject values larger than the input slice.
+	if contentsize > uint64(len(buf))-tagsize {
+		return 0, 0, 0, ErrValueTooLarge
+	}
+	return k, tagsize, contentsize, err
+}
+
+func readSize(b []byte, slen byte) (uint64, error) {
+	if int(slen) > len(b) {
+		return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	var s uint64
+	switch slen {
+	case 1:
+		s = uint64(b[0])
+	case 2:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<8 | uint64(b[1])
+	case 3:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<16 | uint64(b[1])<<8 | uint64(b[2])
+	case 4:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<24 | uint64(b[1])<<16 | uint64(b[2])<<8 | uint64(b[3])
+	case 5:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<32 | uint64(b[1])<<24 | uint64(b[2])<<16 | uint64(b[3])<<8 | uint64(b[4])
+	case 6:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<40 | uint64(b[1])<<32 | uint64(b[2])<<24 | uint64(b[3])<<16 | uint64(b[4])<<8 | uint64(b[5])
+	case 7:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<48 | uint64(b[1])<<40 | uint64(b[2])<<32 | uint64(b[3])<<24 | uint64(b[4])<<16 | uint64(b[5])<<8 | uint64(b[6])
+	case 8:
+		s = uint64(b[0])<<56 | uint64(b[1])<<48 | uint64(b[2])<<40 | uint64(b[3])<<32 | uint64(b[4])<<24 | uint64(b[5])<<16 | uint64(b[6])<<8 | uint64(b[7])
+	}
+	// Reject sizes < 56 (shouldn't have separate size) and sizes with
+	// leading zero bytes.
+	if s < 56 || b[0] == 0 {
+		return 0, ErrCanonSize
+	}
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+// AppendUint64 appends the RLP encoding of i to b, and returns the resulting slice.
+func AppendUint64(b []byte, i uint64) []byte {
+	if i == 0 {
+		return append(b, 0x80)
+	} else if i < 128 {
+		return append(b, byte(i))
+	}
+	switch {
+	case i < (1 << 8):
+		return append(b, 0x81, byte(i))
+	case i < (1 << 16):
+		return append(b, 0x82,
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+	case i < (1 << 24):
+		return append(b, 0x83,
+			byte(i>>16),
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+	case i < (1 << 32):
+		return append(b, 0x84,
+			byte(i>>24),
+			byte(i>>16),
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+	case i < (1 << 40):
+		return append(b, 0x85,
+			byte(i>>32),
+			byte(i>>24),
+			byte(i>>16),
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+
+	case i < (1 << 48):
+		return append(b, 0x86,
+			byte(i>>40),
+			byte(i>>32),
+			byte(i>>24),
+			byte(i>>16),
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+	case i < (1 << 56):
+		return append(b, 0x87,
+			byte(i>>48),
+			byte(i>>40),
+			byte(i>>32),
+			byte(i>>24),
+			byte(i>>16),
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+
+	default:
+		return append(b, 0x88,
+			byte(i>>56),
+			byte(i>>48),
+			byte(i>>40),
+			byte(i>>32),
+			byte(i>>24),
+			byte(i>>16),
+			byte(i>>8),
+			byte(i),
+		)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/raw_test.go b/internal/avm/rlp/raw_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d53540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/raw_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/quick"
+)
+
+func TestCountValues(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string // note: spaces in input are stripped by unhex
+		count int
+		err   error
+	}{
+		// simple cases
+		{"", 0, nil},
+		{"00", 1, nil},
+		{"80", 1, nil},
+		{"C0", 1, nil},
+		{"01 02 03", 3, nil},
+		{"01 C406070809 02", 3, nil},
+		{"820101 820202 8403030303 04", 4, nil},
+
+		// size errors
+		{"8142", 0, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"01 01 8142", 0, ErrCanonSize},
+		{"02 84020202", 0, ErrValueTooLarge},
+
+		{
+			input: "A12000BF49F440A1CD0527E4D06E2765654C0F56452257516D793A9B8D604DCFDF2AB853F851808D10000000000000000000000000A056E81F171BCC55A6FF8345E692C0F86E5B48E01B996CADC001622FB5E363B421A0C5D2460186F7233C927E7DB2DCC703C0E500B653CA82273B7BFAD8045D85A470",
+			count: 2,
+		},
+	}
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		count, err := CountValues(unhex(test.input))
+		if count != test.count {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: count mismatch, got %d want %d\ninput: %s", i, count, test.count, test.input)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(err, test.err) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: err mismatch, got %q want %q\ninput: %s", i, err, test.err, test.input)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, _, err := SplitString(unhex("C100")); err != ErrExpectedString {
+		t.Errorf("SplitString returned %q, want %q", err, ErrExpectedString)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := SplitList(unhex("01")); err != ErrExpectedList {
+		t.Errorf("SplitString returned %q, want %q", err, ErrExpectedList)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := SplitList(unhex("81FF")); err != ErrExpectedList {
+		t.Errorf("SplitString returned %q, want %q", err, ErrExpectedList)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		val   uint64
+		rest  string
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{"01", 1, "", nil},
+		{"7FFF", 0x7F, "FF", nil},
+		{"80FF", 0, "FF", nil},
+		{"81FAFF", 0xFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"82FAFAFF", 0xFAFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"83FAFAFAFF", 0xFAFAFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"84FAFAFAFAFF", 0xFAFAFAFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"85FAFAFAFAFAFF", 0xFAFAFAFAFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"86FAFAFAFAFAFAFF", 0xFAFAFAFAFAFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"87FAFAFAFAFAFAFAFF", 0xFAFAFAFAFAFAFA, "FF", nil},
+		{"88FAFAFAFAFAFAFAFAFF", 0xFAFAFAFAFAFAFAFA, "FF", nil},
+
+		// errors
+		{"", 0, "", io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		{"00", 0, "00", ErrCanonInt},
+		{"81", 0, "81", ErrValueTooLarge},
+		{"8100", 0, "8100", ErrCanonSize},
+		{"8200FF", 0, "8200FF", ErrCanonInt},
+		{"8103FF", 0, "8103FF", ErrCanonSize},
+		{"89FAFAFAFAFAFAFAFAFAFF", 0, "89FAFAFAFAFAFAFAFAFAFF", errUintOverflow},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		val, rest, err := SplitUint64(unhex(test.input))
+		if val != test.val {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: val mismatch: got %x, want %x (input %q)", i, val, test.val, test.input)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(rest, unhex(test.rest)) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: rest mismatch: got %x, want %s (input %q)", i, rest, test.rest, test.input)
+		}
+		if !errors.Is(err, test.err) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: error mismatch: got %q, want %q", i, err, test.err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplit(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input     string
+		kind      Kind
+		val, rest string
+		err       error
+	}{
+		{input: "00FFFF", kind: Byte, val: "00", rest: "FFFF"},
+		{input: "01FFFF", kind: Byte, val: "01", rest: "FFFF"},
+		{input: "7FFFFF", kind: Byte, val: "7F", rest: "FFFF"},
+		{input: "80FFFF", kind: String, val: "", rest: "FFFF"},
+		{input: "C3010203", kind: List, val: "010203"},
+
+		// errors
+		{input: "", err: io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+
+		{input: "8141", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "8141"},
+		{input: "B800", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "B800"},
+		{input: "B802FFFF", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "B802FFFF"},
+		{input: "B90000", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "B90000"},
+		{input: "B90055", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "B90055"},
+		{input: "BA0002FFFF", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "BA0002FFFF"},
+		{input: "F800", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "F800"},
+		{input: "F90000", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "F90000"},
+		{input: "F90055", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "F90055"},
+		{input: "FA0002FFFF", err: ErrCanonSize, rest: "FA0002FFFF"},
+
+		{input: "81", err: ErrValueTooLarge, rest: "81"},
+		{input: "8501010101", err: ErrValueTooLarge, rest: "8501010101"},
+		{input: "C60607080902", err: ErrValueTooLarge, rest: "C60607080902"},
+
+		// size check overflow
+		{input: "BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", err: ErrValueTooLarge, rest: "BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+		{input: "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", err: ErrValueTooLarge, rest: "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+
+		{
+			input: "B838FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+			err:   ErrValueTooLarge,
+			rest:  "B838FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+		},
+		{
+			input: "F838FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+			err:   ErrValueTooLarge,
+			rest:  "F838FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+		},
+
+		// a few bigger values, just for kicks
+		{
+			input: "F839FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+			kind:  List,
+			val:   "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
+			rest:  "",
+		},
+		{
+			input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
+			kind:  List,
+			val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
+			rest:  "",
+		},
+		{
+			input: "F877A12000BF49F440A1CD0527E4D06E2765654C0F56452257516D793A9B8D604DCFDF2AB853F851808D10000000000000000000000000A056E81F171BCC55A6FF8345E692C0F86E5B48E01B996CADC001622FB5E363B421A0C5D2460186F7233C927E7DB2DCC703C0E500B653CA82273B7BFAD8045D85A470",
+			kind:  List,
+			val:   "A12000BF49F440A1CD0527E4D06E2765654C0F56452257516D793A9B8D604DCFDF2AB853F851808D10000000000000000000000000A056E81F171BCC55A6FF8345E692C0F86E5B48E01B996CADC001622FB5E363B421A0C5D2460186F7233C927E7DB2DCC703C0E500B653CA82273B7BFAD8045D85A470",
+			rest:  "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		kind, val, rest, err := Split(unhex(test.input))
+		if kind != test.kind {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: kind mismatch: got %v, want %v", i, kind, test.kind)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(val, unhex(test.val)) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: val mismatch: got %x, want %s", i, val, test.val)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(rest, unhex(test.rest)) {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: rest mismatch: got %x, want %s", i, rest, test.rest)
+		}
+		if err != test.err {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: error mismatch: got %q, want %q", i, err, test.err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadSize(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		slen  byte
+		size  uint64
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{input: "", slen: 1, err: io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		{input: "FF", slen: 2, err: io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		{input: "00", slen: 1, err: ErrCanonSize},
+		{input: "36", slen: 1, err: ErrCanonSize},
+		{input: "37", slen: 1, err: ErrCanonSize},
+		{input: "38", slen: 1, size: 0x38},
+		{input: "FF", slen: 1, size: 0xFF},
+		{input: "FFFF", slen: 2, size: 0xFFFF},
+		{input: "FFFFFF", slen: 3, size: 0xFFFFFF},
+		{input: "FFFFFFFF", slen: 4, size: 0xFFFFFFFF},
+		{input: "FFFFFFFFFF", slen: 5, size: 0xFFFFFFFFFF},
+		{input: "FFFFFFFFFFFF", slen: 6, size: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF},
+		{input: "FFFFFFFFFFFFFF", slen: 7, size: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF},
+		{input: "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", slen: 8, size: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF},
+		{input: "0102", slen: 2, size: 0x0102},
+		{input: "010203", slen: 3, size: 0x010203},
+		{input: "01020304", slen: 4, size: 0x01020304},
+		{input: "0102030405", slen: 5, size: 0x0102030405},
+		{input: "010203040506", slen: 6, size: 0x010203040506},
+		{input: "01020304050607", slen: 7, size: 0x01020304050607},
+		{input: "0102030405060708", slen: 8, size: 0x0102030405060708},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		size, err := readSize(unhex(test.input), test.slen)
+		if err != test.err {
+			t.Errorf("readSize(%s, %d): error mismatch: got %q, want %q", test.input, test.slen, err, test.err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if size != test.size {
+			t.Errorf("readSize(%s, %d): size mismatch: got %#x, want %#x", test.input, test.slen, size, test.size)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input  uint64
+		slice  []byte
+		output string
+	}{
+		{0, nil, "80"},
+		{1, nil, "01"},
+		{2, nil, "02"},
+		{127, nil, "7F"},
+		{128, nil, "8180"},
+		{129, nil, "8181"},
+		{0xFFFFFF, nil, "83FFFFFF"},
+		{127, []byte{1, 2, 3}, "0102037F"},
+		{0xFFFFFF, []byte{1, 2, 3}, "01020383FFFFFF"},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		x := AppendUint64(test.slice, test.input)
+		if !bytes.Equal(x, unhex(test.output)) {
+			t.Errorf("AppendUint64(%v, %d): got %x, want %s", test.slice, test.input, x, test.output)
+		}
+
+		// Check that IntSize returns the appended size.
+		length := len(x) - len(test.slice)
+		if s := IntSize(test.input); s != length {
+			t.Errorf("IntSize(%d): got %d, want %d", test.input, s, length)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendUint64Random(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := func(i uint64) bool {
+		enc, _ := EncodeToBytes(i)
+		encAppend := AppendUint64(nil, i)
+		return bytes.Equal(enc, encAppend)
+	}
+	config := quick.Config{MaxCountScale: 50}
+	if err := quick.Check(fn, &config); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/rlp/typecache.go b/internal/avm/rlp/typecache.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..026166d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/rlp/typecache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rlp
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var (
+	typeCacheMutex sync.RWMutex
+	typeCache      = make(map[typekey]*typeinfo)
+)
+
+type typeinfo struct {
+	decoder    decoder
+	decoderErr error // error from makeDecoder
+	writer     writer
+	writerErr  error // error from makeWriter
+}
+
+// tags represents struct tags.
+type tags struct {
+	// rlp:"nil" controls whether empty input results in a nil pointer.
+	// nilKind is the kind of empty value allowed for the field.
+	nilKind Kind
+	nilOK   bool
+
+	// rlp:"optional" allows for a field to be missing in the input list.
+	// If this is set, all subsequent fields must also be optional.
+	optional bool
+
+	// rlp:"tail" controls whether this field swallows additional list elements. It can
+	// only be set for the last field, which must be of slice type.
+	tail bool
+
+	// rlp:"-" ignores fields.
+	ignored bool
+}
+
+// typekey is the key of a type in typeCache. It includes the struct tags because
+// they might generate a different decoder.
+type typekey struct {
+	reflect.Type
+	tags
+}
+
+type decoder func(*Stream, reflect.Value) error
+
+type writer func(reflect.Value, *encbuf) error
+
+func cachedDecoder(typ reflect.Type) (decoder, error) {
+	info := cachedTypeInfo(typ, tags{})
+	return info.decoder, info.decoderErr
+}
+
+func cachedWriter(typ reflect.Type) (writer, error) {
+	info := cachedTypeInfo(typ, tags{})
+	return info.writer, info.writerErr
+}
+
+func cachedTypeInfo(typ reflect.Type, tags tags) *typeinfo {
+	typeCacheMutex.RLock()
+	info := typeCache[typekey{typ, tags}]
+	typeCacheMutex.RUnlock()
+	if info != nil {
+		return info
+	}
+	// not in the cache, need to generate info for this type.
+	typeCacheMutex.Lock()
+	defer typeCacheMutex.Unlock()
+	return cachedTypeInfo1(typ, tags)
+}
+
+func cachedTypeInfo1(typ reflect.Type, tags tags) *typeinfo {
+	key := typekey{typ, tags}
+	info := typeCache[key]
+	if info != nil {
+		// another goroutine got the write lock first
+		return info
+	}
+	// put a dummy value into the cache before generating.
+	// if the generator tries to lookup itself, it will get
+	// the dummy value and won't call itself recursively.
+	info = new(typeinfo)
+	typeCache[key] = info
+	info.generate(typ, tags)
+	return info
+}
+
+type field struct {
+	index    int
+	info     *typeinfo
+	optional bool
+}
+
+// structFields resolves the typeinfo of all public fields in a struct type.
+func structFields(typ reflect.Type) (fields []field, err error) {
+	var (
+		lastPublic  = lastPublicField(typ)
+		anyOptional = false
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < typ.NumField(); i++ {
+		if f := typ.Field(i); f.PkgPath == "" { // exported
+			tags, err := parseStructTag(typ, i, lastPublic)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			// Skip rlp:"-" fields.
+			if tags.ignored {
+				continue
+			}
+			// If any field has the "optional" tag, subsequent fields must also have it.
+			if tags.optional || tags.tail {
+				anyOptional = true
+			} else if anyOptional {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf(`rlp: struct field %v.%s needs "optional" tag`, typ, f.Name)
+			}
+			info := cachedTypeInfo1(f.Type, tags)
+			fields = append(fields, field{i, info, tags.optional})
+		}
+	}
+	return fields, nil
+}
+
+// anyOptionalFields returns the index of the first field with "optional" tag.
+func firstOptionalField(fields []field) int {
+	for i, f := range fields {
+		if f.optional {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return len(fields)
+}
+
+type structFieldError struct {
+	typ   reflect.Type
+	field int
+	err   error
+}
+
+func (e structFieldError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v (struct field %v.%s)", e.err, e.typ, e.typ.Field(e.field).Name)
+}
+
+type structTagError struct {
+	typ             reflect.Type
+	field, tag, err string
+}
+
+func (e structTagError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("rlp: invalid struct tag %q for %v.%s (%s)", e.tag, e.typ, e.field, e.err)
+}
+
+func parseStructTag(typ reflect.Type, fi, lastPublic int) (tags, error) {
+	f := typ.Field(fi)
+	var ts tags
+	for _, t := range strings.Split(f.Tag.Get("rlp"), ",") {
+		switch t = strings.TrimSpace(t); t {
+		case "":
+		case "-":
+			ts.ignored = true
+		case "nil", "nilString", "nilList":
+			ts.nilOK = true
+			if f.Type.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+				return ts, structTagError{typ, f.Name, t, "field is not a pointer"}
+			}
+			switch t {
+			case "nil":
+				ts.nilKind = defaultNilKind(f.Type.Elem())
+			case "nilString":
+				ts.nilKind = String
+			case "nilList":
+				ts.nilKind = List
+			}
+		case "optional":
+			ts.optional = true
+			if ts.tail {
+				return ts, structTagError{typ, f.Name, t, `also has "tail" tag`}
+			}
+		case "tail":
+			ts.tail = true
+			if fi != lastPublic {
+				return ts, structTagError{typ, f.Name, t, "must be on last field"}
+			}
+			if ts.optional {
+				return ts, structTagError{typ, f.Name, t, `also has "optional" tag`}
+			}
+			if f.Type.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
+				return ts, structTagError{typ, f.Name, t, "field type is not slice"}
+			}
+		default:
+			return ts, fmt.Errorf("rlp: unknown struct tag %q on %v.%s", t, typ, f.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	return ts, nil
+}
+
+func lastPublicField(typ reflect.Type) int {
+	last := 0
+	for i := 0; i < typ.NumField(); i++ {
+		if typ.Field(i).PkgPath == "" {
+			last = i
+		}
+	}
+	return last
+}
+
+func (i *typeinfo) generate(typ reflect.Type, tags tags) {
+	i.decoder, i.decoderErr = makeDecoder(typ, tags)
+	i.writer, i.writerErr = makeWriter(typ, tags)
+}
+
+// defaultNilKind determines whether a nil pointer to typ encodes/decodes
+// as an empty string or empty list.
+func defaultNilKind(typ reflect.Type) Kind {
+	k := typ.Kind()
+	if isUint(k) || k == reflect.String || k == reflect.Bool || isByteArray(typ) {
+		return String
+	}
+	return List
+}
+
+func isUint(k reflect.Kind) bool {
+	return k >= reflect.Uint && k <= reflect.Uintptr
+}
+
+func isByte(typ reflect.Type) bool {
+	return typ.Kind() == reflect.Uint8 && !typ.Implements(encoderInterface)
+}
+
+func isByteArray(typ reflect.Type) bool {
+	return (typ.Kind() == reflect.Slice || typ.Kind() == reflect.Array) && isByte(typ.Elem())
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/access_list_tx.go b/internal/avm/types/access_list_tx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..828f617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/access_list_tx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+const (
+	LegacyTxType = iota
+	AccessListTxType
+	DynamicFeeTxType
+)
+
+type TxData interface {
+	txType() byte // returns the type ID
+	copy() TxData // creates a deep copy and initializes all fields
+
+	chainID() *big.Int
+	accessList() AccessList
+	data() []byte
+	gas() uint64
+	gasPrice() *big.Int
+	gasTipCap() *big.Int
+	gasFeeCap() *big.Int
+	value() *big.Int
+	nonce() uint64
+	to() *common.Address
+
+	rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *big.Int)
+	setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *big.Int)
+}
+
+type AccessList []AccessTuple
+
+// AccessTuple is the element type of an access list.
+type AccessTuple struct {
+	Address     common.Address `json:"address"        gencodec:"required"`
+	StorageKeys []common.Hash  `json:"storageKeys"    gencodec:"required"`
+}
+
+// StorageKeys returns the total number of storage keys in the access list.
+func (al AccessList) StorageKeys() int {
+	sum := 0
+	for _, tuple := range al {
+		sum += len(tuple.StorageKeys)
+	}
+	return sum
+}
+
+// AccessListTx is the data of EIP-2930 access list transactions.
+type AccessListTx struct {
+	ChainID    *big.Int        // destination chain ID
+	Nonce      uint64          // nonce of sender account
+	GasPrice   *big.Int        // wei per gas
+	Gas        uint64          // gas limit
+	To         *common.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	Value      *big.Int        // wei amount
+	Data       []byte          // contract invocation input data
+	AccessList AccessList      // EIP-2930 access list
+	V, R, S    *big.Int        // signature values
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the transaction data and initializes all fields.
+func (tx *AccessListTx) copy() TxData {
+	cpy := &AccessListTx{
+		Nonce: tx.Nonce,
+		To:    copyAddressPtr(tx.To),
+		Data:  common.CopyBytes(tx.Data),
+		Gas:   tx.Gas,
+		// These are copied below.
+		AccessList: make(AccessList, len(tx.AccessList)),
+		Value:      new(big.Int),
+		ChainID:    new(big.Int),
+		GasPrice:   new(big.Int),
+		V:          new(big.Int),
+		R:          new(big.Int),
+		S:          new(big.Int),
+	}
+	copy(cpy.AccessList, tx.AccessList)
+	if tx.Value != nil {
+		cpy.Value.Set(tx.Value)
+	}
+	if tx.ChainID != nil {
+		cpy.ChainID.Set(tx.ChainID)
+	}
+	if tx.GasPrice != nil {
+		cpy.GasPrice.Set(tx.GasPrice)
+	}
+	if tx.V != nil {
+		cpy.V.Set(tx.V)
+	}
+	if tx.R != nil {
+		cpy.R.Set(tx.R)
+	}
+	if tx.S != nil {
+		cpy.S.Set(tx.S)
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// accessors for innerTx.
+func (tx *AccessListTx) txType() byte           { return AccessListTxType }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) chainID() *big.Int      { return tx.ChainID }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) accessList() AccessList { return tx.AccessList }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) data() []byte           { return tx.Data }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gas() uint64            { return tx.Gas }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gasPrice() *big.Int     { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gasTipCap() *big.Int    { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) gasFeeCap() *big.Int    { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
+func (tx *AccessListTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
+
+func (tx *AccessListTx) rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	return tx.V, tx.R, tx.S
+}
+
+func (tx *AccessListTx) setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	tx.ChainID, tx.V, tx.R, tx.S = chainID, v, r, s
+}
+
+func copyAddressPtr(a *common.Address) *common.Address {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	cpy := *a
+	return &cpy
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/block.go b/internal/avm/types/block.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4b077f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// var EmptyUncleHash = rlpHash([]*Header(nil))
+var EmptyUncleHash = types.HexToHash("0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347")
+
+type BlockNonce [8]byte
+
+// EncodeNonce converts the given integer to a block nonce.
+func EncodeNonce(i uint64) BlockNonce {
+	var n BlockNonce
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(n[:], i)
+	return n
+}
+
+// Uint64 returns the integer value of a block nonce.
+func (n BlockNonce) Uint64() uint64 {
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(n[:])
+}
+
+// MarshalText encodes n as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func (n BlockNonce) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(n[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (n *BlockNonce) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("BlockNonce", input, n[:])
+}
+
+type Header struct {
+	ParentHash  common.Hash    `json:"parentHash"       gencodec:"required"`
+	UncleHash   common.Hash    `json:"sha3Uncles"       gencodec:"required"`
+	Coinbase    common.Address `json:"miner"`
+	Root        common.Hash    `json:"stateRoot"        gencodec:"required"`
+	TxHash      common.Hash    `json:"transactionsRoot" gencodec:"required"`
+	ReceiptHash common.Hash    `json:"receiptsRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+	Bloom       Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
+	Difficulty  *big.Int       `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
+	Number      *big.Int       `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
+	GasLimit    uint64         `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+	GasUsed     uint64         `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+	Time        uint64         `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
+	Extra       []byte         `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
+	MixDigest   common.Hash    `json:"mixHash"`
+	Nonce       BlockNonce     `json:"nonce"`
+
+	// BaseFee was added by EIP-1559 and is ignored in legacy headers.
+	BaseFee *big.Int `json:"baseFeePerGas" rlp:"optional"`
+
+	/*
+		TODO (MariusVanDerWijden) Add this field once needed
+		// Random was added during the merge and contains the BeaconState randomness
+		Random common.Hash `json:"random" rlp:"optional"`
+	*/
+}
+
+// Hash returns the block hash of the header, which is simply the keccak256 hash of its
+// RLP encoding.
+func (h *Header) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return rlpHash(h)
+}
+
+var headerSize = common.StorageSize(reflect.TypeOf(Header{}).Size())
+
+// Size returns the approximate memory used by all internal contents. It is used
+// to approximate and limit the memory consumption of various caches.
+func (h *Header) Size() common.StorageSize {
+	var baseFeeBits int
+	if h.BaseFee != nil {
+		baseFeeBits = h.BaseFee.BitLen()
+	}
+	return headerSize + common.StorageSize(len(h.Extra)+(h.Difficulty.BitLen()+h.Number.BitLen()+baseFeeBits)/8)
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (h Header) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type Header struct {
+		ParentHash  common.Hash    `json:"parentHash"       gencodec:"required"`
+		UncleHash   common.Hash    `json:"sha3Uncles"       gencodec:"required"`
+		Coinbase    common.Address `json:"miner"`
+		Root        common.Hash    `json:"stateRoot"        gencodec:"required"`
+		TxHash      common.Hash    `json:"transactionsRoot" gencodec:"required"`
+		ReceiptHash common.Hash    `json:"receiptsRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Bloom       Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
+		Difficulty  *hexutil.Big   `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
+		Number      *hexutil.Big   `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit    hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed     hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+		Time        hexutil.Uint64 `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
+		Extra       hexutil.Bytes  `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
+		MixDigest   common.Hash    `json:"mixHash"`
+		Nonce       BlockNonce     `json:"nonce"`
+		BaseFee     *hexutil.Big   `json:"baseFeePerGas" rlp:"optional"`
+		Hash        common.Hash    `json:"hash"`
+	}
+	var enc Header
+	enc.ParentHash = h.ParentHash
+	enc.UncleHash = h.UncleHash
+	enc.Coinbase = h.Coinbase
+	enc.Root = h.Root
+	enc.TxHash = h.TxHash
+	enc.ReceiptHash = h.ReceiptHash
+	enc.Bloom = h.Bloom
+	enc.Difficulty = (*hexutil.Big)(h.Difficulty)
+	enc.Number = (*hexutil.Big)(h.Number)
+	enc.GasLimit = hexutil.Uint64(h.GasLimit)
+	enc.GasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(h.GasUsed)
+	enc.Time = hexutil.Uint64(h.Time)
+	enc.Extra = h.Extra
+	enc.MixDigest = h.MixDigest
+	enc.Nonce = h.Nonce
+	enc.BaseFee = (*hexutil.Big)(h.BaseFee)
+	enc.Hash = h.Hash()
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (h *Header) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type Header struct {
+		ParentHash  *common.Hash    `json:"parentHash"       gencodec:"required"`
+		UncleHash   *common.Hash    `json:"sha3Uncles"       gencodec:"required"`
+		Coinbase    *common.Address `json:"miner"`
+		Root        *common.Hash    `json:"stateRoot"        gencodec:"required"`
+		TxHash      *common.Hash    `json:"transactionsRoot" gencodec:"required"`
+		ReceiptHash *common.Hash    `json:"receiptsRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Bloom       *Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
+		Difficulty  *hexutil.Big    `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
+		Number      *hexutil.Big    `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit    *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed     *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+		Time        *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
+		Extra       *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
+		MixDigest   *common.Hash    `json:"mixHash"`
+		Nonce       *BlockNonce     `json:"nonce"`
+		BaseFee     *hexutil.Big    `json:"baseFeePerGas" rlp:"optional"`
+	}
+	var dec Header
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.ParentHash == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'parentHash' for Header")
+	}
+	h.ParentHash = *dec.ParentHash
+	if dec.UncleHash == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'sha3Uncles' for Header")
+	}
+	h.UncleHash = *dec.UncleHash
+	if dec.Coinbase != nil {
+		h.Coinbase = *dec.Coinbase
+	}
+	if dec.Root == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'stateRoot' for Header")
+	}
+	h.Root = *dec.Root
+	if dec.TxHash == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'transactionsRoot' for Header")
+	}
+	h.TxHash = *dec.TxHash
+	if dec.ReceiptHash == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'receiptsRoot' for Header")
+	}
+	h.ReceiptHash = *dec.ReceiptHash
+	if dec.Bloom == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'logsBloom' for Header")
+	}
+	h.Bloom = *dec.Bloom
+	if dec.Difficulty == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'difficulty' for Header")
+	}
+	h.Difficulty = (*big.Int)(dec.Difficulty)
+	if dec.Number == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'number' for Header")
+	}
+	h.Number = (*big.Int)(dec.Number)
+	if dec.GasLimit == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'gasLimit' for Header")
+	}
+	h.GasLimit = uint64(*dec.GasLimit)
+	if dec.GasUsed == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'gasUsed' for Header")
+	}
+	h.GasUsed = uint64(*dec.GasUsed)
+	if dec.Time == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'timestamp' for Header")
+	}
+	h.Time = uint64(*dec.Time)
+	if dec.Extra == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'extraData' for Header")
+	}
+	h.Extra = *dec.Extra
+	if dec.MixDigest != nil {
+		h.MixDigest = *dec.MixDigest
+	}
+	if dec.Nonce != nil {
+		h.Nonce = *dec.Nonce
+	}
+	if dec.BaseFee != nil {
+		h.BaseFee = (*big.Int)(dec.BaseFee)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/bloom9.go b/internal/avm/types/bloom9.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d16328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/bloom9.go
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package types
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+type bytesBacked interface {
+	Bytes() []byte
+}
+
+const (
+	// BloomByteLength represents the number of bytes used in a header log bloom.
+	BloomByteLength = 256
+
+	// BloomBitLength represents the number of bits used in a header log bloom.
+	BloomBitLength = 8 * BloomByteLength
+)
+
+// Bloom represents a 2048 bit bloom filter.
+type Bloom [BloomByteLength]byte
+
+// BytesToBloom converts a byte slice to a bloom filter.
+// It panics if b is not of suitable size.
+func BytesToBloom(b []byte) Bloom {
+	var bloom Bloom
+	bloom.SetBytes(b)
+	return bloom
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets the content of b to the given bytes.
+// It panics if d is not of suitable size.
+func (b *Bloom) SetBytes(d []byte) {
+	if len(b) < len(d) {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("bloom bytes too big %d %d", len(b), len(d)))
+	}
+	copy(b[BloomByteLength-len(d):], d)
+}
+
+// Add adds d to the filter. Future calls of Test(d) will return true.
+func (b *Bloom) Add(d []byte) {
+	b.add(d, make([]byte, 6))
+}
+
+// add is internal version of Add, which takes a scratch buffer for reuse (needs to be at least 6 bytes)
+func (b *Bloom) add(d []byte, buf []byte) {
+	i1, v1, i2, v2, i3, v3 := bloomValues(d, buf)
+	b[i1] |= v1
+	b[i2] |= v2
+	b[i3] |= v3
+}
+
+// Big converts b to a big integer.
+// Note: Converting a bloom filter to a big.Int and then calling GetBytes
+// does not return the same bytes, since big.Int will trim leading zeroes
+func (b Bloom) Big() *big.Int {
+	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(b[:])
+}
+
+// Bytes returns the backing byte slice of the bloom
+func (b Bloom) Bytes() []byte {
+	return b[:]
+}
+
+// Test checks if the given topic is present in the bloom filter
+func (b Bloom) Test(topic []byte) bool {
+	i1, v1, i2, v2, i3, v3 := bloomValues(topic, make([]byte, 6))
+	return v1 == v1&b[i1] &&
+		v2 == v2&b[i2] &&
+		v3 == v3&b[i3]
+}
+
+// MarshalText encodes b as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func (b Bloom) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hexutil.Bytes(b[:]).MarshalText()
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText b as a hex string with 0x prefix.
+func (b *Bloom) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
+	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("Bloom", input, b[:])
+}
+
+//// CreateBloom creates a bloom filter out of the give Receipts (+Logs)
+//func CreateBloom(receipts Receipts) Bloom {
+//	buf := make([]byte, 6)
+//	var bin Bloom
+//	for _, receipt := range receipts {
+//		for _, log := range receipt.Logs {
+//			bin.add(log.Address.Bytes(), buf)
+//			for _, b := range log.Topics {
+//				bin.add(b[:], buf)
+//			}
+//		}
+//	}
+//	return bin
+//}
+
+// LogsBloom returns the bloom bytes for the given logs
+func LogsBloom(logs []*Log) []byte {
+	buf := make([]byte, 6)
+	var bin Bloom
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		bin.add(log.Address.Bytes(), buf)
+		for _, b := range log.Topics {
+			bin.add(b[:], buf)
+		}
+	}
+	return bin[:]
+}
+
+// Bloom9 returns the bloom filter for the given data
+func Bloom9(data []byte) []byte {
+	var b Bloom
+	b.SetBytes(data)
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+// bloomValues returns the bytes (index-value pairs) to set for the given data
+func bloomValues(data []byte, hashbuf []byte) (uint, byte, uint, byte, uint, byte) {
+	sha := hasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	sha.Reset()
+	sha.Write(data)
+	sha.Read(hashbuf)
+	hasherPool.Put(sha)
+	// The actual bits to flip
+	v1 := byte(1 << (hashbuf[1] & 0x7))
+	v2 := byte(1 << (hashbuf[3] & 0x7))
+	v3 := byte(1 << (hashbuf[5] & 0x7))
+	// The indices for the bytes to OR in
+	i1 := BloomByteLength - uint((binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hashbuf)&0x7ff)>>3) - 1
+	i2 := BloomByteLength - uint((binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hashbuf[2:])&0x7ff)>>3) - 1
+	i3 := BloomByteLength - uint((binary.BigEndian.Uint16(hashbuf[4:])&0x7ff)>>3) - 1
+
+	return i1, v1, i2, v2, i3, v3
+}
+
+// BloomLookup is a convenience-method to check presence in the bloom filter
+func BloomLookup(bin Bloom, topic bytesBacked) bool {
+	return bin.Test(topic.Bytes())
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/dynamic_fee_tx.go b/internal/avm/types/dynamic_fee_tx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a79c372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/dynamic_fee_tx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+type DynamicFeeTx struct {
+	ChainID    *big.Int
+	Nonce      uint64
+	GasTipCap  *big.Int // a.k.a. maxPriorityFeePerGas
+	GasFeeCap  *big.Int // a.k.a. maxFeePerGas
+	Gas        uint64
+	To         *common.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	Value      *big.Int
+	Data       []byte
+	AccessList AccessList
+
+	// Signature values
+	V *big.Int `json:"v" gencodec:"required"`
+	R *big.Int `json:"r" gencodec:"required"`
+	S *big.Int `json:"s" gencodec:"required"`
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the transaction data and initializes all fields.
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) copy() TxData {
+	cpy := &DynamicFeeTx{
+		Nonce: tx.Nonce,
+		To:    copyAddressPtr(tx.To),
+		Data:  common.CopyBytes(tx.Data),
+		Gas:   tx.Gas,
+		// These are copied below.
+		AccessList: make(AccessList, len(tx.AccessList)),
+		Value:      new(big.Int),
+		ChainID:    new(big.Int),
+		GasTipCap:  new(big.Int),
+		GasFeeCap:  new(big.Int),
+		V:          new(big.Int),
+		R:          new(big.Int),
+		S:          new(big.Int),
+	}
+	copy(cpy.AccessList, tx.AccessList)
+	if tx.Value != nil {
+		cpy.Value.Set(tx.Value)
+	}
+	if tx.ChainID != nil {
+		cpy.ChainID.Set(tx.ChainID)
+	}
+	if tx.GasTipCap != nil {
+		cpy.GasTipCap.Set(tx.GasTipCap)
+	}
+	if tx.GasFeeCap != nil {
+		cpy.GasFeeCap.Set(tx.GasFeeCap)
+	}
+	if tx.V != nil {
+		cpy.V.Set(tx.V)
+	}
+	if tx.R != nil {
+		cpy.R.Set(tx.R)
+	}
+	if tx.S != nil {
+		cpy.S.Set(tx.S)
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// accessors for innerTx.
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) txType() byte           { return DynamicFeeTxType }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) chainID() *big.Int      { return tx.ChainID }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) accessList() AccessList { return tx.AccessList }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) data() []byte           { return tx.Data }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gas() uint64            { return tx.Gas }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gasFeeCap() *big.Int    { return tx.GasFeeCap }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gasTipCap() *big.Int    { return tx.GasTipCap }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) gasPrice() *big.Int     { return tx.GasFeeCap }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
+
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	return tx.V, tx.R, tx.S
+}
+
+func (tx *DynamicFeeTx) setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	tx.ChainID, tx.V, tx.R, tx.S = chainID, v, r, s
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/exchange.go b/internal/avm/types/exchange.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5a0a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/exchange.go
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	"math/big"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// hasherPool holds LegacyKeccak256 hashers for rlpHash.
+var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} { return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256() },
+}
+
+type writeCounter common.StorageSize
+
+func (c *writeCounter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	*c += writeCounter(len(b))
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+func ToastAddress(addr *common.Address) *types.Address {
+	if addr == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	nullAddress := common.Address{}
+	if bytes.Equal(addr[:], nullAddress[:]) {
+		return &types.Address{0}
+	}
+	var a types.Address
+	copy(a[:], addr[:])
+	return &a
+}
+
+func ToastAccessList(accessList AccessList) transaction.AccessList {
+	var txAccessList transaction.AccessList
+	for _, accessTuple := range accessList {
+		txAccessTuple := new(transaction.AccessTuple)
+		txAccessTuple.Address = *ToastAddress(&accessTuple.Address)
+		for _, hash := range accessTuple.StorageKeys {
+			txAccessTuple.StorageKeys = append(txAccessTuple.StorageKeys, ToastHash(hash))
+		}
+		txAccessList = append(txAccessList, *txAccessTuple)
+	}
+	return txAccessList
+}
+
+func FromastAccessList(accessList transaction.AccessList) AccessList {
+	var txAccessList AccessList
+	for _, accessTuple := range accessList {
+		txAccessTuple := new(AccessTuple)
+		txAccessTuple.Address = *FromastAddress(&accessTuple.Address)
+		for _, hash := range accessTuple.StorageKeys {
+			txAccessTuple.StorageKeys = append(txAccessTuple.StorageKeys, FromastHash(hash))
+		}
+		txAccessList = append(txAccessList, *txAccessTuple)
+	}
+	return txAccessList
+}
+
+func FromastAddress(address *types.Address) *common.Address {
+	if address == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var a common.Address
+	copy(a[:], address[:])
+	return &a
+}
+
+func ToastHash(hash common.Hash) types.Hash {
+	var h types.Hash
+	copy(h[:], hash[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+func FromastHash(hash types.Hash) common.Hash {
+	var h common.Hash
+	copy(h[:], hash[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+func ToastLog(log *Log) *block.Log {
+	if log == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var topics []types.Hash
+	for _, topic := range log.Topics {
+		topics = append(topics, ToastHash(topic))
+	}
+
+	return &block.Log{
+		Address:     *ToastAddress(&log.Address),
+		Topics:      topics,
+		Data:        log.Data,
+		BlockNumber: uint256.NewInt(log.BlockNumber),
+		TxHash:      ToastHash(log.TxHash),
+		TxIndex:     log.TxIndex,
+		BlockHash:   ToastHash(log.BlockHash),
+		Index:       log.Index,
+		Removed:     log.Removed,
+	}
+}
+
+func FromastLog(log *block.Log) *Log {
+	if log == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var topics []common.Hash
+	for _, topic := range log.Topics {
+		topics = append(topics, FromastHash(topic))
+	}
+
+	return &Log{
+		Address:     *FromastAddress(&log.Address),
+		Topics:      topics,
+		Data:        log.Data,
+		BlockNumber: log.BlockNumber.Uint64(),
+		TxHash:      FromastHash(log.TxHash),
+		TxIndex:     log.TxIndex,
+		BlockHash:   FromastHash(log.BlockHash),
+		Index:       log.Index,
+		Removed:     log.Removed,
+	}
+}
+
+func ToastLogs(logs []*Log) []*block.Log {
+	var astLogs []*block.Log
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		astLogs = append(astLogs, ToastLog(log))
+	}
+	return astLogs
+}
+
+func FromastLogs(astLogs []*block.Log) []*Log {
+	var logs []*Log
+	for _, log := range astLogs {
+		logs = append(logs, FromastLog(log))
+	}
+	return logs
+}
+
+type Transaction struct {
+	inner TxData    // Consensus contents of a transaction
+	time  time.Time // Time first seen locally (spam avoidance)
+
+	// caches
+	hash atomic.Value
+	size atomic.Value
+	from atomic.Value
+}
+
+// NewTx creates a new transaction.
+func NewTx(inner TxData) *Transaction {
+	tx := new(Transaction)
+	tx.setDecoded(inner.copy(), 0)
+	return tx
+}
+
+// Hash returns the transaction hash.
+func (tx *Transaction) Hash() common.Hash {
+	if hash := tx.hash.Load(); hash != nil {
+		return hash.(common.Hash)
+	}
+
+	var h common.Hash
+	if tx.Type() == LegacyTxType {
+		h = rlpHash(tx.inner)
+	} else {
+		h = prefixedRlpHash(tx.Type(), tx.inner)
+	}
+	tx.hash.Store(h)
+	return h
+}
+
+func isProtectedV(V *big.Int) bool {
+	if V.BitLen() <= 8 {
+		v := V.Uint64()
+		return v != 27 && v != 28 && v != 1 && v != 0
+	}
+	// anything not 27 or 28 is considered protected
+	return true
+}
+
+// Protected says whether the transaction is replay-protected.
+func (tx *Transaction) Protected() bool {
+	switch tx := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		return tx.V != nil && isProtectedV(tx.V)
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// Type returns the transaction type.
+func (tx *Transaction) Type() uint8 {
+	return tx.inner.txType()
+}
+
+// ChainId returns the EIP155 chain ID of the transaction. The return value will always be
+// non-nil. For legacy transactions which are not replay-protected, the return value is
+// zero.
+func (tx *Transaction) ChainId() *big.Int {
+	return tx.inner.chainID()
+}
+
+// Data returns the input data of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) Data() []byte { return tx.inner.data() }
+
+// AccessList returns the access list of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) AccessList() AccessList { return tx.inner.accessList() }
+
+// Gas returns the gas limit of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) Gas() uint64 { return tx.inner.gas() }
+
+// GasPrice returns the gas price of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasPrice() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.inner.gasPrice()) }
+
+// GasTipCap returns the gasTipCap per gas of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasTipCap() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.inner.gasTipCap()) }
+
+// GasFeeCap returns the fee cap per gas of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) GasFeeCap() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.inner.gasFeeCap()) }
+
+// Value returns the ether amount of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) Value() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.inner.value()) }
+
+// Nonce returns the sender account nonce of the transaction.
+func (tx *Transaction) Nonce() uint64 { return tx.inner.nonce() }
+
+// To returns the recipient address of the transaction.
+// For contract-creation transactions, To returns nil.
+func (tx *Transaction) To() *common.Address {
+	return copyAddressPtr(tx.inner.to())
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) RawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	return tx.inner.rawSignatureValues()
+}
+
+// Size returns the true RLP encoded storage size of the transaction, either by
+// encoding and returning it, or returning a previously cached value.
+func (tx *Transaction) Size() common.StorageSize {
+	if size := tx.size.Load(); size != nil {
+		return size.(common.StorageSize)
+	}
+	c := writeCounter(0)
+	rlp.Encode(&c, &tx.inner)
+	tx.size.Store(common.StorageSize(c))
+	return common.StorageSize(c)
+}
+
+// WithSignature returns a new transaction with the given signature.
+// This signature needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (tx *Transaction) WithSignature(signer Signer, sig []byte) (*Transaction, error) {
+	r, s, v, err := signer.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cpy := tx.inner.copy()
+	cpy.setSignatureValues(signer.ChainID(), v, r, s)
+	return &Transaction{inner: cpy, time: tx.time}, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalBinary
+func (tx *Transaction) UnmarshalBinary(b []byte) error {
+	if len(b) > 0 && b[0] > 0x7f {
+		// It's a legacy transaction.
+		var data LegacyTx
+		err := rlp.DecodeBytes(b, &data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		tx.setDecoded(&data, len(b))
+		return nil
+	}
+	// It's an EIP2718 typed transaction envelope.
+	inner, err := tx.decodeTyped(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	tx.setDecoded(inner, len(b))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// decodeTyped decodes a typed transaction from the canonical format.
+func (tx *Transaction) decodeTyped(b []byte) (TxData, error) {
+	if len(b) <= 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("typed transaction too short")
+	}
+	switch b[0] {
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		var inner AccessListTx
+		err := rlp.DecodeBytes(b[1:], &inner)
+		return &inner, err
+	case DynamicFeeTxType:
+		var inner DynamicFeeTx
+		err := rlp.DecodeBytes(b[1:], &inner)
+		return &inner, err
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction type not valid in this context")
+	}
+}
+
+// setDecoded sets the inner transaction and size after decoding.
+func (tx *Transaction) setDecoded(inner TxData, size int) {
+	tx.inner = inner
+	tx.time = time.Now()
+	if size > 0 {
+		tx.size.Store(common.StorageSize(size))
+	}
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) ToastTransaction(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, blockNumber *big.Int) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+
+	var inner transaction.TxData
+	gasPrice, overflow := uint256.FromBig(tx.GasPrice())
+	if overflow {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert big int to int256")
+	}
+
+	vl, overflow := uint256.FromBig(tx.Value())
+	if overflow {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert big int to int256")
+	}
+
+	signer := MakeSigner(chainConfig, blockNumber)
+	from, err := Sender(signer, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	V, is1 := uint256.FromBig(v)
+	R, is2 := uint256.FromBig(r)
+	S, is3 := uint256.FromBig(s)
+	if is1 || is2 || is3 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("r,s,v overflow")
+	}
+	switch tx.Type() {
+	case LegacyTxType:
+		inner = &transaction.LegacyTx{
+			Nonce:    tx.Nonce(),
+			Gas:      tx.Gas(),
+			Data:     common.CopyBytes(tx.Data()),
+			GasPrice: gasPrice,
+			Value:    vl,
+			To:       ToastAddress(tx.To()),
+			From:     ToastAddress(&from),
+			V:        V,
+			R:        R,
+			S:        S,
+		}
+
+		log.Debug("tx type is LegacyTxType")
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		at := &transaction.AccessListTx{
+			Nonce:      tx.Nonce(),
+			Gas:        tx.Gas(),
+			Data:       common.CopyBytes(tx.Data()),
+			To:         ToastAddress(tx.To()),
+			GasPrice:   gasPrice,
+			Value:      vl,
+			From:       ToastAddress(&from),
+			AccessList: ToastAccessList(tx.AccessList()),
+			V:          V,
+			R:          R,
+			S:          S,
+		}
+		at.ChainID, _ = uint256.FromBig(tx.ChainId())
+		inner = at
+		log.Debug("tx type is AccessListTxType")
+	case DynamicFeeTxType:
+		dft := &transaction.DynamicFeeTx{
+			Nonce:      tx.Nonce(),
+			Gas:        tx.Gas(),
+			To:         ToastAddress(tx.To()),
+			Data:       common.CopyBytes(tx.Data()),
+			AccessList: ToastAccessList(tx.AccessList()),
+			Value:      vl,
+			From:       ToastAddress(&from),
+			V:          V,
+			R:          R,
+			S:          S,
+		}
+		dft.ChainID, _ = uint256.FromBig(tx.ChainId())
+		dft.GasTipCap, _ = uint256.FromBig(tx.GasTipCap())
+		dft.GasFeeCap, _ = uint256.FromBig(tx.GasFeeCap())
+		inner = dft
+		log.Debug("tx type is DynamicFeeTxType")
+	}
+
+	astTx := transaction.NewTx(inner)
+	return astTx, nil
+}
+
+func (tx *Transaction) FromastTransaction(astTx *transaction.Transaction) {
+
+	var inner TxData
+
+	gasPrice := astTx.GasPrice().ToBig()
+	vl := astTx.Value().ToBig()
+
+	switch astTx.Type() {
+	case transaction.LegacyTxType:
+		inner = &LegacyTx{
+			Nonce:    astTx.Nonce(),
+			Gas:      astTx.Gas(),
+			Data:     common.CopyBytes(astTx.Data()),
+			GasPrice: gasPrice,
+			Value:    vl,
+			To:       FromastAddress(astTx.To()),
+		}
+
+	case transaction.AccessListTxType:
+		at := &AccessListTx{
+			Nonce:      astTx.Nonce(),
+			Gas:        astTx.Gas(),
+			Data:       common.CopyBytes(astTx.Data()),
+			To:         FromastAddress(astTx.To()),
+			GasPrice:   gasPrice,
+			Value:      vl,
+			AccessList: FromastAccessList(astTx.AccessList()),
+		}
+		at.ChainID = astTx.ChainId().ToBig()
+		inner = at
+
+	case transaction.DynamicFeeTxType:
+		dft := &DynamicFeeTx{
+			Nonce:      astTx.Nonce(),
+			Gas:        astTx.Gas(),
+			To:         FromastAddress(astTx.To()),
+			Data:       common.CopyBytes(astTx.Data()),
+			AccessList: FromastAccessList(astTx.AccessList()),
+			Value:      vl,
+		}
+		dft.ChainID = astTx.ChainId().ToBig()
+		dft.GasTipCap = astTx.GasTipCap().ToBig()
+		dft.GasFeeCap = astTx.GasFeeCap().ToBig()
+		inner = dft
+	}
+
+	v, r, s := astTx.RawSignatureValues()
+	inner.setSignatureValues(astTx.ChainId().ToBig(), v.ToBig(), r.ToBig(), s.ToBig())
+
+	tx.setDecoded(inner.copy(), 0)
+}
+
+func FromastHeader(iHeader block.IHeader) *Header {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	//author, _ := engine.Author(iHeader)
+
+	var baseFee *big.Int
+	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+		baseFee = header.BaseFee.ToBig()
+	}
+
+	bloom := new(Bloom)
+	bloom.SetBytes(header.Bloom.Bytes())
+
+	return &Header{
+		ParentHash:  FromastHash(header.ParentHash),
+		UncleHash:   FromastHash(EmptyUncleHash),
+		Coinbase:    *FromastAddress(&header.Coinbase),
+		Root:        FromastHash(header.Root),
+		TxHash:      FromastHash(header.TxHash),
+		ReceiptHash: FromastHash(header.ReceiptHash),
+		Difficulty:  header.Difficulty.ToBig(),
+		Number:      header.Number.ToBig(),
+		GasLimit:    header.GasLimit,
+		GasUsed:     header.GasUsed,
+		Time:        header.Time,
+		Extra:       header.Extra,
+		MixDigest:   FromastHash(header.MixDigest),
+		Nonce:       EncodeNonce(header.Nonce.Uint64()),
+		BaseFee:     baseFee,
+		Bloom:       *bloom,
+	}
+}
+
+func rlpHash(x interface{}) (h common.Hash) {
+	sha := hasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer hasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+	rlp.Encode(sha, x)
+	sha.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+// prefixedRlpHash writes the prefix into the hasher before rlp-encoding x.
+// It's used for typed transactions.
+func prefixedRlpHash(prefix byte, x interface{}) (h common.Hash) {
+	sha := hasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer hasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+	sha.Write([]byte{prefix})
+	rlp.Encode(sha, x)
+	sha.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/legacy_tx.go b/internal/avm/types/legacy_tx.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09fb928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/legacy_tx.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+// LegacyTx is the transaction data of regular Ethereum transactions.
+type LegacyTx struct {
+	Nonce    uint64          // nonce of sender account
+	GasPrice *big.Int        // wei per gas
+	Gas      uint64          // gas limit
+	To       *common.Address `rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
+	Value    *big.Int        // wei amount
+	Data     []byte          // contract invocation input data
+	V, R, S  *big.Int        // signature values
+}
+
+// NewTransaction creates an unsigned legacy transaction.
+// Deprecated: use NewTx instead.
+func NewTransaction(nonce uint64, to common.Address, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+	return NewTx(&LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    nonce,
+		To:       &to,
+		Value:    amount,
+		Gas:      gasLimit,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Data:     data,
+	})
+}
+
+// NewContractCreation creates an unsigned legacy transaction.
+// Deprecated: use NewTx instead.
+func NewContractCreation(nonce uint64, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+	return NewTx(&LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    nonce,
+		Value:    amount,
+		Gas:      gasLimit,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Data:     data,
+	})
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the transaction data and initializes all fields.
+func (tx *LegacyTx) copy() TxData {
+	cpy := &LegacyTx{
+		Nonce: tx.Nonce,
+		To:    copyAddressPtr(tx.To),
+		Data:  common.CopyBytes(tx.Data),
+		Gas:   tx.Gas,
+		// These are initialized below.
+		Value:    new(big.Int),
+		GasPrice: new(big.Int),
+		V:        new(big.Int),
+		R:        new(big.Int),
+		S:        new(big.Int),
+	}
+	if tx.Value != nil {
+		cpy.Value.Set(tx.Value)
+	}
+	if tx.GasPrice != nil {
+		cpy.GasPrice.Set(tx.GasPrice)
+	}
+	if tx.V != nil {
+		cpy.V.Set(tx.V)
+	}
+	if tx.R != nil {
+		cpy.R.Set(tx.R)
+	}
+	if tx.S != nil {
+		cpy.S.Set(tx.S)
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// accessors for innerTx.
+func (tx *LegacyTx) txType() byte           { return LegacyTxType }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) chainID() *big.Int      { return deriveChainId(tx.V) }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) accessList() AccessList { return nil }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) data() []byte           { return tx.Data }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gas() uint64            { return tx.Gas }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gasPrice() *big.Int     { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gasTipCap() *big.Int    { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) gasFeeCap() *big.Int    { return tx.GasPrice }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) value() *big.Int        { return tx.Value }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) nonce() uint64          { return tx.Nonce }
+func (tx *LegacyTx) to() *common.Address    { return tx.To }
+
+func (tx *LegacyTx) rawSignatureValues() (v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	return tx.V, tx.R, tx.S
+}
+
+func (tx *LegacyTx) setSignatureValues(chainID, v, r, s *big.Int) {
+	tx.V, tx.R, tx.S = v, r, s
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/logs.go b/internal/avm/types/logs.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cd1cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/logs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+)
+
+type Log struct {
+	// Consensus fields:
+	// address of the contract that generated the event
+	Address common.Address `json:"address" gencodec:"required"`
+	// list of topics provided by the contract.
+	Topics []common.Hash `json:"topics" gencodec:"required"`
+	// supplied by the contract, usually ABI-encoded
+	Data []byte `json:"data" gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// Derived fields. These fields are filled in by the node
+	// but not secured by consensus.
+	// block in which the transaction was included
+	BlockNumber uint64 `json:"blockNumber"`
+	// hash of the transaction
+	TxHash common.Hash `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
+	// index of the transaction in the block
+	TxIndex uint `json:"transactionIndex" gencodec:"required"`
+	// hash of the block in which the transaction was included
+	BlockHash common.Hash `json:"blockHash"`
+	// index of the log in the receipt
+	Index uint `json:"logIndex" gencodec:"required"`
+
+	// The Removed field is true if this log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.
+	// You must pay attention to this field if you receive logs through a filter query.
+	Removed bool `json:"removed"`
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (l Log) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type Log struct {
+		Address     common.Address `json:"address" gencodec:"required"`
+		Topics      []common.Hash  `json:"topics" gencodec:"required"`
+		Data        hexutil.Bytes  `json:"data" gencodec:"required"`
+		BlockNumber hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blockNumber"`
+		TxHash      common.Hash    `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
+		TxIndex     hexutil.Uint   `json:"transactionIndex"`
+		BlockHash   common.Hash    `json:"blockHash"`
+		Index       hexutil.Uint   `json:"logIndex"`
+		Removed     bool           `json:"removed"`
+	}
+	var enc Log
+	enc.Address = l.Address
+	enc.Topics = l.Topics
+	enc.Data = l.Data
+	enc.BlockNumber = hexutil.Uint64(l.BlockNumber)
+	enc.TxHash = l.TxHash
+	enc.TxIndex = hexutil.Uint(l.TxIndex)
+	enc.BlockHash = l.BlockHash
+	enc.Index = hexutil.Uint(l.Index)
+	enc.Removed = l.Removed
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (l *Log) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type Log struct {
+		Address     *common.Address `json:"address" gencodec:"required"`
+		Topics      []common.Hash   `json:"topics" gencodec:"required"`
+		Data        *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"data" gencodec:"required"`
+		BlockNumber *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blockNumber"`
+		TxHash      *common.Hash    `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
+		TxIndex     *hexutil.Uint   `json:"transactionIndex"`
+		BlockHash   *common.Hash    `json:"blockHash"`
+		Index       *hexutil.Uint   `json:"logIndex"`
+		Removed     *bool           `json:"removed"`
+	}
+	var dec Log
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Address == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'address' for Log")
+	}
+	l.Address = *dec.Address
+	if dec.Topics == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'topics' for Log")
+	}
+	l.Topics = dec.Topics
+	if dec.Data == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'data' for Log")
+	}
+	l.Data = *dec.Data
+	if dec.BlockNumber != nil {
+		l.BlockNumber = uint64(*dec.BlockNumber)
+	}
+	if dec.TxHash == nil {
+		return errors.New("missing required field 'transactionHash' for Log")
+	}
+	l.TxHash = *dec.TxHash
+	if dec.TxIndex != nil {
+		l.TxIndex = uint(*dec.TxIndex)
+	}
+	if dec.BlockHash != nil {
+		l.BlockHash = *dec.BlockHash
+	}
+	if dec.Index != nil {
+		l.Index = uint(*dec.Index)
+	}
+	if dec.Removed != nil {
+		l.Removed = *dec.Removed
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/transaction.go b/internal/avm/types/transaction.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06b07aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/transaction.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package types
+
+//
+//// Message is a fully derived transaction and implements core.Message
+////
+//// NOTE: In a future PR this will be removed.
+//type Message struct {
+//	to         *common.Address
+//	from       common.Address
+//	nonce      uint64
+//	amount     *big.Int
+//	gasLimit   uint64
+//	gasPrice   *big.Int
+//	gasFeeCap  *big.Int
+//	gasTipCap  *big.Int
+//	data       []byte
+//	accessList AccessList
+//	isFake     bool
+//}
+//
+//func NewMessage(from common.Address, to *common.Address, nonce uint64, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice, gasFeeCap, gasTipCap *big.Int, data []byte, accessList AccessList, isFake bool) Message {
+//	return Message{
+//		from:       from,
+//		to:         to,
+//		nonce:      nonce,
+//		amount:     amount,
+//		gasLimit:   gasLimit,
+//		gasPrice:   gasPrice,
+//		gasFeeCap:  gasFeeCap,
+//		gasTipCap:  gasTipCap,
+//		data:       data,
+//		accessList: accessList,
+//		isFake:     isFake,
+//	}
+//}
+//
+//// // AsMessage returns the transaction as a core.Message.
+//func AsMessage(tx *transaction.Transaction, baseFee *big.Int, isFake bool) Message {
+//	f := tx.From()
+//
+//	from := &common.Address{}
+//	if tx.From() != nil {
+//		from = FromastAddress(f)
+//	}
+//
+//	msg := Message{
+//		nonce:     tx.Nonce(),
+//		gasLimit:  tx.Gas(),
+//		gasPrice:  tx.GasPrice().ToBig(),
+//		gasFeeCap: tx.GasFeeCap().ToBig(),
+//		gasTipCap: tx.GasTipCap().ToBig(),
+//		to:        FromastAddress(tx.To()),
+//		amount:    tx.Value().ToBig(),
+//		data:      tx.Data(),
+//		isFake:    isFake,
+//		from:      *from,
+//	}
+//
+//	if baseFee != nil {
+//		msg.gasPrice = math.BigMin(msg.gasPrice.Add(msg.gasTipCap, baseFee), msg.gasFeeCap)
+//	}
+//	var accessList AccessList
+//	if tx.AccessList() != nil {
+//		for _, v := range tx.AccessList() {
+//			var at AccessTuple
+//			at.Address = *FromastAddress(&v.Address)
+//			for _, h := range v.StorageKeys {
+//				at.StorageKeys = append(at.StorageKeys, FromastHash(h))
+//			}
+//			accessList = append(accessList, at)
+//		}
+//	} else {
+//		accessList = nil
+//	}
+//
+//	msg.accessList = accessList
+//
+//	//log.Infof("as message : %+V", msg)
+//	return msg
+//}
+//
+//func (m Message) From() common.Address   { return m.from }
+//func (m Message) To() *common.Address    { return m.to }
+//func (m Message) GasPrice() *big.Int     { return m.gasPrice }
+//func (m Message) GasFeeCap() *big.Int    { return m.gasFeeCap }
+//func (m Message) GasTipCap() *big.Int    { return m.gasTipCap }
+//func (m Message) Value() *big.Int        { return m.amount }
+//func (m Message) Gas() uint64            { return m.gasLimit }
+//func (m Message) Nonce() uint64          { return m.nonce }
+//func (m Message) Data() []byte           { return m.data }
+//func (m Message) AccessList() AccessList { return m.accessList }
+//func (m Message) IsFake() bool           { return m.isFake }
diff --git a/internal/avm/types/transaction_signing.go b/internal/avm/types/transaction_signing.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5dc6bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/avm/types/transaction_signing.go
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidSig           = errors.New("invalid transaction v, r, s values")
+	ErrUnexpectedProtection = errors.New("transaction type does not supported EIP-155 protected signatures")
+	ErrInvalidTxType        = errors.New("transaction type not valid in this context")
+	ErrTxTypeNotSupported   = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
+	ErrGasFeeCapTooLow      = errors.New("fee cap less than base fee")
+	errShortTypedTx         = errors.New("typed transaction too short")
+	ErrInvalidChainId       = errors.New("invalid chain id for signer")
+)
+
+// sigCache is used to cache the derived sender and contains
+// the signer used to derive it.
+type sigCache struct {
+	signer Signer
+	from   common.Address
+}
+
+// MakeSigner returns a Signer based on the given chain blockchain and block number.
+func MakeSigner(config *params.ChainConfig, blockNumber *big.Int) Signer {
+	var signer Signer
+	switch {
+	case config.IsLondon(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = NewLondonSigner(config.ChainID)
+	case config.IsBerlin(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = NewEIP2930Signer(config.ChainID)
+	//case config.IsEIP155(blockNumber):
+	//	signer = NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainID)
+	case config.IsHomestead(blockNumber.Uint64()):
+		signer = HomesteadSigner{}
+	default:
+		signer = FrontierSigner{}
+	}
+	return signer
+}
+
+// LatestSigner returns the 'most permissive' Signer available for the given chain
+// configuration. Specifically, this enables support of EIP-155 replay protection and
+// EIP-2930 access list transactions when their respective forks are scheduled to occur at
+// any block number in the chain blockchain.
+//
+// Use this in transaction-handling code where the current block number is unknown. If you
+// have the current block number available, use MakeSigner instead.
+func LatestSigner(config *params.ChainConfig) Signer {
+	if config.ChainID != nil {
+		if config.LondonBlock != nil {
+			return NewLondonSigner(config.ChainID)
+		}
+		if config.BerlinBlock != nil {
+			return NewEIP2930Signer(config.ChainID)
+		}
+		//if config.EIP155Block != nil {
+		//	return NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainID)
+		//}
+	}
+	return HomesteadSigner{}
+}
+
+// LatestSignerForChainID returns the 'most permissive' Signer available. Specifically,
+// this enables support for EIP-155 replay protection and all implemented EIP-2718
+// transaction types if chainID is non-nil.
+//
+// Use this in transaction-handling code where the current block number and fork
+// configuration are unknown. If you have a ChainConfig, use LatestSigner instead.
+// If you have a ChainConfig and know the current block number, use MakeSigner instead.
+func LatestSignerForChainID(chainID *big.Int) Signer {
+	if chainID == nil {
+		return HomesteadSigner{}
+	}
+	return NewLondonSigner(chainID)
+}
+
+// SignTx signs the transaction using the given signer and private key.
+func SignTx(tx *Transaction, s Signer, prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) (*Transaction, error) {
+	h := s.Hash(tx)
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(h[:], prv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tx.WithSignature(s, sig)
+}
+
+// SignNewTx creates a transaction and signs it.
+func SignNewTx(prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, s Signer, txdata TxData) (*Transaction, error) {
+	tx := NewTx(txdata)
+	h := s.Hash(tx)
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(h[:], prv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tx.WithSignature(s, sig)
+}
+
+// MustSignNewTx creates a transaction and signs it.
+// This panics if the transaction cannot be signed.
+func MustSignNewTx(prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, s Signer, txdata TxData) *Transaction {
+	tx, err := SignNewTx(prv, s, txdata)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return tx
+}
+
+// Sender returns the address derived from the signature (V, R, S) using secp256k1
+// elliptic curve and an error if it failed deriving or upon an incorrect
+// signature.
+//
+// Sender may cache the address, allowing it to be used regardless of
+// signing method. The cache is invalidated if the cached signer does
+// not match the signer used in the current call.
+func Sender(signer Signer, tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
+	if sc := tx.from.Load(); sc != nil {
+		sigCache := sc.(sigCache)
+		// If the signer used to derive from in a previous
+		// call is not the same as used current, invalidate
+		// the cache.
+		if sigCache.signer.Equal(signer) {
+			return sigCache.from, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	addr, err := signer.Sender(tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Address{}, err
+	}
+	tx.from.Store(sigCache{signer: signer, from: addr})
+	return addr, nil
+}
+
+// Signer encapsulates transaction signature handling. The name of this type is slightly
+// misleading because Signers don't actually sign, they're just for validating and
+// processing of signatures.
+//
+// Note that this interface is not a stable API and may change at any time to accommodate
+// new protocol rules.
+type Signer interface {
+	// Sender returns the sender address of the transaction.
+	Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error)
+
+	// SignatureValues returns the raw R, S, V values corresponding to the
+	// given signature.
+	SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error)
+	ChainID() *big.Int
+
+	// Hash returns 'signature hash', i.e. the transaction hash that is signed by the
+	// private key. This hash does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+	Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash
+
+	// Equal returns true if the given signer is the same as the receiver.
+	Equal(Signer) bool
+}
+
+type londonSigner struct{ eip2930Signer }
+
+// NewLondonSigner returns a signer that accepts
+// - EIP-1559 dynamic fee transactions
+// - EIP-2930 access list transactions,
+// - EIP-155 replay protected transactions, and
+// - legacy Homestead transactions.
+func NewLondonSigner(chainId *big.Int) Signer {
+	return londonSigner{eip2930Signer{NewEIP155Signer(chainId)}}
+}
+
+func (s londonSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != DynamicFeeTxType {
+		return s.eip2930Signer.Sender(tx)
+	}
+	V, R, S := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	// DynamicFee txs are defined to use 0 and 1 as their recovery
+	// id, add 27 to become equivalent to unprotected Homestead signatures.
+	V = new(big.Int).Add(V, big.NewInt(27))
+	if tx.ChainId().Cmp(s.chainId) != 0 {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	return recoverPlain(s.Hash(tx), R, S, V, true)
+}
+
+func (s londonSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	x, ok := s2.(londonSigner)
+	return ok && x.chainId.Cmp(s.chainId) == 0
+}
+
+func (s londonSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big.Int, err error) {
+	txdata, ok := tx.inner.(*DynamicFeeTx)
+	if !ok {
+		return s.eip2930Signer.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+	}
+	// Check that chain ID of tx matches the signer. We also accept ID zero here,
+	// because it indicates that the chain ID was not specified in the tx.
+	if txdata.ChainID.Sign() != 0 && txdata.ChainID.Cmp(s.chainId) != 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	R, S, _ = decodeSignature(sig)
+	V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64]))
+	return R, S, V, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (s londonSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
+	if tx.Type() != DynamicFeeTxType {
+		return s.eip2930Signer.Hash(tx)
+	}
+	return prefixedRlpHash(
+		tx.Type(),
+		[]interface{}{
+			s.chainId,
+			tx.Nonce(),
+			tx.GasTipCap(),
+			tx.GasFeeCap(),
+			tx.Gas(),
+			tx.To(),
+			tx.Value(),
+			tx.Data(),
+			tx.AccessList(),
+		})
+}
+
+type eip2930Signer struct{ EIP155Signer }
+
+// NewEIP2930Signer returns a signer that accepts EIP-2930 access list transactions,
+// EIP-155 replay protected transactions, and legacy Homestead transactions.
+func NewEIP2930Signer(chainId *big.Int) Signer {
+	return eip2930Signer{NewEIP155Signer(chainId)}
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return s.chainId
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	x, ok := s2.(eip2930Signer)
+	return ok && x.chainId.Cmp(s.chainId) == 0
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
+	V, R, S := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	switch tx.Type() {
+	case LegacyTxType:
+		if !tx.Protected() {
+			return HomesteadSigner{}.Sender(tx)
+		}
+		V = new(big.Int).Sub(V, s.chainIdMul)
+		V.Sub(V, big8)
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		// AL txs are defined to use 0 and 1 as their recovery
+		// id, add 27 to become equivalent to unprotected Homestead signatures.
+		V = new(big.Int).Add(V, big.NewInt(27))
+	default:
+		return common.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	if tx.ChainId().Cmp(s.chainId) != 0 {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	return recoverPlain(s.Hash(tx), R, S, V, true)
+}
+
+func (s eip2930Signer) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big.Int, err error) {
+	switch txdata := tx.inner.(type) {
+	case *LegacyTx:
+		return s.EIP155Signer.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+	case *AccessListTx:
+		// Check that chain ID of tx matches the signer. We also accept ID zero here,
+		// because it indicates that the chain ID was not specified in the tx.
+		if txdata.ChainID.Sign() != 0 && txdata.ChainID.Cmp(s.chainId) != 0 {
+			return nil, nil, nil, ErrInvalidChainId
+		}
+		R, S, _ = decodeSignature(sig)
+		V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64]))
+	default:
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	return R, S, V, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (s eip2930Signer) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
+	switch tx.Type() {
+	case LegacyTxType:
+		return rlpHash([]interface{}{
+			tx.Nonce(),
+			tx.GasPrice(),
+			tx.Gas(),
+			tx.To(),
+			tx.Value(),
+			tx.Data(),
+			s.chainId, uint(0), uint(0),
+		})
+	case AccessListTxType:
+		return prefixedRlpHash(
+			tx.Type(),
+			[]interface{}{
+				s.chainId,
+				tx.Nonce(),
+				tx.GasPrice(),
+				tx.Gas(),
+				tx.To(),
+				tx.Value(),
+				tx.Data(),
+				tx.AccessList(),
+			})
+	default:
+		// This _should_ not happen, but in case someone sends in a bad
+		// json struct via RPC, it's probably more prudent to return an
+		// empty hash instead of killing the node with a panic
+		//panic("Unsupported transaction type: %d", tx.typ)
+		return common.Hash{}
+	}
+}
+
+// EIP155Signer implements Signer using the EIP-155 rules. This accepts transactions which
+// are replay-protected as well as unprotected homestead transactions.
+type EIP155Signer struct {
+	chainId, chainIdMul *big.Int
+}
+
+func NewEIP155Signer(chainId *big.Int) EIP155Signer {
+	if chainId == nil {
+		chainId = new(big.Int)
+	}
+	return EIP155Signer{
+		chainId:    chainId,
+		chainIdMul: new(big.Int).Mul(chainId, big.NewInt(2)),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s EIP155Signer) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return s.chainId
+}
+
+func (s EIP155Signer) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	eip155, ok := s2.(EIP155Signer)
+	return ok && eip155.chainId.Cmp(s.chainId) == 0
+}
+
+var big8 = big.NewInt(8)
+
+func (s EIP155Signer) Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	if !tx.Protected() {
+		return HomesteadSigner{}.Sender(tx)
+	}
+	if tx.ChainId().Cmp(s.chainId) != 0 {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrInvalidChainId
+	}
+	V, R, S := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	V = new(big.Int).Sub(V, s.chainIdMul)
+	V.Sub(V, big8)
+	return recoverPlain(s.Hash(tx), R, S, V, true)
+}
+
+// SignatureValues returns signature values. This signature
+// needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (s EIP155Signer) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big.Int, err error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	R, S, V = decodeSignature(sig)
+	if s.chainId.Sign() != 0 {
+		V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64] + 35))
+		V.Add(V, s.chainIdMul)
+	}
+	return R, S, V, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (s EIP155Signer) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
+	return rlpHash([]interface{}{
+		tx.Nonce(),
+		tx.GasPrice(),
+		tx.Gas(),
+		tx.To(),
+		tx.Value(),
+		tx.Data(),
+		s.chainId, uint(0), uint(0),
+	})
+}
+
+// HomesteadTransaction implements TransactionInterface using the
+// homestead rules.
+type HomesteadSigner struct{ FrontierSigner }
+
+func (s HomesteadSigner) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s HomesteadSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	_, ok := s2.(HomesteadSigner)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// SignatureValues returns signature values. This signature
+// needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (hs HomesteadSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error) {
+	return hs.FrontierSigner.SignatureValues(tx, sig)
+}
+
+func (hs HomesteadSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	return recoverPlain(hs.Hash(tx), r, s, v, true)
+}
+
+type FrontierSigner struct{}
+
+func (s FrontierSigner) ChainID() *big.Int {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s FrontierSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
+	_, ok := s2.(FrontierSigner)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (fs FrontierSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+	return recoverPlain(fs.Hash(tx), r, s, v, false)
+}
+
+// SignatureValues returns signature values. This signature
+// needs to be in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (fs FrontierSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error) {
+	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
+		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	r, s, v = decodeSignature(sig)
+	return r, s, v, nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
+// It does not uniquely identify the transaction.
+func (fs FrontierSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
+	return rlpHash([]interface{}{
+		tx.Nonce(),
+		tx.GasPrice(),
+		tx.Gas(),
+		tx.To(),
+		tx.Value(),
+		tx.Data(),
+	})
+}
+
+func decodeSignature(sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int) {
+	if len(sig) != crypto.SignatureLength {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("wrong size for signature: got %d, want %d", len(sig), crypto.SignatureLength))
+	}
+	r = new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig[:32])
+	s = new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig[32:64])
+	v = new(big.Int).SetBytes([]byte{sig[64] + 27})
+	return r, s, v
+}
+
+func recoverPlain(sighash common.Hash, R, S, Vb *big.Int, homestead bool) (common.Address, error) {
+	if Vb.BitLen() > 8 {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrInvalidSig
+	}
+	V := byte(Vb.Uint64() - 27)
+	ir, _ := uint256.FromBig(R)
+	is, _ := uint256.FromBig(S)
+	if !crypto.ValidateSignatureValues(V, ir, is, homestead) {
+		return common.Address{}, ErrInvalidSig
+	}
+	// encode the signature in uncompressed format
+	r, s := R.Bytes(), S.Bytes()
+	sig := make([]byte, crypto.SignatureLength)
+	copy(sig[32-len(r):32], r)
+	copy(sig[64-len(s):64], s)
+	sig[64] = V
+	// recover the public key from the signature
+	pub, err := crypto.Ecrecover(sighash[:], sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Address{}, err
+	}
+	if len(pub) == 0 || pub[0] != 4 {
+		return common.Address{}, errors.New("invalid public key")
+	}
+	var addr common.Address
+	copy(addr[:], crypto.Keccak256(pub[1:])[12:])
+	return addr, nil
+}
+
+// deriveChainId derives the chain id from the given v parameter
+func deriveChainId(v *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if v.BitLen() <= 64 {
+		v := v.Uint64()
+		if v == 27 || v == 28 {
+			return new(big.Int)
+		}
+		return new(big.Int).SetUint64((v - 35) / 2)
+	}
+	v = new(big.Int).Sub(v, big.NewInt(35))
+	return v.Div(v, big.NewInt(2))
+}
diff --git a/internal/block_validator.go b/internal/block_validator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e1475b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/block_validator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+// BlockValidator is responsible for validating block headers, uncles and
+// processed state.
+//
+// BlockValidator implements Validator.
+type BlockValidator struct {
+	bc     *BlockChain      // Canonical block chain
+	engine consensus.Engine // Consensus engine used for validating
+	config *params.ChainConfig
+}
+
+// NewBlockValidator returns a new block validator which is safe for re-use
+func NewBlockValidator(config *params.ChainConfig, blockchain *BlockChain, engine consensus.Engine) *BlockValidator {
+	validator := &BlockValidator{
+		engine: engine,
+		bc:     blockchain,
+		config: config,
+	}
+	return validator
+}
+
+// ValidateBody validates the given block's uncles and verifies the block
+// header's transaction and uncle roots. The headers are assumed to be already
+// validated at this point.
+func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateBody(b block.IBlock) error {
+	// Check Signature valid
+	vfs := b.Body().Verifier()
+	addrs := make([]types.Address, len(vfs))
+	ss := make([]bls.PublicKey, len(vfs))
+	for i, p := range vfs {
+		addrs[i] = p.Address
+		blsP, err := bls.PublicKeyFromBytes(p.PublicKey[:])
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		ss[i] = blsP
+	}
+
+	if v.config.IsBeijing(b.Number64().Uint64()) {
+		header := b.Header().(*block.Header)
+		sig, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(header.Signature[:])
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !sig.FastAggregateVerify(ss, header.Root) {
+			log.Warn("AggSignature verify falied", "blockNr", b.Number64().Uint64(), "Signature", hexutil.Encode(header.Signature[:]), "Root", hexutil.Encode(header.Root[:]))
+			for i, addr := range addrs {
+				log.Warn("", "address", addr.String(), "publicKey", hexutil.Encode(ss[i].Marshal()))
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("AggSignature verify falied")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check whether the block's known, and if not, that it's linkable
+	if v.bc.HasBlockAndState(b.Hash(), b.Number64().Uint64()) {
+		return ErrKnownBlock
+	}
+
+	if hash := DeriveSha(transaction.Transactions(b.Transactions())); hash != b.TxHash() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("transaction root hash mismatch: have %x, want %x", hash, b.TxHash())
+	}
+
+	if !v.bc.HasBlockAndState(b.ParentHash(), b.Number64().Uint64()-1) {
+		if !v.bc.HasBlock(b.ParentHash(), b.Number64().Uint64()-1) {
+			return ErrUnknownAncestor
+		}
+		return ErrPrunedAncestor
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidateState validates the various changes that happen after a state
+// transition, such as amount of used gas, the receipt roots and the state root
+// itself. ValidateState returns a database batch if the validation was a success
+// otherwise nil and an error is returned.
+func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateState(iBlock block.IBlock, statedb *state.IntraBlockState, receipts block.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error {
+	header := iBlock.Header().(*block.Header)
+	if header.GasUsed != usedGas {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas used (remote: %d local: %d)", header.GasUsed, usedGas)
+	}
+
+	rbloom := block.CreateBloom(receipts)
+	if rbloom != header.Bloom {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid bloom (remote: %x  local: %x)", header.Bloom, rbloom)
+	}
+
+	receiptSha := DeriveSha(receipts)
+	if receiptSha != header.ReceiptHash {
+		for i, tx := range iBlock.Body().Transactions() {
+			log.Warn("tx", "index", i, "from", tx.From(), "GasUsed", receipts[i].GasUsed)
+			for index2, l := range receipts[i].Logs {
+				log.Warn("tx logs", "index", index2, "address", l.Address, "topic", l.Topics[0], "data", hexutil.Encode(l.Data))
+			}
+
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid receipt root hash (remote: %x local: %x)", header.ReceiptHash, receiptSha)
+	}
+	// Validate the state root against the received state root and throw
+	// an error if they don't match.
+	// TODO 替换 emptyroot
+	if root := statedb.IntermediateRoot(); header.StateRoot() != root {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid merkle root (remote: %x local: %x)", header.Root, root)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/blockchain.go b/internal/blockchain.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c465e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/blockchain.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1685 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/metrics/prometheus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrKnownBlock           = errors.New("block already known")
+	ErrUnknownAncestor      = errors.New("unknown ancestor")
+	ErrPrunedAncestor       = errors.New("pruned ancestor")
+	ErrFutureBlock          = errors.New("block in the future")
+	ErrInvalidNumber        = errors.New("invalid block number")
+	ErrInvalidTerminalBlock = errors.New("insertion is interrupted")
+	errChainStopped         = errors.New("blockchain is stopped")
+	errInsertionInterrupted = errors.New("insertion is interrupted")
+	errBlockDoesNotExist    = errors.New("block does not exist in blockchain")
+)
+var (
+	headBlockGauge       = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("chain_head_block", true)
+	blockInsertTimer     = prometheus.GetOrCreateHistogram("chain_inserts")
+	blockValidationTimer = prometheus.GetOrCreateHistogram("chain_validation")
+	blockExecutionTimer  = prometheus.GetOrCreateHistogram("chain_execution")
+	blockWriteTimer      = prometheus.GetOrCreateHistogram("chain_write")
+)
+
+type WriteStatus byte
+
+const (
+	NonStatTy   WriteStatus = iota //
+	CanonStatTy                    //
+	SideStatTy                     //
+)
+
+const (
+	//maxTimeFutureBlocks
+	blockCacheLimit     = 1024
+	receiptsCacheLimit  = 32
+	maxFutureBlocks     = 256
+	maxTimeFutureBlocks = 5 * 60 // 5 min
+
+	headerCacheLimit = 1024
+	tdCacheLimit     = 1024
+	numberCacheLimit = 2048
+)
+
+type BlockChain struct {
+	chainConfig  *params.ChainConfig
+	ctx          context.Context
+	cancel       context.CancelFunc
+	genesisBlock block2.IBlock
+	blocks       []block2.IBlock
+	headers      []block2.IHeader
+	currentBlock atomic.Pointer[block2.Block]
+	//state        *statedb.StateDB
+	ChainDB kv.RwDB
+	engine  consensus.Engine
+
+	insertLock    chan struct{}
+	latestBlockCh chan block2.IBlock
+	lock          sync.Mutex
+
+	peers map[peer.ID]bool
+
+	chBlocks chan block2.IBlock
+
+	p2p p2p.P2P
+
+	errorCh chan error
+
+	process Processor
+
+	wg sync.WaitGroup //
+
+	procInterrupt int32 // insert chain
+	futureBlocks  *lru.Cache[types.Hash, *block2.Block]
+	receiptCache  *lru.Cache[types.Hash, []*block2.Receipt]
+	blockCache    *lru.Cache[types.Hash, *block2.Block]
+
+	headerCache *lru.Cache[types.Hash, *block2.Header]
+	numberCache *lru.Cache[types.Hash, uint64]
+	tdCache     *lru.Cache[types.Hash, *uint256.Int]
+
+	forker    *ForkChoice
+	validator Validator
+}
+
+type insertStats struct {
+	queued, processed, ignored int
+	usedGas                    uint64
+	lastIndex                  int
+	startTime                  time.Time
+}
+
+//func (bc *BlockChain) GetState() *statedb.StateDB {
+//	return bc.state
+//}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) Engine() consensus.Engine {
+	return bc.engine
+}
+
+func NewBlockChain(ctx context.Context, genesisBlock block2.IBlock, engine consensus.Engine, db kv.RwDB, p2p p2p.P2P, config *params.ChainConfig) (common.IBlockChain, error) {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	var current *block2.Block
+	_ = db.View(c, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		current = rawdb.ReadCurrentBlock(tx)
+		if current == nil {
+			current = genesisBlock.(*block2.Block)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	blockCache, _ := lru.New[types.Hash, *block2.Block](blockCacheLimit)
+	futureBlocks, _ := lru.New[types.Hash, *block2.Block](maxFutureBlocks)
+	receiptsCache, _ := lru.New[types.Hash, []*block2.Receipt](receiptsCacheLimit)
+	tdCache, _ := lru.New[types.Hash, *uint256.Int](tdCacheLimit)
+	numberCache, _ := lru.New[types.Hash, uint64](numberCacheLimit)
+	headerCache, _ := lru.New[types.Hash, *block2.Header](headerCacheLimit)
+	bc := &BlockChain{
+		chainConfig:  config, // Chain & network configuration
+		genesisBlock: genesisBlock,
+		blocks:       []block2.IBlock{},
+		//currentBlock:  current,
+		ChainDB:       db,
+		ctx:           c,
+		cancel:        cancel,
+		insertLock:    make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		peers:         make(map[peer.ID]bool),
+		chBlocks:      make(chan block2.IBlock, 100),
+		errorCh:       make(chan error),
+		p2p:           p2p,
+		latestBlockCh: make(chan block2.IBlock, 50),
+		engine:        engine,
+		blockCache:    blockCache,
+		tdCache:       tdCache,
+		futureBlocks:  futureBlocks,
+		receiptCache:  receiptsCache,
+
+		numberCache: numberCache,
+		headerCache: headerCache,
+	}
+
+	bc.currentBlock.Store(current)
+	headBlockGauge.Set(current.Number64().Uint64())
+	bc.forker = NewForkChoice(bc, nil)
+	//bc.process = avm.NewVMProcessor(ctx, bc, engine)
+	bc.process = NewStateProcessor(config, bc, engine)
+	bc.validator = NewBlockValidator(config, bc, engine)
+
+	return bc, nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
+	return bc.chainConfig
+}
+
+//func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(root types.Hash) evmtypes.IntraBlockState {
+//	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+//	if nil != err {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//
+//	blockNr := rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(tx, root)
+//	if nil == blockNr {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//
+//	stateReader := state.NewStateHistoryReader(tx, tx, *blockNr)
+//	return state.New(stateReader)
+//	//return statedb.NewStateDB(root, bc.chainDB)
+//}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) CurrentBlock() block2.IBlock {
+	return bc.currentBlock.Load()
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) Blocks() []block2.IBlock {
+	return bc.blocks
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) InsertHeader(headers []block2.IHeader) (int, error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GenesisBlock() block2.IBlock {
+	return bc.genesisBlock
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) Start() error {
+	//if bc.pubsub == nil {
+	//	return ErrInvalidPubSub
+	//}
+
+	bc.wg.Add(3)
+	go bc.runLoop()
+	//go bc.newBlockLoop()
+	go bc.updateFutureBlocksLoop()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifyBody
+// Deprecated:
+func (bc *BlockChain) verifyBody(block block2.IBlock) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifyState
+// Deprecated:
+func (bc *BlockChain) verifyState(block block2.IBlock, state *state.IntraBlockState, receipts block2.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) AddPeer(hash string, remoteBlock uint64, peerID peer.ID) error {
+	if bc.genesisBlock.Hash().String() != hash {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to addPeer, err: genesis block different")
+	}
+	if _, ok := bc.peers[peerID]; ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to addPeer, err: the peer already exists")
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("local heigth:%d --> remote height: %d", bc.CurrentBlock().Number64(), remoteBlock)
+
+	bc.peers[peerID] = true
+	//if remoteBlock > bc.currentBlock.Number64().Uint64() {
+	//	bc.syncChain(remoteBlock, peerID)
+	//}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetReceipts(blockHash types.Hash) (block2.Receipts, error) {
+	rtx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	defer rtx.Rollback()
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return rawdb.ReadReceiptsByHash(rtx, blockHash)
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetLogs(blockHash types.Hash) ([][]*block2.Log, error) {
+	receipts, err := bc.GetReceipts(blockHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	logs := make([][]*block2.Log, len(receipts))
+	for i, receipt := range receipts {
+		logs[i] = receipt.Logs
+	}
+	return logs, nil
+}
+
+// InsertBlock
+// Deprecated:
+func (bc *BlockChain) InsertBlock(blocks []block2.IBlock, isSync bool) (int, error) {
+	//bc.lock.Lock()
+	//defer bc.lock.Unlock()
+	//runBlock := func(b block2.IBlock) error {
+	//	//todo copy?
+	//	stateDB := statedb.NewStateDB(b.ParentHash(), bc.chainDB, bc.changeDB)
+	//
+	//	receipts, logs, usedGas, err := bc.process.Processor(b, stateDB)
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		return err
+	//	}
+	//	//verify state
+	//	if err = bc.verifyState(b, stateDB, receipts, usedGas); err != nil {
+	//		return err
+	//	}
+	//	_, err = stateDB.Commit(b.Number64())
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		return err
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	rawdb.StoreReceipts(bc.chainDB, b.Hash(), receipts)
+	//
+	//	if len(logs) > 0 {
+	//		event.GlobalEvent.Send(&common.NewLogsEvent{Logs: logs})
+	//	}
+	//	if len(receipts) > 0 {
+	//		log.Infof("Receipt len(%d), receipts: [%v]", len(receipts), receipts)
+	//	}
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+	//
+	//current := bc.CurrentBlock()
+	//var insertBlocks []block2.IBlock
+	//for i, block := range blocks {
+	//	if block.Number64() == current.Number64() && block.Difficulty().Compare(current.Difficulty()) == 1 {
+	//		if err := bc.engine.VerifyHeader(bc, block.Header(), false); err != nil {
+	//			log.Errorf("failed verify block err: %v", err)
+	//			continue
+	//		}
+	//		//verify body
+	//		if err := bc.verifyBody(block); err != nil {
+	//			log.Errorf("failed verify block err: %v", err)
+	//			continue
+	//		}
+	//		if err := runBlock(block); err != nil {
+	//			log.Errorf("failed runblock, err:%v", err)
+	//		}
+	//		insertBlocks = append(insertBlocks, block)
+	//		current = blocks[i]
+	//
+	//	} else if block.Number64().Equal(current.Number64().Add(uint256.NewInt(1))) && block.ParentHash().String() == current.Hash().String() {
+	//		if err := bc.engine.VerifyHeader(bc, block.Header(), false); err != nil {
+	//			log.Errorf("failed verify block err: %v", err)
+	//			continue
+	//		}
+	//
+	//		if err := runBlock(block); err != nil {
+	//			log.Errorf("failed runblock, err:%v", err)
+	//		} else {
+	//			insertBlocks = append(insertBlocks, block)
+	//			current = blocks[i]
+	//		}
+	//	} else {
+	//		author, _ := bc.engine.Author(block.Header())
+	//		log.Errorf("failed instert mew block, hash: %s, number: %s, diff: %s, miner: %s, txs: %d", block.Hash(), block.Number64().String(), block.Difficulty().String(), author.String(), len(block.Transactions()))
+	//		log.Errorf("failed instert cur block, hash: %s, number: %s, diff: %s, miner: %s, txs: %d", current.Hash(), current.Number64().String(), current.Difficulty().String(), author.String(), len(current.Transactions()))
+	//	}
+	//
+	//}
+	//
+	//if len(insertBlocks) > 0 {
+	//	if _, err := rawdb.SaveBlocks(bc.chainDB, insertBlocks); err != nil {
+	//		log.Errorf("failed to save blocks, err: %v", err)
+	//		return 0, err
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	if err := rawdb.SaveLatestBlock(bc.chainDB, current); err != nil {
+	//		log.Errorf("failed to save lates blocks, err: %v", err)
+	//		return 0, err
+	//	}
+	//	bc.currentBlock = current
+	//
+	//	if !isSync {
+	//		i := event.GlobalEvent.Send(&current)
+	//		author, _ := bc.engine.Author(current.Header())
+	//		log.Debugf("current number:%d, miner: %s, feed send count: %d", current.Number64().Uint64(), author, i)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	return len(insertBlocks), nil
+	//}
+
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid block len(%d)", len(blocks))
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) LatestBlockCh() (block2.IBlock, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-bc.ctx.Done():
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("the main chain is closed")
+	case block, ok := <-bc.latestBlockCh:
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("the main chain is closed")
+		}
+
+		return block, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) runLoop() {
+	defer func() {
+		bc.wg.Done()
+		bc.cancel()
+		bc.StopInsert()
+		close(bc.errorCh)
+		bc.wg.Wait()
+	}()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-bc.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case err, ok := <-bc.errorCh:
+			if ok {
+				log.Errorf("receive error from action, err:%v", err)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// updateFutureBlocksLoop
+func (bc *BlockChain) updateFutureBlocksLoop() {
+	futureTimer := time.NewTicker(2 * time.Second)
+	defer futureTimer.Stop()
+	defer bc.wg.Done()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-futureTimer.C:
+			if bc.futureBlocks.Len() > 0 {
+				blocks := make([]block2.IBlock, 0, bc.futureBlocks.Len())
+				for _, key := range bc.futureBlocks.Keys() {
+					if value, ok := bc.futureBlocks.Get(key); ok {
+						blocks = append(blocks, value)
+					}
+				}
+				sort.Slice(blocks, func(i, j int) bool {
+					return blocks[i].Number64().Cmp(blocks[j].Number64()) < 0
+				})
+
+				if blocks[0].Number64().Uint64() > bc.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64()+1 {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if n, err := bc.InsertChain(blocks); nil != err {
+					log.Warn("insert future block failed", err)
+				} else {
+					for _, k := range bc.futureBlocks.Keys() {
+						bc.futureBlocks.Remove(k)
+					}
+					log.Infof("insert %d future block success, for %d to %d", n, blocks[0].Number64().Uint64(), blocks[n-1].Number64().Uint64())
+				}
+
+			}
+		case <-bc.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) runNewBlockMessage() {
+	newBlockCh := make(chan msg_proto.NewBlockMessageData, 10)
+	sub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(newBlockCh)
+	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+	db := bc.ChainDB
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-bc.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case err := <-sub.Err():
+			log.Errorf("failed subscribe new block at blockchain err :%v", err)
+			return
+		case block, ok := <-bc.chBlocks:
+			if ok {
+
+				//if err := bc.InsertBlock([]*block_proto.Block{block}); err != nil {
+				//	log.Errorf("failed insert block into block chain, number:%d, err: %v", block.Header.Number, err)
+				//}
+				_ = db.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+					rawdb.WriteBlock(tx, block.(*block2.Block))
+					rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(tx, block.Hash())
+					_ = rawdb.ReadCurrentBlock(tx)
+					return nil
+				})
+			}
+		case msg, ok := <-newBlockCh:
+			if ok {
+				block := block2.Block{}
+				if err := block.FromProtoMessage(msg.Block); err == nil {
+					_ = db.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+						rawdb.WriteBlock(tx, &block)
+						rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(tx, block.Hash())
+						_ = rawdb.ReadCurrentBlock(tx)
+						return nil
+					})
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) syncChain(remoteBlock uint64, peerID peer.ID) {
+	/*sync chain
+	 */
+	//if remoteBlock < bc.currentBlock.Header.Number {
+	//	return
+	//}
+	//var startNumber uint64
+	//if bc.currentBlock.Header.Number == 0 {
+	//	startNumber = bc.currentBlock.Header.Number
+	//}
+	log.Debugf("syncChain.......")
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetHeader(h types.Hash, number *uint256.Int) block2.IHeader {
+	// Short circuit if the header's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
+	if header, ok := bc.headerCache.Get(h); ok {
+		return header
+	}
+
+	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	header := rawdb.ReadHeader(tx, h, number.Uint64())
+	if nil == header {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	bc.headerCache.Add(h, header)
+	return header
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetHeaderByNumber(number *uint256.Int) block2.IHeader {
+	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		log.Error("cannot open chain db", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	hash, err := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, number.Uint64())
+	if nil != err {
+		log.Error("cannot open chain db", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	//return bc.GetHeader(hash, number)
+	if header, ok := bc.headerCache.Get(hash); ok {
+		return header
+	}
+	header := rawdb.ReadHeader(tx, hash, number.Uint64())
+	if nil == header {
+		return nil
+	}
+	bc.headerCache.Add(hash, header)
+	return header
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetHeaderByHash(h types.Hash) (block2.IHeader, error) {
+	number := bc.GetBlockNumber(h)
+	if number == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return bc.GetHeader(h, uint256.NewInt(*number)), nil
+}
+
+// GetCanonicalHash returns the canonical hash for a given block number
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetCanonicalHash(number *uint256.Int) types.Hash {
+	//block, err := bc.GetBlockByNumber(number)
+	//if nil != err {
+	//	return types.Hash{}
+	//}
+	//
+	//return block.Hash()
+	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	hash, err := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, number.Uint64())
+	if nil != err {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+// GetBlockNumber retrieves the block number belonging to the given hash
+// from the cache or database
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlockNumber(hash types.Hash) *uint64 {
+	if cached, ok := bc.numberCache.Get(hash); ok {
+		return &cached
+	}
+	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	number := rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(tx, hash)
+	if number != nil {
+		bc.numberCache.Add(hash, *number)
+	}
+	return number
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlockByHash(h types.Hash) (block2.IBlock, error) {
+	number := bc.GetBlockNumber(h)
+	if nil == number {
+		return nil, errBlockDoesNotExist
+	}
+	return bc.GetBlock(h, *number), nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlockByNumber(number *uint256.Int) (block2.IBlock, error) {
+	var hash types.Hash
+	bc.ChainDB.View(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		hash, _ = rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, number.Uint64())
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return bc.GetBlock(hash, number.Uint64()), nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) NewBlockHandler(payload []byte, peer peer.ID) error {
+
+	var nweBlock msg_proto.NewBlockMessageData
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(payload, &nweBlock); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed unmarshal to msg, from peer:%s", peer)
+		return err
+	} else {
+		var block block2.Block
+		if err := block.FromProtoMessage(nweBlock.GetBlock()); err == nil {
+			var block block2.Block
+			if err := block.FromProtoMessage(nweBlock.GetBlock()); err == nil {
+				bc.chBlocks <- &block
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) SetEngine(engine consensus.Engine) {
+	bc.engine = engine
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlocksFromHash(hash types.Hash, n int) (blocks []block2.IBlock) {
+	var number *uint64
+	if num, ok := bc.numberCache.Get(hash); ok {
+		number = &num
+	} else {
+		bc.ChainDB.View(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+			number = rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(tx, hash)
+			return nil
+		})
+		if number == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		bc.numberCache.Add(hash, *number)
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		block := bc.GetBlock(hash, *number)
+		if block == nil {
+			break
+		}
+
+		blocks = append(blocks, block)
+		hash = block.ParentHash()
+		*number--
+	}
+	return blocks
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlock(hash types.Hash, number uint64) block2.IBlock {
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if block, ok := bc.blockCache.Get(hash); ok {
+		return block
+	}
+
+	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	block := rawdb.ReadBlock(tx, hash, number)
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	bc.blockCache.Add(hash, block)
+	return block
+	//header, err := rawdb.ReadHeaderByHash(tx, hash)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+	//
+	//if hash != header.Hash() {
+	//	log.Error("Failed to get block, the hash is differ", "hash", hash.String(), "headerHash", header.Hash().String())
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+	//
+	//body, err := rawdb.ReadBlockByHash(tx, header.Hash())
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	log.Error("Failed to get block body", "err", err)
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+
+	//return block2.NewBlock(header, body.Transactions())
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) SealedBlock(b block2.IBlock) error {
+	pbBlock := b.ToProtoMessage()
+	//_ = bc.pubsub.Publish(message.GossipBlockMessage, pbBlock)
+	return bc.p2p.Broadcast(context.TODO(), pbBlock)
+}
+
+// StopInsert stop insert
+func (bc *BlockChain) StopInsert() {
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&bc.procInterrupt, 1)
+}
+
+// insertStopped returns true after StopInsert has been called.
+func (bc *BlockChain) insertStopped() bool {
+	return atomic.LoadInt32(&bc.procInterrupt) == 1
+}
+
+// HasBlockAndState
+func (bc *BlockChain) HasBlockAndState(hash types.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	block := bc.GetBlock(hash, number)
+	if block == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return bc.HasState(block.Hash())
+}
+
+// HasState
+func (bc *BlockChain) HasState(hash types.Hash) bool {
+	tx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRo(bc.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	is, err := rawdb.IsCanonicalHash(tx, hash)
+	if nil != err {
+		return false
+	}
+	return is
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) HasBlock(hash types.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	var flag bool
+	if bc.blockCache.Contains(hash) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	bc.ChainDB.View(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		flag = rawdb.HasHeader(tx, hash, number)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return flag
+}
+
+// GetTd
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetTd(hash types.Hash, number *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+
+	if td, ok := bc.tdCache.Get(hash); ok {
+		return td
+	}
+
+	var td *uint256.Int
+	_ = bc.ChainDB.View(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+
+		ptd, err := rawdb.ReadTd(tx, hash, number.Uint64())
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		td = ptd
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	bc.tdCache.Add(hash, td)
+	return td
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) skipBlock(err error) bool {
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrKnownBlock) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// InsertChain
+func (bc *BlockChain) InsertChain(chain []block2.IBlock) (int, error) {
+	if len(chain) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	//
+	for i := 1; i < len(chain); i++ {
+		block, prev := chain[i], chain[i-1]
+		if block.Number64().Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0).Add(prev.Number64(), uint256.NewInt(1))) != 0 || block.ParentHash() != prev.Hash() {
+			log.Error("Non contiguous block insert",
+				"number", block.Number64().String(),
+				"hash", block.Hash(),
+				"parent", block.ParentHash(),
+				"prev number", prev.Number64(),
+				"prev hash", prev.Hash(),
+			)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("non contiguous insert: item %d is #%s [%x..], item %d is #%s [%x..] (parent [%x..])", i-1, prev.Number64().String(),
+				prev.Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, block.Number64().String(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4], block.ParentHash().Bytes()[:4])
+		}
+	}
+	bc.lock.Lock()
+	defer bc.lock.Unlock()
+	return bc.insertChain(chain)
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain []block2.IBlock) (int, error) {
+	if bc.insertStopped() {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	var (
+		stats     = insertStats{startTime: time.Now()}
+		lastCanon block2.IBlock
+	)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if lastCanon != nil && bc.CurrentBlock().Hash() == lastCanon.Hash() {
+			// todo
+			// event.GlobalEvent.Send(&common.ChainHighestBlock{Block: lastCanon, Inserted: true})
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Start the parallel header verifier
+	headers := make([]block2.IHeader, len(chain))
+	seals := make([]bool, len(chain))
+
+	for i, block := range chain {
+		headers[i] = block.Header()
+		seals[i] = true
+	}
+	abort, results := bc.engine.VerifyHeaders(bc, headers, seals)
+	defer close(abort)
+
+	// Peek the error for the first block to decide the directing import logic
+	it := newInsertIterator(chain, results, bc.validator)
+	block, err := it.next()
+	if bc.skipBlock(err) {
+		var (
+			reorg   bool
+			current = bc.CurrentBlock()
+		)
+		for block != nil && bc.skipBlock(err) {
+			reorg, err = bc.forker.ReorgNeeded(current.Header(), block.Header())
+			if err != nil {
+				return it.index, err
+			}
+			if reorg {
+				// Switch to import mode if the forker says the reorg is necessary
+				// and also the block is not on the canonical chain.
+				// In eth2 the forker always returns true for reorg decision (blindly trusting
+				// the external consensus engine), but in order to prevent the unnecessary
+				// reorgs when importing known blocks, the special case is handled here.
+				if block.Number64().Uint64() > current.Number64().Uint64() || bc.GetCanonicalHash(block.Number64()) != block.Hash() {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			log.Debug("Ignoring already known block", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash())
+			stats.ignored++
+			block, err = it.next()
+		}
+		// The remaining blocks are still known blocks, the only scenario here is:
+		// During the fast sync, the pivot point is already submitted but rollback
+		// happens. Then node resets the head full block to a lower height via `rollback`
+		// and leaves a few known blocks in the database.
+		//
+		// When node runs a fast sync again, it can re-import a batch of known blocks via
+		// `insertChain` while a part of them have higher total difficulty than current
+		// head full block(new pivot point).
+		for block != nil && bc.skipBlock(err) {
+			log.Debug("Writing previously known block", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash())
+			if err := bc.writeKnownBlock(nil, block); err != nil {
+				return it.index, err
+			}
+			lastCanon = block
+			block, err = it.next()
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	// First block is pruned
+	case errors.Is(err, ErrPrunedAncestor):
+		// First block is pruned, insert as sidechain and reorg only if TD grows enough
+		log.Debug("Pruned ancestor, inserting as sidechain", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash())
+		return bc.insertSideChain(block, it)
+
+	// First block is future, shove it (and all children) to the future queue (unknown ancestor)
+	case errors.Is(err, ErrFutureBlock) || (errors.Is(err, ErrUnknownAncestor) && bc.futureBlocks.Contains(it.first().ParentHash())):
+		for block != nil && (it.index == 0 || errors.Is(err, ErrUnknownAncestor)) {
+			log.Debug("Future block, postponing import", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash())
+			if err := bc.AddFutureBlock(block); err != nil {
+				return it.index, err
+			}
+			block, err = it.next()
+		}
+		stats.queued += it.processed()
+		stats.ignored += it.remaining()
+
+		// If there are any still remaining, mark as ignored
+		return it.index, err
+
+	// Some other error(except ErrKnownBlock) occurred, abort.
+	// ErrKnownBlock is allowed here since some known blocks
+	// still need re-execution to generate snapshots that are missing
+	case err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrKnownBlock):
+		bc.futureBlocks.Remove(block.Hash())
+		stats.ignored += len(it.chain)
+		bc.reportBlock(block, nil, err)
+		return it.index, err
+	}
+
+	//wtx, err := bc.ChainDB.BeginRw(bc.ctx)
+	//if nil != err {
+	//	return it.index, err
+	//}
+	//defer wtx.Rollback()
+
+	//var batch ethdb.DbWithPendingMutations
+
+	// state is stored through ethdb batches
+	//batch = olddb.NewHashBatch(wtx, bc.Quit(), paths.DefaultDataDir())
+	//// avoids stacking defers within the loop
+	//defer func() {
+	//	batch.Rollback()
+	//}()
+
+	evmRecord := func(ctx context.Context, db kv.RwDB, blockNr uint64, f func(tx kv.Tx, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, reader state.StateReader, writer state.WriterWithChangeSets) (map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error)) (*state.IntraBlockState, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+		tx, err := db.BeginRo(ctx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		defer tx.Rollback()
+		//batch := olddb.NewHashBatch(tx, bc.Quit(), paths.DefaultDataDir())
+		//defer batch.Rollback()
+		//stateReader, stateWriter, err := NewStateReaderWriter(batch, tx, blockNr, true)
+		//if nil != err {
+		//	return err
+		//}
+
+		stateReader := state.NewPlainStateReader(tx)
+		ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+		//stateWriter := state.NewPlainStateWriter(tx, tx, block.Number64().Uint64())
+		stateWriter := state.NewNoopWriter()
+
+		var nopay map[types.Address]*uint256.Int
+		nopay, err = f(tx, ibs, stateReader, stateWriter)
+		if nil != err {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		//if err := batch.Commit(); nil != err {
+		//	return err
+		//}
+		return ibs, nopay, nil
+		// return tx.Commit()
+	}
+
+	for ; block != nil && err == nil || errors.Is(err, ErrKnownBlock); block, err = it.next() {
+		// If the chain is terminating, stop processing blocks
+		if bc.insertStopped() {
+			log.Debug("Abort during block processing")
+			break
+		}
+
+		log.Tracef("Current block: number=%v, hash=%v, difficult=%v | Insert block block: number=%v, hash=%v, difficult= %v",
+			bc.CurrentBlock().Number64(), bc.CurrentBlock().Hash(), bc.CurrentBlock().Difficulty(), block.Number64(), block.Hash(), block.Difficulty())
+		// Retrieve the parent block and it's state to execute on top
+		start := time.Now()
+		// TODO
+		//stateDB := statedb.NewStateDB(block.ParentHash(), bc.chainDB, bc.changeDB)
+		//stateReader, stateWriter, err := NewStateReaderWriter(batch, wtx, block.Number64().Uint64(), true)
+		//if nil != err {
+		//	return it.index, err
+		//}
+		//ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+
+		var receipts block2.Receipts
+		var logs []*block2.Log
+		var usedGas uint64
+		ibs, nopay, err := evmRecord(bc.ctx, bc.ChainDB, block.Number64().Uint64(), func(tx kv.Tx, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, reader state.StateReader, writer state.WriterWithChangeSets) (map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+			getHeader := func(hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block2.Header {
+				return rawdb.ReadHeader(tx, hash, number)
+			}
+			blockHashFunc := GetHashFn(block.Header().(*block2.Header), getHeader)
+
+			var err error
+			var nopay map[types.Address]*uint256.Int
+
+			pstart := time.Now()
+			receipts, nopay, logs, usedGas, err = bc.process.Process(block.(*block2.Block), ibs, reader, writer, blockHashFunc)
+			if err != nil {
+				bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
+				//atomic.StoreUint32(&followupInterrupt, 1)
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			ptime := time.Since(pstart)
+			vstart := time.Now()
+
+			if err := bc.validator.ValidateState(block, ibs, receipts, usedGas); err != nil {
+				bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
+				//atomic.StoreUint32(&followupInterrupt, 1)
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			vtime := time.Since(vstart)
+
+			blockExecutionTimer.Observe(float64(ptime)) // The time spent on EVM processing
+			blockValidationTimer.Observe(float64(vtime))
+			return nopay, nil
+		})
+		if nil != err {
+			return it.index, err
+		}
+		//var followupInterrupt uint32
+		//receipts, logs, usedGas, err := bc.process.Process(block.(*block2.Block), ibs, stateReader, stateWriter, blockHashFunc)
+		//if err != nil {
+		//	bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
+		//	//atomic.StoreUint32(&followupInterrupt, 1)
+		//	return it.index, err
+		//}
+
+		//if err := bc.validator.ValidateState(block, ibs, receipts, usedGas); err != nil {
+		//	bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
+		//	//atomic.StoreUint32(&followupInterrupt, 1)
+		//	return it.index, err
+		//}
+
+		// write state
+		//if err := bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		//	stateWrite := state.NewPlainStateWriter(batch, tx, block.Number64().Uint64())
+		//	if err := ibs.CommitBlock(params.astranetConfig.Rules(block.Number64().Uint64()), stateWrite); nil != err {
+		//		return err
+		//	}
+		//	return nil
+		//}); nil != err {
+		//	return it.index, err
+		//}
+		wstart := time.Now()
+		var status WriteStatus
+		status, err = bc.writeBlockWithState(block, receipts, ibs, nopay)
+		//atomic.StoreUint32(&followupInterrupt, 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return it.index, err
+		}
+		blockWriteTimer.Observe(float64(time.Since(wstart)))
+		blockInsertTimer.Observe(float64(time.Since(start)))
+		// Report the import stats before returning the various results
+		stats.processed++
+		stats.usedGas += usedGas
+
+		switch status {
+		case CanonStatTy:
+			log.Trace("Inserted new block ", "number ", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash(),
+				"txs", len(block.Transactions()), "gas", block.GasUsed(),
+				"elapsed", time.Since(start).Seconds(),
+				"root", block.StateRoot())
+
+			if len(logs) > 0 {
+				event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.NewLogsEvent{Logs: logs})
+			}
+
+			lastCanon = block
+
+		case SideStatTy:
+			log.Debug("Inserted forked block", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash(),
+				"diff", block.Difficulty(), "elapsed", time.Since(start).Seconds(),
+				"txs", len(block.Transactions()), "gas", block.GasUsed(),
+				"root", block.StateRoot())
+
+		default:
+			// This in theory is impossible, but lets be nice to our future selves and leave
+			// a log, instead of trying to track down blocks imports that don't emit logs.
+			log.Warn("Inserted block with unknown status", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash(),
+				"diff", block.Difficulty(), "elapsed", time.Since(start).Seconds(),
+				"txs", len(block.Transactions()), "gas", block.GasUsed(),
+				"root", block.StateRoot())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Any blocks remaining here? The only ones we care about are the future ones
+	if block != nil && errors.Is(err, ErrFutureBlock) {
+		if err := bc.AddFutureBlock(block); err != nil {
+			return it.index, err
+		}
+		block, err = it.next()
+
+		for ; block != nil && errors.Is(err, ErrUnknownAncestor); block, err = it.next() {
+			if err := bc.AddFutureBlock(block); err != nil {
+				return it.index, err
+			}
+			stats.queued++
+		}
+	}
+	stats.ignored += it.remaining()
+
+	return it.index, err
+}
+
+// insertSideChain
+func (bc *BlockChain) insertSideChain(block block2.IBlock, it *insertIterator) (int, error) {
+	var (
+		externTd  uint256.Int
+		lastBlock = block
+		current   = bc.CurrentBlock()
+	)
+	err := ErrPrunedAncestor
+	for ; block != nil && errors.Is(err, ErrPrunedAncestor); block, err = it.next() {
+		// Check the canonical state root for that number
+		if number := block.Number64(); current.Number64().Cmp(number) >= 0 {
+			canonical, err := bc.GetBlockByNumber(number)
+			if nil != err {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+
+			if canonical != nil && canonical.Hash() == block.Hash() {
+				// Not a sidechain block, this is a re-import of a canon block which has it's state pruned
+
+				// Collect the TD of the block. Since we know it's a canon one,
+				// we can get it directly, and not (like further below) use
+				// the parent and then add the block on top
+				pt := bc.GetTd(block.Hash(), block.Number64())
+				externTd = *pt
+				continue
+			}
+			if canonical != nil && canonical.StateRoot() == block.StateRoot() {
+				// This is most likely a shadow-state attack. When a fork is imported into the
+				// database, and it eventually reaches a block height which is not pruned, we
+				// just found that the state already exist! This means that the sidechain block
+				// refers to a state which already exists in our canon chain.
+				//
+				// If left unchecked, we would now proceed importing the blocks, without actually
+				// having verified the state of the previous blocks.
+				log.Warn("Sidechain ghost-state attack detected", "number", block.Number64(), "sideroot", block.StateRoot(), "canonroot", canonical.StateRoot())
+
+				// If someone legitimately side-mines blocks, they would still be imported as usual. However,
+				// we cannot risk writing unverified blocks to disk when they obviously target the pruning
+				// mechanism.
+				return it.index, errors.New("sidechain ghost-state attack")
+			}
+		}
+		if externTd.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+			externTd = *bc.GetTd(block.ParentHash(), uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(block.Number64(), uint256.NewInt(1)))
+		}
+		externTd = *externTd.Add(&externTd, block.Difficulty())
+
+		if !bc.HasBlock(block.Hash(), block.Number64().Uint64()) {
+			start := time.Now()
+			if err := bc.WriteBlockWithoutState(block); err != nil {
+				return it.index, err
+			}
+			log.Debug("Injected sidechain block", "number", block.Number64(), "hash", block.Hash(),
+				"diff", block.Difficulty(), "elapsed", time.Since(start).Seconds(),
+				"txs", len(block.Transactions()), "gas", block.GasUsed(),
+				"root", block.StateRoot())
+		}
+		lastBlock = block
+	}
+
+	reorg, err := bc.forker.ReorgNeeded(current.Header(), lastBlock.Header())
+	if err != nil {
+		return it.index, err
+	}
+
+	if !reorg {
+		localTd := bc.GetTd(current.Hash(), current.Number64())
+		log.Info("Sidechain written to disk", "start", it.first().Number64(), "end", it.previous().Number64(), "sidetd", externTd, "localtd", localTd)
+		return it.index, err
+	}
+	var (
+		hashes  []types.Hash
+		numbers []uint64
+	)
+	parent := it.previous()
+	for parent != nil && !bc.HasState(parent.StateRoot()) {
+		hashes = append(hashes, parent.Hash())
+		numbers = append(numbers, parent.Number64().Uint64())
+
+		parent = bc.GetHeader(parent.(*block2.Header).ParentHash, uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(parent.Number64(), uint256.NewInt(1)))
+	}
+	if parent == nil {
+		return it.index, errors.New("missing parent")
+	}
+	// Import all the pruned blocks to make the state available
+	var (
+		blocks []block2.IBlock
+	)
+	for i := len(hashes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		// Append the next block to our batch
+		block := bc.GetBlock(hashes[i], numbers[i])
+
+		blocks = append(blocks, block)
+
+		// If memory use grew too large, import and continue. Sadly we need to discard
+		// all raised events and logs from notifications since we're too heavy on the
+		// memory here.
+		if len(blocks) >= 2048 {
+			log.Info("Importing heavy sidechain segment", "blocks", len(blocks), "start", blocks[0].Number64(), "end", block.Number64())
+			if _, err := bc.insertChain(blocks); err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			blocks = blocks[:0]
+			// If the chain is terminating, stop processing blocks
+			if bc.insertStopped() {
+				log.Debug("Abort during blocks processing")
+				return 0, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(blocks) > 0 {
+		log.Info("Importing sidechain segment", "start", blocks[0].Number64(), "end", blocks[len(blocks)-1].Number64())
+		return bc.insertChain(blocks)
+	}
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+// recoverAncestors
+func (bc *BlockChain) recoverAncestors(block block2.IBlock) (types.Hash, error) {
+	var (
+		hashes  []types.Hash
+		numbers []uint256.Int
+		parent  = block
+	)
+	for parent != nil && !bc.HasState(parent.Hash()) {
+		hashes = append(hashes, parent.Hash())
+		numbers = append(numbers, *parent.Number64())
+		parent = bc.GetBlock(parent.ParentHash(), parent.Number64().Uint64()-1)
+
+	}
+	if parent == nil {
+		return types.Hash{}, errors.New("missing parent")
+	}
+	for i := len(hashes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		var b block2.IBlock
+		if i == 0 {
+			b = block
+		} else {
+			b = bc.GetBlock(hashes[i], numbers[i].Uint64())
+		}
+		if _, err := bc.insertChain([]block2.IBlock{b}); err != nil {
+			return b.ParentHash(), err
+		}
+	}
+	return block.Hash(), nil
+}
+
+// WriteBlockWithoutState without state
+func (bc *BlockChain) WriteBlockWithoutState(block block2.IBlock) (err error) {
+	if bc.insertStopped() {
+		return errInsertionInterrupted
+	}
+	//if err := bc.state.WriteTD(block.Hash(), td); err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	return bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		if err := rawdb.WriteBlock(tx, block.(*block2.Block)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) WriteBlockWithState(block block2.IBlock, receipts []*block2.Receipt, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, nopay map[types.Address]*uint256.Int) error {
+	bc.lock.Lock()
+	defer bc.lock.Unlock()
+	_, err := bc.writeBlockWithState(block, receipts, ibs, nopay)
+	return err
+}
+
+// writeBlockWithState
+func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockWithState(block block2.IBlock, receipts []*block2.Receipt, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, nopay map[types.Address]*uint256.Int) (status WriteStatus, err error) {
+	if err := bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		//ptd := bc.GetTd(block.ParentHash(), block.Number64().Sub(uint256.NewInt(1)))
+		ptd, err := rawdb.ReadTd(tx, block.ParentHash(), uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(block.Number64(), uint256.NewInt(1)).Uint64())
+		if nil != err {
+			log.Errorf("ReadTd failed err: %v", err)
+		}
+		if ptd == nil {
+			return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
+		}
+
+		//if err := bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		externTd := uint256.NewInt(0).Add(ptd, block.Difficulty())
+		if err := rawdb.WriteTd(tx, block.Hash(), block.Number64().Uint64(), externTd); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		log.Trace("writeTd:", "number", block.Number64().Uint64(), "hash", block.Hash(), "td", externTd.Uint64())
+		if len(receipts) > 0 {
+			//if err := bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			if err := rawdb.AppendReceipts(tx, block.Number64().Uint64(), receipts); nil != err {
+				log.Errorf("rawdb.AppendReceipts failed err= %v", err)
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if err := rawdb.WriteBlock(tx, block.(*block2.Block)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		stateWriter := state.NewPlainStateWriter(tx, tx, block.Number64().Uint64())
+		if err := ibs.CommitBlock(bc.chainConfig.Rules(block.Number64().Uint64()), stateWriter); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err := stateWriter.WriteChangeSets(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("writing changesets for block %d failed: %w", block.Number64().Uint64(), err)
+		}
+
+		if err := stateWriter.WriteHistory(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("writing history for block %d failed: %w", block.Number64().Uint64(), err)
+		}
+
+		if nil != nopay {
+			for addr, v := range nopay {
+				rawdb.PutAccountReward(tx, addr, v)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}); nil != err {
+		return NonStatTy, err
+	}
+
+	reorg, err := bc.forker.ReorgNeeded(bc.CurrentBlock().Header(), block.Header())
+	if nil != err {
+		return NonStatTy, err
+	}
+	if reorg {
+		// Reorganise the chain if the parent is not the head block
+		if block.ParentHash() != bc.CurrentBlock().Hash() {
+			if err := bc.reorg(nil, bc.CurrentBlock(), block); err != nil {
+				return NonStatTy, err
+			}
+		}
+		status = CanonStatTy
+	} else {
+		status = SideStatTy
+	}
+	// Set new head.
+	if status == CanonStatTy {
+		if err := bc.writeHeadBlock(nil, block); nil != err {
+			log.Errorf("failed to save lates blocks, err: %v", err)
+			return NonStatTy, err
+		}
+	}
+	//
+	if _, ok := bc.futureBlocks.Get(block.Hash()); ok {
+		bc.futureBlocks.Remove(block.Hash())
+	}
+	return status, nil
+}
+
+// writeHeadBlock head
+func (bc *BlockChain) writeHeadBlock(tx kv.RwTx, block block2.IBlock) error {
+	var err error
+	var notExternalTx bool
+	if nil == tx {
+		tx, err = bc.ChainDB.BeginRw(bc.ctx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer tx.Rollback()
+		notExternalTx = true
+	}
+
+	//if err := rawdb.WriteBlock(tx, block.(*block2.Block)); nil != err {
+	//	log.Errorf("failed to save last block, err: %v", err)
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(tx, block.Hash())
+	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(tx, block.Hash())
+	rawdb.WriteTxLookupEntries(tx, block.(*block2.Block))
+
+	if err = rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(tx, block.Hash(), block.Number64().Uint64()); nil != err {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	bc.currentBlock.Store(block.(*block2.Block))
+	headBlockGauge.Set(block.Number64().Uint64())
+	if notExternalTx {
+		if err = tx.Commit(); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// reportBlock logs a bad block error.
+func (bc *BlockChain) reportBlock(block block2.IBlock, receipts []*block2.Receipt, err error) {
+
+	var receiptString string
+	for i, receipt := range receipts {
+		receiptString += fmt.Sprintf("\t %d: cumulative: %v gas: %v contract: %v status: %v tx: %v logs: %v bloom: %x state: %x\n",
+			i, receipt.CumulativeGasUsed, receipt.GasUsed, receipt.ContractAddress.String(),
+			receipt.Status, receipt.TxHash.String(), "Logs", receipt.Bloom, receipt.PostState)
+	}
+	log.Error(fmt.Sprintf(`
+########## BAD BLOCK #########
+
+Number: %v
+Hash: %#x
+%v
+
+Error: %v
+##############################
+`, block.Number64().String(), block.Hash(), receiptString, err))
+}
+
+// ReorgNeeded
+func (bc *BlockChain) ReorgNeeded(current block2.IBlock, header block2.IBlock) bool {
+	switch current.Number64().Cmp(header.Number64()) {
+	case 1:
+		return false
+	case 0:
+		return current.Difficulty().Cmp(uint256.NewInt(2)) != 0
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// SetHead set new head
+func (bc *BlockChain) SetHead(head uint64) error {
+	newHeadBlock, err := bc.GetBlockByNumber(uint256.NewInt(head))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		return rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(tx, newHeadBlock.Hash())
+	})
+}
+
+// AddFutureBlock checks if the block is within the max allowed window to get
+// accepted for future processing, and returns an error if the block is too far
+// ahead and was not added.
+//
+// TODO after the transition, the future block shouldn't be kept. Because
+// it's not checked in the Geth side anymore.
+func (bc *BlockChain) AddFutureBlock(block block2.IBlock) error {
+	max := uint64(time.Now().Unix() + maxTimeFutureBlocks)
+	if block.Time() > max {
+		return fmt.Errorf("future block timestamp %v > allowed %v", block.Time(), max)
+	}
+	if block.Difficulty().Uint64() == 0 {
+		// Never add PoS blocks into the future queue
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	log.Info("add future block", "hash", block.Hash(), "number", block.Number64().Uint64(), "stateRoot", block.StateRoot(), "txs", len(block.Body().Transactions()))
+	bc.futureBlocks.Add(block.Hash(), block.(*block2.Block))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeKnownBlock updates the head block flag with a known block
+// and introduces chain reorg if necessary.
+func (bc *BlockChain) writeKnownBlock(tx kv.RwTx, block block2.IBlock) error {
+	var notExternalTx bool
+	var err error
+	if nil == tx {
+		tx, err = bc.ChainDB.BeginRw(bc.ctx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer tx.Rollback()
+		notExternalTx = true
+	}
+
+	current := bc.CurrentBlock()
+	if block.ParentHash() != current.Hash() {
+		if err := bc.reorg(tx, current, block); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err = bc.writeHeadBlock(tx, block); nil != err {
+		return err
+	}
+	if notExternalTx {
+		if err = tx.Commit(); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// reorg takes two blocks, an old chain and a new chain and will reconstruct the
+// blocks and inserts them to be part of the new canonical chain and accumulates
+// potential missing transactions and post an event about them.
+// Note the new head block won't be processed here, callers need to handle it
+// externally.
+func (bc *BlockChain) reorg(tx kv.RwTx, oldBlock, newBlock block2.IBlock) error {
+	var (
+		newChain    block2.Blocks
+		oldChain    block2.Blocks
+		commonBlock block2.IBlock
+
+		deletedTxs []types.Hash
+		addedTxs   []types.Hash
+	)
+	// Reduce the longer chain to the same number as the shorter one
+	if oldBlock.Number64().Uint64() > newBlock.Number64().Uint64() {
+		// Old chain is longer, gather all transactions and logs as deleted ones
+		for ; oldBlock != nil && oldBlock.Number64().Uint64() != newBlock.Number64().Uint64(); oldBlock = bc.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash(), oldBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1) {
+			oldChain = append(oldChain, oldBlock)
+			for _, tx := range oldBlock.Transactions() {
+				hash := tx.Hash()
+				deletedTxs = append(deletedTxs, hash)
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		// New chain is longer, stash all blocks away for subsequent insertion
+		for ; newBlock != nil && newBlock.Number64() != oldBlock.Number64(); newBlock = bc.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash(), newBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1) {
+			newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)
+		}
+	}
+	if oldBlock == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid old chain")
+	}
+	if newBlock == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid new chain")
+	}
+
+	var useExternalTx bool
+	var err error
+	if tx == nil {
+		tx, err = bc.ChainDB.BeginRw(bc.ctx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer tx.Rollback()
+		useExternalTx = false
+	}
+
+	// Both sides of the reorg are at the same number, reduce both until the common
+	// ancestor is found
+	for {
+		// If the common ancestor was found, bail out
+		if oldBlock.Hash() == newBlock.Hash() {
+			commonBlock = oldBlock
+			break
+		}
+		// Remove an old block as well as stash away a new block
+		oldChain = append(oldChain, oldBlock)
+		for _, t := range oldBlock.Transactions() {
+			h := t.Hash()
+			deletedTxs = append(deletedTxs, h)
+		}
+		newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)
+
+		// Step back with both chains
+		//oldBlock = bc.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash(), oldBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1)
+		oldBlock = rawdb.ReadBlock(tx, oldBlock.ParentHash(), oldBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1)
+		if oldBlock == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid old chain")
+		}
+		//newBlock = bc.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash(), newBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1)
+		newBlock = rawdb.ReadBlock(tx, newBlock.ParentHash(), newBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1)
+		if newBlock == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid new chain")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Ensure the user sees large reorgs
+	if len(oldChain) > 0 && len(newChain) > 0 {
+		logFn := log.Info
+		msg := "Chain reorg detected"
+		if len(oldChain) > 63 {
+			msg = "Large chain reorg detected"
+			logFn = log.Warn
+		}
+		logFn(msg, "number", commonBlock.Number64(), "hash", commonBlock.Hash(),
+			"drop", len(oldChain), "dropfrom", oldChain[0].Hash(), "add", len(newChain), "addfrom", newChain[0].Hash())
+	} else if len(newChain) > 0 {
+		// Special case happens in the post merge stage that current head is
+		// the ancestor of new head while these two blocks are not consecutive
+		log.Info("Extend chain", "add", len(newChain), "number", newChain[0].Number64(), "hash", newChain[0].Hash())
+	} else {
+		// len(newChain) == 0 && len(oldChain) > 0
+		// rewind the canonical chain to a lower point.
+		log.Error("Impossible reorg, please file an issue", "oldnum", oldBlock.Number64(), "oldhash", oldBlock.Hash(), "oldblocks", len(oldChain), "newnum", newBlock.Number64(), "newhash", newBlock.Hash(), "newblocks", len(newChain))
+	}
+	// Insert the new chain(except the head block(reverse order)),
+	// taking care of the proper incremental order.
+	for i := len(newChain) - 1; i >= 1; i-- {
+		// Insert the block in the canonical way, re-writing history
+		bc.writeHeadBlock(tx, newChain[i])
+
+		// Collect the new added transactions.
+		for _, t := range newChain[i].Transactions() {
+			h := t.Hash()
+			addedTxs = append(addedTxs, h)
+		}
+	}
+
+	//return bc.ChainDB.Update(bc.ctx, func(txw kv.RwTx) error {
+	// Delete useless indexes right now which includes the non-canonical
+	// transaction indexes, canonical chain indexes which above the head.
+	for _, t := range types.HashDifference(deletedTxs, addedTxs) {
+		rawdb.DeleteTxLookupEntry(tx, t)
+	}
+
+	// Delete all hash markers that are not part of the new canonical chain.
+	// Because the reorg function does not handle new chain head, all hash
+	// markers greater than or equal to new chain head should be deleted.
+	number := commonBlock.Number64().Uint64()
+	if len(newChain) > 1 {
+		number = newChain[1].Number64().Uint64()
+	}
+	for i := number + 1; ; i++ {
+		hash, _ := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, i)
+		if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+			break
+		}
+		rawdb.TruncateCanonicalHash(tx, i, false)
+	}
+
+	if !useExternalTx {
+		if err = tx.Commit(); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+func (bc *BlockChain) Close() error {
+	bc.Quit()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) Quit() <-chan struct{} {
+	return bc.ctx.Done()
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) DB() kv.RwDB {
+	return bc.ChainDB
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(tx kv.Tx, blockNr uint64) *state.IntraBlockState {
+	reader := state.NewPlainState(tx, blockNr+1)
+	return state.New(reader)
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetDepositInfo(address types.Address) (*uint256.Int, *uint256.Int) {
+	var info *deposit.Info
+	bc.ChainDB.View(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		info = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, address)
+		return nil
+	})
+	if nil == info {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return info.RewardPerBlock, info.MaxRewardPerEpoch
+}
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetAccountRewardUnpaid(account types.Address) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	var value *uint256.Int
+	var err error
+	bc.ChainDB.View(bc.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		value, err = rawdb.GetAccountReward(tx, account)
+		return nil
+	})
+	return value, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/blockchain_insert.go b/internal/blockchain_insert.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6cd7940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/blockchain_insert.go
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// statsReportLimit is the time limit during import and export after which we
+// always print out progress. This avoids the user wondering what's going on.
+const statsReportLimit = 8 * time.Second
+
+// report prints statistics if some number of blocks have been processed
+// or more than a few seconds have passed since the last message.
+//func (st *insertStats) report(chain []*types.Block, index int, dirty common.StorageSize, setHead bool) {
+//	// Fetch the timings for the batch
+//	var (
+//		now     = mclock.Now()
+//		elapsed = now.Sub(st.startTime)
+//	)
+//	// If we're at the last block of the batch or report period reached, log
+//	if index == len(chain)-1 || elapsed >= statsReportLimit {
+//		// Count the number of transactions in this segment
+//		var txs int
+//		for _, block := range chain[st.lastIndex : index+1] {
+//			txs += len(block.Transactions())
+//		}
+//		end := chain[index]
+//
+//		// Assemble the log context and send it to the logger
+//		context := []interface{}{
+//			"number", end.Number(), "hash", end.Hash(),
+//			"blocks", st.processed, "txs", txs, "mgas", float64(st.usedGas) / 1000000,
+//			"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(elapsed), "mgasps", float64(st.usedGas) * 1000 / float64(elapsed),
+//		}
+//		if timestamp := time.Unix(int64(end.Time()), 0); time.Since(timestamp) > time.Minute {
+//			context = append(context, []interface{}{"age", common.PrettyAge(timestamp)}...)
+//		}
+//		context = append(context, []interface{}{"dirty", dirty}...)
+//
+//		if st.queued > 0 {
+//			context = append(context, []interface{}{"queued", st.queued}...)
+//		}
+//		if st.ignored > 0 {
+//			context = append(context, []interface{}{"ignored", st.ignored}...)
+//		}
+//		if setHead {
+//			log.Info("Imported new chain segment", context...)
+//		} else {
+//			log.Info("Imported new potential chain segment", context...)
+//		}
+//		// Bump the stats reported to the next section
+//		*st = insertStats{startTime: now, lastIndex: index + 1}
+//	}
+//}
+
+// insertIterator is a helper to assist during chain import.
+type insertIterator struct {
+	chain []block2.IBlock // Chain of blocks being iterated over
+
+	results <-chan error // Verification result sink from the consensus engine
+	errors  []error      // Header verification errors for the blocks
+
+	index     int       // Current offset of the iterator
+	validator Validator // Validator to run if verification succeeds
+}
+
+// newInsertIterator creates a new iterator based on the given blocks, which are
+// assumed to be a contiguous chain.
+func newInsertIterator(chain []block2.IBlock, results <-chan error, validator Validator) *insertIterator {
+	return &insertIterator{
+		chain:     chain,
+		results:   results,
+		errors:    make([]error, 0, len(chain)),
+		index:     -1,
+		validator: validator,
+	}
+}
+
+// next returns the next block in the iterator, along with any potential validation
+// error for that block. When the end is reached, it will return (nil, nil).
+func (it *insertIterator) next() (block2.IBlock, error) {
+	// If we reached the end of the chain, abort
+	if it.index+1 >= len(it.chain) {
+		it.index = len(it.chain)
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	// Advance the iterator and wait for verification result if not yet done
+	it.index++
+	if len(it.errors) <= it.index {
+		it.errors = append(it.errors, <-it.results)
+	}
+	if it.errors[it.index] != nil {
+		return it.chain[it.index], it.errors[it.index]
+	}
+	// Block header valid, run body validation and return
+	return it.chain[it.index], it.validator.ValidateBody(it.chain[it.index])
+}
+
+// peek returns the next block in the iterator, along with any potential validation
+// error for that block, but does **not** advance the iterator.
+//
+// Both header and body validation errors (nil too) is cached into the iterator
+// to avoid duplicating work on the following next() call.
+func (it *insertIterator) peek() (block2.IBlock, error) {
+	// If we reached the end of the chain, abort
+	if it.index+1 >= len(it.chain) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	// Wait for verification result if not yet done
+	if len(it.errors) <= it.index+1 {
+		it.errors = append(it.errors, <-it.results)
+	}
+	if it.errors[it.index+1] != nil {
+		return it.chain[it.index+1], it.errors[it.index+1]
+	}
+	// Block header valid, ignore body validation since we don't have a parent anyway
+	return it.chain[it.index+1], nil
+}
+
+// previous returns the previous header that was being processed, or nil.
+func (it *insertIterator) previous() block2.IHeader {
+	if it.index < 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return it.chain[it.index-1].Header()
+}
+
+// current returns the current header that is being processed, or nil.
+func (it *insertIterator) current() block2.IHeader {
+	if it.index == -1 || it.index >= len(it.chain) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return it.chain[it.index].Header()
+}
+
+// first returns the first block in the it.
+func (it *insertIterator) first() block2.IBlock {
+	return it.chain[0]
+}
+
+// remaining returns the number of remaining blocks.
+func (it *insertIterator) remaining() int {
+	return len(it.chain) - it.index
+}
+
+// processed returns the number of processed blocks.
+func (it *insertIterator) processed() int {
+	return it.index + 1
+}
diff --git a/internal/blockhelp.go b/internal/blockhelp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed31119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/blockhelp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/u256"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+//var (
+//	BlockExecutionTimer = metrics2.GetOrCreateSummary("chain_execution_seconds")
+//)
+
+type SyncMode string
+
+const (
+	TriesInMemory = 128
+)
+
+type RejectedTx struct {
+	Index int    `json:"index"    gencodec:"required"`
+	Err   string `json:"error"    gencodec:"required"`
+}
+
+type RejectedTxs []*RejectedTx
+
+type EphemeralExecResult struct {
+	StateRoot        types.Hash            `json:"stateRoot"`
+	TxRoot           types.Hash            `json:"txRoot"`
+	ReceiptRoot      types.Hash            `json:"receiptsRoot"`
+	LogsHash         types.Hash            `json:"logsHash"`
+	Bloom            types.Bloom           `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
+	Receipts         block.Receipts        `json:"receipts"`
+	Rejected         RejectedTxs           `json:"rejected,omitempty"`
+	Difficulty       *math.HexOrDecimal256 `json:"currentDifficulty" gencodec:"required"`
+	GasUsed          math.HexOrDecimal64   `json:"gasUsed"`
+	StateSyncReceipt *block.Receipt        `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// ExecuteBlockEphemerally runs a block from provided stateReader and
+// writes the result to the provided stateWriter
+//func ExecuteBlockEphemerally(
+//	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
+//	vmConfig *vm.Config,
+//	blockHashFunc func(n uint64) types.Hash,
+//	engine consensus.Engine,
+//	block *block.Block,
+//	stateReader state.StateReader,
+//	stateWriter state.WriterWithChangeSets,
+//	epochReader consensus.EpochReader,
+//	chainReader consensus.ChainHeaderReader,
+//	getTracer func(txIndex int, txHash types.Hash) (vm.Tracer, error),
+//) (*EphemeralExecResult, error) {
+//
+//	defer BlockExecutionTimer.UpdateDuration(time.Now())
+//	block.Uncles()
+//	ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+//	header := block.Header()
+//
+//	usedGas := new(uint64)
+//	gp := new(GasPool)
+//	gp.AddGas(block.GasLimit())
+//
+//	var (
+//		rejectedTxs []*RejectedTx
+//		includedTxs types.Transactions
+//		receipts    types.Receipts
+//	)
+//
+//	if !vmConfig.ReadOnly {
+//		if err := InitializeBlockExecution(engine, chainReader, epochReader, block.Header(), block.Transactions(), block.Uncles(), chainConfig, ibs); err != nil {
+//			return nil, err
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number()) == 0 {
+//		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+//	}
+//	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+//	//fmt.Printf("====txs processing start: %d====\n", block.NumberU64())
+//	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+//		ibs.Prepare(tx.Hash(), block.Hash(), i)
+//		writeTrace := false
+//		if vmConfig.Debug && vmConfig.Tracer == nil {
+//			tracer, err := getTracer(i, tx.Hash())
+//			if err != nil {
+//				return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not obtain tracer: %w", err)
+//			}
+//			vmConfig.Tracer = tracer
+//			writeTrace = true
+//		}
+//
+//		receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(chainConfig, blockHashFunc, engine, nil, gp, ibs, noop, header, tx, usedGas, *vmConfig)
+//		if writeTrace {
+//			if ftracer, ok := vmConfig.Tracer.(vm.FlushableTracer); ok {
+//				ftracer.Flush(tx)
+//			}
+//
+//			vmConfig.Tracer = nil
+//		}
+//		if err != nil {
+//			if !vmConfig.StatelessExec {
+//				return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not apply tx %d from block %d [%v]: %w", i, block.NumberU64(), tx.Hash().Hex(), err)
+//			}
+//			rejectedTxs = append(rejectedTxs, &RejectedTx{i, err.Error()})
+//		} else {
+//			includedTxs = append(includedTxs, tx)
+//			if !vmConfig.NoReceipts {
+//				receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
+//			}
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	receiptSha := types.DeriveSha(receipts)
+//	if !vmConfig.StatelessExec && chainConfig.IsByzantium(header.Number.Uint64()) && !vmConfig.NoReceipts && receiptSha != block.ReceiptHash() {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("mismatched receipt headers for block %d (%s != %s)", block.NumberU64(), receiptSha.Hex(), block.ReceiptHash().Hex())
+//	}
+//
+//	if !vmConfig.StatelessExec && *usedGas != header.GasUsed {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gas used by execution: %d, in header: %d", *usedGas, header.GasUsed)
+//	}
+//
+//	var bloom types.Bloom
+//	if !vmConfig.NoReceipts {
+//		bloom = types.CreateBloom(receipts)
+//		if !vmConfig.StatelessExec && bloom != header.Bloom {
+//			return nil, fmt.Errorf("bloom computed by execution: %x, in header: %x", bloom, header.Bloom)
+//		}
+//	}
+//	if !vmConfig.ReadOnly {
+//		txs := block.Transactions()
+//		if _, _, _, err := FinalizeBlockExecution(engine, stateReader, block.Header(), txs, block.Uncles(), stateWriter, chainConfig, ibs, receipts, epochReader, chainReader, false); err != nil {
+//			return nil, err
+//		}
+//	}
+//	blockLogs := ibs.Logs()
+//	execRs := &EphemeralExecResult{
+//		TxRoot:      types.DeriveSha(includedTxs),
+//		ReceiptRoot: receiptSha,
+//		Bloom:       bloom,
+//		LogsHash:    rlpHash(blockLogs),
+//		Receipts:    receipts,
+//		Difficulty:  (*math.HexOrDecimal256)(header.Difficulty),
+//		GasUsed:     math.HexOrDecimal64(*usedGas),
+//		Rejected:    rejectedTxs,
+//	}
+//
+//	return execRs, nil
+//}
+
+// ExecuteBlockEphemerallyBor runs a block from provided stateReader and
+// writes the result to the provided stateWriter
+//func ExecuteBlockEphemerallyBor(
+//	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
+//	vmConfig *vm.Config,
+//	blockHashFunc func(n uint64) types.Hash,
+//	engine consensus.Engine,
+//	block *types.Block,
+//	stateReader state.StateReader,
+//	stateWriter state.WriterWithChangeSets,
+//	epochReader consensus.EpochReader,
+//	chainReader consensus.ChainHeaderReader,
+//	getTracer func(txIndex int, txHash types.Hash) (vm.Tracer, error),
+//) (*EphemeralExecResult, error) {
+//
+//	defer BlockExecutionTimer.UpdateDuration(time.Now())
+//	block.Uncles()
+//	ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+//	header := block.Header()
+//
+//	usedGas := new(uint64)
+//	gp := new(GasPool)
+//	gp.AddGas(block.GasLimit())
+//
+//	var (
+//		rejectedTxs []*RejectedTx
+//		includedTxs types.Transactions
+//		receipts    types.Receipts
+//	)
+//
+//	if !vmConfig.ReadOnly {
+//		if err := InitializeBlockExecution(engine, chainReader, epochReader, block.Header(), block.Transactions(), block.Uncles(), chainConfig, ibs); err != nil {
+//			return nil, err
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number()) == 0 {
+//		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+//	}
+//	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+//	//fmt.Printf("====txs processing start: %d====\n", block.NumberU64())
+//	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+//		ibs.Prepare(tx.Hash(), block.Hash(), i)
+//		writeTrace := false
+//		if vmConfig.Debug && vmConfig.Tracer == nil {
+//			tracer, err := getTracer(i, tx.Hash())
+//			if err != nil {
+//				return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not obtain tracer: %w", err)
+//			}
+//			vmConfig.Tracer = tracer
+//			writeTrace = true
+//		}
+//
+//		receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(chainConfig, blockHashFunc, engine, nil, gp, ibs, noop, header, tx, usedGas, *vmConfig)
+//		if writeTrace {
+//			if ftracer, ok := vmConfig.Tracer.(vm.FlushableTracer); ok {
+//				ftracer.Flush(tx)
+//			}
+//
+//			vmConfig.Tracer = nil
+//		}
+//		if err != nil {
+//			if !vmConfig.StatelessExec {
+//				return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not apply tx %d from block %d [%v]: %w", i, block.NumberU64(), tx.Hash().Hex(), err)
+//			}
+//			rejectedTxs = append(rejectedTxs, &RejectedTx{i, err.Error()})
+//		} else {
+//			includedTxs = append(includedTxs, tx)
+//			if !vmConfig.NoReceipts {
+//				receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
+//			}
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	receiptSha := types.DeriveSha(receipts)
+//	if !vmConfig.StatelessExec && chainConfig.IsByzantium(header.Number.Uint64()) && !vmConfig.NoReceipts && receiptSha != block.ReceiptHash() {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("mismatched receipt headers for block %d (%s != %s)", block.NumberU64(), receiptSha.Hex(), block.ReceiptHash().Hex())
+//	}
+//
+//	if !vmConfig.StatelessExec && *usedGas != header.GasUsed {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gas used by execution: %d, in header: %d", *usedGas, header.GasUsed)
+//	}
+//
+//	var bloom types.Bloom
+//	if !vmConfig.NoReceipts {
+//		bloom = types.CreateBloom(receipts)
+//		if !vmConfig.StatelessExec && bloom != header.Bloom {
+//			return nil, fmt.Errorf("bloom computed by execution: %x, in header: %x", bloom, header.Bloom)
+//		}
+//	}
+//	if !vmConfig.ReadOnly {
+//		txs := block.Transactions()
+//		if _, _, _, err := FinalizeBlockExecution(engine, stateReader, block.Header(), txs, block.Uncles(), stateWriter, chainConfig, ibs, receipts, epochReader, chainReader, false); err != nil {
+//			return nil, err
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	var logs []*types.Log
+//	for _, receipt := range receipts {
+//		logs = append(logs, receipt.Logs...)
+//	}
+//
+//	blockLogs := ibs.Logs()
+//	stateSyncReceipt := &types.Receipt{}
+//	if chainConfig.Consensus == params.BorConsensus && len(blockLogs) > 0 {
+//		slices.SortStableFunc(blockLogs, func(i, j *types.Log) bool { return i.Index < j.Index })
+//
+//		if len(blockLogs) > len(logs) {
+//			stateSyncReceipt.Logs = blockLogs[len(logs):] // get state-sync logs from `state.Logs()`
+//
+//			// fill the state sync with the correct information
+//			types.DeriveFieldsForBorReceipt(stateSyncReceipt, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receipts)
+//			stateSyncReceipt.Status = types.ReceiptStatusSuccessful
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	execRs := &EphemeralExecResult{
+//		TxRoot:           types.DeriveSha(includedTxs),
+//		ReceiptRoot:      receiptSha,
+//		Bloom:            bloom,
+//		LogsHash:         rlpHash(blockLogs),
+//		Receipts:         receipts,
+//		Difficulty:       (*math.HexOrDecimal256)(header.Difficulty),
+//		GasUsed:          math.HexOrDecimal64(*usedGas),
+//		Rejected:         rejectedTxs,
+//		StateSyncReceipt: stateSyncReceipt,
+//	}
+//
+//	return execRs, nil
+//}
+
+func SysCallContract(contract types.Address, data []byte, chainConfig params.ChainConfig, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, header *block.Header, engine consensus.Engine) (result []byte, err error) {
+	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(header.Number64().ToBig()) == 0 {
+		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+	}
+
+	msg := transaction.NewMessage(
+		state.SystemAddress,
+		&contract,
+		0, u256.Num0,
+		math.MaxUint64, u256.Num0,
+		nil, nil,
+		data, nil, false,
+		true, // isFree
+	)
+	vmConfig := vm.Config{NoReceipts: true}
+	// Create a new context to be used in the EVM environment
+	isBor := chainConfig.Bor != nil
+	var txContext evmtypes.TxContext
+	var author *types.Address
+	if isBor {
+		author = &header.Coinbase
+		txContext = evmtypes.TxContext{}
+	} else {
+		author = &state.SystemAddress
+		txContext = NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+	}
+	blockContext := NewEVMBlockContext(header, GetHashFn(header, nil), engine, author)
+	evm := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, txContext, ibs, &chainConfig, vmConfig)
+
+	ret, _, err := evm.Call(
+		vm.AccountRef(msg.From()),
+		*msg.To(),
+		msg.Data(),
+		msg.Gas(),
+		msg.Value(),
+		false,
+	)
+	if isBor && err != nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return ret, err
+}
+
+// from the null sender, with 50M gas.
+//func SysCallContractTx(contract types.Address, data []byte) (tx transaction.Transaction, err error) {
+//	//nonce := ibs.GetNonce(SystemAddress)
+//	tx = transaction.NewTransaction(0, contract, u256.Num0, 50_000_000, u256.Num0, data)
+//	return tx.FakeSign(state.SystemAddress)
+//}
+
+//func CallContract(contract types.Address, data []byte, chainConfig params.ChainConfig, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, header *block.Header, engine consensus.Engine) (result []byte, err error) {
+//	gp := new(common.GasPool)
+//	gp.AddGas(50_000_000)
+//	var gasUsed uint64
+//
+//	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(header.Number64().ToBig()) == 0 {
+//		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+//	}
+//	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+//	tx, err := CallContractTx(contract, data, ibs)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SysCallContract: %w ", err)
+//	}
+//	vmConfig := vm.Config{NoReceipts: true}
+//	_, result, err = ApplyTransaction(&chainConfig, GetHashFn(header, nil), engine, &state.SystemAddress, gp, ibs, noop, header, tx, &gasUsed, vmConfig)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return result, fmt.Errorf("SysCallContract: %w ", err)
+//	}
+//	return result, nil
+//}
+
+//// from the null sender, with 50M gas.
+//func CallContractTx(contract types.Address, data []byte, ibs *state.IntraBlockState) (tx transaction.Transaction, err error) {
+//	from := types.Address{}
+//	nonce := ibs.GetNonce(from)
+//	tx = transaction.NewTransaction(nonce, contract, u256.Num0, 50_000_000, u256.Num0, data)
+//	return tx.FakeSign(from)
+//}
+
+func FinalizeBlockExecution(engine consensus.Engine, header *block.Header,
+	txs transaction.Transactions, stateWriter state.WriterWithChangeSets, cc *params.ChainConfig, ibs *state.IntraBlockState,
+	receipts block.Receipts, headerReader consensus.ChainHeaderReader, isMining bool) (newBlock block.IBlock, newTxs transaction.Transactions, newReceipt block.Receipts, err error) {
+	//syscall := func(contract types.Address, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	//	return SysCallContract(contract, data, *cc, ibs, header, engine)
+	//}
+
+	if isMining {
+		newBlock, _, _, err = engine.FinalizeAndAssemble(headerReader, header, ibs, txs, nil, receipts)
+	} else {
+		_, _, err = engine.Finalize(headerReader, header, ibs, txs, nil)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := ibs.CommitBlock(cc.Rules(header.Number.Uint64()), stateWriter); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("committing block %d failed: %w", header.Number.Uint64(), err)
+	}
+
+	if err := stateWriter.WriteChangeSets(); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("writing changesets for block %d failed: %w", header.Number.Uint64(), err)
+	}
+
+	if err := stateWriter.WriteHistory(); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("writing history for block %d failed: %w", header.Number.Uint64(), err)
+	}
+
+	return newBlock, newTxs, newReceipt, nil
+}
+
+//func InitializeBlockExecution(engine consensus.Engine, chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *block.Header, txs transaction.Transactions, uncles []*block.Header, cc *params.ChainConfig, ibs *state.IntraBlockState) error {
+//	//engine.Initialize(cc, chain, header, txs, uncles, func(contract types.Address, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+//	//	return SysCallContract(contract, data, *cc, ibs, header, engine)
+//	//})
+//	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+//	ibs.FinalizeTx(cc.Rules(header.Number.Uint64()), noop)
+//	return nil
+//}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apoa/api.go b/internal/consensus/apoa/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a97b73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apoa/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package apoa
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// API is a user facing jsonrpc API to allow controlling the signer and voting
+// mechanisms of the proof-of-authority scheme.
+type API struct {
+	chain consensus.ChainReader
+	apoa  *Apoa
+}
+
+// GetSnapshot retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
+func (api *API) GetSnapshot(number *jsonrpc.BlockNumber) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
+	var header block.IHeader
+	if number == nil || *number == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		header = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+	} else {
+		header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+	}
+	// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return its snapshot
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	return api.apoa.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+}
+
+// GetSnapshotAtHash retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
+func (api *API) GetSnapshotAtHash(hash types.Hash) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	header, _ := api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	return api.apoa.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+}
+
+// GetSigners retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
+func (api *API) GetSigners(number *jsonrpc.BlockNumber) ([]common.Address, error) {
+	// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
+	var header block.IHeader
+	if number == nil || *number == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		header = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+	} else {
+		header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+	}
+	// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return the signers from its snapshot
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	snap, err := api.apoa.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	signers := snap.signers()
+	ethSigners := make([]common.Address, len(signers))
+	for i, signer := range signers {
+		ethSigners[i] = *mvm_types.FromastAddress(&signer)
+	}
+	return ethSigners, nil
+}
+
+// GetSignersAtHash retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
+func (api *API) GetSignersAtHash(hash types.Hash) ([]common.Address, error) {
+	header, _ := api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	snap, err := api.apoa.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	signers := snap.signers()
+	ethSigners := make([]common.Address, len(signers))
+	for i, signer := range signers {
+		ethSigners[i] = *mvm_types.FromastAddress(&signer)
+	}
+	return ethSigners, nil
+}
+
+// Proposals returns the current proposals the node tries to uphold and vote on.
+func (api *API) Proposals() map[common.Address]bool {
+	api.apoa.lock.RLock()
+	defer api.apoa.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	proposals := make(map[common.Address]bool)
+	for address, auth := range api.apoa.proposals {
+		proposals[*mvm_types.FromastAddress(&address)] = auth
+	}
+	return proposals
+}
+
+// Propose injects a new authorization proposal that the signer will attempt to
+// push through.
+func (api *API) Propose(address common.Address, auth bool) {
+	api.apoa.lock.Lock()
+	defer api.apoa.lock.Unlock()
+
+	api.apoa.proposals[*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address)] = auth
+}
+
+// Discard drops a currently running proposal, stopping the signer from casting
+// further votes (either for or against).
+func (api *API) Discard(address common.Address) {
+	api.apoa.lock.Lock()
+	defer api.apoa.lock.Unlock()
+
+	delete(api.apoa.proposals, *mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address))
+}
+
+type status struct {
+	InturnPercent float64               `json:"inturnPercent"`
+	SigningStatus map[types.Address]int `json:"sealerActivity"`
+	NumBlocks     uint64                `json:"numBlocks"`
+}
+
+// Status returns the status of the last N blocks,
+// - the number of active signers,
+// - the number of signers,
+// - the percentage of in-turn blocks
+func (api *API) Status() (*status, error) {
+	var (
+		numBlocks = uint64(64)
+		header    = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+		diff      = uint64(0)
+		optimals  = 0
+	)
+	snap, err := api.apoa.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var (
+		signers = snap.signers()
+		end     = header.Number64().Uint64()
+		start   = end - numBlocks
+	)
+	if numBlocks > end {
+		start = 1
+		numBlocks = end - start
+	}
+	signStatus := make(map[types.Address]int)
+	for _, s := range signers {
+		signStatus[s] = 0
+	}
+	for n := start; n < end; n++ {
+		h := api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(n))
+		block := api.chain.GetBlock(h.Hash(), n)
+		if h == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing block %d", n)
+		}
+		if block.Difficulty().Cmp(diffInTurn) == 0 {
+			optimals++
+		}
+		diff += block.Difficulty().Uint64()
+		sealer, err := api.apoa.Author(h)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		signStatus[sealer]++
+	}
+	return &status{
+		InturnPercent: float64(100*optimals) / float64(numBlocks),
+		SigningStatus: signStatus,
+		NumBlocks:     numBlocks,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type blockNumberOrHashOrRLP struct {
+	*jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash
+	RLP hexutil.Bytes `json:"rlp,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (sb *blockNumberOrHashOrRLP) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	bnOrHash := new(jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash)
+	// Try to unmarshal bNrOrHash
+	if err := bnOrHash.UnmarshalJSON(data); err == nil {
+		sb.BlockNumberOrHash = bnOrHash
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Try to unmarshal RLP
+	var input string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &input); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	blob, err := hexutil.Decode(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	sb.RLP = blob
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetSigner returns the signer for a specific apoa block.
+// Can be called with either a blocknumber, blockhash or an rlp encoded blob.
+// The RLP encoded blob can either be a block or a header.
+func (api *API) GetSigner(rlpOrBlockNr *blockNumberOrHashOrRLP) (types.Address, error) {
+	if len(rlpOrBlockNr.RLP) == 0 {
+		blockNrOrHash := rlpOrBlockNr.BlockNumberOrHash
+		var header block.IHeader
+		if blockNrOrHash == nil {
+			header = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+		} else if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+			header, _ = api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+		} else if number, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+			header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+		}
+		if header == nil {
+			return types.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("missing block %v", blockNrOrHash.String())
+		}
+		return api.apoa.Author(header)
+	}
+
+	return types.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("do not support rlp")
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apoa/apoa.go b/internal/consensus/apoa/apoa.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44ce3ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apoa/apoa.go
@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package Apoa implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
+
+package apoa
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+const (
+	checkpointInterval = 1024 // Number of blocks after which to save the vote snapshot to the database
+	inmemorySnapshots  = 128  // Number of recent vote snapshots to keep in memory
+	inmemorySignatures = 4096 // Number of recent block signatures to keep in memory
+
+	wiggleTime = 500 * time.Millisecond // Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
+)
+
+// Apoa proof-of-authority protocol constants.
+var (
+	epochLength = uint64(30000) // Default number of blocks after which to checkpoint and reset the pending votes
+
+	extraVanity = 32                     // Fixed number of extra-data prefix bytes reserved for signer vanity
+	extraSeal   = crypto.SignatureLength // Fixed number of extra-data suffix bytes reserved for signer seal
+
+	nonceAuthVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0xffffffffffffffff") // Magic nonce number to vote on adding a new signer
+	nonceDropVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0x0000000000000000") // Magic nonce number to vote on removing a signer.
+
+	//uncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil) // Always Keccak256(RLP([])) as uncles are meaningless outside of PoW.
+
+	diffInTurn = uint256.NewInt(2) // Block difficulty for in-turn signatures
+	diffNoTurn = uint256.NewInt(1) // Block difficulty for out-of-turn signatures
+)
+
+// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
+// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
+// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
+// error types into the consensus package.
+var (
+	// errUnknownBlock is returned when the list of signers is requested for a block
+	// that is not part of the local blockchain.
+	errUnknownBlock = errors.New("unknown block")
+
+	// errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition
+	// block has a beneficiary set to non-zeroes.
+	errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary = errors.New("beneficiary in checkpoint block non-zero")
+
+	// errInvalidVote is returned if a nonce value is something else that the two
+	// allowed constants of 0x00..0 or 0xff..f.
+	errInvalidVote = errors.New("vote nonce not 0x00..0 or 0xff..f")
+
+	// errInvalidCheckpointVote is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition block
+	// has a vote nonce set to non-zeroes.
+	errInvalidCheckpointVote = errors.New("vote nonce in checkpoint block non-zero")
+
+	// errMissingVanity is returned if a block's extra-data section is shorter than
+	// 32 bytes, which is required to store the signer vanity.
+	errMissingVanity = errors.New("extra-data 32 byte vanity prefix missing")
+
+	// errMissingSignature is returned if a block's extra-data section doesn't seem
+	// to contain a 65 byte secp256k1 signature.
+	errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte signature suffix missing")
+
+	// errExtraSigners is returned if non-checkpoint block contain signer data in
+	// their extra-data fields.
+	errExtraSigners = errors.New("non-checkpoint block contains extra signer list")
+
+	// errInvalidCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains an
+	// invalid list of signers (i.e. non divisible by 20 bytes).
+	errInvalidCheckpointSigners = errors.New("invalid signer list on checkpoint block")
+
+	// errMismatchingCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains a
+	// list of signers different than the one the local node calculated.
+	errMismatchingCheckpointSigners = errors.New("mismatching signer list on checkpoint block")
+
+	// errInvalidMixDigest is returned if a block's mix digest is non-zero.
+	errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("non-zero mix digest")
+
+	// errInvalidUncleHash is returned if a block contains an non-empty uncle list.
+	errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("non empty uncle hash")
+
+	// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block neither 1 or 2.
+	errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("invalid difficulty")
+
+	// errWrongDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block doesn't match the
+	// turn of the signer.
+	errWrongDifficulty = errors.New("wrong difficulty")
+
+	// errInvalidTimestamp is returned if the timestamp of a block is lower than
+	// the previous block's timestamp + the minimum block period.
+	errInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
+
+	// errInvalidVotingChain is returned if an authorization list is attempted to
+	// be modified via out-of-range or non-contiguous headers.
+	errInvalidVotingChain = errors.New("invalid voting chain")
+
+	// errUnauthorizedSigner is returned if a header is signed by a non-authorized entity.
+	errUnauthorizedSigner = errors.New("unauthorized signer")
+
+	// errRecentlySigned is returned if a header is signed by an authorized entity
+	// that already signed a header recently, thus is temporarily not allowed to.
+	errRecentlySigned = errors.New("recently signed")
+)
+
+// SignerFn hashes and signs the data to be signed by a backing account.
+// todo types.address to  account
+type SignerFn func(signer accounts.Account, mimeType string, message []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+// ecrecover extracts the Ethereum account address from a signed header.
+func ecrecover(iHeader block.IHeader, sigcache *lru.ARCCache) (types.Address, error) {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	// If the signature's already cached, return that
+	hash := header.Hash()
+	if address, known := sigcache.Get(hash); known {
+		return address.(types.Address), nil
+	}
+	// Retrieve the signature from the header extra-data
+	if len(header.Extra) < extraSeal {
+		return types.Address{}, errMissingSignature
+	}
+	signature := header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:]
+
+	//Recover the public key and the Ethereum(ast) address
+	pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(SealHash(header).Bytes(), signature)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, err
+	}
+	var signer types.Address
+	copy(signer[:], crypto.Keccak256(pubkey[1:])[12:])
+
+	sigcache.Add(hash, signer)
+	return signer, nil
+}
+
+// Apoa is the proof-of-authority consensus engine proposed to support the
+// Ethereum testnet following the Ropsten attacks.
+type Apoa struct {
+	config *params.CliqueConfig // Consensus engine configuration parameters
+	db     kv.RwDB              // Database to store and retrieve snapshot checkpoints
+
+	recents    *lru.ARCCache // Snapshots for recent block to speed up reorgs
+	signatures *lru.ARCCache // Signatures of recent blocks to speed up mining
+
+	proposals map[types.Address]bool // Current list of proposals we are pushing
+
+	signer types.Address // Ethereum address of the signing key
+	signFn SignerFn      // Signer function to authorize hashes with
+	lock   sync.RWMutex  // Protects the signer and proposals fields
+
+	// The fields below are for testing only
+	fakeDiff bool // Skip difficulty verifications
+}
+
+// New creates a Apoa proof-of-authority consensus engine with the initial
+// signers set to the ones provided by the user.
+func New(config *params.CliqueConfig, db kv.RwDB) consensus.Engine {
+	// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
+	conf := *config
+	if conf.Epoch == 0 {
+		conf.Epoch = epochLength
+	}
+	// GenesisAlloc the snapshot caches and create the engine
+	recents, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySnapshots)
+	signatures, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySignatures)
+
+	return &Apoa{
+		config:     &conf,
+		db:         db,
+		recents:    recents,
+		signatures: signatures,
+		proposals:  make(map[types.Address]bool),
+	}
+}
+
+// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the Ethereum address recovered
+// from the signature in the header's extra-data section.
+func (c *Apoa) Author(header block.IHeader) (types.Address, error) {
+	return ecrecover(header, c.signatures)
+}
+
+// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.
+func (c *Apoa) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, seal bool) error {
+	return c.verifyHeader(chain, header, nil)
+}
+
+// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers. The
+// method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and a results channel to
+// retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of the input slice).
+func (c *Apoa) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []block.IHeader, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
+	abort := make(chan struct{})
+	results := make(chan error, len(headers))
+
+	go func() {
+		for i, header := range headers {
+			err := c.verifyHeader(chain, header, headers[:i])
+
+			select {
+			case <-abort:
+				return
+			case results <- err:
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return abort, results
+}
+
+// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.The
+// caller may optionally pass in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid
+// looking those up from the database. This is useful for concurrently verifying
+// a batch of new headers.
+func (c *Apoa) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, iHeader block.IHeader, parents []block.IHeader) error {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	if header.Number.IsZero() {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+
+	// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future
+	if header.Time > uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
+		return errors.New("block in the future")
+	}
+	// Checkpoint blocks need to enforce zero beneficiary
+	checkpoint := (number % c.config.Epoch) == 0
+	if checkpoint && header.Coinbase != (types.Address{}) {
+		return errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary
+	}
+	// Nonces must be 0x00..0 or 0xff..f, zeroes enforced on checkpoints
+	if !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote) && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
+		return errInvalidVote
+	}
+	if checkpoint && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
+		return errInvalidCheckpointVote
+	}
+	// Check that the extra-data contains both the vanity and signature
+	if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity {
+		return errMissingVanity
+	}
+	if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity+extraSeal {
+		return errMissingSignature
+	}
+	// Ensure that the extra-data contains a signer list on checkpoint, but none otherwise
+	signersBytes := len(header.Extra) - extraVanity - extraSeal
+	if !checkpoint && signersBytes != 0 {
+		return errExtraSigners
+	}
+	if checkpoint && signersBytes%types.AddressLength != 0 {
+		return errInvalidCheckpointSigners
+	}
+	// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as we don't have fork protection currently
+	if header.MixDigest != (types.Hash{}) {
+		return errInvalidMixDigest
+	}
+	// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
+	//if header.UncleHash != uncleHash {
+	//	return errInvalidUncleHash
+	//}
+	// Ensure that the block's difficulty is meaningful (may not be correct at this point)
+	if number > 0 {
+		if header.Difficulty.IsZero() || (header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0) {
+			return errInvalidDifficulty
+		}
+	}
+	// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
+	if header.GasLimit > params.MaxGasLimit {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, params.MaxGasLimit)
+	}
+	// If all checks passed, validate any special fields for hard forks
+	//todo
+	//if err := misc.VerifyForkHashes(chain.Config(), header, false); err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	// All basic checks passed, verify cascading fields
+	return c.verifyCascadingFields(chain, header, parents)
+}
+
+// verifyCascadingFields verifies all the header fields that are not standalone,
+// rather depend on a batch of previous headers. The caller may optionally pass
+// in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid looking those up from the
+// database. This is useful for concurrently verifying a batch of new headers.
+func (c *Apoa) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, iHeader block.IHeader, parents []block.IHeader) error {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	// The genesis block is the always valid dead-end
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Ensure that the block's timestamp isn't too close to its parent
+	var parent block.IHeader
+	if len(parents) > 0 {
+		parent = parents[len(parents)-1]
+	} else {
+		parent = chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, uint256.NewInt(number-1))
+	}
+	if parent == nil || parent.Number64().Uint64() != number-1 || parent.Hash() != header.ParentHash {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	// todo
+	rawParent := parent.(*block.Header)
+	if rawParent.Time+c.config.Period > header.Time {
+		return errInvalidTimestamp
+	}
+	// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
+	if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %d, gasLimit %d", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
+	}
+	//if !chain.Config().IsLondon(header.Number) {
+	//	// Verify BaseFee not present before EIP-1559 fork.
+	//	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee before fork: have %d, want <nil>", header.BaseFee)
+	//	}
+	//	if err := misc.VerifyGaslimit(parent.GasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
+	//		return err
+	//	}
+	//} else if err := misc.VerifyEip1559Header(chain.Config(), parent, header); err != nil {
+	//	// Verify the header's EIP-1559 attributes.
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// If the block is a checkpoint block, verify the signer list
+	if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
+		signers := make([]byte, len(snap.Signers)*types.AddressLength)
+		for i, signer := range snap.signers() {
+			copy(signers[i*types.AddressLength:], signer[:])
+		}
+		extraSuffix := len(header.Extra) - extraSeal
+		if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra[extraVanity:extraSuffix], signers) {
+			return errMismatchingCheckpointSigners
+		}
+	}
+	// All basic checks passed, verify the seal and return
+	return c.verifySeal(snap, header, parents)
+}
+
+// snapshot retrieves the authorization snapshot at a given point in time.
+func (c *Apoa) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash types.Hash, parents []block.IHeader) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	// Search for a snapshot in memory or on disk for checkpoints
+	var (
+		headers []block.IHeader
+		snap    *Snapshot
+	)
+	tx, err := c.db.BeginRo(context.Background())
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	for snap == nil {
+		// If an in-memory snapshot was found, use that
+		if s, ok := c.recents.Get(hash); ok {
+			snap = s.(*Snapshot)
+			break
+		}
+		// If an on-disk checkpoint snapshot can be found, use that
+		if number%checkpointInterval == 0 {
+			if s, err := loadSnapshot(c.config, c.signatures, tx, hash); err == nil {
+				log.Debug("Loaded voting snapshot from disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
+				snap = s
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// If we're at the genesis, snapshot the initial state. Alternatively if we're
+		// at a checkpoint block without a parent (light client CHT), or we have piled
+		// up more headers than allowed to be reorged (chain reinit from a freezer),
+		// consider the checkpoint trusted and snapshot it.
+		h := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(number - 1))
+		if number == 0 || (number%c.config.Epoch == 0 && (len(headers) > params.FullImmutabilityThreshold || h == nil)) {
+			checkpoint := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(number))
+			if checkpoint != nil {
+				rawCheckpoint := checkpoint.(*block.Header)
+				hash := checkpoint.Hash()
+
+				signers := make([]types.Address, (len(rawCheckpoint.Extra)-extraVanity-extraSeal)/types.AddressLength)
+				for i := 0; i < len(signers); i++ {
+					copy(signers[i][:], rawCheckpoint.Extra[extraVanity+i*types.AddressLength:])
+				}
+				snap = newSnapshot(c.config, c.signatures, number, hash, signers)
+				if err := c.db.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+					if err := snap.store(tx); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return nil
+				}); nil != err {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				log.Info("Stored checkpoint snapshot to disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// No snapshot for this header, gather the header and move backward
+		var header block.IHeader
+		if len(parents) > 0 {
+			// If we have explicit parents, pick from there (enforced)
+			header = parents[len(parents)-1]
+			if header.Hash() != hash || header.Number64().Uint64() != number {
+				return nil, errUnknownBlock
+			}
+			parents = parents[:len(parents)-1]
+		} else {
+			// No explicit parents (or no more left), reach out to the database
+			header = chain.GetHeader(hash, uint256.NewInt(number))
+			if header == nil {
+				return nil, errUnknownBlock
+			}
+		}
+		headers = append(headers, header)
+		number, hash = number-1, header.(*block.Header).ParentHash
+	}
+	// Previous snapshot found, apply any pending headers on top of it
+	for i := 0; i < len(headers)/2; i++ {
+		headers[i], headers[len(headers)-1-i] = headers[len(headers)-1-i], headers[i]
+	}
+	snap, err = snap.apply(headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.recents.Add(snap.Hash, snap)
+
+	// If we've generated a new checkpoint snapshot, save to disk
+	if snap.Number%checkpointInterval == 0 && len(headers) > 0 {
+		if err = c.db.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			if err := snap.store(tx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		}); nil != err {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		log.Debug("Stored voting snapshot to disk", "number", snap.Number, "hash", snap.Hash)
+	}
+	return snap, err
+}
+
+// VerifyUncles implements consensus.Engine, always returning an error for any
+// uncles as this consensus mechanism doesn't permit uncles.
+func (c *Apoa) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block block.IBlock) error {
+	//if len(block.Uncles()) > 0 {
+	//	return errors.New("uncles not allowed")
+	//}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifySeal checks whether the signature contained in the header satisfies the
+// consensus protocol requirements. The method accepts an optional list of parent
+// headers that aren't yet part of the local blockchain to generate the snapshots
+// from.
+func (c *Apoa) verifySeal(snap *Snapshot, h block.IHeader, parents []block.IHeader) error {
+	// Verifying the genesis block is not supported
+	header := h.(*block.Header)
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number == 0 {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
+	signer, err := ecrecover(header, c.signatures)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
+		return errUnauthorizedSigner
+	}
+	for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
+		if recent == signer {
+			// Signer is among recents, only fail if the current block doesn't shift it out
+			if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); seen > number-limit {
+				return errRecentlySigned
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Ensure that the difficulty corresponds to the turn-ness of the signer
+	if !c.fakeDiff {
+		inturn := snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), signer)
+		if inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 {
+			return errWrongDifficulty
+		}
+		if !inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0 {
+			return errWrongDifficulty
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, preparing all the consensus fields of the
+// header for running the transactions on top.
+func (c *Apoa) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader) error {
+	rawHeader := header.(*block.Header)
+	// If the block isn't a checkpoint, cast a random vote (good enough for now)
+	rawHeader.Coinbase = types.Address{}
+	rawHeader.Nonce = block.BlockNonce{}
+
+	number := rawHeader.Number.Uint64()
+	// Assemble the voting snapshot to check which votes make sense
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, rawHeader.ParentHash, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	if number%c.config.Epoch != 0 {
+		// Gather all the proposals that make sense voting on
+		addresses := make([]types.Address, 0, len(c.proposals))
+		for address, authorize := range c.proposals {
+			if snap.validVote(address, authorize) {
+				addresses = append(addresses, address)
+			}
+		}
+		// If there's pending proposals, cast a vote on them
+		if len(addresses) > 0 {
+			rawHeader.Coinbase = addresses[rand.Intn(len(addresses))]
+			if c.proposals[rawHeader.Coinbase] {
+				copy(rawHeader.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
+			} else {
+				copy(rawHeader.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Copy signer protected by mutex to avoid race condition
+	signer := c.signer
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	// Set the correct difficulty
+	rawHeader.Difficulty = calcDifficulty(snap, signer)
+
+	// Ensure the extra data has all its components
+	if len(rawHeader.Extra) < extraVanity {
+		rawHeader.Extra = append(rawHeader.Extra, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x00}, extraVanity-len(rawHeader.Extra))...)
+	}
+	rawHeader.Extra = rawHeader.Extra[:extraVanity]
+
+	if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
+		for _, signer := range snap.signers() {
+			rawHeader.Extra = append(rawHeader.Extra, signer[:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	rawHeader.Extra = append(rawHeader.Extra, make([]byte, extraSeal)...)
+
+	// Mix digest is reserved for now, set to empty
+	rawHeader.MixDigest = types.Hash{}
+
+	// Ensure the timestamp has the correct delay
+	parent := chain.GetHeader(rawHeader.ParentHash, rawHeader.Number.Sub(rawHeader.Number, uint256.NewInt(1)))
+	if parent == nil {
+		return errors.New("unknown ancestor")
+	}
+	rawHeader.Time = parent.(*block.Header).Time + c.config.Period
+	if rawHeader.Time < uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
+		rawHeader.Time = uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Apoa) Rewards(tx kv.RwTx, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, setRewards bool) ([]*block.Reward, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set, nor block
+// rewards given.
+func (c *Apoa) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []block.IHeader) ([]*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	// No block rewards in PoA, so the state remains as is and uncles are dropped
+	//chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number)
+	rawHeader := header.(*block.Header)
+	rawHeader.Root = state.IntermediateRoot()
+
+	return nil, nil, nil
+	//todo
+	//rawHeader.UncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil)
+}
+
+// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set,
+// nor block rewards given, and returns the final block.
+func (c *Apoa) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []block.IHeader, receipts []*block.Receipt) (block.IBlock, []*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	// Finalize block
+	reward, _, _ := c.Finalize(chain, header, state, txs, uncles)
+
+	// Assemble and return the final block for sealing
+	return block.NewBlockFromReceipt(header, txs, uncles, receipts, reward), nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+// Authorize injects a private key into the consensus engine to mint new blocks
+// with.
+// todo init
+func (c *Apoa) Authorize(signer types.Address, signFn SignerFn) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	c.signer = signer
+	c.signFn = signFn
+}
+
+// Seal implements consensus.Engine, attempting to create a sealed block using
+// the local signing credentials.
+func (c *Apoa) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, b block.IBlock, results chan<- block.IBlock, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
+	header := b.Header().(*block.Header)
+
+	// Sealing the genesis block is not supported
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number == 0 {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	// For 0-period chains, refuse to seal empty blocks (no reward but would spin sealing)
+	if c.config.Period == 0 && len(b.Transactions()) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("sealing paused while waiting for transactions")
+	}
+	// Don't hold the signer fields for the entire sealing procedure
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	signer, signFn := c.signer, c.signFn
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	// Bail out if we're unauthorized to sign a block
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, authorized := snap.Signers[signer]; !authorized {
+		log.Infof("err signer: %s, ", signer.String())
+		return errUnauthorizedSigner
+	}
+	// If we're amongst the recent signers, wait for the next block
+	for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
+		if recent == signer {
+			// Signer is among recents, only wait if the current block doesn't shift it out
+			if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number < limit || seen > number-limit {
+				return errors.New("signed recently, must wait for others")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sweet, the protocol permits us to sign the block, wait for our time
+	delay := time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0).Sub(time.Now()) // nolint: gosimple
+	if header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) == 0 {
+		// It's not our turn explicitly to sign, delay it a bit
+		//wiggle := time.Duration(len(snap.Signers)/2+1) * wiggleTime
+		//rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+		//delay += time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(wiggle-wiggleTime))) + wiggleTime
+		wiggle := time.Duration(len(snap.Signers)/2+1) * wiggleTime
+		delay += time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(wiggle)))
+
+		log.Infof("wiggle %s , time %s, number %d", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle), common.PrettyDuration(delay), header.Number.Uint64())
+		log.Debug("Out-of-turn signing requested", "wiggle", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle))
+	}
+	// Sign all the things!
+	sighash, err := signFn(accounts.Account{Address: signer}, accounts.MimetypeClique, ApoaProto(header))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sighash)
+	// Wait until sealing is terminated or delay timeout.
+	log.Debug("Waiting for slot to sign and propagate", "delay", common.PrettyDuration(delay))
+	go func() {
+	reTimer:
+		select {
+		case <-stop:
+			return
+		case <-time.After(delay):
+			if header.Time > uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
+				goto reTimer
+			}
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case results <- b.WithSeal(header):
+		default:
+			log.Warn("Sealing result is not read by miner", "sealhash", SealHash(header))
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
+// that a new block should have:
+// * DIFF_NOTURN(2) if BLOCK_NUMBER % SIGNER_COUNT != SIGNER_INDEX
+// * DIFF_INTURN(1) if BLOCK_NUMBER % SIGNER_COUNT == SIGNER_INDEX
+func (c *Apoa) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent block.IHeader) *uint256.Int {
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, parent.Number64().Uint64(), parent.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	signer := c.signer
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
+	return calcDifficulty(snap, signer)
+}
+
+func calcDifficulty(snap *Snapshot, signer types.Address) *uint256.Int {
+	if snap.inturn(snap.Number+1, signer) {
+		return diffInTurn
+	}
+	return diffNoTurn
+}
+
+// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
+func (c *Apoa) SealHash(header block.IHeader) types.Hash {
+	return SealHash(header)
+}
+
+// Close implements consensus.Engine. It's a noop for Apoa as there are no background threads.
+func (c *Apoa) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC API to allow
+// controlling the signer voting.
+func (c *Apoa) APIs(chain consensus.ChainReader) []jsonrpc.API {
+	return []jsonrpc.API{{
+		Namespace: "apoa",
+		Service:   &API{chain: chain, apoa: c},
+	}}
+}
+
+func (c *Apoa) Type() params.ConsensusType {
+	return params.CliqueConsensus
+}
+
+// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
+func SealHash(header block.IHeader) (hash types.Hash) {
+	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	encodeSigHeader(hasher, header)
+	hasher.(crypto.KeccakState).Read(hash[:])
+	return hash
+}
+
+func ApoaProto(header block.IHeader) []byte {
+	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	encodeSigHeader(b, header)
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+func encodeSigHeader(w io.Writer, iHeader block.IHeader) {
+	header := mvm_types.FromastHeader(iHeader)
+	enc := []interface{}{
+		header.ParentHash,
+		header.UncleHash,
+		header.Coinbase,
+		header.Root,
+		header.TxHash,
+		header.ReceiptHash,
+		header.Bloom,
+		header.Difficulty,
+		header.Number,
+		header.GasLimit,
+		header.GasUsed,
+		header.Time,
+		header.Extra[:len(header.Extra)-crypto.SignatureLength], // Yes, this will panic if extra is too short
+		header.MixDigest,
+		header.Nonce,
+	}
+	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+		enc = append(enc, header.BaseFee)
+	}
+	if err := rlp.Encode(w, enc); err != nil {
+		panic("can't encode: " + err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Apoa) IsServiceTransaction(sender types.Address, syscall consensus.SystemCall) bool {
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apoa/snapshot.go b/internal/consensus/apoa/snapshot.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74b048a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apoa/snapshot.go
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package apoa
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
+)
+
+// Vote represents a single vote that an authorized signer made to modify the
+// list of authorizations.
+type Vote struct {
+	Signer    types.Address `json:"signer"`    // Authorized signer that cast this vote
+	Block     uint64        `json:"block"`     // Block number the vote was cast in (expire old votes)
+	Address   types.Address `json:"address"`   // Account being voted on to change its authorization
+	Authorize bool          `json:"authorize"` // Whether to authorize or deauthorize the voted account
+}
+
+// Tally is a simple vote tally to keep the current score of votes. Votes that
+// go against the proposal aren't counted since it's equivalent to not voting.
+type Tally struct {
+	Authorize bool `json:"authorize"` // Whether the vote is about authorizing or kicking someone
+	Votes     int  `json:"votes"`     // Number of votes until now wanting to pass the proposal
+}
+
+// Snapshot is the state of the authorization voting at a given point in time.
+type Snapshot struct {
+	config   *params.CliqueConfig // Consensus engine parameters to fine tune behavior
+	sigcache *lru.ARCCache        // Cache of recent block signatures to speed up ecrecover
+
+	Number  uint64                     `json:"number"`  // Block number where the snapshot was created
+	Hash    types.Hash                 `json:"hash"`    // Block hash where the snapshot was created
+	Signers map[types.Address]struct{} `json:"signers"` // Set of authorized signers at this moment
+	Recents map[uint64]types.Address   `json:"recents"` // Set of recent signers for spam protections
+	Votes   []*Vote                    `json:"votes"`   // List of votes cast in chronological order
+	Tally   map[types.Address]Tally    `json:"tally"`   // Current vote tally to avoid recalculating
+}
+
+// signersAscending implements the sort interface to allow sorting a list of addresses
+type signersAscending []types.Address
+
+func (s signersAscending) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s signersAscending) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(s[i][:], s[j][:]) < 0 }
+func (s signersAscending) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+// newSnapshot creates a new snapshot with the specified startup parameters. This
+// method does not initialize the set of recent signers, so only ever use if for
+// the genesis block.
+func newSnapshot(config *params.CliqueConfig, sigcache *lru.ARCCache, number uint64, hash types.Hash, signers []types.Address) *Snapshot {
+	snap := &Snapshot{
+		config:   config,
+		sigcache: sigcache,
+		Number:   number,
+		Hash:     hash,
+		Signers:  make(map[types.Address]struct{}),
+		Recents:  make(map[uint64]types.Address),
+		Tally:    make(map[types.Address]Tally),
+	}
+	for _, signer := range signers {
+		snap.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return snap
+}
+
+// loadSnapshot loads an existing snapshot from the database.
+func loadSnapshot(config *params.CliqueConfig, sigcache *lru.ARCCache, tx kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	blob, err := rawdb.GetPoaSnapshot(tx, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	snap := new(Snapshot)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(blob, snap); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	snap.config = config
+	snap.sigcache = sigcache
+
+	return snap, nil
+}
+
+// store inserts the snapshot into the database.
+func (s *Snapshot) store(tx kv.Putter) error {
+	blob, err := json.Marshal(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return rawdb.StorePoaSnapshot(tx, s.Hash, blob)
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the snapshot, though not the individual votes.
+func (s *Snapshot) copy() *Snapshot {
+	cpy := &Snapshot{
+		config:   s.config,
+		sigcache: s.sigcache,
+		Number:   s.Number,
+		Hash:     s.Hash,
+		Signers:  make(map[types.Address]struct{}),
+		Recents:  make(map[uint64]types.Address),
+		Votes:    make([]*Vote, len(s.Votes)),
+		Tally:    make(map[types.Address]Tally),
+	}
+	for signer := range s.Signers {
+		cpy.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for block, signer := range s.Recents {
+		cpy.Recents[block] = signer
+	}
+	for address, tally := range s.Tally {
+		cpy.Tally[address] = tally
+	}
+	copy(cpy.Votes, s.Votes)
+
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// validVote returns whether it makes sense to cast the specified vote in the
+// given snapshot context (e.g. don't try to add an already authorized signer).
+func (s *Snapshot) validVote(address types.Address, authorize bool) bool {
+	_, signer := s.Signers[address]
+	return (signer && !authorize) || (!signer && authorize)
+}
+
+// cast adds a new vote into the tally.
+func (s *Snapshot) cast(address types.Address, authorize bool) bool {
+	// Ensure the vote is meaningful
+	if !s.validVote(address, authorize) {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Cast the vote into an existing or new tally
+	if old, ok := s.Tally[address]; ok {
+		old.Votes++
+		s.Tally[address] = old
+	} else {
+		s.Tally[address] = Tally{Authorize: authorize, Votes: 1}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// uncast removes a previously cast vote from the tally.
+func (s *Snapshot) uncast(address types.Address, authorize bool) bool {
+	// If there's no tally, it's a dangling vote, just drop
+	tally, ok := s.Tally[address]
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Ensure we only revert counted votes
+	if tally.Authorize != authorize {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Otherwise revert the vote
+	if tally.Votes > 1 {
+		tally.Votes--
+		s.Tally[address] = tally
+	} else {
+		delete(s.Tally, address)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// apply creates a new authorization snapshot by applying the given headers to
+// the original one.
+func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []block.IHeader) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	// Allow passing in no headers for cleaner code
+	if len(headers) == 0 {
+		return s, nil
+	}
+	// Sanity check that the headers can be applied
+	for i := 0; i < len(headers)-1; i++ {
+		if headers[i+1].(*block.Header).Number.Uint64() != headers[i].(*block.Header).Number.Uint64()+1 {
+			return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
+		}
+	}
+	if headers[0].(*block.Header).Number.Uint64() != s.Number+1 {
+		return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
+	}
+	// Iterate through the headers and create a new snapshot
+	snap := s.copy()
+
+	var (
+		start  = time.Now()
+		logged = time.Now()
+	)
+	for i, iHeader := range headers {
+		header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+		// Remove any votes on checkpoint blocks
+		number := header.Number.Uint64()
+		if number%s.config.Epoch == 0 {
+			snap.Votes = nil
+			snap.Tally = make(map[types.Address]Tally)
+		}
+		// Delete the oldest signer from the recent list to allow it signing again
+		if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
+			delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
+		}
+		// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
+		signer, err := ecrecover(header, s.sigcache)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
+			return nil, errUnauthorizedSigner
+		}
+		for _, recent := range snap.Recents {
+			if recent == signer {
+				return nil, errRecentlySigned
+			}
+		}
+		snap.Recents[number] = signer
+
+		// Header authorized, discard any previous votes from the signer
+		for i, vote := range snap.Votes {
+			if vote.Signer == signer && vote.Address == header.Coinbase {
+				// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
+				snap.uncast(vote.Address, vote.Authorize)
+
+				// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
+				snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
+				break // only one vote allowed
+			}
+		}
+		// Tally up the new vote from the signer
+		var authorize bool
+		switch {
+		case bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote):
+			authorize = true
+		case bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote):
+			authorize = false
+		default:
+			return nil, errInvalidVote
+		}
+		if snap.cast(header.Coinbase, authorize) {
+			snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes, &Vote{
+				Signer:    signer,
+				Block:     number,
+				Address:   header.Coinbase,
+				Authorize: authorize,
+			})
+		}
+		// If the vote passed, update the list of signers
+		if tally := snap.Tally[header.Coinbase]; tally.Votes > len(snap.Signers)/2 {
+			if tally.Authorize {
+				snap.Signers[header.Coinbase] = struct{}{}
+			} else {
+				delete(snap.Signers, header.Coinbase)
+
+				// Signer list shrunk, delete any leftover recent caches
+				if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
+					delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
+				}
+				// Discard any previous votes the deauthorized signer cast
+				for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
+					if snap.Votes[i].Signer == header.Coinbase {
+						// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
+						snap.uncast(snap.Votes[i].Address, snap.Votes[i].Authorize)
+
+						// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
+						snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
+
+						i--
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// Discard any previous votes around the just changed account
+			for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
+				if snap.Votes[i].Address == header.Coinbase {
+					snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
+					i--
+				}
+			}
+			delete(snap.Tally, header.Coinbase)
+		}
+		// If we're taking too much time (ecrecover), notify the user once a while
+		if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+			log.Info("Reconstructing voting history", "processed", i, "total", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			logged = time.Now()
+		}
+	}
+	if time.Since(start) > 8*time.Second {
+		//log.Info("Reconstructed voting history", "processed", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	}
+	snap.Number += uint64(len(headers))
+	snap.Hash = headers[len(headers)-1].Hash()
+
+	return snap, nil
+}
+
+// signers retrieves the list of authorized signers in ascending order.
+func (s *Snapshot) signers() []types.Address {
+	sigs := make([]types.Address, 0, len(s.Signers))
+	for sig := range s.Signers {
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+	}
+	sort.Sort(signersAscending(sigs))
+	return sigs
+}
+
+// inturn returns if a signer at a given block height is in-turn or not.
+func (s *Snapshot) inturn(number uint64, signer types.Address) bool {
+	signers, offset := s.signers(), 0
+	for offset < len(signers) && signers[offset] != signer {
+		offset++
+	}
+	return (number % uint64(len(signers))) == uint64(offset)
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apos/api.go b/internal/consensus/apos/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5218dc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apos/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package apos
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/turbo/rpchelper"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+)
+
+const maxSearchBlock = 1000
+
+type MinedBlock struct {
+	BlockNumber *uint256.Int `json:"blockNumber"`
+	Timestamp   uint64       `json:"timestamp"`
+	Reward      *uint256.Int `json:"reward"`
+}
+type MinedBlockResponse struct {
+	MinedBlocks        []MinedBlock `json:"minedBlocks"`
+	CurrentBlockNumber *uint256.Int `json:"currentBlockNumber"`
+}
+
+type VerifiedBlockResponse struct {
+	MinedBlocks []MinedBlock `json:"minedBlocks"`
+	Total       *uint256.Int `json:"totalBlocks"`
+}
+
+// API is a user facing jsonrpc API to allow controlling the signer and voting
+// mechanisms of the proof-of-authority scheme.
+type API struct {
+	chain consensus.ChainReader
+	apos  *APos
+}
+
+// GetSnapshot retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
+func (api *API) GetSnapshot(number *jsonrpc.BlockNumber) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
+	var header block.IHeader
+	if number == nil || *number == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		header = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+	} else {
+		header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+	}
+	// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return its snapshot
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	return api.apos.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+}
+
+// GetSnapshotAtHash retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
+func (api *API) GetSnapshotAtHash(hash types.Hash) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	header, _ := api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	return api.apos.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+}
+
+// GetSigners retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
+func (api *API) GetSigners(number *jsonrpc.BlockNumber) ([]common.Address, error) {
+	// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
+	var header block.IHeader
+	if number == nil || *number == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber {
+		header = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+	} else {
+		header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+	}
+	// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return the signers from its snapshot
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	snap, err := api.apos.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	signers := snap.signers()
+	ethSigners := make([]common.Address, len(signers))
+	for i, signer := range signers {
+		ethSigners[i] = *mvm_types.FromastAddress(&signer)
+	}
+	return ethSigners, nil
+}
+
+// GetSignersAtHash retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
+func (api *API) GetSignersAtHash(hash types.Hash) ([]common.Address, error) {
+	header, _ := api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	snap, err := api.apos.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	signers := snap.signers()
+	ethSigners := make([]common.Address, len(signers))
+	for i, signer := range signers {
+		ethSigners[i] = *mvm_types.FromastAddress(&signer)
+	}
+	return ethSigners, nil
+}
+
+// Proposals returns the current proposals the node tries to uphold and vote on.
+func (api *API) Proposals() map[common.Address]bool {
+	api.apos.lock.RLock()
+	defer api.apos.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	proposals := make(map[common.Address]bool)
+	for address, auth := range api.apos.proposals {
+		proposals[*mvm_types.FromastAddress(&address)] = auth
+	}
+	return proposals
+}
+
+// Propose injects a new authorization proposal that the signer will attempt to
+// push through.
+func (api *API) Propose(address common.Address, auth bool) {
+	api.apos.lock.Lock()
+	defer api.apos.lock.Unlock()
+
+	api.apos.proposals[*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address)] = auth
+}
+
+// Discard drops a currently running proposal, stopping the signer from casting
+// further votes (either for or against).
+func (api *API) Discard(address common.Address) {
+	api.apos.lock.Lock()
+	defer api.apos.lock.Unlock()
+
+	delete(api.apos.proposals, *mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address))
+}
+
+type status struct {
+	InturnPercent float64               `json:"inturnPercent"`
+	SigningStatus map[types.Address]int `json:"sealerActivity"`
+	NumBlocks     uint64                `json:"numBlocks"`
+}
+
+// Status returns the status of the last N blocks,
+// - the number of active signers,
+// - the number of signers,
+// - the percentage of in-turn blocks
+func (api *API) Status() (*status, error) {
+	var (
+		numBlocks = uint64(64)
+		header    = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+		diff      = uint64(0)
+		optimals  = 0
+	)
+	snap, err := api.apos.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number64().Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var (
+		signers = snap.signers()
+		end     = header.Number64().Uint64()
+		start   = end - numBlocks
+	)
+	if numBlocks > end {
+		start = 1
+		numBlocks = end - start
+	}
+	signStatus := make(map[types.Address]int)
+	for _, s := range signers {
+		signStatus[s] = 0
+	}
+	for n := start; n < end; n++ {
+		h := api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(n))
+		block := api.chain.GetBlock(h.Hash(), n)
+		if h == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing block %d", n)
+		}
+		if block.Difficulty().Cmp(diffInTurn) == 0 {
+			optimals++
+		}
+		diff += block.Difficulty().Uint64()
+		sealer, err := api.apos.Author(h)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		signStatus[sealer]++
+	}
+	return &status{
+		InturnPercent: float64(100*optimals) / float64(numBlocks),
+		SigningStatus: signStatus,
+		NumBlocks:     numBlocks,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type blockNumberOrHashOrRLP struct {
+	*jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash
+	RLP hexutil.Bytes `json:"rlp,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (sb *blockNumberOrHashOrRLP) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	bnOrHash := new(jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash)
+	// Try to unmarshal bNrOrHash
+	if err := bnOrHash.UnmarshalJSON(data); err == nil {
+		sb.BlockNumberOrHash = bnOrHash
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Try to unmarshal RLP
+	var input string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &input); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	blob, err := hexutil.Decode(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	sb.RLP = blob
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetSigner returns the signer for a specific Apos block.
+// Can be called with either a blocknumber, blockhash or an rlp encoded blob.
+// The RLP encoded blob can either be a block or a header.
+func (api *API) GetSigner(rlpOrBlockNr *blockNumberOrHashOrRLP) (types.Address, error) {
+	if len(rlpOrBlockNr.RLP) == 0 {
+		blockNrOrHash := rlpOrBlockNr.BlockNumberOrHash
+		var header block.IHeader
+		if blockNrOrHash == nil {
+			header = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+		} else if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+			header, _ = api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+		} else if number, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+			header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64())))
+		}
+		if header == nil {
+			return types.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("missing block %v", blockNrOrHash.String())
+		}
+		return api.apos.Author(header)
+	}
+
+	return types.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("do not support rlp")
+}
+
+// GetRewards
+func (api *API) GetRewards(address common.Address, from jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, to jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (resp *RewardResponse, err error) {
+
+	var (
+		resolvedFromBlock *uint256.Int
+		resolvedToBlock   *uint256.Int
+	)
+
+	api.apos.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		resolvedFromBlock, _, err = rpchelper.GetCanonicalBlockNumber(from, tx)
+		resolvedToBlock, _, err = rpchelper.GetCanonicalBlockNumber(to, tx)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	rewardService := newReward(api.apos.chainConfig)
+	resp, err = rewardService.GetRewards(*mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address), resolvedFromBlock, resolvedToBlock, api.chain.GetBlockByNumber)
+
+	return resp, err
+}
+
+// GetRewards
+func (api *API) GetDepositInfo(address common.Address) (*deposit.Info, error) {
+
+	addr := *mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address)
+
+	info := new(deposit.Info)
+	var err error
+
+	api.apos.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		info = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, addr)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return info, err
+}
+
+// GetRewards todo:needs check
+func (api *API) GetBlockRewards(blockNr jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (resp []*block.Reward, err error) {
+	var (
+		resolvedBlockNr *uint256.Int
+		hash            types.Hash
+	)
+	api.apos.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		resolvedBlockNr, hash, err = rpchelper.GetCanonicalBlockNumber(blockNr, tx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		//header := rawdb.ReadHeader(tx, hash, resolvedBlockNr.Uint64())
+		body := rawdb.ReadBlock(tx, hash, resolvedBlockNr.Uint64())
+		if body == nil {
+			err = errors.New("cannot find block body")
+			return err
+		}
+		resp = body.Body().Reward()
+		return nil
+	})
+	return resp, err
+}
+
+// getHeader search header by BlockNumberOrHash
+func (api *API) getHeader(from jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (currentHeader block.IHeader) {
+	//
+	if blockNr, ok := from.Number(); ok {
+		if blockNr == jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber || blockNr == jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+			currentHeader = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+		} else if blockNr < jsonrpc.EarliestBlockNumber {
+			currentHeader = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(0))
+		} else {
+			currentHeader = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(uint64(blockNr.Int64())))
+		}
+	} else if hash, ok := from.Hash(); ok {
+		currentHeader, _ = api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
+	} else {
+		currentHeader = api.chain.CurrentBlock().Header()
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// GetTasks
+func (api *API) GetMinedBlock(address common.Address, from jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, wantCount uint64) (*MinedBlockResponse, error) {
+
+	addr := *mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address)
+	var (
+		err           error
+		searchCount   int
+		findCount     uint64
+		currentHeader block.IHeader
+		currentBlock  block.IBlock
+		depositInfo   *deposit.Info
+	)
+
+	api.apos.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		depositInfo = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, addr)
+		return nil
+	})
+	if depositInfo == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("address do not have depositInfo")
+	}
+	//
+	currentHeader = api.getHeader(from)
+	if currentHeader == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	//
+	currentBlock = api.chain.GetBlock(currentHeader.Hash(), currentHeader.Number64().Uint64())
+	searchCount = 0
+	findCount = 0
+	minedBlocks := make([]MinedBlock, 0)
+
+	for i := currentHeader.Number64().Uint64(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		verifier := currentBlock.Body().Verifier()
+		for _, verify := range verifier {
+			if addr == verify.Address {
+				minedBlocks = append(minedBlocks, MinedBlock{
+					BlockNumber: currentBlock.Number64(),
+					Timestamp:   currentBlock.Time(),
+					Reward:      depositInfo.RewardPerBlock,
+				})
+				findCount++
+				if findCount >= wantCount {
+					goto Finish
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		searchCount++
+		if searchCount >= maxSearchBlock {
+			break
+		}
+		currentHeader = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(new(uint256.Int).SubUint64(currentBlock.Number64(), 1))
+		if currentHeader == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		currentBlock = api.chain.GetBlock(currentHeader.Hash(), currentHeader.Number64().Uint64())
+	}
+
+Finish:
+	return &MinedBlockResponse{
+		MinedBlocks:        minedBlocks,
+		CurrentBlockNumber: currentBlock.Number64(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// VerifiedBlock
+func (api *API) VerifiedBlock(address common.Address, from jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, wantCount uint64, to *jsonrpc.BlockNumber) (*VerifiedBlockResponse, error) {
+
+	addr := *mvm_types.ToastAddress(&address)
+	var (
+		err           error
+		searchCount   int
+		findCount     uint64
+		currentHeader block.IHeader
+		currentBlock  block.IBlock
+		depositInfo   *deposit.Info
+	)
+
+	if to.Int64() <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("'To' block number must be greater than 0")
+	}
+
+	api.apos.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		depositInfo = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, addr)
+		return nil
+	})
+	if depositInfo == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("address do not have depositInfo")
+	}
+	//
+	currentHeader = api.getHeader(from)
+	if currentHeader == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	//
+	currentBlock = api.chain.GetBlock(currentHeader.Hash(), currentHeader.Number64().Uint64())
+	searchCount = 0
+	findCount = 0
+	minedBlocks := make([]MinedBlock, 0)
+
+	for i := currentHeader.Number64().Uint64(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		verifier := currentBlock.Body().Verifier()
+		for _, verify := range verifier {
+			if addr == verify.Address {
+				minedBlocks = append(minedBlocks, MinedBlock{
+					BlockNumber: currentBlock.Number64(),
+					Timestamp:   currentBlock.Time(),
+					Reward:      depositInfo.RewardPerBlock,
+				})
+				findCount++
+			}
+		}
+		if findCount >= wantCount {
+			break
+		}
+		if uint64(*to) == currentBlock.Number64().Uint64() {
+			break
+		}
+		searchCount++
+		if searchCount >= int(api.apos.config.RewardEpoch) {
+			break
+		}
+		currentHeader = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(new(uint256.Int).SubUint64(currentBlock.Number64(), 1))
+		if currentHeader == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		currentBlock = api.chain.GetBlock(currentHeader.Hash(), currentHeader.Number64().Uint64())
+	}
+
+	return &VerifiedBlockResponse{
+		MinedBlocks: minedBlocks,
+		Total:       uint256.NewInt(findCount),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (api *API) GetAccountRewardUnpaid(address types.Address) (val *uint256.Int, err error) {
+	rewardService := newReward(api.apos.chainConfig)
+
+	api.apos.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		val, err = rewardService.getAccountRewardUnpaid(tx, address)
+		return err
+	})
+	return
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apos/apos.go b/internal/consensus/apos/apos.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..121afe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apos/apos.go
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package APos implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
+
+package apos
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/api"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	astCommon "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	mvm_types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+const (
+	checkpointInterval = 2048 // Number of blocks after which to save the vote snapshot to the database
+	inmemorySnapshots  = 128  // Number of recent vote snapshots to keep in memory
+	inmemorySignatures = 4096 // Number of recent block signatures to keep in memory
+
+	wiggleTime       = 500 * time.Millisecond // Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
+	mergeSignMinTime = 4                      // min time for merge sign
+)
+
+// APos proof-of-authority protocol constants.
+var (
+	epochLength = uint64(30000) // Default number of blocks after which to checkpoint and reset the pending votes
+
+	extraVanity = 32                     // Fixed number of extra-data prefix bytes reserved for signer vanity
+	extraSeal   = crypto.SignatureLength // Fixed number of extra-data suffix bytes reserved for signer seal
+
+	nonceAuthVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0xffffffffffffffff") // Magic nonce number to vote on adding a new signer
+	nonceDropVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0x0000000000000000") // Magic nonce number to vote on removing a signer.
+
+	//uncleHash = mvm_types.CalcUncleHash(nil) // Always Keccak256(RLP([])) as uncles are meaningless outside of PoW.
+
+	diffInTurn = uint256.NewInt(2) // Block difficulty for in-turn signatures
+	diffNoTurn = uint256.NewInt(1) // Block difficulty for out-of-turn signatures
+)
+
+// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
+// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
+// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
+// error types into the consensus package.
+var (
+	// errUnknownBlock is returned when the list of signers is requested for a block
+	// that is not part of the local blockchain.
+	errUnknownBlock = errors.New("unknown block")
+
+	// errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition
+	// block has a beneficiary set to non-zeroes.
+	errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary = errors.New("beneficiary in checkpoint block non-zero")
+
+	// errInvalidVote is returned if a nonce value is something else that the two
+	// allowed constants of 0x00..0 or 0xff..f.
+	errInvalidVote = errors.New("vote nonce not 0x00..0 or 0xff..f")
+
+	// errInvalidCheckpointVote is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition block
+	// has a vote nonce set to non-zeroes.
+	errInvalidCheckpointVote = errors.New("vote nonce in checkpoint block non-zero")
+
+	// errMissingVanity is returned if a block's extra-data section is shorter than
+	// 32 bytes, which is required to store the signer vanity.
+	errMissingVanity = errors.New("extra-data 32 byte vanity prefix missing")
+
+	// errMissingSignature is returned if a block's extra-data section doesn't seem
+	// to contain a 65 byte secp256k1 signature.
+	errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte signature suffix missing")
+
+	// errExtraSigners is returned if non-checkpoint block contain signer data in
+	// their extra-data fields.
+	errExtraSigners = errors.New("non-checkpoint block contains extra signer list")
+
+	// errInvalidCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains an
+	// invalid list of signers (i.e. non divisible by 20 bytes).
+	errInvalidCheckpointSigners = errors.New("invalid signer list on checkpoint block")
+
+	// errMismatchingCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains a
+	// list of signers different than the one the local node calculated.
+	errMismatchingCheckpointSigners = errors.New("mismatching signer list on checkpoint block")
+
+	// errInvalidMixDigest is returned if a block's mix digest is non-zero.
+	errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("non-zero mix digest")
+
+	// errInvalidUncleHash is returned if a block contains an non-empty uncle list.
+	errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("non empty uncle hash")
+
+	// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block neither 1 or 2.
+	errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("invalid difficulty")
+
+	// errWrongDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block doesn't match the
+	// turn of the signer.
+	errWrongDifficulty = errors.New("wrong difficulty")
+
+	// errInvalidTimestamp is returned if the timestamp of a block is lower than
+	// the previous block's timestamp + the minimum block period.
+	errInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
+
+	// errInvalidVotingChain is returned if an authorization list is attempted to
+	// be modified via out-of-range or non-contiguous headers.
+	errInvalidVotingChain = errors.New("invalid voting chain")
+
+	// errUnauthorizedSigner is returned if a header is signed by a non-authorized entity.
+	errUnauthorizedSigner = errors.New("unauthorized signer")
+
+	// errRecentlySigned is returned if a header is signed by an authorized entity
+	// that already signed a header recently, thus is temporarily not allowed to.
+	errRecentlySigned = errors.New("recently signed")
+)
+
+// SignerFn hashes and signs the data to be signed by a backing account.
+// todo types.address to  account
+type SignerFn func(signer accounts.Account, mimeType string, message []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+// ecrecover extracts the Ethereum account address from a signed header.
+func ecrecover(iHeader block.IHeader, sigcache *lru.ARCCache) (types.Address, error) {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	// If the signature's already cached, return that
+	hash := header.Hash()
+	if address, known := sigcache.Get(hash); known {
+		return address.(types.Address), nil
+	}
+	// Retrieve the signature from the header extra-data
+	if len(header.Extra) < extraSeal {
+		return types.Address{}, errMissingSignature
+	}
+	signature := header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:]
+
+	//Recover the public key and the Ethereum(ast) address
+	pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(SealHash(header).Bytes(), signature)
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Address{}, err
+	}
+	var signer types.Address
+	copy(signer[:], crypto.Keccak256(pubkey[1:])[12:])
+
+	sigcache.Add(hash, signer)
+	return signer, nil
+}
+
+// APos is the proof-of-authority consensus engine proposed to support the
+// Ethereum testnet following the Ropsten attacks.
+type APos struct {
+	config      *params.APosConfig // Consensus engine configuration parameters
+	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+	db          kv.RwDB // Database to store and retrieve snapshot checkpoints
+
+	recents    *lru.ARCCache // Snapshots for recent block to speed up reorgs
+	signatures *lru.ARCCache // Signatures of recent blocks to speed up mining
+
+	proposals map[types.Address]bool // Current list of proposals we are pushing
+
+	signer types.Address // Ethereum address of the signing key
+	signFn SignerFn      // Signer function to authorize hashes with
+	lock   sync.RWMutex  // Protects the signer and proposals fields
+
+	// The fields below are for testing only
+	fakeDiff bool // Skip difficulty verifications
+
+	bc astCommon.IBlockChain
+}
+
+// New creates a APos proof-of-authority consensus engine with the initial
+// signers set to the ones provided by the user.
+func New(config *params.APosConfig, db kv.RwDB, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) consensus.Engine {
+	// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
+	conf := *config
+	if conf.Epoch == 0 {
+		conf.Epoch = epochLength
+	}
+	// GenesisAlloc the snapshot caches and create the engine
+	recents, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySnapshots)
+	signatures, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySignatures)
+
+	return &APos{
+		config:      &conf,
+		chainConfig: chainConfig,
+		db:          db,
+		recents:     recents,
+		signatures:  signatures,
+		proposals:   make(map[types.Address]bool),
+	}
+}
+
+// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the Ethereum address recovered
+// from the signature in the header's extra-data section.
+func (c *APos) Author(header block.IHeader) (types.Address, error) {
+	return ecrecover(header, c.signatures)
+}
+
+func (c *APos) SetBlockChain(bc astCommon.IBlockChain) {
+	c.bc = bc
+}
+
+// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.
+func (c *APos) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, seal bool) error {
+	return c.verifyHeader(chain, header, nil)
+}
+
+// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers. The
+// method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and a results channel to
+// retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of the input slice).
+func (c *APos) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []block.IHeader, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
+	abort := make(chan struct{})
+	results := make(chan error, len(headers))
+
+	go func() {
+		for i, header := range headers {
+			err := c.verifyHeader(chain, header, headers[:i])
+
+			select {
+			case <-abort:
+				return
+			case results <- err:
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return abort, results
+}
+
+// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.The
+// caller may optionally pass in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid
+// looking those up from the database. This is useful for concurrently verifying
+// a batch of new headers.
+func (c *APos) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, iHeader block.IHeader, parents []block.IHeader) error {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	if header.Number.IsZero() {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+
+	// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future
+	if header.Time > uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
+		return errors.New("block in the future")
+	}
+	// Checkpoint blocks need to enforce zero beneficiary
+	checkpoint := (number % c.config.Epoch) == 0
+	if checkpoint && header.Coinbase != (types.Address{}) {
+		return errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary
+	}
+	// Nonces must be 0x00..0 or 0xff..f, zeroes enforced on checkpoints
+	if !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote) && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
+		return errInvalidVote
+	}
+	if checkpoint && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
+		return errInvalidCheckpointVote
+	}
+	// Check that the extra-data contains both the vanity and signature
+	if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity {
+		return errMissingVanity
+	}
+	if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity+extraSeal {
+		return errMissingSignature
+	}
+	// Ensure that the extra-data contains a signer list on checkpoint, but none otherwise
+	signersBytes := len(header.Extra) - extraVanity - extraSeal
+	if !checkpoint && signersBytes != 0 {
+		return errExtraSigners
+	}
+	if checkpoint && signersBytes%types.AddressLength != 0 {
+		return errInvalidCheckpointSigners
+	}
+	// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as we don't have fork protection currently
+	//if header.MixDigest != (types.Hash{}) {
+	//	return errInvalidMixDigest
+	//}
+	// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
+	//if header.UncleHash != uncleHash {
+	//	return errInvalidUncleHash
+	//}
+	// Ensure that the block's difficulty is meaningful (may not be correct at this point)
+	if number > 0 {
+		if header.Difficulty.IsZero() || (header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0) {
+			return errInvalidDifficulty
+		}
+	}
+	// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
+	if header.GasLimit > params.MaxGasLimit {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, params.MaxGasLimit)
+	}
+	// If all checks passed, validate any special fields for hard forks
+	//todo
+	//if err := misc.VerifyForkHashes(chain.Config(), header, false); err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	// All basic checks passed, verify cascading fields
+	return c.verifyCascadingFields(chain, header, parents)
+}
+
+// verifyCascadingFields verifies all the header fields that are not standalone,
+// rather depend on a batch of previous headers. The caller may optionally pass
+// in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid looking those up from the
+// database. This is useful for concurrently verifying a batch of new headers.
+func (c *APos) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, iHeader block.IHeader, parents []block.IHeader) error {
+	header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	// The genesis block is the always valid dead-end
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Ensure that the block's timestamp isn't too close to its parent
+	var parent block.IHeader
+	if len(parents) > 0 {
+		parent = parents[len(parents)-1]
+	} else {
+		parent = chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, uint256.NewInt(number-1))
+	}
+	if parent == nil || parent.(*block.Header) == nil || parent.Number64().Uint64() != number-1 || parent.Hash() != header.ParentHash {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	// todo
+	rawParent := parent.(*block.Header)
+	if rawParent.Time+c.config.Period > header.Time {
+		return errInvalidTimestamp
+	}
+	// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
+	if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %d, gasLimit %d", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
+	}
+	if !chain.Config().IsLondon(header.Number.Uint64()) {
+		// Verify BaseFee not present before EIP-1559 fork.
+		if header.BaseFee != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee before fork: have %d, want <nil>", header.BaseFee)
+		}
+		if err := misc.VerifyGaslimit(parent.(*block.Header).GasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else if err := misc.VerifyEip1559Header(chain.Config(), parent.(*block.Header), header); err != nil {
+		// Verify the header's EIP-1559 attributes.
+		return err
+	}
+	// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// If the block is a checkpoint block, verify the signer list
+	if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
+		signers := make([]byte, len(snap.Signers)*types.AddressLength)
+		for i, signer := range snap.signers() {
+			copy(signers[i*types.AddressLength:], signer[:])
+		}
+		extraSuffix := len(header.Extra) - extraSeal
+		if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra[extraVanity:extraSuffix], signers) {
+			return errMismatchingCheckpointSigners
+		}
+	}
+	// All basic checks passed, verify the seal and return
+	return c.verifySeal(snap, header, parents)
+}
+
+// snapshot retrieves the authorization snapshot at a given point in time.
+func (c *APos) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash types.Hash, parents []block.IHeader) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	// Search for a snapshot in memory or on disk for checkpoints
+	var (
+		headers []block.IHeader
+		snap    *Snapshot
+	)
+	for snap == nil {
+		// If an in-memory snapshot was found, use that
+		if s, ok := c.recents.Get(hash); ok {
+			snap = s.(*Snapshot)
+			break
+		}
+		// If an on-disk checkpoint snapshot can be found, use that
+		if number%checkpointInterval == 0 {
+			if err := c.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+				var err error
+				s, err := loadSnapshot(c.config, c.signatures, tx, hash)
+				if err == nil {
+					log.Debug("Loaded voting snapshot from disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
+					snap = s
+				}
+				return err
+			}); nil == err {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// If we're at the genesis, snapshot the initial state. Alternatively if we're
+		// at a checkpoint block without a parent (light client CHT), or we have piled
+		// up more headers than allowed to be reorged (chain reinit from a freezer),
+		// consider the checkpoint trusted and snapshot it.
+		h := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(number - 1))
+		if number == 0 || (number%c.config.Epoch == 0 && (len(headers) > params.FullImmutabilityThreshold || h == nil)) {
+			checkpoint := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint256.NewInt(number))
+			if checkpoint != nil {
+				rawCheckpoint := checkpoint.(*block.Header)
+				hash := checkpoint.Hash()
+
+				signers := make([]types.Address, (len(rawCheckpoint.Extra)-extraVanity-extraSeal)/types.AddressLength)
+				for i := 0; i < len(signers); i++ {
+					copy(signers[i][:], rawCheckpoint.Extra[extraVanity+i*types.AddressLength:])
+				}
+				snap = newSnapshot(c.config, c.signatures, number, hash, signers)
+				if err := c.db.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+					if err := snap.store(tx); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					return nil
+				}); nil != err {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				log.Info("Stored checkpoint snapshot to disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// No snapshot for this header, gather the header and move backward
+		var header block.IHeader
+		if len(parents) > 0 {
+			// If we have explicit parents, pick from there (enforced)
+			header = parents[len(parents)-1]
+			if header.Hash() != hash || header.Number64().Uint64() != number {
+				return nil, errUnknownBlock
+			}
+			parents = parents[:len(parents)-1]
+		} else {
+			// No explicit parents (or no more left), reach out to the database
+			header = chain.GetHeader(hash, uint256.NewInt(number))
+			if header == nil {
+				return nil, errUnknownBlock
+			}
+		}
+		headers = append(headers, header)
+		number, hash = number-1, header.(*block.Header).ParentHash
+	}
+	// Previous snapshot found, apply any pending headers on top of it
+	for i := 0; i < len(headers)/2; i++ {
+		headers[i], headers[len(headers)-1-i] = headers[len(headers)-1-i], headers[i]
+	}
+	snap, err := snap.apply(headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.recents.Add(snap.Hash, snap)
+
+	// If we've generated a new checkpoint snapshot, save to disk
+	if snap.Number%checkpointInterval == 0 && len(headers) > 0 {
+		if err = c.db.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			if err := snap.store(tx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		}); nil != err {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		log.Debug("Stored voting snapshot to disk", "number", snap.Number, "hash", snap.Hash)
+	}
+	return snap, err
+}
+
+// VerifyUncles implements consensus.Engine, always returning an error for any
+// uncles as this consensus mechanism doesn't permit uncles.
+func (c *APos) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block block.IBlock) error {
+	//if len(block.Uncles()) > 0 {
+	//	return errors.New("uncles not allowed")
+	//}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifySeal checks whether the signature contained in the header satisfies the
+// consensus protocol requirements. The method accepts an optional list of parent
+// headers that aren't yet part of the local blockchain to generate the snapshots
+// from.
+func (c *APos) verifySeal(snap *Snapshot, h block.IHeader, parents []block.IHeader) error {
+	// Verifying the genesis block is not supported
+	header := h.(*block.Header)
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number == 0 {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
+	signer, err := ecrecover(header, c.signatures)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
+		log.Infof("err signer: %s, ", signer.String())
+		return errUnauthorizedSigner
+	}
+	for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
+		if recent == signer {
+			// Signer is among recents, only fail if the current block doesn't shift it out
+			if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); seen > number-limit {
+				return errRecentlySigned
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Ensure that the difficulty corresponds to the turn-ness of the signer
+	if !c.fakeDiff {
+		inturn := snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), signer)
+		if inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 {
+			return errWrongDifficulty
+		}
+		if !inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0 {
+			return errWrongDifficulty
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, preparing all the consensus fields of the
+// header for running the transactions on top.
+func (c *APos) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader) error {
+	rawHeader := header.(*block.Header)
+	// If the block isn't a checkpoint, cast a random vote (good enough for now)
+	rawHeader.Coinbase = types.Address{}
+	rawHeader.Nonce = block.BlockNonce{}
+
+	number := rawHeader.Number.Uint64()
+	// Assemble the voting snapshot to check which votes make sense
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, rawHeader.ParentHash, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	if number%c.config.Epoch != 0 {
+		// Gather all the proposals that make sense voting on
+		addresses := make([]types.Address, 0, len(c.proposals))
+		for address, authorize := range c.proposals {
+			if snap.validVote(address, authorize) {
+				addresses = append(addresses, address)
+			}
+		}
+		// If there's pending proposals, cast a vote on them
+		if len(addresses) > 0 {
+			rawHeader.Coinbase = addresses[rand.Intn(len(addresses))]
+			if c.proposals[rawHeader.Coinbase] {
+				copy(rawHeader.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
+			} else {
+				copy(rawHeader.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Copy signer protected by mutex to avoid race condition
+	signer := c.signer
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	// Set the correct difficulty
+	rawHeader.Difficulty = calcDifficulty(snap, signer)
+
+	// Ensure the extra data has all its components
+	if len(rawHeader.Extra) < extraVanity {
+		rawHeader.Extra = append(rawHeader.Extra, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x00}, extraVanity-len(rawHeader.Extra))...)
+	}
+	rawHeader.Extra = rawHeader.Extra[:extraVanity]
+
+	if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
+		for _, signer := range snap.signers() {
+			rawHeader.Extra = append(rawHeader.Extra, signer[:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	rawHeader.Extra = append(rawHeader.Extra, make([]byte, extraSeal)...)
+
+	// Mix digest is reserved for now, set to empty
+	rawHeader.MixDigest = types.Hash{}
+
+	// Ensure the timestamp has the correct delay
+	parent := chain.GetHeader(rawHeader.ParentHash, uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(rawHeader.Number, uint256.NewInt(1)))
+	if parent == nil {
+		return errors.New("unknown ancestor")
+	}
+	rawHeader.Time = parent.(*block.Header).Time + c.config.Period
+	if rawHeader.Time < uint64(time.Now().Unix())+mergeSignMinTime {
+		rawHeader.Time = uint64(time.Now().Unix()) + mergeSignMinTime
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *APos) Rewards(tx kv.RwTx, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, setRewards bool) ([]*block.Reward, error) {
+	//calc rewards
+	var rewards []*block.Reward
+
+	beijing, _ := uint256.FromBig(c.chainConfig.BeijingBlock)
+	if new(uint256.Int).Mod(new(uint256.Int).Sub(header.Number64(), beijing), uint256.NewInt(c.config.RewardEpoch)).
+		Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+		log.Info("begin setreward", "headnumber", header.Number64().ToBig().String())
+
+		rewardService := newReward(c.chainConfig)
+		accRewards, err := rewardService.SetRewards(tx, header.Number64(), setRewards)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("setreward error", "err", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		for _, detail := range accRewards {
+			if detail.Value.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) > 0 {
+				addr := detail.Account
+				if !state.Exist(addr) {
+					state.CreateAccount(addr, false)
+				}
+
+				state.AddBalance(addr, detail.Value)
+				rewards = append(rewards, &block.Reward{
+					Address: addr,
+					Amount:  detail.Value,
+				})
+
+				log.Debug("set rewards balance:", "addr", addr, "value", detail.Value)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return rewards, nil
+}
+
+// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set, nor block
+// rewards given.
+func (c *APos) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []block.IHeader) ([]*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	// No block rewards in PoA, so the state remains as is and uncles are dropped
+	//chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number)
+
+	rewards, unpayMap, err := doReward(c.chainConfig, state, header.(*block.Header), chain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	rawHeader := header.(*block.Header)
+	rawHeader.Root = state.IntermediateRoot()
+	// Todo can not verify author
+	rawHeader.MixDigest = state.BeforeStateRoot()
+	//todo
+	//rawHeader.UncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil)
+	return rewards, unpayMap, nil
+}
+
+// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set,
+// nor block rewards given, and returns the final block.
+func (c *APos) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []block.IHeader, receipts []*block.Receipt) (block.IBlock, []*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	// Finalize block
+	rewards, unpay, err := c.Finalize(chain, header, state, txs, uncles)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Assemble and return the final block for sealing
+	block := block.NewBlockFromReceipt(header, txs, uncles, receipts, rewards)
+	return block, rewards, unpay, nil
+}
+
+// Authorize injects a private key into the consensus engine to mint new blocks
+// with.
+// todo init
+func (c *APos) Authorize(signer types.Address, signFn SignerFn) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	c.signer = signer
+	c.signFn = signFn
+}
+
+// Seal implements consensus.Engine, attempting to create a sealed block using
+// the local signing credentials.
+func (c *APos) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, b block.IBlock, results chan<- block.IBlock, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
+	header := b.Header().(*block.Header)
+
+	// Sealing the genesis block is not supported
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number == 0 {
+		return errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	// For 0-period chains, refuse to seal empty blocks (no reward but would spin sealing)
+	if c.config.Period == 0 && len(b.Transactions()) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("sealing paused while waiting for transactions")
+	}
+	// Don't hold the signer fields for the entire sealing procedure
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	signer, signFn := c.signer, c.signFn
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	// Bail out if we're unauthorized to sign a block
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, authorized := snap.Signers[signer]; !authorized {
+		log.Infof("err signer: %s, ", signer.String())
+		return errUnauthorizedSigner
+	}
+	// If we're amongst the recent signers, wait for the next block
+	for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
+		if recent == signer {
+			// Signer is among recents, only wait if the current block doesn't shift it out
+			if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number < limit || seen > number-limit {
+				///limit 1  seen 9999 number 9999- 8919
+				return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("signed recently, must wait for others %d %d %d %s", limit, seen, number, signer.String()))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sweet, the protocol permits us to sign the block, wait for our time
+	delay := time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0).Sub(time.Now()) // nolint: gosimple
+	if header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) == 0 {
+		wiggle := time.Duration(len(snap.Signers)/2+1) * wiggleTime
+		delay += time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(wiggle)))
+
+		log.Infof("wiggle %s , time %s, number %d", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle), common.PrettyDuration(delay), header.Number.Uint64())
+		log.Trace("Out-of-turn signing requested", "wiggle", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle))
+	}
+
+	if c.chainConfig.IsBeijing(header.Number.Uint64()) {
+		ctx, cancle := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), delay)
+		defer cancle()
+		member := c.CountDepositor()
+		aggSign, verifiers, err := api.SignMerge(ctx, header, member)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		ss := make([]bls.PublicKey, len(verifiers))
+		for i, p := range verifiers {
+			blsP, err := bls.PublicKeyFromBytes(p.PublicKey[:])
+			if nil != err {
+				return err
+			}
+			ss[i] = blsP
+		}
+
+		sig, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(aggSign[:])
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !sig.FastAggregateVerify(ss, header.Root) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("AggSignature verify falied")
+		}
+
+		header.Signature = aggSign
+		body := b.Body().(*block.Body)
+		body.Verifiers = verifiers
+		delay = time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0).Sub(time.Now())
+	}
+
+	// Sign all the things!
+	sighash, err := signFn(accounts.Account{Address: signer}, accounts.MimetypeClique, APosProto(header))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sighash)
+	// Wait until sealing is terminated or delay timeout.
+	log.Debug("Waiting for slot to sign and propagate", "delay", common.PrettyDuration(delay))
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-stop:
+			return
+		case <-time.After(delay):
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case results <- b.WithSeal(header):
+		default:
+			log.Warn("Sealing result is not read by miner", "sealhash", SealHash(header))
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
+// that a new block should have:
+// * DIFF_NOTURN(2) if BLOCK_NUMBER % SIGNER_COUNT != SIGNER_INDEX
+// * DIFF_INTURN(1) if BLOCK_NUMBER % SIGNER_COUNT == SIGNER_INDEX
+func (c *APos) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent block.IHeader) *uint256.Int {
+	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, parent.Number64().Uint64(), parent.Hash(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	signer := c.signer
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
+	return calcDifficulty(snap, signer)
+}
+
+func calcDifficulty(snap *Snapshot, signer types.Address) *uint256.Int {
+	if snap.inturn(snap.Number+1, signer) {
+		return diffInTurn
+	}
+	return diffNoTurn
+}
+
+// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
+func (c *APos) SealHash(header block.IHeader) types.Hash {
+	return SealHash(header)
+}
+
+// Close implements consensus.Engine. It's a noop for Apoa as there are no background threads.
+func (c *APos) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC API to allow
+// controlling the signer voting.
+func (c *APos) APIs(chain consensus.ChainReader) []jsonrpc.API {
+	return []jsonrpc.API{{
+		Namespace:     "apos",
+		Service:       &API{chain: chain, apos: c},
+		Authenticated: true,
+	}}
+}
+
+func (c *APos) Type() params.ConsensusType {
+	return params.CliqueConsensus
+}
+
+// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
+func SealHash(header block.IHeader) (hash types.Hash) {
+	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	encodeSigHeader(hasher, header)
+	hasher.(crypto.KeccakState).Read(hash[:])
+	return hash
+}
+
+func APosProto(header block.IHeader) []byte {
+	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	encodeSigHeader(b, header)
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+func encodeSigHeader(w io.Writer, iHeader block.IHeader) {
+	header := mvm_types.FromastHeader(iHeader)
+	enc := []interface{}{
+		header.ParentHash,
+		header.UncleHash,
+		header.Coinbase,
+		header.Root,
+		header.TxHash,
+		header.ReceiptHash,
+		header.Bloom,
+		header.Difficulty,
+		header.Number,
+		header.GasLimit,
+		header.GasUsed,
+		header.Time,
+		header.Extra[:len(header.Extra)-crypto.SignatureLength], // Yes, this will panic if extra is too short
+		header.MixDigest,
+		header.Nonce,
+	}
+	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+		enc = append(enc, header.BaseFee)
+	}
+	if err := rlp.Encode(w, enc); err != nil {
+		panic("can't encode: " + err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *APos) CountDepositor() uint64 {
+	var count uint64
+	if err := c.db.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		var err error
+		count, err = rawdb.DepositNum(tx)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); nil != err {
+		log.Errorf("rawdb.DepositNum() failed, %v", err)
+		return 0
+	}
+	return count
+}
+
+func (c *APos) IsServiceTransaction(sender types.Address, syscall consensus.SystemCall) bool {
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apos/consensus.go b/internal/consensus/apos/consensus.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb46221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apos/consensus.go
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package apos
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+func AccumulateRewards(r *Reward, number *uint256.Int, chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader) (map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+
+	rewardMap := make(map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, 0)
+	unpayMap := make(map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, 0)
+
+	endNumber := new(uint256.Int).Sub(number, r.rewardEpoch)
+	//calculate last batch but this one
+	currentNr := number.Clone()
+	currentNr.SubUint64(currentNr, 1)
+
+	depositeMap := map[types.Address]struct {
+		reward    *uint256.Int
+		maxReward *uint256.Int
+	}{}
+	for currentNr.Cmp(endNumber) >= 0 {
+		block, err := chain.GetBlockByNumber(currentNr)
+		if nil != err {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		verifiers := block.Body().Verifier()
+		for _, verifier := range verifiers {
+			_, ok := depositeMap[verifier.Address]
+			if !ok {
+				low, max := chain.GetDepositInfo(verifier.Address)
+				if low == nil || max == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				depositeMap[verifier.Address] = struct {
+					reward    *uint256.Int
+					maxReward *uint256.Int
+				}{reward: low, maxReward: max}
+
+				log.Debug("account deposite infos", "addr", verifier.Address, "perblock", low, "perepoch", max)
+			}
+
+			addrReward, ok := rewardMap[verifier.Address]
+			if !ok {
+				addrReward = uint256.NewInt(0)
+			}
+
+			rewardMap[verifier.Address] = math.Min256(addrReward.Add(addrReward, depositeMap[verifier.Address].reward), depositeMap[verifier.Address].maxReward.Clone())
+		}
+
+		currentNr.SubUint64(currentNr, 1)
+	}
+
+	for addr, amount := range rewardMap {
+		var payAmount, unpayAmount *uint256.Int
+
+		lastSedi, err := chain.GetAccountRewardUnpaid(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debug("build reward Big map get account reward error,err=", err)
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if lastSedi != nil {
+			amount.Add(amount, lastSedi)
+		}
+
+		if amount.Cmp(r.rewardLimit) >= 0 {
+			payAmount = amount.Clone()
+			unpayAmount = uint256.NewInt(0)
+		} else {
+			payAmount = uint256.NewInt(0)
+			unpayAmount = amount.Clone()
+		}
+
+		rewardMap[addr] = payAmount
+		unpayMap[addr] = unpayAmount
+	}
+
+	//log.Debug("buildrewards maps", "rewardMap", rewardMap, "rewardmap len", len(rewardMap), "issetreward", setRewards)
+	//
+	//if setRewards {
+	//	if err := r.setRewardByEpochPaid(tx, epoch, rewardMap); err != nil {
+	//		return nil, err
+	//	}
+	//}
+
+	return rewardMap, unpayMap, nil
+}
+
+func doReward(chainConf *params.ChainConfig, state *state.IntraBlockState, header *block.Header, chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader) ([]*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	beijing, _ := uint256.FromBig(chainConf.BeijingBlock)
+	number := header.Number64()
+	var rewards block.Rewards
+	var upayMap map[types.Address]*uint256.Int
+
+	if chainConf.IsBeijing(number.Uint64()) && new(uint256.Int).Mod(new(uint256.Int).Sub(number, beijing), uint256.NewInt(chainConf.Apos.RewardEpoch)).
+		Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+		r := newReward(chainConf)
+		var (
+			err    error
+			payMap map[types.Address]*uint256.Int
+		)
+		payMap, upayMap, err = AccumulateRewards(r, number, chain)
+		if nil != err {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		for addr, value := range payMap {
+			if value.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) > 0 {
+				if !state.Exist(addr) {
+					state.CreateAccount(addr, false)
+				}
+
+				log.Info("🔨 set account reward", "addr", addr, "amount", value.Uint64(), "blockNr", header.Number.Uint64())
+				state.AddBalance(addr, value)
+				rewards = append(rewards, &block.Reward{
+					Address: addr,
+					Amount:  value,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+		if !isWrongStateRootBlockNumber(header.Number64()) {
+			state.SoftFinalise()
+		}
+		sort.Sort(rewards)
+	}
+	return rewards, upayMap, nil
+}
+
+func isWrongStateRootBlockNumber(blockNr *uint256.Int) bool {
+	switch blockNr.Uint64() {
+	case 1288400, 1299200, 1310000, 1320800, 1331600, 1342400, 1353200, 1364000, 1374800, 1385600, 1396400, 1407200, 1418000, 1428800, 1439600, 1450400:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apos/faker.go b/internal/consensus/apos/faker.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe67aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apos/faker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package apos
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type Faker struct{}
+
+func (f Faker) Author(header block.IHeader) (types.Address, error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, seal bool) error {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []block.IHeader, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block block.IBlock) error {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader) error {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []block.IHeader) ([]*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction, uncles []block.IHeader, receipts []*block.Receipt) (block.IBlock, []*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) Rewards(tx kv.RwTx, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, setRewards bool) ([]*block.Reward, error) {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block block.IBlock, results chan<- block.IBlock, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) SealHash(header block.IHeader) types.Hash {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent block.IHeader) *uint256.Int {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) Type() params.ConsensusType {
+	return params.Faker
+}
+
+func (f Faker) APIs(chain consensus.ChainReader) []jsonrpc.API {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func (f Faker) Close() error {
+	//TODO implement me
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
+func NewFaker() consensus.Engine {
+	return &Faker{}
+}
+
+func (f Faker) IsServiceTransaction(sender types.Address, syscall consensus.SystemCall) bool {
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apos/reward.go b/internal/consensus/apos/reward.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05b71dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apos/reward.go
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package apos
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type RewardResponse struct {
+	Address types.Address        `json:"address" yaml:"address"`
+	Data    RewardResponseValues `json:"data" yaml:"data"`
+	Total   *uint256.Int         `json:"total" yaml:"total"`
+}
+type RewardResponseValue struct {
+	Value       uint256.Int    `json:"value" yaml:"value"`
+	Timestamp   hexutil.Uint64 `json:"timestamp" yaml:"timestamp"`
+	BlockNumber string         `json:"blockNumber" yaml:"blockNumber"`
+}
+type RewardResponseValues []*RewardResponseValue
+
+func (r RewardResponseValues) Len() int {
+	return len(r)
+}
+
+func (r RewardResponseValues) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return r[i].Timestamp < r[j].Timestamp
+}
+
+func (r RewardResponseValues) Swap(i, j int) {
+	r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
+}
+
+type Reward struct {
+	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+
+	ctx         context.Context
+	rewardLimit *uint256.Int
+	rewardEpoch *uint256.Int
+}
+
+type AccountReward struct {
+	Account types.Address
+	Number  *uint256.Int
+	Value   *uint256.Int
+}
+type AccountRewards []*AccountReward
+
+func (r AccountRewards) Len() int {
+	return len(r)
+}
+
+func (r AccountRewards) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return strings.Compare(r[i].Account.String(), r[j].Account.String()) > 0
+}
+
+func (r AccountRewards) Swap(i, j int) {
+	r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
+}
+
+func newReward(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) *Reward {
+	rewardLimitBig, _ := uint256.FromBig(chainConfig.Apos.RewardLimit)
+	return &Reward{
+		ctx: context.TODO(), chainConfig: chainConfig,
+		rewardLimit: rewardLimitBig,
+		rewardEpoch: uint256.NewInt(chainConfig.Apos.RewardEpoch),
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) GetRewards(addr types.Address, from *uint256.Int, to *uint256.Int, getBlockByNumber func(*uint256.Int) (block.IBlock, error)) (*RewardResponse, error) {
+	resp := new(RewardResponse)
+	resp.Address = addr
+	resp.Data = make([]*RewardResponseValue, 0)
+
+	if from.Uint64() > to.Uint64() {
+		return nil, errors.New("from > to number")
+	}
+	endEpoch := r.number2epoch(to)
+	startEpoch := r.number2epoch(from)
+
+	resp.Total = uint256.NewInt(0)
+
+	for i := endEpoch; i.Cmp(startEpoch) > 0; i = i.SubUint64(i, 1) {
+
+		blockNr := r.epoch2number(i)
+		blk, err := getBlockByNumber(blockNr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		for _, reward := range blk.Body().Reward() {
+			if bytes.Compare(reward.Address[:], addr[:]) == 0 {
+				resp.Data = append(resp.Data, &RewardResponseValue{
+					Value:       *reward.Amount,
+					Timestamp:   hexutil.Uint64(blk.Header().(*block.Header).Time),
+					BlockNumber: blockNr.String(),
+				})
+				resp.Total = resp.Total.Add(resp.Total, reward.Amount)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Sort(resp.Data)
+
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) SetRewards(tx kv.RwTx, number *uint256.Int, setRewards bool) (AccountRewards, error) {
+	currentRewardMap, err := r.buildRewards(tx, number, setRewards)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resp := make(AccountRewards, 0, len(currentRewardMap))
+	for k, v := range currentRewardMap {
+		resp = append(resp, &AccountReward{
+			Account: k,
+			Value:   v,
+		})
+	}
+	sort.Sort(resp)
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) buildRewards(tx kv.RwTx, number *uint256.Int, setRewards bool) (map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error) {
+
+	endNumber := new(uint256.Int).Sub(number, r.rewardEpoch)
+
+	//calculate last batch but this one
+	currentNr := number.Clone()
+	currentNr.SubUint64(currentNr, 1)
+	rewardMap := make(map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, 0)
+	depositeMap := map[types.Address]*deposit.Info{}
+
+	for currentNr.Cmp(endNumber) >= 0 {
+		// Todo use cache instead ?
+		hash, err := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, currentNr.Uint64())
+		if nil != err {
+			log.Error("cannot open chain db", "err", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		header := rawdb.ReadHeader(tx, hash, currentNr.Uint64())
+		if header == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("buildreward header type assert error")
+		}
+
+		block := rawdb.ReadBlock(tx, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64())
+		if block == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("buildreward block type assert error")
+		}
+
+		verifiers := block.Body().Verifier()
+		for _, verifier := range verifiers {
+			depositInfo, ok := depositeMap[verifier.Address]
+			if !ok {
+				depositInfo = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, verifier.Address)
+				if depositInfo == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				depositeMap[verifier.Address] = depositInfo
+				log.Debug("account deposite infos", "addr", verifier.Address, "perblock", depositInfo.RewardPerBlock, "perepoch", depositInfo.MaxRewardPerEpoch)
+			}
+
+			addrReward, ok := rewardMap[verifier.Address]
+			if !ok {
+				addrReward = uint256.NewInt(0)
+			}
+
+			rewardMap[verifier.Address] = math.Min256(addrReward.Add(addrReward, depositInfo.RewardPerBlock), depositInfo.MaxRewardPerEpoch.Clone())
+		}
+
+		currentNr.SubUint64(currentNr, 1)
+	}
+
+	for addr, amount := range rewardMap {
+		var payAmount, unpayAmount *uint256.Int
+
+		lastSedi, err := r.getAccountRewardUnpaid(tx, addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debug("build reward Big map get account reward error,err=", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if lastSedi != nil {
+			amount.Add(amount, lastSedi)
+		}
+
+		if amount.Cmp(r.rewardLimit) >= 0 {
+			payAmount = amount.Clone()
+			unpayAmount = uint256.NewInt(0)
+		} else {
+			payAmount = uint256.NewInt(0)
+			unpayAmount = amount.Clone()
+		}
+
+		rewardMap[addr] = payAmount
+
+		if setRewards {
+			log.Debug("🔨 set account reward unpaid", "addr", addr, "non-pay amount", unpayAmount.Uint64(), "pay amount", payAmount.Uint64(), "number", currentNr.String())
+			if err := r.setAccountRewardUnpaid(tx, addr, unpayAmount); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Debug("buildrewards maps", "rewardMap", rewardMap, "rewardmap len", len(rewardMap), "issetreward", setRewards)
+
+	return rewardMap, nil
+}
+
+//func (r *Reward) setRewardByEpochPaid(tx kv.RwTx, epoch *uint256.Int, rewardMap map[types.Address]*uint256.Int) error {
+//	if tx == nil {
+//		return errors.New("setrewardepoch tx nil")
+//	}
+//	if len(rewardMap) == 0 {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//	key := fmt.Sprintf("epoch:%s", epoch.String())
+//	err := rawdb.PutEpochReward(tx, key, rewardMap)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return err
+//	}
+//
+//	return nil
+//}
+
+func (r *Reward) getAccountRewardUnpaid(tx kv.Getter, account types.Address) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	value, err := rawdb.GetAccountReward(tx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0), err
+	}
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) setAccountRewardUnpaid(tx kv.Putter, account types.Address, val *uint256.Int) error {
+	return rawdb.PutAccountReward(tx, account, val)
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) number2epoch(number *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	beijingBlock, _ := uint256.FromBig(r.chainConfig.BeijingBlock)
+	if beijingBlock.Cmp(number) == 1 {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	return new(uint256.Int).Div(new(uint256.Int).Sub(number, beijingBlock), r.rewardEpoch)
+}
+
+func (r *Reward) epoch2number(epoch *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int {
+	beijingBlock, _ := uint256.FromBig(r.chainConfig.BeijingBlock)
+	return new(uint256.Int).Add(new(uint256.Int).Mul(epoch, r.rewardEpoch), beijingBlock)
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/apos/snapshot.go b/internal/consensus/apos/snapshot.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79198a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/apos/snapshot.go
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package apos
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
+)
+
+// Vote represents a single vote that an authorized signer made to modify the
+// list of authorizations.
+type Vote struct {
+	Signer    types.Address `json:"signer"`    // Authorized signer that cast this vote
+	Block     uint64        `json:"block"`     // Block number the vote was cast in (expire old votes)
+	Address   types.Address `json:"address"`   // Account being voted on to change its authorization
+	Authorize bool          `json:"authorize"` // Whether to authorize or deauthorize the voted account
+}
+
+// Tally is a simple vote tally to keep the current score of votes. Votes that
+// go against the proposal aren't counted since it's equivalent to not voting.
+type Tally struct {
+	Authorize bool `json:"authorize"` // Whether the vote is about authorizing or kicking someone
+	Votes     int  `json:"votes"`     // Number of votes until now wanting to pass the proposal
+}
+
+// Snapshot is the state of the authorization voting at a given point in time.
+type Snapshot struct {
+	config   *params.APosConfig // Consensus engine parameters to fine tune behavior
+	sigcache *lru.ARCCache      // Cache of recent block signatures to speed up ecrecover
+
+	Number  uint64                     `json:"number"`  // Block number where the snapshot was created
+	Hash    types.Hash                 `json:"hash"`    // Block hash where the snapshot was created
+	Signers map[types.Address]struct{} `json:"signers"` // Set of authorized signers at this moment
+	Recents map[uint64]types.Address   `json:"recents"` // Set of recent signers for spam protections
+	Votes   []*Vote                    `json:"votes"`   // List of votes cast in chronological order
+	Tally   map[types.Address]Tally    `json:"tally"`   // Current vote tally to avoid recalculating
+}
+
+// signersAscending implements the sort interface to allow sorting a list of addresses
+type signersAscending []types.Address
+
+func (s signersAscending) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s signersAscending) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(s[i][:], s[j][:]) < 0 }
+func (s signersAscending) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+// newSnapshot creates a new snapshot with the specified startup parameters. This
+// method does not initialize the set of recent signers, so only ever use if for
+// the genesis block.
+func newSnapshot(config *params.APosConfig, sigcache *lru.ARCCache, number uint64, hash types.Hash, signers []types.Address) *Snapshot {
+	snap := &Snapshot{
+		config:   config,
+		sigcache: sigcache,
+		Number:   number,
+		Hash:     hash,
+		Signers:  make(map[types.Address]struct{}),
+		Recents:  make(map[uint64]types.Address),
+		Tally:    make(map[types.Address]Tally),
+	}
+	for _, signer := range signers {
+		snap.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return snap
+}
+
+// loadSnapshot loads an existing snapshot from the database.
+func loadSnapshot(config *params.APosConfig, sigcache *lru.ARCCache, tx kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	blob, err := rawdb.GetPoaSnapshot(tx, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	snap := new(Snapshot)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(blob, snap); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	snap.config = config
+	snap.sigcache = sigcache
+
+	return snap, nil
+}
+
+// store inserts the snapshot into the database.
+func (s *Snapshot) store(tx kv.Putter) error {
+	blob, err := json.Marshal(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return rawdb.StorePoaSnapshot(tx, s.Hash, blob)
+}
+
+// copy creates a deep copy of the snapshot, though not the individual votes.
+func (s *Snapshot) copy() *Snapshot {
+	cpy := &Snapshot{
+		config:   s.config,
+		sigcache: s.sigcache,
+		Number:   s.Number,
+		Hash:     s.Hash,
+		Signers:  make(map[types.Address]struct{}),
+		Recents:  make(map[uint64]types.Address),
+		Votes:    make([]*Vote, len(s.Votes)),
+		Tally:    make(map[types.Address]Tally),
+	}
+	for signer := range s.Signers {
+		cpy.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for block, signer := range s.Recents {
+		cpy.Recents[block] = signer
+	}
+	for address, tally := range s.Tally {
+		cpy.Tally[address] = tally
+	}
+	copy(cpy.Votes, s.Votes)
+
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// validVote returns whether it makes sense to cast the specified vote in the
+// given snapshot context (e.g. don't try to add an already authorized signer).
+func (s *Snapshot) validVote(address types.Address, authorize bool) bool {
+	_, signer := s.Signers[address]
+	return (signer && !authorize) || (!signer && authorize)
+}
+
+// cast adds a new vote into the tally.
+func (s *Snapshot) cast(address types.Address, authorize bool) bool {
+	// Ensure the vote is meaningful
+	if !s.validVote(address, authorize) {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Cast the vote into an existing or new tally
+	if old, ok := s.Tally[address]; ok {
+		old.Votes++
+		s.Tally[address] = old
+	} else {
+		s.Tally[address] = Tally{Authorize: authorize, Votes: 1}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// uncast removes a previously cast vote from the tally.
+func (s *Snapshot) uncast(address types.Address, authorize bool) bool {
+	// If there's no tally, it's a dangling vote, just drop
+	tally, ok := s.Tally[address]
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Ensure we only revert counted votes
+	if tally.Authorize != authorize {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Otherwise revert the vote
+	if tally.Votes > 1 {
+		tally.Votes--
+		s.Tally[address] = tally
+	} else {
+		delete(s.Tally, address)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// apply creates a new authorization snapshot by applying the given headers to
+// the original one.
+func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []block.IHeader) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	// Allow passing in no headers for cleaner code
+	if len(headers) == 0 {
+		return s, nil
+	}
+	// Sanity check that the headers can be applied
+	for i := 0; i < len(headers)-1; i++ {
+		if headers[i+1].(*block.Header).Number.Uint64() != headers[i].(*block.Header).Number.Uint64()+1 {
+			return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
+		}
+	}
+	if headers[0].(*block.Header).Number.Uint64() != s.Number+1 {
+		return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
+	}
+	// Iterate through the headers and create a new snapshot
+	snap := s.copy()
+
+	var (
+		start  = time.Now()
+		logged = time.Now()
+	)
+	for i, iHeader := range headers {
+		header := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+		// Remove any votes on checkpoint blocks
+		number := header.Number.Uint64()
+		if number%s.config.Epoch == 0 {
+			snap.Votes = nil
+			snap.Tally = make(map[types.Address]Tally)
+		}
+		// Delete the oldest signer from the recent list to allow it signing again
+		if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
+			delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
+		}
+		// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
+		signer, err := ecrecover(header, s.sigcache)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
+			return nil, errUnauthorizedSigner
+		}
+		for _, recent := range snap.Recents {
+			if recent == signer {
+				return nil, errRecentlySigned
+			}
+		}
+		snap.Recents[number] = signer
+
+		// Header authorized, discard any previous votes from the signer
+		for i, vote := range snap.Votes {
+			if vote.Signer == signer && vote.Address == header.Coinbase {
+				// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
+				snap.uncast(vote.Address, vote.Authorize)
+
+				// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
+				snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
+				break // only one vote allowed
+			}
+		}
+		// Tally up the new vote from the signer
+		var authorize bool
+		switch {
+		case bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote):
+			authorize = true
+		case bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote):
+			authorize = false
+		default:
+			return nil, errInvalidVote
+		}
+		if snap.cast(header.Coinbase, authorize) {
+			snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes, &Vote{
+				Signer:    signer,
+				Block:     number,
+				Address:   header.Coinbase,
+				Authorize: authorize,
+			})
+		}
+		// If the vote passed, update the list of signers
+		if tally := snap.Tally[header.Coinbase]; tally.Votes > len(snap.Signers)/2 {
+			if tally.Authorize {
+				snap.Signers[header.Coinbase] = struct{}{}
+			} else {
+				delete(snap.Signers, header.Coinbase)
+
+				// Signer list shrunk, delete any leftover recent caches
+				if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
+					delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
+				}
+				// Discard any previous votes the deauthorized signer cast
+				for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
+					if snap.Votes[i].Signer == header.Coinbase {
+						// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
+						snap.uncast(snap.Votes[i].Address, snap.Votes[i].Authorize)
+
+						// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
+						snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
+
+						i--
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// Discard any previous votes around the just changed account
+			for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
+				if snap.Votes[i].Address == header.Coinbase {
+					snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
+					i--
+				}
+			}
+			delete(snap.Tally, header.Coinbase)
+		}
+		// If we're taking too much time (ecrecover), notify the user once a while
+		if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+			log.Info("Reconstructing voting history", "processed", i, "total", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			logged = time.Now()
+		}
+	}
+	if time.Since(start) > 8*time.Second {
+		//log.Info("Reconstructed voting history", "processed", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	}
+	snap.Number += uint64(len(headers))
+	snap.Hash = headers[len(headers)-1].Hash()
+
+	return snap, nil
+}
+
+// signers retrieves the list of authorized signers in ascending order.
+func (s *Snapshot) signers() []types.Address {
+	sigs := make([]types.Address, 0, len(s.Signers))
+	for sig := range s.Signers {
+		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
+	}
+	sort.Sort(signersAscending(sigs))
+	return sigs
+}
+
+// inturn returns if a signer at a given block height is in-turn or not.
+func (s *Snapshot) inturn(number uint64, signer types.Address) bool {
+	signers, offset := s.signers(), 0
+	for offset < len(signers) && signers[offset] != signer {
+		offset++
+	}
+	return (number % uint64(len(signers))) == uint64(offset)
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/consensus.go b/internal/consensus/consensus.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e377c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/consensus.go
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package consensus
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type SystemCall func(contract types.Address, data []byte) ([]byte, error)
+type Call func(contract types.Address, data []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+// ChainHeaderReader defines a small collection of methods needed to access the local
+// blockchain during header verification.
+type ChainHeaderReader interface {
+	// Config retrieves the blockchain's chain configuration.
+	Config() *params.ChainConfig
+
+	// CurrentBlock retrieves the current header from the local chain.
+	CurrentBlock() block.IBlock
+
+	// GetHeader retrieves a block header from the database by hash and number.
+	GetHeader(hash types.Hash, number *uint256.Int) block.IHeader
+
+	// GetHeaderByNumber retrieves a block header from the database by number.
+	GetHeaderByNumber(number *uint256.Int) block.IHeader
+
+	// GetHeaderByHash retrieves a block header from the database by its hash.
+	GetHeaderByHash(hash types.Hash) (block.IHeader, error)
+
+	// GetTd retrieves the total difficulty from the database by hash and number.
+	GetTd(types.Hash, *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int
+
+	GetBlockByNumber(number *uint256.Int) (block.IBlock, error)
+
+	GetDepositInfo(address types.Address) (*uint256.Int, *uint256.Int)
+	GetAccountRewardUnpaid(account types.Address) (*uint256.Int, error)
+}
+
+// ChainReader defines a small collection of methods needed to access the local
+// blockchain during header and/or uncle verification.
+type ChainReader interface {
+	ChainHeaderReader
+
+	// GetBlock retrieves a block from the database by hash and number.
+	GetBlock(hash types.Hash, number uint64) block.IBlock
+	GetBlockByNumber(number *uint256.Int) (block.IBlock, error)
+}
+
+// Engine is an algorithm agnostic consensus engine.
+type Engine interface {
+	EngineReader
+
+	// Author retrieves the Ethereum address of the account that minted the given
+	// block, which may be different from the header's coinbase if a consensus
+	// engine is based on signatures.
+	//Author(header block.IHeader) (types.Address, error)
+
+	// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of a
+	// given engine. Verifying the seal may be done optionally here, or explicitly
+	// via the VerifySeal method.
+	VerifyHeader(chain ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, seal bool) error
+
+	// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
+	// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
+	// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of
+	// the input slice).
+	VerifyHeaders(chain ChainHeaderReader, headers []block.IHeader, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error)
+
+	// VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
+	// rules of a given engine.
+	VerifyUncles(chain ChainReader, block block.IBlock) error
+
+	// Prepare initializes the consensus fields of a block header according to the
+	// rules of a particular engine. The changes are executed inline.
+	Prepare(chain ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader) error
+
+	// Finalize runs any post-transaction state modifications (e.g. block rewards)
+	// but does not assemble the block.
+	//
+	// Note: The block header and state database might be updated to reflect any
+	// consensus rules that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
+	Finalize(chain ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction,
+		uncles []block.IHeader) ([]*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error)
+
+	// FinalizeAndAssemble runs any post-transaction state modifications (e.g. block
+	// rewards) and assembles the final block.
+	//
+	// Note: The block header and state database might be updated to reflect any
+	// consensus rules that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
+	FinalizeAndAssemble(chain ChainHeaderReader, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, txs []*transaction.Transaction,
+		uncles []block.IHeader, receipts []*block.Receipt) (block.IBlock, []*block.Reward, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, error)
+
+	//Rewards(tx kv.RwTx, header block.IHeader, state *state.IntraBlockState, setRewards bool) ([]*block.Reward, error)
+
+	// Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
+	// the result into the given channel.
+	//
+	// Note, the method returns immediately and will send the result async. More
+	// than one result may also be returned depending on the consensus algorithm.
+	Seal(chain ChainHeaderReader, block block.IBlock, results chan<- block.IBlock, stop <-chan struct{}) error
+
+	// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
+	SealHash(header block.IHeader) types.Hash
+
+	// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
+	// that a new block should have.
+	CalcDifficulty(chain ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent block.IHeader) *uint256.Int
+
+	//Type() params.ConsensusType
+
+	// APIs returns the RPC APIs this consensus engine provides.
+	APIs(chain ChainReader) []jsonrpc.API
+
+	// Close terminates any background threads maintained by the consensus engine.
+	Close() error
+}
+
+// EngineReader are read-only methods of the consensus engine
+// All of these methods should have thread-safe implementations
+type EngineReader interface {
+	// Author retrieves the Ethereum address of the account that minted the given
+	// block, which may be different from the header's coinbase if a consensus
+	// engine is based on signatures.
+	Author(header block.IHeader) (types.Address, error)
+
+	// Service transactions are free and don't pay baseFee after EIP-1559
+	IsServiceTransaction(sender types.Address, syscall SystemCall) bool
+
+	Type() params.ConsensusType
+}
+
+var (
+	SystemAddress = types.HexToAddress("0xffffFFFfFFffffffffffffffFfFFFfffFFFfFFfE")
+)
diff --git a/internal/consensus/errors.go b/internal/consensus/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecda107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package consensus
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrUnknownAncestor is returned when validating a block requires an ancestor
+	// that is unknown.
+	ErrUnknownAncestor = errors.New("unknown ancestor")
+
+	// ErrUnknownAncestorTD is returned when validating a block requires an ancestor
+	// whose total difficulty is unknown.
+	ErrUnknownAncestorTD = errors.New("unknown ancestor TD")
+
+	// ErrPrunedAncestor is returned when validating a block requires an ancestor
+	// that is known, but the state of which is not available.
+	ErrPrunedAncestor = errors.New("pruned ancestor")
+
+	// ErrFutureBlock is returned when a block's timestamp is in the future according
+	// to the current node.
+	ErrFutureBlock = errors.New("block in the future")
+
+	// ErrInvalidNumber is returned if a block's number doesn't equal its parent's
+	// plus one.
+	ErrInvalidNumber = errors.New("invalid block number")
+	// ErrNotEnoughSign bls Sign
+	ErrNotEnoughSign = errors.New("not enough sign")
+)
diff --git a/internal/consensus/misc/dao.go b/internal/consensus/misc/dao.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe7522a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/misc/dao.go
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package misc
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrBadProDAOExtra is returned if a header doesn't support the DAO fork on a
+	// pro-fork client.
+	ErrBadProDAOExtra = errors.New("bad DAO pro-fork extra-data")
+
+	// ErrBadNoDAOExtra is returned if a header does support the DAO fork on a no-
+	// fork client.
+	ErrBadNoDAOExtra = errors.New("bad DAO no-fork extra-data")
+)
+
+// VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData validates the extra-data field of a block header to
+// ensure it conforms to DAO hard-fork rules.
+//
+// DAO hard-fork extension to the header validity:
+//
+//	a) if the node is no-fork, do not accept blocks in the [fork, fork+10) range
+//	   with the fork specific extra-data set
+//	b) if the node is pro-fork, require blocks in the specific range to have the
+//	   unique extra-data set.
+//func VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData(config *params.ChainConfig, header *block.Header) error {
+//	// Short circuit validation if the node doesn't care about the DAO fork
+//	if config.DAOForkBlock == nil {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//	// Make sure the block is within the fork's modified extra-data range
+//	limit := new(big.Int).Add(config.DAOForkBlock, params.DAOForkExtraRange)
+//	if header.Number.Cmp(config.DAOForkBlock) < 0 || header.Number.Cmp(limit) >= 0 {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//	// Depending on whether we support or oppose the fork, validate the extra-data contents
+//	if config.DAOForkSupport {
+//		if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra, params.DAOForkBlockExtra) {
+//			return ErrBadProDAOExtra
+//		}
+//	} else {
+//		if bytes.Equal(header.Extra, params.DAOForkBlockExtra) {
+//			return ErrBadNoDAOExtra
+//		}
+//	}
+//	// All ok, header has the same extra-data we expect
+//	return nil
+//}
+
+// ApplyDAOHardFork modifies the state database according to the DAO hard-fork
+// rules, transferring all balances of a set of DAO accounts to a single refund
+// contract.
+func ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb *state.IntraBlockState) {
+	// Retrieve the contract to refund balances into
+	if !statedb.Exist(params.DAORefundContract) {
+		statedb.CreateAccount(params.DAORefundContract, false)
+	}
+
+	// Move every DAO account and extra-balance account funds into the refund contract
+	for _, addr := range params.DAODrainList() {
+		statedb.AddBalance(params.DAORefundContract, statedb.GetBalance(addr))
+		statedb.SetBalance(addr, new(uint256.Int))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/misc/eip1559.go b/internal/consensus/misc/eip1559.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89f90d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/misc/eip1559.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package misc
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// VerifyEip1559Header verifies some header attributes which were changed in EIP-1559,
+// - gas limit check
+// - basefee check
+func VerifyEip1559Header(config *params.ChainConfig, parent, header *block.Header) error {
+	// Verify that the gas limit remains within allowed bounds
+	parentGasLimit := parent.GasLimit
+	if !config.IsLondon(parent.Number.Uint64()) {
+		parentGasLimit = parent.GasLimit * params.ElasticityMultiplier
+	}
+	if err := VerifyGaslimit(parentGasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Verify the header is not malformed
+	if header.BaseFee == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("header is missing baseFee")
+	}
+	// Verify the baseFee is correct based on the parent header.
+	expectedBaseFee := CalcBaseFee(config, parent)
+	if header.BaseFee.ToBig().Cmp(expectedBaseFee) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee: have %s, want %s, parentBaseFee %s, parentGasUsed %d",
+			expectedBaseFee, header.BaseFee, parent.BaseFee, parent.GasUsed)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CalcBaseFee calculates the basefee of the header.
+func CalcBaseFee(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *block.Header) *big.Int {
+	// If the current block is the first EIP-1559 block, return the InitialBaseFee.
+	if !config.IsLondon(parent.Number.Uint64()) {
+		return new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.InitialBaseFee)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		parentGasTarget          = parent.GasLimit / params.ElasticityMultiplier
+		parentGasTargetBig       = new(big.Int).SetUint64(parentGasTarget)
+		baseFeeChangeDenominator = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.BaseFeeChangeDenominator)
+	)
+	// If the parent gasUsed is the same as the target, the baseFee remains unchanged.
+	if parent.GasUsed == parentGasTarget {
+		return new(big.Int).Set(parent.BaseFee.ToBig())
+	}
+	if parent.GasUsed > parentGasTarget {
+		// If the parent block used more gas than its target, the baseFee should increase.
+		gasUsedDelta := new(big.Int).SetUint64(parent.GasUsed - parentGasTarget)
+		x := new(big.Int).Mul(parent.BaseFee.ToBig(), gasUsedDelta)
+		y := x.Div(x, parentGasTargetBig)
+		baseFeeDelta := math.BigMax(
+			x.Div(y, baseFeeChangeDenominator),
+			common.Big1,
+		)
+
+		return x.Add(parent.BaseFee.ToBig(), baseFeeDelta)
+	} else {
+		// Otherwise if the parent block used less gas than its target, the baseFee should decrease.
+		gasUsedDelta := new(big.Int).SetUint64(parentGasTarget - parent.GasUsed)
+		x := new(big.Int).Mul(parent.BaseFee.ToBig(), gasUsedDelta)
+		y := x.Div(x, parentGasTargetBig)
+		baseFeeDelta := x.Div(y, baseFeeChangeDenominator)
+
+		return math.BigMax(
+			x.Sub(parent.BaseFee.ToBig(), baseFeeDelta),
+			common.Big0,
+		)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go b/internal/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31310b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package misc
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+// VerifyGaslimit verifies the header gas limit according increase/decrease
+// in relation to the parent gas limit.
+func VerifyGaslimit(parentGasLimit, headerGasLimit uint64) error {
+	// Verify that the gas limit remains within allowed bounds
+	diff := int64(parentGasLimit) - int64(headerGasLimit)
+	if diff < 0 {
+		diff *= -1
+	}
+	limit := parentGasLimit / params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
+	if uint64(diff) >= limit {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %d, want %d +-= %d", headerGasLimit, parentGasLimit, limit-1)
+	}
+	if headerGasLimit < params.MinGasLimit {
+		return errors.New("invalid gas limit below 5000")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/debug/api.go b/internal/debug/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e055f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/debug/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	rpc "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"runtime/pprof"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Handler is the global debugging handler.
+var Handler = new(HandlerT)
+
+// APIs return the collection of RPC services the tracer package offers.
+func APIs() []rpc.API {
+	// Append all the local APIs and return
+	return []rpc.API{
+		{
+			Namespace: "debug",
+			Service:   Handler,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlerT implements the debugging API.
+// Do not create values of this type, use the one
+// in the Handler variable instead.
+type HandlerT struct {
+	mu        sync.Mutex
+	cpuW      io.WriteCloser
+	cpuFile   string
+	traceW    io.WriteCloser
+	traceFile string
+}
+
+// MemStats returns detailed runtime memory statistics.
+func (*HandlerT) MemStats() *runtime.MemStats {
+	s := new(runtime.MemStats)
+	runtime.ReadMemStats(s)
+	return s
+}
+
+// GcStats returns GC statistics.
+func (*HandlerT) GcStats() *debug.GCStats {
+	s := new(debug.GCStats)
+	debug.ReadGCStats(s)
+	return s
+}
+
+// CpuProfile turns on CPU profiling for nsec seconds and writes
+// profile data to file.
+func (h *HandlerT) CpuProfile(file string, nsec uint) error {
+	if err := h.StartCPUProfile(file); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	time.Sleep(time.Duration(nsec) * time.Second)
+	h.StopCPUProfile()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// StartCPUProfile turns on CPU profiling, writing to the given file.
+func (h *HandlerT) StartCPUProfile(file string) error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	if h.cpuW != nil {
+		return errors.New("CPU profiling already in progress")
+	}
+	f, err := os.Create(expandHome(file))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := pprof.StartCPUProfile(f); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	h.cpuW = f
+	h.cpuFile = file
+	log.Info("CPU profiling started", "dump", h.cpuFile)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// StopCPUProfile stops an ongoing CPU profile.
+func (h *HandlerT) StopCPUProfile() error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	pprof.StopCPUProfile()
+	if h.cpuW == nil {
+		return errors.New("CPU profiling not in progress")
+	}
+	log.Info("Done writing CPU profile", "dump", h.cpuFile)
+	h.cpuW.Close()
+	h.cpuW = nil
+	h.cpuFile = ""
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GoTrace turns on tracing for nsec seconds and writes
+// trace data to file.
+func (h *HandlerT) GoTrace(file string, nsec uint) error {
+	if err := h.StartGoTrace(file); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	time.Sleep(time.Duration(nsec) * time.Second)
+	h.StopGoTrace()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BlockProfile turns on goroutine profiling for nsec seconds and writes profile data to
+// file. It uses a profile rate of 1 for most accurate information. If a different rate is
+// desired, set the rate and write the profile manually.
+func (*HandlerT) BlockProfile(file string, nsec uint) error {
+	runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(1)
+	time.Sleep(time.Duration(nsec) * time.Second)
+	defer runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(0)
+	return writeProfile("block", file)
+}
+
+// SetBlockProfileRate sets the rate of goroutine block profile data collection.
+// rate 0 disables block profiling.
+func (*HandlerT) SetBlockProfileRate(rate int) {
+	runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(rate)
+}
+
+// WriteBlockProfile writes a goroutine blocking profile to the given file.
+func (*HandlerT) WriteBlockProfile(file string) error {
+	return writeProfile("block", file)
+}
+
+// MutexProfile turns on mutex profiling for nsec seconds and writes profile data to file.
+// It uses a profile rate of 1 for most accurate information. If a different rate is
+// desired, set the rate and write the profile manually.
+func (*HandlerT) MutexProfile(file string, nsec uint) error {
+	runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(1)
+	time.Sleep(time.Duration(nsec) * time.Second)
+	defer runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(0)
+	return writeProfile("mutex", file)
+}
+
+// SetMutexProfileFraction sets the rate of mutex profiling.
+func (*HandlerT) SetMutexProfileFraction(rate int) {
+	runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(rate)
+}
+
+// WriteMutexProfile writes a goroutine blocking profile to the given file.
+func (*HandlerT) WriteMutexProfile(file string) error {
+	return writeProfile("mutex", file)
+}
+
+// WriteMemProfile writes an allocation profile to the given file.
+// Note that the profiling rate cannot be set through the API,
+// it must be set on the command line.
+func (*HandlerT) WriteMemProfile(file string) error {
+	return writeProfile("heap", file)
+}
+
+// Stacks returns a printed representation of the stacks of all goroutines. It
+// also permits the following optional filters to be used:
+//   - filter: boolean expression of packages to filter for
+func (*HandlerT) Stacks(filter *string) string {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	pprof.Lookup("goroutine").WriteTo(buf, 2)
+
+	// If any filtering was requested, execute them now
+	if filter != nil && len(*filter) > 0 {
+		expanded := *filter
+
+		// The input filter is a logical expression of package names. Transform
+		// it into a proper boolean expression that can be fed into a parser and
+		// interpreter:
+		//
+		// E.g. (eth || snap) && !p2p -> (eth in Value || snap in Value) && p2p not in Value
+		expanded = regexp.MustCompile(`[:/\.A-Za-z0-9_-]+`).ReplaceAllString(expanded, "`$0` in Value")
+		expanded = regexp.MustCompile("!(`[:/\\.A-Za-z0-9_-]+`)").ReplaceAllString(expanded, "$1 not")
+		expanded = strings.ReplaceAll(expanded, "||", "or")
+		expanded = strings.ReplaceAll(expanded, "&&", "and")
+		log.Info("Expanded filter expression", "filter", *filter, "expanded", expanded)
+
+		expr, err := bexpr.CreateEvaluator(expanded)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to parse filter expression", "expanded", expanded, "err", err)
+			return ""
+		}
+		// Split the goroutine dump into segments and filter each
+		dump := buf.String()
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		for _, trace := range strings.Split(dump, "\n\n") {
+			if ok, _ := expr.Evaluate(map[string]string{"Value": trace}); ok {
+				buf.WriteString(trace)
+				buf.WriteString("\n\n")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// FreeOSMemory forces a garbage collection.
+func (*HandlerT) FreeOSMemory() {
+	debug.FreeOSMemory()
+}
+
+// SetGCPercent sets the garbage collection target percentage. It returns the previous
+// setting. A negative value disables GC.
+func (*HandlerT) SetGCPercent(v int) int {
+	return debug.SetGCPercent(v)
+}
+
+func writeProfile(name, file string) error {
+	p := pprof.Lookup(name)
+	log.Info("Writing profile records", "count", p.Count(), "type", name, "dump", file)
+	f, err := os.Create(expandHome(file))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	return p.WriteTo(f, 0)
+}
+
+// expands home directory in file paths.
+// ~someuser/tmp will not be expanded.
+func expandHome(p string) string {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(p, "~/") || strings.HasPrefix(p, "~\\") {
+		home := os.Getenv("HOME")
+		if home == "" {
+			if usr, err := user.Current(); err == nil {
+				home = usr.HomeDir
+			}
+		}
+		if home != "" {
+			p = home + p[1:]
+		}
+	}
+	return filepath.Clean(p)
+}
diff --git a/internal/debug/trace.go b/internal/debug/trace.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89b8910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/debug/trace.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build go1.5
+// +build go1.5
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"os"
+	"runtime/trace"
+)
+
+// StartGoTrace turns on tracing, writing to the given file.
+func (h *HandlerT) StartGoTrace(file string) error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	if h.traceW != nil {
+		return errors.New("trace already in progress")
+	}
+	f, err := os.Create(expandHome(file))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := trace.Start(f); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+	h.traceW = f
+	h.traceFile = file
+	log.Info("Go tracing started", "dump", h.traceFile)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// StopTrace stops an ongoing trace.
+func (h *HandlerT) StopGoTrace() error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	trace.Stop()
+	if h.traceW == nil {
+		return errors.New("trace not in progress")
+	}
+	log.Info("Done writing Go trace", "dump", h.traceFile)
+	h.traceW.Close()
+	h.traceW = nil
+	h.traceFile = ""
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/dispatcher.go b/internal/download/dispatcher.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dadb1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/dispatcher.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import "time"
+import "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+
+type Request struct {
+	peer *peer.ID
+	id   uint64
+
+	sink   chan *Response // Channel to deliver the response on
+	cancel chan struct{}  // Channel to cancel requests ahead of time
+
+	code uint64      // Message code of the request packet
+	want uint64      // Message code of the response packet
+	data interface{} // Data content of the request packet
+
+	Peer string    // Demultiplexer if cross-peer requests are batched together
+	Sent time.Time // Timestamp when the request was sent
+}
+
+type request struct {
+	req  *Request
+	fail chan error
+}
+
+type Response struct {
+	id   uint64    // Request ID to match up this reply to
+	recv time.Time // Timestamp when the request was received
+	code uint64    // Response packet type to cross validate with request
+
+	Req  *request      // Original request to cross-reference with
+	Res  interface{}   // Remote response for the request query
+	Meta interface{}   // Metadata generated locally on the receiver thread
+	Time time.Duration // Time it took for the request to be served
+	Done chan error    // Channel to signal message handling to the reader
+}
+
+type response struct {
+	res  *Response
+	fail chan error
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/download.go b/internal/download/download.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91d19ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/download.go
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"hash"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrBusy          = fmt.Errorf("busy")
+	ErrCanceled      = fmt.Errorf("syncing canceled (requested)")
+	ErrSyncBlock     = fmt.Errorf("err sync block")
+	ErrTimeout       = fmt.Errorf("timeout")
+	ErrBadPeer       = fmt.Errorf("bad peer error")
+	ErrNoPeers       = fmt.Errorf("no peers to download")
+	ErrInvalidPubSub = fmt.Errorf("PubSub is nil")
+)
+
+const (
+	maxHeaderFetch          = 192             //Get the number of headers at a time
+	maxBodiesFetch          = 128             // Get the number of bodies at a time
+	maxResultsProcess       = 2048            // Number of content download results to import at once into the chain
+	headerDownloadInterval  = 3 * time.Second // header download interval
+	syncPeerCount           = 6
+	syncTimeTick            = time.Duration(10 * time.Second)
+	syncCheckTimes          = 1
+	syncTimeOutPerRequest   = time.Duration(1 * time.Minute)
+	syncPeerIntervalRequest = time.Duration(3 * time.Second)
+	syncPeerInfoTimeTick    = time.Duration(10 * time.Second)
+	maxDifferenceNumber     = 2
+)
+
+type headerResponse struct {
+	taskID  uint64
+	ok      bool
+	headers []*types_pb.Header
+}
+
+type bodyResponse struct {
+	taskID uint64
+	ok     bool
+	bodies []*types_pb.Block
+}
+
+type blockTask struct {
+	taskID uint64
+	ok     bool
+	number []uint256.Int
+}
+
+type Task struct {
+	taskID     uint64
+	Id         peer.ID
+	H          hash.Hash
+	TimeBegin  time.Time
+	IsSync     bool
+	IndexBegin uint256.Int
+	IndexEnd   uint256.Int
+}
+
+type Downloader struct {
+	mode uint32 // sync mode , use d.getMode() to get the SyncMode
+
+	bc            common.IBlockChain
+	network       common.INetwork
+	isDownloading int32
+
+	highestNumber uint256.Int
+
+	ctx        context.Context
+	cancel     context.CancelFunc
+	cancelLock sync.RWMutex
+	cancelWg   sync.WaitGroup //
+	once       sync.Once
+
+	errorCh chan error
+
+	pubsub    common.IPubSub
+	peersInfo *peersInfo
+
+	headerTasks           []Task
+	headerProcessingTasks map[uint64]Task
+	headerResultStore     map[uint256.Int]*types_pb.Header
+	headerTaskLock        sync.Mutex
+	//
+	headerProcCh chan *headerResponse
+
+	//
+	//bodyTaskCh  chan *blockTask
+	blockProcCh chan *bodyResponse
+
+	bodyTaskPoolLock    sync.Mutex
+	bodyTaskPool        []*blockTask
+	bodyProcessingTasks map[uint64]*blockTask
+	bodyResultStore     map[uint256.Int]*types_pb.Block
+}
+
+func NewDownloader(ctx context.Context, bc common.IBlockChain, network common.INetwork, pubsub common.IPubSub, peers common.PeerMap) common.IDownloader {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	highestNumber := bc.CurrentBlock().Number64().Clone()
+	for _, peer := range peers {
+		if highestNumber.Uint64() < peer.CurrentHeight.Uint64() {
+			highestNumber = peer.CurrentHeight.Clone()
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &Downloader{
+		mode:                  uint32(FullSync),
+		bc:                    bc,
+		network:               network,
+		ctx:                   c,
+		cancel:                cancel,
+		isDownloading:         0,
+		pubsub:                pubsub,
+		errorCh:               make(chan error, 10),
+		headerTasks:           make([]Task, 0),
+		headerProcessingTasks: make(map[uint64]Task),
+		headerResultStore:     make(map[uint256.Int]*types_pb.Header),
+		headerProcCh:          make(chan *headerResponse, 10),
+		blockProcCh:           make(chan *bodyResponse, 10),
+		bodyTaskPool:          make([]*blockTask, 0),
+		bodyProcessingTasks:   make(map[uint64]*blockTask),
+		bodyResultStore:       make(map[uint256.Int]*types_pb.Block),
+		highestNumber:         *highestNumber,
+		peersInfo:             newPeersInfo(c, peers),
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) getMode() SyncMode {
+	return SyncMode(atomic.LoadUint32(&d.mode))
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) FindBlock(number uint64, peerID peer.ID) (uint64, error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) waitAvailablePeer() {
+	timer := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	timeOutTimer := time.NewTicker(60 * time.Second)
+	defer timeOutTimer.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-timer.C:
+			peers := d.peersInfo.findPeers(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64(), 1), 10)
+			if len(peers) > 0 {
+				return
+			}
+		case <-timeOutTimer.C:
+			log.Warn("Can not find Peers")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Start Downloader
+func (d *Downloader) Start() error {
+	//
+	go d.pubSubLoop()
+	//
+	if d.network.Bootstrapped() {
+		//todo
+		//log.Debugf("boot node")
+		event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderFinishEvent{})
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	go d.synchronise()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Start
+func (d *Downloader) doSync(mode SyncMode) error {
+
+	log.Info("do sync", zap.Int("SyncMode", int(mode)))
+	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&d.isDownloading, 0, 1) {
+		return ErrBusy
+	}
+	defer atomic.StoreInt32(&d.isDownloading, 0)
+
+	// blockChain current block height
+	origin, err := d.findAncestor()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// downloader current height
+	latest, err := d.findHead()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var fetchers []func() error
+
+	switch mode {
+	case HeaderSync:
+	default:
+		fetchers = append(fetchers, func() error { return d.fetchHeaders(origin, latest) })
+		fetchers = append(fetchers, func() error { return d.fetchBodies(latest) })
+		fetchers = append(fetchers, func() error { return d.processHeaders() })
+	}
+
+	// assemble
+	fetchers = append(fetchers, func() error { return d.processBodies() })
+	fetchers = append(fetchers, func() error { return d.processChain() })
+
+	return d.spawnSync(fetchers)
+}
+
+// spawnSync
+func (d *Downloader) spawnSync(fetchers []func() error) error {
+	errc := make(chan error, len(fetchers))
+	d.cancelWg.Add(len(fetchers))
+	for _, fn := range fetchers {
+		fn := fn
+		go func() { defer d.cancelWg.Done(); errc <- fn() }()
+	}
+	var err error
+	for i := 0; i < len(fetchers); i++ {
+		if i == len(fetchers)-1 {
+		}
+		if err = <-errc; err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	d.Close()
+	return err
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) SyncHeader() error {
+	return d.doSync(HeaderSync)
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) SyncBody() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) SyncTx() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) IsDownloading() bool {
+	ok := atomic.LoadInt32(&d.isDownloading)
+	if ok == 1 {
+		return true
+	} else if ok == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) findAncestor() (uint256.Int, error) {
+	return *d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64(), nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) findHead() (uint256.Int, error) {
+	//if d.highestNumber.IsEmpty {
+	//	return d.highestNumber, ErrSyncBlock
+	//}
+	return d.highestNumber, nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) pubSubLoop() {
+	defer func() {
+		close(d.errorCh)
+	}()
+	defer d.cancel()
+
+	highestBlockCh := make(chan common.ChainHighestBlock)
+	defer close(highestBlockCh)
+	highestSub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(highestBlockCh)
+	defer highestSub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case err := <-highestSub.Err():
+			log.Debugf("receive a err from highestSub %v", err)
+			return
+		case highestBlock, ok := <-highestBlockCh:
+			if ok && highestBlock.Block.Number64().Uint64() > d.highestNumber.Uint64() {
+				log.Debugf("receive a new highestBlock block number: %d", highestBlock.Block.Number64().Uint64())
+				d.highestNumber = *highestBlock.Block.Number64()
+				if highestBlock.Inserted {
+					d.peersInfo.peerInfoBroadcast(highestBlock.Block.Number64())
+				}
+				//else {
+				//	d.bodyResultStore[*highestBlock.Block.Number64()] = highestBlock.Block.ToProtoMessage().(*types_pb.PBlock)
+				//}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// runLoop
+func (d *Downloader) synchronise() {
+	log.Info("start downloader")
+	defer log.Info("downloader finished")
+	//
+	d.waitAvailablePeer()
+	//
+	event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderStartEvent{})
+	defer event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderFinishEvent{})
+
+	defer d.cancel()
+	tick := time.NewTicker(syncTimeTick)
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	// checked := 1
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case err, ok := <-d.errorCh:
+			if ok {
+				log.Errorf("failed to running downloader, err:%v", err)
+			}
+			return
+		case <-tick.C:
+			difference := new(uint256.Int).Sub(&d.highestNumber, d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+			log.Tracef("highest: %d, current: %d", d.highestNumber.Uint64(), d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64())
+			if difference.Uint64() > 1 {
+				log.Infof("start downloader Compare Loop remote  highestNumber: %d, current number: %d, difference: %d", d.highestNumber.Uint64(), d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64(), difference.Uint64())
+				err := d.doSync(d.getMode())
+				if err != nil {
+					log.Errorf("failed to running downloader, err:%v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			//if d.highestNumber.Uint64() != 0 && difference.Uint64() ==0 {
+			//	return
+			//}
+			//} else {
+			//	if checked >= syncCheckTimes {
+			//		return
+			//	}
+			//	checked++
+			//}
+			tick.Reset(syncTimeTick)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (d Downloader) calculateHeight(peer2 common.Peer) error {
+	if d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64() == 0 {
+
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) ConnHandler(data []byte, ID peer.ID) error {
+	p, ok := d.peersInfo.get(ID)
+	if !ok {
+		return ErrBadPeer
+	}
+
+	syncTask := sync_proto.SyncTask{}
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, &syncTask); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("receive sync task(headersResponse) msg err: %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	taskID := syncTask.Id
+	params := make([]interface{}, 0)
+	params = append(params, "peerID", ID, "taskType", syncTask.SyncType, "taskID", taskID, "isOK", syncTask.Ok)
+
+	switch syncTask.SyncType {
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_HeaderRes:
+		headersResponse := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse).SyncHeaderResponse
+		params = append(params, "headerCount", len(headersResponse.Headers), "headerNumberFrom", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(headersResponse.Headers[0].Number).Uint64(), "headerNumberTo", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(headersResponse.Headers[len(headersResponse.Headers)-1].Number).Uint64())
+		d.headerProcCh <- &headerResponse{taskID: taskID, ok: syncTask.Ok, headers: headersResponse.Headers}
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_HeaderReq:
+		headerRequest := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest).SyncHeaderRequest
+		params = append(params, "Amount", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(headerRequest.Amount).Uint64(), "headerNumberFrom", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(headerRequest.Number).Uint64())
+		go d.responseHeaders(taskID, p, headerRequest)
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_BodyRes:
+		bodiesResponse := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse).SyncBlockResponse
+		params = append(params, "blocksCount", len(bodiesResponse.Blocks), "bodyNumberFrom", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(bodiesResponse.Blocks[0].Header.Number).Uint64(), "bodyNumberTo", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(bodiesResponse.Blocks[len(bodiesResponse.Blocks)-1].Header.Number).Uint64())
+		d.blockProcCh <- &bodyResponse{taskID: taskID, ok: syncTask.Ok, bodies: bodiesResponse.Blocks}
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_BodyReq:
+		blockRequest := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest).SyncBlockRequest
+		params = append(params, "bodyNumberFrom", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(blockRequest.Number[0]).Uint64(), "bodyNumberTo", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(blockRequest.Number[len(blockRequest.Number)-1]).Uint64())
+		go d.responseBlocks(taskID, p, blockRequest)
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_PeerInfoBroadcast:
+		peerInfoBroadcast := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast).SyncPeerInfoBroadcast
+		//
+		currentNumber := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(peerInfoBroadcast.Number)
+		currentDifficulty := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(peerInfoBroadcast.Difficulty)
+		params = append(params, "Number", currentNumber, "Difficulty", currentDifficulty)
+		//
+		if currentNumber.Uint64() > d.highestNumber.Uint64() {
+			d.highestNumber.Set(currentNumber.Clone())
+		}
+		d.peersInfo.update(p.ID(), currentNumber, currentDifficulty)
+	}
+
+	log.Info("receive sync task msg", params...)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) Close() error {
+	d.cancelLock.Lock()
+	defer d.cancelLock.Unlock()
+	d.cancel()
+	d.cancelWg.Wait()
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/fetchers.go b/internal/download/fetchers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bafc5b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/fetchers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+)
+
+// fetchHeaders
+func (d *Downloader) fetchHeaders(from uint256.Int, latest uint256.Int) error {
+
+	// 1. create task
+	begin := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(&from, 1)
+	difference := new(uint256.Int).Sub(&latest, begin)
+	tasks := new(uint256.Int).Add(new(uint256.Int).Div(difference, uint256.NewInt(maxHeaderFetch)), uint256.NewInt(1))
+	//
+	log.Infof("Starting header downloads from: %v latest: %v difference: %v task: %v", begin.Uint64(), latest.Uint64(), difference.Uint64(), tasks.Uint64())
+	defer log.Infof("Header download Finished")
+
+	d.headerTaskLock.Lock()
+	for i := 1; i <= int(tasks.Uint64()); i++ {
+		taskID := rand.Uint64()
+		d.headerTasks = append(d.headerTasks, Task{
+			taskID:     taskID,
+			IndexBegin: *begin,
+			//IndexEnd:   *types.Int256Min(uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(uint256.NewInt(0).Add(&from, uint256.NewInt(maxHeaderFetch)), uint256.NewInt(1)), &latest),
+			IsSync: false,
+		})
+		begin = begin.Add(begin, uint256.NewInt(maxHeaderFetch))
+	}
+	d.headerTaskLock.Unlock()
+
+	tick := time.NewTicker(syncPeerIntervalRequest)
+	defer tick.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		log.Tracef("header tasks count is %v, header processing tasks count is: %v", len(d.headerTasks), len(d.headerProcessingTasks))
+
+		if len(d.headerTasks) == 0 && len(d.headerProcessingTasks) == 0 { // break if there are no tasks
+			break
+		}
+
+		peerSet := d.peersInfo.findPeers(&latest, syncPeerCount)
+		d.headerTaskLock.Lock()
+		if len(d.headerTasks) > 0 {
+			for _, p := range peerSet {
+				randIndex := 0
+				randTask := d.headerTasks[randIndex]
+
+				//
+				var fetchCount uint64
+				if latest.Uint64()-randTask.IndexBegin.Uint64() >= maxHeaderFetch-1 {
+					fetchCount = maxHeaderFetch
+				} else {
+					fetchCount = latest.Uint64() - randTask.IndexBegin.Uint64() + 1
+				}
+
+				msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+					Id:       randTask.taskID,
+					SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_HeaderReq,
+					Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncHeaderRequest{
+						SyncHeaderRequest: &sync_proto.SyncHeaderRequest{
+							Number: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(&randTask.IndexBegin),
+							Amount: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(uint256.NewInt(fetchCount)),
+						},
+					},
+				}
+				payload, _ := proto.Marshal(msg)
+				err := p.WriteMsg(message.MsgDownloader, payload)
+
+				if err == nil {
+					randTask.TimeBegin = time.Now()
+					d.headerTasks = append(d.headerTasks[:randIndex], d.headerTasks[randIndex+1:]...)
+					d.headerProcessingTasks[randTask.taskID] = randTask
+					if len(d.headerTasks) == 0 {
+						break
+					}
+				} else {
+					log.Errorf("send sync request message to peer %v err is %v", p.ID(), err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If it times out, put the task back
+		if len(d.headerProcessingTasks) > 0 {
+			for taskID, task := range d.headerProcessingTasks {
+				if time.Since(task.TimeBegin) > syncTimeOutPerRequest {
+					delete(d.headerProcessingTasks, taskID)
+					task.TimeBegin = time.Now()
+					d.headerTasks = append(d.headerTasks, task)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		d.headerTaskLock.Unlock()
+
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return ErrCanceled
+		case <-tick.C:
+			tick.Reset(syncPeerIntervalRequest)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// fetchHeaders
+func (d *Downloader) fetchBodies(latest uint256.Int) error {
+
+	defer log.Info("Bodies download Finished")
+
+	tick := time.NewTicker(syncPeerIntervalRequest)
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	startProcess := false
+
+	for {
+		// If there are unprocessed tasks
+		peerSet := d.peersInfo.findPeers(&latest, syncPeerCount)
+
+		log.Tracef("downloader body task count is %d, processing task count is %d", len(d.bodyTaskPool), len(d.bodyProcessingTasks))
+		if startProcess && len(d.bodyTaskPool) == 0 && len(d.bodyProcessingTasks) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		d.once.Do(func() {
+			log.Info("Starting body downloads")
+			startProcess = true
+		})
+
+		d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Lock()
+		if len(d.bodyTaskPool) > 0 {
+			for _, p := range peerSet {
+				// first task
+				randIndex := 0
+				randTask := d.bodyTaskPool[randIndex]
+
+				msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+					Id:       randTask.taskID,
+					SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_BodyReq,
+					Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncBlockRequest{
+						SyncBlockRequest: &sync_proto.SyncBlockRequest{
+							Number: utils.Uint256sToH256(randTask.number), //todo task pool
+						},
+					},
+				}
+				payload, _ := proto.Marshal(msg)
+				err := p.WriteMsg(message.MsgDownloader, payload)
+				if err == nil {
+					d.bodyTaskPool = append(d.bodyTaskPool[:randIndex], d.bodyTaskPool[randIndex+1:]...)
+					d.bodyProcessingTasks[randTask.taskID] = randTask
+					// finish
+					if len(d.bodyTaskPool) == 0 {
+						break
+					}
+				} else {
+					log.Errorf("send sync request message to peer %v err is %v", p.ID(), err)
+				}
+
+			}
+		}
+		d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return ErrCanceled
+
+		case <-tick.C:
+			tick.Reset(syncPeerIntervalRequest)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/modes.go b/internal/download/modes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b01a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/modes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// SyncMode represents the synchronisation mode of the downloader.
+// It is a uint32 as it is used with atomic operations.
+type SyncMode uint32
+
+const (
+	FullSync SyncMode = iota
+	SnapSync
+	LightSync
+	HeaderSync
+)
+
+func (mode SyncMode) IsValid() bool {
+	return mode >= FullSync && mode <= HeaderSync
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface.
+func (mode SyncMode) String() string {
+	switch mode {
+	case FullSync:
+		return "full"
+	case SnapSync:
+		return "snap"
+	case LightSync:
+		return "light"
+	case HeaderSync:
+		return "header"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+func (mode SyncMode) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	switch mode {
+	case FullSync:
+		return []byte("full"), nil
+	case SnapSync:
+		return []byte("snap"), nil
+	case LightSync:
+		return []byte("light"), nil
+	case HeaderSync:
+		return []byte("header"), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown sync mode %d", mode)
+	}
+}
+
+func (mode *SyncMode) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	switch string(text) {
+	case "full":
+		*mode = FullSync
+	case "snap":
+		*mode = SnapSync
+	case "light":
+		*mode = LightSync
+	case "header":
+		*mode = HeaderSync
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf(`unknown sync mode %q, want "full", "snap" or "light"`, text)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/peer.go b/internal/download/peer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76feda3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/peer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// peerInfo
+type peerInfo struct {
+	ID         peer.ID
+	Number     *uint256.Int
+	Difficulty *uint256.Int
+}
+
+type peersInfo struct {
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+	lock   sync.RWMutex
+
+	peers common.PeerMap
+	info  map[peer.ID]peerInfo
+}
+
+func (p *peersInfo) findPeers(number *uint256.Int, count int) common.PeerSet {
+	p.lock.RLock()
+	defer p.lock.RUnlock()
+	set := common.PeerSet{}
+	ids := make(map[peer.ID]struct{}, count)
+	for i := 0; i < len(p.peers) && i < count; i++ {
+		for id, _ := range p.peers {
+			if _, ok := ids[id]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			//p.log.Infof("Compare downloader number : %v, peer id : %v, remote peer number: %v", number.Uint64(), id.String(), p.info[id].Number.Uint64())
+			//  Add 2 number as network delay
+			if peerInfo, ok := p.info[id]; ok && new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(peerInfo.Number, 2).Cmp(number) >= 0 {
+				ids[id] = struct{}{}
+				set = append(set, p.peers[id])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	log.Tracef("finded great than number %v peers count: %v, limit: %v", number.Uint64(), len(set), count)
+	return set
+}
+
+func (p peersInfo) get(id peer.ID) (common.Peer, bool) {
+	peer, ok := p.peers[id]
+	return peer, ok
+}
+
+func (p *peersInfo) update(id peer.ID, Number *uint256.Int, Difficulty *uint256.Int) {
+	p.lock.Lock()
+	defer p.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if peer, ok := p.info[id]; ok {
+		peer.Number = Number
+		peer.Difficulty = Difficulty
+	} else {
+		p.info[id] = peerInfo{
+			ID:         id,
+			Difficulty: Difficulty,
+			Number:     Number,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *peersInfo) drop(id peer.ID) {
+	p.lock.Lock()
+	defer p.lock.Unlock()
+	delete(p.info, id)
+}
+
+// peerInfoBroadcastLoop
+func (p *peersInfo) peerInfoBroadcast(Number *uint256.Int) {
+	log.Debugf("start to broadcast peer info , number is :%v , peer count is %v", Number.Uint64(), len(p.peers))
+	for _, peer := range p.peers {
+		msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+			Id:       rand.Uint64(),
+			SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_PeerInfoBroadcast,
+			Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncPeerInfoBroadcast{
+				SyncPeerInfoBroadcast: &sync_proto.SyncPeerInfoBroadcast{
+					Number:     utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(Number),
+					Difficulty: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(uint256.NewInt(0)),
+					//todo
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		payload, _ := proto.Marshal(msg)
+		err := peer.WriteMsg(message.MsgDownloader, payload)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to sync peer info", zap.String("peer id", peer.ID().String()), zap.Error(err))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func newPeersInfo(ctx context.Context, peers common.PeerMap) *peersInfo {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	return &peersInfo{
+		ctx:    c,
+		cancel: cancel,
+		peers:  peers,
+		info:   make(map[peer.ID]peerInfo),
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/process.go b/internal/download/process.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..201f918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/process.go
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+)
+
+func (d *Downloader) processHeaders() error {
+
+	defer log.Info("Headers process Finished")
+	var (
+		headerNumberPool []uint256.Int
+		startProcess     = false
+	)
+
+	tick := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(1 * time.Second))
+	defer tick.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		if startProcess && len(d.headerTasks) == 0 && len(d.headerProcessingTasks) == 0 {
+			if len(headerNumberPool) > 0 {
+				d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Lock()
+				d.bodyTaskPool = append(d.bodyTaskPool, &blockTask{
+					taskID: rand.Uint64(),
+					number: headerNumberPool[:],
+				})
+				d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+			}
+			break
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return ErrCanceled
+		case task := <-d.headerProcCh:
+
+			d.once.Do(func() {
+				startProcess = true
+				log.Info("Starting body downloads")
+			})
+
+			d.headerTaskLock.Lock()
+			if _, ok := d.headerProcessingTasks[task.taskID]; ok {
+				delete(d.headerProcessingTasks, task.taskID)
+			}
+			log.Tracef("received headers from remote peers  , the header counts is %v", len(task.headers))
+			for _, header := range task.headers {
+				headerNumberPool = append(headerNumberPool, *utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(header.Number))
+				if len(headerNumberPool) >= maxBodiesFetch {
+					d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Lock()
+					//
+					number := make([]uint256.Int, len(headerNumberPool))
+					copy(number, headerNumberPool)
+					//d.log.Infof("copy count %d", c)
+					headerNumberPool = headerNumberPool[0:0]
+					//
+					d.bodyTaskPool = append(d.bodyTaskPool, &blockTask{
+						taskID: rand.Uint64(),
+						number: number,
+					})
+					d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+				}
+				d.headerResultStore[*utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(header.Number)] = header
+				//d.log.Infof("process header %v", header)
+			}
+			d.headerTaskLock.Unlock()
+		case <-tick.C:
+			tick.Reset(time.Duration(3 * time.Second))
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// processBodies
+func (d *Downloader) processBodies() error {
+	tick := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(1 * time.Second))
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	defer log.Info("Process bodies finished")
+	startProcess := false
+
+	for {
+		if startProcess && len(d.bodyTaskPool) == 0 && len(d.bodyProcessingTasks) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return ErrCanceled
+		case response := <-d.blockProcCh:
+
+			d.once.Do(func() {
+				startProcess = true
+				log.Info("Starting process bodies")
+			})
+
+			//d.log.Infof("processing body task id is %v, response is: %v", response.taskID, response)
+
+			d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Lock()
+			if _, ok := d.bodyProcessingTasks[response.taskID]; ok {
+				delete(d.bodyProcessingTasks, response.taskID)
+			}
+
+			log.Debugf("received block from remote peers  , the block counts is  %v", len(response.bodies))
+			for _, body := range response.bodies {
+				d.bodyResultStore[*utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(body.Header.Number)] = body
+			}
+			d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+		case <-tick.C:
+			tick.Reset(time.Duration(3 * time.Second))
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Downloader) processChain() error {
+	tick := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(1 * time.Second))
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	startProcess := false
+	defer log.Info("Process chain Finished")
+
+	for {
+		if startProcess && len(d.bodyResultStore) == 0 && len(d.bodyTaskPool) == 0 && len(d.bodyProcessingTasks) == 0 && len(d.headerTasks) == 0 && len(d.headerProcessingTasks) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		//
+		d.once.Do(func() {
+			startProcess = true
+			log.Info("Starting process chain")
+		})
+
+		select {
+		case <-d.ctx.Done():
+			return ErrCanceled
+		case <-tick.C:
+
+			d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Lock()
+			wantBlockNumber := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(d.bc.CurrentBlock().Number64(), 1)
+			log.Tracef("want block %d have blocks count is %d", wantBlockNumber.Uint64(), len(d.bodyResultStore))
+
+			blocks := make([]block2.IBlock, 0)
+			for i := 0; i < maxResultsProcess; i++ {
+				if blockMsg, ok := d.bodyResultStore[*wantBlockNumber]; ok {
+					var block block2.Block
+					err := block.FromProtoMessage(blockMsg)
+					if err != nil {
+						//todo
+						break
+					}
+					delete(d.bodyResultStore, *wantBlockNumber)
+					blocks = append(blocks, &block)
+				}
+				wantBlockNumber.AddUint64(wantBlockNumber, 1)
+			}
+
+			if len(blocks) == 0 {
+				d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+				continue
+			}
+
+			first, last := blocks[0].Header(), blocks[len(blocks)-1].Header()
+			log.Info("Inserting downloaded chain", "items", len(blocks),
+				"firstnum", first.Number64().Uint64(), "firsthash", first.Hash(),
+				"lastnum", last.Number64().Uint64(), "lasthash", last.Hash(),
+			)
+
+			if index, err := d.bc.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
+				//inserted = false
+				if index < len(blocks) {
+					log.Errorf("downloader failed to inster new block in blockchain, err:%v", err)
+				} else {
+				}
+				d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+				return err
+
+			} else {
+				//inserted = true
+
+			}
+			d.bodyTaskPoolLock.Unlock()
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/queue.go b/internal/download/queue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb23779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/queue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"hash"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	blockCacheMaxItems     = 8192              // Maximum number of blocks to cache before throttling the download
+	blockCacheInitialItems = 2048              // Initial number of blocks to start fetching, before we know the sizes of the blocks
+	blockCacheMemory       = 256 * 1024 * 1024 // Maximum amount of memory to use for block caching
+	blockCacheSizeWeight   = 0.1               // Multiplier to approximate the average block size based on past ones
+)
+
+// fetchRequest
+type fetchRequest struct {
+}
+
+// fetchResult
+type fetchResult struct {
+}
+
+// queue
+type queue struct {
+	mode SyncMode
+
+	headerHead     hash.Hash                      // Hash of the last queued header to verify order
+	headerTaskPool map[uint64]*types_pb.Header    // Pending header retrieval tasks, mapping starting indexes to skeleton headers
+	headerPeerMiss map[string]map[uint64]struct{} // Set of per-peer header batches known to be unavailable
+	headerPendPool map[string]*fetchRequest       // Currently pending header retrieval operations
+	headerResults  []*types_pb.Header             // Result cache accumulating the completed headers
+	headerHashes   []hash.Hash                    // Result cache accumulating the completed header hashes
+	headerProced   int                            // Number of headers already processed from the results
+	headerOffset   uint64                         // Number of the first header in the result cache
+	headerContCh   chan bool                      // Channel to notify when header download finishes
+
+	resultCache *resultStore // Downloaded but not yet delivered fetch results
+
+	lock   *sync.RWMutex
+	active *sync.Cond
+	closed bool
+
+	lastStatLog time.Time
+}
+
+func (q *queue) Prepare(offset uint64, mode SyncMode) {
+	q.lock.Lock()
+	defer q.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// Prepare the queue for sync results
+	q.resultCache.Prepare(offset)
+	q.mode = mode
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/response.go b/internal/download/response.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9823b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/response.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// responseHeaders
+func (d *Downloader) responseHeaders(taskID uint64, p common.Peer, task *sync_proto.SyncHeaderRequest) {
+
+	headers := make([]*types_pb.Header, 0, utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(task.Amount).Uint64())
+	ok := true
+
+	origin := task.Number
+	for i := 0; i < int(utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(task.Amount).Uint64()); i++ {
+		fullHeader := d.bc.GetHeaderByNumber(utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(origin))
+		var header *types_pb.Header
+		if fullHeader == nil {
+			log.Warnf("cannot fetch header from db the number is:%v", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(origin).Uint64())
+			headers = headers[0:0]
+			ok = false
+			break
+		} else {
+			header = fullHeader.ToProtoMessage().(*types_pb.Header)
+			log.Tracef("fetch header from db the number is:%v", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(header.Number).Uint64())
+		}
+
+		headers = append(headers, header)
+		origin = utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(uint256.NewInt(0).Add(utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(origin), uint256.NewInt(1)))
+	}
+
+	log.Tracef("fetch all header from db the count is:%v", len(headers))
+
+	msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+		Id:       taskID,
+		Ok:       ok,
+		SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_HeaderRes,
+		Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncHeaderResponse{
+			SyncHeaderResponse: &sync_proto.SyncHeaderResponse{
+				Headers: headers,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	payload, err := proto.Marshal(msg)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("proto Marshal err: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	p.WriteMsg(message.MsgDownloader, payload)
+	log.Debugf("response sync task(headersRequest) ok: %v , taskID: %v, header count: %v", ok, taskID, len(headers))
+}
+
+// responseHeaders body
+func (d *Downloader) responseBlocks(taskID uint64, p common.Peer, task *sync_proto.SyncBlockRequest) {
+
+	blocks := make([]*types_pb.Block, 0, len(task.Number))
+
+	ok := true
+
+	for _, number := range task.Number {
+		block, err := d.bc.GetBlockByNumber(utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(number))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Infof("cannot fetch block from db the number is:%d, err: %v", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(number).Uint64(), err)
+			blocks = blocks[0:0]
+			ok = false
+			break
+		}
+		if PBlock, ok := block.ToProtoMessage().(*types_pb.Block); ok {
+			blocks = append(blocks, PBlock)
+			log.Tracef("fetch body from db the number is:%v", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(number).Uint64())
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Tracef("fetch all blocks from db the count is:%d", len(blocks))
+
+	msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+		Id:       taskID,
+		Ok:       ok,
+		SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_BodyRes,
+		Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncBlockResponse{
+			SyncBlockResponse: &sync_proto.SyncBlockResponse{
+				Blocks: blocks,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	payload, err := proto.Marshal(msg)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("proto Marshal err: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	p.WriteMsg(message.MsgDownloader, payload)
+	log.Debugf("response sync task(blockRequest) ok: %v , taskID: %v, block count: %v", ok, taskID, len(task.Number))
+}
diff --git a/internal/download/resultstore.go b/internal/download/resultstore.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee0956e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/download/resultstore.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package download
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// resultStore implements a structure for maintaining fetchResults, tracking their
+// download-progress and delivering (finished) results.
+type resultStore struct {
+	items        []*fetchResult // Downloaded but not yet delivered fetch results
+	resultOffset uint64         // Offset of the first cached fetch result in the block chain
+
+	// Internal index of first non-completed entry, updated atomically when needed.
+	// If all items are complete, this will equal length(items), so
+	// *important* : is not safe to use for indexing without checking against length
+	indexIncomplete int32 // atomic access
+
+	// throttleThreshold is the limit up to which we _want_ to fill the
+	// results. If blocks are large, we want to limit the results to less
+	// than the number of available slots, and maybe only fill 1024 out of
+	// 8192 possible places. The queue will, at certain times, recalibrate
+	// this index.
+	throttleThreshold uint64
+
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+func newResultStore(size int) *resultStore {
+	return &resultStore{
+		resultOffset:      0,
+		items:             make([]*fetchResult, size),
+		throttleThreshold: uint64(size),
+	}
+}
+
+// SetThrottleThreshold updates the throttling threshold based on the requested
+// limit and the total queue capacity. It returns the (possibly capped) threshold
+func (r *resultStore) SetThrottleThreshold(threshold uint64) uint64 {
+	r.lock.Lock()
+	defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+	limit := uint64(len(r.items))
+	if threshold >= limit {
+		threshold = limit
+	}
+	r.throttleThreshold = threshold
+	return r.throttleThreshold
+}
+
+// Prepare initialises the offset with the given block number
+func (r *resultStore) Prepare(offset uint64) {
+	r.lock.Lock()
+	defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if r.resultOffset < offset {
+		r.resultOffset = offset
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/error.go b/internal/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f310f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidBlock  = fmt.Errorf("invalid block")
+	ErrInvalidPubSub = fmt.Errorf("PubSub is nil")
+)
+
+var (
+
+	// ErrBannedHash is returned if a block to import is on the banned list.
+	ErrBannedHash = errors.New("banned hash")
+
+	// ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block.
+	ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain")
+
+	errSideChainReceipts = errors.New("side blocks can't be accepted as ancient chain data")
+)
+
+// List of evm-call-message pre-checking errors. All state transition messages will
+// be pre-checked before execution. If any invalidation detected, the corresponding
+// error should be returned which is defined here.
+//
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the miner, then the transaction won't be packed.
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the block processing procedure, then a "BAD BLOCk"
+// error should be emitted.
+var (
+	// ErrNonceTooLow is returned if the nonce of a transaction is lower than the
+	// one present in the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooLow = errors.New("nonce too low")
+
+	// ErrNonceTooHigh is returned if the nonce of a transaction is higher than the
+	// next one expected based on the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooHigh = errors.New("nonce too high")
+
+	// ErrNonceMax is returned if the nonce of a transaction sender account has
+	// maximum allowed value and would become invalid if incremented.
+	ErrNonceMax = errors.New("nonce has max value")
+
+	// ErrGasLimitReached is returned by the gas pool if the amount of gas required
+	// by a transaction is higher than what's left in the block.
+	ErrGasLimitReached = errors.New("gas limit reached")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer is returned if the transaction sender doesn't
+	// have enough funds for transfer(topmost call only).
+	ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer = errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFunds is returned if the total cost of executing a transaction
+	// is higher than the balance of the user's account.
+	ErrInsufficientFunds = errors.New("insufficient funds for gas * price + value")
+
+	// ErrGasUintOverflow is returned when calculating gas usage.
+	ErrGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow")
+
+	// ErrIntrinsicGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas
+	// than required to start the invocation.
+	ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low")
+
+	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported is returned if a transaction is not supported in the
+	// current network configuration.
+	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
+
+	// ErrTipAboveFeeCap is a sanity error to ensure no one is able to specify a
+	// transaction with a tip higher than the total fee cap.
+	ErrTipAboveFeeCap = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than max fee per gas")
+
+	// ErrTipVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the tip field.
+	ErrTipVeryHigh = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the fee cap field.
+	ErrFeeCapVeryHigh = errors.New("max fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapTooLow is returned if the transaction fee cap is less than the
+	// the base fee of the block.
+	ErrFeeCapTooLow = errors.New("max fee per gas less than block base fee")
+
+	// ErrSenderNoEOA is returned if the sender of a transaction is a contract.
+	ErrSenderNoEOA = errors.New("sender not an eoa")
+
+	// ErrAlreadyDeposited already deposited
+	ErrAlreadyDeposited = errors.New("already deposited")
+)
diff --git a/internal/evm.go b/internal/evm.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b01435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/evm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// NewEVMBlockContext creates a new context for use in the EVM.
+func NewEVMBlockContext(header *block.Header, blockHashFunc func(n uint64) types.Hash, engine consensus.Engine, author *types.Address) evmtypes.BlockContext {
+	// If we don't have an explicit author (i.e. not mining), extract from the header
+	var beneficiary types.Address
+	if author == nil {
+		beneficiary, _ = engine.Author(header) // Ignore error, we're past header validation
+	} else {
+		beneficiary = *author
+	}
+	var baseFee uint256.Int
+	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+		overflow := baseFee.SetFromBig(header.BaseFee.ToBig())
+		if overflow {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("header.BaseFee higher than 2^256-1"))
+		}
+	}
+
+	var prevRandDao *types.Hash
+	if header.Difficulty.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
+		// EIP-4399. We use SerenityDifficulty (i.e. 0) as a telltale of Proof-of-Stake blocks.
+		prevRandDao = &header.MixDigest
+	}
+
+	var transferFunc evmtypes.TransferFunc
+	if engine != nil && engine.Type() == params.BorConsensus {
+		transferFunc = BorTransfer
+	} else {
+		transferFunc = Transfer
+	}
+
+	return evmtypes.BlockContext{
+		CanTransfer: CanTransfer,
+		Transfer:    transferFunc,
+		GetHash:     blockHashFunc,
+		Coinbase:    beneficiary,
+		BlockNumber: header.Number.Uint64(),
+		Time:        header.Time,
+		Difficulty:  header.Difficulty.ToBig(),
+		BaseFee:     &baseFee,
+		GasLimit:    header.GasLimit,
+		PrevRanDao:  prevRandDao,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewEVMTxContext creates a new transaction context for a single transaction.
+func NewEVMTxContext(msg Message) evmtypes.TxContext {
+	return evmtypes.TxContext{
+		Origin:   msg.From(),
+		GasPrice: msg.GasPrice(),
+	}
+}
+
+// GetHashFn returns a GetHashFunc which retrieves header hashes by number
+func GetHashFn(ref *block.Header, getHeader func(hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block.Header) func(n uint64) types.Hash {
+	// Cache will initially contain [refHash.parent],
+	// Then fill up with [refHash.p, refHash.pp, refHash.ppp, ...]
+	var cache []types.Hash
+
+	return func(n uint64) types.Hash {
+		// If there's no hash cache yet, make one
+		if len(cache) == 0 {
+			cache = append(cache, ref.ParentHash)
+		}
+		if idx := ref.Number.Uint64() - n - 1; idx < uint64(len(cache)) {
+			return cache[idx]
+		}
+		// No luck in the cache, but we can start iterating from the last element we already know
+		lastKnownHash := cache[len(cache)-1]
+		lastKnownNumber := ref.Number.Uint64() - uint64(len(cache))
+
+		for {
+			header := getHeader(lastKnownHash, lastKnownNumber)
+			if header == nil {
+				break
+			}
+			cache = append(cache, header.ParentHash)
+			lastKnownHash = header.ParentHash
+			lastKnownNumber = header.Number.Uint64() - 1
+			if n == lastKnownNumber {
+				return lastKnownHash
+			}
+		}
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+}
+
+// CanTransfer checks whether there are enough funds in the address' account to make a transfer.
+// This does not take the necessary gas in to account to make the transfer valid.
+func CanTransfer(db evmtypes.IntraBlockState, addr types.Address, amount *uint256.Int) bool {
+	return !db.GetBalance(addr).Lt(amount)
+}
+
+// Transfer subtracts amount from sender and adds amount to recipient using the given Db
+func Transfer(db evmtypes.IntraBlockState, sender, recipient types.Address, amount *uint256.Int, bailout bool) {
+	if !bailout {
+		db.SubBalance(sender, amount)
+	}
+	db.AddBalance(recipient, amount)
+}
+
+// BorTransfer transfer in Bor
+func BorTransfer(db evmtypes.IntraBlockState, sender, recipient types.Address, amount *uint256.Int, bailout bool) {
+	// get inputs before
+	//input1 := db.GetBalance(sender).Clone()
+	//input2 := db.GetBalance(recipient).Clone()
+
+	if !bailout {
+		db.SubBalance(sender, amount)
+	}
+	db.AddBalance(recipient, amount)
+
+	//// get outputs after
+	//output1 := db.GetBalance(sender).Clone()
+	//output2 := db.GetBalance(recipient).Clone()
+	//
+	//// add transfer log
+	//AddTransferLog(db, sender, recipient, amount, input1, input2, output1, output2)
+}
+
+// ChainContext supports retrieving headers and consensus parameters from the
+// current blockchain to be used during transaction processing.
+type ChainContext interface {
+	// Engine retrieves the chain's consensus engine.
+	Engine() consensus.Engine
+
+	// GetHeader returns the header corresponding to the hash/number argument pair.
+	GetHeader(types.Hash, uint64) *block.Header
+}
diff --git a/internal/forkchoice.go b/internal/forkchoice.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27f6ff4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/forkchoice.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	mrand "math/rand"
+
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+)
+
+// ChainReader defines a small collection of methods needed to access the local
+// blockchain during header verification. It's implemented by both blockchain
+// and lightchain.
+type ChainReader interface {
+	// Config retrieves the header chain's chain configuration.
+	//Config() *params.ChainConfig
+
+	// GetTd returns the total difficulty of a local block.
+	GetTd(types.Hash, *uint256.Int) *uint256.Int
+}
+
+// ForkChoice is the fork chooser based on the highest total difficulty of the
+// chain(the fork choice used in the eth1) and the external fork choice (the fork
+// choice used in the eth2). This main goal of this ForkChoice is not only for
+// offering fork choice during the eth1/2 merge phase, but also keep the compatibility
+// for all other proof-of-work networks.
+type ForkChoice struct {
+	chain ChainReader
+	rand  *mrand.Rand
+
+	// preserve is a helper function used in td fork choice.
+	// Miners will prefer to choose the local mined block if the
+	// local td is equal to the extern one. It can be nil for light
+	// client
+	preserve func(header block2.IHeader) bool
+}
+
+func NewForkChoice(chainReader ChainReader, preserve func(header block2.IHeader) bool) *ForkChoice {
+	// Seed a fast but crypto originating random generator
+	seed, err := crand.Int(crand.Reader, big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to initialize random seed", "err", err)
+	}
+	return &ForkChoice{
+		chain:    chainReader,
+		rand:     mrand.New(mrand.NewSource(seed.Int64())),
+		preserve: preserve,
+	}
+}
+
+// ReorgNeeded returns whether the reorg should be applied
+// based on the given external header and local canonical chain.
+// In the td mode, the new head is chosen if the corresponding
+// total difficulty is higher. In the extern mode, the trusted
+// header is always selected as the head.
+func (f *ForkChoice) ReorgNeeded(current block2.IHeader, header block2.IHeader) (bool, error) {
+	var (
+		localTD  = f.chain.GetTd(current.Hash(), current.Number64())
+		externTd = f.chain.GetTd(header.Hash(), header.Number64())
+	)
+	log.Tracef("ForkChoice.ReorgNeeded: localID = %d, externTd = %d", localTD.Uint64(), externTd.Uint64())
+	//if localTD == nil || externTd == nil {
+	//	return false, errors.New("missing td")
+	//}
+	// Accept the new header as the chain head if the transition
+	// is already triggered. We assume all the headers after the
+	// transition come from the trusted consensus layer.
+	//if ttd := f.chain.Config().TerminalTotalDifficulty; ttd != nil && ttd.Cmp(externTd.ToBig()) <= 0 {
+	//	return true, nil
+	//}
+	// If the total difficulty is higher than our known, add it to the canonical chain
+	// Second clause in the if statement reduces the vulnerability to selfish mining.
+	// Please refer to http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/btcProcFC.pdf
+	reorg := externTd.Cmp(localTD) > 0
+	if !reorg && externTd.Cmp(localTD) == 0 {
+		number, headNumber := header.Number64().Uint64(), current.Number64().Uint64()
+		if number < headNumber {
+			reorg = true
+		} else if number == headNumber {
+			var currentPreserve, externPreserve bool
+			if f.preserve != nil {
+				currentPreserve, externPreserve = f.preserve(current), f.preserve(header)
+			}
+			reorg = !currentPreserve && (externPreserve || f.rand.Float64() < 0.5)
+		}
+	}
+	return reorg, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/genesis_block.go b/internal/genesis_block.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d009cb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/genesis_block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"embed"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params/networkname"
+	"math/big"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/mdbx"
+
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+)
+
+var ErrGenesisNoConfig = errors.New("genesis has no chain configuration")
+
+//go:embed allocs
+var allocs embed.FS
+
+func readGenesisAlloc(filename string) conf.GenesisAlloc {
+	f, err := allocs.Open(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Could not open GenesisAlloc for %s: %v", filename, err))
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	spec := conf.GenesisAlloc{}
+	err = decoder.Decode(&spec)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Could not parse GenesisAlloc for %s: %v", filename, err))
+	}
+	return spec
+}
+
+type GenesisBlock struct {
+	Hash          string
+	GenesisConfig *conf.Genesis
+	//	ChainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+}
+
+func (g *GenesisBlock) Write(tx kv.RwTx) (*block2.Block, *state.IntraBlockState, error) {
+	block, statedb, err2 := g.WriteGenesisState(tx)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return block, statedb, err2
+	}
+
+	if err := rawdb.WriteTd(tx, block.Hash(), block.Number64().Uint64(), uint256.NewInt(0)); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if err := rawdb.WriteBlock(tx, block); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	//if err := rawdb.TxNums.WriteForGenesis(tx, 1); err != nil {
+	//	return nil, nil, err
+	//}
+	if err := rawdb.WriteReceipts(tx, block.Number64().Uint64(), nil); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(tx, block.Hash(), block.Number64().Uint64()); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(tx, block.Hash())
+	if err := rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(tx, block.Hash()); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if err := rawdb.WriteChainConfig(tx, block.Hash(), g.GenesisConfig.Config); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// We support ethash/serenity for issuance (for now)
+	//if g.Config.Consensus != params.EtHashConsensus {
+	return block, statedb, nil
+	//}
+}
+
+func (g *GenesisBlock) ToBlock() (*block2.Block, *state.IntraBlockState, error) {
+	_ = g.GenesisConfig.Alloc //nil-check
+
+	var root types.Hash
+	var statedb *state.IntraBlockState
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() { // we may run inside write tx, can't open 2nd write tx in same goroutine
+		defer wg.Done()
+		//TODO
+		tmpDB := mdbx.NewMDBX(nil).InMem("").MapSize(2 * datasize.GB).MustOpen()
+		defer tmpDB.Close()
+		tx, err := tmpDB.BeginRw(context.Background())
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		defer tx.Rollback()
+		r, w := state.NewPlainStateReader(tx), state.NewPlainStateWriter(tx, tx, 0)
+		statedb = state.New(r)
+
+		for address, account := range g.GenesisConfig.Alloc {
+			b, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(account.Balance, 10)
+			balance, _ := uint256.FromBig(b)
+			if !ok {
+				panic("overflow at genesis allocs")
+			}
+			statedb.AddBalance(address, balance)
+			statedb.SetCode(address, account.Code)
+			statedb.SetNonce(address, account.Nonce)
+			for key, value := range account.Storage {
+				k := key
+				val := uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(value.Bytes())
+				statedb.SetState(address, &k, *val)
+			}
+			if len(account.Code) > 0 || len(account.Storage) > 0 {
+				statedb.SetIncarnation(address, state.FirstContractIncarnation)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err := statedb.FinalizeTx(g.GenesisConfig.Config.Rules(0), w); err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		root = statedb.GenerateRootHash()
+	}()
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	var ExtraData []byte
+
+	switch g.GenesisConfig.Config.Consensus {
+	case params.CliqueConsensus, params.AposConsensu:
+
+		var signers []types.Address
+
+		for _, miner := range g.GenesisConfig.Miners {
+			addr, err := types.HexToString(miner)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid miner:  %s", miner)
+			}
+			signers = append(signers, addr)
+		}
+		// Sort the signers and embed into the extra-data section
+		for i := 0; i < len(signers); i++ {
+			for j := i + 1; j < len(signers); j++ {
+				if bytes.Compare(signers[i][:], signers[j][:]) > 0 {
+					signers[i], signers[j] = signers[j], signers[i]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		ExtraData = make([]byte, 32+len(signers)*types.AddressLength+65)
+		for i, signer := range signers {
+			copy(ExtraData[32+i*types.AddressLength:], signer[:])
+		}
+	}
+
+	head := &block2.Header{
+		ParentHash:  g.GenesisConfig.ParentHash,
+		Coinbase:    g.GenesisConfig.Coinbase,
+		Root:        root,
+		TxHash:      types.Hash{0},
+		ReceiptHash: types.Hash{0},
+		Difficulty:  g.GenesisConfig.Difficulty,
+		Number:      uint256.NewInt(g.GenesisConfig.Number),
+		GasLimit:    g.GenesisConfig.GasLimit,
+		GasUsed:     g.GenesisConfig.GasUsed,
+		Time:        uint64(g.GenesisConfig.Timestamp),
+		Extra:       g.GenesisConfig.ExtraData,
+		MixDigest:   g.GenesisConfig.Mixhash,
+		Nonce:       block2.EncodeNonce(g.GenesisConfig.Nonce),
+		BaseFee:     g.GenesisConfig.BaseFee,
+	}
+	head.Extra = ExtraData
+
+	if g.GenesisConfig.GasLimit == 0 {
+		head.GasLimit = params.GenesisGasLimit
+	}
+	if g.GenesisConfig.Difficulty == nil {
+		head.Difficulty = params.GenesisDifficulty
+	}
+	if g.GenesisConfig.Config != nil && (g.GenesisConfig.Config.IsLondon(0)) {
+		if g.GenesisConfig.BaseFee != nil {
+			head.BaseFee = g.GenesisConfig.BaseFee
+		} else {
+			head.BaseFee = uint256.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return block2.NewBlock(head, nil).(*block2.Block), statedb, nil
+}
+
+func (g *GenesisBlock) WriteGenesisState(tx kv.RwTx) (*block2.Block, *state.IntraBlockState, error) {
+	block, statedb, err := g.ToBlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	for address, account := range g.GenesisConfig.Alloc {
+		if len(account.Code) > 0 || len(account.Storage) > 0 {
+			// Special case for weird tests - inaccessible storage
+			var b [2]byte
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(b[:], state.FirstContractIncarnation)
+			if err := tx.Put(modules.IncarnationMap, address[:], b[:]); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if block.Number64().Uint64() != 0 {
+		return nil, statedb, fmt.Errorf("can't commit genesis block with number > 0")
+	}
+
+	blockWriter := state.NewPlainStateWriter(tx, tx, g.GenesisConfig.Number)
+	if err := statedb.CommitBlock(&params.Rules{}, blockWriter); err != nil {
+		return nil, statedb, fmt.Errorf("cannot write state: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := blockWriter.WriteChangeSets(); err != nil {
+		return nil, statedb, fmt.Errorf("cannot write change sets: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := blockWriter.WriteHistory(); err != nil {
+		return nil, statedb, fmt.Errorf("cannot write history: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return block, statedb, nil
+}
+
+func GenesisByChainName(chain string) *conf.Genesis {
+	switch chain {
+	case networkname.MainnetChainName:
+		return mainnetGenesisBlock()
+	case networkname.TestnetChainName:
+		return testnetGenesisBlock()
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// DefaultGenesisBlock returns the Ethereum main net genesis block.
+func mainnetGenesisBlock() *conf.Genesis {
+	return &conf.Genesis{
+		Config:    params.MainnetChainConfig,
+		Nonce:     0,
+		Alloc:     readGenesisAlloc("allocs/mainnet.json"),
+		Timestamp: 1678174066,
+		Miners:    []string{"astA2142AB3F25EAA9985F22C3F5B1FF9FA378DAC21"},
+		Number:    0,
+		// genesisBlock Difficulty = params.GenesisDifficulty
+		//Difficulty: uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+}
+
+// DefaultGenesisBlock returns the Ethereum main net genesis block.
+func testnetGenesisBlock() *conf.Genesis {
+	return &conf.Genesis{
+		Config:    params.TestnetChainConfig,
+		Nonce:     0,
+		Alloc:     readGenesisAlloc("allocs/testnet.json"),
+		Number:    0,
+		Timestamp: 1678174066,
+		Miners:    []string{"astA2142AB3F25EAA9985F22C3F5B1FF9FA378DAC21"},
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/hashing.go b/internal/hashing.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07d534b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/hashing.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"sync"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// hasherPool holds LegacyKeccak256 hashers for rlpHash.
+var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} { return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256() },
+}
+
+// encodeBufferPool holds temporary encoder buffers for DeriveSha and TX encoding.
+var encodeBufferPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} { return new(bytes.Buffer) },
+}
+
+// DerivableList is the input to DeriveSha.
+// It is implemented by the 'Transactions' and 'Receipts' types.
+// This is internal, do not use these methods.
+type DerivableList interface {
+	Len() int
+	EncodeIndex(int, *bytes.Buffer)
+}
+
+func encodeForDerive(list DerivableList, i int, buf *bytes.Buffer) []byte {
+	buf.Reset()
+	list.EncodeIndex(i, buf)
+	// It's really unfortunate that we need to do perform this copy.
+	// StackTrie holds onto the values until Hash is called, so the values
+	// written to it must not alias.
+	return utils.Copy(buf.Bytes())
+}
+
+// DeriveSha creates the tree hashes of transactions and receipts in a block header.
+func DeriveSha(list DerivableList) (h types.Hash) {
+
+	sha := hasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer hasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+
+	valueBuf := encodeBufferPool.Get().(*bytes.Buffer)
+	defer encodeBufferPool.Put(valueBuf)
+
+	for i := 0; i < list.Len(); i++ {
+		value := encodeForDerive(list, i, valueBuf)
+		sha.Write(value)
+	}
+	sha.Read(h[:])
+	return h
+}
diff --git a/internal/interface.go b/internal/interface.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54cf6b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+)
+
+// Validator is an interface which defines the standard for block validation. It
+// is only responsible for validating block contents, as the header validation is
+// done by the specific consensus engines.
+type Validator interface {
+	// ValidateBody validates the given block's content.
+	ValidateBody(block block.IBlock) error
+
+	// ValidateState validates the given statedb and optionally the receipts and
+	// gas used.
+	ValidateState(block block.IBlock, state *state.IntraBlockState, receipts block.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/log.go b/internal/metrics/log.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae03508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/log.go
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package metrics
+
+import (
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type Logger interface {
+	Printf(format string, v ...interface{})
+}
+
+func Log(r metrics.Registry, freq time.Duration, l Logger) {
+	LogScaled(r, freq, time.Nanosecond, l)
+}
+
+// Output each metric in the given registry periodically using the given
+// logger. Print timings in `scale` units (eg time.Millisecond) rather than nanos.
+func LogScaled(r metrics.Registry, freq time.Duration, scale time.Duration, l Logger) {
+	du := float64(scale)
+	duSuffix := scale.String()[1:]
+
+	for range time.Tick(freq) {
+		r.Each(func(name string, i interface{}) {
+			switch metric := i.(type) {
+			case metrics.Counter:
+				l.Printf("counter %s\n", name)
+				l.Printf("  count:       %9d\n", metric.Count())
+			case metrics.Gauge:
+				l.Printf("gauge %s\n", name)
+				l.Printf("  value:       %9d\n", metric.Value())
+			case metrics.GaugeFloat64:
+				l.Printf("gauge %s\n", name)
+				l.Printf("  value:       %f\n", metric.Value())
+			case metrics.Healthcheck:
+				metric.Check()
+				l.Printf("healthcheck %s\n", name)
+				l.Printf("  error:       %v\n", metric.Error())
+			case metrics.Histogram:
+				h := metric.Snapshot()
+				ps := h.Percentiles([]float64{0.5, 0.75, 0.95, 0.99, 0.999})
+				l.Printf("histogram %s\n", name)
+				l.Printf("  count:       %9d\n", h.Count())
+				l.Printf("  min:         %9d\n", h.Min())
+				l.Printf("  max:         %9d\n", h.Max())
+				l.Printf("  mean:        %12.2f\n", h.Mean())
+				l.Printf("  stddev:      %12.2f\n", h.StdDev())
+				l.Printf("  median:      %12.2f\n", ps[0])
+				l.Printf("  75%%:         %12.2f\n", ps[1])
+				l.Printf("  95%%:         %12.2f\n", ps[2])
+				l.Printf("  99%%:         %12.2f\n", ps[3])
+				l.Printf("  99.9%%:       %12.2f\n", ps[4])
+			case metrics.Meter:
+				m := metric.Snapshot()
+				l.Printf("meter %s", name)
+				l.Printf("  count:       %.2fMB", datasize.ByteSize(m.Count()).MBytes())
+				l.Printf("  1-min rat:  %.2fKB/s", datasize.ByteSize(m.Rate1()).KBytes())
+				l.Printf("  5-min rate:  %.2fKB/s", datasize.ByteSize(m.Rate5()).KBytes())
+				l.Printf("  15-min rate: %.2fKB/s", datasize.ByteSize(m.Rate15()).KBytes())
+				l.Printf("  mean rate:   %.2fKB/s", datasize.ByteSize(m.RateMean()).KBytes())
+			case metrics.Timer:
+				t := metric.Snapshot()
+				ps := t.Percentiles([]float64{0.5, 0.75, 0.95, 0.99, 0.999})
+				l.Printf("timer %s\n", name)
+				l.Printf("  count:       %9d\n", t.Count())
+				l.Printf("  min:         %12.2f%s\n", float64(t.Min())/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  max:         %12.2f%s\n", float64(t.Max())/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  mean:        %12.2f%s\n", t.Mean()/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  stddev:      %12.2f%s\n", t.StdDev()/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  median:      %12.2f%s\n", ps[0]/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  75%%:         %12.2f%s\n", ps[1]/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  95%%:         %12.2f%s\n", ps[2]/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  99%%:         %12.2f%s\n", ps[3]/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  99.9%%:       %12.2f%s\n", ps[4]/du, duSuffix)
+				l.Printf("  1-min rate:  %12.2f\n", t.Rate1())
+				l.Printf("  5-min rate:  %12.2f\n", t.Rate5())
+				l.Printf("  15-min rate: %12.2f\n", t.Rate15())
+				l.Printf("  mean rate:   %12.2f\n", t.RateMean())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/collector.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/collector.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88333ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/collector.go
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+)
+
+var (
+	typeGaugeTpl                     = "\n# TYPE %s gauge\n"
+	typeCounterTpl                   = "\n# TYPE %s counter\n"
+	typeSummaryTpl                   = "\n# TYPE %s summary\n"
+	keyValueTpl                      = "%s %v\n"
+	keyCounterTpl                    = "%s %v\n"
+	keyQuantileTagValueTpl           = "%s {quantile=\"%s\"} %v\n"
+	keyQuantileTagValueWithLabelsTpl = "%s,quantile=\"%s\"} %v\n"
+)
+
+// collector is a collection of byte buffers that aggregate Prometheus reports
+// for different metric types.
+type collector struct {
+	buff *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+// newCollector creates a new Prometheus metric aggregator.
+func newCollector() *collector {
+	return &collector{
+		buff: &bytes.Buffer{},
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeFloatCounter(name string, m *metrics.FloatCounter, withType bool) {
+	c.writeCounter(name, m.Get(), withType)
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeHistogram(name string, m *metrics.Histogram, withType bool) {
+	if withType {
+		c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(typeSummaryTpl, stripLabels(name)))
+	}
+
+	c.writeSummarySum(name, fmt.Sprintf("%f", m.GetSum()))
+	c.writeSummaryCounter(name, len(m.GetDecimalBuckets()))
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeTimer(name string, m *metrics.Summary, withType bool) {
+	pv := m.GetQuantiles()
+	ps := m.GetQuantileValues()
+
+	var sum float64 = 0
+	if withType {
+		c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(typeSummaryTpl, stripLabels(name)))
+	}
+
+	for i := range pv {
+		c.writeSummaryPercentile(name, strconv.FormatFloat(pv[i], 'f', -1, 64), ps[i])
+		sum += ps[i]
+	}
+
+	c.writeSummaryTime(name, fmt.Sprintf("%f", m.GetTime().Seconds()))
+	c.writeSummarySum(name, fmt.Sprintf("%f", sum))
+	c.writeSummaryCounter(name, len(ps))
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeGauge(name string, value interface{}, withType bool) {
+	if withType {
+		c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(typeGaugeTpl, stripLabels(name)))
+	}
+	c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyValueTpl, name, value))
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeCounter(name string, value interface{}, withType bool) {
+	if withType {
+		c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(typeCounterTpl, stripLabels(name)))
+	}
+	c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyValueTpl, name, value))
+}
+
+func stripLabels(name string) string {
+	if labelsIndex := strings.IndexByte(name, '{'); labelsIndex >= 0 {
+		return name[0:labelsIndex]
+	}
+
+	return name
+}
+
+func splitLabels(name string) (string, string) {
+	if labelsIndex := strings.IndexByte(name, '{'); labelsIndex >= 0 {
+		return name[0:labelsIndex], name[labelsIndex:]
+	}
+
+	return name, ""
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeSummaryCounter(name string, value interface{}) {
+	name, labels := splitLabels(name)
+	name = name + "_count"
+	c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyCounterTpl, name+labels, value))
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeSummaryPercentile(name, p string, value interface{}) {
+	name, labels := splitLabels(name)
+
+	if len(labels) > 0 {
+		c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyQuantileTagValueWithLabelsTpl, name+strings.TrimSuffix(labels, "}"), p, value))
+	} else {
+		c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyQuantileTagValueTpl, name, p, value))
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeSummarySum(name string, value string) {
+	name, labels := splitLabels(name)
+	name = name + "_sum"
+	c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyCounterTpl, name+labels, value))
+}
+
+func (c *collector) writeSummaryTime(name string, value string) {
+	name, labels := splitLabels(name)
+	name = name + "_time"
+	c.buff.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(keyCounterTpl, name+labels, value))
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/exp.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/exp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca5885b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/exp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+var EnabledExpensive = false
+
+// Setup starts a dedicated metrics server at the given address.
+// This function enables metrics reporting separate from pprof.
+func Setup(address string, log log.Logger) *http.ServeMux {
+	prometheusMux := http.NewServeMux()
+
+	prometheusMux.Handle("/debug/metrics/prometheus", Handler(DefaultRegistry))
+
+	promServer := &http.Server{
+		Addr:    address,
+		Handler: prometheusMux,
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		if err := promServer.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failure in running Prometheus server", "err", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	log.Info("Enabling metrics export to prometheus", "path", fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/debug/metrics/prometheus", address))
+
+	return prometheusMux
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/parseing.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/parseing.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c83610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/parseing.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+)
+
+func parseMetric(s string) (string, prometheus.Labels, error) {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("metric cannot be empty")
+	}
+	n := strings.IndexByte(s, '{')
+	if n < 0 {
+		if err := validateIdent(s); err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
+		}
+
+		return s, nil, nil
+	}
+	ident := s[:n]
+	s = s[n+1:]
+	if err := validateIdent(ident); err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+	if len(s) == 0 || s[len(s)-1] != '}' {
+		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("missing closing curly brace at the end of %q", ident)
+	}
+
+	tags, err := parseTags(s[:len(s)-1])
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	return ident, tags, nil
+}
+
+func parseTags(s string) (prometheus.Labels, error) {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var labels prometheus.Labels
+
+	for {
+		n := strings.IndexByte(s, '=')
+		if n < 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing `=` after %q", s)
+		}
+		ident := s[:n]
+		s = s[n+1:]
+		if err := validateIdent(ident); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(s) == 0 || s[0] != '"' {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing starting `\"` for %q value; tail=%q", ident, s)
+		}
+		s = s[1:]
+
+		value := ""
+
+		for {
+			n = strings.IndexByte(s, '"')
+			if n < 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing trailing `\"` for %q value; tail=%q", ident, s)
+			}
+			m := n
+			for m > 0 && s[m-1] == '\\' {
+				m--
+			}
+			if (n-m)%2 == 1 {
+				value = value + s[:n]
+				s = s[n+1:]
+				continue
+			}
+			value = value + s[:n]
+			if labels == nil {
+				labels = prometheus.Labels{}
+			}
+			labels[ident] = value
+			s = s[n+1:]
+			if len(s) == 0 {
+				return labels, nil
+			}
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(s, ",") {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing `,` after %q value; tail=%q", ident, s)
+			}
+			s = skipSpace(s[1:])
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func skipSpace(s string) string {
+	for len(s) > 0 && s[0] == ' ' {
+		s = s[1:]
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func validateIdent(s string) error {
+	if !identRegexp.MatchString(s) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid identifier %q", s)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var identRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z_:.][a-zA-Z0-9_:.]*$")
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/prometheus.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/prometheus.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83b3a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/prometheus.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package prometheus exposes go-metrics into a Prometheus format.
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	metrics2 "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/expfmt"
+
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// Handler returns an HTTP handler which dump metrics in Prometheus format.
+// Output format can be cheched here: https://o11y.tools/metricslint/
+func Handler(reg Registry) http.Handler {
+	prometheus.DefaultRegisterer.MustRegister(defaultSet)
+
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		// Gather and pre-sort the metrics to avoid random listings
+		var names []string
+		reg.Each(func(name string, i interface{}) {
+			names = append(names, name)
+		})
+		sort.Strings(names)
+
+		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+
+		metrics2.WritePrometheus(w, true)
+
+		contentType := expfmt.Negotiate(r.Header)
+		enc := expfmt.NewEncoder(w, contentType)
+		mf, err := prometheus.DefaultGatherer.Gather()
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		for _, m := range mf {
+			enc.Encode(m)
+		}
+
+		// Aggregate all the metris into a Prometheus collector
+		c := newCollector()
+		c.buff.WriteRune('\n')
+
+		var typeName string
+		var prevTypeName string
+
+		for _, name := range names {
+			i := reg.Get(name)
+
+			typeName = stripLabels(name)
+
+			switch m := i.(type) {
+			case *metrics2.Counter:
+				if m.IsGauge() {
+					c.writeGauge(name, m.Get(), typeName != prevTypeName)
+				} else {
+					c.writeCounter(name, m.Get(), typeName != prevTypeName)
+				}
+			case *metrics2.Gauge:
+				c.writeGauge(name, m, typeName != prevTypeName)
+			case *metrics2.FloatCounter:
+				c.writeFloatCounter(name, m, typeName != prevTypeName)
+			case *metrics2.Histogram:
+				c.writeHistogram(name, m, typeName != prevTypeName)
+			case *metrics2.Summary:
+				c.writeTimer(name, m, typeName != prevTypeName)
+			default:
+				log.Warn("Unknown Prometheus metric type", "type", fmt.Sprintf("%T", i))
+			}
+
+			prevTypeName = typeName
+		}
+		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+		w.Header().Add("Content-Length", fmt.Sprint(c.buff.Len()))
+		w.Write(c.buff.Bytes())
+	})
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/register.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/register.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bffa216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/register.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	vm "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
+)
+
+const UsePrometheusClient = false
+
+type Summary interface {
+	UpdateDuration(time.Time)
+}
+
+type Counter interface {
+	Inc()
+	Dec()
+	Add(n int)
+	Set(n uint64)
+	Get() uint64
+}
+
+type intCounter struct {
+	prometheus.Gauge
+}
+
+func (c intCounter) Add(n int) {
+	c.Gauge.Add(float64(n))
+}
+
+func (c intCounter) Set(n uint64) {
+	c.Gauge.Set(float64(n))
+}
+
+func (c intCounter) Get() uint64 {
+	var m dto.Metric
+	c.Gauge.Write(&m)
+	return uint64(m.GetGauge().GetValue())
+}
+
+func GetOrCreateCounter(s string, isGauge ...bool) Counter {
+	if UsePrometheusClient {
+		counter := defaultSet.GetOrCreateGauge(s)
+		return intCounter{counter}
+	} else {
+		counter := vm.GetOrCreateCounter(s, isGauge...)
+		DefaultRegistry.Register(s, counter)
+		vm.GetDefaultSet().UnregisterMetric(s)
+		return counter
+	}
+}
+
+func GetOrCreateGaugeFunc(s string, f func() float64) prometheus.GaugeFunc {
+	return defaultSet.GetOrCreateGaugeFunc(s, f)
+}
+
+type summary struct {
+	prometheus.Summary
+}
+
+func (sm summary) UpdateDuration(startTime time.Time) {
+	sm.Observe(time.Since(startTime).Seconds())
+}
+
+func GetOrCreateSummary(s string) Summary {
+	if UsePrometheusClient {
+		s := defaultSet.GetOrCreateSummary(s)
+		return summary{s}
+	} else {
+		summary := vm.GetOrCreateSummary(s)
+		DefaultRegistry.Register(s, summary)
+		vm.GetDefaultSet().UnregisterMetric(s)
+		return summary
+	}
+}
+
+func GetOrCreateHistogram(s string) prometheus.Histogram {
+	return defaultSet.GetOrCreateHistogram(s)
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/registry.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/registry.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79b3a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/registry.go
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+
+	metrics2 "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
+)
+
+// DuplicateMetric is the error returned by Registry.Register when a metric
+// already exists.  If you mean to Register that metric you must first
+// Unregister the existing metric.
+type DuplicateMetric string
+
+func (err DuplicateMetric) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("duplicate metric: %s", string(err))
+}
+
+// A Registry holds references to a set of metrics by name and can iterate
+// over them, calling callback functions provided by the user.
+//
+// This is an interface so as to encourage other structs to implement
+// the Registry API as appropriate.
+type Registry interface {
+
+	// Call the given function for each registered metric.
+	Each(func(string, interface{}))
+
+	// Get the metric by the given name or nil if none is registered.
+	Get(string) interface{}
+
+	// Gets an existing metric or registers the given one.
+	// The interface can be the metric to register if not found in registry,
+	// or a function returning the metric for lazy instantiation.
+	GetOrRegister(string, interface{}) interface{}
+
+	// Register the given metric under the given name.
+	Register(string, interface{}) error
+
+	// Unregister the metric with the given name.
+	Unregister(string)
+
+	// Unregister all metrics.  (Mostly for testing.)
+	UnregisterAll()
+}
+
+// The standard implementation of a Registry is a mutex-protected map
+// of names to metrics.
+type StandardRegistry struct {
+	metrics map[string]interface{}
+	mutex   sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// Create a new registry.
+func NewRegistry() Registry {
+	return &StandardRegistry{metrics: make(map[string]interface{})}
+}
+
+// Call the given function for each registered metric.
+func (r *StandardRegistry) Each(f func(string, interface{})) {
+	for name, i := range r.registered() {
+		f(name, i)
+	}
+}
+
+// Get the metric by the given name or nil if none is registered.
+func (r *StandardRegistry) Get(name string) interface{} {
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	return r.metrics[name]
+}
+
+// Gets an existing metric or creates and registers a new one. Threadsafe
+// alternative to calling Get and Register on failure.
+// The interface can be the metric to register if not found in registry,
+// or a function returning the metric for lazy instantiation.
+func (r *StandardRegistry) GetOrRegister(name string, i interface{}) interface{} {
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	if metric, ok := r.metrics[name]; ok {
+		return metric
+	}
+	if v := reflect.ValueOf(i); v.Kind() == reflect.Func {
+		i = v.Call(nil)[0].Interface()
+	}
+	r.register(name, i)
+	return i
+}
+
+// Register the given metric under the given name.  Returns a DuplicateMetric
+// if a metric by the given name is already registered.
+func (r *StandardRegistry) Register(name string, i interface{}) error {
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	return r.register(name, i)
+}
+
+// Unregister the metric with the given name.
+func (r *StandardRegistry) Unregister(name string) {
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.stop(name)
+	delete(r.metrics, name)
+}
+
+// Unregister all metrics.  (Mostly for testing.)
+func (r *StandardRegistry) UnregisterAll() {
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	for name := range r.metrics {
+		r.stop(name)
+		delete(r.metrics, name)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *StandardRegistry) register(name string, i interface{}) error {
+	if _, ok := r.metrics[name]; ok {
+		return DuplicateMetric(name)
+	}
+	switch i.(type) {
+	case *metrics2.Counter, *metrics2.Gauge, *metrics2.FloatCounter, *metrics2.Histogram, *metrics2.Summary:
+		r.metrics[name] = i
+	default:
+		log.Info("Type not registered(metrics won't show): ", reflect.TypeOf(i))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *StandardRegistry) registered() map[string]interface{} {
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	metrics := make(map[string]interface{}, len(r.metrics))
+	for name, i := range r.metrics {
+		metrics[name] = i
+	}
+	return metrics
+}
+
+func (r *StandardRegistry) stop(name string) {
+	if i, ok := r.metrics[name]; ok {
+		if s, ok := i.(Stoppable); ok {
+			s.Stop()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Stoppable defines the metrics which has to be stopped.
+type Stoppable interface {
+	Stop()
+}
+
+var (
+	DefaultRegistry    = NewRegistry()
+	EphemeralRegistry  = NewRegistry()
+	AccountingRegistry = NewRegistry() // registry used in swarm
+)
+
+// Get the metric by the given name or nil if none is registered.
+func Get(name string) interface{} {
+	return DefaultRegistry.Get(name)
+}
diff --git a/internal/metrics/prometheus/set.go b/internal/metrics/prometheus/set.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51e0df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/metrics/prometheus/set.go
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+)
+
+type namedMetric struct {
+	name   string
+	metric prometheus.Metric
+	isAux  bool
+}
+
+// Set is a set of metrics.
+//
+// Metrics belonging to a set are exported separately from global metrics.
+//
+// Set.WritePrometheus must be called for exporting metrics from the set.
+type Set struct {
+	mu sync.Mutex
+	a  []*namedMetric
+	m  map[string]*namedMetric
+}
+
+var defaultSet = NewSet()
+
+// NewSet creates new set of metrics.
+//
+// Pass the set to RegisterSet() function in order to export its metrics via global WritePrometheus() call.
+func NewSet() *Set {
+	return &Set{
+		m: make(map[string]*namedMetric),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Set) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
+	lessFunc := func(i, j int) bool {
+		return s.a[i].name < s.a[j].name
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	if !sort.SliceIsSorted(s.a, lessFunc) {
+		sort.Slice(s.a, lessFunc)
+	}
+	sa := append([]*namedMetric(nil), s.a...)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	for _, nm := range sa {
+		ch <- nm.metric.Desc()
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Set) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
+	lessFunc := func(i, j int) bool {
+		return s.a[i].name < s.a[j].name
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	if !sort.SliceIsSorted(s.a, lessFunc) {
+		sort.Slice(s.a, lessFunc)
+	}
+	sa := append([]*namedMetric(nil), s.a...)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	for _, nm := range sa {
+		ch <- nm.metric
+	}
+}
+
+// NewHistogram creates and returns new histogram in s with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned histogram is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+func (s *Set) NewHistogram(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Histogram, error) {
+	h, err := NewHistogram(name, help...)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s.registerMetric(name, h)
+	return h, nil
+}
+
+func NewHistogram(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Histogram, error) {
+	name, labels, err := parseMetric(name)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+		Name:        name,
+		ConstLabels: labels,
+		Help:        strings.Join(help, " "),
+	}), nil
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateHistogram returns registered histogram in s with the given name
+// or creates new histogram if s doesn't contain histogram with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned histogram is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+//
+// Performance tip: prefer NewHistogram instead of GetOrCreateHistogram.
+func (s *Set) GetOrCreateHistogram(name string, help ...string) prometheus.Histogram {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	nm := s.m[name]
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	if nm == nil {
+		metric, err := NewHistogram(name, help...)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid metric name %q: %s", name, err))
+		}
+
+		nmNew := &namedMetric{
+			name:   name,
+			metric: metric,
+		}
+
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		nm = s.m[name]
+		if nm == nil {
+			nm = nmNew
+			s.m[name] = nm
+			s.a = append(s.a, nm)
+		}
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	h, ok := nm.metric.(prometheus.Histogram)
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: metric %q isn't a Histogram. It is %T", name, nm.metric))
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+// NewCounter registers and returns new counter with the given name in the s.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned counter is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+func (s *Set) NewCounter(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Counter, error) {
+	c, err := NewCounter(name, help...)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s.registerMetric(name, c)
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func NewCounter(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Counter, error) {
+	name, labels, err := parseMetric(name)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name:        name,
+		Help:        strings.Join(help, " "),
+		ConstLabels: labels,
+	}), nil
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateCounter returns registered counter in s with the given name
+// or creates new counter if s doesn't contain counter with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned counter is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+//
+// Performance tip: prefer NewCounter instead of GetOrCreateCounter.
+func (s *Set) GetOrCreateCounter(name string, help ...string) prometheus.Counter {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	nm := s.m[name]
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	if nm == nil {
+		// Slow path - create and register missing counter.
+		metric, err := NewCounter(name, help...)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid metric name %q: %s", name, err))
+		}
+
+		nmNew := &namedMetric{
+			name:   name,
+			metric: metric,
+		}
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		nm = s.m[name]
+		if nm == nil {
+			nm = nmNew
+			s.m[name] = nm
+			s.a = append(s.a, nm)
+		}
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	c, ok := nm.metric.(prometheus.Counter)
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: metric %q isn't a Counter. It is %T", name, nm.metric))
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+// NewGauge registers and returns gauge with the given name in s, which calls f
+// to obtain gauge value.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// f must be safe for concurrent calls.
+//
+// The returned gauge is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+func (s *Set) NewGauge(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Gauge, error) {
+	g, err := NewGauge(name, help...)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s.registerMetric(name, g)
+	return g, nil
+}
+
+func NewGauge(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Gauge, error) {
+
+	name, labels, err := parseMetric(name)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name:        name,
+		Help:        strings.Join(help, " "),
+		ConstLabels: labels,
+	}), nil
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateGaugeFunc returns registered gauge with the given name in s
+// or creates new gauge if s doesn't contain gauge with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned gauge is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+//
+// Performance tip: prefer NewGauge instead of GetOrCreateGauge.
+func (s *Set) GetOrCreateGauge(name string, help ...string) prometheus.Gauge {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	nm := s.m[name]
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	if nm == nil {
+		// Slow path - create and register missing gauge.
+		metric, err := NewGauge(name, help...)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid metric name %q: %s", name, err))
+		}
+
+		nmNew := &namedMetric{
+			name:   name,
+			metric: metric,
+		}
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		nm = s.m[name]
+		if nm == nil {
+			nm = nmNew
+			s.m[name] = nm
+			s.a = append(s.a, nm)
+		}
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	g, ok := nm.metric.(prometheus.Gauge)
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: metric %q isn't a Gauge. It is %T", name, nm.metric))
+	}
+	return g
+}
+
+// NewGaugeFunc registers and returns gauge with the given name in s, which calls f
+// to obtain gauge value.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// f must be safe for concurrent calls.
+//
+// The returned gauge is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+func (s *Set) NewGaugeFunc(name string, f func() float64, help ...string) (prometheus.GaugeFunc, error) {
+	g, err := NewGaugeFunc(name, f, help...)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s.registerMetric(name, g)
+	return g, nil
+}
+
+func NewGaugeFunc(name string, f func() float64, help ...string) (prometheus.GaugeFunc, error) {
+	if f == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("BUG: f cannot be nil")
+	}
+
+	name, labels, err := parseMetric(name)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return prometheus.NewGaugeFunc(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name:        name,
+		Help:        strings.Join(help, " "),
+		ConstLabels: labels,
+	}, f), nil
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateGaugeFunc returns registered gauge with the given name in s
+// or creates new gauge if s doesn't contain gauge with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned gauge is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+//
+// Performance tip: prefer NewGauge instead of GetOrCreateGauge.
+func (s *Set) GetOrCreateGaugeFunc(name string, f func() float64, help ...string) prometheus.GaugeFunc {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	nm := s.m[name]
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	if nm == nil {
+		// Slow path - create and register missing gauge.
+		if f == nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: f cannot be nil"))
+		}
+
+		metric, err := NewGaugeFunc(name, f, help...)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid metric name %q: %s", name, err))
+		}
+
+		nmNew := &namedMetric{
+			name:   name,
+			metric: metric,
+		}
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		nm = s.m[name]
+		if nm == nil {
+			nm = nmNew
+			s.m[name] = nm
+			s.a = append(s.a, nm)
+		}
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	g, ok := nm.metric.(prometheus.GaugeFunc)
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: metric %q isn't a Gauge. It is %T", name, nm.metric))
+	}
+	return g
+}
+
+const defaultSummaryWindow = 5 * time.Minute
+
+var defaultSummaryQuantiles = map[float64]float64{0.5: 0.05, 0.9: 0.01, 0.97: 0.003, 0.99: 0.001}
+
+// NewSummary creates and returns new summary with the given name in s.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned summary is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+func (s *Set) NewSummary(name string, help ...string) (prometheus.Summary, error) {
+	sm, err := NewSummary(name, defaultSummaryWindow, defaultSummaryQuantiles, help...)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	// defer will unlock in case of panic
+	// checks in tests
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	s.registerMetric(name, sm)
+	return sm, nil
+}
+
+// NewSummary creates and returns new summary in s with the given name,
+// window and quantiles.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned summary is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+func NewSummary(name string, window time.Duration, quantiles map[float64]float64, help ...string) (prometheus.Summary, error) {
+	name, labels, err := parseMetric(name)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return prometheus.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
+		Name:        name,
+		ConstLabels: labels,
+		Objectives:  quantiles,
+		MaxAge:      window,
+	}), nil
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateSummary returns registered summary with the given name in s
+// or creates new summary if s doesn't contain summary with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned summary is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+//
+// Performance tip: prefer NewSummary instead of GetOrCreateSummary.
+func (s *Set) GetOrCreateSummary(name string, help ...string) prometheus.Summary {
+	return s.GetOrCreateSummaryExt(name, defaultSummaryWindow, defaultSummaryQuantiles, help...)
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateSummaryExt returns registered summary with the given name,
+// window and quantiles in s or creates new summary if s doesn't
+// contain summary with the given name.
+//
+// name must be valid Prometheus-compatible metric with possible labels.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - foo
+//   - foo{bar="baz"}
+//   - foo{bar="baz",aaa="b"}
+//
+// The returned summary is safe to use from concurrent goroutines.
+//
+// Performance tip: prefer NewSummaryExt instead of GetOrCreateSummaryExt.
+func (s *Set) GetOrCreateSummaryExt(name string, window time.Duration, quantiles map[float64]float64, help ...string) prometheus.Summary {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	nm := s.m[name]
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	if nm == nil {
+		// Slow path - create and register missing summary.
+		metric, err := NewSummary(name, window, quantiles, help...)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid metric name %q: %s", name, err))
+		}
+
+		nmNew := &namedMetric{
+			name:   name,
+			metric: metric,
+		}
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		nm = s.m[name]
+		if nm == nil {
+			nm = nmNew
+			s.m[name] = nm
+			s.a = append(s.a, nm)
+		}
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	sm, ok := nm.metric.(prometheus.Summary)
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: metric %q isn't a Summary. It is %T", name, nm.metric))
+	}
+
+	return sm
+}
+
+func (s *Set) registerMetric(name string, m prometheus.Metric) {
+	if _, _, err := parseMetric(name); err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid metric name %q: %s", name, err))
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	// defer will unlock in case of panic
+	// checks in test
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	s.mustRegisterLocked(name, m)
+}
+
+// mustRegisterLocked registers given metric with the given name.
+//
+// Panics if the given name was already registered before.
+func (s *Set) mustRegisterLocked(name string, m prometheus.Metric) {
+	_, ok := s.m[name]
+	if !ok {
+		nm := &namedMetric{
+			name:   name,
+			metric: m,
+		}
+		s.m[name] = nm
+		s.a = append(s.a, nm)
+	}
+	if ok {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: metric %q is already registered", name))
+	}
+}
+
+// UnregisterMetric removes metric with the given name from s.
+//
+// True is returned if the metric has been removed.
+// False is returned if the given metric is missing in s.
+func (s *Set) UnregisterMetric(name string) bool {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	nm, ok := s.m[name]
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.unregisterMetricLocked(nm)
+}
+
+func (s *Set) unregisterMetricLocked(nm *namedMetric) bool {
+	name := nm.name
+	delete(s.m, name)
+
+	deleteFromList := func(metricName string) {
+		for i, nm := range s.a {
+			if nm.name == metricName {
+				s.a = append(s.a[:i], s.a[i+1:]...)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: cannot find metric %q in the list of registered metrics", name))
+	}
+
+	// remove metric from s.a
+	deleteFromList(name)
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// UnregisterAllMetrics de-registers all metrics registered in s.
+func (s *Set) UnregisterAllMetrics() {
+	metricNames := s.ListMetricNames()
+	for _, name := range metricNames {
+		s.UnregisterMetric(name)
+	}
+}
+
+// ListMetricNames returns sorted list of all the metrics in s.
+func (s *Set) ListMetricNames() []string {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	metricNames := make([]string, 0, len(s.m))
+	for _, nm := range s.m {
+		if nm.isAux {
+			continue
+		}
+		metricNames = append(metricNames, nm.name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(metricNames)
+	return metricNames
+}
diff --git a/internal/miner/gasLimit.go b/internal/miner/gasLimit.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..269c64d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/miner/gasLimit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package miner
+
+import "github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+func CalcGasLimit(parentGasLimit, desiredLimit uint64) uint64 {
+	delta := parentGasLimit/params.GasLimitBoundDivisor - 1
+	limit := parentGasLimit
+	if desiredLimit < params.MinGasLimit {
+		desiredLimit = params.MinGasLimit
+	}
+	// If we're outside our allowed gas range, we try to hone towards them
+	if limit < desiredLimit {
+		limit = parentGasLimit + delta
+		if limit > desiredLimit {
+			limit = desiredLimit
+		}
+		return limit
+	}
+	if limit > desiredLimit {
+		limit = parentGasLimit - delta
+		if limit < desiredLimit {
+			limit = desiredLimit
+		}
+	}
+	return limit
+}
diff --git a/internal/miner/miner.go b/internal/miner/miner.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6217a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/miner/miner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package miner
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type Miner struct {
+	coinbase types.Address
+	engine   consensus.Engine
+	worker   *worker
+	txsPool  common.ITxsPool
+
+	startCh chan types.Address
+	stopCh  chan struct{}
+
+	ctx context.Context
+	//errCtx context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+
+	group *errgroup.Group
+}
+
+func NewMiner(ctx context.Context, cfg *conf.Config, bc common.IBlockChain, engine consensus.Engine, txsPool common.ITxsPool, isLocalBlock func(header *block.Header) bool) *Miner {
+	group, errCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	miner := &Miner{
+		engine:  engine,
+		txsPool: txsPool,
+		startCh: make(chan types.Address),
+		stopCh:  make(chan struct{}),
+		group:   group,
+		ctx:     errCtx,
+		worker:  newWorker(errCtx, group, cfg.ChainCfg, engine, bc, txsPool, isLocalBlock, false, cfg.Miner),
+	}
+
+	return miner
+}
+
+func (m *Miner) Start() {
+	log.Info("start miner", "coinbase", m.coinbase)
+	m.group.Go(func() error {
+		return m.runLoop()
+	})
+	m.startCh <- m.coinbase
+}
+
+func (m *Miner) runLoop() error {
+	defer m.cancel()
+	startCh := make(chan common.DownloaderFinishEvent)
+	doneCh := make(chan common.DownloaderStartEvent)
+	start := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(startCh)
+	done := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(doneCh)
+
+	defer func() {
+		start.Unsubscribe()
+		done.Unsubscribe()
+	}()
+
+	defer func() {
+		if m.Mining() {
+			m.worker.close()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	canStart := false
+	shouldStart := false
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-m.ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		case _, ok := <-startCh:
+			if ok {
+				canStart = true
+				if !m.Mining() && shouldStart {
+					time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
+					m.SetCoinbase(m.coinbase)
+					m.worker.start()
+				}
+			}
+		case _, ok := <-doneCh:
+			if ok {
+				if m.Mining() {
+					m.worker.stop()
+				}
+			}
+		case err := <-start.Err():
+			return err
+		case err := <-done.Err():
+			return err
+		case addr, ok := <-m.startCh:
+			if ok {
+				m.SetCoinbase(addr)
+				if canStart {
+					m.worker.start()
+				}
+				shouldStart = true
+			}
+		case <-m.stopCh:
+			shouldStart = false
+			if m.Mining() {
+				m.worker.stop()
+			}
+		case <-m.ctx.Done():
+			return m.ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (miner *Miner) Close() {
+	//close(miner.exitCh)
+	//miner.wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func (m *Miner) Mining() bool {
+	return m.worker.isRunning()
+}
+
+func (m *Miner) SetCoinbase(addr types.Address) {
+	m.coinbase = addr
+	m.worker.setCoinbase(addr)
+}
+
+func (m *Miner) PendingBlockAndReceipts() (block.IBlock, block.Receipts) {
+	return m.worker.pendingBlockAndReceipts()
+}
diff --git a/internal/miner/worker.go b/internal/miner/worker.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e669ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/miner/worker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package miner
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/core"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/api"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/metrics/prometheus"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	vm2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+var (
+	blockSignGauge = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("block_sign_counter", true)
+)
+
+type task struct {
+	receipts  []*block.Receipt
+	state     *state.IntraBlockState
+	block     block.IBlock
+	createdAt time.Time
+	nopay     map[types.Address]*uint256.Int
+}
+
+type newWorkReq struct {
+	interrupt *atomic.Int32
+	noempty   bool
+	timestamp int64
+}
+
+type generateParams struct {
+	timestamp  uint64        // The timstamp for sealing task
+	parentHash types.Hash    // Parent block hash, empty means the latest chain head
+	coinbase   types.Address // The fee recipient address for including transaction
+	random     types.Hash    // The randomness generated by beacon chain, empty before the merge
+	noTxs      bool          // Flag whether an empty block without any transaction is expected
+}
+
+type environment struct {
+	//signer types.Signer
+
+	//state     *state.IntraBlockState
+	ancestors mapset.Set      // ancestor set (used for checking uncle parent validity)
+	family    mapset.Set      // family set (used for checking uncle invalidity)
+	tcount    int             // tx count in cycle
+	gasPool   *common.GasPool // available gas used to pack transactions
+	coinbase  types.Address
+
+	header   *block.Header
+	txs      []*transaction.Transaction
+	receipts []*block.Receipt
+}
+
+func (env *environment) copy() *environment {
+	cpy := &environment{
+		ancestors: env.ancestors.Clone(),
+		family:    env.family.Clone(),
+		tcount:    env.tcount,
+		coinbase:  env.coinbase,
+		header:    block.CopyHeader(env.header),
+		receipts:  env.receipts,
+	}
+	if env.gasPool != nil {
+		gasPool := *env.gasPool
+		cpy.gasPool = &gasPool
+	}
+
+	cpy.txs = make([]*transaction.Transaction, len(env.txs))
+	copy(cpy.txs, env.txs)
+	return cpy
+}
+
+const (
+	commitInterruptNone int32 = iota
+	commitInterruptNewHead
+	commitInterruptResubmit
+	commitInterruptTimeout
+)
+
+const (
+	minPeriodInterval      = 1 * time.Second // 1s
+	staleThreshold         = 7
+	resubmitAdjustChanSize = 10
+
+	// maxRecommitInterval is the maximum time interval to recreate the sealing block with
+	// any newly arrived transactions.
+	maxRecommitInterval = 12 * time.Second
+
+	intervalAdjustRatio = 0.1
+
+	intervalAdjustBias = 200 * 1000.0 * 1000.0
+)
+
+var (
+	errBlockInterruptedByNewHead  = errors.New("new head arrived while building block")
+	errBlockInterruptedByRecommit = errors.New("recommit interrupt while building block")
+	errBlockInterruptedByTimeout  = errors.New("timeout while building block")
+)
+
+// intervalAdjust represents a resubmitting interval adjustment.
+type intervalAdjust struct {
+	ratio float64
+	inc   bool
+}
+
+type worker struct {
+	minerConf conf.MinerConfig
+	engine    consensus.Engine
+	chain     common.IBlockChain
+	txsPool   common.ITxsPool
+
+	coinbase    types.Address
+	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+
+	isLocalBlock func(header *block.Header) bool
+	pendingTasks map[types.Hash]*task
+
+	wg sync.WaitGroup
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+
+	startCh   chan struct{}
+	newWorkCh chan *newWorkReq
+	resultCh  chan block.IBlock
+	taskCh    chan *task
+
+	resubmitAdjustCh chan *intervalAdjust
+
+	running int32
+	newTxs  int32
+
+	group  *errgroup.Group
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+	//current     *environment
+	newTaskHook func(*task)
+
+	snapshotMu       sync.RWMutex // The lock used to protect the snapshots below
+	snapshotBlock    block.IBlock
+	snapshotReceipts block.Receipts
+}
+
+func newWorker(ctx context.Context, group *errgroup.Group, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, bc common.IBlockChain, txsPool common.ITxsPool, isLocalBlock func(header *block.Header) bool, init bool, minerConf conf.MinerConfig) *worker {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	worker := &worker{
+		engine:           engine,
+		chain:            bc,
+		txsPool:          txsPool,
+		chainConfig:      chainConfig,
+		mu:               sync.RWMutex{},
+		startCh:          make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		group:            group,
+		isLocalBlock:     isLocalBlock,
+		ctx:              c,
+		cancel:           cancel,
+		taskCh:           make(chan *task),
+		newWorkCh:        make(chan *newWorkReq),
+		resultCh:         make(chan block.IBlock),
+		pendingTasks:     make(map[types.Hash]*task),
+		minerConf:        minerConf,
+		resubmitAdjustCh: make(chan *intervalAdjust, resubmitAdjustChanSize),
+	}
+	recommit := worker.minerConf.Recommit
+	if recommit < minPeriodInterval {
+		recommit = minPeriodInterval
+	}
+
+	// machine verify
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		return api.MachineVerify(ctx)
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		return worker.workLoop(recommit)
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		return worker.runLoop()
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		return worker.taskLoop()
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		return worker.resultLoop()
+	})
+
+	if init {
+		worker.startCh <- struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	return worker
+}
+
+func (w *worker) start() {
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&w.running, 1)
+	w.startCh <- struct{}{}
+}
+
+func (w *worker) stop() {
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&w.running, 0)
+}
+
+func (w *worker) close() {
+
+}
+
+func (w *worker) isRunning() bool {
+	return atomic.LoadInt32(&w.running) == 1
+}
+func (w *worker) setCoinbase(addr types.Address) {
+	w.mu.Lock()
+	defer w.mu.Unlock()
+	w.coinbase = addr
+}
+
+func (w *worker) runLoop() error {
+	defer w.cancel()
+	defer w.stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+			return w.ctx.Err()
+		case req := <-w.newWorkCh:
+			err := w.commitWork(req.interrupt, req.noempty, req.timestamp)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("runLoop err:", err.Error())
+				//w.startCh <- struct{}{}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *worker) resultLoop() error {
+	defer w.cancel()
+	defer w.stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+			return w.ctx.Err()
+		case blk := <-w.resultCh:
+			if blk == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Short circuit when receiving duplicate result caused by resubmitting.
+			if w.chain.HasBlock(blk.Hash(), blk.Number64().Uint64()) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			var (
+				sealhash = w.engine.SealHash(blk.Header())
+				hash     = blk.Hash()
+			)
+			w.mu.RLock()
+			task, exist := w.pendingTasks[sealhash]
+			w.mu.RUnlock()
+			if !exist {
+				log.Error("Block found but no relative pending task", "number", blk.Number64().Uint64(), "sealhash", sealhash, "hash", hash)
+				//w.startCh <- struct{}{}
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Different block could share same sealhash, deep copy here to prevent write-write conflict.
+			var (
+				receipts = make([]*block.Receipt, len(task.receipts))
+				logs     []*block.Log
+			)
+			for i, taskReceipt := range task.receipts {
+				receipt := new(block.Receipt)
+				receipts[i] = receipt
+				*receipt = *taskReceipt
+
+				// add block location fields
+				receipt.BlockHash = hash
+				receipt.BlockNumber = blk.Number64()
+				receipt.TransactionIndex = uint(i)
+
+				// Update the block hash in all logs since it is now available and not when the
+				// receipt/log of individual transactions were created.
+				receipt.Logs = make([]*block.Log, len(taskReceipt.Logs))
+				for i, taskLog := range taskReceipt.Logs {
+					log := new(block.Log)
+					receipt.Logs[i] = log
+					*log = *taskLog
+					log.BlockHash = hash
+				}
+				logs = append(logs, receipt.Logs...)
+			}
+
+			// Commit block and state to database.
+			err := w.chain.WriteBlockWithState(blk, receipts, task.state, task.nopay)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed writing block to chain", "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			blockSignGauge.Set(uint64(len(blk.Body().Verifier())))
+
+			if len(logs) > 0 {
+				event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.NewLogsEvent{Logs: logs})
+			}
+
+			log.Info("🔨 Successfully sealed new block",
+				"sealhash", sealhash,
+				"hash", hash,
+				"number", blk.Number64().Uint64(),
+				"used gas", blk.GasUsed(),
+				"diff", blk.Difficulty().Uint64(),
+				"headerTime", time.Unix(int64(blk.Time()), 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+				"verifierCount", len(blk.Body().Verifier()),
+				"rewardCount", len(blk.Body().Reward()),
+				"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(task.createdAt)),
+				"txs", len(blk.Transactions()))
+
+			if err = w.chain.SealedBlock(blk); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed Broadcast block to p2p network", "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.ChainHighestBlock{Block: *blk.(*block.Block), Inserted: true})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *worker) taskLoop() error {
+	defer w.cancel()
+	defer w.stop()
+
+	var (
+		stopCh chan struct{}
+		prev   types.Hash
+	)
+
+	interrupt := func() {
+		if stopCh != nil {
+			close(stopCh)
+			stopCh = nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+			return w.ctx.Err()
+		case task := <-w.taskCh:
+
+			if w.newTaskHook != nil {
+				w.newTaskHook(task)
+			}
+
+			sealHash := w.engine.SealHash(task.block.Header())
+			hash := task.block.Hash()
+			stateRoot := task.block.StateRoot()
+			if sealHash == prev {
+				continue
+			}
+			interrupt()
+			stopCh, prev = make(chan struct{}), sealHash
+			w.mu.Lock()
+			w.pendingTasks[sealHash] = task
+			w.mu.Unlock()
+
+			if err := w.engine.Seal(w.chain, task.block, w.resultCh, stopCh); err != nil {
+				w.mu.Lock()
+				delete(w.pendingTasks, sealHash)
+				w.mu.Unlock()
+				log.Warn("delete task", "sealHash", sealHash, "hash", hash, "stateRoot", stateRoot, "err", err)
+				if errors.Is(err, consensus.ErrNotEnoughSign) {
+					time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+					w.startCh <- struct{}{}
+				}
+			} else {
+				log.Debug("send task", "sealHash", sealHash, "hash", hash, "stateRoot", stateRoot)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *worker) commitWork(interrupt *atomic.Int32, noempty bool, timestamp int64) error {
+	start := time.Now()
+	if w.isRunning() {
+		if w.coinbase == (types.Address{}) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("coinbase is empty")
+		}
+	}
+
+	current, err := w.prepareWork(&generateParams{timestamp: uint64(timestamp), coinbase: w.coinbase})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("cannot prepare work", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	tx, err := w.chain.DB().BeginRo(w.ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		log.Error("work.commitWork failed", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	stateReader := state.NewPlainStateReader(tx)
+	stateWriter := state.NewNoopWriter()
+	ibs := state.New(stateReader)
+	// generate state for mobile verify
+	ibs.BeginWriteSnapshot()
+	ibs.BeginWriteCodes()
+	headers := make([]*block.Header, 0)
+	getHeader := func(hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block.Header {
+		h := rawdb.ReadHeader(tx, hash, number)
+		if nil != h {
+			headers = append(headers, h)
+		}
+		return h
+	}
+
+	err = w.fillTransactions(interrupt, current, ibs, getHeader)
+	switch {
+	case err == nil:
+		w.resubmitAdjustCh <- &intervalAdjust{inc: false}
+	case errors.Is(err, errBlockInterruptedByRecommit):
+		gaslimit := current.header.GasLimit
+		ratio := float64(gaslimit-current.gasPool.Gas()) / float64(gaslimit)
+		if ratio < 0.1 {
+			ratio = 0.1
+		}
+		w.resubmitAdjustCh <- &intervalAdjust{
+			ratio: ratio,
+			inc:   true,
+		}
+	}
+
+	//var rewards []*block.Reward
+	//if w.chainConfig.IsBeijing(current.header.Number.Uint64()) {
+	//	rewards, err = w.engine.Rewards(tx, block.CopyHeader(current.header), ibs, false)
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		return err
+	//	}
+	//}
+
+	if err = w.commit(current, stateWriter, ibs, start, headers); nil != err {
+		log.Errorf("w.commit failed, error %v\n", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// recalcRecommit recalculates the resubmitting interval upon feedback.
+func recalcRecommit(minRecommit, prev time.Duration, target float64, inc bool) time.Duration {
+	var (
+		prevF = float64(prev.Nanoseconds())
+		next  float64
+	)
+	if inc {
+		next = prevF*(1-intervalAdjustRatio) + intervalAdjustRatio*(target+intervalAdjustBias)
+		max := float64(maxRecommitInterval.Nanoseconds())
+		if next > max {
+			next = max
+		}
+	} else {
+		next = prevF*(1-intervalAdjustRatio) + intervalAdjustRatio*(target-intervalAdjustBias)
+		min := float64(minRecommit.Nanoseconds())
+		if next < min {
+			next = min
+		}
+	}
+	return time.Duration(int64(next))
+}
+
+func (w *worker) workLoop(recommit time.Duration) error {
+	defer w.cancel()
+	defer w.stop()
+	var (
+		interrupt   *atomic.Int32
+		minRecommit = recommit // minimal resubmit interval specified by user.
+		timestamp   int64      // timestamp for each round of sealing.
+	)
+
+	newBlockCh := make(chan common.ChainHighestBlock)
+	defer close(newBlockCh)
+
+	newBlockSub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(newBlockCh)
+	defer newBlockSub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	timer := time.NewTimer(0)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+	<-timer.C // discard the initial tick
+
+	commit := func(noempty bool, s int32) {
+		if interrupt != nil {
+			interrupt.Store(s)
+		}
+		interrupt = new(atomic.Int32)
+		select {
+		case w.newWorkCh <- &newWorkReq{interrupt: interrupt, noempty: noempty, timestamp: timestamp}:
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+		timer.Reset(recommit)
+		//atomic.StoreInt32(&w.newTxs, 0)
+	}
+
+	clearPending := func(number *uint256.Int) {
+		w.mu.Lock()
+		for h, t := range w.pendingTasks {
+			if number.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0).Add(t.block.Number64(), uint256.NewInt(staleThreshold))) < 1 {
+				delete(w.pendingTasks, h)
+			}
+		}
+		w.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+			return w.ctx.Err()
+		case <-w.startCh:
+			clearPending(w.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+			timestamp = time.Now().Unix()
+			commit(false, commitInterruptNewHead)
+
+		case blockEvent := <-newBlockCh:
+			clearPending(blockEvent.Block.Number64())
+			timestamp = time.Now().Unix()
+			commit(false, commitInterruptNewHead)
+		case err := <-newBlockSub.Err():
+			return err
+
+		case <-timer.C:
+			// If sealing is running resubmit a new work cycle periodically to pull in
+			// higher priced transactions. Disable this overhead for pending blocks.
+			//if w.isRunning() && (w.chainConfig.Apos == nil && w.chainConfig.Clique == nil) {
+			//	continue
+			//	commit(false, commitInterruptResubmit)
+			//}
+		case adjust := <-w.resubmitAdjustCh:
+			// Adjust resubmit interval by feedback.
+			if adjust.inc {
+				before := recommit
+				target := float64(recommit.Nanoseconds()) / adjust.ratio
+				recommit = recalcRecommit(minRecommit, recommit, target, true)
+				log.Trace("Increase miner recommit interval", "from", before, "to", recommit)
+			} else {
+				before := recommit
+				recommit = recalcRecommit(minRecommit, recommit, float64(minRecommit.Nanoseconds()), false)
+				log.Trace("Decrease miner recommit interval", "from", before, "to", recommit)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *worker) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, getHeader func(hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block.Header) error {
+	// todo fillTx
+	env.txs = []*transaction.Transaction{}
+	txs, err := w.txsPool.GetTransaction()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("get transaction error", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	header := env.header
+	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+	var miningCommitTx = func(txn *transaction.Transaction, coinbase types.Address, vmConfig *vm2.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, current *environment) ([]*block.Log, error) {
+		ibs.Prepare(txn.Hash(), types.Hash{}, env.tcount)
+		gasSnap := current.gasPool.Gas()
+		snap := ibs.Snapshot()
+		log.Debug("addTransactionsToMiningBlock", "txn hash", txn.Hash())
+		receipt, _, err := internal.ApplyTransaction(chainConfig, internal.GetHashFn(header, getHeader), w.engine, &coinbase, env.gasPool, ibs, noop, current.header, txn, &header.GasUsed, *vmConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			ibs.RevertToSnapshot(snap)
+			env.gasPool = new(common.GasPool).AddGas(gasSnap) // restore gasPool as well as ibs
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		current.txs = append(current.txs, txn)
+		current.receipts = append(current.receipts, receipt)
+		return receipt.Logs, nil
+	}
+
+	log.Tracef("fillTransactions txs len:%d", len(txs))
+	for _, tx := range txs {
+		// Check interruption signal and abort building if it's fired.
+		if interrupt != nil {
+			if signal := interrupt.Load(); signal != commitInterruptNone {
+				return signalToErr(signal)
+			}
+		}
+		if env.gasPool.Gas() < params.TxGas {
+			log.Trace("Not enough gas for further transactions", "have", env.gasPool, "want", params.TxGas)
+			break
+		}
+		// Start executing the transaction
+		_, err := miningCommitTx(tx, env.coinbase, &vm2.Config{}, w.chainConfig, ibs, env)
+
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrGasLimitReached):
+			continue
+		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrNonceTooHigh):
+			continue
+		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrNonceTooLow):
+			continue
+		case errors.Is(err, nil):
+			env.tcount++
+			continue
+		default:
+			log.Error("miningCommitTx failed ", "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *worker) prepareWork(param *generateParams) (*environment, error) {
+	w.mu.RLock()
+	defer w.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	timestamp := param.timestamp
+
+	parent := w.chain.CurrentBlock().Header().(*block.Header)
+	if param.parentHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+		b, _ := w.chain.GetBlockByHash(param.parentHash)
+		if b == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing parent")
+		}
+		parent = b.Header().(*block.Header)
+	}
+
+	if parent.Time >= param.timestamp {
+		timestamp = parent.Time + 1
+	}
+
+	header := &block.Header{
+		//Root:       parent.StateRoot(),
+		ParentHash: parent.Hash(),
+		Coinbase:   param.coinbase,
+		Number:     uint256.NewInt(0).Add(parent.Number64(), uint256.NewInt(1)),
+		GasLimit:   CalcGasLimit(parent.GasLimit, w.minerConf.GasCeil),
+		Time:       uint64(timestamp),
+		Difficulty: uint256.NewInt(0),
+		// just for now
+		BaseFee: uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+
+	// Set baseFee and GasLimit if we are on an EIP-1559 chain
+	if w.chainConfig.IsLondon(header.Number.Uint64()) {
+		header.BaseFee, _ = uint256.FromBig(misc.CalcBaseFee(w.chainConfig, parent))
+		if !w.chainConfig.IsLondon(parent.Number64().Uint64()) {
+			parentGasLimit := parent.GasLimit * params.ElasticityMultiplier
+			header.GasLimit = CalcGasLimit(parentGasLimit, w.minerConf.GasCeil)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := w.engine.Prepare(w.chain, header); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return w.makeEnv(parent, header, param.coinbase), nil
+}
+
+func (w *worker) makeEnv(parent *block.Header, header *block.Header, coinbase types.Address) *environment {
+	//rtx, err := w.chain.DB().BeginRo(context.Background())
+	//if nil != err {
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+	//defer rtx.Rollback()
+	env := &environment{
+		ancestors: mapset.NewSet(),
+		family:    mapset.NewSet(),
+		coinbase:  coinbase,
+		header:    header,
+		//state:     ibs,
+		gasPool: new(common.GasPool),
+		tcount:  0,
+	}
+
+	env.gasPool = new(common.GasPool).AddGas(header.GasLimit)
+	//}
+
+	for _, ancestor := range w.chain.GetBlocksFromHash(parent.ParentHash, 3) {
+		env.family.Add(ancestor.(*block.Block).Hash())
+		env.ancestors.Add(ancestor.Hash())
+	}
+
+	return env
+}
+
+func (w *worker) commit(env *environment, writer state.WriterWithChangeSets, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, start time.Time, needHeaders []*block.Header) error {
+	if w.isRunning() {
+		env := env.copy()
+		iblock, rewards, unpay, err := w.engine.FinalizeAndAssemble(w.chain, env.header, ibs, env.txs, nil, env.receipts)
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if w.chainConfig.IsBeijing(env.header.Number.Uint64()) {
+			txs := make([][]byte, len(env.txs))
+			for i, tx := range env.txs {
+				var err error
+
+				txs[i], err = tx.Marshal()
+				if nil != err {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			entri := state.Entire{Header: iblock.Header().(*block.Header), Uncles: nil, Transactions: txs, Senders: nil, Snap: ibs.Snap(), Proof: types.Hash{}}
+			cs := ibs.CodeHashes()
+			hs := make(state.HashCodes, 0, len(cs))
+			for k, v := range cs {
+				hs = append(hs, &state.HashCode{Hash: k, Code: v})
+			}
+			sort.Sort(hs)
+
+			event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.MinedEntireEvent{Entire: state.EntireCode{Codes: hs, Headers: needHeaders, Entire: entri, Rewards: rewards, CoinBase: env.coinbase}})
+		}
+
+		//
+		w.updateSnapshot(env, rewards)
+
+		select {
+		case w.taskCh <- &task{receipts: env.receipts, block: iblock, createdAt: time.Now(), state: ibs, nopay: unpay}:
+			log.Debug("Commit new sealing work",
+				"number", iblock.Header().Number64().Uint64(),
+				"sealhash", w.engine.SealHash(iblock.Header()),
+				"txs", env.tcount,
+				"gas", iblock.GasUsed(),
+				"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)),
+				"headerTime", time.Unix(int64(iblock.Time()), 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+				"rewardCount", len(iblock.Body().Reward()),
+			)
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+			return w.ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// copyReceipts makes a deep copy of the given receipts.
+func copyReceipts(receipts []*block.Receipt) []*block.Receipt {
+	result := make([]*block.Receipt, len(receipts))
+	for i, l := range receipts {
+		cpy := *l
+		result[i] = &cpy
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// pendingBlockAndReceipts returns pending block and corresponding receipts.
+func (w *worker) pendingBlockAndReceipts() (block.IBlock, block.Receipts) {
+	// return a snapshot to avoid contention on currentMu mutex
+	w.snapshotMu.RLock()
+	defer w.snapshotMu.RUnlock()
+	return w.snapshotBlock, w.snapshotReceipts
+}
+
+// updateSnapshot updates pending snapshot block, receipts and state.
+func (w *worker) updateSnapshot(env *environment, rewards []*block.Reward) {
+	w.snapshotMu.Lock()
+	defer w.snapshotMu.Unlock()
+
+	w.snapshotBlock = block.NewBlockFromReceipt(
+		env.header,
+		env.txs,
+		nil,
+		env.receipts,
+		rewards,
+	)
+	w.snapshotReceipts = copyReceipts(env.receipts)
+}
+
+func signalToErr(signal int32) error {
+	switch signal {
+	case commitInterruptNewHead:
+		return errBlockInterruptedByNewHead
+	case commitInterruptResubmit:
+		return errBlockInterruptedByRecommit
+	case commitInterruptTimeout:
+		return errBlockInterruptedByTimeout
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("undefined signal %d", signal))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/network/error.go b/internal/network/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98a537a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+)
+
+var (
+	badMsgTypeError        = errors.New("p2p: message type is invalid")
+	badLengthEncodingError = errors.New("p2p: remaining length field exceeded maximum of 4 bytes")
+	badReturnCodeError     = errors.New("p2p: is invalid")
+	dataExceedsPacketError = errors.New("p2p: data exceeds packet length")
+	msgTooLongError        = errors.New("p2p: message is too long")
+	packageMsgError        = errors.New("p2p: package message error")
+	notFoundPeer           = errors.New("p2p: not found peer info")
+)
+
+type panicErr struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (p panicErr) Error() string {
+	return p.err.Error()
+}
+
+func raiseError(err error) {
+	panic(panicErr{err})
+}
+
+func recoverError(existingErr error, recovered interface{}) error {
+	if recovered != nil {
+		if pErr, ok := recovered.(panicErr); ok {
+			return pErr.err
+		} else {
+			panic(recovered)
+		}
+	}
+	return existingErr
+}
diff --git a/internal/network/kad_dht.go b/internal/network/kad_dht.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c160dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/kad_dht.go
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"time"
+
+	kademliaDHT "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-kad-dht"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	discovery "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/p2p/discovery/routing"
+)
+
+type KadDHT struct {
+	*kademliaDHT.IpfsDHT
+
+	service *Service
+
+	routingDiscovery *discovery.RoutingDiscovery
+
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+func NewKadDht(ctx context.Context, s *Service, isServer bool, bootstrappers ...peer.AddrInfo) (*KadDHT, error) {
+
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	var mode kademliaDHT.ModeOpt
+	if isServer {
+		mode = kademliaDHT.ModeServer
+	} else {
+		mode = kademliaDHT.ModeClient
+	}
+
+	dht, err := kademliaDHT.New(c, s.host, kademliaDHT.Mode(mode), kademliaDHT.BootstrapPeers(bootstrappers...))
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("create dht failed", err)
+		cancel()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	kDHT := &KadDHT{
+		IpfsDHT:          dht,
+		routingDiscovery: discovery.NewRoutingDiscovery(dht),
+		ctx:              c,
+		cancel:           cancel,
+		service:          s,
+	}
+
+	return kDHT, nil
+}
+
+func (k *KadDHT) Start() error {
+	err := k.Bootstrap(k.ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("setup bootstrap failed", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	//todo
+	//if err := k.discoverLocal(); err != nil {
+	//	log.Error("setup mdns discover failed", err)
+	//	return err
+	//}
+
+	k.routingDiscovery.Advertise(k.ctx, DiscoverProtocol)
+	go k.loopDiscoverRemote()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (k *KadDHT) loopDiscoverRemote() {
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Second)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-k.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			peerChan, err := k.routingDiscovery.FindPeers(k.ctx, DiscoverProtocol)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Warn("find peers failed", err)
+			} else {
+				for p := range peerChan {
+					if p.ID != k.service.host.ID() {
+						log.Tracef("find peer %s", fmt.Sprintf("info: %s", p.String()))
+						k.service.HandlePeerFound(p)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			ticker.Reset(60 * time.Second)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+//func (k *KadDHT) findPeers() []peer.AddrInfo {
+//peers, err := k.routingDiscovery.FindPeers(k.ctx, DiscoverProtocol)
+//if err != nil {
+//	return nil
+//} else {
+//	return peers
+//}
+//}
+
+func (k *KadDHT) discoverLocal() error {
+
+	//m := mdns.NewMdnsService(k.service.host, "", k.service.HandlePeerFound)
+	//if err := m.Start(); err != nil {
+	//	log.Error("mdns start failed", err)
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	//
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/network/node.go b/internal/network/node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a695e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"io"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	libpeer "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+)
+
+var (
+	pingPongTimeOut  = time.Duration(1) * time.Second
+	handshakeTimeOut = time.Duration(2) * time.Second
+)
+
+type NodeConfig struct {
+	Stream     network.Stream
+	Protocol   protocol.ID
+	CacheCount int
+}
+
+type NodeOption func(*NodeConfig)
+
+func WithStream(stream network.Stream) NodeOption {
+	return func(config *NodeConfig) {
+		config.Stream = stream
+	}
+}
+
+func WithNodeProtocol(protocol protocol.ID) NodeOption {
+	return func(config *NodeConfig) {
+		config.Protocol = protocol
+	}
+}
+
+func WithNodeCacheCount(count int) NodeOption {
+	return func(config *NodeConfig) {
+		config.CacheCount = count
+	}
+}
+
+type Node struct {
+	host.Host
+
+	peer    *libpeer.AddrInfo
+	streams map[string]network.Stream // send and read msg stream protocolID -> stream
+
+	sync.RWMutex
+
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+
+	msgCh chan message.IMessage
+
+	service *Service
+
+	config      *NodeConfig
+	msgCallback map[message.MessageType]common.ConnHandler
+	msgLock     sync.RWMutex
+
+	isOK bool
+}
+
+func NewNode(ctx context.Context, h host.Host, s *Service, peer libpeer.AddrInfo, callback map[message.MessageType]common.ConnHandler, opts ...NodeOption) (*Node, error) {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	node := &Node{
+		Host:        h,
+		peer:        &peer,
+		streams:     make(map[string]network.Stream),
+		ctx:         c,
+		cancel:      cancel,
+		isOK:        false,
+		service:     s,
+		msgCallback: callback,
+	}
+
+	config := NodeConfig{
+		Protocol:   MSGProtocol,
+		CacheCount: 100,
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(&config)
+	}
+
+	var stream network.Stream
+	var err error
+
+	node.msgCh = make(chan message.IMessage, config.CacheCount)
+
+	if config.Stream != nil {
+		stream = config.Stream
+	} else {
+		stream, err = node.NewStream(node.ctx, peer.ID, config.Protocol)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to created stream to peer", "PeerID", peer.ID, "PeerAddress", peer.Addrs, "err", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	node.Lock()
+	defer node.Unlock()
+	node.streams[string(config.Protocol)] = stream
+	node.config = &config
+
+	return node, nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Start() {
+	n.isOK = true
+	for _, s := range n.streams {
+		go n.readData(s)
+		go n.writeData(s)
+	}
+}
+
+// ProcessHandshake read peer's genesisHash and currentHeight
+func (n *Node) ProcessHandshake(h *msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage) error {
+	stream, ok := n.streams[string(n.config.Protocol)]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid protocol %stream", n.config.Protocol)
+	}
+
+	errCh := make(chan error)
+	defer close(errCh)
+
+	go func() {
+		var header Header
+		reader := bufio.NewReader(stream)
+		msgType, payloadLen, err := header.Decode(reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to decode protocol handshake msg", "ID", n.peer.ID, "data", stream, "err", err)
+			errCh <- err
+			return
+		}
+
+		if msgType != message.MsgAppHandshake {
+			log.Errorf(badMsgTypeError.Error())
+			errCh <- badMsgTypeError
+			return
+		}
+
+		payload := make([]byte, payloadLen)
+		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed read payload", fmt.Errorf("payload len %d", payloadLen), err)
+			errCh <- err
+			return
+		}
+
+		var m msg_proto.MessageData
+		if err = proto.Unmarshal(payload, &m); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed unmarshal to msg, from peer:%s", stream.Conn().ID())
+			errCh <- err
+			return
+		}
+		if err = proto.Unmarshal(m.Payload, h); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed unmarshal to protocol handshake msessage err: %v", err)
+			errCh <- err
+			return
+		}
+		errCh <- nil
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-n.ctx.Done():
+		return n.ctx.Err()
+	case <-time.After(handshakeTimeOut):
+		log.Warn("Peer handshake timeout", "PeerID", n.peer.ID, "StreamId", stream.ID(), "ProtocolId", n.config.Protocol)
+		_ = stream.Close()
+	case err, ok := <-errCh:
+		if ok {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("unknown cause failure")
+}
+
+func (n *Node) AcceptHandshake(h *msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage, version string, genesisHash types.Hash, currentHeight *uint256.Int) error {
+	if err := n.ProcessHandshake(h); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := n.ProtocolHandshake(h, version, genesisHash, currentHeight, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ProtocolHandshake send current peer's genesisHash and height
+func (n *Node) ProtocolHandshake(h *msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage, version string, genesisHash types.Hash, currentHeight *uint256.Int, process bool) error {
+	phm := msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage{
+		Version:       version,
+		GenesisHash:   utils.ConvertHashToH256(genesisHash),
+		CurrentHeight: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(currentHeight),
+	}
+
+	b, err := proto.Marshal(&phm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	msg := P2PMessage{
+		MsgType: message.MsgAppHandshake,
+		Payload: b,
+		id:      "",
+	}
+
+	s, ok := n.streams[string(n.config.Protocol)]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid protocol %s", n.config.Protocol)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.writeMsg(s, &msg); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if process {
+		return n.ProcessHandshake(h)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) SetHandler(msgType message.MessageType, handler common.ConnHandler) error {
+	n.Lock()
+	defer n.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := n.msgCallback[msgType]; ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	n.msgCallback[msgType] = handler
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) readData(stream network.Stream) error {
+	defer func() {
+		log.Debugf("quit")
+		if n.isOK != false {
+			n.isOK = false
+			stream.Close()
+			n.cancel()
+			n.service.removeCh <- stream.Conn().RemotePeer()
+		}
+	}()
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(stream)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-n.ctx.Done():
+			return stream.Close()
+		default:
+			//log.Debug("start receive peer msg")
+			var header Header
+			msgType, payloadLen, err := header.Decode(reader)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("failed read msg", "StreamID", stream.ID(), "PeerID", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String(), "err", err)
+				return err
+			}
+			//
+			ingressTrafficMeter.Mark(int64(payloadLen))
+
+			payload := make([]byte, payloadLen)
+			_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, payload)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("failed read payload", fmt.Errorf("payload len %d", payloadLen), err)
+				return err
+			}
+
+			//log.Debugf("read %d data, payload len %d", c, payloadLen)
+			var msg msg_proto.MessageData
+			if err = proto.Unmarshal(payload, &msg); err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed unmarshal to msg, from peer:%s", stream.Conn().ID())
+				return err
+			}
+
+			switch msgType {
+			case message.MsgPingReq:
+				log.Tracef("receive ping msg %s", string(msg.Payload))
+				msg := P2PMessage{
+					MsgType: message.MsgPingResp,
+					Payload: []byte("Hi boy!"),
+				}
+				n.Write(&msg)
+			case message.MsgPingResp:
+				log.Tracef("receive pong msg %s", string(msg.Payload))
+			default:
+				n.msgLock.RLock()
+
+				if h, ok := n.msgCallback[msgType]; ok {
+					log.Debug("receive a p2p msg ", "msgType", msgType, "PeerID", n.ID(), "Content", hexutil.Encode(msg.Payload))
+					if err := h(msg.Payload, n.ID()); err != nil {
+						n.msgLock.RUnlock()
+						log.Errorf("failed dispense data err: %v", err)
+						return err
+					}
+				} else {
+					log.Warnf("receive invalid msg, err: %v", badMsgTypeError)
+				}
+				n.msgLock.RUnlock()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Node) makeMsg(payload []byte) proto.Message {
+	key := n.Peerstore().PrivKey(n.Host.ID())
+	//log.Errorf("id: %v", n.Host.ID())
+	sign, err := key.Sign(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to sign ping msg", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	nodePubKey, err := crypto.MarshalPublicKey(n.Peerstore().PubKey(n.Host.ID()))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to get public key for sender from local peer store id=%s", n.ID())
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	msg := msg_proto.MessageData{
+		ClientVersion: "",
+		Timestamp:     time.Now().Unix(),
+		Id:            "",
+		NodeID:        n.ID().String(),
+		NodePubKey:    nodePubKey,
+		Sign:          sign,
+		Payload:       payload,
+		Gossip:        false,
+	}
+
+	return &msg
+}
+
+func (n *Node) writeData(stream network.Stream) error {
+	defer func() {
+		if n.isOK != false {
+			n.isOK = false
+			n.cancel()
+			n.service.removeCh <- stream.Conn().RemotePeer()
+			stream.Close()
+		}
+		close(n.msgCh)
+	}()
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(pingPongTimeOut)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	writeF := func(msg message.IMessage) error {
+		var header Header
+		//log.Debugf("send msg to peer[%s] type %d", stream.Conn().ID(), msg.Type())
+		payload, err := msg.Encode()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to encode msg")
+			return err
+		}
+		if msgData := n.makeMsg(payload); msgData != nil {
+			data, err := proto.Marshal(msgData)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed marshal message data to byts")
+			} else {
+				if err := header.Encode(stream, msg.Type(), int32(len(data))); err != nil {
+					log.Error("failed to send header", msg.Type(), len(data), err)
+					return err
+				} else {
+					if _, err := stream.Write(data); err != nil {
+						log.Errorf("failed to send payload node:%s", stream.Conn().ID())
+					} else {
+						egressTrafficMeter.Mark(int64(len(data)))
+						//log.Debugf("send %d size to node:%s", c, stream.Conn().ID())
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-n.ctx.Done():
+			return stream.Close()
+		case m, ok := <-n.msgCh:
+			if ok {
+				if err := writeF(m); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			} else {
+				log.Error("chan was closed")
+				return fmt.Errorf("chan ws closed")
+			}
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			msg := P2PMessage{
+				MsgType: message.MsgPingReq,
+				Payload: []byte("Hello girl"),
+			}
+			if err := writeF(&msg); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			ticker.Reset(pingPongTimeOut)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Node) writeMsg(stream network.Stream, msg message.IMessage) error {
+	var header Header
+	payload, err := msg.Encode()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to encode msg")
+		return err
+	}
+	if msgData := n.makeMsg(payload); msgData != nil {
+		data, err := proto.Marshal(msgData)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed marshal message data to byts")
+		} else {
+			var buf = new(bytes.Buffer)
+			if err := header.Encode(buf, msg.Type(), int32(len(data))); err != nil {
+				log.Error("failed to send header", msg.Type(), len(data))
+				return err
+			} else {
+				buf.Write(data)
+				if _, err := stream.Write(buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
+					log.Errorf("failed to send payload node:%s", stream.Conn().ID())
+				} else {
+					//Trace
+					log.Debug("send data to peer", "data", hexutil.Encode(buf.Bytes()), "PeerID", stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), "ProtocolID", stream.Protocol(), "StreamID", stream.Conn().ID(), "StreamDirection", stream.Stat().Direction)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Write(msg message.IMessage) error {
+	if !n.isOK {
+		return fmt.Errorf("node already closed")
+	}
+
+	n.msgCh <- msg
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) WriteMsg(messageType message.MessageType, payload []byte) error {
+	if !n.isOK {
+		return fmt.Errorf("node already closed")
+	}
+	//n.msgLock.Lock()
+	//defer n.msgLock.Unlock()
+	msg := P2PMessage{
+		MsgType: messageType,
+		Payload: payload,
+	}
+
+	//n.msgCh <- &msg
+
+	return n.Write(&msg)
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Close() error {
+	n.Lock()
+	defer n.Unlock()
+	if n.isOK {
+		n.isOK = false
+		n.cancel()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) ID() libpeer.ID {
+	return n.peer.ID
+}
+
+func (n *Node) ClearHandler(msgType message.MessageType) error {
+	n.msgLock.Lock()
+	defer n.msgLock.Unlock()
+	if _, ok := n.msgCallback[msgType]; ok {
+		delete(n.msgCallback, msgType)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove connhanlder, msg type %v", msgType)
+}
diff --git a/internal/network/package.go b/internal/network/package.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0a9817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/package.go
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"io"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Maximum payload size in bytes (256MiB - 1B).
+	MaxPayloadSize = (1 << (4 * 7)) - 1
+)
+
+type P2PMessage struct {
+	MsgType message.MessageType
+	Payload []byte
+	id      peer.ID
+}
+
+func (m *P2PMessage) Type() message.MessageType {
+	return m.MsgType
+}
+
+func (m *P2PMessage) Encode() ([]byte, error) {
+	return m.Payload, nil
+}
+
+func (m *P2PMessage) Decode(t message.MessageType, payload []byte) error {
+	m.MsgType = t
+	m.Payload = payload
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *P2PMessage) Peer() peer.ID {
+	return m.id
+}
+
+func (m *P2PMessage) Broadcast() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+type Message struct {
+	msgType message.MessageType
+	payload []byte
+}
+
+type Header struct {
+	DupFlag, Retain bool
+}
+
+func (hdr *Header) Encode(w io.Writer, msgType message.MessageType, remainingLength int32) error {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	err := hdr.encodeInto(buf, msgType, remainingLength)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err = w.Write(buf.Bytes())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (hdr *Header) encodeInto(buf *bytes.Buffer, msgType message.MessageType, remainingLength int32) error {
+	if !msgType.IsValid() {
+		return badMsgTypeError
+	}
+
+	val := byte(msgType) << 4
+	val |= (boolToByte(hdr.DupFlag) << 3)
+	val |= boolToByte(hdr.Retain)
+	buf.WriteByte(val)
+	encodeLength(remainingLength, buf)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (hdr *Header) Decode(r io.Reader) (msgType message.MessageType, remainingLength int32, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		err = recoverError(err, recover())
+	}()
+
+	var buf [1]byte
+
+	if _, err = io.ReadFull(r, buf[:]); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	byte1 := buf[0]
+	msgType = message.MessageType(byte1 & 0xF0 >> 4)
+
+	*hdr = Header{
+		DupFlag: byte1&0x08 > 0,
+		Retain:  byte1&0x01 > 0,
+	}
+
+	remainingLength = decodeLength(r)
+
+	return
+}
+
+func boolToByte(val bool) byte {
+	if val {
+		return byte(1)
+	}
+	return byte(0)
+}
+
+func decodeLength(r io.Reader) int32 {
+	var v int32
+	var buf [1]byte
+	var shift uint
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf[:]); err != nil {
+			raiseError(err)
+		}
+
+		b := buf[0]
+		v |= int32(b&0x7f) << shift
+
+		if b&0x80 == 0 {
+			return v
+		}
+		shift += 7
+	}
+
+	raiseError(badLengthEncodingError)
+	panic("unreachable")
+}
+
+func encodeLength(length int32, buf *bytes.Buffer) {
+	if length == 0 {
+		buf.WriteByte(0)
+		return
+	}
+	for length > 0 {
+		digit := length & 0x7f
+		length = length >> 7
+		if length > 0 {
+			digit = digit | 0x80
+		}
+		buf.WriteByte(byte(digit))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/network/package_test.go b/internal/network/package_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92cfdbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/package_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+//func TestHeader(t *testing.T) {
+//	var (
+//		header  Header
+//		msgType message.MessageType
+//		msg     []byte
+//		buf     *bytes.Buffer
+//		payload []byte
+//	)
+//
+//	msgType = message.MsgPingReq
+//	msg = []byte("this is a message")
+//	buf = new(bytes.Buffer)
+//
+//	header.Encode(buf, msgType, int32(len(msg)))
+//	buf.Write(msg)
+//
+//	//
+//	payload, _ = hexutil.Decode("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")
+//	buf.Reset()
+//	buf.Write(payload)
+//	// or
+//	//payload = buf.Bytes()
+//
+//	t.Logf("encode message: %s", hexutil.Encode(payload))
+//
+//	decodeMsgType, remainingLength, err := header.Decode(buf)
+//
+//	decodeMag, _ := io.ReadAll(buf)
+//
+//	var protoMessage msg_proto.MessageData
+//	if err = proto.Unmarshal(payload, &protoMessage); err != nil {
+//		t.Fatalf("can not decode protoMessage err: %s", err)
+//	}
+//
+//	t.Logf("Decode  protoMessage: %v", protoMessage)
+//
+//	switch decodeMsgType {
+//	case message.MsgAppHandshake:
+//		var handshakeMessage msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage
+//		if err = proto.Unmarshal(protoMessage.Payload, &handshakeMessage); err != nil {
+//			t.Fatalf("can not decode HandshakeMessage err: %s", err)
+//		}
+//		t.Logf("Decode  HandshakeMessage: %v", handshakeMessage)
+//	}
+//
+//	t.Logf("Decode  message type string:%s, type int:%d, decode len:%d, get len: %d", decodeMsgType, decodeMsgType, remainingLength, len(decodeMag))
+//
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatalf("can not decode message err: %s", err)
+//	}
+//
+//	if decodeMsgType != msgType {
+//		t.Fatalf("decode MsgType err want: %s, get: %s", msgType, decodeMsgType)
+//	}
+//
+//	if remainingLength != int32(len(msg)) {
+//		t.Fatalf("decode remainingLength err want: %d, get: %d", int32(len(msg)), remainingLength)
+//	}
+//
+//}
diff --git a/internal/network/protocol.go b/internal/network/protocol.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f6b840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/protocol.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+)
+
+const (
+	DefaultP2PListenAddress = "/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/21324"
+	MSGProtocol             = protocol.ID("/ast/msg/1.0.0")
+	DiscoverProtocol        = "/ast/discover/1.0.0"
+	AppProtocol             = "/ast/app/1.0.0"
+	P2ProtocolVersion       = "0.0.1"
+)
+
+type discoveryNotifee struct {
+	h      host.Host
+	ctx    context.Context
+	peerCh chan peerInfo
+}
+
+func (m *discoveryNotifee) HandlePeerFound(pi peer.AddrInfo) {
+	select {
+	case <-m.ctx.Done():
+		return
+	default:
+
+		if pi.ID == m.h.ID() {
+			log.Warnf("is self peer remote=%s == self=%s", pi.ID.ShortString(), m.h.ID().ShortString())
+			return
+		}
+
+		log.Debugf("Found %s", pi.ID.String())
+		m.peerCh <- peerInfo{
+			peer:          pi,
+			Connectedness: m.h.Network().Connectedness(pi.ID),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type peerInfo struct {
+	peer peer.AddrInfo
+	network.Connectedness
+}
+
+type Handshake func(genesisHash types.Hash, currentHeight uint64) error
diff --git a/internal/network/service.go b/internal/network/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b36ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	kaddht "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-kad-dht"
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	sTopic = "newBlock"
+)
+
+var (
+	egressTrafficMeter  = metrics.GetOrRegisterMeter("p2p/egress", nil)
+	ingressTrafficMeter = metrics.GetOrRegisterMeter("p2p/ingress", nil)
+)
+
+type metricsLog struct{}
+
+func (l metricsLog) Printf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+	log.Debugf(format, v...)
+}
+
+type Service struct {
+	networkConfig *conf.NetWorkConfig
+	dht           *kaddht.IpfsDHT
+	ctx           context.Context
+	cancel        context.CancelFunc
+
+	host host.Host
+
+	nodes common.PeerMap
+	boots []multiaddr.Multiaddr
+
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+
+	removeCh chan peer.ID
+	addCh    chan peer.AddrInfo
+
+	bc common.IBlockChain
+
+	handlers map[message.MessageType]common.ConnHandler
+
+	joinedTopics     map[string]*pubsub.Topic
+	joinedTopicsLock sync.Mutex
+
+	peerCallback common.ProtocolHandshakeFn
+	peerInfo     common.ProtocolHandshakeInfo
+
+	astPubSub common.IPubSub
+}
+
+func NewService(ctx context.Context, config *conf.NetWorkConfig, peers common.PeerMap, callback common.ProtocolHandshakeFn, info common.ProtocolHandshakeInfo) (common.INetwork, error) {
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	s := Service{
+		networkConfig: config,
+		ctx:           c,
+		cancel:        cancel,
+		nodes:         peers,
+		removeCh:      make(chan peer.ID, 10),
+		addCh:         make(chan peer.AddrInfo, 10),
+		peerCallback:  callback,
+		peerInfo:      info,
+		handlers:      make(map[message.MessageType]common.ConnHandler),
+	}
+
+	var peerKey crypto.PrivKey
+	var err error
+	if len(s.networkConfig.LocalPeerKey) <= 0 {
+		peerKey, _, err = crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("create peer key failed", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		peerKey, err = utils.StringToPrivate(s.networkConfig.LocalPeerKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Failed parse string to private key %v", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	h, err := libp2p.New(libp2p.Identity(peerKey), libp2p.ListenAddrStrings(s.networkConfig.ListenersAddress...), libp2p.Security(libp2ptls.ID, libp2ptls.New))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("create p2p host failed", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	h.SetStreamHandler(MSGProtocol, s.handleStream)
+	s.host = h
+
+	return &s, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) Bootstrapped() bool {
+	//return s.networkConfig.Bootstrapped
+	return len(s.networkConfig.BootstrapPeers) == 0
+}
+
+func (s *Service) Host() host.Host {
+	return s.host
+}
+
+func (s *Service) Start() error {
+
+	peersInfo := make([]peer.AddrInfo, 0)
+	for _, bootstrapPeer := range s.networkConfig.BootstrapPeers {
+		peerAddr, err := multiaddr.NewMultiaddr(bootstrapPeer)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("failed parse string to muaddr %v, err %v", bootstrapPeer, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		peerInfo, err := peer.AddrInfoFromP2pAddr(peerAddr)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("failed get peer info from muaddr %v, err  %v", peerAddr.String(), err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if peerInfo.ID == s.host.ID() {
+			continue
+		}
+		peersInfo = append(peersInfo, *peerInfo)
+		s.boots = append(s.boots, peerAddr)
+	}
+
+	kadDHT, err := NewKadDht(s.ctx, s, s.networkConfig.Bootstrapped, peersInfo...)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to new kadDht %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := kadDHT.Start(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(peersInfo) > 0 {
+		log.Debug("start connect bootstrap peers")
+		s.connectBootsStraps(peersInfo)
+	}
+
+	hash, blockNr, _ := s.peerInfo()
+	log.Info("local peer", "PeerId", s.host.ID(), "PeerAddress", s.host.Addrs(), "BlockNr", blockNr.Uint64(), "genesisHash", hash)
+
+	go s.nodeManager(s.addCh)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) PeerCount() int {
+	return len(s.nodes)
+}
+
+// nodeManager node insert
+func (s *Service) nodeManager(peerCh chan peer.AddrInfo) {
+
+	stateTimer := time.NewTicker(60 * time.Second)
+	defer stateTimer.Stop()
+	defer close(peerCh)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-s.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case p, ok := <-peerCh:
+			if ok {
+				if !s.checkNode(p.ID) {
+					log.Debug("discover new peer", "PeerID", p.ID, "PeerAddress", p.Addrs)
+					if node, err := NewNode(s.ctx, s.host, s, p, s.handlers); err == nil {
+						hash, number, err := s.peerInfo()
+						if err != nil {
+							_ = node.Close()
+							continue
+						}
+						var h msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage
+						if err := node.ProtocolHandshake(&h, AppProtocol, hash, number, true); err != nil {
+							log.Warn("cannot Handshake", "PeerID", p.ID, "PeerAddress", p.Addrs, "ProtocolID", AppProtocol, "err", err)
+							_ = node.Close()
+						} else {
+							if cPeer, ok := s.peerCallback(node, utils.ConvertH256ToHash(h.GenesisHash), utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(h.CurrentHeight)); ok {
+								node.Start()
+								s.addNode(cPeer)
+								log.Info("connected peer", "peerInfo", p.String(), "blockNumber", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(h.CurrentHeight).Uint64())
+								event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.PeerJoinEvent{Peer: cPeer.ID()})
+							} else {
+								log.Error("Peer Handshake failed", "PeerID", p.ID, "PeerAddress", p.Addrs)
+								_ = node.Close()
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		case id, ok := <-s.removeCh:
+			if ok {
+				log.Infof("delete node id:%s", id.String())
+				s.deleteNode(id)
+				event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.PeerDropEvent{Peer: id})
+				if !s.checkBootsStrap(id.String()) {
+					s.host.Peerstore().RemovePeer(id)
+				}
+			}
+		case <-stateTimer.C:
+			s.state()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) checkBootsStrap(id string) bool {
+	for _, peerAddr := range s.boots {
+		peerInfo, _ := peer.AddrInfoFromP2pAddr(peerAddr)
+		if peerInfo.ID.String() == id {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// todo
+func (s *Service) connectBootsStraps(bootsStraps []peer.AddrInfo) {
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for _, peerInfo := range bootsStraps {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			if err := s.host.Connect(s.ctx, peerInfo); err != nil {
+				log.Warn("Connection bootnode failed", "err", err)
+			} else {
+				log.Info("Connection established with bootnode ", "PeerID", peerInfo.ID, "PeerAddress", peerInfo.Addrs)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func (s *Service) Wait() {
+	stop := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(stop, syscall.SIGINT)
+
+	select {
+	case <-stop:
+		s.host.Close()
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) state() {
+	s.lock.Lock()
+	defer s.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for ID, p := range s.nodes {
+		log.Debug("Peer state:", "PeerID", ID, "PeerAddress", "peerCurrentNumber", p.CurrentHeight.Uint64(), p.IPeer.(*Node).Addrs(), "connectTime", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(p.AddTimer)))
+		for protocolID, stream := range p.IPeer.(*Node).streams {
+			log.Debug("	stream state:", "protocolID", protocolID, "StreamID", stream.ID(), "connectTime", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(stream.Stat().Opened)), "connectDirection", stream.Stat().Direction)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) addNode(node common.Peer) {
+	s.lock.Lock()
+	defer s.lock.Unlock()
+	if _, ok := s.nodes[node.ID()]; !ok {
+		s.nodes[node.ID()] = node
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) deleteNode(id peer.ID) {
+	s.lock.Lock()
+	defer s.lock.Unlock()
+	if _, ok := s.nodes[id]; ok {
+		delete(s.nodes, id)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) checkNode(id peer.ID) bool {
+	s.lock.RLock()
+	defer s.lock.RUnlock()
+	if _, ok := s.nodes[id]; ok {
+		return ok
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+func (s *Service) handleStream(stream network.Stream) {
+
+	if !s.checkNode(stream.Conn().RemotePeer()) {
+		log.Info("receive peer stream connect", "streamID", stream.ID(), "protocolID", stream.Protocol(), "PeerID", stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		p := s.host.Peerstore().PeerInfo(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+
+		if node, err := NewNode(s.ctx, s.host, s, p, s.handlers, WithStream(stream)); err != nil {
+			stream.Close()
+			log.Errorf("failed to new node %v, err %v", p.String(), err)
+			return
+		} else {
+			hash, number, err := s.peerInfo()
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed to get peer info, err:%v", err)
+				return
+			}
+			var h msg_proto.ProtocolHandshakeMessage
+			if err := node.AcceptHandshake(&h, AppProtocol, hash, number); err == nil {
+				if cp, ok := s.peerCallback(node, hash, number); ok {
+					node.Start()
+					s.addNode(cp)
+				} else {
+					log.Debugf("AcceptHandshake")
+				}
+			} else {
+				log.Debugf("failed accept handshake, err: %v", err)
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("already add node %s", stream.Conn().ID())
+}
+
+func (s *Service) HandlePeerFound(p peer.AddrInfo) {
+	select {
+	case <-s.ctx.Done():
+		return
+	default:
+		if p.ID == s.host.ID() {
+			log.Warnf("is self peer remote=%s == self=%s", p.ID.ShortString(), s.host.ID().ShortString())
+			return
+		}
+		s.addCh <- p
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) SendMsgToPeer(id string, data []byte) error {
+	msg := P2PMessage{
+		MsgType: message.MsgApplication,
+		Payload: data,
+	}
+
+	s.lock.RLock()
+	defer s.lock.RUnlock()
+	if n, ok := s.nodes[peer.ID(id)]; ok {
+		return n.Write(&msg)
+	}
+
+	return notFoundPeer
+}
+
+func (s *Service) ID() string {
+	if s.host != nil {
+		return s.host.ID().String()
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (s *Service) WriterMessage(messageType message.MessageType, payload []byte, peer peer.ID) error {
+	msg := P2PMessage{
+		MsgType: messageType,
+		Payload: payload,
+	}
+
+	s.lock.RLock()
+	defer s.lock.RUnlock()
+	if n, ok := s.nodes[peer]; ok {
+		return n.Write(&msg)
+	}
+
+	return notFoundPeer
+}
+
+func (s *Service) SetHandler(mt message.MessageType, handler common.ConnHandler) error {
+	if _, ok := s.handlers[mt]; ok {
+		return nil
+	} else {
+		s.handlers[mt] = handler
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) ClosePeer(id peer.ID) error {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/network/service_test.go b/internal/network/service_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..179c9f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/network/service_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package network
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestNewService(t *testing.T) {
+	//blockchain := configs.NetWorkConfig{}
+	//NewService(context.TODO(), &blockchain)
+
+}
+
+func TestPeerKey(t *testing.T) {
+	peerKey, _, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	id, err := peer.IDFromPrivateKey(peerKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("id = %s", id.String())
+
+	bKey, err := crypto.MarshalPrivateKey(peerKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("bKey %v", bKey)
+	sKey := crypto.ConfigEncodeKey(bKey)
+	t.Logf("sKey %s", sKey)
+
+	bKey2, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(sKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	peerKey2, err := crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(bKey2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	id2, err := peer.IDFromPrivateKey(peerKey2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("id2 = %s , id1 = %s", id2.String(), id.String())
+}
+
+func TestStartService(t *testing.T) {
+	//strKey := "CAMSeTB3AgEBBCBZandzyO1LLLNawa6diRUh/A7FTOkxLlHuaIaQJ2piDqAKBggqhkjOPQMBB6FEA0IABEhI/zTNfeaDp31XUoGwUACXZ1HswgWtJGxYoqq9CIxfEvMl3HnMn2ZVcSz2z590k/CpfnrsTLik/8dUiXBfh2U="
+	//bKey, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(strKey)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	t.Fatal(err)
+	//}
+	//
+	//peerKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(bKey)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	t.Fatal(err)
+	//}
+	//blockchain := configs.NetWorkConfig{
+	//	ListenersAddress: []string{"/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/0"},
+	//	BootstrapPeers:   nil,
+	//	LocalPeerKey:     strKey,
+	//}
+	//
+	////s := NewService(context.TODO(), &blockchain)
+	//if s == nil {
+	//	t.Fatal("error")
+	//}
+	//
+	//if err := s.Start(); err != nil {
+	//	t.Fatal(err)
+	//}
+}
diff --git a/internal/node/endpoints.go b/internal/node/endpoints.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1922694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/node/endpoints.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+)
+
+func checkModuleAvailability(modules []string, apis []jsonrpc.API) (bad, available []string) {
+	availableSet := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, api := range apis {
+		if _, ok := availableSet[api.Namespace]; !ok {
+			availableSet[api.Namespace] = struct{}{}
+			available = append(available, api.Namespace)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, name := range modules {
+		if _, ok := availableSet[name]; !ok && name != jsonrpc.JSONRPCApi {
+			bad = append(bad, name)
+		}
+	}
+	return bad, available
+}
diff --git a/internal/node/errors.go b/internal/node/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f90c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/node/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package node
+
+import "errors"
+
+var (
+	ErrDatadirUsed = errors.New("datadir already used by another process")
+	ErrNodeStopped = errors.New("node not started")
+	ErrNodeRunning = errors.New("node already running")
+)
diff --git a/internal/node/jwt_handler.go b/internal/node/jwt_handler.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8576d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/node/jwt_handler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const jwtExpiryTimeout = 60 * time.Second
+
+type jwtHandler struct {
+	keyFunc func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error)
+	next    http.Handler
+}
+
+// newJWTHandler creates a http.Handler with jwt authentication support.
+func newJWTHandler(secret []byte, next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return &jwtHandler{
+		keyFunc: func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
+			return secret, nil
+		},
+		next: next,
+	}
+}
+
+// ServeHTTP implements http.Handler
+func (handler *jwtHandler) ServeHTTP(out http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	var (
+		strToken string
+		claims   jwt.RegisteredClaims
+	)
+	if auth := r.Header.Get("Authorization"); strings.HasPrefix(auth, "Bearer ") {
+		strToken = strings.TrimPrefix(auth, "Bearer ")
+	}
+	if len(strToken) == 0 {
+		http.Error(out, "missing token", http.StatusForbidden)
+		return
+	}
+	// We explicitly set only HS256 allowed, and also disables the
+	// claim-check: the RegisteredClaims internally requires 'iat' to
+	// be no later than 'now', but we allow for a bit of drift.
+	token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(strToken, &claims, handler.keyFunc,
+		jwt.WithValidMethods([]string{"HS256"}),
+		jwt.WithoutClaimsValidation())
+
+	switch {
+	case err != nil:
+		http.Error(out, err.Error(), http.StatusForbidden)
+	case !token.Valid:
+		http.Error(out, "invalid token", http.StatusForbidden)
+	case !claims.VerifyExpiresAt(time.Now(), false): // optional
+		http.Error(out, "token is expired", http.StatusForbidden)
+	case claims.IssuedAt == nil:
+		http.Error(out, "missing issued-at", http.StatusForbidden)
+	case time.Since(claims.IssuedAt.Time) > jwtExpiryTimeout:
+		http.Error(out, "stale token", http.StatusForbidden)
+	case time.Until(claims.IssuedAt.Time) > jwtExpiryTimeout:
+		http.Error(out, "future token", http.StatusForbidden)
+	default:
+		handler.next.ServeHTTP(out, r)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/node/node.go b/internal/node/node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1ed292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/node/node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,916 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit"
+	amtdeposit "github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit/AMT"
+	fujideposit "github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit/FUJI"
+	nftdeposit "github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit/NFT"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/debug"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/metrics/prometheus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	astsync "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/sync"
+	initialsync "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/sync/initial-sync"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/gofrs/flock"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common/cmp"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"hash/crc32"
+	"net"
+	"path"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/api"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/mdbx"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/memdb"
+	log2 "github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/apoa"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/apos"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/miner"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/txspool"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+const datadirJWTKey = "jwtsecret" // Path within the datadir to the node's jwt secret
+
+type Node struct {
+	cliCtx       *cli.Context
+	ctx          context.Context
+	cancel       context.CancelFunc
+	config       *conf.Config
+	genesisBlock block.IBlock
+	etherbase    types.Address
+
+	lock          sync.RWMutex  // Protects the variadic fields (e.g. gas price and etherbase)
+	startStopLock sync.Mutex    // Start/Stop are protected by an additional lock
+	state         int           // Tracks state of node lifecycle
+	shutDown      chan struct{} // Channel to wait for termination notifications
+	dirLock       *flock.Flock  // prevents concurrent use of instance directory
+
+	// s
+	miner           *miner.Miner
+	blockChain      common.IBlockChain
+	engine          consensus.Engine
+	db              kv.RwDB
+	txspool         common.ITxsPool
+	depositContract *deposit.Deposit
+	p2p             p2p.P2P
+	sync            *astsync.Service
+	is              *initialsync.Service
+	accman          *accounts.Manager
+
+	api     *api.API
+	rpcAPIs []jsonrpc.API
+
+	http          *httpServer
+	ipc           *ipcServer
+	ws            *httpServer
+	httpAuth      *httpServer //
+	wsAuth        *httpServer //
+	inprocHandler *jsonrpc.Server
+
+	keyDir     string // key store directory
+	keyDirTemp bool   // If true, key directory will be removed by Stop
+
+}
+
+const (
+	initializingState = iota
+	runningState
+	closedState
+)
+
+func NewNode(cliCtx *cli.Context, cfg *conf.Config) (*Node, error) {
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(cliCtx.Context)
+
+	var (
+		genesisBlock    block.IBlock
+		node            Node
+		engine          consensus.Engine
+		depositContract *deposit.Deposit
+		genesisHash     types.Hash
+		genesisConfig   *conf.Genesis
+		chainConfig     *params.ChainConfig
+		chainKv         kv.RwDB
+		err             error
+	)
+
+	//
+	chainKv, err = OpenDatabase(cfg, nil, kv.ChainDB.String())
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := chainKv.View(ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		//
+		genesisHash, err = rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, 0)
+		//
+		if genesisHash == (types.Hash{}) && err != nil {
+			//return fmt.Errorf("GenesisHash is missing err:%w", err)
+			return internal.ErrGenesisNoConfig
+		}
+		if genesisHash == (types.Hash{}) && err == nil {
+			//needs WriteGenesisBlock
+			return nil
+		}
+		//
+		chainConfig, err = rawdb.ReadChainConfig(tx, genesisHash)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		//
+		if genesisBlock, err = rawdb.ReadBlockByHash(tx, genesisHash); genesisBlock == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("genesisBlock is missing err:%w", err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if genesisHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		genesisHash = *params.GenesisHashByChainName(cfg.NodeCfg.Chain)
+		genesisConfig = internal.GenesisByChainName(cfg.NodeCfg.Chain)
+		chainConfig = params.ChainConfigByChainName(cfg.NodeCfg.Chain)
+		if err := chainKv.Update(ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			var genesisErr error
+			genesisBlock, genesisErr = WriteGenesisBlock(tx, genesisConfig)
+			if nil != genesisErr {
+				return genesisErr
+			}
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// update ChainConfig everytime
+	if cfg.NodeCfg.Chain != "private" {
+		if err := chainKv.Update(ctx, func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			genesisHash = *params.GenesisHashByChainName(cfg.NodeCfg.Chain)
+			genesisConfig = internal.GenesisByChainName(cfg.NodeCfg.Chain)
+			if err := WriteChainConfig(tx, genesisHash, genesisConfig); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Acquire the instance directory lock.
+	if err := node.openDataDir(cfg); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cfg.ChainCfg = chainConfig
+
+	p2p, err := p2p.NewService(ctx, genesisBlock.Hash(), cfg.P2PCfg, cfg.NodeCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch cfg.ChainCfg.Consensus {
+	case params.CliqueConsensus:
+		engine = apoa.New(cfg.ChainCfg.Clique, chainKv)
+	case params.AposConsensu:
+		engine = apos.New(cfg.ChainCfg.Apos, chainKv, cfg.ChainCfg)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid engine name %s", cfg.ChainCfg.Consensus)
+	}
+
+	bc, _ := internal.NewBlockChain(ctx, genesisBlock, engine, chainKv, p2p, cfg.ChainCfg)
+
+	if cfg.ChainCfg.Apos != nil {
+		depositContracts := make(map[types.Address]deposit.DepositContract, 0)
+		if depositContractAddress := cfg.ChainCfg.Apos.DepositContract; depositContractAddress != "" {
+			var addr types.Address
+			if !addr.DecodeString(depositContractAddress) {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("cannot decode DepositContract address: %s", depositContractAddress))
+			}
+			depositContracts[addr] = new(amtdeposit.Contract)
+		}
+		if depositNFTContractAddress := cfg.ChainCfg.Apos.DepositNFTContract; depositNFTContractAddress != "" {
+			var addr types.Address
+			if !addr.DecodeString(depositNFTContractAddress) {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("cannot decode DepositNFTContract address: %s", depositNFTContractAddress))
+			}
+			depositContracts[addr] = new(nftdeposit.Contract)
+		}
+
+		if depositFUJIContractAddress := cfg.ChainCfg.Apos.DepositFUJIContract; depositFUJIContractAddress != "" {
+			var addr types.Address
+			if !addr.DecodeString(depositFUJIContractAddress) {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("cannot decode DepositFUJIContract address: %s", depositFUJIContractAddress))
+			}
+			depositContracts[addr] = new(fujideposit.Contract)
+		}
+		depositContract = deposit.NewDeposit(ctx, bc, chainKv, depositContracts)
+	}
+
+	pool, _ := txspool.NewTxsPool(ctx, bc, depositContract)
+
+	is := initialsync.NewService(ctx, &initialsync.Config{
+		Chain: bc,
+		P2P:   p2p,
+	})
+
+	syncServer := astsync.NewService(
+		ctx,
+		astsync.WithP2P(p2p),
+		astsync.WithChainService(bc),
+		astsync.WithInitialSync(is),
+	)
+
+	//todo
+	var txs []*transaction.Transaction
+	pending := pool.Pending(false)
+	for _, batch := range pending {
+		txs = append(txs, batch...)
+	}
+	var bloom *types.Bloom
+	if len(txs) > 0 {
+		bloom, _ = types.NewBloom(uint64(len(txs)))
+		for _, tx := range txs {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			bloom.Add(hash.Bytes())
+		}
+	}
+
+	miner := miner.NewMiner(ctx, cfg, bc, engine, pool, nil)
+
+	keyDir, isEphem, err := getKeyStoreDir(&cfg.NodeCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Creates an empty AccountManager with no backends. Callers (e.g. cmd/ast)
+	// are required to add the backends later on.
+	accman := accounts.NewManager(&accounts.Config{InsecureUnlockAllowed: cfg.NodeCfg.InsecureUnlockAllowed})
+
+	log.Info("new node", "GenesisHash", genesisBlock.Hash(), "CurrentBlockNr", bc.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64())
+
+	node = Node{
+		cliCtx:          cliCtx,
+		ctx:             ctx,
+		cancel:          cancel,
+		config:          cfg,
+		miner:           miner,
+		genesisBlock:    genesisBlock,
+		blockChain:      bc,
+		db:              chainKv,
+		shutDown:        make(chan struct{}),
+		txspool:         pool,
+		engine:          engine,
+		depositContract: depositContract,
+
+		inprocHandler: jsonrpc.NewServer(),
+		http:          newHTTPServer(),
+		ws:            newHTTPServer(),
+		wsAuth:        newHTTPServer(),
+		httpAuth:      newHTTPServer(),
+		ipc:           newIPCServer(&cfg.NodeCfg),
+		etherbase:     types.HexToAddress(cfg.Miner.Etherbase),
+
+		accman:     accman,
+		keyDir:     keyDir,
+		keyDirTemp: isEphem,
+
+		p2p:  p2p,
+		sync: syncServer,
+		is:   is,
+	}
+
+	// Apply flags.
+	//SetNodeConfig(ctx, &cfg)
+	// Node doesn't by default populate account manager backends
+	if err = setAccountManagerBackends(&node, &cfg.NodeCfg); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Failed to set account manager backends: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	gpoParams := cfg.GPO
+	if gpoParams.Default == nil {
+		gpoParams.Default = cfg.Miner.GasPrice
+	}
+
+	//
+	log.Info("")
+	log.Info(strings.Repeat("-", 153))
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(cfg.ChainCfg.Description(), "\n") {
+		log.Info(line)
+	}
+	log.Info(strings.Repeat("-", 153))
+	log.Info("")
+
+	node.api = api.NewAPI(bc, chainKv, engine, pool, node.AccountManager(), cfg.ChainCfg)
+	node.api.SetGpo(api.NewOracle(bc, miner, cfg.ChainCfg, gpoParams))
+	return &node, nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Start() error {
+	n.startStopLock.Lock()
+	defer n.startStopLock.Unlock()
+
+	n.lock.Lock()
+	switch n.state {
+	case runningState:
+		n.lock.Unlock()
+		return ErrNodeRunning
+	case closedState:
+		n.lock.Unlock()
+		return ErrNodeStopped
+	}
+	n.state = runningState
+	n.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if err := n.blockChain.Start(); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed setup blockChain service, err: %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if n.config.NodeCfg.Miner {
+
+		// Configure the local mining address
+		eb, err := n.Etherbase()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Cannot start mining without etherbase", "err", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("etherbase missing: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if poa, ok := n.engine.(*apoa.Apoa); ok {
+			wallet, err := n.accman.Find(accounts.Account{Address: eb})
+			if wallet == nil || err != nil {
+				log.Error("Etherbase account unavailable locally", "err", err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("signer missing: %v", err)
+			}
+			poa.Authorize(eb, wallet.SignData)
+		} else if pos, ok := n.engine.(*apos.APos); ok {
+			wallet, err := n.accman.Find(accounts.Account{Address: eb})
+			if wallet == nil || err != nil {
+				log.Error("Etherbase account unavailable locally", "err", err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("signer missing: %v", err)
+			}
+			pos.Authorize(eb, wallet.SignData)
+		}
+
+		n.miner.SetCoinbase(eb)
+		n.miner.Start()
+	}
+
+	if pos, ok := n.engine.(*apos.APos); ok {
+		pos.SetBlockChain(n.blockChain)
+	}
+
+	n.rpcAPIs = append(n.rpcAPIs, n.engine.APIs(n.blockChain)...)
+	n.rpcAPIs = append(n.rpcAPIs, n.api.Apis()...)
+	n.rpcAPIs = append(n.rpcAPIs, tracers.APIs(n.api)...)
+	n.rpcAPIs = append(n.rpcAPIs, debug.APIs()...)
+
+	if err := n.startRPC(); err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed start jsonrpc service", zap.Error(err))
+		return err
+	}
+
+	//n.p2p.AddConnectionHandler()
+	n.p2p.Start()
+	n.sync.Start()
+
+	n.SetupMetrics(n.config.MetricsCfg)
+
+	if n.depositContract != nil {
+		n.depositContract.Start()
+	}
+
+	go n.is.Start()
+
+	log.Debug("node setup success!")
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getAPIs return two sets of APIs, both the ones that do not require
+// authentication, and the complete set
+func (n *Node) getAPIs() (unauthenticated, all []jsonrpc.API) {
+	for _, api := range n.rpcAPIs {
+		if !api.Authenticated {
+			unauthenticated = append(unauthenticated, api)
+		}
+	}
+	return unauthenticated, n.rpcAPIs
+}
+
+func (n *Node) startInProc() error {
+	for _, api := range n.rpcAPIs {
+		if err := n.inprocHandler.RegisterName(api.Namespace, api.Service); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) stopInProc() {
+	n.inprocHandler.Stop()
+}
+
+func (n *Node) openDataDir(cfg *conf.Config) error {
+	if cfg.NodeCfg.DataDir == "" {
+		return nil // ephemeral
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(cfg.NodeCfg.DataDir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Lock the instance directory to prevent concurrent use by another instance as well as
+	// accidental use of the instance directory as a database.
+	n.dirLock = flock.New(filepath.Join(cfg.NodeCfg.DataDir, "LOCK"))
+
+	if locked, err := n.dirLock.TryLock(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if !locked {
+		return ErrDatadirUsed
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) closeDataDir() {
+	// Release instance directory lock.
+	if n.dirLock != nil && n.dirLock.Locked() {
+		n.dirLock.Unlock()
+		n.dirLock = nil
+	}
+}
+
+// obtainJWTSecret loads the jwt-secret, either from the provided config,
+// or from the default location. If neither of those are present, it generates
+// a new secret and stores to the default location.
+func (n *Node) obtainJWTSecret(cliParam string) ([]byte, error) {
+	fileName := cliParam
+	if len(fileName) == 0 {
+		// no path provided, use default
+		fileName = path.Join(n.config.NodeCfg.DataDir, datadirJWTKey)
+	}
+	// try reading from file
+	if data, err := os.ReadFile(fileName); err == nil {
+		jwtSecret, err := hexutil.Decode(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, fmt.Sprintf("failed to decode hex (%s) string", strings.TrimSpace(string(data))))
+		}
+		if len(jwtSecret) == 32 {
+			log.Info("Loaded JWT secret file", "path", fileName, "crc32", fmt.Sprintf("%#x", crc32.ChecksumIEEE(jwtSecret)))
+			return jwtSecret, nil
+		}
+		log.Error("Invalid JWT secret", "path", fileName, "length", len(jwtSecret))
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid JWT secret")
+	}
+	// Need to generate one
+	jwtSecret := make([]byte, 32)
+	rand.Read(jwtSecret)
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(fileName, []byte(hexutil.Encode(jwtSecret)), 0600); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	log.Info("Generated JWT secret", "path", fileName)
+	return jwtSecret, nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) startRPC() error {
+
+	openAPIs, allAPIs := n.getAPIs()
+
+	if err := n.startInProc(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if n.ipc.endpoint != "" {
+		//if err := n.ipc.start(n.rpcAPIs); err != nil {
+		//	return err
+		//}
+	}
+	if n.config.NodeCfg.HTTP {
+		//todo []string{"eth", "web3", "debug", "net", "apoa", "txpool", "apos"}
+		config := httpConfig{
+			CorsAllowedOrigins: utils.SplitAndTrim(n.config.NodeCfg.HTTPCors),
+			Vhosts:             []string{"*"},
+			Modules:            utils.SplitAndTrim(n.config.NodeCfg.HTTPApi),
+			prefix:             "",
+		}
+		port, _ := strconv.Atoi(n.config.NodeCfg.HTTPPort)
+		if err := n.http.setListenAddr(n.config.NodeCfg.HTTPHost, port); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := n.http.enableRPC(n.rpcAPIs, config); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := n.http.start(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Configure WebSocket.
+	if n.config.NodeCfg.WS {
+		port, _ := strconv.Atoi(n.config.NodeCfg.WSPort)
+		if err := n.ws.setListenAddr(n.config.NodeCfg.WSHost, port); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		//todo
+		config := wsConfig{
+			Modules:   utils.SplitAndTrim(n.config.NodeCfg.WSApi),
+			Origins:   utils.SplitAndTrim(n.config.NodeCfg.WSOrigins),
+			prefix:    "",
+			jwtSecret: []byte{},
+		}
+		if err := n.ws.enableWS(n.rpcAPIs, config); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := n.ws.start(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Configure authenticated API
+	if len(openAPIs) != len(allAPIs) && n.config.NodeCfg.AuthRPC {
+		jwtSecret, err := n.obtainJWTSecret(n.config.NodeCfg.JWTSecret)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		config := httpConfig{
+			CorsAllowedOrigins: utils.SplitAndTrim(n.config.NodeCfg.HTTPCors),
+			Vhosts:             []string{"*"},
+			Modules:            []string{"admin", "apos"},
+			prefix:             "",
+			jwtSecret:          jwtSecret,
+		}
+
+		if err := n.httpAuth.setListenAddr(n.config.NodeCfg.AuthAddr, n.config.NodeCfg.AuthPort); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := n.httpAuth.enableRPC(n.rpcAPIs, config); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := n.httpAuth.start(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) stopRPC() {
+	n.http.stop()
+	n.ws.stop()
+	n.ipc.stop()
+	n.stopInProc()
+}
+
+// InstanceDir retrieves the instance directory used by the protocol stack.
+func (n *Node) InstanceDir() string {
+	return n.config.NodeCfg.DataDir
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Close() error {
+	n.startStopLock.Lock()
+	defer n.startStopLock.Unlock()
+
+	n.lock.Lock()
+	state := n.state
+	n.lock.Unlock()
+	switch state {
+	case initializingState:
+		// The node was never started.
+		return n.doClose(nil)
+	case runningState:
+		// The node was started, release resources acquired by Start().
+		var errs []error
+		if err := n.stopServices(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err...)
+		}
+		return n.doClose(errs)
+	case closedState:
+		return ErrNodeStopped
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("node is in unknown state %d", state))
+	}
+}
+
+// stopServices terminates running services, RPC and p2p networking.
+// It is the inverse of Start.
+func (n *Node) stopServices() []error {
+	var errs []error
+	n.stopRPC()
+
+	n.miner.Close()
+
+	if err := n.blockChain.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.engine.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.txspool.Stop(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.depositContract.Stop(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.is.Stop(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.p2p.Stop(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := n.sync.Stop(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+
+	return errs
+}
+
+// doClose releases resources acquired by New(), collecting errors.
+func (n *Node) doClose(errs []error) error {
+	// Close databases. This needs the lock because it needs to
+	// synchronize with OpenDatabase*.
+	n.lock.Lock()
+	n.state = closedState
+	n.db.Close()
+	n.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if err := n.accman.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	if n.keyDirTemp {
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(n.keyDir); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Release instance directory lock.
+	n.closeDataDir()
+
+	// Unblock n.Wait.
+	close(n.shutDown)
+
+	// Report any errors that might have occurred.
+	switch len(errs) {
+	case 0:
+		return nil
+	case 1:
+		return errs[0]
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%v", errs)
+	}
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Wait() {
+	<-n.shutDown
+}
+
+// AccountManager retrieves the account manager used by the protocol stack.
+func (n *Node) AccountManager() *accounts.Manager {
+	return n.accman
+}
+
+// AccountManager retrieves the account manager used by the protocol stack.
+func (n *Node) BlockChain() common.IBlockChain {
+	return n.blockChain
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Database() kv.RwDB {
+	return n.db
+}
+
+// getKeyStoreDir retrieves the key directory and will create
+// and ephemeral one if necessary.
+func getKeyStoreDir(conf *conf.NodeConfig) (string, bool, error) {
+	keydir, err := conf.KeyDirConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	isEphemeral := false
+	if keydir == "" {
+		// There is no datadir.
+		keydir, err = os.MkdirTemp("", "go-ethereum-keystore")
+		isEphemeral = true
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(keydir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+
+	return keydir, isEphemeral, nil
+}
+
+func setAccountManagerBackends(stack *Node, conf *conf.NodeConfig) error {
+	am := stack.AccountManager()
+	keydir := stack.KeyStoreDir()
+	scryptN := keystore.StandardScryptN
+	scryptP := keystore.StandardScryptP
+	if conf.UseLightweightKDF {
+		scryptN = keystore.LightScryptN
+		scryptP = keystore.LightScryptP
+	}
+
+	// For now, we're using EITHER external signer OR local signers.
+	// If/when we implement some form of lockfile for USB and keystore wallets,
+	// we can have both, but it's very confusing for the user to see the same
+	// accounts in both externally and locally, plus very racey.
+	am.AddBackend(keystore.NewKeyStore(keydir, scryptN, scryptP))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// KeyStoreDir retrieves the key directory
+func (n *Node) KeyStoreDir() string {
+	return n.keyDir
+}
+
+func (n *Node) SetupMetrics(config conf.MetricsConfig) {
+	if config.Enable {
+		if config.HTTP != "" {
+			address := net.JoinHostPort(config.HTTP, fmt.Sprintf("%d", config.Port))
+			log.Info("Enabling stand-alone metrics HTTP endpoint", "address", address)
+			prometheus.Setup(address, log.Root())
+		} else if config.Port != 0 {
+			log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("--%s specified without --%s, metrics server will not start.", "metrics.port", "metrics.addr"))
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+func (s *Node) Etherbase() (eb types.Address, err error) {
+	s.lock.RLock()
+	etherbase := s.etherbase
+	s.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if etherbase != (types.Address{}) {
+		return etherbase, nil
+	}
+	if wallets := s.AccountManager().Wallets(); len(wallets) > 0 {
+		if accounts := wallets[0].Accounts(); len(accounts) > 0 {
+			etherbase := accounts[0].Address
+
+			s.lock.Lock()
+			s.etherbase = etherbase
+			s.lock.Unlock()
+
+			log.Info("Etherbase automatically configured", "address", etherbase)
+			return etherbase, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return types.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("etherbase must be explicitly specified")
+}
+
+func OpenDatabase(cfg *conf.Config, logger log2.Logger, name string) (kv.RwDB, error) {
+	var chainKv kv.RwDB
+	if cfg.NodeCfg.DataDir == "" {
+		chainKv = memdb.New("")
+	}
+	var err error
+
+	dbPath := filepath.Join(cfg.NodeCfg.DataDir, name)
+
+	var openFunc func(exclusive bool) (kv.RwDB, error)
+	log.Info("Opening Database", "label", name, "path", dbPath)
+	openFunc = func(exclusive bool) (kv.RwDB, error) {
+		//if config.Http.DBReadConcurrency > 0 {
+		//	roTxLimit = int64(config.Http.DBReadConcurrency)
+		//}
+		roTxsLimiter := semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(cmp.Max(32, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1)*8))) // 1 less than max to allow unlocking to happen
+		opts := mdbx.NewMDBX(logger).
+			WriteMergeThreshold(4 * 8192).
+			Path(dbPath).Label(kv.ChainDB).
+			DBVerbosity(kv.DBVerbosityLvl(2)).RoTxsLimiter(roTxsLimiter)
+		if exclusive {
+			opts = opts.Exclusive()
+		}
+
+		modules.AstInit()
+		kv.ChaindataTablesCfg = modules.AstTableCfg
+
+		opts = opts.MapSize(8 * datasize.TB)
+		return opts.Open()
+	}
+	chainKv, err = openFunc(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err = chainKv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) (err error) {
+		return params.SetastVersion(tx, params.VersionKeyCreated)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return chainKv, nil
+}
+
+func WriteGenesisBlock(db kv.RwTx, genesis *conf.Genesis) (*block.Block, error) {
+	if genesis == nil {
+		return nil, internal.ErrGenesisNoConfig
+	}
+
+	g := &internal.GenesisBlock{
+		"",
+		genesis,
+		//config,
+	}
+	log.Info("Writing genesis block")
+	genBlock, _, err := g.Write(db)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return genBlock, nil
+
+}
+
+func WriteChainConfig(db kv.RwTx, genesisHash types.Hash, genesis *conf.Genesis) error {
+	if err := rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, genesisHash, genesis.Config); err != nil {
+		log.Error("cannot get chain config from db", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func SplitTagsFlag(tagsFlag string) map[string]string {
+	tags := strings.Split(tagsFlag, ",")
+	tagsMap := map[string]string{}
+
+	for _, t := range tags {
+		if t != "" {
+			kv := strings.Split(t, "=")
+
+			if len(kv) == 2 {
+				tagsMap[kv[0]] = kv[1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tagsMap
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Miner() common.IMiner {
+	return n.miner
+}
+
+func (n *Node) Engine() consensus.Engine {
+	return n.engine
+}
+
+func (n *Node) ChainDb() kv.RwDB {
+	return n.db
+}
diff --git a/internal/node/rpcstack.go b/internal/node/rpcstack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e9c850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/node/rpcstack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/rs/cors"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+)
+
+type httpConfig struct {
+	Modules            []string
+	CorsAllowedOrigins []string
+	Vhosts             []string
+	prefix             string
+	jwtSecret          []byte // optional JWT secret
+}
+
+// wsConfig is the JSON-RPC/Websocket configuration
+type wsConfig struct {
+	Origins   []string
+	Modules   []string
+	prefix    string // path prefix on which to mount ws handler
+	jwtSecret []byte // optional JWT secret
+}
+
+type rpcHandler struct {
+	http.Handler
+	server *jsonrpc.Server
+}
+
+type httpServer struct {
+	mux      http.ServeMux
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	server   *http.Server
+	listener net.Listener
+
+	httpConfig  httpConfig
+	httpHandler atomic.Value
+
+	// WebSocket handler things.
+	wsConfig  wsConfig
+	wsHandler atomic.Value // *rpcHandler
+
+	endpoint string
+	host     string
+	port     int
+
+	handlerNames map[string]string
+}
+
+func newHTTPServer() *httpServer {
+	h := &httpServer{handlerNames: make(map[string]string)}
+
+	h.httpHandler.Store((*rpcHandler)(nil))
+	h.wsHandler.Store((*rpcHandler)(nil))
+	return h
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) setListenAddr(host string, port int) error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if h.listener != nil && (host != h.host || port != h.port) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("HTTP server already running on %s", h.endpoint)
+	}
+
+	h.host, h.port = host, port
+	h.endpoint = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", host, port)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) listenAddr() string {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if h.listener != nil {
+		return h.listener.Addr().String()
+	}
+	return h.endpoint
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) start() error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if h.endpoint == "" || h.listener != nil {
+		return nil // already running or not configured
+	}
+
+	h.server = &http.Server{Handler: h}
+
+	//todo
+	h.server.ReadTimeout = time.Duration(60 * time.Second)
+	h.server.WriteTimeout = time.Duration(60 * time.Second)
+	h.server.IdleTimeout = time.Duration(60 * time.Second)
+
+	listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", h.endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.disableRPC()
+		h.disableWS()
+		return err
+	}
+	h.listener = listener
+	go h.server.Serve(listener)
+
+	if h.wsAllowed() {
+		url := fmt.Sprintf("ws://%v", listener.Addr())
+		if h.wsConfig.prefix != "" {
+			url += h.wsConfig.prefix
+		}
+		log.Info("WebSocket enabled", "url", url)
+	}
+
+	if !h.rpcAllowed() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	log.Info("HTTP server started",
+		"endpoint", listener.Addr(),
+		"prefix", h.httpConfig.prefix,
+		"cors", strings.Join(h.httpConfig.CorsAllowedOrigins, ","),
+		"vhosts", strings.Join(h.httpConfig.Vhosts, ","),
+	)
+
+	var paths []string
+	for path := range h.handlerNames {
+		paths = append(paths, path)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(paths)
+	logged := make(map[string]bool, len(paths))
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		name := h.handlerNames[path]
+		if !logged[name] {
+			log.Info(name+" enabled", "url", "http://"+listener.Addr().String()+path)
+			logged[name] = true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	// check if ws request and serve if ws enabled
+	ws := h.wsHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler)
+	if ws != nil && isWebsocket(r) {
+		if checkPath(r, h.wsConfig.prefix) {
+			ws.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	// if http-rpc is enabled, try to serve request
+
+	rpc := h.httpHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler)
+	if rpc != nil {
+		muxHandler, pattern := h.mux.Handler(r)
+		if pattern != "" {
+			muxHandler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if checkPath(r, h.httpConfig.prefix) {
+			rpc.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+}
+
+// enableWS turns on JSON-RPC over WebSocket on the server.
+func (h *httpServer) enableWS(apis []jsonrpc.API, config wsConfig) error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if h.wsAllowed() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("JSON-RPC over WebSocket is already enabled")
+	}
+	// Create RPC server and handler.
+	srv := jsonrpc.NewServer()
+	if err := RegisterApisFromWhitelist(apis, config.Modules, srv, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h.wsConfig = config
+	h.wsHandler.Store(&rpcHandler{
+		Handler: NewWSHandlerStack(srv.WebsocketHandler(config.Origins), config.jwtSecret),
+		server:  srv,
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// stopWS disables JSON-RPC over WebSocket and also stops the server if it only serves WebSocket.
+func (h *httpServer) stopWS() {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if h.disableWS() {
+		if !h.rpcAllowed() {
+			h.doStop()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// disableWS disables the WebSocket handler. This is internal, the caller must hold h.mu.
+func (h *httpServer) disableWS() bool {
+	ws := h.wsHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler)
+	if ws != nil {
+		h.wsHandler.Store((*rpcHandler)(nil))
+		ws.server.Stop()
+	}
+	return ws != nil
+}
+
+// isWebsocket checks the header of an http request for a websocket upgrade request.
+func isWebsocket(r *http.Request) bool {
+	return strings.EqualFold(r.Header.Get("Upgrade"), "websocket") &&
+		strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(r.Header.Get("Connection")), "upgrade")
+}
+
+func checkPath(r *http.Request, path string) bool {
+	if path == "" {
+		return r.URL.Path == "/"
+	}
+	return len(r.URL.Path) >= len(path) && r.URL.Path[:len(path)] == path
+}
+
+func validatePrefix(what, path string) error {
+	if path == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if path[0] != '/' {
+		return fmt.Errorf(`%s RPC path prefix %q does not contain leading "/"`, what, path)
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(path, "?#") {
+		// This is just to avoid confusion. While these would match correctly (i.e. they'd
+		// match if URL-escaped into path), it's not easy to understand for users when
+		// setting that on the command line.
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s RPC path prefix %q contains URL metadata-characters", what, path)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) stop() {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	h.doStop()
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) doStop() {
+	if h.listener == nil {
+		return // not running
+	}
+
+	httpHandler := h.httpHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler)
+	if httpHandler != nil {
+		h.httpHandler.Store((*rpcHandler)(nil))
+		httpHandler.server.Stop()
+	}
+	h.server.Shutdown(context.Background())
+	h.listener.Close()
+	log.Info("HTTP server stopped", "endpoint", h.listener.Addr())
+
+	h.host, h.port, h.endpoint = "", 0, ""
+	h.server, h.listener = nil, nil
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) enableRPC(apis []jsonrpc.API, config httpConfig) error {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if h.rpcAllowed() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("JSON-RPC over HTTP is already enabled")
+	}
+
+	srv := jsonrpc.NewServer()
+	if err := RegisterApisFromWhitelist(apis, config.Modules, srv, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h.httpConfig = config
+	h.httpHandler.Store(&rpcHandler{
+		Handler: NewHTTPHandlerStack(srv, config.CorsAllowedOrigins, config.Vhosts, config.jwtSecret),
+		server:  srv,
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) disableRPC() bool {
+	handler := h.httpHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler)
+	if handler != nil {
+		h.httpHandler.Store((*rpcHandler)(nil))
+		handler.server.Stop()
+	}
+	return handler != nil
+}
+
+func (h *httpServer) rpcAllowed() bool {
+	return h.httpHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler) != nil
+}
+
+// wsAllowed returns true when JSON-RPC over WebSocket is enabled.
+func (h *httpServer) wsAllowed() bool {
+	return h.wsHandler.Load().(*rpcHandler) != nil
+}
+
+func NewHTTPHandlerStack(srv http.Handler, cors []string, vhosts []string, jwtSecret []byte) http.Handler {
+	// Wrap the CORS-handler within a host-handler
+	handler := newCorsHandler(srv, cors)
+	handler = newVHostHandler(vhosts, handler)
+	if len(jwtSecret) != 0 {
+		handler = newJWTHandler(jwtSecret, handler)
+	}
+	return newGzipHandler(handler)
+}
+
+// NewWSHandlerStack returns a wrapped ws-related handler.
+func NewWSHandlerStack(srv http.Handler, jwtSecret []byte) http.Handler {
+	if len(jwtSecret) != 0 {
+		return newJWTHandler(jwtSecret, srv)
+	}
+	return srv
+}
+
+func newCorsHandler(srv http.Handler, allowedOrigins []string) http.Handler {
+	// disable CORS support if user has not specified a custom CORS configuration
+	if len(allowedOrigins) == 0 {
+		return srv
+	}
+	c := cors.New(cors.Options{
+		AllowedOrigins: allowedOrigins,
+		AllowedMethods: []string{http.MethodPost, http.MethodGet},
+		AllowedHeaders: []string{"*"},
+		MaxAge:         600,
+	})
+	return c.Handler(srv)
+}
+
+type virtualHostHandler struct {
+	vhosts map[string]struct{}
+	next   http.Handler
+}
+
+func newVHostHandler(vhosts []string, next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	vhostMap := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, allowedHost := range vhosts {
+		vhostMap[strings.ToLower(allowedHost)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return &virtualHostHandler{vhostMap, next}
+}
+
+func (h *virtualHostHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	// if r.Host is not set, we can continue serving since a browser would set the Host header
+	if r.Host == "" {
+		h.next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(r.Host)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Either invalid (too many colons) or no port specified
+		host = r.Host
+	}
+	if ipAddr := net.ParseIP(host); ipAddr != nil {
+		// It's an IP address, we can serve that
+		h.next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+	// Not an IP address, but a hostname. Need to validate
+	if _, exist := h.vhosts["*"]; exist {
+		h.next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+	if _, exist := h.vhosts[host]; exist {
+		h.next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+	http.Error(w, "invalid host specified", http.StatusForbidden)
+}
+
+var gzPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		w := gzip.NewWriter(ioutil.Discard)
+		return w
+	},
+}
+
+type gzipResponseWriter struct {
+	io.Writer
+	http.ResponseWriter
+}
+
+func (w *gzipResponseWriter) WriteHeader(status int) {
+	w.Header().Del("Content-Length")
+	w.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(status)
+}
+
+func (w *gzipResponseWriter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	return w.Writer.Write(b)
+}
+
+func newGzipHandler(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if !strings.Contains(r.Header.Get("Accept-Encoding"), "gzip") {
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Encoding", "gzip")
+		gz := gzPool.Get().(*gzip.Writer)
+		defer gzPool.Put(gz)
+
+		gz.Reset(w)
+		defer gz.Close()
+
+		next.ServeHTTP(&gzipResponseWriter{ResponseWriter: w, Writer: gz}, r)
+	})
+}
+
+type ipcServer struct {
+	endpoint string
+
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	listener net.Listener
+	srv      *jsonrpc.Server
+}
+
+func newIPCServer(config *conf.NodeConfig) *ipcServer {
+	return &ipcServer{endpoint: fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", config.DataDir, config.IPCPath)}
+}
+
+func (is *ipcServer) start(apis []jsonrpc.API) error {
+	is.mu.Lock()
+	defer is.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if is.listener != nil {
+		return nil // already running
+	}
+	listener, srv, err := jsonrpc.StartIPCEndpoint(is.endpoint, apis)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("IPC opening failed", "url", is.endpoint, "error", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Info("IPC endpoint opened", "url", is.endpoint)
+	is.listener, is.srv = listener, srv
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (is *ipcServer) stop() error {
+	is.mu.Lock()
+	defer is.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if is.listener == nil {
+		return nil // not running
+	}
+	err := is.listener.Close()
+	is.srv.Stop()
+	is.listener, is.srv = nil, nil
+	log.Info("IPC endpoint closed", "url", is.endpoint)
+	return err
+}
+
+func RegisterApisFromWhitelist(apis []jsonrpc.API, modules []string, srv *jsonrpc.Server, exposeAll bool) error {
+	if bad, available := checkModuleAvailability(modules, apis); len(bad) > 0 {
+		log.Error("Unavailable modules in HTTP API list", "unavailable", bad, "available", available)
+	}
+	whitelist := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, module := range modules {
+		whitelist[module] = true
+	}
+	for _, api := range apis {
+		if exposeAll || whitelist[api.Namespace] {
+			if err := srv.RegisterName(api.Namespace, api.Service); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/addr_factory.go b/internal/p2p/addr_factory.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da800ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/addr_factory.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/config"
+	ma "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+)
+
+// withRelayAddrs returns an AddrFactory which will return Multiaddr via
+// specified relay string in addition to existing MultiAddr.
+func withRelayAddrs(relay string) config.AddrsFactory {
+	return func(addrs []ma.Multiaddr) []ma.Multiaddr {
+		if relay == "" {
+			return addrs
+		}
+
+		var relayAddrs []ma.Multiaddr
+
+		for _, a := range addrs {
+			if strings.Contains(a.String(), "/p2p-circuit") {
+				continue
+			}
+			relayAddr, err := ma.NewMultiaddr(relay + "/p2p-circuit" + a.String())
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to create multiaddress for relay node", "err", err)
+			} else {
+				relayAddrs = append(relayAddrs, relayAddr)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(relayAddrs) == 0 {
+			log.Warn("Addresses via relay node are zero - using non-relay addresses")
+			return addrs
+		}
+		return append(addrs, relayAddrs...)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/broadcaster.go b/internal/p2p/broadcaster.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf51273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/broadcaster.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+const (
+	//todo
+	maxBroadcastTime = 8 * time.Second
+)
+
+// ErrMessageNotMapped occurs on a Broadcast attempt when a message has not been defined in the
+// GossipTypeMapping.
+var ErrMessageNotMapped = errors.New("message type is not mapped to a PubSub topic")
+
+// Broadcast a message to the p2p network, the message is assumed to be
+// broadcasted to the current fork.
+func (s *Service) Broadcast(ctx context.Context, msg proto.Message) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "p2p.Broadcast")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, maxBroadcastTime)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	forkDigest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+	if err != nil {
+		err := errors.Wrap(err, "could not retrieve fork digest")
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	topic, ok := GossipTypeMapping[reflect.TypeOf(msg)]
+	if !ok {
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, ErrMessageNotMapped)
+		return ErrMessageNotMapped
+	}
+	castMsg, ok := msg.(ssz.Marshaler)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.Errorf("message of %T does not support marshaller interface", msg)
+	}
+	return s.broadcastObject(ctx, castMsg, fmt.Sprintf(topic, forkDigest))
+}
+
+// method to broadcast messages to other peers in our gossip mesh.
+func (s *Service) broadcastObject(ctx context.Context, obj ssz.Marshaler, topic string) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "p2p.broadcastObject")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	span.AddAttributes(trace.StringAttribute("topic", topic))
+
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	if _, err := s.Encoding().EncodeGossip(buf, obj); err != nil {
+		err := errors.Wrap(err, "could not encode message")
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if span.IsRecordingEvents() {
+		//todo
+		//id := utils.Hash(buf.Bytes())
+		//messageLen := int64(buf.Len())
+		//// lint:ignore uintcast -- It's safe to do this for tracing.
+		//iid := int64(id)
+		//span.AddMessageSendEvent(iid, messageLen /*uncompressed*/, messageLen /*compressed*/)
+	}
+	if err := s.PublishToTopic(ctx, topic+s.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix(), buf.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		err := errors.Wrap(err, "could not publish message")
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/config.go b/internal/p2p/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bd2a85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package p2p
+
+// Config for the p2p service. These parameters are set from application level flags
+// to initialize the p2p service.
+//type Config struct {
+//	NoDiscovery         bool
+//	EnableUPnP          bool
+//	StaticPeerID        bool
+//	StaticPeers         []string
+//	BootstrapNodeAddr   []string
+//	Discv5BootStrapAddr []string
+//	RelayNodeAddr       string
+//	LocalIP             string
+//	HostAddress         string
+//	HostDNS             string
+//	PrivateKey          string
+//	DataDir             string
+//	MetaDataDir         string
+//	TCPPort             uint
+//	UDPPort             uint
+//	MaxPeers            uint
+//	AllowListCIDR       string
+//	DenyListCIDR        []string
+//	//highestBlockSub event.Subscription // Subscription for removed log event
+//	//highestBlockCh  chan common.ChainHighestBlock
+//	//DB kv.Getter
+//}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/connection_gater.go b/internal/p2p/connection_gater.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e42ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/connection_gater.go
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"net"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/control"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	manet "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr/net"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Limit for rate limiter when processing new inbound dials.
+	ipLimit = 4
+
+	// Burst limit for inbound dials.
+	ipBurst = 8
+
+	// High watermark buffer signifies the buffer till which
+	// we will handle inbound requests.
+	highWatermarkBuffer = 10
+)
+
+// InterceptPeerDial tests whether we're permitted to Dial the specified peer.
+func (_ *Service) InterceptPeerDial(_ peer.ID) (allow bool) {
+	return true
+}
+
+// InterceptAddrDial tests whether we're permitted to dial the specified
+// multiaddr for the given peer.
+func (s *Service) InterceptAddrDial(pid peer.ID, m multiaddr.Multiaddr) (allow bool) {
+	// Disallow bad peers from dialing in.
+	if s.peers.IsBad(pid) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return filterConnections(s.addrFilter, m)
+}
+
+// InterceptAccept checks whether the incidental inbound connection is allowed.
+func (s *Service) InterceptAccept(n network.ConnMultiaddrs) (allow bool) {
+	// Deny all incoming connections before we are ready
+	if !s.started {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !s.validateDial(n.RemoteMultiaddr()) {
+		// Allow other go-routines to run in the event
+		// we receive a large amount of junk connections.
+		runtime.Gosched()
+		log.Trace("Not accepting inbound dial from ip address", "peer", n.RemoteMultiaddr(), "reason", "exceeded dial limit")
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.isPeerAtLimit(true /* inbound */) {
+		log.Trace("Not accepting inbound dial", "peer", n.RemoteMultiaddr(), "reason", "at peer limit")
+		return false
+	}
+	return filterConnections(s.addrFilter, n.RemoteMultiaddr())
+}
+
+// InterceptSecured tests whether a given connection, now authenticated,
+// is allowed.
+func (_ *Service) InterceptSecured(_ network.Direction, _ peer.ID, _ network.ConnMultiaddrs) (allow bool) {
+	return true
+}
+
+// InterceptUpgraded tests whether a fully capable connection is allowed.
+func (_ *Service) InterceptUpgraded(_ network.Conn) (allow bool, reason control.DisconnectReason) {
+	return true, 0
+}
+
+func (s *Service) validateDial(addr multiaddr.Multiaddr) bool {
+	ip, err := manet.ToIP(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	remaining := s.ipLimiter.Remaining(ip.String())
+	if remaining <= 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	s.ipLimiter.Add(ip.String(), 1)
+	return true
+}
+
+var privateCIDRList = []string{
+	// Private ip addresses specified by rfc-1918.
+	// See: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918
+	"10.0.0.0/8",
+	"172.16.0.0/12",
+	"192.168.0.0/16",
+	// Reserved address space for CGN devices, specified by rfc-6598
+	// See: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6598
+	"100.64.0.0/10",
+	// IPv4 Link-Local addresses, specified by rfc-3926
+	// See: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927
+	"169.254.0.0/16",
+}
+
+// configureFilter looks at the provided allow lists and
+// deny lists to appropriately create a filter.
+func configureFilter(cfg *conf.P2PConfig) (*multiaddr.Filters, error) {
+	addrFilter := multiaddr.NewFilters()
+	var privErr error
+	switch {
+	case cfg.AllowListCIDR == "public":
+		cfg.DenyListCIDR = append(cfg.DenyListCIDR, privateCIDRList...)
+	case cfg.AllowListCIDR == "private":
+		addrFilter, privErr = privateCIDRFilter(addrFilter, multiaddr.ActionAccept)
+		if privErr != nil {
+			return nil, privErr
+		}
+	case cfg.AllowListCIDR != "":
+		_, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(cfg.AllowListCIDR)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		addrFilter.AddFilter(*ipnet, multiaddr.ActionAccept)
+	}
+
+	// Configure from provided deny list in the config.
+	if len(cfg.DenyListCIDR) > 0 {
+		for _, cidr := range cfg.DenyListCIDR {
+			// If an entry in the deny list is "private", we iterate through the
+			// private addresses and add them to the filter. Likewise, if the deny
+			// list is "public", then we add all private address to the accept filter,
+			switch {
+			case cidr == "private":
+				addrFilter, privErr = privateCIDRFilter(addrFilter, multiaddr.ActionDeny)
+				if privErr != nil {
+					return nil, privErr
+				}
+				continue
+			case cidr == "public":
+				addrFilter, privErr = privateCIDRFilter(addrFilter, multiaddr.ActionAccept)
+				if privErr != nil {
+					return nil, privErr
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			_, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(cidr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			// Check if the address already has an action associated with it
+			// If this address was previously accepted, log a warning before placing
+			// it in the deny filter
+			action, _ := addrFilter.ActionForFilter(*ipnet)
+			if action == multiaddr.ActionAccept {
+				log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Address %s is in conflict with previous rule.", ipnet.String()))
+			}
+			addrFilter.AddFilter(*ipnet, multiaddr.ActionDeny)
+		}
+	}
+	return addrFilter, nil
+}
+
+// helper function to either accept or deny all private addresses
+// if a new rule for a private address is in conflict with a previous one, log a warning
+func privateCIDRFilter(addrFilter *multiaddr.Filters, action multiaddr.Action) (*multiaddr.Filters, error) {
+	for _, privCidr := range privateCIDRList {
+		_, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(privCidr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Get the current filter action for the address
+		// If it conflicts with the action given by the function call,
+		// log a warning
+		curAction, _ := addrFilter.ActionForFilter(*ipnet)
+		switch {
+		case action == multiaddr.ActionAccept:
+			if curAction == multiaddr.ActionDeny {
+				log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Address %s is in conflict with previous rule.", ipnet.String()))
+			}
+		case action == multiaddr.ActionDeny:
+			if curAction == multiaddr.ActionAccept {
+				log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Address %s is in conflict with previous rule.", ipnet.String()))
+			}
+		}
+		addrFilter.AddFilter(*ipnet, action)
+	}
+	return addrFilter, nil
+}
+
+// filterConnections checks the appropriate ip subnets from our
+// filter and decides what to do with them. By default libp2p
+// accepts all incoming dials, so if we have an allow list
+// we will reject all inbound dials except for those in the
+// appropriate ip subnets.
+func filterConnections(f *multiaddr.Filters, a multiaddr.Multiaddr) bool {
+	acceptedNets := f.FiltersForAction(multiaddr.ActionAccept)
+	restrictConns := len(acceptedNets) != 0
+
+	// If we have an allow list added in, we by default reject all
+	// connection attempts except for those coming in from the
+	// appropriate ip subnets.
+	if restrictConns {
+		ip, err := manet.ToIP(a)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Trace(fmt.Sprintf("Multiaddress has invalid ip: %v", err))
+			return false
+		}
+		found := false
+		for _, ipnet := range acceptedNets {
+			if ipnet.Contains(ip) {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		return found
+	}
+	return !f.AddrBlocked(a)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/dial_relay_node.go b/internal/p2p/dial_relay_node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91564f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/dial_relay_node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// MakePeer from multiaddress string.
+func MakePeer(addr string) (*peer.AddrInfo, error) {
+	maddr, err := multiAddrFromString(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return peer.AddrInfoFromP2pAddr(maddr)
+}
+
+func dialRelayNode(ctx context.Context, h host.Host, relayAddr string) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "p2p_dialRelayNode")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	p, err := MakePeer(relayAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, maxDialTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	return h.Connect(ctx, *p)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/common.go b/internal/p2p/discover/common.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..135d88f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/common.go
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/netutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+)
+
+// UDPConn is a network connection on which discovery can operate.
+type UDPConn interface {
+	ReadFromUDP(b []byte) (n int, addr *net.UDPAddr, err error)
+	WriteToUDP(b []byte, addr *net.UDPAddr) (n int, err error)
+	Close() error
+	LocalAddr() net.Addr
+}
+
+type V5Config struct {
+	ProtocolID *[6]byte
+}
+
+// Config holds settings for the discovery listener.
+type Config struct {
+	// These settings are required and configure the UDP listener:
+	PrivateKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+
+	// These settings are optional:
+	NetRestrict *netutil.Netlist  // list of allowed IP networks
+	Bootnodes   []*enode.Node     // list of bootstrap nodes
+	Unhandled   chan<- ReadPacket // unhandled packets are sent on this channel
+	Log         log.Logger        // if set, log messages go here
+
+	// V5ProtocolID configures the discv5 protocol identifier.
+	V5ProtocolID *[6]byte
+
+	ValidSchemes enr.IdentityScheme // allowed identity schemes
+	Clock        mclock.Clock
+}
+
+func (cfg Config) withDefaults() Config {
+	if cfg.Log == nil {
+		cfg.Log = log.Root()
+	}
+	if cfg.ValidSchemes == nil {
+		cfg.ValidSchemes = enode.ValidSchemes
+	}
+	if cfg.Clock == nil {
+		cfg.Clock = mclock.System{}
+	}
+	return cfg
+}
+
+// ListenUDP starts listening for discovery packets on the given UDP socket.
+func ListenUDP(c UDPConn, ln *enode.LocalNode, cfg Config) (*UDPv4, error) {
+	return ListenV4(c, ln, cfg)
+}
+
+// ReadPacket is a packet that couldn't be handled. Those packets are sent to the unhandled
+// channel if configured.
+type ReadPacket struct {
+	Data []byte
+	Addr *net.UDPAddr
+}
+
+func min(x, y int) int {
+	if x > y {
+		return y
+	}
+	return x
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/internal/p2p/discover/lookup.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1050673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+)
+
+// lookup performs a network search for nodes close to the given target. It approaches the
+// target by querying nodes that are closer to it on each iteration. The given target does
+// not need to be an actual node identifier.
+type lookup struct {
+	tab         *Table
+	queryfunc   func(*node) ([]*node, error)
+	replyCh     chan []*node
+	cancelCh    <-chan struct{}
+	asked, seen map[enode.ID]bool
+	result      nodesByDistance
+	replyBuffer []*node
+	queries     int
+}
+
+type queryFunc func(*node) ([]*node, error)
+
+func newLookup(ctx context.Context, tab *Table, target enode.ID, q queryFunc) *lookup {
+	it := &lookup{
+		tab:       tab,
+		queryfunc: q,
+		asked:     make(map[enode.ID]bool),
+		seen:      make(map[enode.ID]bool),
+		result:    nodesByDistance{target: target},
+		replyCh:   make(chan []*node, alpha),
+		cancelCh:  ctx.Done(),
+		queries:   -1,
+	}
+	// Don't query further if we hit ourself.
+	// Unlikely to happen often in practice.
+	it.asked[tab.self().ID()] = true
+	return it
+}
+
+// run runs the lookup to completion and returns the closest nodes found.
+func (it *lookup) run() []*enode.Node {
+	for it.advance() {
+	}
+	return unwrapNodes(it.result.entries)
+}
+
+// advance advances the lookup until any new nodes have been found.
+// It returns false when the lookup has ended.
+func (it *lookup) advance() bool {
+	for it.startQueries() {
+		select {
+		case nodes := <-it.replyCh:
+			it.replyBuffer = it.replyBuffer[:0]
+			for _, n := range nodes {
+				if n != nil && !it.seen[n.ID()] {
+					it.seen[n.ID()] = true
+					it.result.push(n, bucketSize)
+					it.replyBuffer = append(it.replyBuffer, n)
+				}
+			}
+			it.queries--
+			if len(it.replyBuffer) > 0 {
+				return true
+			}
+		case <-it.cancelCh:
+			it.shutdown()
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (it *lookup) shutdown() {
+	for it.queries > 0 {
+		<-it.replyCh
+		it.queries--
+	}
+	it.queryfunc = nil
+	it.replyBuffer = nil
+}
+
+func (it *lookup) startQueries() bool {
+	if it.queryfunc == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// The first query returns nodes from the local table.
+	if it.queries == -1 {
+		closest := it.tab.findnodeByID(it.result.target, bucketSize, false)
+		// Avoid finishing the lookup too quickly if table is empty. It'd be better to wait
+		// for the table to fill in this case, but there is no good mechanism for that
+		// yet.
+		if len(closest.entries) == 0 {
+			it.slowdown()
+		}
+		it.queries = 1
+		it.replyCh <- closest.entries
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Ask the closest nodes that we haven't asked yet.
+	for i := 0; i < len(it.result.entries) && it.queries < alpha; i++ {
+		n := it.result.entries[i]
+		if !it.asked[n.ID()] {
+			it.asked[n.ID()] = true
+			it.queries++
+			go it.query(n, it.replyCh)
+		}
+	}
+	// The lookup ends when no more nodes can be asked.
+	return it.queries > 0
+}
+
+func (it *lookup) slowdown() {
+	sleep := time.NewTimer(1 * time.Second)
+	defer sleep.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-sleep.C:
+	case <-it.tab.closeReq:
+	}
+}
+
+func (it *lookup) query(n *node, reply chan<- []*node) {
+	fails := it.tab.db.FindFails(n.ID(), n.IP())
+	r, err := it.queryfunc(n)
+	if errors.Is(err, errClosed) {
+		// Avoid recording failures on shutdown.
+		reply <- nil
+		return
+	} else if len(r) == 0 {
+		fails++
+		it.tab.db.UpdateFindFails(n.ID(), n.IP(), fails)
+		// Remove the node from the local table if it fails to return anything useful too
+		// many times, but only if there are enough other nodes in the bucket.
+		dropped := false
+		if fails >= maxFindnodeFailures && it.tab.bucketLen(n.ID()) >= bucketSize/2 {
+			dropped = true
+			it.tab.delete(n)
+		}
+		it.tab.log.Trace("FINDNODE failed", "id", n.ID(), "failcount", fails, "dropped", dropped, "err", err)
+	} else if fails > 0 {
+		// Reset failure counter because it counts _consecutive_ failures.
+		it.tab.db.UpdateFindFails(n.ID(), n.IP(), 0)
+	}
+
+	// Grab as many nodes as possible. Some of them might not be alive anymore, but we'll
+	// just remove those again during revalidation.
+	for _, n := range r {
+		it.tab.addSeenNode(n)
+	}
+	reply <- r
+}
+
+// lookupIterator performs lookup operations and iterates over all seen nodes.
+// When a lookup finishes, a new one is created through nextLookup.
+type lookupIterator struct {
+	buffer     []*node
+	nextLookup lookupFunc
+	ctx        context.Context
+	cancel     func()
+	lookup     *lookup
+}
+
+type lookupFunc func(ctx context.Context) *lookup
+
+func newLookupIterator(ctx context.Context, next lookupFunc) *lookupIterator {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	return &lookupIterator{ctx: ctx, cancel: cancel, nextLookup: next}
+}
+
+// Node returns the current node.
+func (it *lookupIterator) Node() *enode.Node {
+	if len(it.buffer) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return unwrapNode(it.buffer[0])
+}
+
+// Next moves to the next node.
+func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
+	// Consume next node in buffer.
+	if len(it.buffer) > 0 {
+		it.buffer = it.buffer[1:]
+	}
+	retries := 0
+	// Advance the lookup to refill the buffer.
+	for len(it.buffer) == 0 {
+		if it.ctx.Err() != nil {
+			it.lookup = nil
+			it.buffer = nil
+			return false
+		}
+		if it.lookup == nil {
+			it.lookup = it.nextLookup(it.ctx)
+			continue
+		}
+		if !it.lookup.advance() {
+			it.lookup = nil
+			continue
+		}
+		it.buffer = it.lookup.replyBuffer
+		retries++
+		//todo
+		if retries > 10 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Close ends the iterator.
+func (it *lookupIterator) Close() {
+	it.cancel()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/metrics.go b/internal/p2p/discover/metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecde6ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
+	"net"
+)
+
+const (
+	moduleName = "discover"
+	// ingressMeterName is the prefix of the per-packet inbound metrics.
+	ingressMeterName = moduleName + "/ingress"
+
+	// egressMeterName is the prefix of the per-packet outbound metrics.
+	egressMeterName = moduleName + "/egress"
+)
+
+var (
+	ingressTrafficMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(ingressMeterName, nil)
+	egressTrafficMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(egressMeterName, nil)
+)
+
+// meteredConn is a wrapper around a net.UDPConn that meters both the
+// inbound and outbound network traffic.
+type meteredUdpConn struct {
+	UDPConn
+}
+
+func newMeteredConn(conn UDPConn) UDPConn {
+	// Short circuit if metrics are disabled
+	//if !metrics.Enabled {
+	//	return conn
+	//}
+	return &meteredUdpConn{UDPConn: conn}
+}
+
+// Read delegates a network read to the underlying connection, bumping the udp ingress traffic meter along the way.
+func (c *meteredUdpConn) ReadFromUDP(b []byte) (n int, addr *net.UDPAddr, err error) {
+	n, addr, err = c.UDPConn.ReadFromUDP(b)
+	ingressTrafficMeter.Mark(int64(n))
+	return n, addr, err
+}
+
+// Write delegates a network write to the underlying connection, bumping the udp egress traffic meter along the way.
+func (c *meteredUdpConn) WriteToUDP(b []byte, addr *net.UDPAddr) (n int, err error) {
+	n, err = c.UDPConn.WriteToUDP(b, addr)
+	egressTrafficMeter.Mark(int64(n))
+	return n, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/node.go b/internal/p2p/discover/node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50e58c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"math/big"
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+)
+
+// node represents a host on the network.
+// The fields of Node may not be modified.
+type node struct {
+	enode.Node
+	addedAt        time.Time // time when the node was added to the table
+	livenessChecks uint      // how often liveness was checked
+}
+
+type encPubkey [64]byte
+
+func encodePubkey(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) encPubkey {
+	var e encPubkey
+	math.ReadBits(key.X, e[:len(e)/2])
+	math.ReadBits(key.Y, e[len(e)/2:])
+	return e
+}
+
+func decodePubkey(curve elliptic.Curve, e []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	if len(e) != len(encPubkey{}) {
+		return nil, errors.New("wrong size public key data")
+	}
+	p := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: curve, X: new(big.Int), Y: new(big.Int)}
+	half := len(e) / 2
+	p.X.SetBytes(e[:half])
+	p.Y.SetBytes(e[half:])
+	if !p.Curve.IsOnCurve(p.X, p.Y) {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid curve point")
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+func (e encPubkey) id() enode.ID {
+	return enode.ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(e[:]))
+}
+
+func wrapNode(n *enode.Node) *node {
+	return &node{Node: *n}
+}
+
+func wrapNodes(ns []*enode.Node) []*node {
+	result := make([]*node, len(ns))
+	for i, n := range ns {
+		result[i] = wrapNode(n)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func unwrapNode(n *node) *enode.Node {
+	return &n.Node
+}
+
+func unwrapNodes(ns []*node) []*enode.Node {
+	result := make([]*enode.Node, len(ns))
+	for i, n := range ns {
+		result[i] = unwrapNode(n)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func (n *node) addr() *net.UDPAddr {
+	return &net.UDPAddr{IP: n.IP(), Port: n.UDP()}
+}
+
+func (n *node) String() string {
+	return n.Node.String()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/ntp.go b/internal/p2p/discover/ntp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7365a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/ntp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Contains the NTP time drift detection via the SNTP protocol:
+//   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4330
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	ntpPool   = "pool.ntp.org" // ntpPool is the NTP server to query for the current time
+	ntpChecks = 3              // Number of measurements to do against the NTP server
+)
+
+// durationSlice attaches the methods of sort.Interface to []time.Duration,
+// sorting in increasing order.
+type durationSlice []time.Duration
+
+func (s durationSlice) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s durationSlice) Less(i, j int) bool { return s[i] < s[j] }
+func (s durationSlice) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+// checkClockDrift queries an NTP server for clock drifts and warns the user if
+// one large enough is detected.
+func checkClockDrift() {
+	drift, err := sntpDrift(ntpChecks)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if drift < -driftThreshold || drift > driftThreshold {
+		log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("System clock seems off by %v, which can prevent network connectivity", drift))
+		log.Warn("Please enable network time synchronisation in system settings.")
+	} else {
+		log.Debug("NTP sanity check done", "drift", drift)
+	}
+}
+
+// sntpDrift does a naive time resolution against an NTP server and returns the
+// measured drift. This method uses the simple version of NTP. It's not precise
+// but should be fine for these purposes.
+//
+// Note, it executes two extra measurements compared to the number of requested
+// ones to be able to discard the two extremes as outliers.
+func sntpDrift(measurements int) (time.Duration, error) {
+	// Resolve the address of the NTP server
+	addr, err := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", ntpPool+":123")
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Construct the time request (empty package with only 2 fields set):
+	//   Bits 3-5: Protocol version, 3
+	//   Bits 6-8: Mode of operation, client, 3
+	request := make([]byte, 48)
+	request[0] = 3<<3 | 3
+
+	// Execute each of the measurements
+	drifts := []time.Duration{}
+	for i := 0; i < measurements+2; i++ {
+		// Dial the NTP server and send the time retrieval request
+		conn, err := net.DialUDP("udp", nil, addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		defer conn.Close()
+
+		sent := time.Now()
+		if _, err = conn.Write(request); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		// Retrieve the reply and calculate the elapsed time
+		conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second))
+
+		reply := make([]byte, 48)
+		if _, err = conn.Read(reply); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		elapsed := time.Since(sent)
+
+		// Reconstruct the time from the reply data
+		sec := uint64(reply[43]) | uint64(reply[42])<<8 | uint64(reply[41])<<16 | uint64(reply[40])<<24
+		frac := uint64(reply[47]) | uint64(reply[46])<<8 | uint64(reply[45])<<16 | uint64(reply[44])<<24
+
+		nanosec := sec*1e9 + (frac*1e9)>>32
+
+		t := time.Date(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).Add(time.Duration(nanosec)).Local()
+
+		// Calculate the drift based on an assumed answer time of RRT/2
+		drifts = append(drifts, sent.Sub(t)+elapsed/2)
+	}
+	// Calculate average drift (drop two extremities to avoid outliers)
+	sort.Sort(durationSlice(drifts))
+
+	drift := time.Duration(0)
+	for i := 1; i < len(drifts)-1; i++ {
+		drift += drifts[i]
+	}
+	return drift / time.Duration(measurements), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/table.go b/internal/p2p/discover/table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20f6884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package discover implements the Node Discovery Protocol.
+//
+// The Node Discovery protocol provides a way to find RLPx nodes that
+// can be connected to. It uses a Kademlia-like protocol to maintain a
+// distributed database of the IDs and endpoints of all listening
+// nodes.
+package discover
+
+import (
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/netutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	mrand "math/rand"
+	"net"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+)
+
+const (
+	alpha           = 3  // Kademlia concurrency factor
+	bucketSize      = 16 // Kademlia bucket size
+	maxReplacements = 10 // Size of per-bucket replacement list
+
+	// We keep buckets for the upper 1/15 of distances because
+	// it's very unlikely we'll ever encounter a node that's closer.
+	hashBits          = len(types.Hash{}) * 8
+	nBuckets          = hashBits / 15       // Number of buckets
+	bucketMinDistance = hashBits - nBuckets // Log distance of closest bucket
+
+	// IP address limits.
+	bucketIPLimit, bucketSubnet = 2, 24 // at most 2 addresses from the same /24
+	tableIPLimit, tableSubnet   = 10, 24
+
+	// refreshInterval 5分钟一刷新。
+	refreshInterval    = 5 * time.Minute
+	revalidateInterval = 10 * time.Second
+	copyNodesInterval  = 30 * time.Second
+	seedMinTableTime   = 5 * time.Minute
+	seedCount          = 30
+	seedMaxAge         = 5 * 24 * time.Hour
+)
+
+// Table is the 'node table', a Kademlia-like index of neighbor nodes. The table keeps
+// itself up-to-date by verifying the liveness of neighbors and requesting their node
+// records when announcements of a new record version are received.
+type Table struct {
+	mutex   sync.Mutex        // protects buckets, bucket content, nursery, rand
+	buckets [nBuckets]*bucket // index of known nodes by distance
+	nursery []*node           // bootstrap nodes
+	rand    *mrand.Rand       // source of randomness, periodically reseeded
+	ips     netutil.DistinctNetSet
+
+	log        log.Logger
+	db         *enode.DB // database of known nodes
+	net        transport
+	refreshReq chan chan struct{}
+	initDone   chan struct{}
+	closeReq   chan struct{}
+	closed     chan struct{}
+
+	nodeAddedHook func(*node) // for testing
+}
+
+// transport is implemented by the UDP transports.
+type transport interface {
+	Self() *enode.Node
+	RequestENR(*enode.Node) (*enode.Node, error)
+	lookupRandom() []*enode.Node
+	lookupSelf() []*enode.Node
+	ping(*enode.Node) (seq uint64, err error)
+}
+
+// bucket contains nodes, ordered by their last activity. the entry
+// that was most recently active is the first element in entries.
+type bucket struct {
+	entries      []*node // live entries, sorted by time of last contact
+	replacements []*node // recently seen nodes to be used if revalidation fails
+	ips          netutil.DistinctNetSet
+}
+
+func newTable(t transport, db *enode.DB, bootnodes []*enode.Node, log log.Logger) (*Table, error) {
+	tab := &Table{
+		net:        t,
+		db:         db,
+		refreshReq: make(chan chan struct{}),
+		initDone:   make(chan struct{}),
+		closeReq:   make(chan struct{}),
+		closed:     make(chan struct{}),
+		rand:       mrand.New(mrand.NewSource(0)),
+		ips:        netutil.DistinctNetSet{Subnet: tableSubnet, Limit: tableIPLimit},
+		log:        log,
+	}
+	if err := tab.setFallbackNodes(bootnodes); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for i := range tab.buckets {
+		tab.buckets[i] = &bucket{
+			ips: netutil.DistinctNetSet{Subnet: bucketSubnet, Limit: bucketIPLimit},
+		}
+	}
+	tab.seedRand()
+	tab.loadSeedNodes()
+
+	return tab, nil
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) self() *enode.Node {
+	return tab.net.Self()
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) seedRand() {
+	var b [8]byte
+	crand.Read(b[:])
+
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	tab.rand.Seed(int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[:])))
+	tab.mutex.Unlock()
+}
+
+// ReadRandomNodes fills the given slice with random nodes from the table. The results
+// are guaranteed to be unique for a single invocation, no node will appear twice.
+func (tab *Table) ReadRandomNodes(buf []*enode.Node) (n int) {
+	if !tab.isInitDone() {
+		return 0
+	}
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	var nodes []*enode.Node
+	for _, b := range &tab.buckets {
+		for _, n := range b.entries {
+			nodes = append(nodes, unwrapNode(n))
+		}
+	}
+	// Shuffle.
+	for i := 0; i < len(nodes); i++ {
+		j := tab.rand.Intn(len(nodes))
+		nodes[i], nodes[j] = nodes[j], nodes[i]
+	}
+	return copy(buf, nodes)
+}
+
+// getNode returns the node with the given ID or nil if it isn't in the table.
+func (tab *Table) getNode(id enode.ID) *enode.Node {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	b := tab.bucket(id)
+	for _, e := range b.entries {
+		if e.ID() == id {
+			return unwrapNode(e)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// close terminates the network listener and flushes the node database.
+func (tab *Table) close() {
+	close(tab.closeReq)
+	<-tab.closed
+}
+
+// setFallbackNodes sets the initial points of contact. These nodes
+// are used to connect to the network if the table is empty and there
+// are no known nodes in the database.
+func (tab *Table) setFallbackNodes(nodes []*enode.Node) error {
+	for _, n := range nodes {
+		if err := n.ValidateComplete(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("bad bootstrap node %q: %v", n, err)
+		}
+	}
+	tab.nursery = wrapNodes(nodes)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isInitDone returns whether the table's initial seeding procedure has completed.
+func (tab *Table) isInitDone() bool {
+	select {
+	case <-tab.initDone:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) refresh() <-chan struct{} {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	select {
+	case tab.refreshReq <- done:
+	case <-tab.closeReq:
+		close(done)
+	}
+	return done
+}
+
+// loop schedules runs of doRefresh, doRevalidate and copyLiveNodes.
+func (tab *Table) loop() {
+	var (
+		revalidate     = time.NewTimer(tab.nextRevalidateTime())
+		refresh        = time.NewTicker(refreshInterval)
+		copyNodes      = time.NewTicker(copyNodesInterval)
+		refreshDone    = make(chan struct{})           // where doRefresh reports completion
+		revalidateDone chan struct{}                   // where doRevalidate reports completion
+		waiting        = []chan struct{}{tab.initDone} // holds waiting callers while doRefresh runs
+	)
+	defer refresh.Stop()
+	defer revalidate.Stop()
+	defer copyNodes.Stop()
+
+	// Start initial refresh.
+	go tab.doRefresh(refreshDone)
+
+loop:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-refresh.C:
+			tab.seedRand()
+			if refreshDone == nil {
+				refreshDone = make(chan struct{})
+				go tab.doRefresh(refreshDone)
+			}
+		case req := <-tab.refreshReq:
+			waiting = append(waiting, req)
+			if refreshDone == nil {
+				refreshDone = make(chan struct{})
+				go tab.doRefresh(refreshDone)
+			}
+		case <-refreshDone:
+			for _, ch := range waiting {
+				close(ch)
+			}
+			waiting, refreshDone = nil, nil
+		case <-revalidate.C:
+			revalidateDone = make(chan struct{})
+			go tab.doRevalidate(revalidateDone)
+		case <-revalidateDone:
+			revalidate.Reset(tab.nextRevalidateTime())
+			revalidateDone = nil
+		case <-copyNodes.C:
+			go tab.copyLiveNodes()
+		case <-tab.closeReq:
+			break loop
+		}
+	}
+
+	if refreshDone != nil {
+		<-refreshDone
+	}
+	for _, ch := range waiting {
+		close(ch)
+	}
+	if revalidateDone != nil {
+		<-revalidateDone
+	}
+	close(tab.closed)
+}
+
+// doRefresh performs a lookup for a random target to keep buckets full. seed nodes are
+// inserted if the table is empty (initial bootstrap or discarded faulty peers).
+func (tab *Table) doRefresh(done chan struct{}) {
+	defer close(done)
+
+	// Load nodes from the database and insert
+	// them. This should yield a few previously seen nodes that are
+	// (hopefully) still alive.
+	tab.loadSeedNodes()
+
+	// Run self lookup to discover new neighbor nodes.
+	tab.net.lookupSelf()
+
+	// The Kademlia paper specifies that the bucket refresh should
+	// perform a lookup in the least recently used bucket. We cannot
+	// adhere to this because the findnode target is a 512bit value
+	// (not hash-sized) and it is not easily possible to generate a
+	// sha3 preimage that falls into a chosen bucket.
+	// We perform a few lookups with a random target instead.
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		tab.net.lookupRandom()
+	}
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) loadSeedNodes() {
+	seeds := wrapNodes(tab.db.QuerySeeds(seedCount, seedMaxAge))
+	seeds = append(seeds, tab.nursery...)
+	for i := range seeds {
+		seed := seeds[i]
+		tab.addSeenNode(seed)
+	}
+}
+
+// doRevalidate checks that the last node in a random bucket is still live and replaces or
+// deletes the node if it isn't.
+func (tab *Table) doRevalidate(done chan<- struct{}) {
+	defer func() { done <- struct{}{} }()
+
+	last, bi := tab.nodeToRevalidate()
+	if last == nil {
+		// No non-empty bucket found.
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Ping the selected node and wait for a pong.
+	remoteSeq, err := tab.net.ping(unwrapNode(last))
+
+	// Also fetch record if the node replied and returned a higher sequence number.
+	if last.Seq() < remoteSeq {
+		n, err := tab.net.RequestENR(unwrapNode(last))
+		if err != nil {
+			tab.log.Debug("ENR request failed", "id", last.ID(), "addr", last.addr(), "err", err)
+		} else {
+			last = &node{Node: *n, addedAt: last.addedAt, livenessChecks: last.livenessChecks}
+		}
+	}
+
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	b := tab.buckets[bi]
+	if err == nil {
+		// The node responded, move it to the front.
+		last.livenessChecks++
+		tab.log.Trace("Revalidated node", "b", bi, "id", last.ID(), "checks", last.livenessChecks)
+		tab.bumpInBucket(b, last)
+		return
+	}
+	// No reply received, pick a replacement or delete the node if there aren't
+	// any replacements.
+	if r := tab.replace(b, last); r != nil {
+		tab.log.Debug("Replaced dead node", "b", bi, "id", last.ID(), "ip", last.IP(), "checks", last.livenessChecks, "r", r.ID(), "rip", r.IP())
+	} else {
+		tab.log.Debug("Removed dead node", "b", bi, "id", last.ID(), "ip", last.IP(), "checks", last.livenessChecks)
+	}
+}
+
+// nodeToRevalidate returns the last node in a random, non-empty bucket.
+func (tab *Table) nodeToRevalidate() (n *node, bi int) {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	for _, bi = range tab.rand.Perm(len(tab.buckets)) {
+		b := tab.buckets[bi]
+		if len(b.entries) > 0 {
+			last := b.entries[len(b.entries)-1]
+			return last, bi
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, 0
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) nextRevalidateTime() time.Duration {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	return time.Duration(tab.rand.Int63n(int64(revalidateInterval)))
+}
+
+// copyLiveNodes adds nodes from the table to the database if they have been in the table
+// longer than seedMinTableTime.
+func (tab *Table) copyLiveNodes() {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	for _, b := range &tab.buckets {
+		for _, n := range b.entries {
+			if n.livenessChecks > 0 && now.Sub(n.addedAt) >= seedMinTableTime {
+				tab.db.UpdateNode(unwrapNode(n))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// findnodeByID returns the n nodes in the table that are closest to the given id.
+// This is used by the FINDNODE/v4 handler.
+//
+// The preferLive parameter says whether the caller wants liveness-checked results. If
+// preferLive is true and the table contains any verified nodes, the result will not
+// contain unverified nodes. However, if there are no verified nodes at all, the result
+// will contain unverified nodes.
+func (tab *Table) findnodeByID(target enode.ID, nresults int, preferLive bool) *nodesByDistance {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	// Scan all buckets. There might be a better way to do this, but there aren't that many
+	// buckets, so this solution should be fine. The worst-case complexity of this loop
+	// is O(tab.len() * nresults).
+	nodes := &nodesByDistance{target: target}
+	liveNodes := &nodesByDistance{target: target}
+	for _, b := range &tab.buckets {
+		for _, n := range b.entries {
+			nodes.push(n, nresults)
+			if preferLive && n.livenessChecks > 0 {
+				liveNodes.push(n, nresults)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if preferLive && len(liveNodes.entries) > 0 {
+		return liveNodes
+	}
+	return nodes
+}
+
+// len returns the number of nodes in the table.
+func (tab *Table) len() (n int) {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	for _, b := range &tab.buckets {
+		n += len(b.entries)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// bucketLen returns the number of nodes in the bucket for the given ID.
+func (tab *Table) bucketLen(id enode.ID) int {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	return len(tab.bucket(id).entries)
+}
+
+// bucket returns the bucket for the given node ID hash.
+func (tab *Table) bucket(id enode.ID) *bucket {
+	d := enode.LogDist(tab.self().ID(), id)
+	return tab.bucketAtDistance(d)
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) bucketAtDistance(d int) *bucket {
+	if d <= bucketMinDistance {
+		return tab.buckets[0]
+	}
+	return tab.buckets[d-bucketMinDistance-1]
+}
+
+// addSeenNode adds a node which may or may not be live to the end of a bucket. If the
+// bucket has space available, adding the node succeeds immediately. Otherwise, the node is
+// added to the replacements list.
+//
+// The caller must not hold tab.mutex.
+func (tab *Table) addSeenNode(n *node) {
+	if n.ID() == tab.self().ID() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	b := tab.bucket(n.ID())
+	if contains(b.entries, n.ID()) {
+		// Already in bucket, don't add.
+		return
+	}
+	if len(b.entries) >= bucketSize {
+		// Bucket full, maybe add as replacement.
+		tab.addReplacement(b, n)
+		return
+	}
+	if !tab.addIP(b, n.IP()) {
+		// Can't add: IP limit reached.
+		return
+	}
+	// Add to end of bucket:
+	b.entries = append(b.entries, n)
+	b.replacements = deleteNode(b.replacements, n)
+	n.addedAt = time.Now()
+	if tab.nodeAddedHook != nil {
+		tab.nodeAddedHook(n)
+	}
+}
+
+// addVerifiedNode adds a node whose existence has been verified recently to the front of a
+// bucket. If the node is already in the bucket, it is moved to the front. If the bucket
+// has no space, the node is added to the replacements list.
+//
+// There is an additional safety measure: if the table is still initializing the node
+// is not added. This prevents an attack where the table could be filled by just sending
+// ping repeatedly.
+//
+// The caller must not hold tab.mutex.
+func (tab *Table) addVerifiedNode(n *node) {
+	if !tab.isInitDone() {
+		return
+	}
+	if n.ID() == tab.self().ID() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	b := tab.bucket(n.ID())
+	if tab.bumpInBucket(b, n) {
+		// Already in bucket, moved to front.
+		return
+	}
+	if len(b.entries) >= bucketSize {
+		// Bucket full, maybe add as replacement.
+		tab.addReplacement(b, n)
+		return
+	}
+	if !tab.addIP(b, n.IP()) {
+		// Can't add: IP limit reached.
+		return
+	}
+	// Add to front of bucket.
+	b.entries, _ = pushNode(b.entries, n, bucketSize)
+	b.replacements = deleteNode(b.replacements, n)
+	n.addedAt = time.Now()
+	if tab.nodeAddedHook != nil {
+		tab.nodeAddedHook(n)
+	}
+}
+
+// delete removes an entry from the node table. It is used to evacuate dead nodes.
+func (tab *Table) delete(node *node) {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	tab.deleteInBucket(tab.bucket(node.ID()), node)
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) addIP(b *bucket, ip net.IP) bool {
+	if len(ip) == 0 {
+		return false // Nodes without IP cannot be added.
+	}
+	if netutil.IsLAN(ip) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if !tab.ips.Add(ip) {
+		tab.log.Debug("IP exceeds table limit", "ip", ip)
+		return false
+	}
+	if !b.ips.Add(ip) {
+		tab.log.Debug("IP exceeds bucket limit", "ip", ip)
+		tab.ips.Remove(ip)
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) removeIP(b *bucket, ip net.IP) {
+	if netutil.IsLAN(ip) {
+		return
+	}
+	tab.ips.Remove(ip)
+	b.ips.Remove(ip)
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) addReplacement(b *bucket, n *node) {
+	for _, e := range b.replacements {
+		if e.ID() == n.ID() {
+			return // already in list
+		}
+	}
+	if !tab.addIP(b, n.IP()) {
+		return
+	}
+	var removed *node
+	b.replacements, removed = pushNode(b.replacements, n, maxReplacements)
+	if removed != nil {
+		tab.removeIP(b, removed.IP())
+	}
+}
+
+// replace removes n from the replacement list and replaces 'last' with it if it is the
+// last entry in the bucket. If 'last' isn't the last entry, it has either been replaced
+// with someone else or became active.
+func (tab *Table) replace(b *bucket, last *node) *node {
+	if len(b.entries) == 0 || b.entries[len(b.entries)-1].ID() != last.ID() {
+		// Entry has moved, don't replace it.
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Still the last entry.
+	if len(b.replacements) == 0 {
+		tab.deleteInBucket(b, last)
+		return nil
+	}
+	r := b.replacements[tab.rand.Intn(len(b.replacements))]
+	b.replacements = deleteNode(b.replacements, r)
+	b.entries[len(b.entries)-1] = r
+	tab.removeIP(b, last.IP())
+	return r
+}
+
+// bumpInBucket moves the given node to the front of the bucket entry list
+// if it is contained in that list.
+func (tab *Table) bumpInBucket(b *bucket, n *node) bool {
+	for i := range b.entries {
+		if b.entries[i].ID() == n.ID() {
+			if !n.IP().Equal(b.entries[i].IP()) {
+				// Endpoint has changed, ensure that the new IP fits into table limits.
+				tab.removeIP(b, b.entries[i].IP())
+				if !tab.addIP(b, n.IP()) {
+					// It doesn't, put the previous one back.
+					tab.addIP(b, b.entries[i].IP())
+					return false
+				}
+			}
+			// Move it to the front.
+			copy(b.entries[1:], b.entries[:i])
+			b.entries[0] = n
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (tab *Table) deleteInBucket(b *bucket, n *node) {
+	b.entries = deleteNode(b.entries, n)
+	tab.removeIP(b, n.IP())
+}
+
+func contains(ns []*node, id enode.ID) bool {
+	for _, n := range ns {
+		if n.ID() == id {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// pushNode adds n to the front of list, keeping at most max items.
+func pushNode(list []*node, n *node, max int) ([]*node, *node) {
+	if len(list) < max {
+		list = append(list, nil)
+	}
+	removed := list[len(list)-1]
+	copy(list[1:], list)
+	list[0] = n
+	return list, removed
+}
+
+// deleteNode removes n from list.
+func deleteNode(list []*node, n *node) []*node {
+	for i := range list {
+		if list[i].ID() == n.ID() {
+			return append(list[:i], list[i+1:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	return list
+}
+
+// nodesByDistance is a list of nodes, ordered by distance to target.
+type nodesByDistance struct {
+	entries []*node
+	target  enode.ID
+}
+
+// push adds the given node to the list, keeping the total size below maxElems.
+func (h *nodesByDistance) push(n *node, maxElems int) {
+	ix := sort.Search(len(h.entries), func(i int) bool {
+		return enode.DistCmp(h.target, h.entries[i].ID(), n.ID()) > 0
+	})
+
+	end := len(h.entries)
+	if len(h.entries) < maxElems {
+		h.entries = append(h.entries, n)
+	}
+	if ix < end {
+		// Slide existing entries down to make room.
+		// This will overwrite the entry we just appended.
+		copy(h.entries[ix+1:], h.entries[ix:])
+		h.entries[ix] = n
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1696cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"container/list"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/discover/v4wire"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/netutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Errors
+var (
+	errExpired          = errors.New("expired")
+	errUnsolicitedReply = errors.New("unsolicited reply")
+	errUnknownNode      = errors.New("unknown node")
+	errTimeout          = errors.New("RPC timeout")
+	errClockWarp        = errors.New("reply deadline too far in the future")
+	errClosed           = errors.New("socket closed")
+	errLowPort          = errors.New("low port")
+)
+
+const (
+	respTimeout    = 500 * time.Millisecond
+	expiration     = 20 * time.Second
+	bondExpiration = 24 * time.Hour
+
+	maxFindnodeFailures = 5                // nodes exceeding this limit are dropped
+	ntpFailureThreshold = 32               // Continuous timeouts after which to check NTP
+	ntpWarningCooldown  = 10 * time.Minute // Minimum amount of time to pass before repeating NTP warning
+	driftThreshold      = 10 * time.Second // Allowed clock drift before warning user
+
+	// Discovery packets are defined to be no larger than 1280 bytes.
+	// Packets larger than this size will be cut at the end and treated
+	// as invalid because their hash won't match.
+	maxPacketSize = 1280
+)
+
+// UDPv4 implements the v4 wire protocol.
+type UDPv4 struct {
+	conn        UDPConn
+	log         log.Logger
+	netrestrict *netutil.Netlist
+	priv        *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+	localNode   *enode.LocalNode
+	db          *enode.DB
+	tab         *Table
+	closeOnce   sync.Once
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup
+
+	addReplyMatcher chan *replyMatcher
+	gotreply        chan reply
+	closeCtx        context.Context
+	cancelCloseCtx  context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+// replyMatcher represents a pending reply.
+//
+// Some implementations of the protocol wish to send more than one
+// reply packet to findnode. In general, any neighbors packet cannot
+// be matched up with a specific findnode packet.
+//
+// Our implementation handles this by storing a callback function for
+// each pending reply. Incoming packets from a node are dispatched
+// to all callback functions for that node.
+type replyMatcher struct {
+	// these fields must match in the reply.
+	from  enode.ID
+	ip    net.IP
+	ptype byte
+
+	// time when the request must complete
+	deadline time.Time
+
+	// callback is called when a matching reply arrives. If it returns matched == true, the
+	// reply was acceptable. The second return value indicates whether the callback should
+	// be removed from the pending reply queue. If it returns false, the reply is considered
+	// incomplete and the callback will be invoked again for the next matching reply.
+	callback replyMatchFunc
+
+	// errc receives nil when the callback indicates completion or an
+	// error if no further reply is received within the timeout.
+	errc chan error
+
+	// reply contains the most recent reply. This field is safe for reading after errc has
+	// received a value.
+	reply v4wire.Packet
+}
+
+type replyMatchFunc func(v4wire.Packet) (matched bool, requestDone bool)
+
+// reply is a reply packet from a certain node.
+type reply struct {
+	from enode.ID
+	ip   net.IP
+	data v4wire.Packet
+	// loop indicates whether there was
+	// a matching request by sending on this channel.
+	matched chan<- bool
+}
+
+func ListenV4(c UDPConn, ln *enode.LocalNode, cfg Config) (*UDPv4, error) {
+	cfg = cfg.withDefaults()
+	closeCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	t := &UDPv4{
+		conn:            newMeteredConn(c),
+		priv:            cfg.PrivateKey,
+		netrestrict:     cfg.NetRestrict,
+		localNode:       ln,
+		db:              ln.Database(),
+		gotreply:        make(chan reply),
+		addReplyMatcher: make(chan *replyMatcher),
+		closeCtx:        closeCtx,
+		cancelCloseCtx:  cancel,
+		log:             cfg.Log,
+	}
+
+	tab, err := newTable(t, ln.Database(), cfg.Bootnodes, t.log)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.tab = tab
+	go tab.loop()
+
+	t.wg.Add(2)
+	go t.loop()
+	go t.readLoop(cfg.Unhandled)
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// Self returns the local node.
+func (t *UDPv4) Self() *enode.Node {
+	return t.localNode.Node()
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the socket and aborts any running queries.
+func (t *UDPv4) Close() {
+	t.closeOnce.Do(func() {
+		t.cancelCloseCtx()
+		t.conn.Close()
+		t.wg.Wait()
+		t.tab.close()
+	})
+}
+
+// Resolve searches for a specific node with the given ID and tries to get the most recent
+// version of the node record for it. It returns n if the node could not be resolved.
+func (t *UDPv4) Resolve(n *enode.Node) *enode.Node {
+	// Try asking directly. This works if the node is still responding on the endpoint we have.
+	if rn, err := t.RequestENR(n); err == nil {
+		return rn
+	}
+	// Check table for the ID, we might have a newer version there.
+	if intable := t.tab.getNode(n.ID()); intable != nil && intable.Seq() > n.Seq() {
+		n = intable
+		if rn, err := t.RequestENR(n); err == nil {
+			return rn
+		}
+	}
+	// Otherwise perform a network lookup.
+	var key enode.Secp256k1
+	if n.Load(&key) != nil {
+		return n // no secp256k1 key
+	}
+	result := t.LookupPubkey((*ecdsa.PublicKey)(&key))
+	for _, rn := range result {
+		if rn.ID() == n.ID() {
+			if rn, err := t.RequestENR(rn); err == nil {
+				return rn
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) ourEndpoint() v4wire.Endpoint {
+	n := t.Self()
+	a := &net.UDPAddr{IP: n.IP(), Port: n.UDP()}
+	return v4wire.NewEndpoint(a, uint16(n.TCP()))
+}
+
+// Ping sends a ping message to the given node.
+func (t *UDPv4) Ping(n *enode.Node) error {
+	_, err := t.ping(n)
+	return err
+}
+
+// ping sends a ping message to the given node and waits for a reply.
+func (t *UDPv4) ping(n *enode.Node) (seq uint64, err error) {
+	rm := t.sendPing(n.ID(), &net.UDPAddr{IP: n.IP(), Port: n.UDP()}, nil)
+	if err = <-rm.errc; err == nil {
+		seq = rm.reply.(*v4wire.Pong).ENRSeq
+	}
+	return seq, err
+}
+
+// sendPing sends a ping message to the given node and invokes the callback
+// when the reply arrives.
+func (t *UDPv4) sendPing(toid enode.ID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, callback func()) *replyMatcher {
+	req := t.makePing(toaddr)
+	packet, hash, err := v4wire.Encode(t.priv, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		errc := make(chan error, 1)
+		errc <- err
+		return &replyMatcher{errc: errc}
+	}
+	// Add a matcher for the reply to the pending reply queue. Pongs are matched if they
+	// reference the ping we're about to send.
+	rm := t.pending(toid, toaddr.IP, v4wire.PongPacket, func(p v4wire.Packet) (matched bool, requestDone bool) {
+		matched = bytes.Equal(p.(*v4wire.Pong).ReplyTok, hash)
+		if matched && callback != nil {
+			callback()
+		}
+		return matched, matched
+	})
+	// Send the packet.
+	t.localNode.UDPContact(toaddr)
+	t.write(toaddr, toid, req.Name(), packet)
+	return rm
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) makePing(toaddr *net.UDPAddr) *v4wire.Ping {
+	return &v4wire.Ping{
+		Version:    4,
+		From:       t.ourEndpoint(),
+		To:         v4wire.NewEndpoint(toaddr, 0),
+		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
+		ENRSeq:     t.localNode.Node().Seq(),
+	}
+}
+
+// LookupPubkey finds the closest nodes to the given public key.
+func (t *UDPv4) LookupPubkey(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) []*enode.Node {
+	if t.tab.len() == 0 {
+		// All nodes were dropped, refresh. The very first query will hit this
+		// case and run the bootstrapping logic.
+		<-t.tab.refresh()
+	}
+	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, encodePubkey(key)).run()
+}
+
+// RandomNodes is an iterator yielding nodes from a random walk of the DHT.
+func (t *UDPv4) RandomNodes() enode.Iterator {
+	return newLookupIterator(t.closeCtx, t.newRandomLookup)
+}
+
+// lookupRandom implements transport.
+func (t *UDPv4) lookupRandom() []*enode.Node {
+	return t.newRandomLookup(t.closeCtx).run()
+}
+
+// lookupSelf implements transport.
+func (t *UDPv4) lookupSelf() []*enode.Node {
+	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, encodePubkey(&t.priv.PublicKey)).run()
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) newRandomLookup(ctx context.Context) *lookup {
+	var target encPubkey
+	crand.Read(target[:])
+	return t.newLookup(ctx, target)
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) newLookup(ctx context.Context, targetKey encPubkey) *lookup {
+	target := enode.ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(targetKey[:]))
+	ekey := v4wire.Pubkey(targetKey)
+	it := newLookup(ctx, t.tab, target, func(n *node) ([]*node, error) {
+		return t.findnode(n.ID(), n.addr(), ekey)
+	})
+	return it
+}
+
+// findnode sends a findnode request to the given node and waits until
+// the node has sent up to k neighbors.
+func (t *UDPv4) findnode(toid enode.ID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, target v4wire.Pubkey) ([]*node, error) {
+	t.ensureBond(toid, toaddr)
+
+	// Add a matcher for 'neighbours' replies to the pending reply queue. The matcher is
+	// active until enough nodes have been received.
+	nodes := make([]*node, 0, bucketSize)
+	nreceived := 0
+	rm := t.pending(toid, toaddr.IP, v4wire.NeighborsPacket, func(r v4wire.Packet) (matched bool, requestDone bool) {
+		reply := r.(*v4wire.Neighbors)
+		for _, rn := range reply.Nodes {
+			nreceived++
+			n, err := t.nodeFromRPC(toaddr, rn)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.log.Trace("Invalid neighbor node received", "ip", rn.IP, "addr", toaddr, "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			nodes = append(nodes, n)
+		}
+		return true, nreceived >= bucketSize
+	})
+	t.send(toaddr, toid, &v4wire.Findnode{
+		Target:     target,
+		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
+	})
+	// Ensure that callers don't see a timeout if the node actually responded. Since
+	// findnode can receive more than one neighbors response, the reply matcher will be
+	// active until the remote node sends enough nodes. If the remote end doesn't have
+	// enough nodes the reply matcher will time out waiting for the second reply, but
+	// there's no need for an error in that case.
+	err := <-rm.errc
+	if errors.Is(err, errTimeout) && rm.reply != nil {
+		err = nil
+	}
+	return nodes, err
+}
+
+// RequestENR sends ENRRequest to the given node and waits for a response.
+func (t *UDPv4) RequestENR(n *enode.Node) (*enode.Node, error) {
+	addr := &net.UDPAddr{IP: n.IP(), Port: n.UDP()}
+	t.ensureBond(n.ID(), addr)
+
+	req := &v4wire.ENRRequest{
+		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
+	}
+	packet, hash, err := v4wire.Encode(t.priv, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Add a matcher for the reply to the pending reply queue. Responses are matched if
+	// they reference the request we're about to send.
+	rm := t.pending(n.ID(), addr.IP, v4wire.ENRResponsePacket, func(r v4wire.Packet) (matched bool, requestDone bool) {
+		matched = bytes.Equal(r.(*v4wire.ENRResponse).ReplyTok, hash)
+		return matched, matched
+	})
+	// Send the packet and wait for the reply.
+	t.write(addr, n.ID(), req.Name(), packet)
+	if err := <-rm.errc; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Verify the response record.
+	respN, err := enode.New(enode.ValidSchemes, &rm.reply.(*v4wire.ENRResponse).Record)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if respN.ID() != n.ID() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid ID in response record")
+	}
+	if respN.Seq() < n.Seq() {
+		return n, nil // response record is older
+	}
+	if err := netutil.CheckRelayIP(addr.IP, respN.IP()); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid IP in response record: %v", err)
+	}
+	return respN, nil
+}
+
+// pending adds a reply matcher to the pending reply queue.
+// see the documentation of type replyMatcher for a detailed explanation.
+func (t *UDPv4) pending(id enode.ID, ip net.IP, ptype byte, callback replyMatchFunc) *replyMatcher {
+	ch := make(chan error, 1)
+	p := &replyMatcher{from: id, ip: ip, ptype: ptype, callback: callback, errc: ch}
+	select {
+	case t.addReplyMatcher <- p:
+		// loop will handle it
+	case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+		ch <- errClosed
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+// handleReply dispatches a reply packet, invoking reply matchers. It returns
+// whether any matcher considered the packet acceptable.
+func (t *UDPv4) handleReply(from enode.ID, fromIP net.IP, req v4wire.Packet) bool {
+	matched := make(chan bool, 1)
+	select {
+	case t.gotreply <- reply{from, fromIP, req, matched}:
+		// loop will handle it
+		return <-matched
+	case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// loop runs in its own goroutine. it keeps track of
+// the refresh timer and the pending reply queue.
+func (t *UDPv4) loop() {
+	defer t.wg.Done()
+
+	var (
+		plist        = list.New()
+		timeout      = time.NewTimer(0)
+		nextTimeout  *replyMatcher // head of plist when timeout was last reset
+		contTimeouts = 0           // number of continuous timeouts to do NTP checks
+		ntpWarnTime  = time.Unix(0, 0)
+	)
+	<-timeout.C // ignore first timeout
+	defer timeout.Stop()
+
+	resetTimeout := func() {
+		if plist.Front() == nil || nextTimeout == plist.Front().Value {
+			return
+		}
+		// Start the timer so it fires when the next pending reply has expired.
+		now := time.Now()
+		for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
+			nextTimeout = el.Value.(*replyMatcher)
+			if dist := nextTimeout.deadline.Sub(now); dist < 2*respTimeout {
+				timeout.Reset(dist)
+				return
+			}
+			// Remove pending replies whose deadline is too far in the
+			// future. These can occur if the system clock jumped
+			// backwards after the deadline was assigned.
+			nextTimeout.errc <- errClockWarp
+			plist.Remove(el)
+		}
+		nextTimeout = nil
+		timeout.Stop()
+	}
+
+	for {
+		resetTimeout()
+
+		select {
+		case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+			for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
+				el.Value.(*replyMatcher).errc <- errClosed
+			}
+			return
+
+		case p := <-t.addReplyMatcher:
+			p.deadline = time.Now().Add(respTimeout)
+			plist.PushBack(p)
+
+		case r := <-t.gotreply:
+			var matched bool // whether any replyMatcher considered the reply acceptable.
+			for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
+				p := el.Value.(*replyMatcher)
+				if p.from == r.from && p.ptype == r.data.Kind() && p.ip.Equal(r.ip) {
+					ok, requestDone := p.callback(r.data)
+					matched = matched || ok
+					p.reply = r.data
+					// Remove the matcher if callback indicates that all replies have been received.
+					if requestDone {
+						p.errc <- nil
+						plist.Remove(el)
+					}
+					// Reset the continuous timeout counter (time drift detection)
+					contTimeouts = 0
+				}
+			}
+			r.matched <- matched
+
+		case now := <-timeout.C:
+			nextTimeout = nil
+
+			// Notify and remove callbacks whose deadline is in the past.
+			for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
+				p := el.Value.(*replyMatcher)
+				if now.After(p.deadline) || now.Equal(p.deadline) {
+					p.errc <- errTimeout
+					plist.Remove(el)
+					contTimeouts++
+				}
+			}
+			// If we've accumulated too many timeouts, do an NTP time sync check
+			if contTimeouts > ntpFailureThreshold {
+				if time.Since(ntpWarnTime) >= ntpWarningCooldown {
+					ntpWarnTime = time.Now()
+					go checkClockDrift()
+				}
+				contTimeouts = 0
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) send(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, toid enode.ID, req v4wire.Packet) ([]byte, error) {
+	packet, hash, err := v4wire.Encode(t.priv, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return hash, err
+	}
+	return hash, t.write(toaddr, toid, req.Name(), packet)
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) write(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, toid enode.ID, what string, packet []byte) error {
+	_, err := t.conn.WriteToUDP(packet, toaddr)
+	t.log.Trace(">> "+what, "id", toid, "addr", toaddr, "err", err)
+	return err
+}
+
+// readLoop runs in its own goroutine. it handles incoming UDP packets.
+func (t *UDPv4) readLoop(unhandled chan<- ReadPacket) {
+	defer t.wg.Done()
+	if unhandled != nil {
+		defer close(unhandled)
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, maxPacketSize)
+	for {
+		nbytes, from, err := t.conn.ReadFromUDP(buf)
+		if netutil.IsTemporaryError(err) {
+			// Ignore temporary read errors.
+			t.log.Debug("Temporary UDP read error", "err", err)
+			continue
+		} else if err != nil {
+			// Shut down the loop for permanent errors.
+			if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				t.log.Debug("UDP read error", "err", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		if t.handlePacket(from, buf[:nbytes]) != nil && unhandled != nil {
+			select {
+			case unhandled <- ReadPacket{buf[:nbytes], from}:
+			default:
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) handlePacket(from *net.UDPAddr, buf []byte) error {
+	rawpacket, fromKey, hash, err := v4wire.Decode(buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.log.Debug("Bad discv4 packet", "addr", from, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	packet := t.wrapPacket(rawpacket)
+	fromID := fromKey.ID()
+	if err == nil && packet.preverify != nil {
+		err = packet.preverify(packet, from, fromID, fromKey)
+	}
+	t.log.Trace("<< "+packet.Name(), "id", fromID, "addr", from, "err", err)
+	if err == nil && packet.handle != nil {
+		packet.handle(packet, from, fromID, hash)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// checkBond checks if the given node has a recent enough endpoint proof.
+func (t *UDPv4) checkBond(id enode.ID, ip net.IP) bool {
+	return time.Since(t.db.LastPongReceived(id, ip)) < bondExpiration
+}
+
+// ensureBond solicits a ping from a node if we haven't seen a ping from it for a while.
+// This ensures there is a valid endpoint proof on the remote end.
+func (t *UDPv4) ensureBond(toid enode.ID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	tooOld := time.Since(t.db.LastPingReceived(toid, toaddr.IP)) > bondExpiration
+	if tooOld || t.db.FindFails(toid, toaddr.IP) > maxFindnodeFailures {
+		rm := t.sendPing(toid, toaddr, nil)
+		<-rm.errc
+		// Wait for them to ping back and process our pong.
+		time.Sleep(respTimeout)
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) nodeFromRPC(sender *net.UDPAddr, rn v4wire.Node) (*node, error) {
+	if rn.UDP <= 1024 {
+		return nil, errLowPort
+	}
+	if err := netutil.CheckRelayIP(sender.IP, rn.IP); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if t.netrestrict != nil && !t.netrestrict.Contains(rn.IP) {
+		return nil, errors.New("not contained in netrestrict list")
+	}
+	key, err := v4wire.DecodePubkey(crypto.S256(), rn.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	n := wrapNode(enode.NewV4(key, rn.IP, int(rn.TCP), int(rn.UDP)))
+	err = n.ValidateComplete()
+	return n, err
+}
+
+func nodeToRPC(n *node) v4wire.Node {
+	var key ecdsa.PublicKey
+	var ekey v4wire.Pubkey
+	if err := n.Load((*enode.Secp256k1)(&key)); err == nil {
+		ekey = v4wire.EncodePubkey(&key)
+	}
+	return v4wire.Node{ID: ekey, IP: n.IP(), UDP: uint16(n.UDP()), TCP: uint16(n.TCP())}
+}
+
+// wrapPacket returns the handler functions applicable to a packet.
+func (t *UDPv4) wrapPacket(p v4wire.Packet) *packetHandlerV4 {
+	var h packetHandlerV4
+	h.Packet = p
+	switch p.(type) {
+	case *v4wire.Ping:
+		h.preverify = t.verifyPing
+		h.handle = t.handlePing
+	case *v4wire.Pong:
+		h.preverify = t.verifyPong
+	case *v4wire.Findnode:
+		h.preverify = t.verifyFindnode
+		h.handle = t.handleFindnode
+	case *v4wire.Neighbors:
+		h.preverify = t.verifyNeighbors
+	case *v4wire.ENRRequest:
+		h.preverify = t.verifyENRRequest
+		h.handle = t.handleENRRequest
+	case *v4wire.ENRResponse:
+		h.preverify = t.verifyENRResponse
+	}
+	return &h
+}
+
+// packetHandlerV4 wraps a packet with handler functions.
+type packetHandlerV4 struct {
+	v4wire.Packet
+	senderKey *ecdsa.PublicKey // used for ping
+
+	// preverify checks whether the packet is valid and should be handled at all.
+	preverify func(p *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error
+	// handle handles the packet.
+	handle func(req *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, mac []byte)
+}
+
+// PING/v4
+
+func (t *UDPv4) verifyPing(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.Ping)
+
+	senderKey, err := v4wire.DecodePubkey(crypto.S256(), fromKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if v4wire.Expired(req.Expiration) {
+		return errExpired
+	}
+	h.senderKey = senderKey
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) handlePing(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, mac []byte) {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.Ping)
+
+	// Reply.
+	t.send(from, fromID, &v4wire.Pong{
+		To:         v4wire.NewEndpoint(from, req.From.TCP),
+		ReplyTok:   mac,
+		Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
+		ENRSeq:     t.localNode.Node().Seq(),
+	})
+
+	// Ping back if our last pong on file is too far in the past.
+	n := wrapNode(enode.NewV4(h.senderKey, from.IP, int(req.From.TCP), from.Port))
+	if time.Since(t.db.LastPongReceived(n.ID(), from.IP)) > bondExpiration {
+		t.sendPing(fromID, from, func() {
+			t.tab.addVerifiedNode(n)
+		})
+	} else {
+		t.tab.addVerifiedNode(n)
+	}
+
+	// Update node database and endpoint predictor.
+	t.db.UpdateLastPingReceived(n.ID(), from.IP, time.Now())
+	t.localNode.UDPEndpointStatement(from, &net.UDPAddr{IP: req.To.IP, Port: int(req.To.UDP)})
+}
+
+// PONG/v4
+
+func (t *UDPv4) verifyPong(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.Pong)
+
+	if v4wire.Expired(req.Expiration) {
+		return errExpired
+	}
+	if !t.handleReply(fromID, from.IP, req) {
+		return errUnsolicitedReply
+	}
+	t.localNode.UDPEndpointStatement(from, &net.UDPAddr{IP: req.To.IP, Port: int(req.To.UDP)})
+	t.db.UpdateLastPongReceived(fromID, from.IP, time.Now())
+	return nil
+}
+
+// FINDNODE/v4
+
+func (t *UDPv4) verifyFindnode(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.Findnode)
+
+	if v4wire.Expired(req.Expiration) {
+		return errExpired
+	}
+	if !t.checkBond(fromID, from.IP) {
+		// No endpoint proof pong exists, we don't process the packet. This prevents an
+		// attack vector where the discovery protocol could be used to amplify traffic in a
+		// DDOS attack. A malicious actor would send a findnode request with the IP address
+		// and UDP port of the target as the source address. The recipient of the findnode
+		// packet would then send a neighbors packet (which is a much bigger packet than
+		// findnode) to the victim.
+		return errUnknownNode
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) handleFindnode(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, mac []byte) {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.Findnode)
+
+	// Determine closest nodes.
+	target := enode.ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(req.Target[:]))
+	closest := t.tab.findnodeByID(target, bucketSize, true).entries
+
+	// Send neighbors in chunks with at most maxNeighbors per packet
+	// to stay below the packet size limit.
+	p := v4wire.Neighbors{Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix())}
+	var sent bool
+	for _, n := range closest {
+		if netutil.CheckRelayIP(from.IP, n.IP()) == nil {
+			p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, nodeToRPC(n))
+		}
+		if len(p.Nodes) == v4wire.MaxNeighbors {
+			t.send(from, fromID, &p)
+			p.Nodes = p.Nodes[:0]
+			sent = true
+		}
+	}
+	if len(p.Nodes) > 0 || !sent {
+		t.send(from, fromID, &p)
+	}
+}
+
+// NEIGHBORS/v4
+
+func (t *UDPv4) verifyNeighbors(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.Neighbors)
+
+	if v4wire.Expired(req.Expiration) {
+		return errExpired
+	}
+	if !t.handleReply(fromID, from.IP, h.Packet) {
+		return errUnsolicitedReply
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ENRREQUEST/v4
+
+func (t *UDPv4) verifyENRRequest(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error {
+	req := h.Packet.(*v4wire.ENRRequest)
+
+	if v4wire.Expired(req.Expiration) {
+		return errExpired
+	}
+	if !t.checkBond(fromID, from.IP) {
+		return errUnknownNode
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv4) handleENRRequest(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, mac []byte) {
+	t.send(from, fromID, &v4wire.ENRResponse{
+		ReplyTok: mac,
+		Record:   *t.localNode.Node().Record(),
+	})
+}
+
+// ENRRESPONSE/v4
+
+func (t *UDPv4) verifyENRResponse(h *packetHandlerV4, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID enode.ID, fromKey v4wire.Pubkey) error {
+	if !t.handleReply(fromID, from.IP, h.Packet) {
+		return errUnsolicitedReply
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v4wire/v4wire.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v4wire/v4wire.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a637df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v4wire/v4wire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package v4wire implements the Discovery v4 Wire Protocol.
+package v4wire
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"math/big"
+	"net"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// RPC packet types
+const (
+	PingPacket = iota + 1 // zero is 'reserved'
+	PongPacket
+	FindnodePacket
+	NeighborsPacket
+	ENRRequestPacket
+	ENRResponsePacket
+)
+
+// RPC request structures
+type (
+	Ping struct {
+		Version    uint
+		From, To   Endpoint
+		Expiration uint64
+		ENRSeq     uint64 `rlp:"optional"` // Sequence number of local record, added by EIP-868.
+
+		// Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
+		Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+
+	// Pong is the reply to ping.
+	Pong struct {
+		// This field should mirror the UDP envelope address
+		// of the ping packet, which provides a way to discover the
+		// external address (after NAT).
+		To         Endpoint
+		ReplyTok   []byte // This contains the hash of the ping packet.
+		Expiration uint64 // Absolute timestamp at which the packet becomes invalid.
+		ENRSeq     uint64 `rlp:"optional"` // Sequence number of local record, added by EIP-868.
+
+		// Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
+		Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+
+	// Findnode is a query for nodes close to the given target.
+	Findnode struct {
+		Target     Pubkey
+		Expiration uint64
+		// Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
+		Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+
+	// Neighbors is the reply to findnode.
+	Neighbors struct {
+		Nodes      []Node
+		Expiration uint64
+		// Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
+		Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+
+	// ENRRequest queries for the remote node's record.
+	ENRRequest struct {
+		Expiration uint64
+		// Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
+		Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+
+	// ENRResponse is the reply to ENRRequest.
+	ENRResponse struct {
+		ReplyTok []byte // Hash of the ENRRequest packet.
+		Record   enr.Record
+		// Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
+		Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
+	}
+)
+
+// MaxNeighbors is the maximum number of neighbor nodes in a Neighbors packet.
+const MaxNeighbors = 12
+
+// This code computes the MaxNeighbors constant value.
+
+// func init() {
+// 	var maxNeighbors int
+// 	p := Neighbors{Expiration: ^uint64(0)}
+// 	maxSizeNode := Node{IP: make(net.IP, 16), UDP: ^uint16(0), TCP: ^uint16(0)}
+// 	for n := 0; ; n++ {
+// 		p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, maxSizeNode)
+// 		size, _, err := rlp.EncodeToReader(p)
+// 		if err != nil {
+// 			// If this ever happens, it will be caught by the unit tests.
+// 			panic("cannot encode: " + err.Error())
+// 		}
+// 		if headSize+size+1 >= 1280 {
+// 			maxNeighbors = n
+// 			break
+// 		}
+// 	}
+// 	fmt.Println("maxNeighbors", maxNeighbors)
+// }
+
+// Pubkey represents an encoded 64-byte secp256k1 public key.
+type Pubkey [64]byte
+
+// ID returns the node ID corresponding to the public key.
+func (e Pubkey) ID() enode.ID {
+	return enode.ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(e[:]))
+}
+
+// Node represents information about a node.
+type Node struct {
+	IP  net.IP // len 4 for IPv4 or 16 for IPv6
+	UDP uint16 // for discovery protocol
+	TCP uint16 // for RLPx protocol
+	ID  Pubkey
+}
+
+// Endpoint represents a network endpoint.
+type Endpoint struct {
+	IP  net.IP // len 4 for IPv4 or 16 for IPv6
+	UDP uint16 // for discovery protocol
+	TCP uint16 // for RLPx protocol
+}
+
+// NewEndpoint creates an endpoint.
+func NewEndpoint(addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) Endpoint {
+	ip := net.IP{}
+	if ip4 := addr.IP.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		ip = ip4
+	} else if ip6 := addr.IP.To16(); ip6 != nil {
+		ip = ip6
+	}
+	return Endpoint{IP: ip, UDP: uint16(addr.Port), TCP: tcpPort}
+}
+
+type Packet interface {
+	// Name is the name of the package, for logging purposes.
+	Name() string
+	// Kind is the packet type, for logging purposes.
+	Kind() byte
+}
+
+func (req *Ping) Name() string { return "PING/v4" }
+func (req *Ping) Kind() byte   { return PingPacket }
+
+func (req *Pong) Name() string { return "PONG/v4" }
+func (req *Pong) Kind() byte   { return PongPacket }
+
+func (req *Findnode) Name() string { return "FINDNODE/v4" }
+func (req *Findnode) Kind() byte   { return FindnodePacket }
+
+func (req *Neighbors) Name() string { return "NEIGHBORS/v4" }
+func (req *Neighbors) Kind() byte   { return NeighborsPacket }
+
+func (req *ENRRequest) Name() string { return "ENRREQUEST/v4" }
+func (req *ENRRequest) Kind() byte   { return ENRRequestPacket }
+
+func (req *ENRResponse) Name() string { return "ENRRESPONSE/v4" }
+func (req *ENRResponse) Kind() byte   { return ENRResponsePacket }
+
+// Expired checks whether the given UNIX time stamp is in the past.
+func Expired(ts uint64) bool {
+	return time.Unix(int64(ts), 0).Before(time.Now())
+}
+
+// Encoder/decoder.
+
+const (
+	macSize  = 32
+	sigSize  = crypto.SignatureLength
+	headSize = macSize + sigSize // space of packet frame data
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrPacketTooSmall = errors.New("too small")
+	ErrBadHash        = errors.New("bad hash")
+	ErrBadPoint       = errors.New("invalid curve point")
+)
+
+var headSpace = make([]byte, headSize)
+
+// Decode reads a discovery v4 packet.
+func Decode(input []byte) (Packet, Pubkey, []byte, error) {
+	if len(input) < headSize+1 {
+		return nil, Pubkey{}, nil, ErrPacketTooSmall
+	}
+	hash, sig, sigdata := input[:macSize], input[macSize:headSize], input[headSize:]
+	shouldhash := crypto.Keccak256(input[macSize:])
+	if !bytes.Equal(hash, shouldhash) {
+		return nil, Pubkey{}, nil, ErrBadHash
+	}
+	fromKey, err := recoverNodeKey(crypto.Keccak256(input[headSize:]), sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fromKey, hash, err
+	}
+
+	var req Packet
+	switch ptype := sigdata[0]; ptype {
+	case PingPacket:
+		req = new(Ping)
+	case PongPacket:
+		req = new(Pong)
+	case FindnodePacket:
+		req = new(Findnode)
+	case NeighborsPacket:
+		req = new(Neighbors)
+	case ENRRequestPacket:
+		req = new(ENRRequest)
+	case ENRResponsePacket:
+		req = new(ENRResponse)
+	default:
+		return nil, fromKey, hash, fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %d", ptype)
+	}
+	s := rlp.NewStream(bytes.NewReader(sigdata[1:]), 0)
+	err = s.Decode(req)
+	return req, fromKey, hash, err
+}
+
+// Encode encodes a discovery packet.
+func Encode(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, req Packet) (packet, hash []byte, err error) {
+	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	b.Write(headSpace)
+	b.WriteByte(req.Kind())
+	if err := rlp.Encode(b, req); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	packet = b.Bytes()
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(crypto.Keccak256(packet[headSize:]), priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	copy(packet[macSize:], sig)
+	// Add the hash to the front. Note: this doesn't protect the packet in any way.
+	hash = crypto.Keccak256(packet[macSize:])
+	copy(packet, hash)
+	return packet, hash, nil
+}
+
+// recoverNodeKey computes the public key used to sign the given hash from the signature.
+func recoverNodeKey(hash, sig []byte) (key Pubkey, err error) {
+	pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(hash, sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return key, err
+	}
+	copy(key[:], pubkey[1:])
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+// EncodePubkey encodes a secp256k1 public key.
+func EncodePubkey(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) Pubkey {
+	var e Pubkey
+	math.ReadBits(key.X, e[:len(e)/2])
+	math.ReadBits(key.Y, e[len(e)/2:])
+	return e
+}
+
+// DecodePubkey reads an encoded secp256k1 public key.
+func DecodePubkey(curve elliptic.Curve, e Pubkey) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	p := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: curve, X: new(big.Int), Y: new(big.Int)}
+	half := len(e) / 2
+	p.X.SetBytes(e[:half])
+	p.Y.SetBytes(e[half:])
+	if !p.Curve.IsOnCurve(p.X, p.Y) {
+		return nil, ErrBadPoint
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v5_talk.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v5_talk.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91066c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v5_talk.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// This is a limit for the number of concurrent talk requests.
+const maxActiveTalkRequests = 1024
+
+// This is the timeout for acquiring a handler execution slot for a talk request.
+// The timeout should be short enough to fit within the request timeout.
+const talkHandlerLaunchTimeout = 400 * time.Millisecond
+
+// TalkRequestHandler callback processes a talk request and returns a response.
+//
+// Note that talk handlers are expected to come up with a response very quickly, within at
+// most 200ms or so. If the handler takes longer than that, the remote end may time out
+// and wont receive the response.
+type TalkRequestHandler func(enode.ID, *net.UDPAddr, []byte) []byte
+
+type talkSystem struct {
+	transport *UDPv5
+
+	mutex     sync.Mutex
+	handlers  map[string]TalkRequestHandler
+	slots     chan struct{}
+	lastLog   time.Time
+	dropCount int
+}
+
+func newTalkSystem(transport *UDPv5) *talkSystem {
+	t := &talkSystem{
+		transport: transport,
+		handlers:  make(map[string]TalkRequestHandler),
+		slots:     make(chan struct{}, maxActiveTalkRequests),
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < cap(t.slots); i++ {
+		t.slots <- struct{}{}
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+// register adds a protocol handler.
+func (t *talkSystem) register(protocol string, handler TalkRequestHandler) {
+	t.mutex.Lock()
+	t.handlers[protocol] = handler
+	t.mutex.Unlock()
+}
+
+// handleRequest handles a talk request.
+func (t *talkSystem) handleRequest(id enode.ID, addr *net.UDPAddr, req *v5wire.TalkRequest) {
+	t.mutex.Lock()
+	handler, ok := t.handlers[req.Protocol]
+	t.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	if !ok {
+		resp := &v5wire.TalkResponse{ReqID: req.ReqID}
+		t.transport.sendResponse(id, addr, resp)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Wait for a slot to become available, then run the handler.
+	timeout := time.NewTimer(talkHandlerLaunchTimeout)
+	defer timeout.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-t.slots:
+		go func() {
+			defer func() { t.slots <- struct{}{} }()
+			respMessage := handler(id, addr, req.Message)
+			resp := &v5wire.TalkResponse{ReqID: req.ReqID, Message: respMessage}
+			t.transport.sendFromAnotherThread(id, addr, resp)
+		}()
+	case <-timeout.C:
+		// Couldn't get it in time, drop the request.
+		if time.Since(t.lastLog) > 5*time.Second {
+			log.Warn("Dropping TALKREQ due to overload", "ndrop", t.dropCount)
+			t.lastLog = time.Now()
+			t.dropCount++
+		}
+	case <-t.transport.closeCtx.Done():
+		// Transport closed, drop the request.
+	}
+}
+
+// wait blocks until all active requests have finished, and prevents new request
+// handlers from being launched.
+func (t *talkSystem) wait() {
+	for i := 0; i < cap(t.slots); i++ {
+		<-t.slots
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eb8267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,918 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package discover
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/netutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	lookupRequestLimit      = 3  // max requests against a single node during lookup
+	findnodeResultLimit     = 16 // applies in FINDNODE handler
+	totalNodesResponseLimit = 5  // applies in waitForNodes
+
+	respTimeoutV5 = 700 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
+// codecV5 is implemented by v5wire.Codec (and testCodec).
+//
+// The UDPv5 transport is split into two objects: the codec object deals with
+// encoding/decoding and with the handshake; the UDPv5 object handles higher-level concerns.
+type codecV5 interface {
+	// Encode encodes a packet.
+	Encode(enode.ID, string, v5wire.Packet, *v5wire.Whoareyou) ([]byte, v5wire.Nonce, error)
+
+	// Decode decodes a packet. It returns a *v5wire.Unknown packet if decryption fails.
+	// The *enode.Node return value is non-nil when the input contains a handshake response.
+	Decode([]byte, string) (enode.ID, *enode.Node, v5wire.Packet, error)
+}
+
+// UDPv5 is the implementation of protocol version 5.
+type UDPv5 struct {
+	// static fields
+	conn         UDPConn
+	tab          *Table
+	netrestrict  *netutil.Netlist
+	priv         *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+	localNode    *enode.LocalNode
+	db           *enode.DB
+	log          log.Logger
+	clock        mclock.Clock
+	validSchemes enr.IdentityScheme
+
+	// misc buffers used during message handling
+	logcontext []interface{}
+
+	// talkreq handler registry
+	talk *talkSystem
+
+	// channels into dispatch
+	packetInCh    chan ReadPacket
+	readNextCh    chan struct{}
+	callCh        chan *callV5
+	callDoneCh    chan *callV5
+	respTimeoutCh chan *callTimeout
+	sendCh        chan sendRequest
+	unhandled     chan<- ReadPacket
+
+	// state of dispatch
+	codec            codecV5
+	activeCallByNode map[enode.ID]*callV5
+	activeCallByAuth map[v5wire.Nonce]*callV5
+	callQueue        map[enode.ID][]*callV5
+
+	// shutdown stuff
+	closeOnce      sync.Once
+	closeCtx       context.Context
+	cancelCloseCtx context.CancelFunc
+	wg             sync.WaitGroup
+}
+
+type sendRequest struct {
+	destID   enode.ID
+	destAddr *net.UDPAddr
+	msg      v5wire.Packet
+}
+
+// callV5 represents a remote procedure call against another node.
+type callV5 struct {
+	id   enode.ID
+	addr *net.UDPAddr
+	node *enode.Node // This is required to perform handshakes.
+
+	packet       v5wire.Packet
+	responseType byte // expected packet type of response
+	reqid        []byte
+	ch           chan v5wire.Packet // responses sent here
+	err          chan error         // errors sent here
+
+	// Valid for active calls only:
+	nonce          v5wire.Nonce      // nonce of request packet
+	handshakeCount int               // # times we attempted handshake for this call
+	challenge      *v5wire.Whoareyou // last sent handshake challenge
+	timeout        mclock.Timer
+}
+
+// callTimeout is the response timeout event of a call.
+type callTimeout struct {
+	c     *callV5
+	timer mclock.Timer
+}
+
+// ListenV5 listens on the given connection.
+func ListenV5(conn UDPConn, ln *enode.LocalNode, cfg Config) (*UDPv5, error) {
+	t, err := newUDPv5(conn, ln, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	go t.tab.loop()
+	t.wg.Add(2)
+	go t.readLoop()
+	go t.dispatch()
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// newUDPv5 creates a UDPv5 transport, but doesn't start any goroutines.
+func newUDPv5(conn UDPConn, ln *enode.LocalNode, cfg Config) (*UDPv5, error) {
+	closeCtx, cancelCloseCtx := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cfg = cfg.withDefaults()
+	t := &UDPv5{
+		// static fields
+		conn:         newMeteredConn(conn),
+		localNode:    ln,
+		db:           ln.Database(),
+		netrestrict:  cfg.NetRestrict,
+		priv:         cfg.PrivateKey,
+		log:          cfg.Log,
+		validSchemes: cfg.ValidSchemes,
+		clock:        cfg.Clock,
+		// channels into dispatch
+		packetInCh:    make(chan ReadPacket, 1),
+		readNextCh:    make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		callCh:        make(chan *callV5),
+		callDoneCh:    make(chan *callV5),
+		sendCh:        make(chan sendRequest),
+		respTimeoutCh: make(chan *callTimeout),
+		unhandled:     cfg.Unhandled,
+		// state of dispatch
+		codec:            v5wire.NewCodec(ln, cfg.PrivateKey, cfg.Clock, cfg.V5ProtocolID),
+		activeCallByNode: make(map[enode.ID]*callV5),
+		activeCallByAuth: make(map[v5wire.Nonce]*callV5),
+		callQueue:        make(map[enode.ID][]*callV5),
+		// shutdown
+		closeCtx:       closeCtx,
+		cancelCloseCtx: cancelCloseCtx,
+	}
+	t.talk = newTalkSystem(t)
+	tab, err := newTable(t, t.db, cfg.Bootnodes, cfg.Log)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.tab = tab
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// Self returns the local node record.
+func (t *UDPv5) Self() *enode.Node {
+	return t.localNode.Node()
+}
+
+// Close shuts down packet processing.
+func (t *UDPv5) Close() {
+	t.closeOnce.Do(func() {
+		t.cancelCloseCtx()
+		t.conn.Close()
+		t.talk.wait()
+		t.wg.Wait()
+		t.tab.close()
+	})
+}
+
+// Ping sends a ping message to the given node.
+func (t *UDPv5) Ping(n *enode.Node) error {
+	_, err := t.ping(n)
+	return err
+}
+
+// Resolve searches for a specific node with the given ID and tries to get the most recent
+// version of the node record for it. It returns n if the node could not be resolved.
+func (t *UDPv5) Resolve(n *enode.Node) *enode.Node {
+	if intable := t.tab.getNode(n.ID()); intable != nil && intable.Seq() > n.Seq() {
+		n = intable
+	}
+	// Try asking directly. This works if the node is still responding on the endpoint we have.
+	if resp, err := t.RequestENR(n); err == nil {
+		return resp
+	}
+	// Otherwise do a network lookup.
+	result := t.Lookup(n.ID())
+	for _, rn := range result {
+		if rn.ID() == n.ID() && rn.Seq() > n.Seq() {
+			return rn
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// AllNodes returns all the nodes stored in the local table.
+func (t *UDPv5) AllNodes() []*enode.Node {
+	t.tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer t.tab.mutex.Unlock()
+	nodes := make([]*enode.Node, 0)
+
+	for _, b := range &t.tab.buckets {
+		for _, n := range b.entries {
+			nodes = append(nodes, unwrapNode(n))
+		}
+	}
+	return nodes
+}
+
+// LocalNode returns the current local node running the
+// protocol.
+func (t *UDPv5) LocalNode() *enode.LocalNode {
+	return t.localNode
+}
+
+// RegisterTalkHandler adds a handler for 'talk requests'. The handler function is called
+// whenever a request for the given protocol is received and should return the response
+// data or nil.
+func (t *UDPv5) RegisterTalkHandler(protocol string, handler TalkRequestHandler) {
+	t.talk.register(protocol, handler)
+}
+
+// TalkRequest sends a talk request to a node and waits for a response.
+func (t *UDPv5) TalkRequest(n *enode.Node, protocol string, request []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	req := &v5wire.TalkRequest{Protocol: protocol, Message: request}
+	resp := t.callToNode(n, v5wire.TalkResponseMsg, req)
+	defer t.callDone(resp)
+	select {
+	case respMsg := <-resp.ch:
+		return respMsg.(*v5wire.TalkResponse).Message, nil
+	case err := <-resp.err:
+		return nil, err
+	}
+}
+
+// TalkRequestToID sends a talk request to a node and waits for a response.
+func (t *UDPv5) TalkRequestToID(id enode.ID, addr *net.UDPAddr, protocol string, request []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	req := &v5wire.TalkRequest{Protocol: protocol, Message: request}
+	resp := t.callToID(id, addr, v5wire.TalkResponseMsg, req)
+	defer t.callDone(resp)
+	select {
+	case respMsg := <-resp.ch:
+		return respMsg.(*v5wire.TalkResponse).Message, nil
+	case err := <-resp.err:
+		return nil, err
+	}
+}
+
+// RandomNodes returns an iterator that finds random nodes in the DHT.
+func (t *UDPv5) RandomNodes() enode.Iterator {
+	if t.tab.len() == 0 {
+		// All nodes were dropped, refresh. The very first query will hit this
+		// case and run the bootstrapping logic.
+		<-t.tab.refresh()
+	}
+
+	return newLookupIterator(t.closeCtx, t.newRandomLookup)
+}
+
+// Lookup performs a recursive lookup for the given target.
+// It returns the closest nodes to target.
+func (t *UDPv5) Lookup(target enode.ID) []*enode.Node {
+	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, target).run()
+}
+
+// lookupRandom looks up a random target.
+// This is needed to satisfy the transport interface.
+func (t *UDPv5) lookupRandom() []*enode.Node {
+	return t.newRandomLookup(t.closeCtx).run()
+}
+
+// lookupSelf looks up our own node ID.
+// This is needed to satisfy the transport interface.
+func (t *UDPv5) lookupSelf() []*enode.Node {
+	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, t.Self().ID()).run()
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv5) newRandomLookup(ctx context.Context) *lookup {
+	var target enode.ID
+	crand.Read(target[:])
+	return t.newLookup(ctx, target)
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv5) newLookup(ctx context.Context, target enode.ID) *lookup {
+	return newLookup(ctx, t.tab, target, func(n *node) ([]*node, error) {
+		return t.lookupWorker(n, target)
+	})
+}
+
+// lookupWorker performs FINDNODE calls against a single node during lookup.
+func (t *UDPv5) lookupWorker(destNode *node, target enode.ID) ([]*node, error) {
+	var (
+		dists = lookupDistances(target, destNode.ID())
+		nodes = nodesByDistance{target: target}
+		err   error
+	)
+	var r []*enode.Node
+	r, err = t.findnode(unwrapNode(destNode), dists)
+	if errors.Is(err, errClosed) {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, n := range r {
+		if n.ID() != t.Self().ID() {
+			nodes.push(wrapNode(n), findnodeResultLimit)
+		}
+	}
+	return nodes.entries, err
+}
+
+// lookupDistances computes the distance parameter for FINDNODE calls to dest.
+// It chooses distances adjacent to logdist(target, dest), e.g. for a target
+// with logdist(target, dest) = 255 the result is [255, 256, 254].
+func lookupDistances(target, dest enode.ID) (dists []uint) {
+	td := enode.LogDist(target, dest)
+	dists = append(dists, uint(td))
+	for i := 1; len(dists) < lookupRequestLimit; i++ {
+		if td+i <= 256 {
+			dists = append(dists, uint(td+i))
+		}
+		if td-i > 0 {
+			dists = append(dists, uint(td-i))
+		}
+	}
+	return dists
+}
+
+// ping calls PING on a node and waits for a PONG response.
+func (t *UDPv5) ping(n *enode.Node) (uint64, error) {
+	req := &v5wire.Ping{ENRSeq: t.localNode.Node().Seq()}
+	resp := t.callToNode(n, v5wire.PongMsg, req)
+	defer t.callDone(resp)
+
+	select {
+	case pong := <-resp.ch:
+		return pong.(*v5wire.Pong).ENRSeq, nil
+	case err := <-resp.err:
+		return 0, err
+	}
+}
+
+// RequestENR requests n's record.
+func (t *UDPv5) RequestENR(n *enode.Node) (*enode.Node, error) {
+	nodes, err := t.findnode(n, []uint{0})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(nodes) != 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%d nodes in response for distance zero", len(nodes))
+	}
+	return nodes[0], nil
+}
+
+// findnode calls FINDNODE on a node and waits for responses.
+func (t *UDPv5) findnode(n *enode.Node, distances []uint) ([]*enode.Node, error) {
+	resp := t.callToNode(n, v5wire.NodesMsg, &v5wire.Findnode{Distances: distances})
+	return t.waitForNodes(resp, distances)
+}
+
+// waitForNodes waits for NODES responses to the given call.
+func (t *UDPv5) waitForNodes(c *callV5, distances []uint) ([]*enode.Node, error) {
+	defer t.callDone(c)
+
+	var (
+		nodes           []*enode.Node
+		seen            = make(map[enode.ID]struct{})
+		received, total = 0, -1
+	)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case responseP := <-c.ch:
+			response := responseP.(*v5wire.Nodes)
+			for _, record := range response.Nodes {
+				node, err := t.verifyResponseNode(c, record, distances, seen)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.log.Debug("Invalid record in "+response.Name(), "id", c.node.ID(), "err", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				nodes = append(nodes, node)
+			}
+			if total == -1 {
+				total = min(int(response.RespCount), totalNodesResponseLimit)
+			}
+			if received++; received == total {
+				return nodes, nil
+			}
+		case err := <-c.err:
+			return nodes, err
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// verifyResponseNode checks validity of a record in a NODES response.
+func (t *UDPv5) verifyResponseNode(c *callV5, r *enr.Record, distances []uint, seen map[enode.ID]struct{}) (*enode.Node, error) {
+	node, err := enode.New(t.validSchemes, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := netutil.CheckRelayIP(c.addr.IP, node.IP()); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if t.netrestrict != nil && !t.netrestrict.Contains(node.IP()) {
+		return nil, errors.New("not contained in netrestrict list")
+	}
+	if node.UDP() <= 1024 {
+		return nil, errLowPort
+	}
+	if distances != nil {
+		nd := enode.LogDist(c.id, node.ID())
+		if !containsUint(uint(nd), distances) {
+			return nil, errors.New("does not match any requested distance")
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := seen[node.ID()]; ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("duplicate record")
+	}
+	seen[node.ID()] = struct{}{}
+	return node, nil
+}
+
+func containsUint(x uint, xs []uint) bool {
+	for _, v := range xs {
+		if x == v {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// callToNode sends the given call and sets up a handler for response packets (of message
+// type responseType). Responses are dispatched to the call's response channel.
+func (t *UDPv5) callToNode(n *enode.Node, responseType byte, req v5wire.Packet) *callV5 {
+	addr := &net.UDPAddr{IP: n.IP(), Port: n.UDP()}
+	c := &callV5{id: n.ID(), addr: addr, node: n}
+	t.initCall(c, responseType, req)
+	return c
+}
+
+// callToID is like callToNode, but for cases where the node record is not available.
+func (t *UDPv5) callToID(id enode.ID, addr *net.UDPAddr, responseType byte, req v5wire.Packet) *callV5 {
+	c := &callV5{id: id, addr: addr}
+	t.initCall(c, responseType, req)
+	return c
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv5) initCall(c *callV5, responseType byte, packet v5wire.Packet) {
+	c.packet = packet
+	c.responseType = responseType
+	c.reqid = make([]byte, 8)
+	c.ch = make(chan v5wire.Packet, 1)
+	c.err = make(chan error, 1)
+	// Assign request ID.
+	crand.Read(c.reqid)
+	packet.SetRequestID(c.reqid)
+	// Send call to dispatch.
+	select {
+	case t.callCh <- c:
+	case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+		c.err <- errClosed
+	}
+}
+
+// callDone tells dispatch that the active call is done.
+func (t *UDPv5) callDone(c *callV5) {
+	// This needs a loop because further responses may be incoming until the
+	// send to callDoneCh has completed. Such responses need to be discarded
+	// in order to avoid blocking the dispatch loop.
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.ch:
+			// late response, discard.
+		case <-c.err:
+			// late error, discard.
+		case t.callDoneCh <- c:
+			return
+		case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// dispatch runs in its own goroutine, handles incoming packets and deals with calls.
+//
+// For any destination node there is at most one 'active call', stored in the t.activeCall*
+// maps. A call is made active when it is sent. The active call can be answered by a
+// matching response, in which case c.ch receives the response; or by timing out, in which case
+// c.err receives the error. When the function that created the call signals the active
+// call is done through callDone, the next call from the call queue is started.
+//
+// Calls may also be answered by a WHOAREYOU packet referencing the call packet's authTag.
+// When that happens the call is simply re-sent to complete the handshake. We allow one
+// handshake attempt per call.
+func (t *UDPv5) dispatch() {
+	defer t.wg.Done()
+
+	// Arm first read.
+	t.readNextCh <- struct{}{}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case c := <-t.callCh:
+			t.callQueue[c.id] = append(t.callQueue[c.id], c)
+			t.sendNextCall(c.id)
+
+		case ct := <-t.respTimeoutCh:
+			active := t.activeCallByNode[ct.c.id]
+			if ct.c == active && ct.timer == active.timeout {
+				ct.c.err <- errTimeout
+			}
+
+		case c := <-t.callDoneCh:
+			active := t.activeCallByNode[c.id]
+			if active != c {
+				panic("BUG: callDone for inactive call")
+			}
+			c.timeout.Stop()
+			delete(t.activeCallByAuth, c.nonce)
+			delete(t.activeCallByNode, c.id)
+			t.sendNextCall(c.id)
+
+		case r := <-t.sendCh:
+			t.send(r.destID, r.destAddr, r.msg, nil)
+
+		case p := <-t.packetInCh:
+			t.handlePacket(p.Data, p.Addr)
+			// Arm next read.
+			t.readNextCh <- struct{}{}
+
+		case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+			close(t.readNextCh)
+			for id, queue := range t.callQueue {
+				for _, c := range queue {
+					c.err <- errClosed
+				}
+				delete(t.callQueue, id)
+			}
+			for id, c := range t.activeCallByNode {
+				c.err <- errClosed
+				delete(t.activeCallByNode, id)
+				delete(t.activeCallByAuth, c.nonce)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// startResponseTimeout sets the response timer for a call.
+func (t *UDPv5) startResponseTimeout(c *callV5) {
+	if c.timeout != nil {
+		c.timeout.Stop()
+	}
+	var (
+		timer mclock.Timer
+		done  = make(chan struct{})
+	)
+	timer = t.clock.AfterFunc(respTimeoutV5, func() {
+		<-done
+		select {
+		case t.respTimeoutCh <- &callTimeout{c, timer}:
+		case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+		}
+	})
+	c.timeout = timer
+	close(done)
+}
+
+// sendNextCall sends the next call in the call queue if there is no active call.
+func (t *UDPv5) sendNextCall(id enode.ID) {
+	queue := t.callQueue[id]
+	if len(queue) == 0 || t.activeCallByNode[id] != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	t.activeCallByNode[id] = queue[0]
+	t.sendCall(t.activeCallByNode[id])
+	if len(queue) == 1 {
+		delete(t.callQueue, id)
+	} else {
+		copy(queue, queue[1:])
+		t.callQueue[id] = queue[:len(queue)-1]
+	}
+}
+
+// sendCall encodes and sends a request packet to the call's recipient node.
+// This performs a handshake if needed.
+func (t *UDPv5) sendCall(c *callV5) {
+	// The call might have a nonce from a previous handshake attempt. Remove the entry for
+	// the old nonce because we're about to generate a new nonce for this call.
+	if c.nonce != (v5wire.Nonce{}) {
+		delete(t.activeCallByAuth, c.nonce)
+	}
+
+	newNonce, _ := t.send(c.id, c.addr, c.packet, c.challenge)
+	c.nonce = newNonce
+	t.activeCallByAuth[newNonce] = c
+	t.startResponseTimeout(c)
+}
+
+// sendResponse sends a response packet to the given node.
+// This doesn't trigger a handshake even if no keys are available.
+func (t *UDPv5) sendResponse(toID enode.ID, toAddr *net.UDPAddr, packet v5wire.Packet) error {
+	_, err := t.send(toID, toAddr, packet, nil)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (t *UDPv5) sendFromAnotherThread(toID enode.ID, toAddr *net.UDPAddr, packet v5wire.Packet) {
+	select {
+	case t.sendCh <- sendRequest{toID, toAddr, packet}:
+	case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+	}
+}
+
+// send sends a packet to the given node.
+func (t *UDPv5) send(toID enode.ID, toAddr *net.UDPAddr, packet v5wire.Packet, c *v5wire.Whoareyou) (v5wire.Nonce, error) {
+	addr := toAddr.String()
+	t.logcontext = append(t.logcontext[:0], "id", toID, "addr", addr)
+	t.logcontext = packet.AppendLogInfo(t.logcontext)
+
+	enc, nonce, err := t.codec.Encode(toID, addr, packet, c)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.logcontext = append(t.logcontext, "err", err)
+		t.log.Warn(">> "+packet.Name(), t.logcontext...)
+		return nonce, err
+	}
+
+	_, err = t.conn.WriteToUDP(enc, toAddr)
+	t.log.Trace(">> "+packet.Name(), t.logcontext...)
+	return nonce, err
+}
+
+// readLoop runs in its own goroutine and reads packets from the network.
+func (t *UDPv5) readLoop() {
+	defer t.wg.Done()
+
+	buf := make([]byte, maxPacketSize)
+	for range t.readNextCh {
+		nbytes, from, err := t.conn.ReadFromUDP(buf)
+		if netutil.IsTemporaryError(err) {
+			// Ignore temporary read errors.
+			t.log.Debug("Temporary UDP read error", "err", err)
+			continue
+		} else if err != nil {
+			// Shut down the loop for permanent errors.
+			if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				t.log.Debug("UDP read error", "err", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		t.dispatchReadPacket(from, buf[:nbytes])
+	}
+}
+
+// dispatchReadPacket sends a packet into the dispatch loop.
+func (t *UDPv5) dispatchReadPacket(from *net.UDPAddr, content []byte) bool {
+	select {
+	case t.packetInCh <- ReadPacket{content, from}:
+		return true
+	case <-t.closeCtx.Done():
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// handlePacket decodes and processes an incoming packet from the network.
+func (t *UDPv5) handlePacket(rawpacket []byte, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr) error {
+	addr := fromAddr.String()
+	fromID, fromNode, packet, err := t.codec.Decode(rawpacket, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		if t.unhandled != nil && v5wire.IsInvalidHeader(err) {
+			// The packet seems unrelated to discv5, send it to the next protocol.
+			// t.log.Trace("Unhandled discv5 packet", "id", fromID, "addr", addr, "err", err)
+			up := ReadPacket{Data: make([]byte, len(rawpacket)), Addr: fromAddr}
+			copy(up.Data, rawpacket)
+			t.unhandled <- up
+			return nil
+		}
+		t.log.Debug("Bad discv5 packet", "id", fromID, "addr", addr, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if fromNode != nil {
+		// Handshake succeeded, add to table.
+		t.tab.addSeenNode(wrapNode(fromNode))
+	}
+	if packet.Kind() != v5wire.WhoareyouPacket {
+		// WHOAREYOU logged separately to report errors.
+		t.logcontext = append(t.logcontext[:0], "id", fromID, "addr", addr)
+		t.logcontext = packet.AppendLogInfo(t.logcontext)
+		t.log.Trace("<< "+packet.Name(), t.logcontext...)
+	}
+	t.handle(packet, fromID, fromAddr)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// handleCallResponse dispatches a response packet to the call waiting for it.
+func (t *UDPv5) handleCallResponse(fromID enode.ID, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr, p v5wire.Packet) bool {
+	ac := t.activeCallByNode[fromID]
+	if ac == nil || !bytes.Equal(p.RequestID(), ac.reqid) {
+		t.log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Unsolicited/late %s response", p.Name()), "id", fromID, "addr", fromAddr)
+		return false
+	}
+	if !fromAddr.IP.Equal(ac.addr.IP) || fromAddr.Port != ac.addr.Port {
+		t.log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("%s from wrong endpoint", p.Name()), "id", fromID, "addr", fromAddr)
+		return false
+	}
+	if p.Kind() != ac.responseType {
+		t.log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Wrong discv5 response type %s", p.Name()), "id", fromID, "addr", fromAddr)
+		return false
+	}
+	t.startResponseTimeout(ac)
+	ac.ch <- p
+	return true
+}
+
+// getNode looks for a node record in table and database.
+func (t *UDPv5) getNode(id enode.ID) *enode.Node {
+	if n := t.tab.getNode(id); n != nil {
+		return n
+	}
+	if n := t.localNode.Database().Node(id); n != nil {
+		return n
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// handle processes incoming packets according to their message type.
+func (t *UDPv5) handle(p v5wire.Packet, fromID enode.ID, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	switch p := p.(type) {
+	case *v5wire.Unknown:
+		t.handleUnknown(p, fromID, fromAddr)
+	case *v5wire.Whoareyou:
+		t.handleWhoareyou(p, fromID, fromAddr)
+	case *v5wire.Ping:
+		t.handlePing(p, fromID, fromAddr)
+	case *v5wire.Pong:
+		if t.handleCallResponse(fromID, fromAddr, p) {
+			t.localNode.UDPEndpointStatement(fromAddr, &net.UDPAddr{IP: p.ToIP, Port: int(p.ToPort)})
+		}
+	case *v5wire.Findnode:
+		t.handleFindnode(p, fromID, fromAddr)
+	case *v5wire.Nodes:
+		t.handleCallResponse(fromID, fromAddr, p)
+	case *v5wire.TalkRequest:
+		t.talk.handleRequest(fromID, fromAddr, p)
+	case *v5wire.TalkResponse:
+		t.handleCallResponse(fromID, fromAddr, p)
+	}
+}
+
+// handleUnknown initiates a handshake by responding with WHOAREYOU.
+func (t *UDPv5) handleUnknown(p *v5wire.Unknown, fromID enode.ID, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	challenge := &v5wire.Whoareyou{Nonce: p.Nonce}
+	crand.Read(challenge.IDNonce[:])
+	if n := t.getNode(fromID); n != nil {
+		challenge.Node = n
+		challenge.RecordSeq = n.Seq()
+	}
+	t.sendResponse(fromID, fromAddr, challenge)
+}
+
+var (
+	errChallengeNoCall = errors.New("no matching call")
+	errChallengeTwice  = errors.New("second handshake")
+)
+
+// handleWhoareyou resends the active call as a handshake packet.
+func (t *UDPv5) handleWhoareyou(p *v5wire.Whoareyou, fromID enode.ID, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	c, err := t.matchWithCall(fromID, p.Nonce)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.log.Debug("Invalid "+p.Name(), "addr", fromAddr, "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if c.node == nil {
+		// Can't perform handshake because we don't have the ENR.
+		t.log.Debug("Can't handle "+p.Name(), "addr", fromAddr, "err", "call has no ENR")
+		c.err <- errors.New("remote wants handshake, but call has no ENR")
+		return
+	}
+	// Resend the call that was answered by WHOAREYOU.
+	t.log.Trace("<< "+p.Name(), "id", c.node.ID(), "addr", fromAddr)
+	c.handshakeCount++
+	c.challenge = p
+	p.Node = c.node
+	t.sendCall(c)
+}
+
+// matchWithCall checks whether a handshake attempt matches the active call.
+func (t *UDPv5) matchWithCall(fromID enode.ID, nonce v5wire.Nonce) (*callV5, error) {
+	c := t.activeCallByAuth[nonce]
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil, errChallengeNoCall
+	}
+	if c.handshakeCount > 0 {
+		return nil, errChallengeTwice
+	}
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+// handlePing sends a PONG response.
+func (t *UDPv5) handlePing(p *v5wire.Ping, fromID enode.ID, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	remoteIP := fromAddr.IP
+	// Handle IPv4 mapped IPv6 addresses in the
+	// event the local node is binded to an
+	// ipv6 interface.
+	if remoteIP.To4() != nil {
+		remoteIP = remoteIP.To4()
+	}
+	t.sendResponse(fromID, fromAddr, &v5wire.Pong{
+		ReqID:  p.ReqID,
+		ToIP:   remoteIP,
+		ToPort: uint16(fromAddr.Port),
+		ENRSeq: t.localNode.Node().Seq(),
+	})
+}
+
+// handleFindnode returns nodes to the requester.
+func (t *UDPv5) handleFindnode(p *v5wire.Findnode, fromID enode.ID, fromAddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	nodes := t.collectTableNodes(fromAddr.IP, p.Distances, findnodeResultLimit)
+	for _, resp := range packNodes(p.ReqID, nodes) {
+		t.sendResponse(fromID, fromAddr, resp)
+	}
+}
+
+// collectTableNodes creates a FINDNODE result set for the given distances.
+func (t *UDPv5) collectTableNodes(rip net.IP, distances []uint, limit int) []*enode.Node {
+	var nodes []*enode.Node
+	var processed = make(map[uint]struct{})
+	for _, dist := range distances {
+		// Reject duplicate / invalid distances.
+		_, seen := processed[dist]
+		if seen || dist > 256 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Get the nodes.
+		var bn []*enode.Node
+		if dist == 0 {
+			bn = []*enode.Node{t.Self()}
+		} else if dist <= 256 {
+			t.tab.mutex.Lock()
+			bn = unwrapNodes(t.tab.bucketAtDistance(int(dist)).entries)
+			t.tab.mutex.Unlock()
+		}
+		processed[dist] = struct{}{}
+
+		// Apply some pre-checks to avoid sending invalid nodes.
+		for _, n := range bn {
+			// TODO livenessChecks > 1
+			if netutil.CheckRelayIP(rip, n.IP()) != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			nodes = append(nodes, n)
+			if len(nodes) >= limit {
+				return nodes
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nodes
+}
+
+// packNodes creates NODES response packets for the given node list.
+func packNodes(reqid []byte, nodes []*enode.Node) []*v5wire.Nodes {
+	if len(nodes) == 0 {
+		return []*v5wire.Nodes{{ReqID: reqid, RespCount: 1}}
+	}
+
+	// This limit represents the available space for nodes in output packets. Maximum
+	// packet size is 1280, and out of this ~80 bytes will be taken up by the packet
+	// frame. So limiting to 1000 bytes here leaves 200 bytes for other fields of the
+	// NODES message, which is a lot.
+	const sizeLimit = 1000
+
+	var resp []*v5wire.Nodes
+	for len(nodes) > 0 {
+		p := &v5wire.Nodes{ReqID: reqid}
+		size := uint64(0)
+		for len(nodes) > 0 {
+			r := nodes[0].Record()
+			if size += r.Size(); size > sizeLimit {
+				break
+			}
+			p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, r)
+			nodes = nodes[1:]
+		}
+		resp = append(resp, p)
+	}
+	for _, msg := range resp {
+		msg.RespCount = uint8(len(resp))
+	}
+	return resp
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/crypto.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/crypto.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3662cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/crypto.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v5wire
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"hash"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/hkdf"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Encryption/authentication parameters.
+	aesKeySize   = 16
+	gcmNonceSize = 12
+)
+
+// Nonce represents a nonce used for AES/GCM.
+type Nonce [gcmNonceSize]byte
+
+// EncodePubkey encodes a public key.
+func EncodePubkey(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	switch key.Curve {
+	case crypto.S256():
+		return crypto.CompressPubkey(key)
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported curve " + key.Curve.Params().Name + " in EncodePubkey")
+	}
+}
+
+// DecodePubkey decodes a public key in compressed format.
+func DecodePubkey(curve elliptic.Curve, e []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	switch curve {
+	case crypto.S256():
+		if len(e) != 33 {
+			return nil, errors.New("wrong size public key data")
+		}
+		return crypto.DecompressPubkey(e)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported curve %s in DecodePubkey", curve.Params().Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// idNonceHash computes the ID signature hash used in the handshake.
+func idNonceHash(h hash.Hash, challenge, ephkey []byte, destID enode.ID) []byte {
+	h.Reset()
+	h.Write([]byte("discovery v5 identity proof"))
+	h.Write(challenge)
+	h.Write(ephkey)
+	h.Write(destID[:])
+	return h.Sum(nil)
+}
+
+// makeIDSignature creates the ID nonce signature.
+func makeIDSignature(hash hash.Hash, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, challenge, ephkey []byte, destID enode.ID) ([]byte, error) {
+	input := idNonceHash(hash, challenge, ephkey, destID)
+	switch key.Curve {
+	case crypto.S256():
+		idsig, err := crypto.Sign(input, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return idsig[:len(idsig)-1], nil // remove recovery ID
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported curve %s", key.Curve.Params().Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// s256raw is an unparsed secp256k1 public key ENR entry.
+type s256raw []byte
+
+func (s256raw) ENRKey() string { return "secp256k1" }
+
+// verifyIDSignature checks that signature over idnonce was made by the given node.
+func verifyIDSignature(hash hash.Hash, sig []byte, n *enode.Node, challenge, ephkey []byte, destID enode.ID) error {
+	switch idscheme := n.Record().IdentityScheme(); idscheme {
+	case "v4":
+		var pubkey s256raw
+		if n.Load(&pubkey) != nil {
+			return errors.New("no secp256k1 public key in record")
+		}
+		input := idNonceHash(hash, challenge, ephkey, destID)
+		if !crypto.VerifySignature(pubkey, input, sig) {
+			return errInvalidNonceSig
+		}
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't verify ID nonce signature against scheme %q", idscheme)
+	}
+}
+
+type hashFn func() hash.Hash
+
+// deriveKeys creates the session keys.
+func deriveKeys(hash hashFn, priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, pub *ecdsa.PublicKey, n1, n2 enode.ID, challenge []byte) *session {
+	const text = "discovery v5 key agreement"
+	var info = make([]byte, 0, len(text)+len(n1)+len(n2))
+	info = append(info, text...)
+	info = append(info, n1[:]...)
+	info = append(info, n2[:]...)
+
+	eph := ecdh(priv, pub)
+	if eph == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	kdf := hkdf.New(hash, eph, challenge, info)
+	sec := session{writeKey: make([]byte, aesKeySize), readKey: make([]byte, aesKeySize)}
+	kdf.Read(sec.writeKey)
+	kdf.Read(sec.readKey)
+	for i := range eph {
+		eph[i] = 0
+	}
+	return &sec
+}
+
+// ecdh creates a shared secret.
+func ecdh(privkey *ecdsa.PrivateKey, pubkey *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	secX, secY := pubkey.ScalarMult(pubkey.X, pubkey.Y, privkey.D.Bytes())
+	if secX == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	sec := make([]byte, 33)
+	sec[0] = 0x02 | byte(secY.Bit(0))
+	math.ReadBits(secX, sec[1:])
+	return sec
+}
+
+// encryptGCM encrypts pt using AES-GCM with the given key and nonce. The ciphertext is
+// appended to dest, which must not overlap with plaintext. The resulting ciphertext is 16
+// bytes longer than plaintext because it contains an authentication tag.
+func encryptGCM(dest, key, nonce, plaintext, authData []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("can't create block cipher: %v", err))
+	}
+	aesgcm, err := cipher.NewGCMWithNonceSize(block, gcmNonceSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("can't create GCM: %v", err))
+	}
+	return aesgcm.Seal(dest, nonce, plaintext, authData), nil
+}
+
+// decryptGCM decrypts ct using AES-GCM with the given key and nonce.
+func decryptGCM(key, nonce, ct, authData []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't create block cipher: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(nonce) != gcmNonceSize {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid GCM nonce size: %d", len(nonce))
+	}
+	aesgcm, err := cipher.NewGCMWithNonceSize(block, gcmNonceSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't create GCM: %v", err)
+	}
+	pt := make([]byte, 0, len(ct))
+	return aesgcm.Open(pt, nonce, ct, authData)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28e1a69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v5wire
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"hash"
+)
+
+// TODO concurrent WHOAREYOU tie-breaker
+// TODO rehandshake after X packets
+
+// Header represents a packet header.
+type Header struct {
+	IV [sizeofMaskingIV]byte
+	StaticHeader
+	AuthData []byte
+
+	src enode.ID // used by decoder
+}
+
+// StaticHeader contains the static fields of a packet header.
+type StaticHeader struct {
+	ProtocolID [6]byte
+	Version    uint16
+	Flag       byte
+	Nonce      Nonce
+	AuthSize   uint16
+}
+
+// Authdata layouts.
+type (
+	whoareyouAuthData struct {
+		IDNonce   [16]byte // ID proof data
+		RecordSeq uint64   // highest known ENR sequence of requester
+	}
+
+	handshakeAuthData struct {
+		h struct {
+			SrcID      enode.ID
+			SigSize    byte // signature data
+			PubkeySize byte // offset of
+		}
+		// Trailing variable-size data.
+		signature, pubkey, record []byte
+	}
+
+	messageAuthData struct {
+		SrcID enode.ID
+	}
+)
+
+// Packet header flag values.
+const (
+	flagMessage = iota
+	flagWhoareyou
+	flagHandshake
+)
+
+// Protocol constants.
+const (
+	version         = 1
+	minVersion      = 1
+	sizeofMaskingIV = 16
+
+	// The minimum size of any Discovery v5 packet is 63 bytes.
+	// Should reject packets smaller than minPacketSize.
+	minPacketSize = 63
+
+	maxPacketSize = 1280
+
+	minMessageSize      = 48 // this refers to data after static headers
+	randomPacketMsgSize = 20
+)
+
+var DefaultProtocolID = [6]byte{'d', 'i', 's', 'c', 'v', '5'}
+
+// Errors.
+var (
+	errTooShort            = errors.New("packet too short")
+	errInvalidHeader       = errors.New("invalid packet header")
+	errInvalidFlag         = errors.New("invalid flag value in header")
+	errMinVersion          = errors.New("version of packet header below minimum")
+	errMsgTooShort         = errors.New("message/handshake packet below minimum size")
+	errAuthSize            = errors.New("declared auth size is beyond packet length")
+	errUnexpectedHandshake = errors.New("unexpected auth response, not in handshake")
+	errInvalidAuthKey      = errors.New("invalid ephemeral pubkey")
+	errNoRecord            = errors.New("expected ENR in handshake but none sent")
+	errInvalidNonceSig     = errors.New("invalid ID nonce signature")
+	errMessageTooShort     = errors.New("message contains no data")
+	errMessageDecrypt      = errors.New("cannot decrypt message")
+)
+
+// Public errors.
+var (
+	// ErrInvalidReqID represents error when the ID is invalid.
+	ErrInvalidReqID = errors.New("request ID larger than 8 bytes")
+)
+
+// IsInvalidHeader reports whether 'err' is related to an invalid packet header. When it
+// returns false, it is pretty certain that the packet causing the error does not belong
+// to discv5.
+func IsInvalidHeader(err error) bool {
+	return err == errTooShort || err == errInvalidHeader || err == errMsgTooShort
+}
+
+// Packet sizes.
+var (
+	sizeofStaticHeader      = binary.Size(StaticHeader{})
+	sizeofWhoareyouAuthData = binary.Size(whoareyouAuthData{})
+	sizeofHandshakeAuthData = binary.Size(handshakeAuthData{}.h)
+	sizeofMessageAuthData   = binary.Size(messageAuthData{})
+	sizeofStaticPacketData  = sizeofMaskingIV + sizeofStaticHeader
+)
+
+// Codec encodes and decodes Discovery v5 packets.
+// This type is not safe for concurrent use.
+type Codec struct {
+	sha256     hash.Hash
+	localnode  *enode.LocalNode
+	privkey    *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+	sc         *SessionCache
+	protocolID [6]byte
+
+	// encoder buffers
+	buf      bytes.Buffer // whole packet
+	headbuf  bytes.Buffer // packet header
+	msgbuf   bytes.Buffer // message RLP plaintext
+	msgctbuf []byte       // message data ciphertext
+
+	// decoder buffer
+	decbuf []byte
+	reader bytes.Reader
+}
+
+// NewCodec creates a wire codec.
+func NewCodec(ln *enode.LocalNode, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, clock mclock.Clock, protocolID *[6]byte) *Codec {
+	c := &Codec{
+		sha256:     sha256.New(),
+		localnode:  ln,
+		privkey:    key,
+		sc:         NewSessionCache(1024, clock),
+		protocolID: DefaultProtocolID,
+		decbuf:     make([]byte, maxPacketSize),
+	}
+	if protocolID != nil {
+		c.protocolID = *protocolID
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+// Encode encodes a packet to a node. 'id' and 'addr' specify the destination node. The
+// 'challenge' parameter should be the most recently received WHOAREYOU packet from that
+// node.
+func (c *Codec) Encode(id enode.ID, addr string, packet Packet, challenge *Whoareyou) ([]byte, Nonce, error) {
+	// Create the packet header.
+	var (
+		head    Header
+		session *session
+		msgData []byte
+		err     error
+	)
+	switch {
+	case packet.Kind() == WhoareyouPacket:
+		head, err = c.encodeWhoareyou(id, packet.(*Whoareyou))
+	case challenge != nil:
+		// We have an unanswered challenge, send handshake.
+		head, session, err = c.encodeHandshakeHeader(id, addr, challenge)
+	default:
+		session = c.sc.session(id, addr)
+		if session != nil {
+			// There is a session, use it.
+			head, err = c.encodeMessageHeader(id, session)
+		} else {
+			// No keys, send random data to kick off the handshake.
+			head, msgData, err = c.encodeRandom(id)
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, Nonce{}, err
+	}
+
+	// Generate masking IV.
+	if err := c.sc.maskingIVGen(head.IV[:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, Nonce{}, fmt.Errorf("can't generate masking IV: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Encode header data.
+	c.writeHeaders(&head)
+
+	// Store sent WHOAREYOU challenges.
+	if challenge, ok := packet.(*Whoareyou); ok {
+		challenge.ChallengeData = bytesCopy(&c.buf)
+		c.sc.storeSentHandshake(id, addr, challenge)
+	} else if msgData == nil {
+		headerData := c.buf.Bytes()
+		msgData, err = c.encryptMessage(session, packet, &head, headerData)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, Nonce{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	enc, err := c.EncodeRaw(id, head, msgData)
+	return enc, head.Nonce, err
+}
+
+// EncodeRaw encodes a packet with the given header.
+func (c *Codec) EncodeRaw(id enode.ID, head Header, msgdata []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	c.writeHeaders(&head)
+
+	// Apply masking.
+	masked := c.buf.Bytes()[sizeofMaskingIV:]
+	mask := head.mask(id)
+	mask.XORKeyStream(masked[:], masked[:])
+
+	// Write message data.
+	c.buf.Write(msgdata)
+	return c.buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (c *Codec) writeHeaders(head *Header) {
+	c.buf.Reset()
+	c.buf.Write(head.IV[:])
+	binary.Write(&c.buf, binary.BigEndian, &head.StaticHeader)
+	c.buf.Write(head.AuthData)
+}
+
+// makeHeader creates a packet header.
+func (c *Codec) makeHeader(toID enode.ID, flag byte, authsizeExtra int) Header {
+	var authsize int
+	switch flag {
+	case flagMessage:
+		authsize = sizeofMessageAuthData
+	case flagWhoareyou:
+		authsize = sizeofWhoareyouAuthData
+	case flagHandshake:
+		authsize = sizeofHandshakeAuthData
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: invalid packet header flag %x", flag))
+	}
+	authsize += authsizeExtra
+	if authsize > int(^uint16(0)) {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("BUG: auth size %d overflows uint16", authsize))
+	}
+	return Header{
+		StaticHeader: StaticHeader{
+			ProtocolID: c.protocolID,
+			Version:    version,
+			Flag:       flag,
+			AuthSize:   uint16(authsize),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// encodeRandom encodes a packet with random content.
+func (c *Codec) encodeRandom(toID enode.ID) (Header, []byte, error) {
+	head := c.makeHeader(toID, flagMessage, 0)
+
+	// Encode auth data.
+	auth := messageAuthData{SrcID: c.localnode.ID()}
+	if _, err := crand.Read(head.Nonce[:]); err != nil {
+		return head, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't get random data: %v", err)
+	}
+	c.headbuf.Reset()
+	binary.Write(&c.headbuf, binary.BigEndian, auth)
+	head.AuthData = c.headbuf.Bytes()
+
+	// Fill message ciphertext buffer with random bytes.
+	c.msgctbuf = append(c.msgctbuf[:0], make([]byte, randomPacketMsgSize)...)
+	crand.Read(c.msgctbuf)
+	return head, c.msgctbuf, nil
+}
+
+// encodeWhoareyou encodes a WHOAREYOU packet.
+func (c *Codec) encodeWhoareyou(toID enode.ID, packet *Whoareyou) (Header, error) {
+	// Sanity check node field to catch misbehaving callers.
+	if packet.RecordSeq > 0 && packet.Node == nil {
+		panic("BUG: missing node in whoareyou with non-zero seq")
+	}
+
+	// Create header.
+	head := c.makeHeader(toID, flagWhoareyou, 0)
+	head.AuthData = bytesCopy(&c.buf)
+	head.Nonce = packet.Nonce
+
+	// Encode auth data.
+	auth := &whoareyouAuthData{
+		IDNonce:   packet.IDNonce,
+		RecordSeq: packet.RecordSeq,
+	}
+	c.headbuf.Reset()
+	binary.Write(&c.headbuf, binary.BigEndian, auth)
+	head.AuthData = c.headbuf.Bytes()
+	return head, nil
+}
+
+// encodeHandshakeHeader encodes the handshake message packet header.
+func (c *Codec) encodeHandshakeHeader(toID enode.ID, addr string, challenge *Whoareyou) (Header, *session, error) {
+	// Ensure calling code sets challenge.node.
+	if challenge.Node == nil {
+		panic("BUG: missing challenge.Node in encode")
+	}
+
+	// Generate new secrets.
+	auth, session, err := c.makeHandshakeAuth(toID, addr, challenge)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Header{}, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Generate nonce for message.
+	nonce, err := c.sc.nextNonce(session)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Header{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't generate nonce: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// TODO: this should happen when the first authenticated message is received
+	c.sc.storeNewSession(toID, addr, session)
+
+	// Encode the auth header.
+	var (
+		authsizeExtra = len(auth.pubkey) + len(auth.signature) + len(auth.record)
+		head          = c.makeHeader(toID, flagHandshake, authsizeExtra)
+	)
+	c.headbuf.Reset()
+	binary.Write(&c.headbuf, binary.BigEndian, &auth.h)
+	c.headbuf.Write(auth.signature)
+	c.headbuf.Write(auth.pubkey)
+	c.headbuf.Write(auth.record)
+	head.AuthData = c.headbuf.Bytes()
+	head.Nonce = nonce
+	return head, session, err
+}
+
+// makeHandshakeAuth creates the auth header on a request packet following WHOAREYOU.
+func (c *Codec) makeHandshakeAuth(toID enode.ID, addr string, challenge *Whoareyou) (*handshakeAuthData, *session, error) {
+	auth := new(handshakeAuthData)
+	auth.h.SrcID = c.localnode.ID()
+
+	// Create the ephemeral key. This needs to be first because the
+	// key is part of the ID nonce signature.
+	var remotePubkey = new(ecdsa.PublicKey)
+	if err := challenge.Node.Load((*enode.Secp256k1)(remotePubkey)); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't find secp256k1 key for recipient")
+	}
+	ephkey, err := c.sc.ephemeralKeyGen()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't generate ephemeral key")
+	}
+	ephpubkey := EncodePubkey(&ephkey.PublicKey)
+	auth.pubkey = ephpubkey[:]
+	auth.h.PubkeySize = byte(len(auth.pubkey))
+
+	// Add ID nonce signature to response.
+	cdata := challenge.ChallengeData
+	idsig, err := makeIDSignature(c.sha256, c.privkey, cdata, ephpubkey[:], toID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't sign: %v", err)
+	}
+	auth.signature = idsig
+	auth.h.SigSize = byte(len(auth.signature))
+
+	// Add our record to response if it's newer than what remote side has.
+	ln := c.localnode.Node()
+	if challenge.RecordSeq < ln.Seq() {
+		auth.record, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(ln.Record())
+	}
+
+	// Create session keys.
+	sec := deriveKeys(sha256.New, ephkey, remotePubkey, c.localnode.ID(), challenge.Node.ID(), cdata)
+	if sec == nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("key derivation failed")
+	}
+	return auth, sec, err
+}
+
+// encodeMessageHeader encodes an encrypted message packet.
+func (c *Codec) encodeMessageHeader(toID enode.ID, s *session) (Header, error) {
+	head := c.makeHeader(toID, flagMessage, 0)
+
+	// Create the header.
+	nonce, err := c.sc.nextNonce(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Header{}, fmt.Errorf("can't generate nonce: %v", err)
+	}
+	auth := messageAuthData{SrcID: c.localnode.ID()}
+	c.buf.Reset()
+	binary.Write(&c.buf, binary.BigEndian, &auth)
+	head.AuthData = bytesCopy(&c.buf)
+	head.Nonce = nonce
+	return head, err
+}
+
+func (c *Codec) encryptMessage(s *session, p Packet, head *Header, headerData []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Encode message plaintext.
+	c.msgbuf.Reset()
+	c.msgbuf.WriteByte(p.Kind())
+	if err := rlp.Encode(&c.msgbuf, p); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	messagePT := c.msgbuf.Bytes()
+
+	// Encrypt into message ciphertext buffer.
+	messageCT, err := encryptGCM(c.msgctbuf[:0], s.writeKey, head.Nonce[:], messagePT, headerData)
+	if err == nil {
+		c.msgctbuf = messageCT
+	}
+	return messageCT, err
+}
+
+// Decode decodes a discovery packet.
+func (c *Codec) Decode(inputData []byte, addr string) (src enode.ID, n *enode.Node, p Packet, err error) {
+	if len(inputData) < minPacketSize {
+		return enode.ID{}, nil, nil, errTooShort
+	}
+	// Copy the packet to a tmp buffer to avoid modifying it.
+	c.decbuf = append(c.decbuf[:0], inputData...)
+	input := c.decbuf
+	// Unmask the static header.
+	var head Header
+	copy(head.IV[:], input[:sizeofMaskingIV])
+	mask := head.mask(c.localnode.ID())
+	staticHeader := input[sizeofMaskingIV:sizeofStaticPacketData]
+	mask.XORKeyStream(staticHeader, staticHeader)
+
+	// Decode and verify the static header.
+	c.reader.Reset(staticHeader)
+	binary.Read(&c.reader, binary.BigEndian, &head.StaticHeader)
+	remainingInput := len(input) - sizeofStaticPacketData
+	if err := head.checkValid(remainingInput, c.protocolID); err != nil {
+		return enode.ID{}, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Unmask auth data.
+	authDataEnd := sizeofStaticPacketData + int(head.AuthSize)
+	authData := input[sizeofStaticPacketData:authDataEnd]
+	mask.XORKeyStream(authData, authData)
+	head.AuthData = authData
+
+	// Delete timed-out handshakes. This must happen before decoding to avoid
+	// processing the same handshake twice.
+	c.sc.handshakeGC()
+
+	// Decode auth part and message.
+	headerData := input[:authDataEnd]
+	msgData := input[authDataEnd:]
+	switch head.Flag {
+	case flagWhoareyou:
+		p, err = c.decodeWhoareyou(&head, headerData)
+	case flagHandshake:
+		n, p, err = c.decodeHandshakeMessage(addr, &head, headerData, msgData)
+	case flagMessage:
+		p, err = c.decodeMessage(addr, &head, headerData, msgData)
+	default:
+		err = errInvalidFlag
+	}
+	return head.src, n, p, err
+}
+
+// decodeWhoareyou reads packet data after the header as a WHOAREYOU packet.
+func (c *Codec) decodeWhoareyou(head *Header, headerData []byte) (Packet, error) {
+	if len(head.AuthData) != sizeofWhoareyouAuthData {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth size %d for WHOAREYOU", len(head.AuthData))
+	}
+	var auth whoareyouAuthData
+	c.reader.Reset(head.AuthData)
+	binary.Read(&c.reader, binary.BigEndian, &auth)
+	p := &Whoareyou{
+		Nonce:         head.Nonce,
+		IDNonce:       auth.IDNonce,
+		RecordSeq:     auth.RecordSeq,
+		ChallengeData: make([]byte, len(headerData)),
+	}
+	copy(p.ChallengeData, headerData)
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Codec) decodeHandshakeMessage(fromAddr string, head *Header, headerData, msgData []byte) (n *enode.Node, p Packet, err error) {
+	node, auth, session, err := c.decodeHandshake(fromAddr, head)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.sc.deleteHandshake(auth.h.SrcID, fromAddr)
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Decrypt the message using the new session keys.
+	msg, err := c.decryptMessage(msgData, head.Nonce[:], headerData, session.readKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.sc.deleteHandshake(auth.h.SrcID, fromAddr)
+		return node, msg, err
+	}
+
+	// Handshake OK, drop the challenge and store the new session keys.
+	c.sc.storeNewSession(auth.h.SrcID, fromAddr, session)
+	c.sc.deleteHandshake(auth.h.SrcID, fromAddr)
+	return node, msg, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Codec) decodeHandshake(fromAddr string, head *Header) (n *enode.Node, auth handshakeAuthData, s *session, err error) {
+	if auth, err = c.decodeHandshakeAuthData(head); err != nil {
+		return nil, auth, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Verify against our last WHOAREYOU.
+	challenge := c.sc.getHandshake(auth.h.SrcID, fromAddr)
+	if challenge == nil {
+		return nil, auth, nil, errUnexpectedHandshake
+	}
+	// Get node record.
+	n, err = c.decodeHandshakeRecord(challenge.Node, auth.h.SrcID, auth.record)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, auth, nil, err
+	}
+	// Verify ID nonce signature.
+	sig := auth.signature
+	cdata := challenge.ChallengeData
+	err = verifyIDSignature(c.sha256, sig, n, cdata, auth.pubkey, c.localnode.ID())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, auth, nil, err
+	}
+	// Verify ephemeral key is on curve.
+	ephkey, err := DecodePubkey(c.privkey.Curve, auth.pubkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, auth, nil, errInvalidAuthKey
+	}
+	// Derive session keys.
+	session := deriveKeys(sha256.New, c.privkey, ephkey, auth.h.SrcID, c.localnode.ID(), cdata)
+	session = session.keysFlipped()
+	return n, auth, session, nil
+}
+
+// decodeHandshakeAuthData reads the authdata section of a handshake packet.
+func (c *Codec) decodeHandshakeAuthData(head *Header) (auth handshakeAuthData, err error) {
+	// Decode fixed size part.
+	if len(head.AuthData) < sizeofHandshakeAuthData {
+		return auth, fmt.Errorf("header authsize %d too low for handshake", head.AuthSize)
+	}
+	c.reader.Reset(head.AuthData)
+	binary.Read(&c.reader, binary.BigEndian, &auth.h)
+	head.src = auth.h.SrcID
+
+	// Decode variable-size part.
+	var (
+		vardata       = head.AuthData[sizeofHandshakeAuthData:]
+		sigAndKeySize = int(auth.h.SigSize) + int(auth.h.PubkeySize)
+		keyOffset     = int(auth.h.SigSize)
+		recOffset     = keyOffset + int(auth.h.PubkeySize)
+	)
+	if len(vardata) < sigAndKeySize {
+		return auth, errTooShort
+	}
+	auth.signature = vardata[:keyOffset]
+	auth.pubkey = vardata[keyOffset:recOffset]
+	auth.record = vardata[recOffset:]
+	return auth, nil
+}
+
+// decodeHandshakeRecord verifies the node record contained in a handshake packet. The
+// remote node should include the record if we don't have one or if ours is older than the
+// latest sequence number.
+func (c *Codec) decodeHandshakeRecord(local *enode.Node, wantID enode.ID, remote []byte) (*enode.Node, error) {
+	node := local
+	if len(remote) > 0 {
+		var record enr.Record
+		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(remote, &record); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if local == nil || local.Seq() < record.Seq() {
+			n, err := enode.New(enode.ValidSchemes, &record)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid node record: %v", err)
+			}
+			if n.ID() != wantID {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("record in handshake has wrong ID: %v", n.ID())
+			}
+			node = n
+		}
+	}
+	if node == nil {
+		return nil, errNoRecord
+	}
+	return node, nil
+}
+
+// decodeMessage reads packet data following the header as an ordinary message packet.
+func (c *Codec) decodeMessage(fromAddr string, head *Header, headerData, msgData []byte) (Packet, error) {
+	if len(head.AuthData) != sizeofMessageAuthData {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid auth size %d for message packet", len(head.AuthData))
+	}
+	var auth messageAuthData
+	c.reader.Reset(head.AuthData)
+	binary.Read(&c.reader, binary.BigEndian, &auth)
+	head.src = auth.SrcID
+
+	// Try decrypting the message.
+	key := c.sc.readKey(auth.SrcID, fromAddr)
+	msg, err := c.decryptMessage(msgData, head.Nonce[:], headerData, key)
+	if errors.Is(err, errMessageDecrypt) {
+		// It didn't work. Start the handshake since this is an ordinary message packet.
+		return &Unknown{Nonce: head.Nonce}, nil
+	}
+	return msg, err
+}
+
+func (c *Codec) decryptMessage(input, nonce, headerData, readKey []byte) (Packet, error) {
+	msgdata, err := decryptGCM(readKey, nonce, input, headerData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errMessageDecrypt
+	}
+	if len(msgdata) == 0 {
+		return nil, errMessageTooShort
+	}
+	return DecodeMessage(msgdata[0], msgdata[1:])
+}
+
+// checkValid performs some basic validity checks on the header.
+// The packetLen here is the length remaining after the static header.
+func (h *StaticHeader) checkValid(packetLen int, protocolID [6]byte) error {
+	if h.ProtocolID != protocolID {
+		return errInvalidHeader
+	}
+	if h.Version < minVersion {
+		return errMinVersion
+	}
+	if h.Flag != flagWhoareyou && packetLen < minMessageSize {
+		return errMsgTooShort
+	}
+	if int(h.AuthSize) > packetLen {
+		return errAuthSize
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mask returns a cipher for 'masking' / 'unmasking' packet headers.
+func (h *Header) mask(destID enode.ID) cipher.Stream {
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(destID[:16])
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("can't create cipher")
+	}
+	return cipher.NewCTR(block, h.IV[:])
+}
+
+func bytesCopy(r *bytes.Buffer) []byte {
+	b := make([]byte, r.Len())
+	copy(b, r.Bytes())
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/msg.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/msg.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de77fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/msg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v5wire
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"net"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+)
+
+// Packet is implemented by all message types.
+type Packet interface {
+	Name() string        // Name returns a string corresponding to the message type.
+	Kind() byte          // Kind returns the message type.
+	RequestID() []byte   // Returns the request ID.
+	SetRequestID([]byte) // Sets the request ID.
+
+	// AppendLogInfo returns its argument 'ctx' with additional fields
+	// appended for logging purposes.
+	AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{}
+}
+
+// Message types.
+const (
+	PingMsg byte = iota + 1
+	PongMsg
+	FindnodeMsg
+	NodesMsg
+	TalkRequestMsg
+	TalkResponseMsg
+	RequestTicketMsg
+	TicketMsg
+
+	UnknownPacket   = byte(255) // any non-decryptable packet
+	WhoareyouPacket = byte(254) // the WHOAREYOU packet
+)
+
+// Protocol messages.
+type (
+	// Unknown represents any packet that can't be decrypted.
+	Unknown struct {
+		Nonce Nonce
+	}
+
+	// WHOAREYOU contains the handshake challenge.
+	Whoareyou struct {
+		ChallengeData []byte   // Encoded challenge
+		Nonce         Nonce    // Nonce of request packet
+		IDNonce       [16]byte // Identity proof data
+		RecordSeq     uint64   // ENR sequence number of recipient
+
+		// Node is the locally known node record of recipient.
+		// This must be set by the caller of Encode.
+		Node *enode.Node
+
+		sent mclock.AbsTime // for handshake GC.
+	}
+
+	// PING is sent during liveness checks.
+	Ping struct {
+		ReqID  []byte
+		ENRSeq uint64
+	}
+
+	// PONG is the reply to PING.
+	Pong struct {
+		ReqID  []byte
+		ENRSeq uint64
+		ToIP   net.IP // These fields should mirror the UDP envelope address of the ping
+		ToPort uint16 // packet, which provides a way to discover the external address (after NAT).
+	}
+
+	// FINDNODE is a query for nodes in the given bucket.
+	Findnode struct {
+		ReqID     []byte
+		Distances []uint
+
+		// OpID is for debugging purposes and is not part of the packet encoding.
+		// It identifies the 'operation' on behalf of which the request was sent.
+		OpID uint64 `rlp:"-"`
+	}
+
+	// NODES is a response to FINDNODE.
+	Nodes struct {
+		ReqID     []byte
+		RespCount uint8 // total number of responses to the request
+		Nodes     []*enr.Record
+	}
+
+	// TALKREQ is an application-level request.
+	TalkRequest struct {
+		ReqID    []byte
+		Protocol string
+		Message  []byte
+	}
+
+	// TALKRESP is the reply to TALKREQ.
+	TalkResponse struct {
+		ReqID   []byte
+		Message []byte
+	}
+)
+
+// DecodeMessage decodes the message body of a packet.
+func DecodeMessage(ptype byte, body []byte) (Packet, error) {
+	var dec Packet
+	switch ptype {
+	case PingMsg:
+		dec = new(Ping)
+	case PongMsg:
+		dec = new(Pong)
+	case FindnodeMsg:
+		dec = new(Findnode)
+	case NodesMsg:
+		dec = new(Nodes)
+	case TalkRequestMsg:
+		dec = new(TalkRequest)
+	case TalkResponseMsg:
+		dec = new(TalkResponse)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown packet type %d", ptype)
+	}
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(body, dec); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if dec.RequestID() != nil && len(dec.RequestID()) > 8 {
+		return nil, ErrInvalidReqID
+	}
+	return dec, nil
+}
+
+func (*Whoareyou) Name() string        { return "WHOAREYOU/v5" }
+func (*Whoareyou) Kind() byte          { return WhoareyouPacket }
+func (*Whoareyou) RequestID() []byte   { return nil }
+func (*Whoareyou) SetRequestID([]byte) {}
+
+func (*Whoareyou) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return ctx
+}
+
+func (*Unknown) Name() string        { return "UNKNOWN/v5" }
+func (*Unknown) Kind() byte          { return UnknownPacket }
+func (*Unknown) RequestID() []byte   { return nil }
+func (*Unknown) SetRequestID([]byte) {}
+
+func (*Unknown) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return ctx
+}
+
+func (*Ping) Name() string             { return "PING/v5" }
+func (*Ping) Kind() byte               { return PingMsg }
+func (p *Ping) RequestID() []byte      { return p.ReqID }
+func (p *Ping) SetRequestID(id []byte) { p.ReqID = id }
+
+func (p *Ping) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return append(ctx, "req", hexutil.Bytes(p.ReqID), "enrseq", p.ENRSeq)
+}
+
+func (*Pong) Name() string             { return "PONG/v5" }
+func (*Pong) Kind() byte               { return PongMsg }
+func (p *Pong) RequestID() []byte      { return p.ReqID }
+func (p *Pong) SetRequestID(id []byte) { p.ReqID = id }
+
+func (p *Pong) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return append(ctx, "req", hexutil.Bytes(p.ReqID), "enrseq", p.ENRSeq)
+}
+
+func (p *Findnode) Name() string           { return "FINDNODE/v5" }
+func (p *Findnode) Kind() byte             { return FindnodeMsg }
+func (p *Findnode) RequestID() []byte      { return p.ReqID }
+func (p *Findnode) SetRequestID(id []byte) { p.ReqID = id }
+
+func (p *Findnode) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	ctx = append(ctx, "req", hexutil.Bytes(p.ReqID))
+	if p.OpID != 0 {
+		ctx = append(ctx, "opid", p.OpID)
+	}
+	return ctx
+}
+
+func (*Nodes) Name() string             { return "NODES/v5" }
+func (*Nodes) Kind() byte               { return NodesMsg }
+func (p *Nodes) RequestID() []byte      { return p.ReqID }
+func (p *Nodes) SetRequestID(id []byte) { p.ReqID = id }
+
+func (p *Nodes) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return append(ctx,
+		"req", hexutil.Bytes(p.ReqID),
+		"tot", p.RespCount,
+		"n", len(p.Nodes),
+	)
+}
+
+func (*TalkRequest) Name() string             { return "TALKREQ/v5" }
+func (*TalkRequest) Kind() byte               { return TalkRequestMsg }
+func (p *TalkRequest) RequestID() []byte      { return p.ReqID }
+func (p *TalkRequest) SetRequestID(id []byte) { p.ReqID = id }
+
+func (p *TalkRequest) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return append(ctx, "proto", p.Protocol, "req", hexutil.Bytes(p.ReqID), "len", len(p.Message))
+}
+
+func (*TalkResponse) Name() string             { return "TALKRESP/v5" }
+func (*TalkResponse) Kind() byte               { return TalkResponseMsg }
+func (p *TalkResponse) RequestID() []byte      { return p.ReqID }
+func (p *TalkResponse) SetRequestID(id []byte) { p.ReqID = id }
+
+func (p *TalkResponse) AppendLogInfo(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return append(ctx, "req", hexutil.Bytes(p.ReqID), "len", len(p.Message))
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/session.go b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/session.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b66af33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discover/v5wire/session.go
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v5wire
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+)
+
+const handshakeTimeout = time.Second
+
+// The SessionCache keeps negotiated encryption keys and
+// state for in-progress handshakes in the Discovery v5 wire protocol.
+type SessionCache struct {
+	//sessions   lru.BasicLRU[sessionID, *session]
+	sessions   *lru.Cache[sessionID, *session]
+	handshakes map[sessionID]*Whoareyou
+	clock      mclock.Clock
+
+	// hooks for overriding randomness.
+	nonceGen        func(uint32) (Nonce, error)
+	maskingIVGen    func([]byte) error
+	ephemeralKeyGen func() (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error)
+}
+
+// sessionID identifies a session or handshake.
+type sessionID struct {
+	id   enode.ID
+	addr string
+}
+
+// session contains session information
+type session struct {
+	writeKey     []byte
+	readKey      []byte
+	nonceCounter uint32
+}
+
+// keysFlipped returns a copy of s with the read and write keys flipped.
+func (s *session) keysFlipped() *session {
+	return &session{s.readKey, s.writeKey, s.nonceCounter}
+}
+
+func NewSessionCache(maxItems int, clock mclock.Clock) *SessionCache {
+	sessions, _ := lru.New[sessionID, *session](maxItems)
+	return &SessionCache{
+		//sessions:        lru.NewBasicLRU[sessionID, *session](maxItems),
+		sessions:        sessions,
+		handshakes:      make(map[sessionID]*Whoareyou),
+		clock:           clock,
+		nonceGen:        generateNonce,
+		maskingIVGen:    generateMaskingIV,
+		ephemeralKeyGen: crypto.GenerateKey,
+	}
+}
+
+func generateNonce(counter uint32) (n Nonce, err error) {
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(n[:4], counter)
+	_, err = crand.Read(n[4:])
+	return n, err
+}
+
+func generateMaskingIV(buf []byte) error {
+	_, err := crand.Read(buf)
+	return err
+}
+
+// nextNonce creates a nonce for encrypting a message to the given session.
+func (sc *SessionCache) nextNonce(s *session) (Nonce, error) {
+	s.nonceCounter++
+	return sc.nonceGen(s.nonceCounter)
+}
+
+// session returns the current session for the given node, if any.
+func (sc *SessionCache) session(id enode.ID, addr string) *session {
+	item, _ := sc.sessions.Get(sessionID{id, addr})
+	return item
+}
+
+// readKey returns the current read key for the given node.
+func (sc *SessionCache) readKey(id enode.ID, addr string) []byte {
+	if s := sc.session(id, addr); s != nil {
+		return s.readKey
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// storeNewSession stores new encryption keys in the cache.
+func (sc *SessionCache) storeNewSession(id enode.ID, addr string, s *session) {
+	sc.sessions.Add(sessionID{id, addr}, s)
+}
+
+// getHandshake gets the handshake challenge we previously sent to the given remote node.
+func (sc *SessionCache) getHandshake(id enode.ID, addr string) *Whoareyou {
+	return sc.handshakes[sessionID{id, addr}]
+}
+
+// storeSentHandshake stores the handshake challenge sent to the given remote node.
+func (sc *SessionCache) storeSentHandshake(id enode.ID, addr string, challenge *Whoareyou) {
+	challenge.sent = sc.clock.Now()
+	sc.handshakes[sessionID{id, addr}] = challenge
+}
+
+// deleteHandshake deletes handshake data for the given node.
+func (sc *SessionCache) deleteHandshake(id enode.ID, addr string) {
+	delete(sc.handshakes, sessionID{id, addr})
+}
+
+// handshakeGC deletes timed-out handshakes.
+func (sc *SessionCache) handshakeGC() {
+	deadline := sc.clock.Now().Add(-handshakeTimeout)
+	for key, challenge := range sc.handshakes {
+		if challenge.sent < deadline {
+			delete(sc.handshakes, key)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/discovery.go b/internal/p2p/discovery.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3f5b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/discovery.go
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/discover"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params/networkname"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"net"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	ma "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Listener defines the discovery V5 network interface that is used
+// to communicate with other peers.
+type Listener interface {
+	Self() *enode.Node
+	Close()
+	Lookup(enode.ID) []*enode.Node
+	Resolve(*enode.Node) *enode.Node
+	RandomNodes() enode.Iterator
+	Ping(*enode.Node) error
+	RequestENR(*enode.Node) (*enode.Node, error)
+	LocalNode() *enode.LocalNode
+	AllNodes() []*enode.Node
+}
+
+// RefreshENR uses an epoch to refresh the enr entry for our node
+// with the tracked committee ids for the epoch, allowing our node
+// to be dynamically discoverable by others given our tracked committee ids.
+func (s *Service) RefreshENR() {
+	// return early if discv5 isnt running
+	if s.dv5Listener == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.IncSeqNumber()
+	// ping all peers to inform them of new metadata
+	s.pingPeers()
+}
+
+// listen for new nodes watches for new nodes in the network and adds them to the peerstore.
+func (s *Service) listenForNewNodes() {
+	iterator := s.dv5Listener.RandomNodes()
+	iterator = enode.Filter(iterator, s.filterPeer)
+	defer iterator.Close()
+	for {
+		// Exit if service's context is canceled
+		if s.ctx.Err() != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		// todo
+		if s.isPeerAtLimit(false /* inbound */) {
+			// Pause the main loop for a period to stop looking
+			// for new peers.
+			log.Trace("Not looking for peers, at peer limit")
+			time.Sleep(pollingPeriod)
+			continue
+		}
+		exists := iterator.Next()
+		if !exists {
+			break
+		}
+		node := iterator.Node()
+		peerInfo, _, err := convertToAddrInfo(node)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not convert to peer info", "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Make sure that peer is not dialed too often, for each connection attempt there's a backoff period.
+		s.Peers().RandomizeBackOff(peerInfo.ID)
+		go func(info *peer.AddrInfo) {
+			if err := s.connectWithPeer(s.ctx, *info); err != nil {
+				log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Could not connect with peer %s err: %s", info.String(), err))
+			}
+		}(peerInfo)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) createListener(
+	ipAddr net.IP,
+	privKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey,
+) (*discover.UDPv5, error) {
+	// BindIP is used to specify the ip
+	// on which we will bind our listener on
+	// by default we will listen to all interfaces.
+	var bindIP net.IP
+	switch udpVersionFromIP(ipAddr) {
+	case "udp4":
+		bindIP = net.IPv4zero
+	case "udp6":
+		bindIP = net.IPv6zero
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid ip provided")
+	}
+
+	// If local ip is specified then use that instead.
+	if s.cfg.LocalIP != "" {
+		ipAddr = net.ParseIP(s.cfg.LocalIP)
+		if ipAddr == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid local ip provided")
+		}
+		bindIP = ipAddr
+	}
+	udpAddr := &net.UDPAddr{
+		IP:   bindIP,
+		Port: int(s.cfg.UDPPort),
+	}
+	// Listen to all network interfaces
+	// for both ip protocols.
+	networkVersion := "udp"
+	conn, err := net.ListenUDP(networkVersion, udpAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not listen to UDP")
+	}
+
+	localNode, err := s.createLocalNode(
+		privKey,
+		ipAddr,
+		int(s.cfg.UDPPort),
+		int(s.cfg.TCPPort),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not create local node")
+	}
+	if s.cfg.HostAddress != "" {
+		hostIP := net.ParseIP(s.cfg.HostAddress)
+		if hostIP.To4() == nil && hostIP.To16() == nil {
+			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid host address given: %s", hostIP.String()))
+		} else {
+			localNode.SetFallbackIP(hostIP)
+			localNode.SetStaticIP(hostIP)
+		}
+	}
+	if s.cfg.HostDNS != "" {
+		host := s.cfg.HostDNS
+		ips, err := net.LookupIP(host)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not resolve host address")
+		}
+		if len(ips) > 0 {
+			// Use first IP returned from the
+			// resolver.
+			firstIP := ips[0]
+			localNode.SetFallbackIP(firstIP)
+		}
+	}
+	dv5Cfg := discover.Config{
+		PrivateKey: privKey,
+	}
+	dv5Cfg.Bootnodes = []*enode.Node{}
+	for _, addr := range s.cfg.Discv5BootStrapAddr {
+		bootNode, err := enode.Parse(enode.ValidSchemes, addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not bootstrap addr")
+		}
+		dv5Cfg.Bootnodes = append(dv5Cfg.Bootnodes, bootNode)
+	}
+
+	listener, err := discover.ListenV5(conn, localNode, dv5Cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not listen to discV5")
+	}
+	return listener, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) createLocalNode(
+	privKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey,
+	ipAddr net.IP,
+	udpPort, tcpPort int,
+) (*enode.LocalNode, error) {
+	db, err := enode.OpenDB(filepath.Join(s.cfg.DataDir, "nodedata"), "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not open node's peer database")
+	}
+	localNode := enode.NewLocalNode(db, privKey)
+
+	ipEntry := enr.IP(ipAddr)
+	udpEntry := enr.UDP(udpPort)
+	tcpEntry := enr.TCP(tcpPort)
+	localNode.Set(ipEntry)
+	localNode.Set(udpEntry)
+	localNode.Set(tcpEntry)
+	localNode.SetFallbackIP(ipAddr)
+	localNode.SetFallbackUDP(udpPort)
+
+	localNode, err = addForkEntry(localNode, s.genesisHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not add eth2 fork version entry to enr")
+	}
+	//localNode = initializeAttSubnets(localNode)
+	//return initializeSyncCommSubnets(localNode), nil
+	return localNode, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) startDiscoveryV5(
+	addr net.IP,
+	privKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey,
+) (*discover.UDPv5, error) {
+	listener, err := s.createListener(addr, privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not create listener")
+	}
+	record := listener.Self()
+	log.Info("Started discovery v5", "ENR", record.String())
+	return listener, nil
+}
+
+// filterPeer validates each node that we retrieve from our dht. We
+// try to ascertain that the peer can be a valid protocol peer.
+// Validity Conditions:
+//  1. The local node is still actively looking for peers to
+//     connect to.
+//  2. Peer has a valid IP and TCP port set in their enr.
+//  3. Peer hasn't been marked as 'bad'
+//  4. Peer is not currently active or connected.
+//  5. Peer is ready to receive incoming connections.
+//  6. Peer's fork digest in their ENR matches that of
+//     our localnodes.
+func (s *Service) filterPeer(node *enode.Node) bool {
+	// Ignore nil node entries passed in.
+	if node == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	// ignore nodes with no ip address stored.
+	if node.IP() == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	// do not dial nodes with their tcp ports not set
+	if err := node.Record().Load(enr.WithEntry("tcp", new(enr.TCP))); err != nil {
+		if !enr.IsNotFound(err) {
+			log.Debug("Could not retrieve tcp port", "err", err)
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+	peerData, multiAddr, err := convertToAddrInfo(node)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not convert to peer data", "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.peers.IsBad(peerData.ID) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.peers.IsActive(peerData.ID) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.host.Network().Connectedness(peerData.ID) == network.Connected {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !s.peers.IsReadyToDial(peerData.ID) {
+		return false
+	}
+	nodeENR := node.Record()
+	// Decide whether or not to connect to peer that does not
+	// match the proper fork ENR data with our local node.
+	if err := s.compareForkENR(nodeENR); err != nil {
+		log.Trace("Fork ENR mismatches between peer and local node", "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	// Add peer to peer handler.
+	s.peers.Add(nodeENR, peerData.ID, multiAddr, network.DirUnknown)
+	return true
+}
+
+// This checks our set max peers in our config, and
+// determines whether our currently connected and
+// active peers are above our set max peer limit.
+func (s *Service) isPeerAtLimit(inbound bool) bool {
+	numOfConns := len(s.host.Network().Peers())
+	maxPeers := int(s.cfg.MaxPeers)
+	// If we are measuring the limit for inbound peers
+	// we apply the high watermark buffer.
+	if inbound {
+		maxPeers += highWatermarkBuffer
+		maxInbound := s.peers.InboundLimit() + highWatermarkBuffer
+		currInbound := len(s.peers.InboundConnected())
+		// Exit early if we are at the inbound limit.
+		if currInbound >= maxInbound {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	activePeers := len(s.Peers().Active())
+	return activePeers >= maxPeers || numOfConns >= maxPeers
+}
+
+// PeersFromStringAddrs converts peer raw ENRs into multiaddrs for p2p.
+func PeersFromStringAddrs(addrs []string) ([]ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	var allAddrs []ma.Multiaddr
+	enodeString, multiAddrString := parseGenericAddrs(addrs)
+	for _, stringAddr := range multiAddrString {
+		addr, err := multiAddrFromString(stringAddr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "Could not get multiaddr from string")
+		}
+		allAddrs = append(allAddrs, addr)
+	}
+	for _, stringAddr := range enodeString {
+		enodeAddr, err := enode.Parse(enode.ValidSchemes, stringAddr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "Could not get enode from string")
+		}
+		addr, err := convertToSingleMultiAddr(enodeAddr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "Could not get multiaddr")
+		}
+		allAddrs = append(allAddrs, addr)
+	}
+	return allAddrs, nil
+}
+
+func parseBootStrapAddrs(addrs []string, nodeCfg conf.NodeConfig) (discv5Nodes []string) {
+	if len(addrs) == 0 {
+		switch nodeCfg.Chain {
+		case networkname.MainnetChainName:
+			addrs = params.MainnetBootnodes
+		case networkname.TestnetChainName:
+			addrs = params.TestnetBootnodes
+		}
+	}
+	discv5Nodes, _ = parseGenericAddrs(addrs)
+	if len(discv5Nodes) == 0 {
+		log.Warn("No bootstrap addresses supplied")
+	}
+	return discv5Nodes
+}
+
+func parseGenericAddrs(addrs []string) (enodeString, multiAddrString []string) {
+	for _, addr := range addrs {
+		if addr == "" {
+			// Ignore empty entries
+			continue
+		}
+		_, err := enode.Parse(enode.ValidSchemes, addr)
+		if err == nil {
+			enodeString = append(enodeString, addr)
+			continue
+		}
+		_, err = multiAddrFromString(addr)
+		if err == nil {
+			multiAddrString = append(multiAddrString, addr)
+			continue
+		}
+		log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid address of %s provided", addr), "err", err)
+	}
+	return enodeString, multiAddrString
+}
+
+func convertToMultiAddr(nodes []*enode.Node) []ma.Multiaddr {
+	var multiAddrs []ma.Multiaddr
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		// ignore nodes with no ip address stored
+		if node.IP() == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		multiAddr, err := convertToSingleMultiAddr(node)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not convert to multiAddr", "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		multiAddrs = append(multiAddrs, multiAddr)
+	}
+	return multiAddrs
+}
+
+func convertToAddrInfo(node *enode.Node) (*peer.AddrInfo, ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	multiAddr, err := convertToSingleMultiAddr(node)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	info, err := peer.AddrInfoFromP2pAddr(multiAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return info, multiAddr, nil
+}
+
+func convertToSingleMultiAddr(node *enode.Node) (ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	pubkey := node.Pubkey()
+	assertedKey, err := utils.ConvertToInterfacePubkey(pubkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get pubkey")
+	}
+	id, err := peer.IDFromPublicKey(assertedKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get peer id")
+	}
+	return multiAddressBuilderWithID(node.IP().String(), "tcp", uint(node.TCP()), id)
+}
+
+func convertToUdpMultiAddr(node *enode.Node) ([]ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	pubkey := node.Pubkey()
+	assertedKey, err := utils.ConvertToInterfacePubkey(pubkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get pubkey")
+	}
+	id, err := peer.IDFromPublicKey(assertedKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get peer id")
+	}
+
+	var addresses []ma.Multiaddr
+	var ip4 enr.IPv4
+	var ip6 enr.IPv6
+	if node.Load(&ip4) == nil {
+		address, ipErr := multiAddressBuilderWithID(net.IP(ip4).String(), "udp", uint(node.UDP()), id)
+		if ipErr != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(ipErr, "could not build IPv4 address")
+		}
+		addresses = append(addresses, address)
+	}
+	if node.Load(&ip6) == nil {
+		address, ipErr := multiAddressBuilderWithID(net.IP(ip6).String(), "udp", uint(node.UDP()), id)
+		if ipErr != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(ipErr, "could not build IPv6 address")
+		}
+		addresses = append(addresses, address)
+	}
+
+	return addresses, nil
+}
+
+func multiAddrFromString(address string) (ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	return ma.NewMultiaddr(address)
+}
+
+func udpVersionFromIP(ipAddr net.IP) string {
+	if ipAddr.To4() != nil {
+		return "udp4"
+	}
+	return "udp6"
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/encoder/network_encoding.go b/internal/p2p/encoder/network_encoding.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..849da5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/encoder/network_encoding.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package encoder
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+)
+
+// NetworkEncoding represents an encoder compatible with Ethereum consensus p2p.
+type NetworkEncoding interface {
+	// DecodeGossip to the provided gossip message. The interface must be a pointer to the decoding destination.
+	DecodeGossip([]byte, ssz.Unmarshaler) error
+	// DecodeWithMaxLength a bytes from a reader with a varint length prefix. The interface must be a pointer to the
+	// decoding destination. The length of the message should not be more than the provided limit.
+	DecodeWithMaxLength(io.Reader, ssz.Unmarshaler) error
+	// EncodeGossip an arbitrary gossip message to the provided writer. The interface must be a pointer object to encode.
+	EncodeGossip(io.Writer, ssz.Marshaler) (int, error)
+	// EncodeWithMaxLength an arbitrary message to the provided writer with a varint length prefix. The interface must be
+	// a pointer object to encode. The encoded message should not be bigger than the provided limit.
+	EncodeWithMaxLength(io.Writer, ssz.Marshaler) (int, error)
+	// ProtocolSuffix returns the last part of the protocol ID to indicate the encoding scheme.
+	ProtocolSuffix() string
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/encoder/ssz.go b/internal/p2p/encoder/ssz.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fa966c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/encoder/ssz.go
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+package encoder
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/golang/snappy"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	fastssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+)
+
+var _ NetworkEncoding = (*SszNetworkEncoder)(nil)
+
+// MaxGossipSize allowed for gossip messages.
+var MaxGossipSize = uint64(1 << 20) // 1 MiB
+var MaxChunkSize = uint64(1 << 20)  // 1 Mib.
+
+// This pool defines the sync pool for our buffered snappy writers, so that they
+// can be constantly reused.
+var bufWriterPool = new(sync.Pool)
+
+// This pool defines the sync pool for our buffered snappy readers, so that they
+// can be constantly reused.
+var bufReaderPool = new(sync.Pool)
+
+// SszNetworkEncoder supports p2p networking encoding using SimpleSerialize
+// with snappy compression (if enabled).
+type SszNetworkEncoder struct{}
+
+// ProtocolSuffixSSZSnappy is the last part of the topic string to identify the encoding protocol.
+const ProtocolSuffixSSZSnappy = "ssz_snappy"
+
+// EncodeGossip the proto gossip message to the io.Writer.
+func (_ SszNetworkEncoder) EncodeGossip(w io.Writer, msg fastssz.Marshaler) (int, error) {
+	if msg == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	b, err := msg.MarshalSSZ()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if uint64(len(b)) > MaxGossipSize {
+		return 0, errors.Errorf("gossip message exceeds max gossip size: %d bytes > %d bytes", len(b), MaxGossipSize)
+	}
+	b = snappy.Encode(nil /*dst*/, b)
+	return w.Write(b)
+}
+
+// EncodeWithMaxLength the proto message to the io.Writer. This encoding prefixes the byte slice with a protobuf varint
+// to indicate the size of the message. This checks that the encoded message isn't larger than the provided max limit.
+func (_ SszNetworkEncoder) EncodeWithMaxLength(w io.Writer, msg fastssz.Marshaler) (int, error) {
+	if msg == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	b, err := msg.MarshalSSZ()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if uint64(len(b)) > MaxChunkSize {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf(
+			"size of encoded message is %d which is larger than the provided max limit of %d",
+			len(b),
+			MaxChunkSize,
+		)
+	}
+	// write varint first
+	_, err = w.Write(EncodeVarint(uint64(len(b))))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return writeSnappyBuffer(w, b)
+}
+
+func doDecode(b []byte, to fastssz.Unmarshaler) error {
+	return to.UnmarshalSSZ(b)
+}
+
+// DecodeGossip decodes the bytes to the protobuf gossip message provided.
+func (_ SszNetworkEncoder) DecodeGossip(b []byte, to fastssz.Unmarshaler) error {
+	b, err := DecodeSnappy(b, MaxGossipSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return doDecode(b, to)
+}
+
+// DecodeSnappy decodes a snappy compressed message.
+func DecodeSnappy(msg []byte, maxSize uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	size, err := snappy.DecodedLen(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if uint64(size) > maxSize {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("snappy message exceeds max size: %d bytes > %d bytes", size, maxSize)
+	}
+	msg, err = snappy.Decode(nil /*dst*/, msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return msg, nil
+}
+
+// DecodeWithMaxLength the bytes from io.Reader to the protobuf message provided.
+// This checks that the decoded message isn't larger than the provided max limit.
+func (e SszNetworkEncoder) DecodeWithMaxLength(r io.Reader, to fastssz.Unmarshaler) error {
+	msgLen, err := readVarint(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if msgLen > MaxChunkSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"remaining bytes %d goes over the provided max limit of %d",
+			msgLen,
+			MaxChunkSize,
+		)
+	}
+	msgMax, err := e.MaxLength(msgLen)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	limitedRdr := io.LimitReader(r, int64(msgMax))
+	r = newBufferedReader(limitedRdr)
+	defer bufReaderPool.Put(r)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, msgLen)
+	// Returns an error if less than msgLen bytes
+	// are read. This ensures we read exactly the
+	// required amount.
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(r, buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return doDecode(buf, to)
+}
+
+// ProtocolSuffix returns the appropriate suffix for protocol IDs.
+func (_ SszNetworkEncoder) ProtocolSuffix() string {
+	return "/" + ProtocolSuffixSSZSnappy
+}
+
+// MaxLength specifies the maximum possible length of an encoded
+// chunk of data.
+func (_ SszNetworkEncoder) MaxLength(length uint64) (int, error) {
+	//il, err := math.Int(length)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "invalid length provided")
+	//}
+	//todo uint64 to int
+	maxLen := snappy.MaxEncodedLen(int(length))
+	if maxLen < 0 {
+		return 0, errors.Errorf("max encoded length is negative: %d", maxLen)
+	}
+	return maxLen, nil
+}
+
+// Writes a bytes value through a snappy buffered writer.
+func writeSnappyBuffer(w io.Writer, b []byte) (int, error) {
+	bufWriter := newBufferedWriter(w)
+	defer bufWriterPool.Put(bufWriter)
+	num, err := bufWriter.Write(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Close buf writer in the event of an error.
+		if err := bufWriter.Close(); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return num, bufWriter.Close()
+}
+
+// Instantiates a new instance of the snappy buffered reader
+// using our sync pool.
+func newBufferedReader(r io.Reader) *snappy.Reader {
+	rawReader := bufReaderPool.Get()
+	if rawReader == nil {
+		return snappy.NewReader(r)
+	}
+	bufR, ok := rawReader.(*snappy.Reader)
+	if !ok {
+		return snappy.NewReader(r)
+	}
+	bufR.Reset(r)
+	return bufR
+}
+
+// Instantiates a new instance of the snappy buffered writer
+// using our sync pool.
+func newBufferedWriter(w io.Writer) *snappy.Writer {
+	rawBufWriter := bufWriterPool.Get()
+	if rawBufWriter == nil {
+		return snappy.NewBufferedWriter(w)
+	}
+	bufW, ok := rawBufWriter.(*snappy.Writer)
+	if !ok {
+		return snappy.NewBufferedWriter(w)
+	}
+	bufW.Reset(w)
+	return bufW
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/encoder/varint.go b/internal/p2p/encoder/varint.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c0333e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/encoder/varint.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package encoder
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const maxVarintLength = 10
+
+var errExcessMaxLength = errors.Errorf("provided header exceeds the max varint length of %d bytes", maxVarintLength)
+
+// readVarint at the beginning of a byte slice. This varint may be used to indicate
+// the length of the remaining bytes in the reader.
+func readVarint(r io.Reader) (uint64, error) {
+	b := make([]byte, 0, maxVarintLength)
+	for i := 0; i < maxVarintLength; i++ {
+		b1 := make([]byte, 1)
+		n, err := r.Read(b1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if n != 1 {
+			return 0, errors.New("did not read a byte from stream")
+		}
+		b = append(b, b1[0])
+
+		// If most significant bit is not set, we have reached the end of the Varint.
+		if b1[0]&0x80 == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// If the varint is larger than 10 bytes, it is invalid as it would
+		// exceed the size of MaxUint64.
+		if i+1 >= maxVarintLength {
+			return 0, errExcessMaxLength
+		}
+	}
+
+	vi, n := DecodeVarint(b)
+	if n != len(b) {
+		return 0, errors.New("varint did not decode entire byte slice")
+	}
+	return vi, nil
+}
+
+// DecodeVarint reads a varint-encoded integer from the slice.
+// It returns the integer and the number of bytes consumed, or
+// zero if there is not enough.
+// This is the format for the
+// int32, int64, uint32, uint64, bool, and enum
+// protocol buffer types.
+func DecodeVarint(buf []byte) (x uint64, n int) {
+	for shift := uint(0); shift < 64; shift += 7 {
+		if n >= len(buf) {
+			return 0, 0
+		}
+		b := uint64(buf[n])
+		n++
+		x |= (b & 0x7F) << shift
+		if (b & 0x80) == 0 {
+			return x, n
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The number is too large to represent in a 64-bit value.
+	return 0, 0
+}
+
+const maxVarintBytes = 10 // maximum length of a varint
+
+// EncodeVarint returns the varint encoding of x.
+// This is the format for the
+// int32, int64, uint32, uint64, bool, and enum
+// protocol buffer types.
+// Not used by the package itself, but helpful to clients
+// wishing to use the same encoding.
+func EncodeVarint(x uint64) []byte {
+	var buf [maxVarintBytes]byte
+	var n int
+	for n = 0; x > 127; n++ {
+		buf[n] = 0x80 | uint8(x&0x7F)
+		x >>= 7
+	}
+	buf[n] = uint8(x)
+	n++
+	return buf[0:n]
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enode/idscheme.go b/internal/p2p/enode/idscheme.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac47fba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enode/idscheme.go
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enode
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// ValidSchemes is a List of known secure identity schemes.
+var ValidSchemes = enr.SchemeMap{
+	"v4": V4ID{},
+}
+
+// ValidSchemesForTesting is a List of identity schemes for testing.
+var ValidSchemesForTesting = enr.SchemeMap{
+	"v4":   V4ID{},
+	"null": NullID{},
+}
+
+// V4ID is the "v4" identity scheme.
+type V4ID struct{}
+
+// SignV4 signs a record using the v4 scheme.
+func SignV4(r *enr.Record, privkey *ecdsa.PrivateKey) error {
+	// Copy r to avoid modifying it if signing fails.
+	cpy := *r
+	cpy.Set(enr.ID("v4"))
+	cpy.Set(Secp256k1(privkey.PublicKey))
+
+	h := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	rlp.Encode(h, cpy.AppendElements(nil))
+	sig, err := crypto.Sign(h.Sum(nil), privkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	sig = sig[:len(sig)-1] // remove v
+	if err = cpy.SetSig(V4ID{}, sig); err == nil {
+		*r = cpy
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (V4ID) Verify(r *enr.Record, sig []byte) error {
+	var entry s256raw
+	if err := r.Load(&entry); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if len(entry) != 33 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid public key")
+	}
+
+	h := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	rlp.Encode(h, r.AppendElements(nil))
+	if !crypto.VerifySignature(entry, h.Sum(nil), sig) {
+		return enr.ErrInvalidSig
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (V4ID) NodeAddr(r *enr.Record) []byte {
+	var pubkey Secp256k1
+	err := r.Load(&pubkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	buf := make([]byte, 64)
+	math.ReadBits(pubkey.X, buf[:32])
+	math.ReadBits(pubkey.Y, buf[32:])
+	return crypto.Keccak256(buf)
+}
+
+// Secp256k1 is the "secp256k1" key, which holds a public key.
+type Secp256k1 ecdsa.PublicKey
+
+func (v Secp256k1) ENRKey() string { return "secp256k1" }
+
+// EncodeRLP implements rlp.Encoder.
+func (v Secp256k1) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	return rlp.Encode(w, crypto.CompressPubkey((*ecdsa.PublicKey)(&v)))
+}
+
+// DecodeRLP implements rlp.Decoder.
+func (v *Secp256k1) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	buf, err := s.Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pk, err := crypto.DecompressPubkey(buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*v = (Secp256k1)(*pk)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// s256raw is an unparsed secp256k1 public key entry.
+type s256raw []byte
+
+func (s256raw) ENRKey() string { return "secp256k1" }
+
+// v4CompatID is a weaker and insecure version of the "v4" scheme which only checks for the
+// presence of a secp256k1 public key, but doesn't verify the signature.
+type v4CompatID struct {
+	V4ID
+}
+
+func (v4CompatID) Verify(r *enr.Record, sig []byte) error {
+	var pubkey Secp256k1
+	return r.Load(&pubkey)
+}
+
+func signV4Compat(r *enr.Record, pubkey *ecdsa.PublicKey) {
+	r.Set((*Secp256k1)(pubkey))
+	if err := r.SetSig(v4CompatID{}, []byte{}); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// NullID is the "null" ENR identity scheme. This scheme stores the node
+// ID in the record without any signature.
+type NullID struct{}
+
+func (NullID) Verify(r *enr.Record, sig []byte) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (NullID) NodeAddr(r *enr.Record) []byte {
+	var id ID
+	r.Load(enr.WithEntry("nulladdr", &id))
+	return id[:]
+}
+
+func SignNull(r *enr.Record, id ID) *Node {
+	r.Set(enr.ID("null"))
+	r.Set(enr.WithEntry("nulladdr", id))
+	if err := r.SetSig(NullID{}, []byte{}); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return &Node{r: *r, id: id}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enode/iter.go b/internal/p2p/enode/iter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16a1c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enode/iter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enode
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Iterator represents a sequence of nodes. The Next method moves to the next node in the
+// sequence. It returns false when the sequence has ended or the iterator is closed. Close
+// may be called concurrently with Next and Node, and interrupts Next if it is blocked.
+type Iterator interface {
+	Next() bool  // moves to next node
+	Node() *Node // returns current node
+	Close()      // ends the iterator
+}
+
+// ReadNodes reads at most n nodes from the given iterator. The return value contains no
+// duplicates and no nil values. To prevent looping indefinitely for small repeating node
+// sequences, this function calls Next at most n times.
+func ReadNodes(it Iterator, n int) []*Node {
+	seen := make(map[ID]*Node, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n && it.Next(); i++ {
+		// Remove duplicates, keeping the node with higher seq.
+		node := it.Node()
+		prevNode, ok := seen[node.ID()]
+		if ok && prevNode.Seq() > node.Seq() {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[node.ID()] = node
+	}
+	result := make([]*Node, 0, len(seen))
+	for _, node := range seen {
+		result = append(result, node)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// IterNodes makes an iterator which runs through the given nodes once.
+func IterNodes(nodes []*Node) Iterator {
+	return &sliceIter{nodes: nodes, index: -1}
+}
+
+// CycleNodes makes an iterator which cycles through the given nodes indefinitely.
+func CycleNodes(nodes []*Node) Iterator {
+	return &sliceIter{nodes: nodes, index: -1, cycle: true}
+}
+
+type sliceIter struct {
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	nodes []*Node
+	index int
+	cycle bool
+}
+
+func (it *sliceIter) Next() bool {
+	it.mu.Lock()
+	defer it.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if len(it.nodes) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	it.index++
+	if it.index == len(it.nodes) {
+		if it.cycle {
+			it.index = 0
+		} else {
+			it.nodes = nil
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (it *sliceIter) Node() *Node {
+	it.mu.Lock()
+	defer it.mu.Unlock()
+	if len(it.nodes) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return it.nodes[it.index]
+}
+
+func (it *sliceIter) Close() {
+	it.mu.Lock()
+	defer it.mu.Unlock()
+
+	it.nodes = nil
+}
+
+// Filter wraps an iterator such that Next only returns nodes for which
+// the 'check' function returns true.
+func Filter(it Iterator, check func(*Node) bool) Iterator {
+	return &filterIter{it, check}
+}
+
+type filterIter struct {
+	Iterator
+	check func(*Node) bool
+}
+
+func (f *filterIter) Next() bool {
+	for f.Iterator.Next() {
+		if f.check(f.Node()) {
+			return true
+		} else {
+			//todo
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// FairMix aggregates multiple node iterators. The mixer itself is an iterator which ends
+// only when Close is called. Source iterators added via AddSource are removed from the
+// mix when they end.
+//
+// The distribution of nodes returned by Next is approximately fair, i.e. FairMix
+// attempts to draw from all sources equally often. However, if a certain source is slow
+// and doesn't return a node within the configured timeout, a node from any other source
+// will be returned.
+//
+// It's safe to call AddSource and Close concurrently with Next.
+type FairMix struct {
+	wg      sync.WaitGroup
+	fromAny chan *Node
+	timeout time.Duration
+	cur     *Node
+
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	closed  chan struct{}
+	sources []*mixSource
+	last    int
+}
+
+type mixSource struct {
+	it      Iterator
+	next    chan *Node
+	timeout time.Duration
+}
+
+// NewFairMix creates a mixer.
+//
+// The timeout specifies how long the mixer will wait for the next fairly-chosen source
+// before giving up and taking a node from any other source. A good way to set the timeout
+// is deciding how long you'd want to wait for a node on average. Passing a negative
+// timeout makes the mixer completely fair.
+func NewFairMix(timeout time.Duration) *FairMix {
+	m := &FairMix{
+		fromAny: make(chan *Node),
+		closed:  make(chan struct{}),
+		timeout: timeout,
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// AddSource adds a source of nodes.
+func (m *FairMix) AddSource(it Iterator) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if m.closed == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.wg.Add(1)
+	source := &mixSource{it, make(chan *Node), m.timeout}
+	m.sources = append(m.sources, source)
+	go m.runSource(m.closed, source)
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the mixer and all current sources.
+// Calling this is required to release resources associated with the mixer.
+func (m *FairMix) Close() {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if m.closed == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, s := range m.sources {
+		s.it.Close()
+	}
+	close(m.closed)
+	m.wg.Wait()
+	close(m.fromAny)
+	m.sources = nil
+	m.closed = nil
+}
+
+// Next returns a node from a random source.
+func (m *FairMix) Next() bool {
+	m.cur = nil
+
+	for {
+		source := m.pickSource()
+		if source == nil {
+			return m.nextFromAny()
+		}
+
+		var timeout <-chan time.Time
+		if source.timeout >= 0 {
+			timer := time.NewTimer(source.timeout)
+			timeout = timer.C
+			defer timer.Stop()
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case n, ok := <-source.next:
+			if ok {
+				// Here, the timeout is reset to the configured value
+				// because the source delivered a node.
+				source.timeout = m.timeout
+				m.cur = n
+				return true
+			}
+			// This source has ended.
+			m.deleteSource(source)
+		case <-timeout:
+			// The selected source did not deliver a node within the timeout, so the
+			// timeout duration is halved for next time. This is supposed to improve
+			// latency with stuck sources.
+			source.timeout /= 2
+			return m.nextFromAny()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Node returns the current node.
+func (m *FairMix) Node() *Node {
+	return m.cur
+}
+
+// nextFromAny is used when there are no sources or when the 'fair' choice
+// doesn't turn up a node quickly enough.
+func (m *FairMix) nextFromAny() bool {
+	n, ok := <-m.fromAny
+	if ok {
+		m.cur = n
+	}
+	return ok
+}
+
+// pickSource chooses the next source to read from, cycling through them in order.
+func (m *FairMix) pickSource() *mixSource {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if len(m.sources) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	m.last = (m.last + 1) % len(m.sources)
+	return m.sources[m.last]
+}
+
+// deleteSource deletes a source.
+func (m *FairMix) deleteSource(s *mixSource) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for i := range m.sources {
+		if m.sources[i] == s {
+			copy(m.sources[i:], m.sources[i+1:])
+			m.sources[len(m.sources)-1] = nil
+			m.sources = m.sources[:len(m.sources)-1]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// runSource reads a single source in a loop.
+func (m *FairMix) runSource(closed chan struct{}, s *mixSource) {
+	defer m.wg.Done()
+	defer close(s.next)
+	for s.it.Next() {
+		n := s.it.Node()
+		select {
+		case s.next <- n:
+		case m.fromAny <- n:
+		case <-closed:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enode/localnode.go b/internal/p2p/enode/localnode.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d953446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enode/localnode.go
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enode
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/netutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	// IP tracker configuration
+	iptrackMinStatements = 10
+	iptrackWindow        = 5 * time.Minute
+	iptrackContactWindow = 10 * time.Minute
+
+	// time needed to wait between two updates to the local ENR
+	recordUpdateThrottle = time.Millisecond
+)
+
+// LocalNode produces the signed node record of a local node, i.e. a node run in the
+// current process. Setting ENR entries via the Set method updates the record. A new version
+// of the record is signed on demand when the Node method is called.
+type LocalNode struct {
+	cur atomic.Value // holds a non-nil node pointer while the record is up-to-date
+
+	id  ID
+	key *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+	db  *DB
+
+	// everything below is protected by a lock
+	mu        sync.RWMutex
+	seq       uint64
+	update    time.Time // timestamp when the record was last updated
+	entries   map[string]enr.Entry
+	endpoint4 lnEndpoint
+	endpoint6 lnEndpoint
+}
+
+type lnEndpoint struct {
+	track                *netutil.IPTracker
+	staticIP, fallbackIP net.IP
+	fallbackUDP          uint16 // port
+}
+
+// NewLocalNode creates a local node.
+func NewLocalNode(db *DB, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *LocalNode {
+	ln := &LocalNode{
+		id:      PubkeyToIDV4(&key.PublicKey),
+		db:      db,
+		key:     key,
+		entries: make(map[string]enr.Entry),
+		endpoint4: lnEndpoint{
+			track: netutil.NewIPTracker(iptrackWindow, iptrackContactWindow, iptrackMinStatements),
+		},
+		endpoint6: lnEndpoint{
+			track: netutil.NewIPTracker(iptrackWindow, iptrackContactWindow, iptrackMinStatements),
+		},
+	}
+	ln.seq = db.localSeq(ln.id)
+	ln.update = time.Now()
+	ln.cur.Store((*Node)(nil))
+	return ln
+}
+
+// Database returns the node database associated with the local node.
+func (ln *LocalNode) Database() *DB {
+	return ln.db
+}
+
+// Node returns the current version of the local node record.
+func (ln *LocalNode) Node() *Node {
+	// If we have a valid record, return that
+	n := ln.cur.Load().(*Node)
+	if n != nil {
+		return n
+	}
+
+	// Record was invalidated, sign a new copy.
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Double check the current record, since multiple goroutines might be waiting
+	// on the write mutex.
+	if n = ln.cur.Load().(*Node); n != nil {
+		return n
+	}
+
+	// The initial sequence number is the current timestamp in milliseconds. To ensure
+	// that the initial sequence number will always be higher than any previous sequence
+	// number (assuming the clock is correct), we want to avoid updating the record faster
+	// than once per ms. So we need to sleep here until the next possible update time has
+	// arrived.
+	lastChange := time.Since(ln.update)
+	if lastChange < recordUpdateThrottle {
+		time.Sleep(recordUpdateThrottle - lastChange)
+	}
+
+	ln.sign()
+	ln.update = time.Now()
+	return ln.cur.Load().(*Node)
+}
+
+// Seq returns the current sequence number of the local node record.
+func (ln *LocalNode) Seq() uint64 {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return ln.seq
+}
+
+// ID returns the local node ID.
+func (ln *LocalNode) ID() ID {
+	return ln.id
+}
+
+// Set puts the given entry into the local record, overwriting any existing value.
+// Use Set*IP and SetFallbackUDP to set IP addresses and UDP port, otherwise they'll
+// be overwritten by the endpoint predictor.
+//
+// Since node record updates are throttled to one per second, Set is asynchronous.
+// Any update will be queued up and published when at least one second passes from
+// the last change.
+func (ln *LocalNode) Set(e enr.Entry) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.set(e)
+}
+
+func (ln *LocalNode) set(e enr.Entry) {
+	val, exists := ln.entries[e.ENRKey()]
+	if !exists || !reflect.DeepEqual(val, e) {
+		ln.entries[e.ENRKey()] = e
+		ln.invalidate()
+	}
+}
+
+// Delete removes the given entry from the local record.
+func (ln *LocalNode) Delete(e enr.Entry) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.delete(e)
+}
+
+func (ln *LocalNode) delete(e enr.Entry) {
+	_, exists := ln.entries[e.ENRKey()]
+	if exists {
+		delete(ln.entries, e.ENRKey())
+		ln.invalidate()
+	}
+}
+
+func (ln *LocalNode) endpointForIP(ip net.IP) *lnEndpoint {
+	if ip.To4() != nil {
+		return &ln.endpoint4
+	}
+	return &ln.endpoint6
+}
+
+// SetStaticIP sets the local IP to the given one unconditionally.
+// This disables endpoint prediction.
+func (ln *LocalNode) SetStaticIP(ip net.IP) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.endpointForIP(ip).staticIP = ip
+	ln.updateEndpoints()
+}
+
+// SetFallbackIP sets the last-resort IP address. This address is used
+// if no endpoint prediction can be made and no static IP is set.
+func (ln *LocalNode) SetFallbackIP(ip net.IP) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.endpointForIP(ip).fallbackIP = ip
+	ln.updateEndpoints()
+}
+
+// SetFallbackUDP sets the last-resort UDP-on-IPv4 port. This port is used
+// if no endpoint prediction can be made.
+func (ln *LocalNode) SetFallbackUDP(port int) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.endpoint4.fallbackUDP = uint16(port)
+	ln.endpoint6.fallbackUDP = uint16(port)
+	ln.updateEndpoints()
+}
+
+// UDPEndpointStatement should be called whenever a statement about the local node's
+// UDP endpoint is received. It feeds the local endpoint predictor.
+func (ln *LocalNode) UDPEndpointStatement(fromaddr, endpoint *net.UDPAddr) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.endpointForIP(endpoint.IP).track.AddStatement(fromaddr.String(), endpoint.String())
+	ln.updateEndpoints()
+}
+
+// UDPContact should be called whenever the local node has announced itself to another node
+// via UDP. It feeds the local endpoint predictor.
+func (ln *LocalNode) UDPContact(toaddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+	ln.mu.Lock()
+	defer ln.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ln.endpointForIP(toaddr.IP).track.AddContact(toaddr.String())
+	ln.updateEndpoints()
+}
+
+// updateEndpoints updates the record with predicted endpoints.
+func (ln *LocalNode) updateEndpoints() {
+	ip4, udp4 := ln.endpoint4.get()
+	ip6, udp6 := ln.endpoint6.get()
+
+	if ip4 != nil && !ip4.IsUnspecified() {
+		ln.set(enr.IPv4(ip4))
+	} else {
+		ln.delete(enr.IPv4{})
+	}
+	if ip6 != nil && !ip6.IsUnspecified() {
+		ln.set(enr.IPv6(ip6))
+	} else {
+		ln.delete(enr.IPv6{})
+	}
+	if udp4 != 0 {
+		ln.set(enr.UDP(udp4))
+	} else {
+		ln.delete(enr.UDP(0))
+	}
+	if udp6 != 0 && udp6 != udp4 {
+		ln.set(enr.UDP6(udp6))
+	} else {
+		ln.delete(enr.UDP6(0))
+	}
+}
+
+// get returns the endpoint with highest precedence.
+func (e *lnEndpoint) get() (newIP net.IP, newPort uint16) {
+	newPort = e.fallbackUDP
+	if e.fallbackIP != nil {
+		newIP = e.fallbackIP
+	}
+	if e.staticIP != nil {
+		newIP = e.staticIP
+	} else if ip, port := predictAddr(e.track); ip != nil {
+		newIP = ip
+		newPort = port
+	}
+	return newIP, newPort
+}
+
+// predictAddr wraps IPTracker.PredictEndpoint, converting from its string-based
+// endpoint representation to IP and port types.
+func predictAddr(t *netutil.IPTracker) (net.IP, uint16) {
+	ep := t.PredictEndpoint()
+	if ep == "" {
+		return nil, 0
+	}
+	ipString, portString, _ := net.SplitHostPort(ep)
+	ip := net.ParseIP(ipString)
+	port, err := strconv.ParseUint(portString, 10, 16)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0
+	}
+	return ip, uint16(port)
+}
+
+func (ln *LocalNode) invalidate() {
+	ln.cur.Store((*Node)(nil))
+}
+
+func (ln *LocalNode) sign() {
+	if n := ln.cur.Load().(*Node); n != nil {
+		return // no changes
+	}
+
+	var r enr.Record
+	for _, e := range ln.entries {
+		r.Set(e)
+	}
+	ln.bumpSeq()
+	r.SetSeq(ln.seq)
+	if err := SignV4(&r, ln.key); err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("enode: can't sign record: %v", err))
+	}
+	n, err := New(ValidSchemes, &r)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("enode: can't verify local record: %v", err))
+	}
+	ln.cur.Store(n)
+	log.Info("New local node record", "seq", ln.seq, "id", n.ID(), "ip", n.IP(), "udp", n.UDP(), "tcp", n.TCP())
+}
+
+func (ln *LocalNode) bumpSeq() {
+	ln.seq++
+	ln.db.storeLocalSeq(ln.id, ln.seq)
+}
+
+// nowMilliseconds gives the current timestamp at millisecond precision.
+func nowMilliseconds() uint64 {
+	ns := time.Now().UnixNano()
+	if ns < 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return uint64(ns / 1000 / 1000)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enode/node.go b/internal/p2p/enode/node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f1eed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enode/node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enode
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"math/bits"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+var errMissingPrefix = errors.New("missing 'enr:' prefix for base64-encoded record")
+
+// Node represents a host on the network.
+type Node struct {
+	r  enr.Record
+	id ID
+}
+
+// New wraps a node record. The record must be valid according to the given
+// identity scheme.
+func New(validSchemes enr.IdentityScheme, r *enr.Record) (*Node, error) {
+	if err := r.VerifySignature(validSchemes); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	node := &Node{r: *r}
+	if n := copy(node.id[:], validSchemes.NodeAddr(&node.r)); n != len(ID{}) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid node ID length %d, need %d", n, len(ID{}))
+	}
+	return node, nil
+}
+
+// MustParse parses a node record or enode:// URL. It panics if the input is invalid.
+func MustParse(rawurl string) *Node {
+	n, err := Parse(ValidSchemes, rawurl)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("invalid node: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// Parse decodes and verifies a base64-encoded node record.
+func Parse(validSchemes enr.IdentityScheme, input string) (*Node, error) {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(input, "enode://") {
+		return ParseV4(input)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(input, "enr:") {
+		return nil, errMissingPrefix
+	}
+	bin, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(input[4:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var r enr.Record
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(bin, &r); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return New(validSchemes, &r)
+}
+
+// ID returns the node identifier.
+func (n *Node) ID() ID {
+	return n.id
+}
+
+// Seq returns the sequence number of the underlying record.
+func (n *Node) Seq() uint64 {
+	return n.r.Seq()
+}
+
+// Incomplete returns true for nodes with no IP address.
+func (n *Node) Incomplete() bool {
+	return n.IP() == nil
+}
+
+// Load retrieves an entry from the underlying record.
+func (n *Node) Load(k enr.Entry) error {
+	return n.r.Load(k)
+}
+
+// IP returns the IP address of the node. This prefers IPv4 addresses.
+func (n *Node) IP() net.IP {
+	var (
+		ip4 enr.IPv4
+		ip6 enr.IPv6
+	)
+	if n.Load(&ip4) == nil {
+		return net.IP(ip4)
+	}
+	if n.Load(&ip6) == nil {
+		return net.IP(ip6)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UDP returns the UDP port of the node.
+func (n *Node) UDP() int {
+	var port enr.UDP
+	n.Load(&port)
+	return int(port)
+}
+
+// TCP returns the TCP port of the node.
+func (n *Node) TCP() int {
+	var port enr.TCP
+	n.Load(&port)
+	return int(port)
+}
+
+// Pubkey returns the secp256k1 public key of the node, if present.
+func (n *Node) Pubkey() *ecdsa.PublicKey {
+	var key ecdsa.PublicKey
+	if n.Load((*Secp256k1)(&key)) != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &key
+}
+
+// Record returns the node's record. The return value is a copy and may
+// be modified by the caller.
+func (n *Node) Record() *enr.Record {
+	cpy := n.r
+	return &cpy
+}
+
+// ValidateComplete checks whether n has a valid IP and UDP port.
+// Deprecated: don't use this method.
+func (n *Node) ValidateComplete() error {
+	if n.Incomplete() {
+		return errors.New("missing IP address")
+	}
+	if n.UDP() == 0 {
+		return errors.New("missing UDP port")
+	}
+	ip := n.IP()
+	if ip.IsMulticast() || ip.IsUnspecified() {
+		return errors.New("invalid IP (multicast/unspecified)")
+	}
+	// Validate the node key (on curve, etc.).
+	var key Secp256k1
+	return n.Load(&key)
+}
+
+// String returns the text representation of the record.
+func (n *Node) String() string {
+	if isNewV4(n) {
+		return n.URLv4() // backwards-compatibility glue for NewV4 nodes
+	}
+	enc, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&n.r) // always succeeds because record is valid
+	b64 := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(enc)
+	return "enr:" + b64
+}
+
+// MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler.
+func (n *Node) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(n.String()), nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
+func (n *Node) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	dec, err := Parse(ValidSchemes, string(text))
+	if err == nil {
+		*n = *dec
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// ID is a unique identifier for each node.
+type ID [32]byte
+
+// Bytes returns a byte slice representation of the ID
+func (n ID) Bytes() []byte {
+	return n[:]
+}
+
+// ID prints as a long hexadecimal number.
+func (n ID) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", n[:])
+}
+
+// GoString returns the Go syntax representation of a ID is a call to HexID.
+func (n ID) GoString() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("enode.HexID(\"%x\")", n[:])
+}
+
+// TerminalString returns a shortened hex string for terminal logging.
+func (n ID) TerminalString() string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(n[:8])
+}
+
+// MarshalText implements the encoding.TextMarshaler interface.
+func (n ID) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(hex.EncodeToString(n[:])), nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (n *ID) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	id, err := ParseID(string(text))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*n = id
+	return nil
+}
+
+// HexID converts a hex string to an ID.
+// The string may be prefixed with 0x.
+// It panics if the string is not a valid ID.
+func HexID(in string) ID {
+	id, err := ParseID(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return id
+}
+
+func ParseID(in string) (ID, error) {
+	var id ID
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(strings.TrimPrefix(in, "0x"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return id, err
+	} else if len(b) != len(id) {
+		return id, fmt.Errorf("wrong length, want %d hex chars", len(id)*2)
+	}
+	copy(id[:], b)
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+// DistCmp compares the distances a->target and b->target.
+// Returns -1 if a is closer to target, 1 if b is closer to target
+// and 0 if they are equal.
+func DistCmp(target, a, b ID) int {
+	for i := range target {
+		da := a[i] ^ target[i]
+		db := b[i] ^ target[i]
+		if da > db {
+			return 1
+		} else if da < db {
+			return -1
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// LogDist returns the logarithmic distance between a and b, log2(a ^ b).
+func LogDist(a, b ID) int {
+	lz := 0
+	for i := range a {
+		x := a[i] ^ b[i]
+		if x == 0 {
+			lz += 8
+		} else {
+			lz += bits.LeadingZeros8(x)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return len(a)*8 - lz
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enode/nodedb.go b/internal/p2p/enode/nodedb.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efe3c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enode/nodedb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enode
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	libcommon "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/mdbx"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	mdbx1 "github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go/mdbx"
+	/*
+		"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb"
+		"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb/errors"
+		"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb/iterator"
+		"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb/opt"
+		"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb/storage"
+		"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb/util"
+
+	*/)
+
+// Keys in the node database.
+const (
+	dbVersionKey   = "version" // Version of the database to flush if changes
+	dbNodePrefix   = "n:"      // Identifier to prefix node entries with
+	dbLocalPrefix  = "local:"
+	dbDiscoverRoot = "v4"
+	dbDiscv5Root   = "v5"
+
+	// These fields are stored per ID and IP, the full key is "n:<ID>:v4:<IP>:findfail".
+	// Use nodeItemKey to create those keys.
+	dbNodeFindFails = "findfail"
+	dbNodePing      = "lastping"
+	dbNodePong      = "lastpong"
+	dbNodeSeq       = "seq"
+
+	// Local information is keyed by ID only, the full key is "local:<ID>:seq".
+	// Use localItemKey to create those keys.
+	dbLocalSeq = "seq"
+)
+
+const (
+	dbNodeExpiration = 24 * time.Hour // Time after which an unseen node should be dropped.
+	dbCleanupCycle   = time.Hour      // Time period for running the expiration task.
+	dbVersion        = 9
+)
+
+var (
+	errInvalidIP = errors.New("invalid IP")
+)
+
+var zeroIP = make(net.IP, 16)
+
+// DB is the node database, storing previously seen nodes and any collected metadata about
+// them for QoS purposes.
+type DB struct {
+	kv     kv.RwDB       // Interface to the database itself
+	runner sync.Once     // Ensures we can start at most one expirer
+	quit   chan struct{} // Channel to signal the expiring thread to stop
+}
+
+// OpenDB opens a node database for storing and retrieving infos about known peers in the
+// network. If no path is given an in-memory, temporary database is constructed.
+func OpenDB(path string, tmpDir string) (*DB, error) {
+	logger := log.New()
+	if path == "" {
+		return newMemoryDB(logger, tmpDir)
+	}
+	return newPersistentDB(logger, path)
+}
+
+func bucketsConfig(_ kv.TableCfg) kv.TableCfg {
+	return kv.TableCfg{
+		kv.Inodes:      {},
+		kv.NodeRecords: {},
+	}
+}
+
+// newMemoryNodeDB creates a new in-memory node database without a persistent backend.
+func newMemoryDB(logger log.Logger, tmpDir string) (*DB, error) {
+	db := &DB{quit: make(chan struct{})}
+	var err error
+	db.kv, err = mdbx.NewMDBX(logger).InMem(tmpDir).Label(kv.SentryDB).WithTableCfg(bucketsConfig).MapSize(1 * datasize.GB).Open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return db, nil
+}
+
+// newPersistentNodeDB creates/opens a persistent node database,
+// also flushing its contents in case of a version mismatch.
+func newPersistentDB(logger log.Logger, path string) (*DB, error) {
+	var db kv.RwDB
+	var err error
+	db, err = mdbx.NewMDBX(logger).
+		Path(path).
+		Label(kv.SentryDB).
+		WithTableCfg(bucketsConfig).
+		MapSize(1024 * datasize.MB).
+		GrowthStep(16 * datasize.MB).
+		Flags(func(f uint) uint { return f ^ mdbx1.Durable | mdbx1.SafeNoSync }).
+		SyncPeriod(2 * time.Second).
+		Open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// The nodes contained in the cache correspond to a certain protocol version.
+	// Flush all nodes if the version doesn't match.
+	currentVer := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
+	currentVer = currentVer[:binary.PutVarint(currentVer, int64(dbVersion))]
+
+	var blob []byte
+	if err := db.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		c, err := tx.RwCursor(kv.Inodes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, v, errGet := c.SeekExact([]byte(dbVersionKey))
+		if errGet != nil {
+			return errGet
+		}
+		if v != nil {
+			// v only lives during transaction tx
+			blob = make([]byte, len(v))
+			copy(blob, v)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return c.Put([]byte(dbVersionKey), currentVer)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if blob != nil && !bytes.Equal(blob, currentVer) {
+		db.Close()
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(path); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return newPersistentDB(logger, path)
+	}
+	return &DB{kv: db, quit: make(chan struct{})}, nil
+}
+
+// nodeKey returns the database key for a node record.
+func nodeKey(id ID) []byte {
+	key := append([]byte(dbNodePrefix), id[:]...)
+	key = append(key, ':')
+	key = append(key, dbDiscoverRoot...)
+	return key
+}
+
+// splitNodeKey returns the node ID of a key created by nodeKey.
+func splitNodeKey(key []byte) (id ID, rest []byte) {
+	if !bytes.HasPrefix(key, []byte(dbNodePrefix)) {
+		return ID{}, nil
+	}
+	item := key[len(dbNodePrefix):]
+	copy(id[:], item[:len(id)])
+	return id, item[len(id)+1:]
+}
+
+// nodeItemKey returns the database key for a node metadata field.
+func nodeItemKey(id ID, ip net.IP, field string) []byte {
+	ip16 := ip.To16()
+	if ip16 == nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid IP (length %d)", len(ip)))
+	}
+	return bytes.Join([][]byte{nodeKey(id), ip16, []byte(field)}, []byte{':'})
+}
+
+// splitNodeItemKey returns the components of a key created by nodeItemKey.
+func splitNodeItemKey(key []byte) (id ID, ip net.IP, field string) {
+	id, key = splitNodeKey(key)
+	// Skip discover root.
+	if string(key) == dbDiscoverRoot {
+		return id, nil, ""
+	}
+	key = key[len(dbDiscoverRoot)+1:]
+	// Split out the IP.
+	ip = key[:16]
+	if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		ip = ip4
+	}
+	key = key[16+1:]
+	// Field is the remainder of key.
+	field = string(key)
+	return id, ip, field
+}
+
+func v5Key(id ID, ip net.IP, field string) []byte {
+	return bytes.Join([][]byte{
+		[]byte(dbNodePrefix),
+		id[:],
+		[]byte(dbDiscv5Root),
+		ip.To16(),
+		[]byte(field),
+	}, []byte{':'})
+}
+
+// localItemKey returns the key of a local node item.
+func localItemKey(id ID, field string) []byte {
+	key := append([]byte(dbLocalPrefix), id[:]...)
+	key = append(key, ':')
+	key = append(key, field...)
+	return key
+}
+
+func copyBytes(key []byte) (copiedBytes []byte) {
+	if key == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copiedBytes = make([]byte, len(key))
+	copy(copiedBytes, key)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// fetchInt64 retrieves an integer associated with a particular key.
+func (db *DB) fetchInt64(key []byte) int64 {
+	var val int64
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		blob, errGet := tx.GetOne(kv.Inodes, key)
+		if errGet != nil {
+			return errGet
+		}
+		if blob != nil {
+			if v, read := binary.Varint(blob); read > 0 {
+				val = v
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	return val
+}
+
+// storeInt64 stores an integer in the given key.
+func (db *DB) storeInt64(key []byte, n int64) error {
+	blob := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
+	blob = blob[:binary.PutVarint(blob, n)]
+	return db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		return tx.Put(kv.Inodes, copyBytes(key), blob)
+	})
+}
+
+// fetchUint64 retrieves an integer associated with a particular key.
+func (db *DB) fetchUint64(key []byte) uint64 {
+	var val uint64
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		blob, errGet := tx.GetOne(kv.Inodes, key)
+		if errGet != nil {
+			return errGet
+		}
+		if blob != nil {
+			val, _ = binary.Uvarint(blob)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return val
+}
+
+// storeUint64 stores an integer in the given key.
+func (db *DB) storeUint64(key []byte, n uint64) error {
+	blob := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
+	blob = blob[:binary.PutUvarint(blob, n)]
+	return db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		return tx.Put(kv.Inodes, copyBytes(key), blob)
+	})
+}
+
+// Node retrieves a node with a given id from the database.
+func (db *DB) Node(id ID) *Node {
+	var blob []byte
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		v, errGet := tx.GetOne(kv.NodeRecords, nodeKey(id))
+		if errGet != nil {
+			return errGet
+		}
+		if v != nil {
+			blob = make([]byte, len(v))
+			copy(blob, v)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if blob == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return mustDecodeNode(id[:], blob)
+}
+
+func mustDecodeNode(id, data []byte) *Node {
+	node := new(Node)
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, &node.r); err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("p2p/enode: can't decode node %x in DB: %w", id, err))
+	}
+	// Restore node id cache.
+	copy(node.id[:], id)
+	return node
+}
+
+// UpdateNode inserts - potentially overwriting - a node into the peer database.
+func (db *DB) UpdateNode(node *Node) error {
+	if node.Seq() < db.NodeSeq(node.ID()) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&node.r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		return tx.Put(kv.NodeRecords, nodeKey(node.ID()), blob)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return db.storeUint64(nodeItemKey(node.ID(), zeroIP, dbNodeSeq), node.Seq())
+}
+
+// NodeSeq returns the stored record sequence number of the given node.
+func (db *DB) NodeSeq(id ID) uint64 {
+	return db.fetchUint64(nodeItemKey(id, zeroIP, dbNodeSeq))
+}
+
+// Resolve returns the stored record of the node if it has a larger sequence
+// number than n.
+func (db *DB) Resolve(n *Node) *Node {
+	if n.Seq() > db.NodeSeq(n.ID()) {
+		return n
+	}
+	return db.Node(n.ID())
+}
+
+// DeleteNode deletes all information associated with a node.
+func (db *DB) DeleteNode(id ID) {
+	deleteRange(db.kv, nodeKey(id))
+}
+
+func deleteRange(db kv.RwDB, prefix []byte) {
+	if err := db.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		for bucket := range bucketsConfig(nil) {
+			if err := deleteRangeInBucket(tx, prefix, bucket); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		log.Warn("nodeDB.deleteRange failed", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func deleteRangeInBucket(tx kv.RwTx, prefix []byte, bucket string) error {
+	c, err := tx.RwCursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var k []byte
+	for k, _, err = c.Seek(prefix); (err == nil) && (k != nil) && bytes.HasPrefix(k, prefix); k, _, err = c.Next() {
+		if err = c.DeleteCurrent(); err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// ensureExpirer is a small helper method ensuring that the data expiration
+// mechanism is running. If the expiration goroutine is already running, this
+// method simply returns.
+//
+// The goal is to start the data evacuation only after the network successfully
+// bootstrapped itself (to prevent dumping potentially useful seed nodes). Since
+// it would require significant overhead to exactly trace the first successful
+// convergence, it's simpler to "ensure" the correct state when an appropriate
+// condition occurs (i.e. a successful bonding), and discard further events.
+func (db *DB) ensureExpirer() {
+	db.runner.Do(func() { go db.expirer() })
+}
+
+// expirer should be started in a go routine, and is responsible for looping ad
+// infinitum and dropping stale data from the database.
+func (db *DB) expirer() {
+	tick := time.NewTicker(dbCleanupCycle)
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-tick.C:
+			db.expireNodes()
+		case <-db.quit:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// expireNodes iterates over the database and deletes all nodes that have not
+// been seen (i.e. received a pong from) for some time.
+func (db *DB) expireNodes() {
+	var (
+		threshold    = time.Now().Add(-dbNodeExpiration).Unix()
+		youngestPong int64
+	)
+	var toDelete [][]byte
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		c, err := tx.Cursor(kv.Inodes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		p := []byte(dbNodePrefix)
+		var prevId ID
+		var empty = true
+		for k, v, err := c.Seek(p); bytes.HasPrefix(k, p); k, v, err = c.Next() {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			id, ip, field := splitNodeItemKey(k)
+			if field == dbNodePong {
+				time, _ := binary.Varint(v)
+				if time > youngestPong {
+					youngestPong = time
+				}
+				if time < threshold {
+					// Last pong from this IP older than threshold, remove fields belonging to it.
+					toDelete = append(toDelete, nodeItemKey(id, ip, ""))
+				}
+			}
+			if id != prevId {
+				if youngestPong > 0 && youngestPong < threshold {
+					toDelete = append(toDelete, nodeKey(prevId))
+				}
+				youngestPong = 0
+			}
+			prevId = id
+			empty = false
+		}
+		if !empty {
+			if youngestPong > 0 && youngestPong < threshold {
+				toDelete = append(toDelete, nodeKey(prevId))
+			}
+			youngestPong = 0
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		log.Warn("nodeDB.expireNodes failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	for _, td := range toDelete {
+		deleteRange(db.kv, td)
+	}
+}
+
+// LastPingReceived retrieves the time of the last ping packet received from
+// a remote node.
+func (db *DB) LastPingReceived(id ID, ip net.IP) time.Time {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+	return time.Unix(db.fetchInt64(nodeItemKey(id, ip, dbNodePing)), 0)
+}
+
+// UpdateLastPingReceived updates the last time we tried contacting a remote node.
+func (db *DB) UpdateLastPingReceived(id ID, ip net.IP, instance time.Time) error {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return errInvalidIP
+	}
+	return db.storeInt64(nodeItemKey(id, ip, dbNodePing), instance.Unix())
+}
+
+// LastPongReceived retrieves the time of the last successful pong from remote node.
+func (db *DB) LastPongReceived(id ID, ip net.IP) time.Time {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+	// Launch expirer
+	db.ensureExpirer()
+	return time.Unix(db.fetchInt64(nodeItemKey(id, ip, dbNodePong)), 0)
+}
+
+// UpdateLastPongReceived updates the last pong time of a node.
+func (db *DB) UpdateLastPongReceived(id ID, ip net.IP, instance time.Time) error {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return errInvalidIP
+	}
+	return db.storeInt64(nodeItemKey(id, ip, dbNodePong), instance.Unix())
+}
+
+// FindFails retrieves the number of findnode failures since bonding.
+func (db *DB) FindFails(id ID, ip net.IP) int {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int(db.fetchInt64(nodeItemKey(id, ip, dbNodeFindFails)))
+}
+
+// UpdateFindFails updates the number of findnode failures since bonding.
+func (db *DB) UpdateFindFails(id ID, ip net.IP, fails int) error {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return errInvalidIP
+	}
+	return db.storeInt64(nodeItemKey(id, ip, dbNodeFindFails), int64(fails))
+}
+
+// FindFailsV5 retrieves the discv5 findnode failure counter.
+func (db *DB) FindFailsV5(id ID, ip net.IP) int {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int(db.fetchInt64(v5Key(id, ip, dbNodeFindFails)))
+}
+
+// UpdateFindFailsV5 stores the discv5 findnode failure counter.
+func (db *DB) UpdateFindFailsV5(id ID, ip net.IP, fails int) error {
+	if ip = ip.To16(); ip == nil {
+		return errInvalidIP
+	}
+	return db.storeInt64(v5Key(id, ip, dbNodeFindFails), int64(fails))
+}
+
+// LocalSeq retrieves the local record sequence counter.
+func (db *DB) localSeq(id ID) uint64 {
+	return db.fetchUint64(localItemKey(id, dbLocalSeq))
+}
+
+// storeLocalSeq stores the local record sequence counter.
+func (db *DB) storeLocalSeq(id ID, n uint64) {
+	db.storeUint64(localItemKey(id, dbLocalSeq), n)
+}
+
+// QuerySeeds retrieves random nodes to be used as potential seed nodes
+// for bootstrapping.
+func (db *DB) QuerySeeds(n int, maxAge time.Duration) []*Node {
+	var (
+		now   = time.Now()
+		nodes = make([]*Node, 0, n)
+		id    ID
+	)
+
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		c, err := tx.Cursor(kv.NodeRecords)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	seek:
+		for seeks := 0; len(nodes) < n && seeks < n*5; seeks++ {
+			// Seek to a random entry. The first byte is incremented by a
+			// random amount each time in order to increase the likelihood
+			// of hitting all existing nodes in very small databases.
+			ctr := id[0]
+			rand.Read(id[:])
+			id[0] = ctr + id[0]%16
+			var n *Node
+			for k, v, err := c.Seek(nodeKey(id)); k != nil && n == nil; k, v, err = c.Next() {
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				id, rest := splitNodeKey(k)
+				if string(rest) == dbDiscoverRoot {
+					n = mustDecodeNode(id[:], v)
+				}
+			}
+			if n == nil {
+				id[0] = 0
+				continue // iterator exhausted
+			}
+			db.ensureExpirer()
+			pongKey := nodeItemKey(n.ID(), n.IP(), dbNodePong)
+			var lastPongReceived int64
+			blob, errGet := tx.GetOne(kv.Inodes, pongKey)
+			if errGet != nil {
+				return errGet
+			}
+			if blob != nil {
+				if v, read := binary.Varint(blob); read > 0 {
+					lastPongReceived = v
+				}
+			}
+			if now.Sub(time.Unix(lastPongReceived, 0)) > maxAge {
+				continue
+			}
+			for i := range nodes {
+				if nodes[i].ID() == n.ID() {
+					continue seek // duplicate
+				}
+			}
+			nodes = append(nodes, n)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		log.Warn("nodeDB.QuerySeeds failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	return nodes
+}
+
+// close flushes and closes the database files.
+func (db *DB) Close() {
+	select {
+	case <-db.quit:
+		return // means closed already
+	default:
+	}
+	if db.quit == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	libcommon.SafeClose(db.quit)
+	db.kv.Close()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enode/urlv4.go b/internal/p2p/enode/urlv4.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23f71cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enode/urlv4.go
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enode
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"net"
+	"net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+var (
+	incompleteNodeURL = regexp.MustCompile("(?i)^(?:enode://)?([0-9a-f]+)$")
+	lookupIPFunc      = net.LookupIP
+)
+
+// MustParseV4 parses a node URL. It panics if the URL is not valid.
+func MustParseV4(rawurl string) *Node {
+	n, err := ParseV4(rawurl)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("invalid node URL: " + err.Error())
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// ParseV4 parses a node URL.
+//
+// There are two basic forms of node URLs:
+//
+//   - incomplete nodes, which only have the public key (node ID)
+//   - complete nodes, which contain the public key and IP/Port information
+//
+// For incomplete nodes, the designator must look like one of these
+//
+//	enode://<hex node id>
+//	<hex node id>
+//
+// For complete nodes, the node ID is encoded in the username portion
+// of the URL, separated from the host by an @ sign. The hostname can
+// only be given as an IP address or using DNS domain name.
+// The port in the host name section is the TCP listening port. If the
+// TCP and UDP (discovery) ports differ, the UDP port is specified as
+// query parameter "discport".
+//
+// In the following example, the node URL describes
+// a node with IP address 10.3.58.6, TCP listening port 30303
+// and UDP discovery port 30301.
+//
+//	enode://<hex node id>@10.3.58.6:30303?discport=30301
+func ParseV4(rawurl string) (*Node, error) {
+	if m := incompleteNodeURL.FindStringSubmatch(rawurl); m != nil {
+		id, err := parsePubkey(m[1])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid public key (%v)", err)
+		}
+		return NewV4(id, nil, 0, 0), nil
+	}
+	return parseComplete(rawurl)
+}
+
+// NewV4 creates a node from discovery v4 node information. The record
+// contained in the node has a zero-length signature.
+func NewV4(pubkey *ecdsa.PublicKey, ip net.IP, tcp, udp int) *Node {
+	var r enr.Record
+	if len(ip) > 0 {
+		r.Set(enr.IP(ip))
+	}
+	if udp != 0 {
+		r.Set(enr.UDP(udp))
+	}
+	if tcp != 0 {
+		r.Set(enr.TCP(tcp))
+	}
+	signV4Compat(&r, pubkey)
+	n, err := New(v4CompatID{}, &r)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// isNewV4 returns true for nodes created by NewV4.
+func isNewV4(n *Node) bool {
+	var k s256raw
+	return n.r.IdentityScheme() == "" && n.r.Load(&k) == nil && len(n.r.Signature()) == 0
+}
+
+func parseComplete(rawurl string) (*Node, error) {
+	var (
+		id               *ecdsa.PublicKey
+		tcpPort, udpPort uint64
+	)
+	u, err := url.Parse(rawurl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if u.Scheme != "enode" {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid URL scheme, want \"enode\"")
+	}
+	// Parse the Node ID from the user portion.
+	if u.User == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("does not contain node ID")
+	}
+	if id, err = parsePubkey(u.User.String()); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid public key (%v)", err)
+	}
+	// Parse the IP address.
+	ip := net.ParseIP(u.Hostname())
+	if ip == nil {
+		ips, err := lookupIPFunc(u.Hostname())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ip = ips[0]
+	}
+	// Ensure the IP is 4 bytes long for IPv4 addresses.
+	if ipv4 := ip.To4(); ipv4 != nil {
+		ip = ipv4
+	}
+	// Parse the port numbers.
+	if tcpPort, err = strconv.ParseUint(u.Port(), 10, 16); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid port")
+	}
+	udpPort = tcpPort
+	qv := u.Query()
+	if qv.Get("discport") != "" {
+		udpPort, err = strconv.ParseUint(qv.Get("discport"), 10, 16)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid discport in query")
+		}
+	}
+	return NewV4(id, ip, int(tcpPort), int(udpPort)), nil
+}
+
+// parsePubkey parses a hex-encoded secp256k1 public key.
+func parsePubkey(in string) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if len(b) != 64 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("wrong length, want %d hex chars", 128)
+	}
+	b = append([]byte{0x4}, b...)
+	return crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(b)
+}
+
+func (n *Node) URLv4() string {
+	var (
+		scheme enr.ID
+		nodeid string
+		key    ecdsa.PublicKey
+	)
+	n.Load(&scheme)
+	n.Load((*Secp256k1)(&key))
+	switch {
+	case scheme == "v4" || key != ecdsa.PublicKey{}:
+		nodeid = fmt.Sprintf("%x", crypto.FromECDSAPub(&key)[1:])
+	default:
+		nodeid = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%x", scheme, n.id[:])
+	}
+	u := url.URL{Scheme: "enode"}
+	if n.Incomplete() {
+		u.Host = nodeid
+	} else {
+		addr := net.TCPAddr{IP: n.IP(), Port: n.TCP()}
+		u.User = url.User(nodeid)
+		u.Host = addr.String()
+		if n.UDP() != n.TCP() {
+			u.RawQuery = "discport=" + strconv.Itoa(n.UDP())
+		}
+	}
+	return u.String()
+}
+
+// PubkeyToIDV4 derives the v4 node address from the given public key.
+func PubkeyToIDV4(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) ID {
+	e := make([]byte, 64)
+	math.ReadBits(key.X, e[:len(e)/2])
+	math.ReadBits(key.Y, e[len(e)/2:])
+	return ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(e))
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enr/enr.go b/internal/p2p/enr/enr.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec4df11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enr/enr.go
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package enr implements Ethereum Node Records as defined in EIP-778. A node record holds
+// arbitrary information about a node on the peer-to-peer network. Node information is
+// stored in key/value pairs. To store and retrieve key/values in a record, use the Entry
+// interface.
+//
+// # Signature Handling
+//
+// Records must be signed before transmitting them to another node.
+//
+// Decoding a record doesn't check its signature. Code working with records from an
+// untrusted source must always verify two things: that the record uses an identity scheme
+// deemed secure, and that the signature is valid according to the declared scheme.
+//
+// When creating a record, set the entries you want and use a signing function provided by
+// the identity scheme to add the signature. Modifying a record invalidates the signature.
+//
+// Package enr supports the "secp256k1-keccak" identity scheme.
+package enr
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+const SizeLimit = 300 // maximum encoded size of a node record in bytes
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidSig     = errors.New("invalid signature on node record")
+	errNotSorted      = errors.New("record key/value pairs are not sorted by key")
+	errDuplicateKey   = errors.New("record contains duplicate key")
+	errIncompletePair = errors.New("record contains incomplete k/v pair")
+	errIncompleteList = errors.New("record contains less than two list elements")
+	errTooBig         = fmt.Errorf("record bigger than %d bytes", SizeLimit)
+	errEncodeUnsigned = errors.New("can't encode unsigned record")
+	errNotFound       = errors.New("no such key in record")
+)
+
+// An IdentityScheme is capable of verifying record signatures and
+// deriving node addresses.
+type IdentityScheme interface {
+	Verify(r *Record, sig []byte) error
+	NodeAddr(r *Record) []byte
+}
+
+// SchemeMap is a registry of named identity schemes.
+type SchemeMap map[string]IdentityScheme
+
+func (m SchemeMap) Verify(r *Record, sig []byte) error {
+	s := m[r.IdentityScheme()]
+	if s == nil {
+		return ErrInvalidSig
+	}
+	return s.Verify(r, sig)
+}
+
+func (m SchemeMap) NodeAddr(r *Record) []byte {
+	s := m[r.IdentityScheme()]
+	if s == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return s.NodeAddr(r)
+}
+
+// Record represents a node record. The zero value is an empty record.
+type Record struct {
+	seq       uint64 // sequence number
+	signature []byte // the signature
+	raw       []byte // RLP encoded record
+	pairs     []pair // sorted list of all key/value pairs
+}
+
+// pair is a key/value pair in a record.
+type pair struct {
+	k string
+	v rlp.RawValue
+}
+
+// Size returns the encoded size of the record.
+func (r *Record) Size() uint64 {
+	if r.raw != nil {
+		return uint64(len(r.raw))
+	}
+	return computeSize(r)
+}
+
+func computeSize(r *Record) uint64 {
+	size := uint64(rlp.IntSize(r.seq))
+	size += rlp.BytesSize(r.signature)
+	for _, p := range r.pairs {
+		size += rlp.StringSize(p.k)
+		size += uint64(len(p.v))
+	}
+	return rlp.ListSize(size)
+}
+
+// Seq returns the sequence number.
+func (r *Record) Seq() uint64 {
+	return r.seq
+}
+
+// SetSeq updates the record sequence number. This invalidates any signature on the record.
+// Calling SetSeq is usually not required because setting any key in a signed record
+// increments the sequence number.
+func (r *Record) SetSeq(s uint64) {
+	r.signature = nil
+	r.raw = nil
+	r.seq = s
+}
+
+// Load retrieves the value of a key/value pair. The given Entry must be a pointer and will
+// be set to the value of the entry in the record.
+//
+// Errors returned by Load are wrapped in KeyError. You can distinguish decoding errors
+// from missing keys using the IsNotFound function.
+func (r *Record) Load(e Entry) error {
+	i := sort.Search(len(r.pairs), func(i int) bool { return r.pairs[i].k >= e.ENRKey() })
+	if i < len(r.pairs) && r.pairs[i].k == e.ENRKey() {
+		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(r.pairs[i].v, e); err != nil {
+			return &KeyError{Key: e.ENRKey(), Err: err}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &KeyError{Key: e.ENRKey(), Err: errNotFound}
+}
+
+// Set adds or updates the given entry in the record. It panics if the value can't be
+// encoded. If the record is signed, Set increments the sequence number and invalidates
+// the sequence number.
+func (r *Record) Set(e Entry) {
+	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(e)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("enr: can't encode %s: %v", e.ENRKey(), err))
+	}
+	r.invalidate()
+
+	pairs := make([]pair, len(r.pairs))
+	copy(pairs, r.pairs)
+	i := sort.Search(len(pairs), func(i int) bool { return pairs[i].k >= e.ENRKey() })
+	switch {
+	case i < len(pairs) && pairs[i].k == e.ENRKey():
+		// element is present at r.pairs[i]
+		pairs[i].v = blob
+	case i < len(r.pairs):
+		// insert pair before i-th elem
+		el := pair{e.ENRKey(), blob}
+		pairs = append(pairs, pair{})
+		copy(pairs[i+1:], pairs[i:])
+		pairs[i] = el
+	default:
+		// element should be placed at the end of r.pairs
+		pairs = append(pairs, pair{e.ENRKey(), blob})
+	}
+	r.pairs = pairs
+}
+
+func (r *Record) invalidate() {
+	if r.signature != nil {
+		r.seq++
+	}
+	r.signature = nil
+	r.raw = nil
+}
+
+// Signature returns the signature of the record.
+func (r *Record) Signature() []byte {
+	if r.signature == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	cpy := make([]byte, len(r.signature))
+	copy(cpy, r.signature)
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// EncodeRLP implements rlp.Encoder. Encoding fails if
+// the record is unsigned.
+func (r Record) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	if r.signature == nil {
+		return errEncodeUnsigned
+	}
+	_, err := w.Write(r.raw)
+	return err
+}
+
+// DecodeRLP implements rlp.Decoder. Decoding doesn't verify the signature.
+func (r *Record) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	dec, raw, err := decodeRecord(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*r = dec
+	r.raw = raw
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeRecord(s *rlp.Stream) (dec Record, raw []byte, err error) {
+	raw, err = s.Raw()
+	if err != nil {
+		return dec, raw, err
+	}
+	if len(raw) > SizeLimit {
+		return dec, raw, errTooBig
+	}
+
+	// Decode the RLP container.
+	s = rlp.NewStream(bytes.NewReader(raw), 0)
+	if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+		return dec, raw, err
+	}
+	if err = s.Decode(&dec.signature); err != nil {
+		if err == rlp.EOL {
+			err = errIncompleteList
+		}
+		return dec, raw, err
+	}
+	if err = s.Decode(&dec.seq); err != nil {
+		if err == rlp.EOL {
+			err = errIncompleteList
+		}
+		return dec, raw, err
+	}
+	// The rest of the record contains sorted k/v pairs.
+	var prevkey string
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		var kv pair
+		if err := s.Decode(&kv.k); err != nil {
+			if err == rlp.EOL {
+				break
+			}
+			return dec, raw, err
+		}
+		if err := s.Decode(&kv.v); err != nil {
+			if err == rlp.EOL {
+				return dec, raw, errIncompletePair
+			}
+			return dec, raw, err
+		}
+		if i > 0 {
+			if kv.k == prevkey {
+				return dec, raw, errDuplicateKey
+			}
+			if kv.k < prevkey {
+				return dec, raw, errNotSorted
+			}
+		}
+		dec.pairs = append(dec.pairs, kv)
+		prevkey = kv.k
+	}
+	return dec, raw, s.ListEnd()
+}
+
+// IdentityScheme returns the name of the identity scheme in the record.
+func (r *Record) IdentityScheme() string {
+	var id ID
+	r.Load(&id)
+	return string(id)
+}
+
+// VerifySignature checks whether the record is signed using the given identity scheme.
+func (r *Record) VerifySignature(s IdentityScheme) error {
+	return s.Verify(r, r.signature)
+}
+
+// SetSig sets the record signature. It returns an error if the encoded record is larger
+// than the size limit or if the signature is invalid according to the passed scheme.
+//
+// You can also use SetSig to remove the signature explicitly by passing a nil scheme
+// and signature.
+//
+// SetSig panics when either the scheme or the signature (but not both) are nil.
+func (r *Record) SetSig(s IdentityScheme, sig []byte) error {
+	switch {
+	// Prevent storing invalid data.
+	case s == nil && sig != nil:
+		panic("enr: invalid call to SetSig with non-nil signature but nil scheme")
+	case s != nil && sig == nil:
+		panic("enr: invalid call to SetSig with nil signature but non-nil scheme")
+	// Verify if we have a scheme.
+	case s != nil:
+		if err := s.Verify(r, sig); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		raw, err := r.encode(sig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		r.signature, r.raw = sig, raw
+	// Reset otherwise.
+	default:
+		r.signature, r.raw = nil, nil
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AppendElements appends the sequence number and entries to the given slice.
+func (r *Record) AppendElements(list []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	list = append(list, r.seq)
+	for _, p := range r.pairs {
+		list = append(list, p.k, p.v)
+	}
+	return list
+}
+
+func (r *Record) encode(sig []byte) (raw []byte, err error) {
+	list := make([]interface{}, 1, 2*len(r.pairs)+2)
+	list[0] = sig
+	list = r.AppendElements(list)
+	if raw, err = rlp.EncodeToBytes(list); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(raw) > SizeLimit {
+		return nil, errTooBig
+	}
+	return raw, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/enr/entries.go b/internal/p2p/enr/entries.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8cec74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/enr/entries.go
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package enr
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+)
+
+// Entry is implemented by known node record entry types.
+//
+// To define a new entry that is to be included in a node record,
+// create a Go type that satisfies this interface. The type should
+// also implement rlp.Decoder if additional checks are needed on the value.
+type Entry interface {
+	ENRKey() string
+}
+
+type generic struct {
+	key   string
+	value interface{}
+}
+
+func (g generic) ENRKey() string { return g.key }
+
+func (g generic) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	return rlp.Encode(w, g.value)
+}
+
+func (g *generic) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	return s.Decode(g.value)
+}
+
+// WithEntry wraps any value with a key name. It can be used to set and load arbitrary values
+// in a record. The value v must be supported by rlp. To use WithEntry with Load, the value
+// must be a pointer.
+func WithEntry(k string, v interface{}) Entry {
+	return &generic{key: k, value: v}
+}
+
+// TCP is the "tcp" key, which holds the TCP port of the node.
+type TCP uint16
+
+func (v TCP) ENRKey() string { return "tcp" }
+
+// TCP6 is the "tcp6" key, which holds the IPv6-specific tcp6 port of the node.
+type TCP6 uint16
+
+func (v TCP6) ENRKey() string { return "tcp6" }
+
+// UDP is the "udp" key, which holds the UDP port of the node.
+type UDP uint16
+
+func (v UDP) ENRKey() string { return "udp" }
+
+// UDP6 is the "udp6" key, which holds the IPv6-specific UDP port of the node.
+type UDP6 uint16
+
+func (v UDP6) ENRKey() string { return "udp6" }
+
+// ID is the "id" key, which holds the name of the identity scheme.
+type ID string
+
+const IDv4 = ID("v4") // the default identity scheme
+
+func (v ID) ENRKey() string { return "id" }
+
+// IP is either the "ip" or "ip6" key, depending on the value.
+// Use this value to encode IP addresses that can be either v4 or v6.
+// To load an address from a record use the IPv4 or IPv6 types.
+type IP net.IP
+
+func (v IP) ENRKey() string {
+	if net.IP(v).To4() == nil {
+		return "ip6"
+	}
+	return "ip"
+}
+
+// EncodeRLP implements rlp.Encoder.
+func (v IP) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	if ip4 := net.IP(v).To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		return rlp.Encode(w, ip4)
+	}
+	if ip6 := net.IP(v).To16(); ip6 != nil {
+		return rlp.Encode(w, ip6)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("invalid IP address: %v", net.IP(v))
+}
+
+// DecodeRLP implements rlp.Decoder.
+func (v *IP) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	if err := s.Decode((*net.IP)(v)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(*v) != 4 && len(*v) != 16 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IP address, want 4 or 16 bytes: %v", *v)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// IPv4 is the "ip" key, which holds the IP address of the node.
+type IPv4 net.IP
+
+func (v IPv4) ENRKey() string { return "ip" }
+
+// EncodeRLP implements rlp.Encoder.
+func (v IPv4) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	ip4 := net.IP(v).To4()
+	if ip4 == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv4 address: %v", net.IP(v))
+	}
+	return rlp.Encode(w, ip4)
+}
+
+// DecodeRLP implements rlp.Decoder.
+func (v *IPv4) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	if err := s.Decode((*net.IP)(v)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(*v) != 4 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv4 address, want 4 bytes: %v", *v)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// IPv6 is the "ip6" key, which holds the IP address of the node.
+type IPv6 net.IP
+
+func (v IPv6) ENRKey() string { return "ip6" }
+
+// EncodeRLP implements rlp.Encoder.
+func (v IPv6) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	ip6 := net.IP(v).To16()
+	if ip6 == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv6 address: %v", net.IP(v))
+	}
+	return rlp.Encode(w, ip6)
+}
+
+// DecodeRLP implements rlp.Decoder.
+func (v *IPv6) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	if err := s.Decode((*net.IP)(v)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(*v) != 16 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv6 address, want 16 bytes: %v", *v)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// KeyError is an error related to a key.
+type KeyError struct {
+	Key string
+	Err error
+}
+
+// Error implements error.
+func (err *KeyError) Error() string {
+	if err.Err == errNotFound {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("missing ENR key %q", err.Key)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("ENR key %q: %v", err.Key, err.Err)
+}
+
+func (err *KeyError) Unwrap() error {
+	return err.Err
+}
+
+// IsNotFound reports whether the given error means that a key/value pair is
+// missing from a record.
+func IsNotFound(err error) bool {
+	var ke *KeyError
+	if errors.As(err, &ke) {
+		return ke.Err == errNotFound
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/fork.go b/internal/p2p/fork.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da630c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/fork.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const amtENRKey = "astEnr"
+
+// ForkDigest returns the current fork digest of
+// the node according to the local clock.
+func (s *Service) currentForkDigest() ([4]byte, error) {
+	return utils.CreateForkDigest(new(uint256.Int), s.genesisHash)
+}
+
+// Compares fork ENRs between an incoming peer's record and our node's
+// local record values for current and next fork version/epoch.
+func (s *Service) compareForkENR(record *enr.Record) error {
+	remoteForkDigest := make([]byte, 4)
+	entry := enr.WithEntry(amtENRKey, &remoteForkDigest)
+	err := record.Load(entry)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	enrString, err := SerializeENR(record)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	currentForkDigest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+	if err != nil {
+		err := errors.Wrap(err, "could not retrieve fork digest")
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(remoteForkDigest, currentForkDigest[:]) {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"fork digest of peer with ENR %s: %v, does not match local value: %v",
+			enrString,
+			currentForkDigest,
+			remoteForkDigest,
+		)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Adds a fork entry as an ENR record under the Ethereum consensus EnrKey for
+// the local node. The fork entry is an ssz-encoded enrForkID type
+// which takes into account the current fork version from the current
+// epoch to create a fork digest, the next fork version,
+// and the next fork epoch.
+func addForkEntry(node *enode.LocalNode, genesisHash types.Hash) (*enode.LocalNode, error) {
+	//todo
+	enc, err := utils.CreateForkDigest(new(uint256.Int), genesisHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	forkEntry := enr.WithEntry(amtENRKey, enc[:])
+	node.Set(forkEntry)
+	return node, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/gossip_scoring_params.go b/internal/p2p/gossip_scoring_params.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..830fca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/gossip_scoring_params.go
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const (
+	// beaconBlockWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our beacon block topic.
+	beaconBlockWeight = 0.8
+	// aggregateWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our aggregate topic.
+	aggregateWeight = 0.5
+	// syncContributionWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our sync contribution topic.
+	syncContributionWeight = 0.2
+	// attestationTotalWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our attestation subnet topic.
+	attestationTotalWeight = 1
+	// syncCommitteesTotalWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our sync subnet topic.
+	syncCommitteesTotalWeight = 0.4
+	// attesterSlashingWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our attester slashing topic.
+	attesterSlashingWeight = 0.05
+	// proposerSlashingWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our proposer slashing topic.
+	proposerSlashingWeight = 0.05
+	// voluntaryExitWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our voluntary exit topic.
+	voluntaryExitWeight = 0.05
+	// blsToExecutionChangeWeight specifies the scoring weight that we apply to
+	// our bls to execution topic.
+	blsToExecutionChangeWeight = 0.05
+
+	// maxInMeshScore describes the max score a peer can attain from being in the mesh.
+	maxInMeshScore = 10
+	// maxFirstDeliveryScore describes the max score a peer can obtain from first deliveries.
+	maxFirstDeliveryScore = 40
+
+	// decayToZero specifies the terminal value that we will use when decaying
+	// a value.
+	decayToZero = 0.01
+
+	// dampeningFactor reduces the amount by which the various thresholds and caps are created.
+	dampeningFactor = 90
+)
+
+var (
+	// a bool to check if we enable scoring for messages in the mesh sent for near first deliveries.
+	meshDeliveryIsScored = false
+
+	// Defines the variables representing the different time periods.
+	oneHundredBlocks   = 100 * oneBlockDuration()
+	invalidDecayPeriod = 50 * oneBlockDuration()
+	twentyBlocks       = 20 * oneBlockDuration()
+	tenBlocks          = 10 * oneBlockDuration()
+)
+
+func peerScoringParams() (*pubsub.PeerScoreParams, *pubsub.PeerScoreThresholds) {
+	thresholds := &pubsub.PeerScoreThresholds{
+		GossipThreshold:             -4000,
+		PublishThreshold:            -8000,
+		GraylistThreshold:           -16000,
+		AcceptPXThreshold:           100,
+		OpportunisticGraftThreshold: 5,
+	}
+	scoreParams := &pubsub.PeerScoreParams{
+		Topics:        make(map[string]*pubsub.TopicScoreParams),
+		TopicScoreCap: 32.72,
+		AppSpecificScore: func(p peer.ID) float64 {
+			return 0
+		},
+		AppSpecificWeight:           1,
+		IPColocationFactorWeight:    -35.11,
+		IPColocationFactorThreshold: 10,
+		IPColocationFactorWhitelist: nil,
+		BehaviourPenaltyWeight:      -15.92,
+		BehaviourPenaltyThreshold:   6,
+		BehaviourPenaltyDecay:       scoreDecay(tenBlocks),
+		DecayInterval:               oneBlockDuration(),
+		DecayToZero:                 decayToZero,
+		RetainScore:                 oneHundredBlocks,
+	}
+	return scoreParams, thresholds
+}
+
+func (s *Service) topicScoreParams(topic string) (*pubsub.TopicScoreParams, error) {
+	switch {
+	case strings.Contains(topic, GossipBlockMessage):
+		return defaultBlockTopicParams(), nil
+	case strings.Contains(topic, GossipExitMessage):
+		return defaultVoluntaryExitTopicParams(), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("unrecognized topic provided for parameter registration: %s", topic)
+	}
+}
+
+// Based on the lighthouse parameters.
+// https://gist.github.com/blacktemplar/5c1862cb3f0e32a1a7fb0b25e79e6e2c
+
+func defaultBlockTopicParams() *pubsub.TopicScoreParams {
+	//todo
+	decayEpoch := time.Duration(5)
+	meshWeight := -0.717
+	if !meshDeliveryIsScored {
+		// Set the mesh weight as zero as a temporary measure, so as to prevent
+		// the average nodes from being penalised.
+		meshWeight = 0
+	}
+	return &pubsub.TopicScoreParams{
+		TopicWeight:                     beaconBlockWeight,
+		TimeInMeshWeight:                maxInMeshScore / inMeshCap(),
+		TimeInMeshQuantum:               inMeshTime(),
+		TimeInMeshCap:                   inMeshCap(),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesWeight:    1,
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesDecay:     scoreDecay(twentyBlocks),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesCap:       23,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWeight:     meshWeight,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesDecay:      scoreDecay(decayEpoch * oneBlockDuration()),
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesCap:        float64(decayEpoch),
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold:  float64(decayEpoch) / 10,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow:     2 * time.Second,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 4 * oneBlockDuration(),
+		MeshFailurePenaltyWeight:        meshWeight,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyDecay:         scoreDecay(decayEpoch * oneBlockDuration()),
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesWeight:  -140.4475,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesDecay:   scoreDecay(invalidDecayPeriod),
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultSyncContributionTopicParams() *pubsub.TopicScoreParams {
+	// Determine the expected message rate for the particular gossip topic.
+	//todo
+	aggPerSlot := 2
+	firstMessageCap, err := decayLimit(scoreDecay(1*oneBlockDuration()), float64(aggPerSlot*2/gossipSubD))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("skipping initializing topic scoring", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	firstMessageWeight := maxFirstDeliveryScore / firstMessageCap
+	meshThreshold, err := decayThreshold(scoreDecay(1*oneBlockDuration()), float64(aggPerSlot)/dampeningFactor)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("skipping initializing topic scoring", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	meshWeight := -scoreByWeight(syncContributionWeight, meshThreshold)
+	meshCap := 4 * meshThreshold
+	if !meshDeliveryIsScored {
+		// Set the mesh weight as zero as a temporary measure, so as to prevent
+		// the average nodes from being penalised.
+		meshWeight = 0
+	}
+	return &pubsub.TopicScoreParams{
+		TopicWeight:                     syncContributionWeight,
+		TimeInMeshWeight:                maxInMeshScore / inMeshCap(),
+		TimeInMeshQuantum:               inMeshTime(),
+		TimeInMeshCap:                   inMeshCap(),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesWeight:    firstMessageWeight,
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesDecay:     scoreDecay(1 * oneBlockDuration()),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesCap:       firstMessageCap,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWeight:     meshWeight,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesDecay:      scoreDecay(1 * oneBlockDuration()),
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesCap:        meshCap,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold:  meshThreshold,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow:     2 * time.Second,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 1 * oneBlockDuration(),
+		MeshFailurePenaltyWeight:        meshWeight,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyDecay:         scoreDecay(1 * oneBlockDuration()),
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesWeight:  -maxScore() / syncContributionWeight,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesDecay:   scoreDecay(invalidDecayPeriod),
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultAttesterSlashingTopicParams() *pubsub.TopicScoreParams {
+	return &pubsub.TopicScoreParams{
+		TopicWeight:                     attesterSlashingWeight,
+		TimeInMeshWeight:                maxInMeshScore / inMeshCap(),
+		TimeInMeshQuantum:               inMeshTime(),
+		TimeInMeshCap:                   inMeshCap(),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesWeight:    36,
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesDecay:     scoreDecay(oneHundredBlocks),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesCap:       1,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWeight:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesDecay:      0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesCap:        0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold:  0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyWeight:        0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyDecay:         0,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesWeight:  -2000,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesDecay:   scoreDecay(invalidDecayPeriod),
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultProposerSlashingTopicParams() *pubsub.TopicScoreParams {
+	return &pubsub.TopicScoreParams{
+		TopicWeight:                     proposerSlashingWeight,
+		TimeInMeshWeight:                maxInMeshScore / inMeshCap(),
+		TimeInMeshQuantum:               inMeshTime(),
+		TimeInMeshCap:                   inMeshCap(),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesWeight:    36,
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesDecay:     scoreDecay(oneHundredBlocks),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesCap:       1,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWeight:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesDecay:      0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesCap:        0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold:  0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyWeight:        0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyDecay:         0,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesWeight:  -2000,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesDecay:   scoreDecay(invalidDecayPeriod),
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultVoluntaryExitTopicParams() *pubsub.TopicScoreParams {
+	return &pubsub.TopicScoreParams{
+		TopicWeight:                     voluntaryExitWeight,
+		TimeInMeshWeight:                maxInMeshScore / inMeshCap(),
+		TimeInMeshQuantum:               inMeshTime(),
+		TimeInMeshCap:                   inMeshCap(),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesWeight:    2,
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesDecay:     scoreDecay(oneHundredBlocks),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesCap:       5,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWeight:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesDecay:      0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesCap:        0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold:  0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyWeight:        0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyDecay:         0,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesWeight:  -2000,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesDecay:   scoreDecay(invalidDecayPeriod),
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultBlsToExecutionChangeTopicParams() *pubsub.TopicScoreParams {
+	return &pubsub.TopicScoreParams{
+		TopicWeight:                     blsToExecutionChangeWeight,
+		TimeInMeshWeight:                maxInMeshScore / inMeshCap(),
+		TimeInMeshQuantum:               inMeshTime(),
+		TimeInMeshCap:                   inMeshCap(),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesWeight:    2,
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesDecay:     scoreDecay(oneHundredBlocks),
+		FirstMessageDeliveriesCap:       5,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWeight:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesDecay:      0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesCap:        0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold:  0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesWindow:     0,
+		MeshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyWeight:        0,
+		MeshFailurePenaltyDecay:         0,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesWeight:  -2000,
+		InvalidMessageDeliveriesDecay:   scoreDecay(invalidDecayPeriod),
+	}
+}
+
+func oneBlockDuration() time.Duration {
+	//todo
+	return 8 * time.Second
+}
+
+// determines the decay rate from the provided time period till
+// the decayToZero value. Ex: ( 1 -> 0.01)
+func scoreDecay(totalDurationDecay time.Duration) float64 {
+	numOfTimes := totalDurationDecay / oneBlockDuration()
+	return math.Pow(decayToZero, 1/float64(numOfTimes))
+}
+
+// is used to determine the threshold from the decay limit with
+// a provided growth rate. This applies the decay rate to a
+// computed limit.
+func decayThreshold(decayRate, rate float64) (float64, error) {
+	d, err := decayLimit(decayRate, rate)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return d * decayRate, nil
+}
+
+// decayLimit provides the value till which a decay process will
+// limit till provided with an expected growth rate.
+func decayLimit(decayRate, rate float64) (float64, error) {
+	if 1 <= decayRate {
+		return 0, errors.Errorf("got an invalid decayLimit rate: %f", decayRate)
+	}
+	return rate / (1 - decayRate), nil
+}
+
+// provides the relevant score by the provided weight and threshold.
+func scoreByWeight(weight, threshold float64) float64 {
+	return maxScore() / (weight * threshold * threshold)
+}
+
+// maxScore attainable by a peer.
+func maxScore() float64 {
+	totalWeight := beaconBlockWeight + aggregateWeight + syncContributionWeight +
+		attestationTotalWeight + syncCommitteesTotalWeight + attesterSlashingWeight +
+		proposerSlashingWeight + voluntaryExitWeight + blsToExecutionChangeWeight
+	return (maxInMeshScore + maxFirstDeliveryScore) * totalWeight
+}
+
+// denotes the unit time in mesh for scoring tallying.
+func inMeshTime() time.Duration {
+	return 1 * oneBlockDuration()
+}
+
+// the cap for `inMesh` time scoring.
+func inMeshCap() float64 {
+	return float64((3600 * time.Second) / inMeshTime())
+}
+
+func logGossipParameters(topic string, params *pubsub.TopicScoreParams) {
+	// Exit early in the event the parameter struct is nil.
+	if params == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	rawParams := reflect.ValueOf(params).Elem()
+	numOfFields := rawParams.NumField()
+
+	fields := make([]interface{}, numOfFields*2)
+	for i := 0; i < numOfFields; i++ {
+		fields = append(fields, reflect.TypeOf(params).Elem().Field(i).Name, rawParams.Field(i).Interface())
+	}
+	log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Topic Parameters for %s", topic), fields...)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/gossip_topic_mappings.go b/internal/p2p/gossip_topic_mappings.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..632f590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/gossip_topic_mappings.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+// gossipTopicMappings represent the protocol ID to protobuf message type map for easy
+// lookup.
+var gossipTopicMappings = map[string]proto.Message{
+	BlockTopicFormat:       &types_pb.Block{},
+	TransactionTopicFormat: &types_pb.Transaction{},
+}
+
+// GossipTopicMappings is a function to return the assigned data type
+// versioned by epoch.
+func GossipTopicMappings(topic string) proto.Message {
+	return gossipTopicMappings[topic]
+}
+
+// AllTopics returns all topics stored in our
+// gossip mapping.
+func AllTopics() []string {
+	var topics []string
+	for k := range gossipTopicMappings {
+		topics = append(topics, k)
+	}
+	return topics
+}
+
+// GossipTypeMapping is the inverse of GossipTopicMappings so that an arbitrary protobuf message
+// can be mapped to a protocol ID string.
+var GossipTypeMapping = make(map[reflect.Type]string, len(gossipTopicMappings))
+
+func init() {
+	for k, v := range gossipTopicMappings {
+		GossipTypeMapping[reflect.TypeOf(v)] = k
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/handshake.go b/internal/p2p/handshake.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6fa366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/handshake.go
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	"io"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+const (
+	// The time to wait for a status request.
+	timeForStatus = 10 * time.Second
+)
+
+func peerMultiaddrString(conn network.Conn) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/p2p/%s", conn.RemoteMultiaddr().String(), conn.RemotePeer().String())
+}
+
+// AddConnectionHandler adds a callback function which handles the connection with a
+// newly added peer. It performs a handshake with that peer by sending a hello request
+// and validating the response from the peer.
+func (s *Service) AddConnectionHandler(reqFunc, goodByeFunc func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error) {
+	// Peer map and lock to keep track of current connection attempts.
+	peerMap := make(map[peer.ID]bool)
+	peerLock := new(sync.Mutex)
+
+	// This is run at the start of each connection attempt, to ensure
+	// that there aren't multiple inflight connection requests for the
+	// same peer at once.
+	peerHandshaking := func(id peer.ID) bool {
+		peerLock.Lock()
+		defer peerLock.Unlock()
+
+		if peerMap[id] {
+			repeatPeerConnections.Inc()
+			return true
+		}
+
+		peerMap[id] = true
+		return false
+	}
+
+	peerFinished := func(id peer.ID) {
+		peerLock.Lock()
+		defer peerLock.Unlock()
+
+		delete(peerMap, id)
+	}
+
+	s.host.Network().Notify(&network.NotifyBundle{
+		ConnectedF: func(net network.Network, conn network.Conn) {
+			remotePeer := conn.RemotePeer()
+			disconnectFromPeer := func() {
+				s.peers.SetConnectionState(remotePeer, peers.PeerDisconnecting)
+				// Only attempt a goodbye if we are still connected to the peer.
+				if s.host.Network().Connectedness(remotePeer) == network.Connected {
+					if err := goodByeFunc(context.TODO(), remotePeer); err != nil {
+						log.Error("Unable to disconnect from peer", "err", err)
+					}
+				}
+				s.peers.SetConnectionState(remotePeer, peers.PeerDisconnected)
+			}
+			// Connection handler must be non-blocking as part of libp2p design.
+			go func() {
+				if peerHandshaking(remotePeer) {
+					// Exit this if there is already another connection
+					// request in flight.
+					return
+				}
+				defer peerFinished(remotePeer)
+				// Handle the various pre-existing conditions that will result in us not handshaking.
+				peerConnectionState, err := s.peers.ConnectionState(remotePeer)
+				if err == nil && (peerConnectionState == peers.PeerConnected || peerConnectionState == peers.PeerConnecting) {
+					log.Trace("Ignoring connection request", "currentState", peerConnectionState, "reason", "already active")
+					return
+				}
+				s.peers.Add(nil /* ENR */, remotePeer, conn.RemoteMultiaddr(), conn.Stat().Direction)
+				// Defensive check in the event we still get a bad peer.
+				if s.peers.IsBad(remotePeer) {
+					log.Debug("Ignoring connection request", "reason", "bad peer")
+					disconnectFromPeer()
+					return
+				}
+				validPeerConnection := func() {
+					s.peers.SetConnectionState(conn.RemotePeer(), peers.PeerConnected)
+					// Go through the handshake process.
+					log.Debug("Peer connected", "direction", conn.Stat().Direction, "multiAddr", peerMultiaddrString(conn), "activePeers", len(s.peers.Active()))
+				}
+
+				// Do not perform handshake on inbound dials.
+				if conn.Stat().Direction == network.DirInbound {
+					_, err := s.peers.ChainState(remotePeer)
+					peerExists := err == nil
+
+					//currentTime := prysmTime.Now()
+					currentTime := time.Now()
+
+					// Wait for peer to initiate handshake
+					time.Sleep(timeForStatus)
+
+					// Exit if we are disconnected with the peer.
+					if s.host.Network().Connectedness(remotePeer) != network.Connected {
+						return
+					}
+
+					// If peer hasn't sent a status request, we disconnect with them
+					if _, err := s.peers.ChainState(remotePeer); errors.Is(err, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown) || errors.Is(err, peerdata.ErrNoPeerStatus) {
+						statusMessageMissing.Inc()
+						disconnectFromPeer()
+						return
+					}
+					if peerExists {
+						updated, err := s.peers.ChainStateLastUpdated(remotePeer)
+						if err != nil {
+							disconnectFromPeer()
+							return
+						}
+						// exit if we don't receive any current status messages from
+						// peer.
+						if updated.IsZero() || !updated.After(currentTime) {
+							disconnectFromPeer()
+							return
+						}
+					}
+					validPeerConnection()
+					return
+				}
+
+				s.peers.SetConnectionState(conn.RemotePeer(), peers.PeerConnecting)
+				if err := reqFunc(context.TODO(), conn.RemotePeer()); err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+					log.Warn("Handshake failed", "err", err)
+					disconnectFromPeer()
+					return
+				}
+				validPeerConnection()
+			}()
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+// AddDisconnectionHandler disconnects from peers.  It handles updating the peer status.
+// This also calls the handler responsible for maintaining other parts of the sync or p2p system.
+func (s *Service) AddDisconnectionHandler(handler func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error) {
+	s.host.Network().Notify(&network.NotifyBundle{
+		DisconnectedF: func(net network.Network, conn network.Conn) {
+			// Must be handled in a goroutine as this callback cannot be blocking.
+			go func() {
+				// Exit early if we are still connected to the peer.
+				if net.Connectedness(conn.RemotePeer()) == network.Connected {
+					return
+				}
+				priorState, err := s.peers.ConnectionState(conn.RemotePeer())
+				if err != nil {
+					// Can happen if the peer has already disconnected, so...
+					priorState = peers.PeerDisconnected
+				}
+				s.peers.SetConnectionState(conn.RemotePeer(), peers.PeerDisconnecting)
+				if err := handler(context.TODO(), conn.RemotePeer()); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Disconnect handler failed", "multiAddr", peerMultiaddrString(conn))
+				}
+				s.peers.SetConnectionState(conn.RemotePeer(), peers.PeerDisconnected)
+				// Only log disconnections if we were fully connected.
+				if priorState == peers.PeerConnected {
+					log.Warn("Peer disconnected", "multiAddr", peerMultiaddrString(conn), "activePeers", len(s.peers.Active()))
+				}
+			}()
+		},
+	})
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/interfaces.go b/internal/p2p/interfaces.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cc2c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/interfaces.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/encoder"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers"
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/connmgr"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+// P2P represents the full p2p interface composed of all of the sub-interfaces.
+type P2P interface {
+	Broadcaster
+	SetStreamHandler
+	PubSubProvider
+	PubSubTopicUser
+	SenderEncoder
+	PeerManager
+	ConnectionHandler
+	PeersProvider
+	PingProvider
+
+	Start()
+	Stop() error
+	GetConfig() *conf.P2PConfig
+}
+
+// Broadcaster broadcasts messages to peers over the p2p pubsub protocol.
+type Broadcaster interface {
+	Broadcast(context.Context, proto.Message) error
+}
+
+// SetStreamHandler configures p2p to handle streams of a certain topic ID.
+type SetStreamHandler interface {
+	SetStreamHandler(topic string, handler network.StreamHandler)
+}
+
+// PubSubTopicUser provides way to join, use and leave PubSub topics.
+type PubSubTopicUser interface {
+	JoinTopic(topic string, opts ...pubsub.TopicOpt) (*pubsub.Topic, error)
+	LeaveTopic(topic string) error
+	PublishToTopic(ctx context.Context, topic string, data []byte, opts ...pubsub.PubOpt) error
+	SubscribeToTopic(topic string, opts ...pubsub.SubOpt) (*pubsub.Subscription, error)
+}
+
+// ConnectionHandler configures p2p to handle connections with a peer.
+type ConnectionHandler interface {
+	AddConnectionHandler(f func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error,
+		j func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error)
+	AddDisconnectionHandler(f func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error)
+	connmgr.ConnectionGater
+}
+
+// SenderEncoder allows sending functionality from libp2p as well as encoding for requests and responses.
+type SenderEncoder interface {
+	EncodingProvider
+	Sender
+}
+
+// EncodingProvider provides p2p network encoding.
+type EncodingProvider interface {
+	Encoding() encoder.NetworkEncoding
+}
+
+// PubSubProvider provides the p2p pubsub protocol.
+type PubSubProvider interface {
+	PubSub() *pubsub.PubSub
+}
+
+// PeerManager abstracts some peer management methods from libp2p.
+type PeerManager interface {
+	Disconnect(peer.ID) error
+	PeerID() peer.ID
+	Host() host.Host
+	ENR() *enr.Record
+	DiscoveryAddresses() ([]multiaddr.Multiaddr, error)
+	RefreshENR()
+	AddPingMethod(reqFunc func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error)
+}
+
+// Sender abstracts the sending functionality from libp2p.
+type Sender interface {
+	Send(context.Context, interface{}, string, peer.ID) (network.Stream, error)
+}
+
+// PeersProvider abstracts obtaining our current list of known peers status.
+type PeersProvider interface {
+	Peers() *peers.Status
+}
+
+// PingProvider returns the metadata related information for the local peer.
+type PingProvider interface {
+	GetPing() *sync_pb.Ping
+	IncSeqNumber()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/iterator.go b/internal/p2p/iterator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef0f5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/iterator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+)
+
+// filterNodes wraps an iterator such that Next only returns nodes for which
+// the 'check' function returns true. This custom implementation also
+// checks for context deadlines so that in the event the parent context has
+// expired, we do exit from the search rather than  perform more network
+// lookups for additional peers.
+func filterNodes(ctx context.Context, it enode.Iterator, check func(*enode.Node) bool) enode.Iterator {
+	return &filterIter{ctx, it, check}
+}
+
+type filterIter struct {
+	context.Context
+	enode.Iterator
+	check func(*enode.Node) bool
+}
+
+// Next looks up for the next valid node according to our
+// filter criteria.
+func (f *filterIter) Next() bool {
+	for f.Iterator.Next() {
+		if f.Context.Err() != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		if f.check(f.Node()) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/collector.go b/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/collector.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..197df07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/collector.go
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+package leakybucket
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+//TODO: Finer grained locking.
+
+type bucketMap map[string]*LeakyBucket
+
+// A Collector can keep track of multiple LeakyBucket's. The caller does not
+// directly interact with the buckets, but instead addresses them by a string
+// key (e.g. IP address, hostname, hash, etc.) that is passed to most Collector
+// methods.
+//
+// All Collector methods are goroutine safe.
+type Collector struct {
+	buckets  bucketMap
+	heap     priorityQueue
+	rate     float64
+	capacity int64
+	period   time.Duration
+	lock     sync.Mutex
+	quit     chan bool
+}
+
+// NewCollector creates a new Collector. When new buckets are created within
+// the Collector, they will be assigned the capacity and rate of the Collector.
+// A Collector does not provide a way to change the rate or capacity of
+// bucket's within it. If different rates or capacities are required, either
+// use multiple Collector's or manage your own LeakyBucket's.
+//
+// If deleteEmptyBuckets is true, a concurrent goroutine will be run that
+// watches for bucket's that become empty and automatically removes them,
+// freeing up memory resources.
+func NewCollector(rate float64, capacity int64, period time.Duration, deleteEmptyBuckets bool) *Collector {
+	c := &Collector{
+		buckets:  make(bucketMap),
+		heap:     make(priorityQueue, 0, 4096),
+		rate:     rate,
+		capacity: capacity,
+		period:   period,
+		quit:     make(chan bool),
+	}
+
+	if deleteEmptyBuckets {
+		c.PeriodicPrune()
+	}
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// Free releases the collector's resources. If the collector was created with
+// deleteEmptyBuckets = true, then the goroutine looking for empty buckets,
+// will be stopped.
+func (c *Collector) Free() {
+	c.Reset()
+	close(c.quit)
+}
+
+// Reset removes all internal buckets and resets the collector back to as if it
+// was just created.
+func (c *Collector) Reset() {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// Let the garbage collector do all the work.
+	c.buckets = make(bucketMap)
+	c.heap = make(priorityQueue, 0, 4096)
+}
+
+// Capacity returns the collector's capacity.
+func (c *Collector) Capacity() int64 {
+	return c.capacity
+}
+
+// Rate returns the collector's rate.
+func (c *Collector) Rate() float64 {
+	return c.rate
+}
+
+// Remaining returns the remaining capacity of the internal bucket associated
+// with key.  If key is not associated with a bucket internally, it is treated
+// as being empty.
+func (c *Collector) Remaining(key string) int64 {
+	return c.capacity - c.Count(key)
+}
+
+// Count returns the count of the internal bucket associated with key. If key
+// is not associated with a bucket internally, it is treated as being empty.
+func (c *Collector) Count(key string) int64 {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	b, ok := c.buckets[key]
+	if !ok || b == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	return b.Count()
+}
+
+// TillEmpty returns how much time must pass until the internal bucket
+// associated with key is empty. If key is not associated with a bucket
+// internally, it is treated as being empty.
+func (c *Collector) TillEmpty(key string) time.Duration {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	b, ok := c.buckets[key]
+	if !ok || b == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	return b.TillEmpty()
+}
+
+// Remove deletes the internal bucket associated with key. If key is not
+// associated with a bucket internally, nothing is done.
+func (c *Collector) Remove(key string) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	b, ok := c.buckets[key]
+	if !ok || b == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	delete(c.buckets, b.key)
+	heap.Remove(&c.heap, b.index)
+}
+
+// Add 'amount' to the internal bucket associated with key, up to it's
+// capacity. Returns how much was added to the bucket. If the return is less
+// than 'amount', then the bucket's capacity was reached.
+//
+// If key is not associated with a bucket internally, a new bucket is created
+// and amount is added to it.
+func (c *Collector) Add(key string, amount int64) int64 {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	b, ok := c.buckets[key]
+
+	if !ok || b == nil {
+		// Create a new bucket.
+		b = &LeakyBucket{
+			key:      key,
+			capacity: c.capacity,
+			rate:     c.rate,
+			period:   c.period,
+			p:        now(),
+		}
+		c.heap.Push(b)
+		c.buckets[key] = b
+	}
+
+	n := b.Add(amount)
+
+	if n > 0 {
+		heap.Fix(&c.heap, b.index)
+	}
+
+	return n
+}
+
+// Prune removes all empty buckets in the collector.
+func (c *Collector) Prune() {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	for c.heap.Peak() != nil {
+		b := c.heap.Peak()
+
+		if now().Before(b.p) {
+			// The bucket isn't empty.
+			break
+		}
+
+		// The bucket should be empty.
+		delete(c.buckets, b.key)
+		heap.Remove(&c.heap, b.index)
+	}
+	c.lock.Unlock()
+}
+
+// PeriodicPrune runs a concurrent goroutine that calls Prune() at the given
+// time interval.
+func (c *Collector) PeriodicPrune() {
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(c.period)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				c.Prune()
+			case <-c.quit:
+				ticker.Stop()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/heap.go b/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/heap.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd3a644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/heap.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package leakybucket
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// Based on the example implementation of priority queue found in the
+// container/heap package docs: https://golang.org/pkg/container/heap/
+type priorityQueue []*LeakyBucket
+
+func (pq priorityQueue) Len() int {
+	return len(pq)
+}
+
+func (pq priorityQueue) Peak() *LeakyBucket {
+	if len(pq) <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return pq[0]
+}
+
+func (pq priorityQueue) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return pq[i].p.Before(pq[j].p)
+}
+
+func (pq priorityQueue) Swap(i, j int) {
+	pq[i], pq[j] = pq[j], pq[i]
+	pq[i].index = i
+	pq[j].index = j
+}
+
+func (pq *priorityQueue) Push(x interface{}) {
+	n := len(*pq)
+	b, ok := x.(*LeakyBucket)
+	if !ok {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T", x))
+	}
+	b.index = n
+	*pq = append(*pq, b)
+}
+
+func (pq *priorityQueue) Pop() interface{} {
+	old := *pq
+	n := len(old)
+	b := old[n-1]
+	b.index = -1 // for safety
+	*pq = old[0 : n-1]
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/leakybucket.go b/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/leakybucket.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ca8ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket/leakybucket.go
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*
+Package leakybucket implements a scalable leaky bucket algorithm.
+
+There are at least two different definitions of the leaky bucket algorithm.
+This package implements the leaky bucket as a meter. For more details see:
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_bucket#As_a_meter
+
+This means it is the exact mirror of a token bucket.
+
+	// New LeakyBucket that leaks at the rate of 0.5/sec and a total capacity of 10.
+	b := NewLeakyBucket(0.5, 10)
+
+	b.Add(5)
+	b.Add(5)
+	// Bucket is now full!
+
+	n := b.Add(1)
+	// n == 0
+
+A Collector is a convenient way to keep track of multiple LeakyBucket's.
+Buckets are associated with string keys for fast lookup. It can dynamically
+add new buckets and automatically remove them as they become empty, freeing
+up resources.
+
+	// New Collector that leaks at 1 MiB/sec, a total capacity of 10 MiB and
+	// automatic removal of bucket's when they become empty.
+	const megabyte = 1<<20
+	c := NewCollector(megabyte, megabyte*10, true)
+
+	// Attempt to add 100 MiB to a bucket associated with an IP.
+	n := c.Add("192.168.0.42", megabyte*100)
+
+	// 100 MiB is over the capacity, so only 10 MiB is actually added.
+	// n equals 10 MiB.
+*/
+package leakybucket
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Makes it easy to test time based things.
+var now = time.Now
+
+// LeakyBucket represents a bucket that leaks at a constant rate.
+type LeakyBucket struct {
+	// The identifying key, used for map lookups.
+	key string
+
+	// How large the bucket is.
+	capacity int64
+
+	// Amount the bucket leaks per time duration.
+	rate float64
+
+	// The priority of the bucket in a min-heap priority queue, where p is the
+	// exact time the bucket will have leaked enough to be empty. Buckets that
+	// are empty or will be the soonest are at the top of the heap. This allows
+	// for quick pruning of empty buckets that scales very well. p is adjusted
+	// any time an amount is added to the Queue().
+	p time.Time
+
+	// The time duration through which the leaky bucket is
+	// assessed.
+	period time.Duration
+
+	// The index is maintained by the heap.Interface methods.
+	index int
+}
+
+// NewLeakyBucket creates a new LeakyBucket with the give rate and capacity.
+func NewLeakyBucket(rate float64, capacity int64, period time.Duration) *LeakyBucket {
+	return &LeakyBucket{
+		rate:     rate,
+		capacity: capacity,
+		period:   period,
+		p:        now(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Count returns the bucket's current count.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) Count() int64 {
+	if !now().Before(b.p) {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	nsRemaining := float64(b.p.Sub(now()))
+	nsPerDrip := float64(b.period) / b.rate
+	count := int64(math.Ceil(nsRemaining / nsPerDrip))
+
+	return count
+}
+
+// Rate returns the amount the bucket leaks per second.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) Rate() float64 {
+	return b.rate
+}
+
+// Capacity returns the bucket's capacity.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) Capacity() int64 {
+	return b.capacity
+}
+
+// Remaining returns the bucket's remaining capacity.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) Remaining() int64 {
+	return b.capacity - b.Count()
+}
+
+// ChangeCapacity changes the bucket's capacity.
+//
+// If the bucket's current count is greater than the new capacity, the count
+// will be decreased to match the new capacity.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) ChangeCapacity(capacity int64) {
+	diff := float64(capacity - b.capacity)
+
+	if diff < 0 && b.Count() > capacity {
+		// We are shrinking the capacity and the new bucket size can't hold all
+		// the current contents. Dump the extra and adjust the time till empty.
+		nsPerDrip := float64(b.period) / b.rate
+		b.p = now().Add(time.Duration(nsPerDrip * float64(capacity)))
+	}
+	b.capacity = capacity
+}
+
+// TillEmpty returns how much time must pass until the bucket is empty.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) TillEmpty() time.Duration {
+	return b.p.Sub(now())
+}
+
+// Add 'amount' to the bucket's count, up to it's capacity. Returns how much
+// was added to the bucket. If the return is less than 'amount', then the
+// bucket's capacity was reached.
+func (b *LeakyBucket) Add(amount int64) int64 {
+	count := b.Count()
+	if count >= b.capacity {
+		// The bucket is full.
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	if !now().Before(b.p) {
+		// The bucket needs to be reset.
+		b.p = now()
+	}
+	remaining := b.capacity - count
+	if amount > remaining {
+		amount = remaining
+	}
+	t := time.Duration(float64(b.period) * (float64(amount) / b.rate))
+	b.p = b.p.Add(t)
+
+	return amount
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/log.go b/internal/p2p/log.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3334546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/log.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	astLog "github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	ma "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+var log = astLog.New("prefix", "p2p")
+
+func logIPAddr(id peer.ID, addrs ...ma.Multiaddr) {
+	var correctAddr ma.Multiaddr
+	for _, addr := range addrs {
+		if strings.Contains(addr.String(), "/ip4/") || strings.Contains(addr.String(), "/ip6/") {
+			correctAddr = addr
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if correctAddr != nil {
+		log.Info("Node started p2p server", "multiAddr", correctAddr.String()+"/p2p/"+id.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func logExternalIPAddr(id peer.ID, addr string, port int) {
+	if addr != "" {
+		multiAddr, err := MultiAddressBuilder(addr, uint(port))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not create multiaddress", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+		log.Info("Node started external p2p server", "multiAddr", multiAddr.String()+"/p2p/"+id.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func logExternalDNSAddr(id peer.ID, addr string, port int) {
+	if addr != "" {
+		p := strconv.FormatUint(uint64(port), 10)
+		log.Info("Node started external p2p server", "multiAddr", "/dns4/"+addr+"/tcp/"+p+"/p2p/"+id.String())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/message_id.go b/internal/p2p/message_id.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ca1040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/message_id.go
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	pubsubpb "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub/pb"
+)
+
+// MsgID is a content addressable ID function.
+// `SHA256(message.data)[:20]`.
+func MsgID(genesisHash types.Hash, pmsg *pubsubpb.Message) string {
+	h := hash.Hash(pmsg.Data)
+	return string(h[:20])
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/monitoring.go b/internal/p2p/monitoring.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..522bb33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/monitoring.go
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peerstore"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+)
+
+var (
+	knownAgentVersions = []string{
+		"lighthouse",
+		"nimbus",
+		"prysm",
+		"teku",
+		"lodestar",
+		"js-libp2p",
+		"rust-libp2p",
+	}
+	p2pPeerCount = promauto.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_peer_count",
+		Help: "The number of peers in a given state.",
+	},
+		[]string{"state"})
+	connectedPeersCount = promauto.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "connected_libp2p_peers",
+		Help: "Tracks the total number of connected libp2p peers by agent string",
+	},
+		[]string{"agent"},
+	)
+	avgScoreConnectedClients = promauto.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "connected_libp2p_peers_average_scores",
+		Help: "Tracks the overall p2p scores of connected libp2p peers by agent string",
+	},
+		[]string{"agent"},
+	)
+	repeatPeerConnections = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_repeat_attempts",
+		Help: "The number of repeat attempts the connection handler is triggered for a peer.",
+	})
+	statusMessageMissing = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_status_message_missing",
+		Help: "The number of attempts the connection handler rejects a peer for a missing status message.",
+	})
+
+	// Gossip Tracer Metrics
+	pubsubTopicsActive = promauto.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_topic_active",
+		Help: "The topics that the peer is participating in gossipsub.",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubTopicsGraft = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_graft_total",
+		Help: "The number of graft messages sent for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubTopicsPrune = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_prune_total",
+		Help: "The number of prune messages sent for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubMessageDeliver = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_deliver_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages received for delivery of a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubMessageUndeliverable = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_undeliverable_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages received which weren't able to be delivered of a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubMessageValidate = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_validate_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages received for validation of a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubMessageDuplicate = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_duplicate_total",
+		Help: "The number of duplicate messages sent for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubMessageReject = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_reject_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages rejected of a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubPeerThrottle = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_throttle_total",
+		Help: "The number of times a peer has been throttled for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"topic"})
+	pubsubRPCRecv = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_rpc_recv_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages received via rpc for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"control_message"})
+	pubsubRPCSubRecv = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_rpc_recv_sub_total",
+		Help: "The number of subscription messages received via rpc",
+	})
+	pubsubRPCDrop = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_rpc_drop_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages dropped via rpc for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"control_message"})
+	pubsubRPCSubDrop = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_rpc_drop_sub_total",
+		Help: "The number of subscription messages dropped via rpc",
+	})
+	pubsubRPCSent = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_rpc_sent_total",
+		Help: "The number of messages sent via rpc for a particular topic",
+	},
+		[]string{"control_message"})
+	pubsubRPCSubSent = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "p2p_pubsub_rpc_sent_sub_total",
+		Help: "The number of subscription messages sent via rpc",
+	})
+)
+
+func (s *Service) updateMetrics() {
+	connectedPeers := s.peers.Connected()
+	p2pPeerCount.WithLabelValues("Connected").Set(float64(len(connectedPeers)))
+	p2pPeerCount.WithLabelValues("Disconnected").Set(float64(len(s.peers.Disconnected())))
+	p2pPeerCount.WithLabelValues("Connecting").Set(float64(len(s.peers.Connecting())))
+	p2pPeerCount.WithLabelValues("Disconnecting").Set(float64(len(s.peers.Disconnecting())))
+	p2pPeerCount.WithLabelValues("Bad").Set(float64(len(s.peers.Bad())))
+
+	store := s.Host().Peerstore()
+	numConnectedPeersByClient := make(map[string]float64)
+	peerScoresByClient := make(map[string][]float64)
+	for i := 0; i < len(connectedPeers); i++ {
+		p := connectedPeers[i]
+		pid, err := peer.Decode(p.String())
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debug("Could not decode peer string", "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		foundName := agentFromPid(pid, store)
+		numConnectedPeersByClient[foundName] += 1
+
+		// Get peer scoring data.
+		overallScore := s.peers.Scorers().Score(pid)
+		peerScoresByClient[foundName] = append(peerScoresByClient[foundName], overallScore)
+	}
+	for agent, total := range numConnectedPeersByClient {
+		connectedPeersCount.WithLabelValues(agent).Set(total)
+	}
+	for agent, scoringData := range peerScoresByClient {
+		avgScore := average(scoringData)
+		avgScoreConnectedClients.WithLabelValues(agent).Set(avgScore)
+	}
+}
+
+func average(xs []float64) float64 {
+	if len(xs) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	total := 0.0
+	for _, v := range xs {
+		total += v
+	}
+	return total / float64(len(xs))
+}
+
+func agentFromPid(pid peer.ID, store peerstore.Peerstore) string {
+	// Get the agent data.
+	rawAgent, err := store.Get(pid, "AgentVersion")
+	agent, ok := rawAgent.(string)
+	if err != nil || !ok {
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+	foundName := "unknown"
+	for _, knownAgent := range knownAgentVersions {
+		// If the agent string matches one of our known agents, we set
+		// the value to our own, sanitized string.
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(agent), knownAgent) {
+			foundName = knownAgent
+		}
+	}
+	return foundName
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/netutil/addrutil.go b/internal/p2p/netutil/addrutil.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb6d8d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/netutil/addrutil.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package netutil
+
+import "net"
+
+// AddrIP gets the IP address contained in addr. It returns nil if no address is present.
+func AddrIP(addr net.Addr) net.IP {
+	switch a := addr.(type) {
+	case *net.IPAddr:
+		return a.IP
+	case *net.TCPAddr:
+		return a.IP
+	case *net.UDPAddr:
+		return a.IP
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/netutil/error.go b/internal/p2p/netutil/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d3d9bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/netutil/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package netutil
+
+// IsTemporaryError checks whether the given error should be considered temporary.
+func IsTemporaryError(err error) bool {
+	tempErr, ok := err.(interface {
+		Temporary() bool
+	})
+	return ok && tempErr.Temporary() || isPacketTooBig(err)
+}
+
+// IsTimeout checks whether the given error is a timeout.
+func IsTimeout(err error) bool {
+	timeoutErr, ok := err.(interface {
+		Timeout() bool
+	})
+	return ok && timeoutErr.Timeout()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/netutil/iptrack.go b/internal/p2p/netutil/iptrack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77e5b83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/netutil/iptrack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package netutil
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// IPTracker predicts the external endpoint, i.e. IP address and port, of the local host
+// based on statements made by other hosts.
+type IPTracker struct {
+	window          time.Duration
+	contactWindow   time.Duration
+	minStatements   int
+	clock           mclock.Clock
+	statements      map[string]ipStatement
+	contact         map[string]mclock.AbsTime
+	lastStatementGC mclock.AbsTime
+	lastContactGC   mclock.AbsTime
+}
+
+type ipStatement struct {
+	endpoint string
+	time     mclock.AbsTime
+}
+
+// NewIPTracker creates an IP tracker.
+//
+// The window parameters configure the amount of past network events which are kept. The
+// minStatements parameter enforces a minimum number of statements which must be recorded
+// before any prediction is made. Higher values for these parameters decrease 'flapping' of
+// predictions as network conditions change. Window duration values should typically be in
+// the range of minutes.
+func NewIPTracker(window, contactWindow time.Duration, minStatements int) *IPTracker {
+	return &IPTracker{
+		window:        window,
+		contactWindow: contactWindow,
+		statements:    make(map[string]ipStatement),
+		minStatements: minStatements,
+		contact:       make(map[string]mclock.AbsTime),
+		clock:         mclock.System{},
+	}
+}
+
+// PredictFullConeNAT checks whether the local host is behind full cone NAT. It predicts by
+// checking whether any statement has been received from a node we didn't contact before
+// the statement was made.
+func (it *IPTracker) PredictFullConeNAT() bool {
+	now := it.clock.Now()
+	it.gcContact(now)
+	it.gcStatements(now)
+	for host, st := range it.statements {
+		if c, ok := it.contact[host]; !ok || c > st.time {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// PredictEndpoint returns the current prediction of the external endpoint.
+func (it *IPTracker) PredictEndpoint() string {
+	it.gcStatements(it.clock.Now())
+
+	// The current strategy is simple: find the endpoint with most statements.
+	counts := make(map[string]int, len(it.statements))
+	maxcount, max := 0, ""
+	for _, s := range it.statements {
+		c := counts[s.endpoint] + 1
+		counts[s.endpoint] = c
+		if c > maxcount && c >= it.minStatements {
+			maxcount, max = c, s.endpoint
+		}
+	}
+	return max
+}
+
+// AddStatement records that a certain host thinks our external endpoint is the one given.
+func (it *IPTracker) AddStatement(host, endpoint string) {
+	now := it.clock.Now()
+	it.statements[host] = ipStatement{endpoint, now}
+	if time.Duration(now-it.lastStatementGC) >= it.window {
+		it.gcStatements(now)
+	}
+}
+
+// AddContact records that a packet containing our endpoint information has been sent to a
+// certain host.
+func (it *IPTracker) AddContact(host string) {
+	now := it.clock.Now()
+	it.contact[host] = now
+	if time.Duration(now-it.lastContactGC) >= it.contactWindow {
+		it.gcContact(now)
+	}
+}
+
+func (it *IPTracker) gcStatements(now mclock.AbsTime) {
+	it.lastStatementGC = now
+	cutoff := now.Add(-it.window)
+	for host, s := range it.statements {
+		if s.time < cutoff {
+			delete(it.statements, host)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (it *IPTracker) gcContact(now mclock.AbsTime) {
+	it.lastContactGC = now
+	cutoff := now.Add(-it.contactWindow)
+	for host, ct := range it.contact {
+		if ct < cutoff {
+			delete(it.contact, host)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/netutil/net.go b/internal/p2p/netutil/net.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5da3c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/netutil/net.go
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package netutil contains extensions to the net package.
+package netutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+var lan4, lan6, special4, special6 Netlist
+
+func init() {
+	// Lists from RFC 5735, RFC 5156,
+	// https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/
+	lan4.Add("0.0.0.0/8")              // "This" network
+	lan4.Add("10.0.0.0/8")             // Private Use
+	lan4.Add("172.16.0.0/12")          // Private Use
+	lan4.Add("192.168.0.0/16")         // Private Use
+	lan6.Add("fe80::/10")              // Link-Local
+	lan6.Add("fc00::/7")               // Unique-Local
+	special4.Add("192.0.0.0/29")       // IPv4 Service Continuity
+	special4.Add("192.0.0.9/32")       // PCP Anycast
+	special4.Add("192.0.0.170/32")     // NAT64/DNS64 Discovery
+	special4.Add("192.0.0.171/32")     // NAT64/DNS64 Discovery
+	special4.Add("192.0.2.0/24")       // TEST-NET-1
+	special4.Add("192.31.196.0/24")    // AS112
+	special4.Add("192.52.193.0/24")    // AMT
+	special4.Add("192.88.99.0/24")     // 6to4 Relay Anycast
+	special4.Add("192.175.48.0/24")    // AS112
+	special4.Add("198.18.0.0/15")      // Device Benchmark Testing
+	special4.Add("198.51.100.0/24")    // TEST-NET-2
+	special4.Add("203.0.113.0/24")     // TEST-NET-3
+	special4.Add("255.255.255.255/32") // Limited Broadcast
+
+	// http://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/
+	special6.Add("100::/64")
+	special6.Add("2001::/32")
+	special6.Add("2001:1::1/128")
+	special6.Add("2001:2::/48")
+	special6.Add("2001:3::/32")
+	special6.Add("2001:4:112::/48")
+	special6.Add("2001:5::/32")
+	special6.Add("2001:10::/28")
+	special6.Add("2001:20::/28")
+	special6.Add("2001:db8::/32")
+	special6.Add("2002::/16")
+}
+
+// Netlist is a list of IP networks.
+type Netlist []net.IPNet
+
+// ParseNetlist parses a comma-separated list of CIDR masks.
+// Whitespace and extra commas are ignored.
+func ParseNetlist(s string) (*Netlist, error) {
+	ws := strings.NewReplacer(" ", "", "\n", "", "\t", "")
+	masks := strings.Split(ws.Replace(s), ",")
+	l := make(Netlist, 0)
+	for _, mask := range masks {
+		if mask == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		_, n, err := net.ParseCIDR(mask)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		l = append(l, *n)
+	}
+	return &l, nil
+}
+
+// MarshalTOML implements toml.MarshalerRec.
+func (l Netlist) MarshalTOML() interface{} {
+	list := make([]string, 0, len(l))
+	for _, net := range l {
+		list = append(list, net.String())
+	}
+	return list
+}
+
+// UnmarshalTOML implements toml.UnmarshalerRec.
+func (l *Netlist) UnmarshalTOML(fn func(interface{}) error) error {
+	var masks []string
+	if err := fn(&masks); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, mask := range masks {
+		_, n, err := net.ParseCIDR(mask)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		*l = append(*l, *n)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Add parses a CIDR mask and appends it to the list. It panics for invalid masks and is
+// intended to be used for setting up static lists.
+func (l *Netlist) Add(cidr string) {
+	_, n, err := net.ParseCIDR(cidr)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	*l = append(*l, *n)
+}
+
+// Contains reports whether the given IP is contained in the list.
+func (l *Netlist) Contains(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if l == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, net := range *l {
+		if net.Contains(ip) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// IsLAN reports whether an IP is a local network address.
+func IsLAN(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if ip.IsLoopback() {
+		return true
+	}
+	if v4 := ip.To4(); v4 != nil {
+		return lan4.Contains(v4)
+	}
+	return lan6.Contains(ip)
+}
+
+// IsSpecialNetwork reports whether an IP is located in a special-use network range
+// This includes broadcast, multicast and documentation addresses.
+func IsSpecialNetwork(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if ip.IsMulticast() {
+		return true
+	}
+	if v4 := ip.To4(); v4 != nil {
+		return special4.Contains(v4)
+	}
+	return special6.Contains(ip)
+}
+
+var (
+	errInvalid     = errors.New("invalid IP")
+	errUnspecified = errors.New("zero address")
+	errSpecial     = errors.New("special network")
+	errLoopback    = errors.New("loopback address from non-loopback host")
+	errLAN         = errors.New("LAN address from WAN host")
+)
+
+// CheckRelayIP reports whether an IP relayed from the given sender IP
+// is a valid connection target.
+//
+// There are four rules:
+//   - Special network addresses are never valid.
+//   - Loopback addresses are OK if relayed by a loopback host.
+//   - LAN addresses are OK if relayed by a LAN host.
+//   - All other addresses are always acceptable.
+func CheckRelayIP(sender, addr net.IP) error {
+	if len(addr) != net.IPv4len && len(addr) != net.IPv6len {
+		return errInvalid
+	}
+	if addr.IsUnspecified() {
+		return errUnspecified
+	}
+	if IsSpecialNetwork(addr) {
+		return errSpecial
+	}
+	if addr.IsLoopback() && !sender.IsLoopback() {
+		return errLoopback
+	}
+	if IsLAN(addr) && !IsLAN(sender) {
+		return errLAN
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SameNet reports whether two IP addresses have an equal prefix of the given bit length.
+func SameNet(bits uint, ip, other net.IP) bool {
+	ip4, other4 := ip.To4(), other.To4()
+	switch {
+	case (ip4 == nil) != (other4 == nil):
+		return false
+	case ip4 != nil:
+		return sameNet(bits, ip4, other4)
+	default:
+		return sameNet(bits, ip.To16(), other.To16())
+	}
+}
+
+func sameNet(bits uint, ip, other net.IP) bool {
+	nb := int(bits / 8)
+	mask := ^byte(0xFF >> (bits % 8))
+	if mask != 0 && nb < len(ip) && ip[nb]&mask != other[nb]&mask {
+		return false
+	}
+	return nb <= len(ip) && ip[:nb].Equal(other[:nb])
+}
+
+// DistinctNetSet tracks IPs, ensuring that at most N of them
+// fall into the same network range.
+type DistinctNetSet struct {
+	Subnet uint // number of common prefix bits
+	Limit  uint // maximum number of IPs in each subnet
+
+	members map[string]uint
+	buf     net.IP
+}
+
+// Add adds an IP address to the set. It returns false (and doesn't add the IP) if the
+// number of existing IPs in the defined range exceeds the limit.
+func (s *DistinctNetSet) Add(ip net.IP) bool {
+	key := s.key(ip)
+	n := s.members[string(key)]
+	if n < s.Limit {
+		s.members[string(key)] = n + 1
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Remove removes an IP from the set.
+func (s *DistinctNetSet) Remove(ip net.IP) {
+	key := s.key(ip)
+	if n, ok := s.members[string(key)]; ok {
+		if n == 1 {
+			delete(s.members, string(key))
+		} else {
+			s.members[string(key)] = n - 1
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Contains whether the given IP is contained in the set.
+func (s DistinctNetSet) Contains(ip net.IP) bool {
+	key := s.key(ip)
+	_, ok := s.members[string(key)]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of tracked IPs.
+func (s DistinctNetSet) Len() int {
+	n := uint(0)
+	for _, i := range s.members {
+		n += i
+	}
+	return int(n)
+}
+
+// key encodes the map key for an address into a temporary buffer.
+//
+// The first byte of key is '4' or '6' to distinguish IPv4/IPv6 address types.
+// The remainder of the key is the IP, truncated to the number of bits.
+func (s *DistinctNetSet) key(ip net.IP) net.IP {
+	// Lazily initialize storage.
+	if s.members == nil {
+		s.members = make(map[string]uint)
+		s.buf = make(net.IP, 17)
+	}
+	// Canonicalize ip and bits.
+	typ := byte('6')
+	if ip4 := ip.To4(); ip4 != nil {
+		typ, ip = '4', ip4
+	}
+	bits := s.Subnet
+	if bits > uint(len(ip)*8) {
+		bits = uint(len(ip) * 8)
+	}
+	// Encode the prefix into s.buf.
+	nb := int(bits / 8)
+	mask := ^byte(0xFF >> (bits % 8))
+	s.buf[0] = typ
+	buf := append(s.buf[:1], ip[:nb]...)
+	if nb < len(ip) && mask != 0 {
+		buf = append(buf, ip[nb]&mask)
+	}
+	return buf
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer
+func (s DistinctNetSet) String() string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	buf.WriteString("{")
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(s.members))
+	for k := range s.members {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	for i, k := range keys {
+		var ip net.IP
+		if k[0] == '4' {
+			ip = make(net.IP, 4)
+		} else {
+			ip = make(net.IP, 16)
+		}
+		copy(ip, k[1:])
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%v×%d", ip, s.members[k])
+		if i != len(keys)-1 {
+			buf.WriteString(" ")
+		}
+	}
+	buf.WriteString("}")
+	return buf.String()
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/netutil/toobig_notwindows.go b/internal/p2p/netutil/toobig_notwindows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9f936a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/netutil/toobig_notwindows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !windows
+// +build !windows
+
+package netutil
+
+// isPacketTooBig reports whether err indicates that a UDP packet didn't
+// fit the receive buffer. There is no such error on
+// non-Windows platforms.
+func isPacketTooBig(err error) bool {
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/netutil/toobig_windows.go b/internal/p2p/netutil/toobig_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..652903e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/netutil/toobig_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build windows
+// +build windows
+
+package netutil
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+const _WSAEMSGSIZE = syscall.Errno(10040)
+
+// isPacketTooBig reports whether err indicates that a UDP packet didn't
+// fit the receive buffer. On Windows, WSARecvFrom returns
+// code WSAEMSGSIZE and no data if this happens.
+func isPacketTooBig(err error) bool {
+	if opErr, ok := err.(*net.OpError); ok {
+		if scErr, ok := opErr.Err.(*os.SyscallError); ok {
+			return scErr.Err == _WSAEMSGSIZE
+		}
+		return opErr.Err == _WSAEMSGSIZE
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/options.go b/internal/p2p/options.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33da8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/options.go
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p"
+	libp2pquic "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/p2p/transport/quic"
+	"net"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/p2p/security/noise"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/p2p/transport/tcp"
+	ma "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// MultiAddressBuilder takes in an ip address string and port to produce a go multiaddr format.
+func MultiAddressBuilder(ipAddr string, port uint) (ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	parsedIP := net.ParseIP(ipAddr)
+	if parsedIP.To4() == nil && parsedIP.To16() == nil {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid ip address provided: %s", ipAddr)
+	}
+	if parsedIP.To4() != nil {
+		return ma.NewMultiaddr(fmt.Sprintf("/ip4/%s/tcp/%d", ipAddr, port))
+	}
+	return ma.NewMultiaddr(fmt.Sprintf("/ip6/%s/tcp/%d", ipAddr, port))
+}
+
+// buildOptions for the libp2p host.
+func (s *Service) buildOptions(ip net.IP, priKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey) []libp2p.Option {
+	cfg := s.cfg
+	listen, err := MultiAddressBuilder(ip.String(), uint(cfg.TCPPort))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to p2p listen", "err", err)
+	}
+	if cfg.LocalIP != "" {
+		if net.ParseIP(cfg.LocalIP) == nil {
+			log.Crit(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid local ip provided: %s", cfg.LocalIP))
+		}
+		listen, err = MultiAddressBuilder(cfg.LocalIP, uint(cfg.TCPPort))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to p2p listen", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	ifaceKey, err := utils.ConvertToInterfacePrivkey(priKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to retrieve private key", "err", err)
+	}
+	id, err := peer.IDFromPublicKey(ifaceKey.GetPublic())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to retrieve peer id", "err", err)
+	}
+	log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Running node with peer id of %s ", id.String()))
+
+	options := []libp2p.Option{
+		privKeyOption(priKey),
+		libp2p.ListenAddrs(listen),
+		libp2p.UserAgent(params.Version),
+		libp2p.ConnectionGater(s),
+		libp2p.Transport(tcp.NewTCPTransport),
+		libp2p.Transport(libp2pquic.NewTransport),
+		libp2p.DefaultMuxers,
+	}
+
+	options = append(options, libp2p.Security(noise.ID, noise.New))
+
+	if cfg.EnableUPnP {
+		options = append(options, libp2p.NATPortMap()) // Allow to use UPnP
+	}
+	if cfg.RelayNodeAddr != "" {
+		options = append(options, libp2p.AddrsFactory(withRelayAddrs(cfg.RelayNodeAddr)))
+	} else {
+		// Disable relay if it has not been set.
+		options = append(options, libp2p.DisableRelay())
+	}
+	if cfg.HostAddress != "" {
+		options = append(options, libp2p.AddrsFactory(func(addrs []ma.Multiaddr) []ma.Multiaddr {
+			external, err := MultiAddressBuilder(cfg.HostAddress, uint(cfg.TCPPort))
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Unable to create external multiaddress", "err", err)
+			} else {
+				addrs = append(addrs, external)
+			}
+			return addrs
+		}))
+	}
+	if cfg.HostDNS != "" {
+		options = append(options, libp2p.AddrsFactory(func(addrs []ma.Multiaddr) []ma.Multiaddr {
+			external, err := ma.NewMultiaddr(fmt.Sprintf("/dns4/%s/tcp/%d", cfg.HostDNS, cfg.TCPPort))
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Unable to create external multiaddress", "err", err)
+			} else {
+				addrs = append(addrs, external)
+			}
+			return addrs
+		}))
+	}
+	// Disable Ping Service.
+	options = append(options, libp2p.Ping(false))
+	return options
+}
+
+func multiAddressBuilderWithID(ipAddr, protocol string, port uint, id peer.ID) (ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	parsedIP := net.ParseIP(ipAddr)
+	if parsedIP.To4() == nil && parsedIP.To16() == nil {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid ip address provided: %s", ipAddr)
+	}
+	if id.String() == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("empty peer id given")
+	}
+	if parsedIP.To4() != nil {
+		return ma.NewMultiaddr(fmt.Sprintf("/ip4/%s/%s/%d/p2p/%s", ipAddr, protocol, port, id.String()))
+	}
+	return ma.NewMultiaddr(fmt.Sprintf("/ip6/%s/%s/%d/p2p/%s", ipAddr, protocol, port, id.String()))
+}
+
+// Adds a private key to the libp2p option if the option was provided.
+// If the private key file is missing or cannot be read, or if the
+// private key contents cannot be marshaled, an exception is thrown.
+func privKeyOption(privkey *ecdsa.PrivateKey) libp2p.Option {
+	return func(cfg *libp2p.Config) error {
+		ifaceKey, err := utils.ConvertToInterfacePrivkey(privkey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		log.Debug("ECDSA private key generated")
+		return cfg.Apply(libp2p.Identity(ifaceKey))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata/store.go b/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata/store.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c82d281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata/store.go
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package peerdata
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	ma "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrPeerUnknown is returned when there is an attempt to obtain data from a peer that is not known.
+	ErrPeerUnknown = errors.New("peer unknown")
+	// ErrNoPeerStatus is returned when there is a map entry for a given peer but there is no chain
+	// status for that peer. This should happen in rare circumstances only, but is a very possible
+	// scenario in a chaotic and adversarial network.
+	ErrNoPeerStatus = errors.New("no chain status for peer")
+)
+
+// PeerConnectionState is the state of the connection.
+type PeerConnectionState int
+
+// StoreConfig holds peer store parameters.
+type StoreConfig struct {
+	MaxPeers int
+}
+
+func (c PeerConnectionState) String() string {
+	str := [...]string{"PeerDisconnected", "PeerDisconnecting", "PeerConnected", "PeerConnecting"}
+	if c < 0 || int(c) >= len(str) {
+		return "(unrecognized)"
+	}
+	return str[c]
+}
+
+// Store is a container for various peer related data (both protocol and app level).
+// Container implements RWMutex, so data access can be restricted on the container level. This allows
+// different components rely on the very same peer map container.
+// Note: access to data is controlled by clients i.e. client code is responsible for locking/unlocking
+// the mutex when accessing data.
+type Store struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	ctx    context.Context
+	config *StoreConfig
+	peers  map[peer.ID]*PeerData
+}
+
+// PeerData aggregates protocol and application level info about a single peer.
+type PeerData struct {
+	// Network related data.
+	Address       ma.Multiaddr
+	Direction     network.Direction
+	ConnState     PeerConnectionState
+	Enr           *enr.Record
+	NextValidTime time.Time
+	// Chain related data.
+	Ping                      *sync_pb.Ping
+	ChainState                *sync_pb.Status
+	ChainStateLastUpdated     time.Time
+	ChainStateValidationError error
+	// Scorers internal data.
+	BadResponses         int
+	ProcessedBlocks      uint64
+	BlockProviderUpdated time.Time
+	// Gossip Scoring data.
+	TopicScores      map[string]*msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot
+	GossipScore      float64
+	BehaviourPenalty float64
+}
+
+// todo
+func (s *PeerData) CurrentHeight() *uint256.Int {
+	return utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(s.ChainState.CurrentHeight)
+}
+
+// NewStore creates new peer data store.
+func NewStore(ctx context.Context, config *StoreConfig) *Store {
+	return &Store{
+		ctx:    ctx,
+		config: config,
+		peers:  make(map[peer.ID]*PeerData),
+	}
+}
+
+// PeerData returns data associated with a given peer, if any.
+// Important: it is assumed that store mutex is locked when calling this method.
+func (s *Store) PeerData(pid peer.ID) (*PeerData, bool) {
+	peerData, ok := s.peers[pid]
+	return peerData, ok
+}
+
+// PeerDataGetOrCreate returns data associated with a given peer.
+// If no data has been associated yet, newly created and associated data object is returned.
+// Important: it is assumed that store mutex is locked when calling this method.
+func (s *Store) PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid peer.ID) *PeerData {
+	if peerData, ok := s.peers[pid]; ok {
+		return peerData
+	}
+	s.peers[pid] = &PeerData{}
+	return s.peers[pid]
+}
+
+// SetPeerData updates data associated with a given peer.
+// Important: it is assumed that store mutex is locked when calling this method.
+func (s *Store) SetPeerData(pid peer.ID, data *PeerData) {
+	s.peers[pid] = data
+}
+
+// DeletePeerData removes data associated with a given peer.
+// Important: it is assumed that store mutex is locked when calling this method.
+func (s *Store) DeletePeerData(pid peer.ID) {
+	delete(s.peers, pid)
+}
+
+// Peers returns map of peer data objects.
+// Important: it is assumed that store mutex is locked when calling this method.
+func (s *Store) Peers() map[peer.ID]*PeerData {
+	return s.peers
+}
+
+// Config exposes store configuration params.
+func (s *Store) Config() *StoreConfig {
+	return s.config
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/bad_responses.go b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/bad_responses.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a82aecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/bad_responses.go
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package scorers
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var _ Scorer = (*BadResponsesScorer)(nil)
+
+const (
+	// DefaultBadResponsesThreshold defines how many bad responses to tolerate before peer is deemed bad.
+	DefaultBadResponsesThreshold = 6
+	// DefaultBadResponsesDecayInterval defines how often to decay previous statistics.
+	// Every interval bad responses counter will be decremented by 1.
+	DefaultBadResponsesDecayInterval = 2 * time.Minute
+	// DefaultBadResponsesPenaltyFactor defines the penalty factor applied to a peer based on their bad
+	// response count.
+	DefaultBadResponsesPenaltyFactor = 10
+)
+
+// BadResponsesScorer represents bad responses scoring service.
+type BadResponsesScorer struct {
+	config *BadResponsesScorerConfig
+	store  *peerdata.Store
+}
+
+// BadResponsesScorerConfig holds configuration parameters for bad response scoring service.
+type BadResponsesScorerConfig struct {
+	// Threshold specifies number of bad responses tolerated, before peer is banned.
+	Threshold int
+	// DecayInterval specifies how often bad response stats should be decayed.
+	DecayInterval time.Duration
+}
+
+// newBadResponsesScorer creates new bad responses scoring service.
+func newBadResponsesScorer(store *peerdata.Store, config *BadResponsesScorerConfig) *BadResponsesScorer {
+	if config == nil {
+		config = &BadResponsesScorerConfig{}
+	}
+	scorer := &BadResponsesScorer{
+		config: config,
+		store:  store,
+	}
+	if scorer.config.Threshold == 0 {
+		scorer.config.Threshold = DefaultBadResponsesThreshold
+	}
+	if scorer.config.DecayInterval == 0 {
+		scorer.config.DecayInterval = DefaultBadResponsesDecayInterval
+	}
+	return scorer
+}
+
+// Score returns score (penalty) of bad responses peer produced.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) Score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.score(pid)
+}
+
+// score is a lock-free version of Score.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	if s.isBadPeer(pid) {
+		return BadPeerScore
+	}
+	score := float64(0)
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return score
+	}
+	if peerData.BadResponses > 0 {
+		score = float64(peerData.BadResponses) / float64(s.config.Threshold)
+		// Since score represents a penalty, negate it and multiply
+		// it by a factor.
+		score *= -DefaultBadResponsesPenaltyFactor
+	}
+	return score
+}
+
+// Params exposes scorer's parameters.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) Params() *BadResponsesScorerConfig {
+	return s.config
+}
+
+// Count obtains the number of bad responses we have received from the given remote peer.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) Count(pid peer.ID) (int, error) {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.count(pid)
+}
+
+// count is a lock-free version of Count.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) count(pid peer.ID) (int, error) {
+	if peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.BadResponses, nil
+	}
+	return -1, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// Increment increments the number of bad responses we have received from the given remote peer.
+// If peer doesn't exist this method is no-op.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) Increment(pid peer.ID) {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		s.store.SetPeerData(pid, &peerdata.PeerData{
+			BadResponses: 1,
+		})
+		return
+	}
+	peerData.BadResponses++
+}
+
+// IsBadPeer states if the peer is to be considered bad.
+// If the peer is unknown this will return `false`, which makes using this function easier than returning an error.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) IsBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.isBadPeer(pid)
+}
+
+// isBadPeer is lock-free version of IsBadPeer.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) isBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	if peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.BadResponses >= s.config.Threshold
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// BadPeers returns the peers that are considered bad.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) BadPeers() []peer.ID {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+
+	badPeers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid := range s.store.Peers() {
+		if s.isBadPeer(pid) {
+			badPeers = append(badPeers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return badPeers
+}
+
+// Decay reduces the bad responses of all peers, giving reformed peers a chance to join the network.
+// This can be run periodically, although note that each time it runs it does give all bad peers another chance as well
+// to clog up the network with bad responses, so should not be run too frequently; once an hour would be reasonable.
+func (s *BadResponsesScorer) Decay() {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	for _, peerData := range s.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.BadResponses > 0 {
+			peerData.BadResponses--
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/block_providers.go b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/block_providers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a02696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/block_providers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+package scorers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	"math"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var _ Scorer = (*BlockProviderScorer)(nil)
+
+const (
+	// DefaultBlockProviderProcessedBatchWeight is a default reward weight of a processed batch of blocks.
+	DefaultBlockProviderProcessedBatchWeight = float64(0.1)
+	// DefaultBlockProviderProcessedBlocksCap defines default value for processed blocks cap.
+	// e.g. 20 * 64 := 20 batches of size 64 (with 0.05 per batch reward, 20 batches result in score of 1.0).
+	DefaultBlockProviderProcessedBlocksCap = uint64(10 * 64)
+	// DefaultBlockProviderDecayInterval defines how often the decaying routine is called.
+	DefaultBlockProviderDecayInterval = 30 * time.Second
+	// DefaultBlockProviderDecay defines default blocks that are to be subtracted from stats on each
+	// decay interval. Effectively, this param provides minimum expected performance for a peer to remain
+	// high scorer.
+	DefaultBlockProviderDecay = uint64(1 * 64)
+	// DefaultBlockProviderStalePeerRefreshInterval defines default interval at which peers should be given
+	// opportunity to provide blocks (their score gets boosted, up until they are selected for
+	// fetching).
+	DefaultBlockProviderStalePeerRefreshInterval = 5 * time.Minute
+
+	//todo
+	BlockBatchLimit = 10
+)
+
+// BlockProviderScorer represents block provider scoring service.
+type BlockProviderScorer struct {
+	config *BlockProviderScorerConfig
+	store  *peerdata.Store
+	// maxScore is a cached value for maximum attainable block provider score.
+	// It is calculated, on startup, as following: (processedBlocksCap / batchSize) * batchWeight.
+	maxScore float64
+}
+
+// BlockProviderScorerConfig holds configuration parameters for block providers scoring service.
+type BlockProviderScorerConfig struct {
+	// ProcessedBatchWeight defines a reward for a single processed batch of blocks.
+	ProcessedBatchWeight float64
+	// ProcessedBlocksCap defines the highest number of processed blocks that are counted towards peer's score.
+	// Once that cap is attained, peer is considered good to fetch from (and several peers having the
+	// same score, are picked at random). To stay at max score, peer must continue to perform, as
+	// stats decays quickly.
+	ProcessedBlocksCap uint64
+	// DecayInterval defines how often stats should be decayed.
+	DecayInterval time.Duration
+	// Decay specifies number of blocks subtracted from stats on each decay step.
+	Decay uint64
+	// StalePeerRefreshInterval is an interval at which peers should be given an opportunity
+	// to provide blocks (scores are boosted to max up until such peers are selected).
+	StalePeerRefreshInterval time.Duration
+}
+
+// newBlockProviderScorer creates block provider scoring service.
+func newBlockProviderScorer(store *peerdata.Store, config *BlockProviderScorerConfig) *BlockProviderScorer {
+	if config == nil {
+		config = &BlockProviderScorerConfig{}
+	}
+	scorer := &BlockProviderScorer{
+		config: config,
+		store:  store,
+	}
+	if scorer.config.ProcessedBatchWeight == 0.0 {
+		scorer.config.ProcessedBatchWeight = DefaultBlockProviderProcessedBatchWeight
+	}
+	if scorer.config.DecayInterval == 0 {
+		scorer.config.DecayInterval = DefaultBlockProviderDecayInterval
+	}
+	if scorer.config.ProcessedBlocksCap == 0 {
+		scorer.config.ProcessedBlocksCap = DefaultBlockProviderProcessedBlocksCap
+	}
+	if scorer.config.Decay == 0 {
+		scorer.config.Decay = DefaultBlockProviderDecay
+	}
+	if scorer.config.StalePeerRefreshInterval == 0 {
+		scorer.config.StalePeerRefreshInterval = DefaultBlockProviderStalePeerRefreshInterval
+	}
+	batchSize := uint64(BlockBatchLimit)
+	scorer.maxScore = 1.0
+	if batchSize > 0 {
+		totalBatches := float64(scorer.config.ProcessedBlocksCap / batchSize)
+		scorer.maxScore = totalBatches * scorer.config.ProcessedBatchWeight
+		scorer.maxScore = math.Round(scorer.maxScore*ScoreRoundingFactor) / ScoreRoundingFactor
+	}
+	return scorer
+}
+
+// Score calculates and returns block provider score.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) Score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.score(pid)
+}
+
+// score is a lock-free version of Score.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	score := float64(0)
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	// Boost score of new peers or peers that haven't been accessed for too long.
+	if !ok || time.Since(peerData.BlockProviderUpdated) >= s.config.StalePeerRefreshInterval {
+		return s.maxScore
+	}
+	batchSize := uint64(BlockBatchLimit)
+	if batchSize > 0 {
+		processedBatches := float64(peerData.ProcessedBlocks / batchSize)
+		score += processedBatches * s.config.ProcessedBatchWeight
+	}
+	return math.Round(score*ScoreRoundingFactor) / ScoreRoundingFactor
+}
+
+// Params exposes scorer's parameters.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) Params() *BlockProviderScorerConfig {
+	return s.config
+}
+
+// IncrementProcessedBlocks increments the number of blocks that have been successfully processed.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) IncrementProcessedBlocks(pid peer.ID, cnt uint64) {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+	defer s.touch(pid)
+
+	if cnt <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	peerData := s.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	if peerData.ProcessedBlocks+cnt > s.config.ProcessedBlocksCap {
+		cnt = s.config.ProcessedBlocksCap - peerData.ProcessedBlocks
+	}
+	if cnt > 0 {
+		peerData.ProcessedBlocks += cnt
+	}
+}
+
+// Touch updates last access time for a given peer. This allows to detect peers that are
+// stale and boost their scores to increase chances in block fetching participation.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) Touch(pid peer.ID, t ...time.Time) {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+	s.touch(pid, t...)
+}
+
+// touch is a lock-free version of Touch.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) touch(pid peer.ID, t ...time.Time) {
+	peerData := s.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	if len(t) == 1 {
+		peerData.BlockProviderUpdated = t[0]
+	} else {
+		peerData.BlockProviderUpdated = time.Now()
+	}
+}
+
+// ProcessedBlocks returns number of peer returned blocks that are successfully processed.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) ProcessedBlocks(pid peer.ID) uint64 {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.processedBlocks(pid)
+}
+
+// processedBlocks is a lock-free version of ProcessedBlocks.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) processedBlocks(pid peer.ID) uint64 {
+	if peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.ProcessedBlocks
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// IsBadPeer states if the peer is to be considered bad.
+// Block provider scorer cannot guarantee that lower score of a peer is indeed a sign of a bad peer.
+// Therefore this scorer never marks peers as bad, and relies on scores to probabilistically sort
+// out low-scorers (see WeightSorted method).
+func (_ *BlockProviderScorer) IsBadPeer(_ peer.ID) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+// BadPeers returns the peers that are considered bad.
+// No peers are considered bad by block providers scorer.
+func (_ *BlockProviderScorer) BadPeers() []peer.ID {
+	return []peer.ID{}
+}
+
+// Decay updates block provider counters by decaying them.
+// This urges peers to keep up the performance to continue getting a high score (and allows
+// new peers to contest previously high scoring ones).
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) Decay() {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	for _, peerData := range s.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ProcessedBlocks > s.config.Decay {
+			peerData.ProcessedBlocks -= s.config.Decay
+		} else {
+			peerData.ProcessedBlocks = 0
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// WeightSorted returns a list of block providers weight sorted by score, where items are selected
+// probabilistically with more "heavy" items having a higher chance of being picked.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) WeightSorted(
+	r *rand.Rand, pids []peer.ID, scoreFn func(pid peer.ID, score float64) float64,
+) []peer.ID {
+	if len(pids) == 0 {
+		return pids
+	}
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	// See http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2010/01/22/weighted-random-generation-in-python/ for details.
+	nextPID := func(weights map[peer.ID]float64) peer.ID {
+		totalWeight := 0
+		for _, w := range weights {
+			// Factor by 100, to allow weights in (0; 1) range.
+			totalWeight += int(w * 100)
+		}
+		if totalWeight <= 0 {
+			return ""
+		}
+		rnd := r.Intn(totalWeight)
+		for pid, w := range weights {
+			rnd -= int(w * 100)
+			if rnd < 0 {
+				return pid
+			}
+		}
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	scores, _ := s.mapScoresAndPeers(pids, scoreFn)
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for i := 0; i < len(pids); i++ {
+		if pid := nextPID(scores); pid != "" {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+			delete(scores, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	// Left over peers (like peers having zero weight), are added at the end of the list.
+	for pid := range scores {
+		peers = append(peers, pid)
+	}
+
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Sorted returns a list of block providers sorted by score in descending order.
+// When custom scorer function is provided, items are returned in order provided by it.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) Sorted(
+	pids []peer.ID, scoreFn func(pid peer.ID, score float64) float64,
+) []peer.ID {
+	if len(pids) == 0 {
+		return pids
+	}
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	scores, peers := s.mapScoresAndPeers(pids, scoreFn)
+	sort.Slice(peers, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return scores[peers[i]] > scores[peers[j]]
+	})
+	return peers
+}
+
+// mapScoresAndPeers is a utility function to map peers and their respective scores (using custom
+// scoring function if necessary).
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) mapScoresAndPeers(
+	pids []peer.ID, scoreFn func(pid peer.ID, score float64) float64,
+) (map[peer.ID]float64, []peer.ID) {
+	scores := make(map[peer.ID]float64, len(pids))
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, len(pids))
+	for i, pid := range pids {
+		if scoreFn != nil {
+			scores[pid] = scoreFn(pid, s.score(pid))
+		} else {
+			scores[pid] = s.score(pid)
+		}
+		peers[i] = pid
+	}
+	return scores, peers
+}
+
+// FormatScorePretty returns full scoring information in a human-readable format.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) FormatScorePretty(pid peer.ID) string {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	score := s.score(pid)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[%0.1f%%, raw: %0.2f,  blocks: %d/%d]",
+		(score/s.MaxScore())*100, score, s.processedBlocks(pid), s.config.ProcessedBlocksCap)
+}
+
+// MaxScore exposes maximum score attainable by peers.
+func (s *BlockProviderScorer) MaxScore() float64 {
+	return s.maxScore
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/gossip_scorer.go b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/gossip_scorer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12ed975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/gossip_scorer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package scorers
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var _ Scorer = (*GossipScorer)(nil)
+
+const (
+	// The boundary till which a peer's gossip score is acceptable.
+	gossipThreshold = -100.0
+)
+
+// GossipScorer represents scorer that evaluates peers based on their gossip performance.
+// Gossip scoring metrics are periodically calculated in libp2p's internal pubsub module.
+type GossipScorer struct {
+	config *GossipScorerConfig
+	store  *peerdata.Store
+}
+
+// GossipScorerConfig holds configuration parameters for gossip scoring service.
+type GossipScorerConfig struct{}
+
+// newGossipScorer creates new gossip scoring service.
+func newGossipScorer(store *peerdata.Store, config *GossipScorerConfig) *GossipScorer {
+	if config == nil {
+		config = &GossipScorerConfig{}
+	}
+	return &GossipScorer{
+		config: config,
+		store:  store,
+	}
+}
+
+// Score returns calculated peer score.
+func (s *GossipScorer) Score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.score(pid)
+}
+
+// score is a lock-free version of Score.
+func (s *GossipScorer) score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return peerData.GossipScore
+}
+
+// IsBadPeer states if the peer is to be considered bad.
+func (s *GossipScorer) IsBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.isBadPeer(pid)
+}
+
+// isBadPeer is lock-free version of IsBadPeer.
+func (s *GossipScorer) isBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return peerData.GossipScore < gossipThreshold
+}
+
+// BadPeers returns the peers that are considered bad.
+func (s *GossipScorer) BadPeers() []peer.ID {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+
+	badPeers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid := range s.store.Peers() {
+		if s.isBadPeer(pid) {
+			badPeers = append(badPeers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return badPeers
+}
+
+// SetGossipData sets the gossip related data of a peer.
+func (s *GossipScorer) SetGossipData(pid peer.ID, gScore float64,
+	bPenalty float64, topicScores map[string]*msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot) {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData := s.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	peerData.GossipScore = gScore
+	peerData.BehaviourPenalty = bPenalty
+	peerData.TopicScores = topicScores
+}
+
+// GossipData gets the gossip related information of the given remote peer.
+// This can return nil if there is no known gossip record the peer.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+func (s *GossipScorer) GossipData(pid peer.ID) (float64, float64, map[string]*msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot, error) {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.gossipData(pid)
+}
+
+// gossipData lock-free version of GossipData.
+func (s *GossipScorer) gossipData(pid peer.ID) (float64, float64, map[string]*msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot, error) {
+	if peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.GossipScore, peerData.BehaviourPenalty, peerData.TopicScores, nil
+	}
+	return 0, 0, nil, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/peer_status.go b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/peer_status.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91dcfef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/peer_status.go
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package scorers
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var _ Scorer = (*PeerStatusScorer)(nil)
+
+// PeerStatusScorer represents scorer that evaluates peers based on their statuses.
+// Peer statuses are updated by regularly polling peers (see sync/rpc_status.go).
+type PeerStatusScorer struct {
+	config *PeerStatusScorerConfig
+	store  *peerdata.Store
+	//todo
+	ourCurrentHeight    *uint256.Int
+	highestPeerHeadSlot *uint256.Int
+}
+
+// PeerStatusScorerConfig holds configuration parameters for peer status scoring service.
+type PeerStatusScorerConfig struct{}
+
+// newPeerStatusScorer creates new peer status scoring service.
+func newPeerStatusScorer(store *peerdata.Store, config *PeerStatusScorerConfig) *PeerStatusScorer {
+	if config == nil {
+		config = &PeerStatusScorerConfig{}
+	}
+	return &PeerStatusScorer{
+		config: config,
+		store:  store,
+	}
+}
+
+// Score returns calculated peer score.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) Score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.score(pid)
+}
+
+// score is a lock-free version of Score.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	if s.isBadPeer(pid) {
+		return BadPeerScore
+	}
+	score := float64(0)
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok || peerData.ChainState == nil {
+		return score
+	}
+	// todo
+	if s.ourCurrentHeight != nil && peerData.CurrentHeight().Cmp(s.ourCurrentHeight) == -1 {
+		return score
+	}
+	// Calculate score as a ratio to the known maximum head slot.
+	// The closer the current peer's head slot to the maximum, the higher is the calculated score.
+	if s.highestPeerHeadSlot.Uint64() > 0 {
+		score = float64(peerData.CurrentHeight().Uint64()) / float64(s.highestPeerHeadSlot.Uint64())
+		return math.Round(score*ScoreRoundingFactor) / ScoreRoundingFactor
+	}
+	return score
+}
+
+// IsBadPeer states if the peer is to be considered bad.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) IsBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.isBadPeer(pid)
+}
+
+// isBadPeer is lock-free version of IsBadPeer.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) isBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Mark peer as bad, if the latest error is one of the terminal ones.
+	terminalErrs := []error{
+		p2ptypes.ErrWrongForkDigestVersion,
+		p2ptypes.ErrInvalidFinalizedRoot,
+		p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest,
+	}
+	for _, err := range terminalErrs {
+		if errors.Is(peerData.ChainStateValidationError, err) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// BadPeers returns the peers that are considered bad.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) BadPeers() []peer.ID {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+
+	badPeers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid := range s.store.Peers() {
+		if s.isBadPeer(pid) {
+			badPeers = append(badPeers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return badPeers
+}
+
+// SetPeerStatus sets chain state data for a given peer.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) SetPeerStatus(pid peer.ID, chainState *sync_pb.Status, validationError error) {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData := s.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	peerData.ChainState = chainState
+	peerData.ChainStateLastUpdated = time.Now()
+	peerData.ChainStateValidationError = validationError
+
+	// Update maximum known head slot (scores will be calculated with respect to that maximum value).
+	//todo
+	currentHeight := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(chainState.CurrentHeight)
+	if chainState != nil && s.highestPeerHeadSlot == nil || currentHeight.Cmp(s.highestPeerHeadSlot) == 1 {
+		s.highestPeerHeadSlot = currentHeight
+	}
+}
+
+// PeerStatus gets the chain state of the given remote peer.
+// This can return nil if there is no known chain state for the peer.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) PeerStatus(pid peer.ID) (*sync_pb.Status, error) {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.peerStatus(pid)
+}
+
+// peerStatus lock-free version of PeerStatus.
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) peerStatus(pid peer.ID) (*sync_pb.Status, error) {
+	if peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		if peerData.ChainState == nil {
+			return nil, peerdata.ErrNoPeerStatus
+		}
+		return peerData.ChainState, nil
+	}
+	return nil, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// SetCurrentHeight updates known head slot. todo
+func (s *PeerStatusScorer) SetCurrentHeight(currentHeight *uint256.Int) {
+	s.store.Lock()
+	defer s.store.Unlock()
+	s.ourCurrentHeight = currentHeight
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/service.go b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c0ef63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/scorers/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+package scorers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var _ Scorer = (*Service)(nil)
+
+// ScoreRoundingFactor defines how many digits to keep in decimal part.
+// This parameter is used in math.Round(score*ScoreRoundingFactor) / ScoreRoundingFactor.
+const ScoreRoundingFactor = 10000
+
+// BadPeerScore defines score that is returned for a bad peer (all other metrics are ignored).
+// The bad peer score was decided to be based on our determined gossip threshold, so that
+// all the other scoring services have their relevant penalties on similar scales.
+const BadPeerScore = gossipThreshold
+
+// Scorer defines minimum set of methods every peer scorer must expose.
+type Scorer interface {
+	Score(pid peer.ID) float64
+	IsBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool
+	BadPeers() []peer.ID
+}
+
+// Service manages peer scorers that are used to calculate overall peer score.
+type Service struct {
+	store   *peerdata.Store
+	scorers struct {
+		badResponsesScorer  *BadResponsesScorer
+		blockProviderScorer *BlockProviderScorer
+		peerStatusScorer    *PeerStatusScorer
+		gossipScorer        *GossipScorer
+	}
+	weights     map[Scorer]float64
+	totalWeight float64
+}
+
+// Config holds configuration parameters for scoring service.
+type Config struct {
+	BadResponsesScorerConfig  *BadResponsesScorerConfig
+	BlockProviderScorerConfig *BlockProviderScorerConfig
+	PeerStatusScorerConfig    *PeerStatusScorerConfig
+	GossipScorerConfig        *GossipScorerConfig
+}
+
+// NewService provides fully initialized peer scoring service.
+func NewService(ctx context.Context, store *peerdata.Store, config *Config) *Service {
+	s := &Service{
+		store:   store,
+		weights: make(map[Scorer]float64),
+	}
+
+	// Register scorers.
+	s.scorers.badResponsesScorer = newBadResponsesScorer(store, config.BadResponsesScorerConfig)
+	s.setScorerWeight(s.scorers.badResponsesScorer, 0.3)
+	s.scorers.blockProviderScorer = newBlockProviderScorer(store, config.BlockProviderScorerConfig)
+	s.setScorerWeight(s.scorers.blockProviderScorer, 0.0)
+	s.scorers.peerStatusScorer = newPeerStatusScorer(store, config.PeerStatusScorerConfig)
+	s.setScorerWeight(s.scorers.peerStatusScorer, 0.3)
+	s.scorers.gossipScorer = newGossipScorer(store, config.GossipScorerConfig)
+	s.setScorerWeight(s.scorers.gossipScorer, 0.4)
+
+	// Start background tasks.
+	go s.loop(ctx)
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// BadResponsesScorer exposes bad responses scoring service.
+func (s *Service) BadResponsesScorer() *BadResponsesScorer {
+	return s.scorers.badResponsesScorer
+}
+
+// BlockProviderScorer exposes block provider scoring service.
+func (s *Service) BlockProviderScorer() *BlockProviderScorer {
+	return s.scorers.blockProviderScorer
+}
+
+// PeerStatusScorer exposes peer chain status scoring service.
+func (s *Service) PeerStatusScorer() *PeerStatusScorer {
+	return s.scorers.peerStatusScorer
+}
+
+// GossipScorer exposes the peer's gossip scoring service.
+func (s *Service) GossipScorer() *GossipScorer {
+	return s.scorers.gossipScorer
+}
+
+// ActiveScorersCount returns number of scorers that can affect score (have non-zero weight).
+func (s *Service) ActiveScorersCount() int {
+	cnt := 0
+	for _, w := range s.weights {
+		if w > 0 {
+			cnt++
+		}
+	}
+	return cnt
+}
+
+// Score returns calculated peer score across all tracked metrics.
+func (s *Service) Score(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.ScoreNoLock(pid)
+}
+
+// ScoreNoLock is a lock-free version of Score.
+func (s *Service) ScoreNoLock(pid peer.ID) float64 {
+	score := float64(0)
+	if _, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid); !ok {
+		return 0
+	}
+	score += s.scorers.badResponsesScorer.score(pid) * s.scorerWeight(s.scorers.badResponsesScorer)
+	score += s.scorers.blockProviderScorer.score(pid) * s.scorerWeight(s.scorers.blockProviderScorer)
+	score += s.scorers.peerStatusScorer.score(pid) * s.scorerWeight(s.scorers.peerStatusScorer)
+	score += s.scorers.gossipScorer.score(pid) * s.scorerWeight(s.scorers.gossipScorer)
+	return math.Round(score*ScoreRoundingFactor) / ScoreRoundingFactor
+}
+
+// IsBadPeer traverses all the scorers to see if any of them classifies peer as bad.
+func (s *Service) IsBadPeer(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+	return s.IsBadPeerNoLock(pid)
+}
+
+// IsBadPeerNoLock is a lock-free version of IsBadPeer.
+func (s *Service) IsBadPeerNoLock(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	if s.scorers.badResponsesScorer.isBadPeer(pid) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if s.scorers.peerStatusScorer.isBadPeer(pid) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if s.scorers.gossipScorer.isBadPeer(pid) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// BadPeers returns the peers that are considered bad by any of registered scorers.
+func (s *Service) BadPeers() []peer.ID {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+
+	badPeers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid := range s.store.Peers() {
+		if s.IsBadPeerNoLock(pid) {
+			badPeers = append(badPeers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return badPeers
+}
+
+// ValidationError returns peer data validation error, which potentially provides more information
+// why peer is considered bad.
+func (s *Service) ValidationError(pid peer.ID) error {
+	s.store.RLock()
+	defer s.store.RUnlock()
+
+	peerData, ok := s.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return peerData.ChainStateValidationError
+}
+
+// loop handles background tasks.
+func (s *Service) loop(ctx context.Context) {
+	decayBadResponsesStats := time.NewTicker(s.scorers.badResponsesScorer.Params().DecayInterval)
+	defer decayBadResponsesStats.Stop()
+	decayBlockProviderStats := time.NewTicker(s.scorers.blockProviderScorer.Params().DecayInterval)
+	defer decayBlockProviderStats.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-decayBadResponsesStats.C:
+			// Exit early if context is canceled.
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			s.scorers.badResponsesScorer.Decay()
+		case <-decayBlockProviderStats.C:
+			// Exit early if context is canceled.
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			s.scorers.blockProviderScorer.Decay()
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// setScorerWeight adds scorer to map of known scorers.
+func (s *Service) setScorerWeight(scorer Scorer, weight float64) {
+	s.weights[scorer] = weight
+	s.totalWeight += s.weights[scorer]
+}
+
+// scorerWeight calculates contribution percentage of a given scorer in total score.
+func (s *Service) scorerWeight(scorer Scorer) float64 {
+	return s.weights[scorer] / s.totalWeight
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/peers/status.go b/internal/p2p/peers/status.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..257228d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/peers/status.go
@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+// Package peers provides information about peers at the Ethereum consensus protocol level.
+//
+// "Protocol level" is the level above the network level, so this layer never sees or interacts with
+// (for example) hosts that are uncontactable due to being down, firewalled, etc. Instead, this works
+// with peers that are contactable but may or may not be of the correct fork version, not currently
+// required due to the number of current connections, etc.
+//
+// A peer can have one of a number of states:
+//
+// - connected if we are able to talk to the remote peer
+// - connecting if we are attempting to be able to talk to the remote peer
+// - disconnecting if we are attempting to stop being able to talk to the remote peer
+// - disconnected if we are not able to talk to the remote peer
+//
+// For convenience, there are two aggregate states expressed in functions:
+//
+// - active if we are connecting or connected
+// - inactive if we are disconnecting or disconnected
+//
+// Peer information is persistent for the run of the service. This allows for collection of useful
+// long-term statistics such as number of bad responses obtained from the peer, giving the basis for
+// decisions to not talk to known-bad peers (by de-scoring them).
+package peers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/rand"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/peerdata"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/scorers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	ma "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	manet "github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr/net"
+)
+
+const (
+	// PeerDisconnected means there is no connection to the peer.
+	PeerDisconnected peerdata.PeerConnectionState = iota
+	// PeerDisconnecting means there is an on-going attempt to disconnect from the peer.
+	PeerDisconnecting
+	// PeerConnected means the peer has an active connection.
+	PeerConnected
+	// PeerConnecting means there is an on-going attempt to connect to the peer.
+	PeerConnecting
+)
+
+const (
+	// ColocationLimit restricts how many peer identities we can see from a single ip or ipv6 subnet.
+	ColocationLimit = 5
+
+	// Additional buffer beyond current peer limit, from which we can store the relevant peer statuses.
+	maxLimitBuffer = 0
+
+	// InboundRatio is the proportion of our connected peer limit at which we will allow inbound peers.
+	InboundRatio = float64(0.8)
+
+	// MinBackOffDuration minimum amount (in milliseconds) to wait before peer is re-dialed.
+	// When node and peer are dialing each other simultaneously connection may fail. In order, to break
+	// of constant dialing, peer is assigned some backoff period, and only dialed again once that backoff is up.
+	MinBackOffDuration = 100
+	// MaxBackOffDuration maximum amount (in milliseconds) to wait before peer is re-dialed.
+	MaxBackOffDuration = 5000
+)
+
+// Status is the structure holding the peer status information.
+type Status struct {
+	ctx       context.Context
+	scorers   *scorers.Service
+	store     *peerdata.Store
+	ipTracker map[string]uint64
+	rand      *rand.Rand
+}
+
+// StatusConfig represents peer status service params.
+type StatusConfig struct {
+	// PeerLimit specifies maximum amount of concurrent peers that are expected to be connect to the node.
+	PeerLimit int
+	// ScorerParams holds peer scorer configuration params.
+	ScorerParams *scorers.Config
+}
+
+// NewStatus creates a new status entity.
+func NewStatus(ctx context.Context, config *StatusConfig) *Status {
+	store := peerdata.NewStore(ctx, &peerdata.StoreConfig{
+		MaxPeers: maxLimitBuffer + config.PeerLimit,
+	})
+	return &Status{
+		ctx:       ctx,
+		store:     store,
+		scorers:   scorers.NewService(ctx, store, config.ScorerParams),
+		ipTracker: map[string]uint64{},
+		// Random generator used to calculate dial backoff period.
+		// It is ok to use deterministic generator, no need for true entropy.
+		rand: rand.NewDeterministicGenerator(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Scorers exposes peer scoring management service.
+func (p *Status) Scorers() *scorers.Service {
+	return p.scorers
+}
+
+// MaxPeerLimit returns the max peer limit stored in the current peer store.
+func (p *Status) MaxPeerLimit() int {
+	return p.store.Config().MaxPeers
+}
+
+// Add adds a peer.
+// If a peer already exists with this ID its address and direction are updated with the supplied data.
+func (p *Status) Add(record *enr.Record, pid peer.ID, address ma.Multiaddr, direction network.Direction) {
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		// Peer already exists, just update its address info.
+		prevAddress := peerData.Address
+		peerData.Address = address
+		peerData.Direction = direction
+		if record != nil {
+			peerData.Enr = record
+		}
+		if !sameIP(prevAddress, address) {
+			p.addIpToTracker(pid)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	peerData := &peerdata.PeerData{
+		Address:   address,
+		Direction: direction,
+		// Peers start disconnected; state will be updated when the handshake process begins.
+		ConnState: PeerDisconnected,
+	}
+	if record != nil {
+		peerData.Enr = record
+	}
+	p.store.SetPeerData(pid, peerData)
+	p.addIpToTracker(pid)
+}
+
+// Address returns the multiaddress of the given remote peer.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+func (p *Status) Address(pid peer.ID) (ma.Multiaddr, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.Address, nil
+	}
+	return nil, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// Direction returns the direction of the given remote peer.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+func (p *Status) Direction(pid peer.ID) (network.Direction, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.Direction, nil
+	}
+	return network.DirUnknown, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// ENR returns the enr for the corresponding peer id.
+func (p *Status) ENR(pid peer.ID) (*enr.Record, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.Enr, nil
+	}
+	return nil, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// IP returns the ip address for the corresponding peer id.
+func (p *Status) IP(pid peer.ID) (net.IP, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		IP, err := manet.ToIP(peerData.Address)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return IP, nil
+	}
+	return nil, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// DialArgs returns the ip address for the corresponding peer id.
+func (p *Status) DialArgs(pid peer.ID) (string, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok && peerData.Address != nil {
+		protocol, details, err := manet.DialArgs(peerData.Address)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s", protocol, details), nil
+	}
+	return "", peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// ConnState
+func (p *Status) ConnState(pid peer.ID) (peerdata.PeerConnectionState, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.ConnState, nil
+	}
+	return 0, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// SetChainState sets the chain state of the given remote peer.
+func (p *Status) SetChainState(pid peer.ID, chainState *sync_pb.Status) {
+	p.scorers.PeerStatusScorer().SetPeerStatus(pid, chainState, nil)
+}
+
+// ChainState gets the chain state of the given remote peer.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+// This will error if there is no known chain state for the peer.
+func (p *Status) ChainState(pid peer.ID) (*sync_pb.Status, error) {
+	return p.scorers.PeerStatusScorer().PeerStatus(pid)
+}
+
+// IsActive checks if a peers is active and returns the result appropriately.
+func (p *Status) IsActive(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid)
+	return ok && (peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected || peerData.ConnState == PeerConnecting)
+}
+
+// IsAboveInboundLimit checks if we are above our current inbound
+// peer limit.
+func (p *Status) IsAboveInboundLimit() bool {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	totalInbound := 0
+	for _, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected &&
+			peerData.Direction == network.DirInbound {
+			totalInbound += 1
+		}
+	}
+	inboundLimit := int(float64(p.ConnectedPeerLimit()) * InboundRatio)
+	return totalInbound > inboundLimit
+}
+
+// InboundLimit returns the current inbound
+// peer limit.
+func (p *Status) InboundLimit() int {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	return int(float64(p.ConnectedPeerLimit()) * InboundRatio)
+}
+
+// SetMetadata
+func (p *Status) SetPing(pid peer.ID, ping *sync_pb.Ping) {
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData := p.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	peerData.Ping = ping
+}
+
+// GetSeqNumber
+func (p *Status) GetPing(pid peer.ID) (*sync_pb.Ping, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		if peerData.Ping == nil {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		//todo
+		return proto.Clone(peerData.Ping).(*sync_pb.Ping), nil
+	}
+	return nil, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// SetConnectionState sets the connection state of the given remote peer.
+func (p *Status) SetConnectionState(pid peer.ID, state peerdata.PeerConnectionState) {
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData := p.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	peerData.ConnState = state
+}
+
+// ConnectionState gets the connection state of the given remote peer.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+func (p *Status) ConnectionState(pid peer.ID) (peerdata.PeerConnectionState, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.ConnState, nil
+	}
+	return PeerDisconnected, peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// ChainStateLastUpdated gets the last time the chain state of the given remote peer was updated.
+// This will error if the peer does not exist.
+func (p *Status) ChainStateLastUpdated(pid peer.ID) (time.Time, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.ChainStateLastUpdated, nil
+	}
+	return time.Now(), peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// IsBad states if the peer is to be considered bad (by *any* of the registered scorers).
+// If the peer is unknown this will return `false`, which makes using this function easier than returning an error.
+func (p *Status) IsBad(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	return p.isBad(pid)
+}
+
+// isBad is the lock-free version of IsBad.
+func (p *Status) isBad(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	return p.isfromBadIP(pid) || p.scorers.IsBadPeerNoLock(pid)
+}
+
+// NextValidTime gets the earliest possible time it is to contact/dial
+// a peer again. This is used to back-off from peers in the event
+// they are 'full' or have banned us.
+func (p *Status) NextValidTime(pid peer.ID) (time.Time, error) {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		return peerData.NextValidTime, nil
+	}
+	return time.Now(), peerdata.ErrPeerUnknown
+}
+
+// SetNextValidTime sets the earliest possible time we are
+// able to contact this peer again.
+func (p *Status) SetNextValidTime(pid peer.ID, nextTime time.Time) {
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData := p.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+	peerData.NextValidTime = nextTime
+}
+
+// RandomizeBackOff adds extra backoff period during which peer will not be dialed.
+func (p *Status) RandomizeBackOff(pid peer.ID) {
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	peerData := p.store.PeerDataGetOrCreate(pid)
+
+	// No need to add backoff period, if the previous one hasn't expired yet.
+	if !time.Now().After(peerData.NextValidTime) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	duration := time.Duration(math.Max(MinBackOffDuration, float64(p.rand.Intn(MaxBackOffDuration)))) * time.Millisecond
+	peerData.NextValidTime = time.Now().Add(duration)
+}
+
+// IsReadyToDial checks where the given peer is ready to be
+// dialed again.
+func (p *Status) IsReadyToDial(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+
+	if peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid); ok {
+		timeIsZero := peerData.NextValidTime.IsZero()
+		isInvalidTime := peerData.NextValidTime.After(time.Now())
+		return timeIsZero || !isInvalidTime
+	}
+	// If no record exists, we don't restrict dials to the
+	// peer.
+	return true
+}
+
+// Connecting returns the peers that are connecting.
+func (p *Status) Connecting() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnecting {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Connected returns the peers that are connected.
+func (p *Status) Connected() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Inbound returns the current batch of inbound peers.
+func (p *Status) Inbound() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.Direction == network.DirInbound {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// InboundConnected returns the current batch of inbound peers that are connected.
+func (p *Status) InboundConnected() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected && peerData.Direction == network.DirInbound {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Outbound returns the current batch of outbound peers.
+func (p *Status) Outbound() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.Direction == network.DirOutbound {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// OutboundConnected returns the current batch of outbound peers that are connected.
+func (p *Status) OutboundConnected() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected && peerData.Direction == network.DirOutbound {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Active returns the peers that are connecting or connected.
+func (p *Status) Active() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnecting || peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Disconnecting returns the peers that are disconnecting.
+func (p *Status) Disconnecting() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerDisconnecting {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Disconnected returns the peers that are disconnected.
+func (p *Status) Disconnected() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerDisconnected {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Inactive returns the peers that are disconnecting or disconnected.
+func (p *Status) Inactive() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	peers := make([]peer.ID, 0)
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerDisconnecting || peerData.ConnState == PeerDisconnected {
+			peers = append(peers, pid)
+		}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+// Bad returns the peers that are bad.
+func (p *Status) Bad() []peer.ID {
+	return p.scorers.BadResponsesScorer().BadPeers()
+}
+
+// All returns all the peers regardless of state.
+func (p *Status) All() []peer.ID {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	pids := make([]peer.ID, 0, len(p.store.Peers()))
+	for pid := range p.store.Peers() {
+		pids = append(pids, pid)
+	}
+	return pids
+}
+
+// Prune clears out and removes outdated and disconnected peers.
+func (p *Status) Prune() {
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	// Exit early if there is nothing to prune.
+	if len(p.store.Peers()) <= p.store.Config().MaxPeers {
+		return
+	}
+	notBadPeer := func(pid peer.ID) bool {
+		return !p.isBad(pid)
+	}
+	type peerResp struct {
+		pid   peer.ID
+		score float64
+	}
+	peersToPrune := make([]*peerResp, 0)
+	// Select disconnected peers with a smaller bad response count.
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerDisconnected && notBadPeer(pid) {
+			peersToPrune = append(peersToPrune, &peerResp{
+				pid:   pid,
+				score: p.Scorers().ScoreNoLock(pid),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sort peers in descending order, so the peers with the
+	// highest score are pruned first. This
+	// is to protect the node from malicious/lousy peers so
+	// that their memory is still kept.
+	sort.Slice(peersToPrune, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return peersToPrune[i].score > peersToPrune[j].score
+	})
+
+	limitDiff := len(p.store.Peers()) - p.store.Config().MaxPeers
+	if limitDiff > len(peersToPrune) {
+		limitDiff = len(peersToPrune)
+	}
+
+	peersToPrune = peersToPrune[:limitDiff]
+
+	// Delete peers from map.
+	for _, peerData := range peersToPrune {
+		p.store.DeletePeerData(peerData.pid)
+	}
+	p.tallyIPTracker()
+}
+
+// BestPeers returns the highest blockNumber higher than ours,
+// and is shared by at least minPeers.
+func (p *Status) BestPeers(wantPeers int, ourCurrentHeight *uint256.Int) (*uint256.Int, []peer.ID) {
+	connected := p.Connected()
+
+	pidHead := make(map[peer.ID]*uint256.Int, len(connected))
+	potentialPIDs := make([]peer.ID, 0, len(connected))
+	for _, pid := range connected {
+		peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid)
+		if ok && peerData.CurrentHeight().Cmp(ourCurrentHeight) == 1 {
+			pidHead[pid] = peerData.CurrentHeight()
+			potentialPIDs = append(potentialPIDs, pid)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sort PIDs by CurrentHeight, in decreasing order.
+	sort.Slice(potentialPIDs, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return pidHead[potentialPIDs[i]].Cmp(pidHead[potentialPIDs[j]]) == 1
+	})
+
+	if len(potentialPIDs) > wantPeers {
+		potentialPIDs = potentialPIDs[:wantPeers]
+	}
+
+	if len(potentialPIDs) == 0 {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0), []peer.ID{}
+	}
+
+	// Select the target epoch, which has enough peers' votes (>= minPeers).
+	var targetBlockNumber *uint256.Int
+	targetBlockNumber = pidHead[potentialPIDs[len(potentialPIDs)-1]]
+
+	return targetBlockNumber, potentialPIDs
+
+}
+
+// PeersToPrune selects the most suitable inbound peers
+// to disconnect the host peer from. As of this moment
+// the pruning relies on simple heuristics such as
+// bad response count. In the future scoring will be used
+// to determine the most suitable peers to take out.
+func (p *Status) PeersToPrune() []peer.ID {
+	connLimit := p.ConnectedPeerLimit()
+	inBoundLimit := uint64(p.InboundLimit())
+	activePeers := p.Active()
+	numInboundPeers := uint64(len(p.InboundConnected()))
+	// Exit early if we are still below our max
+	// limit.
+	if uint64(len(activePeers)) <= connLimit {
+		return []peer.ID{}
+	}
+	p.store.Lock()
+	defer p.store.Unlock()
+
+	type peerResp struct {
+		pid   peer.ID
+		score float64
+	}
+	peersToPrune := make([]*peerResp, 0)
+	// Select connected and inbound peers to prune.
+	for pid, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.ConnState == PeerConnected &&
+			peerData.Direction == network.DirInbound {
+			peersToPrune = append(peersToPrune, &peerResp{
+				pid:   pid,
+				score: p.scorers.ScoreNoLock(pid),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Sort in ascending order to favour pruning peers with a
+	// lower score.
+	sort.Slice(peersToPrune, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return peersToPrune[i].score < peersToPrune[j].score
+	})
+
+	// Determine amount of peers to prune using our
+	// max connection limit.
+	if connLimit > uint64(len(activePeers)) {
+		// This should never happen.
+		log.Error("Failed to determine amount of peers to prune")
+		return []peer.ID{}
+	}
+
+	amountToPrune := uint64(len(activePeers)) - connLimit
+
+	// Also check for inbound peers above our limit.
+	excessInbound := uint64(0)
+	if numInboundPeers > inBoundLimit {
+		excessInbound = numInboundPeers - inBoundLimit
+	}
+	// Prune the largest amount between excess peers and
+	// excess inbound peers.
+	if excessInbound > amountToPrune {
+		amountToPrune = excessInbound
+	}
+	if amountToPrune < uint64(len(peersToPrune)) {
+		peersToPrune = peersToPrune[:amountToPrune]
+	}
+	ids := make([]peer.ID, 0, len(peersToPrune))
+	for _, pr := range peersToPrune {
+		ids = append(ids, pr.pid)
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+// HighestBlockNumber returns the highest epoch reported epoch amongst peers.
+func (p *Status) HighestBlockNumber() *uint256.Int {
+	p.store.RLock()
+	defer p.store.RUnlock()
+	var highestSlot *uint256.Int
+	for _, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData != nil && peerData.ChainState != nil && peerData.CurrentHeight().Cmp(highestSlot) == 1 {
+			highestSlot = peerData.CurrentHeight()
+		}
+	}
+	return highestSlot.Clone()
+}
+
+// ConnectedPeerLimit returns the peer limit of
+// concurrent peers connected to the beacon-node.
+func (p *Status) ConnectedPeerLimit() uint64 {
+	maxLim := p.MaxPeerLimit()
+	if maxLim <= maxLimitBuffer {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return uint64(maxLim) - maxLimitBuffer
+}
+
+// this method assumes the store lock is acquired before
+// executing the method.
+func (p *Status) isfromBadIP(pid peer.ID) bool {
+	peerData, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	if peerData.Address == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	ip, err := manet.ToIP(peerData.Address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	if val, ok := p.ipTracker[ip.String()]; ok {
+		if val > ColocationLimit {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p *Status) addIpToTracker(pid peer.ID) {
+	data, ok := p.store.PeerData(pid)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	if data.Address == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	ip, err := manet.ToIP(data.Address)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Should never happen, it is
+		// assumed every IP coming in
+		// is a valid ip.
+		return
+	}
+	// Ignore loopback addresses.
+	if ip.IsLoopback() {
+		return
+	}
+	stringIP := ip.String()
+	p.ipTracker[stringIP] += 1
+}
+
+func (p *Status) tallyIPTracker() {
+	tracker := map[string]uint64{}
+	// Iterate through all peers.
+	for _, peerData := range p.store.Peers() {
+		if peerData.Address == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		ip, err := manet.ToIP(peerData.Address)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Should never happen, it is
+			// assumed every IP coming in
+			// is a valid ip.
+			continue
+		}
+		stringIP := ip.String()
+		tracker[stringIP] += 1
+	}
+	p.ipTracker = tracker
+}
+
+func sameIP(firstAddr, secondAddr ma.Multiaddr) bool {
+	// Exit early if we do get nil multiaddresses
+	if firstAddr == nil || secondAddr == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	firstIP, err := manet.ToIP(firstAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	secondIP, err := manet.ToIP(secondAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return firstIP.Equal(secondIP)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/pubsub.go b/internal/p2p/pubsub.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec8e26d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/pubsub.go
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/msg_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	pubsubpb "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub/pb"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const (
+	// overlay parameters
+	gossipSubD   = 8  // topic stable mesh target count
+	gossipSubDlo = 6  // topic stable mesh low watermark
+	gossipSubDhi = 12 // topic stable mesh high watermark
+
+	// gossip parameters
+	gossipSubMcacheLen    = 6   // number of windows to retain full messages in cache for `IWANT` responses
+	gossipSubMcacheGossip = 3   // number of windows to gossip about
+	gossipSubSeenTTL      = 550 // number of heartbeat intervals to retain message IDs
+
+	// fanout ttl
+	gossipSubFanoutTTL = 60000000000 // TTL for fanout maps for topics we are not subscribed to but have published to, in nano seconds
+
+	// heartbeat interval
+	gossipSubHeartbeatInterval = 700 * time.Millisecond // frequency of heartbeat, milliseconds
+
+	// misc
+	rSubD = 8 // random gossip target
+
+	//todo
+	GossipMaxSize = 10000000
+)
+
+var errInvalidTopic = errors.New("invalid topic format")
+
+// Specifies the fixed size context length.
+const digestLength = 4
+
+// Specifies the prefix for any pubsub topic.
+const gossipTopicPrefix = "/ast/"
+
+// JoinTopic will join PubSub topic, if not already joined.
+func (s *Service) JoinTopic(topic string, opts ...pubsub.TopicOpt) (*pubsub.Topic, error) {
+	s.joinedTopicsLock.Lock()
+	defer s.joinedTopicsLock.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := s.joinedTopics[topic]; !ok {
+		topicHandle, err := s.pubsub.Join(topic, opts...)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		s.joinedTopics[topic] = topicHandle
+	}
+
+	return s.joinedTopics[topic], nil
+}
+
+// LeaveTopic closes topic and removes corresponding handler from list of joined topics.
+// This method will return error if there are outstanding event handlers or subscriptions.
+func (s *Service) LeaveTopic(topic string) error {
+	s.joinedTopicsLock.Lock()
+	defer s.joinedTopicsLock.Unlock()
+
+	if t, ok := s.joinedTopics[topic]; ok {
+		if err := t.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		delete(s.joinedTopics, topic)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PublishToTopic joins (if necessary) and publishes a message to a PubSub topic.
+func (s *Service) PublishToTopic(ctx context.Context, topic string, data []byte, opts ...pubsub.PubOpt) error {
+	topicHandle, err := s.JoinTopic(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Wait for at least 1 peer to be available to receive the published message.
+	for {
+		if len(topicHandle.ListPeers()) > 0 || s.cfg.MinSyncPeers == 0 {
+			return topicHandle.Publish(ctx, data, opts...)
+		}
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return errors.Wrapf(ctx.Err(), "unable to find requisite number of peers for topic %s, 0 peers found to publish to", topic)
+		default:
+			time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// SubscribeToTopic joins (if necessary) and subscribes to PubSub topic.
+func (s *Service) SubscribeToTopic(topic string, opts ...pubsub.SubOpt) (*pubsub.Subscription, error) {
+
+	topicHandle, err := s.JoinTopic(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	scoringParams, err := s.topicScoreParams(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if scoringParams != nil {
+		if err := topicHandle.SetScoreParams(scoringParams); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		logGossipParameters(topic, scoringParams)
+	}
+	return topicHandle.Subscribe(opts...)
+}
+
+// peerInspector will scrape all the relevant scoring data and add it to our
+// peer handler.
+func (s *Service) peerInspector(peerMap map[peer.ID]*pubsub.PeerScoreSnapshot) {
+	// Iterate through all the connected peers and through any of their
+	// relevant topics.
+	for pid, snap := range peerMap {
+		s.peers.Scorers().GossipScorer().SetGossipData(pid, snap.Score,
+			snap.BehaviourPenalty, convertTopicScores(snap.Topics))
+	}
+}
+
+// Creates a list of pubsub options to configure out router with.
+func (s *Service) pubsubOptions() []pubsub.Option {
+	psOpts := []pubsub.Option{
+		pubsub.WithMessageSignaturePolicy(pubsub.StrictNoSign),
+		pubsub.WithNoAuthor(),
+		pubsub.WithMessageIdFn(func(pmsg *pubsubpb.Message) string {
+			return MsgID(s.genesisHash, pmsg)
+		}),
+		pubsub.WithSubscriptionFilter(s),
+		pubsub.WithPeerOutboundQueueSize(pubsubQueueSize),
+		pubsub.WithMaxMessageSize(GossipMaxSize),
+		pubsub.WithValidateQueueSize(pubsubQueueSize),
+		pubsub.WithPeerScore(peerScoringParams()),
+		pubsub.WithPeerScoreInspect(s.peerInspector, time.Minute),
+		pubsub.WithGossipSubParams(pubsubGossipParam()),
+		pubsub.WithRawTracer(gossipTracer{host: s.host}),
+	}
+	return psOpts
+}
+
+// creates a custom gossipsub parameter set.
+func pubsubGossipParam() pubsub.GossipSubParams {
+	gParams := pubsub.DefaultGossipSubParams()
+	gParams.Dlo = gossipSubDlo
+	gParams.D = gossipSubD
+	gParams.HeartbeatInterval = gossipSubHeartbeatInterval
+	gParams.HistoryLength = gossipSubMcacheLen
+	gParams.HistoryGossip = gossipSubMcacheGossip
+	return gParams
+}
+
+// We have to unfortunately set this globally in order
+// to configure our message id time-cache rather than instantiating
+// it with a router instance.
+func setPubSubParameters() {
+	pubsub.TimeCacheDuration = 550 * gossipSubHeartbeatInterval
+}
+
+// convert from libp2p's internal schema to a compatible prysm protobuf format.
+func convertTopicScores(topicMap map[string]*pubsub.TopicScoreSnapshot) map[string]*msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot {
+	newMap := make(map[string]*msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot, len(topicMap))
+	for t, s := range topicMap {
+		newMap[t] = &msg_proto.TopicScoreSnapshot{
+			TimeInMesh:               uint64(s.TimeInMesh.Milliseconds()),
+			FirstMessageDeliveries:   float32(s.FirstMessageDeliveries),
+			MeshMessageDeliveries:    float32(s.MeshMessageDeliveries),
+			InvalidMessageDeliveries: float32(s.InvalidMessageDeliveries),
+		}
+	}
+	return newMap
+}
+
+// ExtractGossipDigest extracts the relevant fork digest from the gossip topic.
+// Topics are in the form of /eth2/{fork-digest}/{topic} and this method extracts the
+// fork digest from the topic string to a 4 byte array.
+func ExtractGossipDigest(topic string) ([4]byte, error) {
+	// Ensure the topic prefix is correct.
+	if len(topic) < len(gossipTopicPrefix)+1 || topic[:len(gossipTopicPrefix)] != gossipTopicPrefix {
+		return [4]byte{}, errInvalidTopic
+	}
+	start := len(gossipTopicPrefix)
+	end := strings.Index(topic[start:], "/")
+	if end == -1 { // Ensure a topic suffix exists.
+		return [4]byte{}, errInvalidTopic
+	}
+	end += start
+	strDigest := topic[start:end]
+	digest, err := hex.DecodeString(strDigest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return [4]byte{}, err
+	}
+	if len(digest) != digestLength {
+		return [4]byte{}, errors.Errorf("invalid digest length wanted %d but got %d", digestLength, len(digest))
+	}
+	return utils.ToBytes4(digest), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/pubsub_filter.go b/internal/p2p/pubsub_filter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1d9e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/pubsub_filter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/encoder"
+	"strings"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	pubsubpb "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub/pb"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+// It is set at this limit to handle the possibility
+// of double topic subscriptions at fork boundaries.
+// -> 64 Attestation Subnets * 2.
+// -> 4 Sync Committee Subnets * 2.
+// -> Block,Aggregate,ProposerSlashing,AttesterSlashing,Exits,SyncContribution * 2.
+const pubsubSubscriptionRequestLimit = 200
+
+// CanSubscribe returns true if the topic is of interest and we could subscribe to it.
+func (s *Service) CanSubscribe(topic string) bool {
+	parts := strings.Split(topic, "/")
+	if len(parts) != 5 {
+		return false
+	}
+	// The topic must start with a slash, which means the first part will be empty.
+	if parts[0] != "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if parts[1] != "ast" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	//fork
+	if parts[4] != encoder.ProtocolSuffixSSZSnappy {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Check the incoming topic matches any topic mapping. This includes a check for part[3].
+	for gt := range gossipTopicMappings {
+		if _, err := scanfcheck(strings.Join(parts[0:4], "/"), gt); err == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// FilterIncomingSubscriptions is invoked for all RPCs containing subscription notifications.
+// This method returns only the topics of interest and may return an error if the subscription
+// request contains too many topics.
+func (s *Service) FilterIncomingSubscriptions(_ peer.ID, subs []*pubsubpb.RPC_SubOpts) ([]*pubsubpb.RPC_SubOpts, error) {
+	if len(subs) > pubsubSubscriptionRequestLimit {
+		return nil, pubsub.ErrTooManySubscriptions
+	}
+
+	return pubsub.FilterSubscriptions(subs, s.CanSubscribe), nil
+}
+
+// scanfcheck uses fmt.Sscanf to check that a given string matches expected format. This method
+// returns the number of formatting substitutions matched and error if the string does not match
+// the expected format. Note: this method only accepts integer compatible formatting substitutions
+// such as %d or %x.
+func scanfcheck(input, format string) (int, error) {
+	var t int
+	// Sscanf requires argument pointers with the appropriate type to load the value from the input.
+	// This method only checks that the input conforms to the format, the arguments are not used and
+	// therefore we can reuse the same integer pointer.
+	var cnt = strings.Count(format, "%")
+	var args []interface{}
+	for i := 0; i < cnt; i++ {
+		args = append(args, &t)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sscanf(input, format, args...)
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/pubsub_tracer.go b/internal/p2p/pubsub_tracer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1405f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/pubsub_tracer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+)
+
+var _ = pubsub.RawTracer(gossipTracer{})
+
+// This tracer is used to implement metrics collection for messages received
+// and broadcasted through gossipsub.
+type gossipTracer struct {
+	host host.Host
+}
+
+// AddPeer .
+func (g gossipTracer) AddPeer(p peer.ID, proto protocol.ID) {
+	// no-op
+}
+
+// RemovePeer .
+func (g gossipTracer) RemovePeer(p peer.ID) {
+	// no-op
+}
+
+// Join .
+func (g gossipTracer) Join(topic string) {
+	pubsubTopicsActive.WithLabelValues(topic).Set(1)
+}
+
+// Leave .
+func (g gossipTracer) Leave(topic string) {
+	pubsubTopicsActive.WithLabelValues(topic).Set(0)
+}
+
+// Graft .
+func (g gossipTracer) Graft(p peer.ID, topic string) {
+	pubsubTopicsGraft.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// Prune .
+func (g gossipTracer) Prune(p peer.ID, topic string) {
+	pubsubTopicsPrune.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// ValidateMessage .
+func (g gossipTracer) ValidateMessage(msg *pubsub.Message) {
+	pubsubMessageValidate.WithLabelValues(*msg.Topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// DeliverMessage .
+func (g gossipTracer) DeliverMessage(msg *pubsub.Message) {
+	pubsubMessageDeliver.WithLabelValues(*msg.Topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// RejectMessage .
+func (g gossipTracer) RejectMessage(msg *pubsub.Message, reason string) {
+	pubsubMessageReject.WithLabelValues(*msg.Topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// DuplicateMessage .
+func (g gossipTracer) DuplicateMessage(msg *pubsub.Message) {
+	pubsubMessageDuplicate.WithLabelValues(*msg.Topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// UndeliverableMessage .
+func (g gossipTracer) UndeliverableMessage(msg *pubsub.Message) {
+	pubsubMessageUndeliverable.WithLabelValues(*msg.Topic).Inc()
+}
+
+// ThrottlePeer .
+func (g gossipTracer) ThrottlePeer(p peer.ID) {
+	agent := agentFromPid(p, g.host.Peerstore())
+	pubsubPeerThrottle.WithLabelValues(agent).Inc()
+}
+
+// RecvRPC .
+func (g gossipTracer) RecvRPC(rpc *pubsub.RPC) {
+	setMetricFromRPC(pubsubRPCSubRecv, pubsubRPCRecv, rpc)
+}
+
+// SendRPC .
+func (g gossipTracer) SendRPC(rpc *pubsub.RPC, p peer.ID) {
+	setMetricFromRPC(pubsubRPCSubSent, pubsubRPCSent, rpc)
+}
+
+// DropRPC .
+func (g gossipTracer) DropRPC(rpc *pubsub.RPC, p peer.ID) {
+	setMetricFromRPC(pubsubRPCSubDrop, pubsubRPCDrop, rpc)
+}
+
+func setMetricFromRPC(ctr prometheus.Counter, gauge *prometheus.CounterVec, rpc *pubsub.RPC) {
+	ctr.Add(float64(len(rpc.Subscriptions)))
+	if rpc.Control != nil {
+		gauge.WithLabelValues("graft").Add(float64(len(rpc.Control.Graft)))
+		gauge.WithLabelValues("prune").Add(float64(len(rpc.Control.Prune)))
+		gauge.WithLabelValues("ihave").Add(float64(len(rpc.Control.Ihave)))
+		gauge.WithLabelValues("iwant").Add(float64(len(rpc.Control.Iwant)))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/rpc_topic_mappings.go b/internal/p2p/rpc_topic_mappings.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d25d98a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/rpc_topic_mappings.go
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	ssztype "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types/ssz"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// SchemaVersionV1 specifies the schema version for our rpc protocol ID.
+const SchemaVersionV1 = "/1"
+
+// Specifies the protocol prefix for all our Req/Resp topics.
+const protocolPrefix = "/rpc"
+
+// StatusMessageName specifies the name for the status message topic.
+const StatusMessageName = "/status"
+
+// GoodbyeMessageName specifies the name for the goodbye message topic.
+const GoodbyeMessageName = "/goodbye"
+
+// PingMessageName Specifies the name for the ping message topic.
+const PingMessageName = "/ping"
+
+// BodiesByRangeMessageName specifies the name for the Bodies by range message topic.
+const BodiesByRangeMessageName = "/bodies_by_range"
+
+// HeadersByRangeMessageName specifies the name for the Headers by range message topic.
+const HeadersByRangeMessageName = "/headers_by_range"
+
+const (
+	// V1 RPC Topics
+	// RPCStatusTopicV1 defines the v1 topic for the status rpc method.
+	RPCStatusTopicV1 = protocolPrefix + StatusMessageName + SchemaVersionV1
+	// RPCGoodByeTopicV1 defines the v1 topic for the goodbye rpc method.
+	RPCGoodByeTopicV1 = protocolPrefix + GoodbyeMessageName + SchemaVersionV1
+	// RPCPingTopicV1 defines the v1 topic for the ping rpc method.
+	RPCPingTopicV1 = protocolPrefix + PingMessageName + SchemaVersionV1
+
+	// RPCBodiesDataTopicV1 defines the v1 topic for the Bodies rpc method.
+	RPCBodiesDataTopicV1 = protocolPrefix + BodiesByRangeMessageName + SchemaVersionV1
+
+	// RPCHeadersDataTopicV1 defines the v1 topic for the Headers rpc method.
+	RPCHeadersDataTopicV1 = protocolPrefix + HeadersByRangeMessageName + SchemaVersionV1
+)
+
+// RPC errors for topic parsing.
+const (
+	invalidRPCMessageType = "provided message type doesn't have a registered mapping"
+)
+
+// RPCTopicMappings map the base message type to the rpc request.
+var RPCTopicMappings = map[string]interface{}{
+	// RPC Status Message
+	RPCStatusTopicV1:     new(sync_pb.Status),
+	RPCBodiesDataTopicV1: new(sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest),
+
+	RPCPingTopicV1:    new(ssztype.SSZUint64),
+	RPCGoodByeTopicV1: new(ssztype.SSZUint64),
+}
+
+// Maps all registered protocol prefixes.
+var protocolMapping = map[string]bool{
+	protocolPrefix: true,
+}
+
+// Maps all the protocol message names for the different rpc
+// topics.
+var messageMapping = map[string]bool{
+	StatusMessageName:         true,
+	GoodbyeMessageName:        true,
+	PingMessageName:           true,
+	BodiesByRangeMessageName:  true,
+	HeadersByRangeMessageName: true,
+}
+
+var versionMapping = map[string]bool{
+	SchemaVersionV1: true,
+}
+
+// VerifyTopicMapping verifies that the topic and its accompanying
+// message type is correct.
+func VerifyTopicMapping(topic string, msg interface{}) error {
+	msgType, ok := RPCTopicMappings[topic]
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("rpc topic is not registered currently")
+	}
+	receivedType := reflect.TypeOf(msg)
+	registeredType := reflect.TypeOf(msgType)
+	typeMatches := registeredType.AssignableTo(receivedType)
+
+	if !typeMatches {
+		return errors.Errorf("accompanying message type is incorrect for topic: wanted %v  but got %v",
+			registeredType.String(), receivedType.String())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TopicDeconstructor splits the provided topic to its logical sub-sections.
+// It is assumed all input topics will follow the specific schema:
+// /protocol-prefix/message-name/schema-version/...
+// For the purposes of deconstruction, only the first 3 components are
+// relevant.
+func TopicDeconstructor(topic string) (string, string, string, error) {
+	origTopic := topic
+	protPrefix := ""
+	message := ""
+	version := ""
+
+	// Iterate through all the relevant mappings to find the relevant prefixes,messages
+	// and version for this topic.
+	for k := range protocolMapping {
+		keyLen := len(k)
+		if keyLen > len(topic) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if topic[:keyLen] == k {
+			protPrefix = k
+			topic = topic[keyLen:]
+		}
+	}
+
+	if protPrefix == "" {
+		return "", "", "", errors.Errorf("unable to find a valid protocol prefix for %s", origTopic)
+	}
+
+	for k := range messageMapping {
+		keyLen := len(k)
+		if keyLen > len(topic) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if topic[:keyLen] == k {
+			message = k
+			topic = topic[keyLen:]
+		}
+	}
+
+	if message == "" {
+		return "", "", "", errors.Errorf("unable to find a valid message for %s", origTopic)
+	}
+
+	for k := range versionMapping {
+		keyLen := len(k)
+		if keyLen > len(topic) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if topic[:keyLen] == k {
+			version = k
+			topic = topic[keyLen:]
+		}
+	}
+
+	if version == "" {
+		return "", "", "", errors.Errorf("unable to find a valid schema version for %s", origTopic)
+	}
+
+	return protPrefix, message, version, nil
+}
+
+// RPCTopic is a type used to denote and represent a req/resp topic.
+type RPCTopic string
+
+// ProtocolPrefix returns the protocol prefix of the rpc topic.
+func (r RPCTopic) ProtocolPrefix() string {
+	prefix, _, _, err := TopicDeconstructor(string(r))
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return prefix
+}
+
+// MessageType returns the message type of the rpc topic.
+func (r RPCTopic) MessageType() string {
+	_, message, _, err := TopicDeconstructor(string(r))
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return message
+}
+
+// Version returns the schema version of the rpc topic.
+func (r RPCTopic) Version() string {
+	_, _, version, err := TopicDeconstructor(string(r))
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return version
+}
+
+// TopicFromMessage constructs the rpc topic from the provided message
+// type and epoch.
+func TopicFromMessage(msg string) (string, error) {
+	if !messageMapping[msg] {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("%s: %s", invalidRPCMessageType, msg)
+	}
+	version := SchemaVersionV1
+
+	return protocolPrefix + msg + version, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/sender.go b/internal/p2p/sender.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..338616f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/sender.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/kr/pretty"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// Send a message to a specific peer. The returned stream may be used for reading, but has been
+// closed for writing.
+//
+// When done, the caller must Close or Reset on the stream.
+func (s *Service) Send(ctx context.Context, message interface{}, baseTopic string, pid peer.ID) (network.Stream, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "p2p.Send")
+	defer span.End()
+	if err := VerifyTopicMapping(baseTopic, message); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	topic := baseTopic + s.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	span.AddAttributes(trace.StringAttribute("topic", topic))
+
+	log.Trace(fmt.Sprintf("Sending RPC request to peer %s", pid.String()), "topic", topic, "request", pretty.Sprint(message))
+
+	// Apply max dial timeout when opening a new stream.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, maxDialTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	stream, err := s.host.NewStream(ctx, pid, protocol.ID(topic))
+	if err != nil {
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	castedMsg, ok := message.(ssz.Marshaler)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("%T does not support the ssz marshaller interface", message)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.Encoding().EncodeWithMaxLength(stream, castedMsg); err != nil {
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		_err := stream.Reset()
+		_ = _err
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Close stream for writing.
+	if err := stream.CloseWrite(); err != nil {
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		_err := stream.Reset()
+		_ = _err
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return stream, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/service.go b/internal/p2p/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aca92a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+// Package p2p defines the network protocol implementation for ast consensus
+// used by ast, including peer discovery using discv5, gossip-sub
+// using libp2p, and handing peer lifecycles + handshakes.
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/encoder"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enode"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	leakybucket "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/scorers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p"
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	"github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+//todo
+//var _ runtime.Service = (*Service)(nil)
+
+// In the event that we are at our peer limit, we
+// stop looking for new peers and instead poll
+// for the current peer limit status for the time period
+// defined below.
+var pollingPeriod = 6 * time.Second
+
+// Refresh rate of ENR set at twice per block.
+var refreshRate = 16 * time.Second
+
+// maxBadResponses is the maximum number of bad responses from a peer before we stop talking to it.
+const maxBadResponses = 5
+
+// pubsubQueueSize is the size that we assign to our validation queue and outbound message queue for
+// gossipsub.
+const pubsubQueueSize = 600
+
+// maxDialTimeout is the timeout for a single peer dial.
+const maxDialTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+
+// todo
+const ttfbTimeout = 10 * time.Second // TtfbTimeout is the maximum time to wait for first byte of request response (time-to-first-byte).
+
+// todo
+const reconnectBootNode = 1 * time.Minute
+
+// Service for managing peer to peer (p2p) networking.
+type Service struct {
+	started               bool
+	isPreGenesis          bool
+	pingMethod            func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error
+	cancel                context.CancelFunc
+	cfg                   *conf.P2PConfig
+	peers                 *peers.Status
+	addrFilter            *multiaddr.Filters
+	ipLimiter             *leakybucket.Collector
+	privKey               *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+	pubsub                *pubsub.PubSub
+	joinedTopics          map[string]*pubsub.Topic
+	joinedTopicsLock      sync.Mutex
+	dv5Listener           Listener
+	startupErr            error
+	ctx                   context.Context
+	host                  host.Host
+	genesisHash           types.Hash
+	genesisValidatorsRoot []byte
+	activeValidatorCount  uint64
+	ping                  *sync_pb.Ping
+	wg                    sync.WaitGroup
+}
+
+// NewService initializes a new p2p service compatible with shared.Service interface. No
+// connections are made until the Start function is called during the service registry startup.
+func NewService(ctx context.Context, genesisHash types.Hash, cfg *conf.P2PConfig, nodeCfg conf.NodeConfig) (*Service, error) {
+	var err error
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	_ = cancel // govet fix for lost cancel. Cancel is handled in service.Stop().
+
+	s := &Service{
+		ctx:          ctx,
+		cancel:       cancel,
+		cfg:          cfg,
+		isPreGenesis: true,
+		joinedTopics: make(map[string]*pubsub.Topic, len(gossipTopicMappings)),
+		genesisHash:  genesisHash,
+	}
+
+	s.ping, err = getSeqNumber(s.cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to generate p2p seq number", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	dv5Nodes := parseBootStrapAddrs(cfg.BootstrapNodeAddr, nodeCfg)
+	//
+	cfg.Discv5BootStrapAddr = dv5Nodes
+
+	ipAddr := utils.IPAddr()
+	s.privKey, err = privKey(s.cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to generate p2p private key", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.addrFilter, err = configureFilter(s.cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to create address filter", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//todo
+	s.ipLimiter = leakybucket.NewCollector(ipLimit, ipBurst, 30*time.Second, true /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+
+	opts := s.buildOptions(ipAddr, s.privKey)
+	h, err := libp2p.New(opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to create p2p host", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s.host = h
+	// Gossipsub registration is done before we add in any new peers
+	// due to libp2p's gossipsub implementation not taking into
+	// account previously added peers when creating the gossipsub
+	// object.
+	psOpts := s.pubsubOptions()
+	// Set the pubsub global parameters that we require.
+	setPubSubParameters()
+
+	gs, err := pubsub.NewGossipSub(s.ctx, s.host, psOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to start pubsub", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.pubsub = gs
+
+	s.peers = peers.NewStatus(ctx, &peers.StatusConfig{
+		PeerLimit: s.cfg.MaxPeers,
+		ScorerParams: &scorers.Config{
+			BadResponsesScorerConfig: &scorers.BadResponsesScorerConfig{
+				Threshold:     maxBadResponses,
+				DecayInterval: 10 * time.Minute,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Initialize Data maps.
+	//types.InitializeDataMaps()
+
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) GetPing() *sync_pb.Ping {
+	return proto.Clone(s.ping).(*sync_pb.Ping)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) IncSeqNumber() {
+	s.ping.SeqNumber++
+}
+
+func (s *Service) GetConfig() *conf.P2PConfig {
+	return s.cfg
+}
+
+// Start the p2p service.
+func (s *Service) Start() {
+	if s.started {
+		log.Error("Attempted to start p2p service when it was already started")
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.isPreGenesis = false
+
+	var peersToWatch []string
+	if s.cfg.RelayNodeAddr != "" {
+		peersToWatch = append(peersToWatch, s.cfg.RelayNodeAddr)
+		if err := dialRelayNode(s.ctx, s.host, s.cfg.RelayNodeAddr); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not dial relay node", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !s.cfg.NoDiscovery {
+		ipAddr := utils.IPAddr()
+		listener, err := s.startDiscoveryV5(
+			ipAddr,
+			s.privKey,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to start discovery", "err", err)
+			s.startupErr = err
+			return
+		}
+		bootnodes, err := s.bootnodes()
+		if err != nil {
+			s.startupErr = err
+			return
+		}
+		err = s.connectToBootnodes(bootnodes)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not add bootnode to the exclusion list", "err", err)
+			s.startupErr = err
+			return
+		}
+		s.dv5Listener = listener
+		go s.listenForNewNodes()
+		utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, reconnectBootNode, func() {
+			s.ensureBootPeerConnections(bootnodes)
+		})
+
+	}
+
+	s.started = true
+
+	if len(s.cfg.StaticPeers) > 0 {
+		addrs, err := PeersFromStringAddrs(s.cfg.StaticPeers)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not connect to static peer", "err", err)
+		}
+		s.connectWithAllPeers(addrs)
+	}
+	// Initialize metadata according to the
+	// current epoch.
+	s.RefreshENR()
+
+	// Periodic functions.
+	if len(peersToWatch) > 0 {
+		utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, ttfbTimeout, func() {
+			ensurePeerConnections(s.ctx, s.host, peersToWatch...)
+		})
+	}
+
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, 30*time.Minute, s.Peers().Prune)
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, 10*time.Second, s.updateMetrics)
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, refreshRate, s.RefreshENR)
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, 1*time.Minute, func() {
+		//utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, 5*time.Second, func() {
+		log.Info("Peer summary", "inbound", len(s.peers.InboundConnected()), "outbound", len(s.peers.OutboundConnected()), "activePeers", len(s.peers.Active()), "disconnectedPeers", len(s.peers.Disconnected()))
+		for _, p := range s.peers.All() {
+			//addr, _ := s.peers.Address(p)
+			//IP, _ := s.peers.IP(p)
+			//ENR, _ := s.peers.ENR(p)
+
+			params := make([]interface{}, 0)
+			params = append(params, "perrId", p)
+
+			if dialArgs, err := s.peers.DialArgs(p); err == nil {
+				params = append(params, "dialArgs", dialArgs)
+			}
+			if direction, err := s.peers.Direction(p); err == nil {
+				params = append(params, "Direction", direction)
+			}
+			if connState, err := s.peers.ConnState(p); err == nil {
+				params = append(params, "connState", connState)
+			}
+			if chainState, err := s.peers.ChainState(p); err == nil {
+				params = append(params, "currentHeight", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(chainState.CurrentHeight).Uint64())
+			}
+			if nextValidTime, err := s.peers.NextValidTime(p); err == nil && time.Now().After(nextValidTime) == false {
+				params = append(params, "nextValidTime", common.PrettyDuration(time.Until(nextValidTime)))
+			}
+			if badResponses, err := s.peers.Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Count(p); err == nil {
+				params = append(params, "badResponses", badResponses)
+			}
+			if validationError := s.peers.Scorers().ValidationError(p); validationError != nil {
+				params = append(params, "validationError", validationError)
+			}
+			if ping, err := s.peers.GetPing(p); err == nil && ping != nil {
+				params = append(params, "ping", ping.String())
+			}
+
+			params = append(params, "processedBlocks", s.peers.Scorers().BlockProviderScorer().ProcessedBlocks(p))
+
+			// hexutil.Encode([]byte(p))
+			log.Info("Peer details", params...)
+
+			log.Info("Peer Score:",
+				"badResponsesScore", s.peers.Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Score(p),
+				"blockProviderScore", s.peers.Scorers().BlockProviderScorer().Score(p),
+				"peerStatusScore", s.peers.Scorers().PeerStatusScorer().Score(p),
+				"gossipScore", s.peers.Scorers().GossipScorer().Score(p),
+				"Score", s.peers.Scorers().Score(p),
+			)
+			pids, _ := s.host.Peerstore().SupportsProtocols(p, s.host.Mux().Protocols()...)
+			for _, id := range pids {
+				log.Trace("Protocol details:", "ProtocolID", id)
+			}
+		}
+
+		allNodes := s.dv5Listener.AllNodes()
+		log.Trace("Nodes stored in the discovery table:")
+		for i, n := range allNodes {
+			log.Trace(fmt.Sprintf("P2P details %d", i), "ENR", n.String(), "Node ID", n.ID(), "IP", n.IP(), "UDP", n.UDP(), "TCP", n.TCP())
+		}
+	})
+
+	multiAddrs := s.host.Network().ListenAddresses()
+	logIPAddr(s.host.ID(), multiAddrs...)
+
+	p2pHostAddress := s.cfg.HostAddress
+	p2pTCPPort := s.cfg.TCPPort
+
+	if p2pHostAddress != "" {
+		logExternalIPAddr(s.host.ID(), p2pHostAddress, p2pTCPPort)
+		verifyConnectivity(p2pHostAddress, p2pTCPPort, "tcp")
+	}
+
+	p2pHostDNS := s.cfg.HostDNS
+	if p2pHostDNS != "" {
+		logExternalDNSAddr(s.host.ID(), p2pHostDNS, p2pTCPPort)
+	}
+	//todo
+	//go s.forkWatcher()
+	go s.loop()
+	s.wg.Add(1)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) loop() {
+	defer log.Debug("Context closed, exiting goroutine")
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-s.ctx.Done():
+			log.Info("start write seq number to file")
+			err := saveSeqNumber(s.cfg, s.GetPing())
+			if err != nil {
+				//log.Error("")
+			}
+			s.wg.Done()
+			return
+
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Stop the p2p service and terminate all peer connections.
+func (s *Service) Stop() error {
+	s.cancel()
+	s.started = false
+	if s.dv5Listener != nil {
+		s.dv5Listener.Close()
+	}
+	s.wg.Wait()
+	log.Info("P2P service stopped")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Status of the p2p service. Will return an error if the service is considered unhealthy to
+// indicate that this node should not serve traffic until the issue has been resolved.
+func (s *Service) Status() error {
+	if s.isPreGenesis {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !s.started {
+		return errors.New("not running")
+	}
+	if s.startupErr != nil {
+		return s.startupErr
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Started returns true if the p2p service has successfully started.
+func (s *Service) Started() bool {
+	return s.started
+}
+
+// Encoding returns the configured networking encoding.
+func (_ *Service) Encoding() encoder.NetworkEncoding {
+	return &encoder.SszNetworkEncoder{}
+}
+
+// PubSub returns the p2p pubsub framework.
+func (s *Service) PubSub() *pubsub.PubSub {
+	return s.pubsub
+}
+
+// Host returns the currently running libp2p
+// host of the service.
+func (s *Service) Host() host.Host {
+	return s.host
+}
+
+// SetStreamHandler sets the protocol handler on the p2p host multiplexer.
+// This method is a pass through to libp2pcore.Host.SetStreamHandler.
+func (s *Service) SetStreamHandler(topic string, handler network.StreamHandler) {
+	s.host.SetStreamHandler(protocol.ID(topic), handler)
+}
+
+// PeerID returns the Peer ID of the local peer.
+func (s *Service) PeerID() peer.ID {
+	return s.host.ID()
+}
+
+// Disconnect from a peer.
+func (s *Service) Disconnect(pid peer.ID) error {
+	return s.host.Network().ClosePeer(pid)
+}
+
+// Connect to a specific peer.
+func (s *Service) Connect(pi peer.AddrInfo) error {
+	return s.host.Connect(s.ctx, pi)
+}
+
+// Peers returns the peer status interface.
+func (s *Service) Peers() *peers.Status {
+	return s.peers
+}
+
+// ENR returns the local node's current ENR.
+func (s *Service) ENR() *enr.Record {
+	if s.dv5Listener == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return s.dv5Listener.Self().Record()
+}
+
+// DiscoveryAddresses represents our enr addresses as multiaddresses.
+func (s *Service) DiscoveryAddresses() ([]multiaddr.Multiaddr, error) {
+	if s.dv5Listener == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return convertToUdpMultiAddr(s.dv5Listener.Self())
+}
+
+// AddPingMethod adds the metadata ping rpc method to the p2p service, so that it can
+// be used to refresh ENR.
+func (s *Service) AddPingMethod(reqFunc func(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error) {
+	s.pingMethod = reqFunc
+}
+
+func (s *Service) pingPeers() {
+	if s.pingMethod == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, pid := range s.peers.Connected() {
+		go func(id peer.ID) {
+			if err := s.pingMethod(s.ctx, id); err != nil {
+				log.Debug("Failed to ping peer", "peer", id, "err", err)
+			}
+		}(pid)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) connectWithAllPeers(multiAddrs []multiaddr.Multiaddr) {
+	addrInfos, err := peer.AddrInfosFromP2pAddrs(multiAddrs...)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Could not convert to peer address info's from multiaddresses", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	for _, info := range addrInfos {
+		// make each dial non-blocking
+		go func(info peer.AddrInfo) {
+			if err := s.connectWithPeer(s.ctx, info); err != nil {
+				log.Trace(fmt.Sprintf("Could not connect with peer %s", info.String()), "err", err)
+			}
+		}(info)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) connectWithPeer(ctx context.Context, info peer.AddrInfo) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "p2p.connectWithPeer")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	if info.ID == s.host.ID() {
+		log.Warn("bootNode ID == localNode ID")
+		return nil
+	}
+	if s.Peers().IsBad(info.ID) {
+		return errors.New("refused to connect to bad peer")
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, maxDialTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	log.Debug("start connect", "peer info", info)
+	if err := s.host.Connect(ctx, info); err != nil {
+		s.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(info.ID)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) bootnodes() ([]multiaddr.Multiaddr, error) {
+	nodes := make([]*enode.Node, 0, len(s.cfg.Discv5BootStrapAddr))
+	for _, addr := range s.cfg.Discv5BootStrapAddr {
+		bootNode, err := enode.Parse(enode.ValidSchemes, addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return []multiaddr.Multiaddr{}, err
+		}
+		// do not dial bootnodes with their tcp ports not set
+		if err := bootNode.Record().Load(enr.WithEntry("tcp", new(enr.TCP))); err != nil {
+			if !enr.IsNotFound(err) {
+				log.Error("Could not retrieve tcp port", "err", err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		nodes = append(nodes, bootNode)
+	}
+	return convertToMultiAddr(nodes), nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) connectToBootnodes(nodes []multiaddr.Multiaddr) error {
+	s.connectWithAllPeers(nodes)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureBootPeerConnections will attempt to reestablish connection to the peers
+// if there are currently no connections to that peer.
+func (s *Service) ensureBootPeerConnections(bootnodes []multiaddr.Multiaddr) {
+
+	addrInfos, err := peer.AddrInfosFromP2pAddrs(bootnodes...)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Could not convert to peer address info's from multiaddresses", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	for _, info := range addrInfos {
+		// make each dial non-blocking
+		if connState, err := s.peers.ConnState(info.ID); err != nil || connState != peers.PeerDisconnected {
+			continue
+		}
+		if nextValidTime, err := s.peers.NextValidTime(info.ID); err != nil || !time.Now().After(nextValidTime) {
+			continue
+		}
+		go func(info peer.AddrInfo) {
+			if err := s.connectWithPeer(s.ctx, info); err != nil {
+				log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Could not connect with bootnode %s", info.String()), "err", err)
+			}
+		}(info)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/topics.go b/internal/p2p/topics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc8b5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/topics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package p2p
+
+const (
+	// GossipProtocolAndDigest represents the protocol and fork digest prefix in a gossip topic.
+	GossipProtocolAndDigest = "/ast/%x/"
+
+	// Message Types
+
+	// GossipBlockMessage is the name for the block message type.
+	GossipBlockMessage = "block"
+	// GossipExitMessage is the name for the voluntary exit message type.
+	GossipExitMessage = "voluntary_exit"
+	// GossipTransactionMessage is the name for the transaction message type.
+	GossipTransactionMessage = "transaction"
+
+	// Topic Formats
+
+	// BlockTopicFormat is the topic format for the block subnet.
+	BlockTopicFormat = GossipProtocolAndDigest + GossipBlockMessage
+	// ExitBlockTopicFormat is the topic format for the voluntary exit.
+	ExitBlockTopicFormat = GossipProtocolAndDigest + GossipExitMessage
+
+	// TransactionTopicFormat is the topic format for the block subnet.
+	TransactionTopicFormat = GossipProtocolAndDigest + GossipTransactionMessage
+	//ExitTransactionTopicFormat is the topic format for the voluntary exit.
+	//ExitTransactionTopicFormat = GossipProtocolAndDigest + GossipExitMessage
+)
diff --git a/internal/p2p/types/rpc_errors.go b/internal/p2p/types/rpc_errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2ec4ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/types/rpc_errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package p2ptypes
+
+import "errors"
+
+var (
+	ErrWrongForkDigestVersion = errors.New("wrong fork digest version")
+	ErrInvalidBlockNr         = errors.New("invalid block number")
+	ErrInvalidFinalizedRoot   = errors.New("invalid finalized root")
+	ErrInvalidSequenceNum     = errors.New("invalid sequence number provided")
+	ErrGeneric                = errors.New("internal service error")
+	ErrInvalidParent          = errors.New("mismatched parent root")
+	ErrRateLimited            = errors.New("rate limited")
+	ErrIODeadline             = errors.New("i/o deadline exceeded")
+	ErrInvalidRequest         = errors.New("invalid range, step or count")
+)
diff --git a/internal/p2p/types/rpc_goodbye_codes.go b/internal/p2p/types/rpc_goodbye_codes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04597fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/types/rpc_goodbye_codes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package p2ptypes
+
+import ssztype "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types/ssz"
+
+// RPCGoodbyeCode represents goodbye code, used in sync package.
+type RPCGoodbyeCode = ssztype.SSZUint64
+
+const (
+	// Spec defined codes.
+	GoodbyeCodeClientShutdown RPCGoodbyeCode = iota + 1
+	GoodbyeCodeWrongNetwork
+	GoodbyeCodeGenericError
+
+	// Teku specific codes
+	GoodbyeCodeUnableToVerifyNetwork = RPCGoodbyeCode(128)
+
+	// Lighthouse specific codes
+	GoodbyeCodeTooManyPeers = RPCGoodbyeCode(129)
+	GoodbyeCodeBadScore     = RPCGoodbyeCode(250)
+	GoodbyeCodeBanned       = RPCGoodbyeCode(251)
+)
+
+// GoodbyeCodeMessages defines a mapping between goodbye codes and string messages.
+var GoodbyeCodeMessages = map[RPCGoodbyeCode]string{
+	GoodbyeCodeClientShutdown:        "client shutdown",
+	GoodbyeCodeWrongNetwork:          "irrelevant network",
+	GoodbyeCodeGenericError:          "fault/error",
+	GoodbyeCodeUnableToVerifyNetwork: "unable to verify network",
+	GoodbyeCodeTooManyPeers:          "client has too many peers",
+	GoodbyeCodeBadScore:              "peer score too low",
+	GoodbyeCodeBanned:                "client banned this node",
+}
+
+// ErrToGoodbyeCode converts given error to RPC goodbye code.
+func ErrToGoodbyeCode(err error) RPCGoodbyeCode {
+	switch err {
+	case ErrWrongForkDigestVersion:
+		return GoodbyeCodeWrongNetwork
+	default:
+		return GoodbyeCodeGenericError
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/types/types.go b/internal/p2p/types/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40df9e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/types/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Package types contains all the respective p2p types that are required for sync
+// but cannot be represented as a protobuf schema. This package also contains those
+// types associated fast ssz methods.
+package p2ptypes
+
+import (
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+)
+
+const rootLength = 32
+
+const maxErrorLength = 256
+
+// todo
+const maxRequestBlocks = 1024
+
+// SSZBytes is a bytes slice that satisfies the fast-ssz interface.
+type SSZBytes []byte
+
+// HashTreeRoot hashes the uint64 object following the SSZ standard.
+func (b *SSZBytes) HashTreeRoot() ([32]byte, error) {
+	return ssz.HashWithDefaultHasher(b)
+}
+
+// HashTreeRootWith hashes the uint64 object with the given hasher.
+func (b *SSZBytes) HashTreeRootWith(hh *ssz.Hasher) error {
+	indx := hh.Index()
+	hh.PutBytes(*b)
+	hh.Merkleize(indx)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BlockByRootsReq specifies the block by roots request type.
+type BlockByRootsReq [][rootLength]byte
+
+// MarshalSSZTo marshals the block by roots request with the provided byte slice.
+func (r *BlockByRootsReq) MarshalSSZTo(dst []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	marshalledObj, err := r.MarshalSSZ()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return append(dst, marshalledObj...), nil
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ Marshals the block by roots request type into the serialized object.
+func (r *BlockByRootsReq) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(*r) > maxRequestBlocks {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("block by roots request exceeds max size: %d > %d", len(*r), maxRequestBlocks)
+	}
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, r.SizeSSZ())
+	for _, r := range *r {
+		buf = append(buf, r[:]...)
+	}
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the size of the serialized representation.
+func (r *BlockByRootsReq) SizeSSZ() int {
+	return len(*r) * rootLength
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ unmarshals the provided bytes buffer into the
+// block by roots request object.
+func (r *BlockByRootsReq) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	bufLen := len(buf)
+	maxLength := maxRequestBlocks * rootLength
+	if bufLen > maxLength {
+		return errors.Errorf("expected buffer with length of upto %d but received length %d", maxLength, bufLen)
+	}
+	if bufLen%rootLength != 0 {
+		return ssz.ErrIncorrectByteSize
+	}
+	numOfRoots := bufLen / rootLength
+	roots := make([][rootLength]byte, 0, numOfRoots)
+	for i := 0; i < numOfRoots; i++ {
+		var rt [rootLength]byte
+		copy(rt[:], buf[i*rootLength:(i+1)*rootLength])
+		roots = append(roots, rt)
+	}
+	*r = roots
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ErrorMessage describes the error message type.
+type ErrorMessage []byte
+
+// MarshalSSZTo marshals the error message with the provided byte slice.
+func (m *ErrorMessage) MarshalSSZTo(dst []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	marshalledObj, err := m.MarshalSSZ()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return append(dst, marshalledObj...), nil
+}
+
+// MarshalSSZ Marshals the error message into the serialized object.
+func (m *ErrorMessage) MarshalSSZ() ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(*m) > maxErrorLength {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("error message exceeds max size: %d > %d", len(*m), maxErrorLength)
+	}
+	buf := make([]byte, m.SizeSSZ())
+	copy(buf, *m)
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// SizeSSZ returns the size of the serialized representation.
+func (m *ErrorMessage) SizeSSZ() int {
+	return len(*m)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalSSZ unmarshals the provided bytes buffer into the
+// error message object.
+func (m *ErrorMessage) UnmarshalSSZ(buf []byte) error {
+	bufLen := len(buf)
+	maxLength := maxErrorLength
+	if bufLen > maxLength {
+		return errors.Errorf("expected buffer with length of upto %d but received length %d", maxLength, bufLen)
+	}
+	errMsg := make([]byte, bufLen)
+	copy(errMsg, buf)
+	*m = errMsg
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/utils.go b/internal/p2p/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75df8fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/enr"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const keyPath = "network-keys"
+
+const seqPath = "network-seq"
+
+const dialTimeout = 1 * time.Second
+
+// SerializeENR takes the enr record in its key-value form and serializes it.
+func SerializeENR(record *enr.Record) (string, error) {
+	if record == nil {
+		return "", errors.New("could not serialize nil record")
+	}
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
+	if err := record.EncodeRLP(buf); err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "could not encode ENR record to bytes")
+	}
+	enrString := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buf.Bytes())
+	return enrString, nil
+}
+
+func getSeqNumber(cfg *conf.P2PConfig) (*sync_pb.Ping, error) {
+	defaultSeqPath := path.Join(cfg.DataDir, seqPath)
+
+	_, err := os.Stat(defaultSeqPath)
+	defaultKeysExist := !os.IsNotExist(err)
+	if err != nil && defaultKeysExist {
+		log.Error("Error reading network seqNumber from file", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if defaultKeysExist {
+		src, err := os.ReadFile(defaultSeqPath) // #nosec G304
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Error reading network seqNumber from file", "err", err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		//dst := make([]byte, hex.DecodedLen(len(src)))
+		//_, err = hex.Decode(dst, src)
+		//if err != nil {
+		//	return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to decode hex string")
+		//}
+
+		seqNumber := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(src)
+		if seqNumber > 0 {
+			log.Info("Load seq number from file", "seqNumber", seqNumber)
+			return &sync_pb.Ping{SeqNumber: seqNumber}, nil
+		}
+
+	}
+	return &sync_pb.Ping{SeqNumber: 0}, nil
+}
+
+func saveSeqNumber(cfg *conf.P2PConfig, seqNumber *sync_pb.Ping) error {
+
+	defaultSeqPath := path.Join(cfg.DataDir, seqPath)
+
+	b := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(b, seqNumber.SeqNumber)
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(defaultSeqPath, b, 0600); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to save p2p seq number", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Info("Wrote seq number to file", "seqNumber", seqNumber.SeqNumber)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Determines a private key for p2p networking from the p2p service's
+// configuration struct. If no key is found, it generates a new one.
+func privKey(cfg *conf.P2PConfig) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	defaultKeyPath := path.Join(cfg.DataDir, keyPath)
+	privateKeyPath := cfg.PrivateKey
+
+	// PrivateKey cli flag takes highest precedence.
+	if privateKeyPath != "" {
+		return privKeyFromFile(cfg.PrivateKey)
+	}
+
+	_, err := os.Stat(defaultKeyPath)
+	defaultKeysExist := !os.IsNotExist(err)
+	if err != nil && defaultKeysExist {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Default keys have the next highest precedence, if they exist.
+	if defaultKeysExist {
+		return privKeyFromFile(defaultKeyPath)
+	}
+	// There are no keys on the filesystem, so we need to generate one.
+	priv, _, err := crypto.GenerateSecp256k1Key(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// If the StaticPeerID flag is set, save the generated key as the default
+	// key, so that it will be used by default on the next node start.
+	if cfg.StaticPeerID {
+		rawbytes, err := priv.Raw()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dst := make([]byte, hex.EncodedLen(len(rawbytes)))
+		hex.Encode(dst, rawbytes)
+		if err := os.WriteFile(defaultKeyPath, dst, 0600); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		log.Info("Wrote network key to file")
+		// Read the key from the defaultKeyPath file just written
+		// for the strongest guarantee that the next start will be the same as this one.
+		return privKeyFromFile(defaultKeyPath)
+	}
+	return utils.ConvertFromInterfacePrivKey(priv)
+}
+
+// Retrieves a p2p networking private key from a file path.
+func privKeyFromFile(path string) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	src, err := os.ReadFile(path) // #nosec G304
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Error reading private key from file", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	dst := make([]byte, hex.DecodedLen(len(src)))
+	_, err = hex.Decode(dst, src)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to decode hex string")
+	}
+	unmarshalledKey, err := crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PrivateKey(dst)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return utils.ConvertFromInterfacePrivKey(unmarshalledKey)
+}
+
+// Attempt to dial an address to verify its connectivity
+func verifyConnectivity(addr string, port int, protocol string) {
+	if addr != "" {
+		a := net.JoinHostPort(addr, fmt.Sprintf("%d", port))
+
+		conn, err := net.DialTimeout(protocol, a, dialTimeout)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warn("IP address is not accessible", "err", err, "protocol", protocol, "address", a)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debug("Could not close connection", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/p2p/watch_peers.go b/internal/p2p/watch_peers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd85098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/p2p/watch_peers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package p2p
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+// ensurePeerConnections will attempt to reestablish connection to the peers
+// if there are currently no connections to that peer.
+func ensurePeerConnections(ctx context.Context, h host.Host, peers ...string) {
+	if len(peers) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, p := range peers {
+		if p == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		peerInfo, err := MakePeer(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Could not make peer", "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		c := h.Network().ConnsToPeer(peerInfo.ID)
+		if len(c) == 0 {
+			if err := connectWithTimeout(ctx, h, peerInfo); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to reconnect to peer", "peer", peerInfo.ID, "addrs", peerInfo.Addrs, "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func connectWithTimeout(ctx context.Context, h host.Host, peer *peer.AddrInfo) error {
+	log.Debug("No connections to peer, reconnecting", "peer", peer.ID)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, maxDialTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	return h.Connect(ctx, *peer)
+}
diff --git a/internal/pubsub/pubsub.go b/internal/pubsub/pubsub.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a73c4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/pubsub/pubsub.go
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pubsub
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+)
+
+var (
+	errorInvalidTopic    = errors.New("invalid topic")
+	errorNotRunning      = errors.New("ast pubsub not run")
+	errorPubSubIsRunning = errors.New("ast pubsub is running")
+)
+
+type astPubSub struct {
+	topicLock sync.Mutex
+	topicsMap map[string]*pubsub.Topic
+
+	p2pserver common.INetwork
+
+	pubsub  *pubsub.PubSub
+	running int32
+
+	host host.Host
+
+	ctx context.Context
+
+	chainID uint64
+}
+
+func NewPubSub(ctx context.Context, p2pserver common.INetwork, chainid uint64) (common.IPubSub, error) {
+	ast := astPubSub{
+		ctx:       ctx,
+		host:      p2pserver.Host(),
+		p2pserver: p2pserver,
+		running:   0,
+		topicsMap: make(map[string]*pubsub.Topic),
+		chainID:   chainid,
+	}
+
+	return &ast, nil
+}
+
+func (m *astPubSub) Start() error {
+	if m.isRunning() {
+		return errorPubSubIsRunning
+	}
+
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&m.running, 1)
+
+	var options []pubsub.Option
+
+	options = append(options, pubsub.WithRawTracer(newRawTracer()) /*, pubsub.WithMessageSignaturePolicy(pubsub.MessageSignaturePolicy(0))*/)
+	// todo for test
+	if false {
+		tracer, err := pubsub.NewJSONTracer("./trace.json")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		options = append(options, pubsub.WithEventTracer(tracer))
+	}
+
+	gossip, err := pubsub.NewGossipSub(m.ctx, m.host, options...)
+	if err != nil {
+		atomic.StoreInt32(&m.running, 0)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	gossip.GetTopics()
+
+	m.pubsub = gossip
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *astPubSub) JoinTopic(topic string) (*pubsub.Topic, error) {
+	if !m.isRunning() {
+		return nil, errorNotRunning
+	}
+	m.topicLock.Lock()
+	defer m.topicLock.Unlock()
+	if t, ok := m.topicsMap[topic]; ok {
+		return t, nil
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := message.TopicMappings[topic]; ok {
+		topicHandle, err := m.pubsub.Join(topic)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		m.topicsMap[topic] = topicHandle
+		return topicHandle, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, errorInvalidTopic
+}
+
+func (m *astPubSub) isRunning() bool {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&m.running) <= 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (m *astPubSub) Publish(topic string, msg proto.Message) error {
+	if !m.isRunning() {
+		return errorNotRunning
+	}
+	m.topicLock.Lock()
+	defer m.topicLock.Unlock()
+	if t, ok := m.topicsMap[topic]; ok {
+		data, err := proto.Marshal(msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to publish topic(%s), data: %s, err: %v", topic, msg, err)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return t.Publish(m.ctx, data)
+	}
+
+	return errorInvalidTopic
+}
+
+func (m *astPubSub) Subscription(topic string) (*pubsub.Subscription, error) {
+	if !m.isRunning() {
+		return nil, errorNotRunning
+	}
+	m.topicLock.Lock()
+	defer m.topicLock.Unlock()
+	if t, ok := m.topicsMap[topic]; ok {
+		return t.Subscribe()
+	}
+
+	return nil, errorInvalidTopic
+}
+
+func (m *astPubSub) GetTopics() []string {
+	var topics []string
+	for k, _ := range m.topicsMap {
+		topics = append(topics, k)
+	}
+
+	return topics
+}
diff --git a/internal/pubsub/pubsub_tracer.go b/internal/pubsub/pubsub_tracer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85b4544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/pubsub/pubsub_tracer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pubsub
+
+import (
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
+)
+
+var (
+	egressPubsubTrafficMeter  = metrics.GetOrRegisterMeter("p2p/pubsub/egress", nil)
+	ingressPubsubTrafficMeter = metrics.GetOrRegisterMeter("p2p/pubsub/ingress", nil)
+)
+
+type rawTracer struct {
+}
+
+func newRawTracer() *rawTracer {
+	return &rawTracer{}
+}
+
+func (m rawTracer) AddPeer(p peer.ID, proto protocol.ID)             {}
+func (m rawTracer) RemovePeer(p peer.ID)                             {}
+func (m rawTracer) Join(topic string)                                {}
+func (m rawTracer) Leave(topic string)                               {}
+func (m rawTracer) Graft(p peer.ID, topic string)                    {}
+func (m rawTracer) Prune(p peer.ID, topic string)                    {}
+func (m rawTracer) ValidateMessage(msg *pubsub.Message)              {}
+func (m rawTracer) DeliverMessage(msg *pubsub.Message)               {}
+func (m rawTracer) RejectMessage(msg *pubsub.Message, reason string) {}
+func (m rawTracer) DuplicateMessage(msg *pubsub.Message)             {}
+func (m rawTracer) ThrottlePeer(p peer.ID)                           {}
+func (m rawTracer) UndeliverableMessage(msg *pubsub.Message)         {}
+func (m rawTracer) DropRPC(rpc *pubsub.RPC, p peer.ID)               {}
+
+func (m rawTracer) RecvRPC(rpc *pubsub.RPC) {
+	egressPubsubTrafficMeter.Mark(int64(rpc.Size()))
+}
+
+func (m rawTracer) SendRPC(rpc *pubsub.RPC, p peer.ID) {
+	ingressPubsubTrafficMeter.Mark(int64(rpc.Size()))
+}
diff --git a/internal/state_processor.go b/internal/state_processor.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15da066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/state_processor.go
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	vm2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// StateProcessor is a basic Processor, which takes care of transitioning
+// state from one point to another.
+//
+// StateProcessor implements Processor.
+type StateProcessor struct {
+	config *params.ChainConfig // Chain configuration options
+	bc     *BlockChain         // Canonical block chain
+	engine consensus.Engine    // Consensus engine used for block rewards
+}
+
+// NewStateProcessor initialises a new StateProcessor.
+func NewStateProcessor(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, engine consensus.Engine) *StateProcessor {
+	return &StateProcessor{
+		config: config,
+		bc:     bc,
+		engine: engine,
+	}
+}
+
+// Process processes the state changes according to the Ethereum rules by running
+// the transaction messages using the statedb and applying any rewards to both
+// the processor (coinbase) and any included uncles.
+//
+// Process returns the receipts and logs accumulated during the process and
+// returns the amount of gas that was used in the process. If any of the
+// transactions failed to execute due to insufficient gas it will return an error.
+func (p *StateProcessor) Process(b *block.Block, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, stateReader state.StateReader, stateWriter state.WriterWithChangeSets, blockHashFunc func(n uint64) types.Hash) (block.Receipts, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, []*block.Log, uint64, error) {
+	header := b.Header()
+	usedGas := new(uint64)
+	gp := new(common.GasPool)
+	gp.AddGas(b.GasLimit())
+
+	var (
+		rejectedTxs []*RejectedTx
+		includedTxs transaction.Transactions
+		receipts    block.Receipts
+	)
+
+	chainReader := p.bc
+	cfg := vm2.Config{}
+
+	chainConfig := p.config
+	if chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(b.Number64().ToBig()) == 0 {
+		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(ibs)
+	}
+	noop := state.NewNoopWriter()
+
+	//posa, isPoSA := p.engine.(*apoa.Apoa)
+	for i, tx := range b.Transactions() {
+		ibs.Prepare(tx.Hash(), b.Hash(), i)
+		receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(chainConfig, blockHashFunc, p.engine, nil, gp, ibs, noop, header.(*block.Header), tx, usedGas, cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			if !cfg.StatelessExec {
+				return nil, nil, nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("could not apply tx %d from block %d [%v]: %w", i, b.Number64(), tx.Hash().String(), err)
+			}
+			rejectedTxs = append(rejectedTxs, &RejectedTx{i, err.Error()})
+		} else {
+			includedTxs = append(includedTxs, tx)
+			if !cfg.NoReceipts {
+				receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !cfg.StatelessExec && *usedGas != header.(*block.Header).GasUsed {
+		return nil, nil, nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("gas used by execution: %d, in header: %d", *usedGas, header.(*block.Header).GasUsed)
+	}
+
+	var nopay map[types.Address]*uint256.Int
+	if !cfg.ReadOnly {
+		txs := b.Transactions()
+		//if _, _, _, err := FinalizeBlockExecution(tx, p.engine, b.Header().(*block.Header), txs, stateWriter, chainConfig, ibs, receipts, chainReader, false); err != nil {
+		//	return nil, nil, 0, err
+		//}
+		var err error
+		_, nopay, err = p.engine.Finalize(chainReader, b.Header().(*block.Header), ibs, txs, nil)
+		if nil != err {
+			return nil, nil, nil, 0, err
+		}
+	}
+	allLogs := ibs.Logs()
+
+	//if err := ibs.CommitBlock(chainConfig.Rules(header.Number64().Uint64()), stateWriter); err != nil {
+	//	return nil, nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("committing block %d failed: %w", header.Number64().Uint64(), err)
+	//}
+	//
+	//if err := stateWriter.WriteChangeSets(); err != nil {
+	//	return nil, nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("writing changesets for block %d failed: %w", header.Number64().Uint64(), err)
+	//}
+	//if err := rw.Commit(); nil != err {
+	//	return nil, nil, 0, err
+	//}
+
+	return receipts, nopay, allLogs, *usedGas, nil
+}
+
+// applyTransaction attempts to apply a transaction to the given state database
+// and uses the input parameters for its environment. It returns the receipt
+// for the transaction, gas used and an error if the transaction failed,
+// indicating the block was invalid.
+func applyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, gp *common.GasPool, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, stateWriter state.StateWriter, header *block.Header, tx *transaction.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, evm vm2.VMInterface, cfg vm2.Config) (*block.Receipt, []byte, error) {
+	rules := evm.ChainRules()
+	//msg, err := tx.AsMessage(*transaction.MakeSigner(config, header.Number.Uint64()))
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return nil, nil, err
+	//}
+
+	msg, err := tx.AsMessage(transaction.MakeSigner(config, header.Number.ToBig()), header.BaseFee)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	msg.SetCheckNonce(!cfg.StatelessExec)
+
+	if msg.FeeCap().IsZero() && engine != nil {
+		//syscall := func(contract types.Address, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+		//	return SysCallContract(contract, data, *config, ibs, header, engine)
+		//}
+		msg.SetIsFree(false)
+	}
+
+	txContext := NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+	if cfg.TraceJumpDest {
+		h := tx.Hash()
+		txContext.TxHash = h
+	}
+
+	// Update the evm with the new transaction context.
+	evm.Reset(txContext, ibs)
+
+	result, err := ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gp, true /* refunds */, false /* gasBailout */)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// Update the state with pending changes
+	if err = ibs.FinalizeTx(rules, stateWriter); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	*usedGas += result.UsedGas
+
+	// Set the receipt logs and create the bloom filter.
+	// based on the eip phase, we're passing whether the root touch-delete accounts.
+	var receipt *block.Receipt
+	if !cfg.NoReceipts {
+		// by the tx.
+		receipt = &block.Receipt{Type: tx.Type(), CumulativeGasUsed: *usedGas}
+		if result.Failed() {
+			receipt.Status = block.ReceiptStatusFailed
+		} else {
+			receipt.Status = block.ReceiptStatusSuccessful
+		}
+
+		receipt.TxHash = tx.Hash()
+		receipt.GasUsed = result.UsedGas
+		// if the transaction created a contract, store the creation address in the receipt.
+		if msg.To() == nil {
+			receipt.ContractAddress = crypto.CreateAddress(evm.TxContext().Origin, tx.Nonce())
+		}
+		// Set the receipt logs and create a bloom for filtering
+		receipt.Logs = ibs.GetLogs(tx.Hash())
+		receipt.Bloom = block.CreateBloom(block.Receipts{receipt})
+		receipt.BlockNumber = header.Number
+		receipt.TransactionIndex = uint(ibs.TxIndex())
+	}
+
+	return receipt, result.ReturnData, err
+}
+
+// ApplyTransaction attempts to apply a transaction to the given state database
+// and uses the input parameters for its environment. It returns the receipt
+// for the transaction, gas used and an error if the transaction failed,
+// indicating the block was invalid.
+func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, blockHashFunc func(n uint64) types.Hash, engine consensus.Engine, author *types.Address, gp *common.GasPool, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, stateWriter state.StateWriter, header *block.Header, tx *transaction.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, cfg vm2.Config) (*block.Receipt, []byte, error) {
+	// Create a new context to be used in the EVM environment
+
+	// Add addresses to access list if applicable
+	// about the transaction and calling mechanisms.
+	//cfg.SkipAnalysis = SkipAnalysis(config, header.Number.Uint64())
+
+	var vmenv vm2.VMInterface
+
+	//if tx.IsStarkNet() {
+	//	vmenv = &vm.CVMAdapter{Cvm: NewCVM(ibs)}
+	//} else {
+	blockContext := NewEVMBlockContext(header, blockHashFunc, engine, author)
+	vmenv = vm2.NewEVM(blockContext, evmtypes.TxContext{}, ibs, config, cfg)
+	//}
+
+	return applyTransaction(config, engine, gp, ibs, stateWriter, header, tx, usedGas, vmenv, cfg)
+}
+
+func NewStateReaderWriter(
+	batch ethdb.Database,
+	tx kv.RwTx,
+	blockNumber uint64,
+	writeChangeSets bool,
+	// accumulator *shards.Accumulator,
+	// initialCycle bool,
+	// stateStream bool,
+) (state.StateReader, state.WriterWithChangeSets, error) {
+
+	var stateReader state.StateReader
+	var stateWriter state.WriterWithChangeSets
+
+	stateReader = state.NewPlainStateReader(tx)
+	if writeChangeSets {
+		stateWriter = state.NewPlainStateWriter(batch, tx, blockNumber)
+	} else {
+		stateWriter = state.NewPlainStateWriterNoHistory(batch)
+	}
+	return stateReader, stateWriter, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/state_transition.go b/internal/state_transition.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..addfb9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/state_transition.go
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/core"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	vm2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	cmath "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/u256"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)
+
+/*
+The State Transitioning Model
+
+A state transition is a change made when a transaction is applied to the current world state
+The state transitioning model does all the necessary work to work out a valid new state root.
+
+1) Nonce handling
+2) Pre pay gas
+3) Create a new state object if the recipient is \0*32
+4) Value transfer
+== If contract creation ==
+
+	4a) Attempt to run transaction data
+	4b) If valid, use result as code for the new state object
+
+== end ==
+5) Run Script section
+6) Derive new state root
+*/
+type StateTransition struct {
+	gp         *common.GasPool
+	msg        Message
+	gas        uint64
+	gasPrice   *uint256.Int
+	gasFeeCap  *uint256.Int
+	tip        *uint256.Int
+	initialGas uint64
+	value      *uint256.Int
+	data       []byte
+	state      evmtypes.IntraBlockState
+	evm        vm2.VMInterface
+
+	//some pre-allocated intermediate variables
+	sharedBuyGas        *uint256.Int
+	sharedBuyGasBalance *uint256.Int
+
+	isParlia bool
+	isBor    bool
+}
+
+// Message represents a message sent to a contract.
+type Message interface {
+	From() types.Address
+	To() *types.Address
+
+	GasPrice() *uint256.Int
+	FeeCap() *uint256.Int
+	Tip() *uint256.Int
+	Gas() uint64
+	Value() *uint256.Int
+
+	Nonce() uint64
+	CheckNonce() bool
+	Data() []byte
+	AccessList() transaction.AccessList
+
+	IsFree() bool
+}
+
+// ExecutionResult includes all output after executing given evm
+// message no matter the execution itself is successful or not.
+type ExecutionResult struct {
+	UsedGas    uint64 // Total used gas but include the refunded gas
+	Err        error  // Any error encountered during the execution(listed in core/vm/errors.go)
+	ReturnData []byte // Returned data from evm(function result or data supplied with revert opcode)
+}
+
+// Unwrap returns the internal evm error which allows us for further
+// analysis outside.
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Unwrap() error {
+	return result.Err
+}
+
+// Failed returns the indicator whether the execution is successful or not
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Failed() bool { return result.Err != nil }
+
+// Return is a helper function to help caller distinguish between revert reason
+// and function return. Return returns the data after execution if no error occurs.
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Return() []byte {
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return types.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
+}
+
+// Revert returns the concrete revert reason if the execution is aborted by `REVERT`
+// opcode. Note the reason can be nil if no data supplied with revert opcode.
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Revert() []byte {
+	if result.Err != vm2.ErrExecutionReverted {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return types.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
+}
+
+// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data.
+func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList transaction.AccessList, isContractCreation bool, isHomestead, isEIP2028 bool, isEIP3860 bool) (uint64, error) {
+	// Set the starting gas for the raw transaction
+	var gas uint64
+	if isContractCreation && isHomestead {
+		gas = params.TxGasContractCreation
+	} else {
+		gas = params.TxGas
+	}
+	dataLen := uint64(len(data))
+	// Bump the required gas by the amount of transactional data
+	if dataLen > 0 {
+		// Zero and non-zero bytes are priced differently
+		var nz uint64
+		for _, byt := range data {
+			if byt != 0 {
+				nz++
+			}
+		}
+		// Make sure we don't exceed uint64 for all data combinations
+		nonZeroGas := params.TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier
+		if isEIP2028 {
+			nonZeroGas = params.TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028
+		}
+		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/nonZeroGas < nz {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		gas += nz * nonZeroGas
+
+		z := dataLen - nz
+		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataZeroGas < z {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		gas += z * params.TxDataZeroGas
+
+		if isContractCreation && isEIP3860 {
+			lenWords := toWordSize(dataLen)
+			if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.InitCodeWordGas < lenWords {
+				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			}
+			gas += lenWords * params.InitCodeWordGas
+		}
+	}
+	if accessList != nil {
+		gas += uint64(len(accessList)) * params.TxAccessListAddressGas
+		gas += uint64(accessList.StorageKeys()) * params.TxAccessListStorageKeyGas
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+// NewStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object.
+func NewStateTransition(evm vm2.VMInterface, msg Message, gp *common.GasPool) *StateTransition {
+	isParlia := evm.ChainConfig().Parlia != nil
+	isBor := evm.ChainConfig().Bor != nil
+	return &StateTransition{
+		gp:        gp,
+		evm:       evm,
+		msg:       msg,
+		gasPrice:  msg.GasPrice(),
+		gasFeeCap: msg.FeeCap(),
+		tip:       msg.Tip(),
+		value:     msg.Value(),
+		data:      msg.Data(),
+		state:     evm.IntraBlockState(),
+
+		sharedBuyGas:        uint256.NewInt(0),
+		sharedBuyGasBalance: uint256.NewInt(0),
+
+		isParlia: isParlia,
+		isBor:    isBor,
+	}
+}
+
+// ApplyMessage computes the new state by applying the given message
+// against the old state within the environment.
+//
+// ApplyMessage returns the bytes returned by any EVM execution (if it took place),
+// the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always
+// indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular
+// state and would never be accepted within a block.
+// `refunds` is false when it is not required to apply gas refunds
+// `gasBailout` is true when it is not required to fail transaction if the balance is not enough to pay gas.
+// for trace_call to replicate OE/Pariry behaviour
+func ApplyMessage(evm vm2.VMInterface, msg Message, gp *common.GasPool, refunds bool, gasBailout bool) (*ExecutionResult, error) {
+	return NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp).TransitionDb(refunds, gasBailout)
+}
+
+// to returns the recipient of the message.
+func (st *StateTransition) to() types.Address {
+	if st.msg == nil || st.msg.To() == nil /* contract creation */ {
+		return types.Address{}
+	}
+	return *st.msg.To()
+}
+
+func (st *StateTransition) buyGas(gasBailout bool) error {
+	mgval := st.sharedBuyGas
+	mgval.SetUint64(st.msg.Gas())
+	mgval, overflow := mgval.MulOverflow(mgval, st.gasPrice)
+	if overflow {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex())
+	}
+	balanceCheck := mgval
+	if st.gasFeeCap != nil {
+		balanceCheck = st.sharedBuyGasBalance.SetUint64(st.msg.Gas())
+		balanceCheck, overflow = balanceCheck.MulOverflow(balanceCheck, st.gasFeeCap)
+		if overflow {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex())
+		}
+		balanceCheck, overflow = balanceCheck.AddOverflow(balanceCheck, st.value)
+		if overflow {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex())
+		}
+	}
+	var subBalance = false
+	if have, want := st.state.GetBalance(st.msg.From()), balanceCheck; have.Cmp(want) < 0 {
+		if !gasBailout {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v have %v want %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex(), have, want)
+		}
+	} else {
+		subBalance = true
+	}
+	if err := st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.Gas()); err != nil {
+		if !gasBailout {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	st.gas += st.msg.Gas()
+
+	st.initialGas = st.msg.Gas()
+	if subBalance {
+		st.state.SubBalance(st.msg.From(), mgval)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func CheckEip1559TxGasFeeCap(from types.Address, gasFeeCap, tip, baseFee *uint256.Int, isFree bool) error {
+	if gasFeeCap.Lt(tip) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tip: %s, gasFeeCap: %s", ErrTipAboveFeeCap,
+			from.Hex(), tip, gasFeeCap)
+	}
+	if baseFee != nil && gasFeeCap.Lt(baseFee) && !isFree {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, gasFeeCap: %s baseFee: %s", ErrFeeCapTooLow,
+			from.Hex(), gasFeeCap, baseFee)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#nonce
+func (st *StateTransition) preCheck(gasBailout bool) error {
+	// Make sure this transaction's nonce is correct.
+	if st.msg.CheckNonce() {
+		stNonce := st.state.GetNonce(st.msg.From())
+		if msgNonce := st.msg.Nonce(); stNonce < msgNonce {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tx: %d state: %d", core.ErrNonceTooHigh,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), msgNonce, stNonce)
+		} else if stNonce > msgNonce {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tx: %d state: %d", core.ErrNonceTooLow,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), msgNonce, stNonce)
+		} else if stNonce+1 < stNonce {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, nonce: %d", ErrNonceMax,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), stNonce)
+		}
+
+		// Make sure the sender is an EOA (EIP-3607)
+		if codeHash := st.state.GetCodeHash(st.msg.From()); codeHash != emptyCodeHash && codeHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+			// types.Hash{} means that the sender is not in the state.
+			// Historically there were transactions with 0 gas price and non-existing sender,
+			// so we have to allow that.
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, codehash: %s", ErrSenderNoEOA,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), codeHash)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Make sure the transaction gasFeeCap is greater than the block's baseFee.
+	if st.evm.ChainRules().IsLondon {
+		// Skip the checks if gas fields are zero and baseFee was explicitly disabled (eth_call)
+		if !st.evm.Config().NoBaseFee || !st.gasFeeCap.IsZero() || !st.tip.IsZero() {
+			if err := CheckEip1559TxGasFeeCap(st.msg.From(), st.gasFeeCap, st.tip, st.evm.Context().BaseFee, st.msg.IsFree()); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return st.buyGas(gasBailout)
+}
+
+// TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and
+// returning the evm execution result with following fields.
+//
+//   - used gas:
+//     total gas used (including gas being refunded)
+//   - returndata:
+//     the returned data from evm
+//   - concrete execution error:
+//     various **EVM** error which aborts the execution,
+//     e.g. ErrOutOfGas, ErrExecutionReverted
+//
+// However if any consensus issue encountered, return the error directly with
+// nil evm execution result.
+func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb(refunds bool, gasBailout bool) (*ExecutionResult, error) {
+	//var input1 *uint256.Int
+	//var input2 *uint256.Int
+	//if st.isBor {
+	//	input1 = st.state.GetBalance(st.msg.From()).Clone()
+	//	input2 = st.state.GetBalance(st.evm.Context().Coinbase).Clone()
+	//}
+
+	// First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before
+	// applying the message. The rules include these clauses
+	//
+	// 1. the nonce of the message caller is correct
+	// 2. caller has enough balance to cover transaction fee(gaslimit * gasprice)
+	// 3. the amount of gas required is available in the block
+	// 4. the purchased gas is enough to cover intrinsic usage
+	// 5. there is no overflow when calculating intrinsic gas
+	// 6. caller has enough balance to cover asset transfer for **topmost** call
+
+	// BSC always gave gas bailout due to system transactions that set 2^256/2 gas limit and
+	// for Parlia consensus this flag should be always be set
+	if st.isParlia {
+		gasBailout = true
+	}
+
+	// Check clauses 1-3 and 6, buy gas if everything is correct
+	if err := st.preCheck(gasBailout); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if st.evm.Config().Debug {
+		st.evm.Config().Tracer.CaptureTxStart(st.initialGas)
+		defer func() {
+			st.evm.Config().Tracer.CaptureTxEnd(st.gas)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	msg := st.msg
+	sender := vm2.AccountRef(msg.From())
+	contractCreation := msg.To() == nil
+	rules := st.evm.ChainRules()
+
+	//if rules.IsNano {
+	//	for _, blackListAddr := range types.NanoBlackList {
+	//		if blackListAddr == sender.Address() {
+	//			return nil, fmt.Errorf("block blacklist account")
+	//		}
+	//		if msg.To() != nil && *msg.To() == blackListAddr {
+	//			return nil, fmt.Errorf("block blacklist account")
+	//		}
+	//	}
+	//}
+
+	// Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct
+	gas, err := IntrinsicGas(st.data, st.msg.AccessList(), contractCreation, rules.IsHomestead, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if st.gas < gas {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gas, gas)
+	}
+	st.gas -= gas
+
+	var bailout bool
+	// Gas bailout (for trace_call) should only be applied if there is not sufficient balance to perform value transfer
+	if gasBailout {
+		if !msg.Value().IsZero() && !st.evm.Context().CanTransfer(st.state, msg.From(), msg.Value()) {
+			bailout = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set up the initial access list.
+	if rules.IsBerlin {
+		st.state.PrepareAccessList(msg.From(), msg.To(), vm2.ActivePrecompiles(rules), msg.AccessList())
+		// EIP-3651 warm COINBASE
+		if rules.IsShanghai {
+			st.state.AddAddressToAccessList(st.evm.Context().Coinbase)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var (
+		ret   []byte
+		vmerr error // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefore not assigned to err
+	)
+	if contractCreation {
+		// The reason why we don't increment nonce here is that we need the original
+		// nonce to calculate the address of the contract that is being created
+		// It does get incremented inside the `Create` call, after the computation
+		// of the contract's address, but before the execution of the code.
+		ret, _, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Create(sender, st.data, st.gas, st.value)
+	} else {
+		// Increment the nonce for the next transaction
+		st.state.SetNonce(msg.From(), st.state.GetNonce(sender.Address())+1)
+		ret, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Call(sender, st.to(), st.data, st.gas, st.value, bailout)
+	}
+	if refunds {
+		if rules.IsLondon {
+			// After EIP-3529: refunds are capped to gasUsed / 5
+			st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotientEIP3529)
+		} else {
+			// Before EIP-3529: refunds were capped to gasUsed / 2
+			st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotient)
+		}
+	}
+	effectiveTip := st.gasPrice
+	if rules.IsLondon {
+		if st.gasFeeCap.Gt(st.evm.Context().BaseFee) {
+			effectiveTip = cmath.Min256(st.tip, new(uint256.Int).Sub(st.gasFeeCap, st.evm.Context().BaseFee))
+		} else {
+			effectiveTip = u256.Num0
+		}
+	}
+	amount := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
+	amount.Mul(amount, effectiveTip) // gasUsed * effectiveTip = how much goes to the block producer (miner, validator)
+	if st.isParlia {
+		st.state.AddBalance(consensus.SystemAddress, amount)
+	} else {
+		st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Context().Coinbase, amount)
+	}
+	if !msg.IsFree() && rules.IsLondon && rules.IsEip1559FeeCollector {
+		burntContractAddress := *st.evm.ChainConfig().Eip1559FeeCollector
+		burnAmount := new(uint256.Int).Mul(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed()), st.evm.Context().BaseFee)
+		st.state.AddBalance(burntContractAddress, burnAmount)
+	}
+	//if st.isBor {
+	//	// Deprecating transfer log and will be removed in future fork. PLEASE DO NOT USE this transfer log going forward. Parameters won't get updated as expected going forward with EIP1559
+	//	// add transfer log
+	//	output1 := input1.Clone()
+	//	output2 := input2.Clone()
+	//AddFeeTransferLog(
+	//		st.state,
+	//
+	//		msg.From(),
+	//		st.evm.Context().Coinbase,
+	//
+	//		amount,
+	//		input1,
+	//		input2,
+	//		output1.Sub(output1, amount),
+	//		output2.Add(output2, amount),
+	//	)
+	//}
+
+	return &ExecutionResult{
+		UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
+		Err:        vmerr,
+		ReturnData: ret,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (st *StateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) {
+	// Apply refund counter, capped to half of the used gas.
+	refund := st.gasUsed() / refundQuotient
+	if refund > st.state.GetRefund() {
+		refund = st.state.GetRefund()
+	}
+	st.gas += refund
+
+	// Return ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
+	remaining := new(uint256.Int).Mul(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.gas), st.gasPrice)
+	st.state.AddBalance(st.msg.From(), remaining)
+
+	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
+	// available for the next transaction.
+	st.gp.AddGas(st.gas)
+}
+
+// gasUsed returns the amount of gas used up by the state transition.
+func (st *StateTransition) gasUsed() uint64 {
+	return st.initialGas - st.gas
+}
+
+// toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for init code payment calculation.
+func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
+	if size > math.MaxUint64-31 {
+		return math.MaxUint64/32 + 1
+	}
+
+	return (size + 31) / 32
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/context.go b/internal/sync/context.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf4ec9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/context.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Specifies the fixed size context length.
+const forkDigestLength = 4
+
+// writes peer's current context for the expected payload to the stream.
+func writeContextToStream(objCtx []byte, stream network.Stream, chain common.IBlockChain) error {
+	_, err := stream.Write(objCtx)
+	return err
+}
+
+// reads any attached context-bytes to the payload.
+func readContextFromStream(stream network.Stream) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Read context (fork-digest) from stream
+	b := make([]byte, forkDigestLength)
+	if _, err := stream.Read(b); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+// retrieve expected context depending on rpc topic schema version.
+func rpcContext(stream network.Stream, chain common.IBlockChain) ([]byte, error) {
+	_, _, version, err := p2p.TopicDeconstructor(string(stream.Protocol()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	switch version {
+	case p2p.SchemaVersionV1:
+		// Return empty context for a v1 method.
+		return []byte{}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid version of %s registered for topic: %s")
+	}
+}
+
+// Minimal interface for a stream with a protocol.
+type withProtocol interface {
+	Protocol() protocol.ID
+}
+
+// Validates that the rpc topic matches the provided version.
+func validateVersion(version string, stream withProtocol) error {
+	_, _, streamVersion, err := p2p.TopicDeconstructor(string(stream.Protocol()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if streamVersion != version {
+		return errors.Errorf("stream version of %s doesn't match provided version %s", streamVersion, version)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/deadlines.go b/internal/sync/deadlines.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fca67fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/deadlines.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+)
+
+var defaultReadDuration = ttfbTimeout
+var defaultWriteDuration = respTimeout // RESP_TIMEOUT
+
+// SetRPCStreamDeadlines sets read and write deadlines for libp2p-based connection streams.
+func SetRPCStreamDeadlines(stream network.Stream) {
+	SetStreamReadDeadline(stream, defaultReadDuration)
+	SetStreamWriteDeadline(stream, defaultWriteDuration)
+}
+
+// SetStreamReadDeadline for reading from libp2p connection streams, deciding when to close
+// a connection based on a particular duration.
+//
+// NOTE: libp2p uses the system clock time for determining the deadline so we use
+// time.Now() instead of the synchronized roughtime.Now(). If the system
+// time is corrupted (i.e. time does not advance), the node will experience
+// issues being able to properly close streams, leading to unexpected failures and possible
+// memory leaks.
+func SetStreamReadDeadline(stream network.Stream, duration time.Duration) {
+	if err := stream.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(duration)); err != nil &&
+		!strings.Contains(err.Error(), "stream closed") {
+		log.Debug("Could not set stream deadline", "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), "protocol", stream.Protocol(), "direction", stream.Stat().Direction, "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// SetStreamWriteDeadline for writing to libp2p connection streams, deciding when to close
+// a connection based on a particular duration.
+//
+// NOTE: libp2p uses the system clock time for determining the deadline so we use
+// time.Now() instead of the synchronized roughtime.Now(). If the system
+// time is corrupted (i.e. time does not advance), the node will experience
+// issues being able to properly close streams, leading to unexpected failures and possible
+// memory leaks.
+func SetStreamWriteDeadline(stream network.Stream, duration time.Duration) {
+	if err := stream.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(duration)); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not set stream deadline", "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), "protocol", stream.Protocol(), "direction", stream.Stat().Direction, "err", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/decode_pubsub.go b/internal/sync/decode_pubsub.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f7d6c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/decode_pubsub.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"strings"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+var errNilPubsubMessage = errors.New("nil pubsub message")
+var errInvalidTopic = errors.New("invalid topic format")
+
+func (s *Service) decodePubsubMessage(msg *pubsub.Message) (ssz.Unmarshaler, error) {
+	if msg == nil || msg.Topic == nil || *msg.Topic == "" {
+		return nil, errNilPubsubMessage
+	}
+	topic := *msg.Topic
+	//todo
+	_, err := p2p.ExtractGossipDigest(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "extraction failed for topic: %s", topic)
+	}
+	topic = strings.TrimSuffix(topic, s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix())
+	topic, err = s.replaceForkDigest(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	base := p2p.GossipTopicMappings(topic)
+	if base == nil {
+		return nil, p2p.ErrMessageNotMapped
+	}
+	m, ok := proto.Clone(base).(ssz.Unmarshaler)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("message of %T does not support marshaller interface", base)
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().DecodeGossip(msg.Data, m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+// Replaces our fork digest with the formatter.
+func (_ *Service) replaceForkDigest(topic string) (string, error) {
+	subStrings := strings.Split(topic, "/")
+	if len(subStrings) != 4 {
+		return "", errInvalidTopic
+	}
+	subStrings[2] = "%x"
+	return strings.Join(subStrings, "/"), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/error.go b/internal/sync/error.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64470b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/encoder"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+)
+
+var responseCodeSuccess = byte(0x00)
+var responseCodeInvalidRequest = byte(0x01)
+var responseCodeServerError = byte(0x02)
+
+func (s *Service) generateErrorResponse(code byte, reason string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return createErrorResponse(code, reason, s.cfg.p2p)
+}
+
+// ReadStatusCode response from a RPC stream.
+func ReadStatusCode(stream network.Stream, encoding encoder.NetworkEncoding) (uint8, string, error) {
+	// Set ttfb deadline.
+	SetStreamReadDeadline(stream, ttfbTimeout)
+	b := make([]byte, 1)
+	_, err := stream.Read(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", err
+	}
+
+	if b[0] == responseCodeSuccess {
+		// Set response deadline on a successful response code.
+		SetStreamReadDeadline(stream, respTimeout)
+
+		return 0, "", nil
+	}
+
+	// Set response deadline, when reading error message.
+	SetStreamReadDeadline(stream, respTimeout)
+	msg := &p2ptypes.ErrorMessage{}
+	if err := encoding.DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, msg); err != nil {
+		return 0, "", err
+	}
+
+	return b[0], string(*msg), nil
+}
+
+func writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCode byte, reason string, stream libp2pcore.Stream, encoder p2p.EncodingProvider) {
+	resp, err := createErrorResponse(responseCode, reason, encoder)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not generate a response error", "err", err)
+	} else if _, err := stream.Write(resp); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not write to stream", "err", err)
+	} else {
+		// If sending the error message succeeded, close to send an EOF.
+		closeStream(stream)
+	}
+}
+
+func createErrorResponse(code byte, reason string, encoder p2p.EncodingProvider) ([]byte, error) {
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{code})
+	errMsg := p2ptypes.ErrorMessage(reason)
+	if _, err := encoder.Encoding().EncodeWithMaxLength(buf, &errMsg); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// reads data from the stream without applying any timeouts.
+func readStatusCodeNoDeadline(stream network.Stream, encoding encoder.NetworkEncoding) (uint8, string, error) {
+	b := make([]byte, 1)
+	_, err := stream.Read(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", err
+	}
+
+	if b[0] == responseCodeSuccess {
+		return 0, "", nil
+	}
+
+	msg := &p2ptypes.ErrorMessage{}
+	if err := encoding.DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, msg); err != nil {
+		return 0, "", err
+	}
+
+	return b[0], string(*msg), nil
+}
+
+// only returns true for errors that are valid (no resets or expectedEOF errors).
+func isValidStreamError(err error) bool {
+	// check the error message itself as well as libp2p doesn't currently
+	// return the correct error type from Close{Read,Write,}.
+	return err != nil && !errors.Is(err, network.ErrReset) && err.Error() != network.ErrReset.Error()
+}
+
+func closeStream(stream network.Stream) {
+	if err := stream.Close(); isValidStreamError(err) {
+		log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Could not reset stream with protocol %s", stream.Protocol()), "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func closeStreamAndWait(stream network.Stream) {
+	if err := stream.CloseWrite(); err != nil {
+		_err := stream.Reset()
+		_ = _err
+		if isValidStreamError(err) {
+			log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Could not reset stream with protocol %s", stream.Protocol()), "err", err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	// Wait for the remote side to respond.
+	//
+	// 1. On success, we expect to read an EOF (remote side received our
+	//    response and closed the stream.
+	// 2. On failure (e.g., disconnect), we expect to receive an error.
+	// 3. If the remote side misbehaves, we may receive data.
+	//
+	// However, regardless of what happens, we just close the stream and
+	// walk away. We only read to wait for a response, we close regardless.
+	_, _err := stream.Read([]byte{0})
+	_ = _err
+	_err = stream.Close()
+	_ = _err
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20f178c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher.go
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/rand"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	leakybucket "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket"
+	astsync "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/sync"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+const (
+	// maxPendingRequests limits how many concurrent fetch request one can initiate.
+	maxPendingRequests = 64
+	// peersPercentagePerRequest caps percentage of peers to be used in a request.
+	peersPercentagePerRequest = 0.75
+	// handshakePollingInterval is a polling interval for checking the number of received handshakes.
+	handshakePollingInterval = 5 * time.Second
+	// peerLocksPollingInterval is a polling interval for checking if there are stale peer locks.
+	peerLocksPollingInterval = 5 * time.Minute
+	// peerLockMaxAge is maximum time before stale lock is purged.
+	peerLockMaxAge = 60 * time.Minute
+	// peerFilterCapacityWeight defines how peer's capacity affects peer's score. Provided as
+	// percentage, i.e. 0.3 means capacity will determine 30% of peer's score.
+	peerFilterCapacityWeight = 0.2
+)
+
+var (
+	errNoPeersAvailable      = errors.New("no peers available, waiting for reconnect")
+	errFetcherCtxIsDone      = errors.New("fetcher's context is done, reinitialize")
+	errBlockNrIsTooHigh      = errors.New("block number is higher than the target block number")
+	errBlockAlreadyProcessed = errors.New("block is already processed")
+	errParentDoesNotExist    = errors.New("node doesn't have a parent in db with root")
+	errNoPeersWithAltBlocks  = errors.New("no peers with alternative blocks found")
+)
+
+// blocksFetcherConfig is a config to setup the block fetcher.
+type blocksFetcherConfig struct {
+	chain                    common.IBlockChain
+	p2p                      p2p.P2P
+	peerFilterCapacityWeight float64
+	mode                     syncMode
+}
+
+// blocksFetcher is a service to fetch chain data from peers.
+// On an incoming requests, requested block range is evenly divided
+// among available peers (for fair network load distribution).
+type blocksFetcher struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	ctx             context.Context
+	cancel          context.CancelFunc
+	rand            *rand.Rand
+	chain           common.IBlockChain
+	p2p             p2p.P2P
+	blocksPerPeriod uint64
+	rateLimiter     *leakybucket.Collector
+	peerLocks       map[peer.ID]*peerLock
+	fetchRequests   chan *fetchRequestParams
+	fetchResponses  chan *fetchRequestResponse
+	capacityWeight  float64       // how remaining capacity affects peer selection
+	mode            syncMode      // allows to use fetcher in different sync scenarios
+	quit            chan struct{} // termination notifier
+}
+
+// peerLock restricts fetcher actions on per peer basis. Currently, used for rate limiting.
+type peerLock struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	accessed time.Time
+}
+
+// fetchRequestParams holds parameters necessary to schedule a fetch request.
+type fetchRequestParams struct {
+	ctx   context.Context // if provided, it is used instead of global fetcher's context
+	start *uint256.Int    // starting slot
+	count uint64          // how many slots to receive (fetcher may return fewer slots)
+}
+
+// fetchRequestResponse is a combined type to hold results of both successful executions and errors.
+// Valid usage pattern will be to check whether result's `err` is nil, before using `blocks`.
+type fetchRequestResponse struct {
+	pid    peer.ID
+	start  *uint256.Int
+	count  uint64
+	blocks []*types_pb.Block
+	err    error
+}
+
+// newBlocksFetcher creates ready to use fetcher.
+func newBlocksFetcher(ctx context.Context, cfg *blocksFetcherConfig) *blocksFetcher {
+
+	// Initialize block limits.
+	allowedBlocksPerSecond := float64(cfg.p2p.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimit)
+	allowedBlocksBurst := int64(cfg.p2p.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimitBurstFactor * cfg.p2p.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimit)
+
+	blockLimiterPeriod := time.Duration(cfg.p2p.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimiterPeriod) * time.Second
+
+	// Allow fetcher to go almost to the full burst capacity (less a single batch).
+	//rateLimiter := leakybucket.NewCollector(allowedBlocksPerSecond, allowedBlocksBurst-allowedBlocksBurst, blockLimiterPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+	rateLimiter := leakybucket.NewCollector(allowedBlocksPerSecond, allowedBlocksBurst, blockLimiterPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+
+	capacityWeight := cfg.peerFilterCapacityWeight
+	if capacityWeight >= 1 {
+		capacityWeight = peerFilterCapacityWeight
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	return &blocksFetcher{
+		ctx:             ctx,
+		cancel:          cancel,
+		rand:            rand.NewGenerator(),
+		chain:           cfg.chain,
+		p2p:             cfg.p2p,
+		blocksPerPeriod: uint64(allowedBlocksPerSecond),
+		rateLimiter:     rateLimiter,
+		peerLocks:       make(map[peer.ID]*peerLock),
+		fetchRequests:   make(chan *fetchRequestParams, maxPendingRequests),
+		fetchResponses:  make(chan *fetchRequestResponse, maxPendingRequests),
+		capacityWeight:  capacityWeight,
+		mode:            cfg.mode,
+		quit:            make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// start boots up the fetcher, which starts listening for incoming fetch requests.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) start() error {
+	select {
+	case <-f.ctx.Done():
+		return errFetcherCtxIsDone
+	default:
+		go f.loop()
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// stop terminates all fetcher operations.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) stop() {
+	defer func() {
+		if f.rateLimiter != nil {
+			f.rateLimiter.Free()
+			f.rateLimiter = nil
+		}
+	}()
+	f.cancel()
+	<-f.quit // make sure that loop() is done
+}
+
+// requestResponses exposes a channel into which fetcher pushes generated request responses.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) requestResponses() <-chan *fetchRequestResponse {
+	return f.fetchResponses
+}
+
+// loop is a main fetcher loop, listens for incoming requests/cancellations, forwards outgoing responses.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) loop() {
+	defer close(f.quit)
+
+	// Wait for all loop's goroutines to finish, and safely release resources.
+	wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
+	defer func() {
+		wg.Wait()
+		close(f.fetchResponses)
+	}()
+
+	// Periodically remove stale peer locks.
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(peerLocksPollingInterval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				f.removeStalePeerLocks(peerLockMaxAge)
+			case <-f.ctx.Done():
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Main loop.
+	for {
+		// Make sure there is are available peers before processing requests.
+		if _, err := f.waitForMinimumPeers(f.ctx); err != nil {
+			log.Error("cannot wait peers", "err", err)
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-f.ctx.Done():
+			log.Debug("Context closed, exiting goroutine (blocks fetcher)")
+			return
+		case req := <-f.fetchRequests:
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func() {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				select {
+				case <-f.ctx.Done():
+				case f.fetchResponses <- f.handleRequest(req.ctx, req.start, req.count):
+				}
+			}()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// scheduleRequest adds request to incoming queue.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) scheduleRequest(ctx context.Context, start *uint256.Int, count uint64) error {
+	if ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}
+
+	request := &fetchRequestParams{
+		ctx:   ctx,
+		start: start,
+		count: count,
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-f.ctx.Done():
+		return errFetcherCtxIsDone
+	case f.fetchRequests <- request:
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// handleRequest parses fetch request and forwards it to response builder.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) handleRequest(ctx context.Context, start *uint256.Int, count uint64) *fetchRequestResponse {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "initialsync.handleRequest")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	response := &fetchRequestResponse{
+		start:  start,
+		count:  count,
+		blocks: []*types_pb.Block{},
+		err:    nil,
+	}
+
+	if ctx.Err() != nil {
+		response.err = ctx.Err()
+		return response
+	}
+
+	_, peers := f.p2p.Peers().BestPeers(f.p2p.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers, f.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+	if len(peers) == 0 {
+		response.err = errNoPeersAvailable
+		return response
+	}
+
+	response.blocks, response.pid, response.err = f.fetchBlocksFromPeer(ctx, start, count, peers)
+	return response
+}
+
+// fetchBlocksFromPeer fetches blocks from a single randomly selected peer.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) fetchBlocksFromPeer(ctx context.Context, start *uint256.Int, count uint64, peers []peer.ID) ([]*types_pb.Block, peer.ID, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "initialsync.fetchBlocksFromPeer")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	peers = f.filterPeers(ctx, peers, peersPercentagePerRequest)
+	req := &sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest{
+		StartBlockNumber: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(start),
+		Count:            count,
+		Step:             1,
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(peers); i++ {
+		blocks, err := f.requestBlocks(ctx, req, peers[i])
+		if err == nil {
+			f.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BlockProviderScorer().Touch(peers[i])
+			return blocks, peers[i], err
+		} else {
+			log.Warn("Could not request blocks by range", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, "", errNoPeersAvailable
+}
+
+// requestBlocks is a wrapper for handling BeaconBlocksByRangeRequest requests/streams.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) requestBlocks(ctx context.Context, req *sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest, pid peer.ID) ([]*types_pb.Block, error) {
+	if ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	}
+	l := f.peerLock(pid)
+	l.Lock()
+	log.Debug("Requesting blocks",
+		"peer", pid,
+		"start", utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(req.StartBlockNumber).Uint64(),
+		"count", req.Count,
+		"step", req.Step,
+		"capacity", f.rateLimiter.Remaining(pid.String()),
+		"score", f.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BlockProviderScorer().FormatScorePretty(pid),
+	)
+
+	if f.rateLimiter.Remaining(pid.String()) < int64(req.Count) {
+		if err := f.waitForBandwidth(pid, req.Count); err != nil {
+			l.Unlock()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	f.rateLimiter.Add(pid.String(), int64(req.Count))
+	l.Unlock()
+	return astsync.SendBodiesByRangeRequest(ctx, f.chain, f.p2p, pid, req, nil)
+}
+
+// waitForBandwidth blocks up until peer's bandwidth is restored.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) waitForBandwidth(pid peer.ID, count uint64) error {
+
+	rem := f.rateLimiter.Remaining(pid.String())
+	if uint64(rem) >= count {
+		// Exit early if we have sufficient capacity
+		return nil
+	}
+	//todo
+	//intCount, err := math.Int(count)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	toWait := timeToWait(int64(count), rem, f.rateLimiter.Capacity(), f.rateLimiter.TillEmpty(pid.String()))
+	timer := time.NewTimer(toWait)
+
+	log.Debug("Slowing down for rate limit", "peer", pid, "timeToWait", common.PrettyDuration(toWait))
+	defer timer.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-f.ctx.Done():
+		return errFetcherCtxIsDone
+	case <-timer.C:
+		// Peer has gathered enough capacity to be polled again.
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Determine how long it will take for us to have the required number of blocks allowed by our rate limiter.
+// We do this by calculating the duration till the rate limiter can request these blocks without exceeding
+// the provided bandwidth limits per peer.
+func timeToWait(wanted, rem, capacity int64, timeTillEmpty time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	// Defensive check if we have more than enough blocks
+	// to request from the peer.
+	if rem >= wanted {
+		return 0
+	}
+	// Handle edge case where capacity is equal to the remaining amount
+	// of blocks. This also handles the impossible case in where remaining blocks
+	// exceed the limiter's capacity.
+	if capacity <= rem {
+		return 0
+	}
+	blocksNeeded := wanted - rem
+	currentNumBlks := capacity - rem
+	expectedTime := int64(timeTillEmpty) * blocksNeeded / currentNumBlks
+	return time.Duration(expectedTime)
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher_peers.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher_peers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..115af56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher_peers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers/scorers"
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// peerLock returns peer lock for a given peer. If lock is not found, it is created.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) peerLock(pid peer.ID) *peerLock {
+	f.Lock()
+	defer f.Unlock()
+	if lock, ok := f.peerLocks[pid]; ok && lock != nil {
+		lock.accessed = time.Now()
+		return lock
+	}
+	f.peerLocks[pid] = &peerLock{
+		Mutex:    sync.Mutex{},
+		accessed: time.Now(),
+	}
+	return f.peerLocks[pid]
+}
+
+// removeStalePeerLocks is a cleanup procedure which removes stale locks.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) removeStalePeerLocks(age time.Duration) {
+	f.Lock()
+	defer f.Unlock()
+	for peerID, lock := range f.peerLocks {
+		if time.Since(lock.accessed) >= age {
+			lock.Lock()
+			delete(f.peerLocks, peerID)
+			lock.Unlock()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// selectFailOverPeer randomly selects fail over peer from the list of available peers.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) selectFailOverPeer(excludedPID peer.ID, peers []peer.ID) (peer.ID, error) {
+	if len(peers) == 0 {
+		return "", errNoPeersAvailable
+	}
+	if len(peers) == 1 && peers[0] == excludedPID {
+		return "", errNoPeersAvailable
+	}
+
+	ind := f.rand.Int() % len(peers)
+	if peers[ind] == excludedPID {
+		return f.selectFailOverPeer(excludedPID, append(peers[:ind], peers[ind+1:]...))
+	}
+	return peers[ind], nil
+}
+
+// waitForMinimumPeers spins and waits up until enough peers are available.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) waitForMinimumPeers(ctx context.Context) ([]peer.ID, error) {
+	required := f.p2p.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers
+	for {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		}
+		_, peers := f.p2p.Peers().BestPeers(f.p2p.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers, f.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+		if len(peers) >= required {
+			return peers, nil
+		}
+		log.Info("Waiting for enough suitable peers before syncing （blocksFetcher）", "suitable", len(peers), "required", required)
+		time.Sleep(handshakePollingInterval)
+	}
+}
+
+// filterPeers returns transformed list of peers, weight sorted by scores and capacity remaining.
+// List can be further constrained using peersPercentage, where only percentage of peers are returned.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) filterPeers(ctx context.Context, peers []peer.ID, peersPercentage float64) []peer.ID {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "initialsync.filterPeers")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	if len(peers) == 0 {
+		return peers
+	}
+
+	// Sort peers using both block provider score and, custom, capacity based score (see
+	// peerFilterCapacityWeight if you want to give different weights to provider's and capacity
+	// scores).
+	// Scores produced are used as weights, so peers are ordered probabilistically i.e. peer with
+	// a higher score has higher chance to end up higher in the list.
+	scorer := f.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BlockProviderScorer()
+	peers = scorer.WeightSorted(f.rand, peers, func(peerID peer.ID, blockProviderScore float64) float64 {
+		remaining, capacity := float64(f.rateLimiter.Remaining(peerID.String())), float64(f.rateLimiter.Capacity())
+		// When capacity is close to exhaustion, allow less performant peer to take a chance.
+		// Otherwise, there's a good chance system will be forced to wait for rate limiter.
+		if remaining < float64(f.blocksPerPeriod) {
+			return 0.0
+		}
+		capScore := remaining / capacity
+		overallScore := blockProviderScore*(1.0-f.capacityWeight) + capScore*f.capacityWeight
+		return math.Round(overallScore*scorers.ScoreRoundingFactor) / scorers.ScoreRoundingFactor
+	})
+
+	return trimPeers(peers, peersPercentage, f.p2p.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers)
+}
+
+// trimPeers limits peer list, returning only specified percentage of peers.
+// Takes system constraints into account (min/max peers to sync).
+func trimPeers(peers []peer.ID, peersPercentage float64, MinSyncPeers int) []peer.ID {
+	// todo
+	required := MinSyncPeers
+	// Weak/slow peers will be pushed down the list and trimmed since only percentage of peers is selected.
+	limit := math.Round(float64(len(peers)) * peersPercentage)
+	// Limit cannot be less that minimum peers required by sync mechanism.
+	limit = math.Max(limit, float64(required))
+	// Limit cannot be higher than number of peers available (safe-guard).
+	limit = math.Min(limit, float64(len(peers)))
+
+	limit = math.Floor(limit)
+
+	return peers[:uint64(limit)]
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher_utils.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher_utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eac97c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_fetcher_utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// forkData represents alternative chain path supported by a given peer.
+// Blocks are stored in an ascending slot order. The first block is guaranteed to have parent
+// either in DB or initial sync cache.
+type forkData struct {
+	peer   peer.ID
+	blocks []*types_pb.Block
+}
+
+// nonSkippedSlotAfter checks slots after the given one in an attempt to find a non-empty future slot.
+// For efficiency only one random slot is checked per epoch, so returned slot might not be the first
+// non-skipped slot. This shouldn't be a problem, as in case of adversary peer, we might get incorrect
+// data anyway, so code that relies on this function must be robust enough to re-request, if no progress
+// is possible with a returned value.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) nonSkippedSlotAfter(ctx context.Context, blockNr *uint256.Int) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "initialsync.nonSkippedSlotAfter")
+	defer span.End()
+	//todo
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// findFork queries all peers that have higher head slot, in an attempt to find
+// ones that feature blocks from alternative branches. Once found, peer is further queried
+// to find common ancestor slot. On success, all obtained blocks and peer is returned.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) findFork(ctx context.Context, blockNr *uint256.Int) (*forkData, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "initialsync.findFork")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	return nil, errNoPeersWithAltBlocks
+}
+
+// findForkWithPeer loads some blocks from a peer in an attempt to find alternative blocks.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) findForkWithPeer(ctx context.Context, pid peer.ID, blockNr *uint256.Int) (*forkData, error) {
+
+	//fork, err := f.findAncestor(ctx, pid, blockNr)
+	return nil, errors.New("no alternative blocks exist within scanned range")
+}
+
+// findAncestor tries to figure out common ancestor slot that connects a given root to known block.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) findAncestor(ctx context.Context, pid peer.ID, b *types_pb.Block) (*forkData, error) {
+
+	return nil, errors.New("no common ancestor found")
+}
+
+// bestFinalizedSlot returns the highest finalized slot of the majority of connected peers.
+func (f *blocksFetcher) bestFinalizedBlockNr() *uint256.Int {
+	finalizedBlockNr, _ := f.p2p.Peers().BestPeers(f.p2p.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers, f.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+	return finalizedBlockNr
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_queue.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_queue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e58974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_queue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	astsync "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/sync"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+const (
+	// queueStopCallTimeout is time allowed for queue to release resources when quitting.
+	queueStopCallTimeout = 1 * time.Second
+	// pollingInterval defines how often state machine needs to check for new events.
+	pollingInterval = 200 * time.Millisecond
+	// staleEpochTimeout is an period after which epoch's state is considered stale.
+	staleEpochTimeout = 1 * time.Second
+	// skippedMachineTimeout is a period after which skipped machine is considered as stuck
+	// and is reset (if machine is the last one, then all machines are reset and search for
+	// skipped slot or backtracking takes place).
+	skippedMachineTimeout = 10 * staleEpochTimeout
+	// lookaheadSteps is a limit on how many forward steps are loaded into queue.
+	// Each step is managed by assigned finite state machine. Must be >= 2.
+	lookaheadSteps = 2
+	// noRequiredPeersErrMaxRetries defines number of retries when no required peers are found.
+	noRequiredPeersErrMaxRetries = 1000
+	// noRequiredPeersErrRefreshInterval defines interval for which queue will be paused before
+	// making the next attempt to obtain data.
+	noRequiredPeersErrRefreshInterval = 15 * time.Second
+	// maxResetAttempts number of times stale FSM is reset, before backtracking is triggered.
+	maxResetAttempts = 4
+	// startBackSlots defines number of slots before the current head, which defines a start position
+	// of the initial machine. This allows more robustness in case of normal sync sets head to some
+	// orphaned block: in that case starting earlier and re-fetching blocks allows to reorganize chain.
+	//startBackSlots = 32
+)
+
+var (
+	errQueueCtxIsDone             = errors.New("queue's context is done, reinitialize")
+	errQueueTakesTooLongToStop    = errors.New("queue takes too long to stop")
+	errInvalidInitialState        = errors.New("invalid initial state")
+	errInputNotFetchRequestParams = errors.New("input data is not type *fetchRequestParams")
+	errNoRequiredPeers            = errors.New("no peers with required blocks are found")
+)
+
+const (
+	modeStopOnFinalizedEpoch syncMode = iota
+	modeNonConstrained
+)
+
+// syncMode specifies sync mod type.
+type syncMode uint8
+
+// blocksQueueConfig is a config to setup block queue service.
+type blocksQueueConfig struct {
+	blocksFetcher          *blocksFetcher
+	chain                  common.IBlockChain
+	highestExpectedBlockNr *uint256.Int
+	p2p                    p2p.P2P
+	mode                   syncMode
+}
+
+// blocksQueue is a priority queue that serves as a intermediary between block fetchers (producers)
+// and block processing goroutine (consumer). Consumer can rely on order of incoming blocks.
+type blocksQueue struct {
+	ctx                    context.Context
+	cancel                 context.CancelFunc
+	smm                    *stateMachineManager
+	blocksFetcher          *blocksFetcher
+	chain                  common.IBlockChain
+	highestExpectedBlockNr *uint256.Int
+	mode                   syncMode
+	exitConditions         struct {
+		noRequiredPeersErrRetries int
+	}
+	fetchedData chan *blocksQueueFetchedData // output channel for ready blocks
+	quit        chan struct{}                // termination notifier
+}
+
+// blocksQueueFetchedData is a data container that is returned from a queue on each step.
+type blocksQueueFetchedData struct {
+	pid    peer.ID
+	blocks []*types_pb.Block
+}
+
+// newBlocksQueue creates initialized priority queue.
+func newBlocksQueue(ctx context.Context, cfg *blocksQueueConfig) *blocksQueue {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	blocksFetcher := cfg.blocksFetcher
+	if blocksFetcher == nil {
+		blocksFetcher = newBlocksFetcher(ctx, &blocksFetcherConfig{
+			chain: cfg.chain,
+			p2p:   cfg.p2p,
+		})
+	}
+	highestExpectedBlockNr := cfg.highestExpectedBlockNr
+
+	// Override fetcher's sync mode.
+	blocksFetcher.mode = cfg.mode
+
+	queue := &blocksQueue{
+		ctx:                    ctx,
+		cancel:                 cancel,
+		highestExpectedBlockNr: highestExpectedBlockNr,
+		blocksFetcher:          blocksFetcher,
+		chain:                  cfg.chain,
+		mode:                   cfg.mode,
+		fetchedData:            make(chan *blocksQueueFetchedData, 1),
+		quit:                   make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+
+	// Configure state machines.
+	queue.smm = newStateMachineManager()
+	queue.smm.addEventHandler(eventTick, stateNew, queue.onScheduleEvent(ctx))
+	queue.smm.addEventHandler(eventDataReceived, stateScheduled, queue.onDataReceivedEvent(ctx))
+	queue.smm.addEventHandler(eventTick, stateDataParsed, queue.onReadyToSendEvent(ctx))
+	queue.smm.addEventHandler(eventTick, stateSkipped, queue.onProcessSkippedEvent(ctx))
+	queue.smm.addEventHandler(eventTick, stateSent, queue.onCheckStaleEvent(ctx))
+
+	return queue
+}
+
+// start boots up the queue processing.
+func (q *blocksQueue) start() error {
+	select {
+	case <-q.ctx.Done():
+		return errQueueCtxIsDone
+	default:
+		go q.loop()
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// stop terminates all queue operations.
+func (q *blocksQueue) stop() error {
+	q.cancel()
+	select {
+	case <-q.quit:
+		return nil
+	case <-time.After(queueStopCallTimeout):
+		return errQueueTakesTooLongToStop
+	}
+}
+
+// loop is a main queue loop.
+func (q *blocksQueue) loop() {
+	defer close(q.quit)
+
+	defer func() {
+		q.blocksFetcher.stop()
+		close(q.fetchedData)
+	}()
+
+	if err := q.blocksFetcher.start(); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Can not start blocks provider", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	// Define initial state machines.
+	// currentblock update?
+	startBlockNr := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(q.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), 1)
+	blocksPerRequest := q.blocksFetcher.blocksPerPeriod
+	for i := startBlockNr.Clone(); i.Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startBlockNr, blocksPerRequest*lookaheadSteps)) == -1; i = i.AddUint64(i, blocksPerRequest) {
+		q.smm.addStateMachine(i)
+	}
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(pollingInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		if waitHighestExpectedBlockNr(q) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		log.Trace("tick",
+			"highestExpectedBlockNr", q.highestExpectedBlockNr,
+			"ourBlockNr", q.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(),
+			"state", q.smm.String(),
+		)
+
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			for _, key := range q.smm.keys {
+				fsm := q.smm.machines[key.Uint64()]
+				if err := fsm.trigger(eventTick, nil); err != nil {
+					log.Debug("Can not trigger event",
+						"highestExpectedBlockNr", q.highestExpectedBlockNr,
+						"noRequiredPeersErrRetries", q.exitConditions.noRequiredPeersErrRetries,
+						"event", eventTick,
+						"start", fsm.start,
+						"error", err.Error(),
+					)
+					if errors.Is(err, errNoRequiredPeers) {
+						forceExit := q.exitConditions.noRequiredPeersErrRetries > noRequiredPeersErrMaxRetries
+						if forceExit {
+							q.cancel()
+						} else {
+							q.exitConditions.noRequiredPeersErrRetries++
+							log.Debug("Waiting for finalized peers")
+							time.Sleep(noRequiredPeersErrRefreshInterval)
+						}
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+				// Do garbage collection, and advance sliding window forward.
+				if q.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(fsm.start, blocksPerRequest-1)) >= 0 {
+					highestStartSlot, err := q.smm.highestStartSlot()
+					if err != nil {
+						log.Debug("Cannot obtain highest epoch state number", "err", err)
+						continue
+					}
+					if err := q.smm.removeStateMachine(fsm.start); err != nil {
+						log.Debug("Can not remove state machine", "err", err)
+					}
+					if len(q.smm.machines) < lookaheadSteps {
+						q.smm.addStateMachine(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(highestStartSlot, blocksPerRequest))
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		case response, ok := <-q.blocksFetcher.requestResponses():
+			if !ok {
+				log.Debug("Fetcher closed output channel")
+				q.cancel()
+				return
+			}
+			// Update state of an epoch for which data is received.
+			if fsm, ok := q.smm.findStateMachine(response.start); ok {
+				if err := fsm.trigger(eventDataReceived, response); err != nil {
+					log.Debug("Can not process event",
+						"event", eventDataReceived,
+						"start", fsm.start,
+						"error", err.Error(),
+					)
+					fsm.setState(stateNew)
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+		case <-q.ctx.Done():
+			log.Debug("Context closed, exiting goroutine (blocks queue)")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func waitHighestExpectedBlockNr(q *blocksQueue) bool {
+	// Check highest expected blockNr when we approach chain's head slot.
+	if q.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Cmp(q.highestExpectedBlockNr) >= 0 {
+		// By the time initial sync is complete, highest slot may increase, re-check.
+		targetBlockNr := q.blocksFetcher.bestFinalizedBlockNr()
+		if q.highestExpectedBlockNr.Cmp(targetBlockNr) == -1 {
+			q.highestExpectedBlockNr = targetBlockNr
+			return true
+		}
+		log.Debug("Highest expected blockNr reached", "blockNr", targetBlockNr)
+		q.cancel()
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// onScheduleEvent is an event called on newly arrived epochs. Transforms state to scheduled.
+func (q *blocksQueue) onScheduleEvent(ctx context.Context) eventHandlerFn {
+	return func(m *stateMachine, in interface{}) (stateID, error) {
+		if m.state != stateNew {
+			return m.state, errInvalidInitialState
+		}
+		if m.start.Cmp(q.highestExpectedBlockNr) == 1 {
+			m.setState(stateSkipped)
+			return m.state, errBlockNrIsTooHigh
+		}
+		blocksPerRequest := q.blocksFetcher.blocksPerPeriod
+		if q.highestExpectedBlockNr.Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(m.start, blocksPerRequest)) < 0 {
+			blocksPerRequest = new(uint256.Int).Sub(q.highestExpectedBlockNr, m.start).Uint64() + 1
+		}
+		if err := q.blocksFetcher.scheduleRequest(ctx, m.start, blocksPerRequest); err != nil {
+			return m.state, err
+		}
+		return stateScheduled, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// onDataReceivedEvent is an event called when data is received from fetcher.
+func (q *blocksQueue) onDataReceivedEvent(ctx context.Context) eventHandlerFn {
+	return func(m *stateMachine, in interface{}) (stateID, error) {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return m.state, ctx.Err()
+		}
+		if m.state != stateScheduled {
+			return m.state, errInvalidInitialState
+		}
+		response, ok := in.(*fetchRequestResponse)
+		if !ok {
+			return m.state, errInputNotFetchRequestParams
+		}
+		if response.err != nil {
+			switch response.err {
+			//todo
+			case errBlockNrIsTooHigh:
+				// Current window is already too big, re-request previous epochs.
+				for _, fsm := range q.smm.machines {
+					if fsm.start.Cmp(response.start) == -1 && fsm.state == stateSkipped {
+						fsm.setState(stateNew)
+					}
+				}
+			case astsync.ErrInvalidFetchedData:
+				// Peer returned invalid data, penalize.
+				q.blocksFetcher.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(m.pid)
+				log.Debug("Peer is penalized for invalid blocks", "pid", response.pid)
+			}
+			return m.state, response.err
+		}
+		m.pid = response.pid
+		m.blocks = response.blocks
+		return stateDataParsed, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// onReadyToSendEvent is an event called to allow epochs with available blocks to send them downstream.
+func (q *blocksQueue) onReadyToSendEvent(ctx context.Context) eventHandlerFn {
+	return func(m *stateMachine, in interface{}) (stateID, error) {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return m.state, ctx.Err()
+		}
+		if m.state != stateDataParsed {
+			return m.state, errInvalidInitialState
+		}
+
+		if len(m.blocks) == 0 {
+			return stateSkipped, nil
+		}
+
+		send := func() (stateID, error) {
+			data := &blocksQueueFetchedData{
+				pid:    m.pid,
+				blocks: m.blocks,
+			}
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return m.state, ctx.Err()
+			case q.fetchedData <- data:
+			}
+			return stateSent, nil
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that we send epochs in a correct order.
+		// If machine is the first (has lowest start block), send.
+		if m.isFirst() {
+			return send()
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that previous epoch is already processed.
+		for _, fsm := range q.smm.machines {
+			// Review only previous slots.
+			if fsm.start.Cmp(m.start) == -1 {
+				switch fsm.state {
+				case stateNew, stateScheduled, stateDataParsed:
+					return m.state, nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return send()
+	}
+}
+
+// onProcessSkippedEvent is an event triggered on skipped machines, allowing handlers to
+// extend lookahead window, in case where progress is not possible otherwise.
+func (q *blocksQueue) onProcessSkippedEvent(ctx context.Context) eventHandlerFn {
+	return func(m *stateMachine, in interface{}) (stateID, error) {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return m.state, ctx.Err()
+		}
+		if m.state != stateSkipped {
+			return m.state, errInvalidInitialState
+		}
+
+		// Only the highest epoch with skipped state can trigger extension.
+		if !m.isLast() {
+			// When a state machine stays in skipped state for too long - reset it.
+			if time.Since(m.updated) > skippedMachineTimeout {
+				return stateNew, nil
+			}
+			return m.state, nil
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that all machines are in skipped state i.e. manager cannot progress without reset or
+		// moving the last machine's start block forward (in an attempt to find next non-skipped block).
+		if !q.smm.allMachinesInState(stateSkipped) {
+			return m.state, nil
+		}
+
+		// Check if we have enough peers to progress, or sync needs to halt (due to no peers available).
+		//bestFinalizedSlot := q.blocksFetcher.bestFinalizedBlockNr()
+		if q.blocksFetcher.bestFinalizedBlockNr().Cmp(q.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64()) >= 0 {
+			return stateSkipped, errNoRequiredPeers
+		}
+
+		// All machines are skipped, FSMs need reset.
+		startBlockNr := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(q.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), 1)
+
+		//todo q.blocksFetcher.findFork(ctx, startSlot)
+
+		return stateSkipped, q.resetFromBlockNr(ctx, startBlockNr)
+	}
+}
+
+// onCheckStaleEvent is an event that allows to mark stale epochs,
+// so that they can be re-processed.
+func (_ *blocksQueue) onCheckStaleEvent(ctx context.Context) eventHandlerFn {
+	return func(m *stateMachine, in interface{}) (stateID, error) {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return m.state, ctx.Err()
+		}
+		if m.state != stateSent {
+			return m.state, errInvalidInitialState
+		}
+
+		// Break out immediately if bucket is not stale.
+		if time.Since(m.updated) < staleEpochTimeout {
+			return m.state, nil
+		}
+
+		return stateSkipped, nil
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_queue_utils.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_queue_utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e761c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/blocks_queue_utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// resetWithBlocks removes all state machines, then re-adds enough machines to contain all provided
+// blocks (machines are set into stateDataParsed state, so that their content is immediately
+// consumable). It is assumed that blocks come in an ascending order.
+func (q *blocksQueue) resetFromFork(fork *forkData) error {
+	if fork == nil {
+		return errors.New("nil fork data")
+	}
+	if len(fork.blocks) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("no blocks to reset from")
+	}
+	firstBlock := fork.blocks[0]
+	if firstBlock == nil {
+		return errors.New("invalid first block in fork data")
+	}
+
+	blocksPerRequest := q.blocksFetcher.blocksPerPeriod
+	if err := q.smm.removeAllStateMachines(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	firstBlockNr := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(firstBlock.Header.Number)
+	fsm := q.smm.addStateMachine(firstBlockNr)
+	fsm.pid = fork.peer
+	fsm.blocks = fork.blocks
+	fsm.state = stateDataParsed
+
+	// The rest of machines are in skipped state.
+	startBlockNr := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(firstBlockNr, uint64(len(fork.blocks)))
+	for i := startBlockNr.Clone(); i.Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startBlockNr, blocksPerRequest*(lookaheadSteps-1))) == -1; i.AddUint64(i, blocksPerRequest) {
+
+		fsm := q.smm.addStateMachine(i)
+		fsm.state = stateSkipped
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resetFromBlockNr removes all state machines, and re-adds them starting with a given BlockNr.
+func (q *blocksQueue) resetFromBlockNr(ctx context.Context, startBlockNr *uint256.Int) error {
+	// Shift start position of all the machines except for the last one.
+	blocksPerRequest := q.blocksFetcher.blocksPerPeriod
+	if err := q.smm.removeAllStateMachines(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for i := startBlockNr.Clone(); i.Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startBlockNr, blocksPerRequest*(lookaheadSteps-1))) == -1; i.AddUint64(i, blocksPerRequest) {
+		q.smm.addStateMachine(i)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/fsm.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/fsm.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08e4bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/fsm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+const (
+	stateNew stateID = iota
+	stateScheduled
+	stateDataParsed
+	stateSkipped
+	stateSent
+)
+
+const (
+	eventTick eventID = iota
+	eventDataReceived
+)
+
+// stateID is unique handle for a state.
+type stateID uint8
+
+// eventID is unique handle for an event.
+type eventID uint8
+
+// stateMachineManager is a collection of managed FSMs.
+type stateMachineManager struct {
+	// todo
+	keys     []*uint256.Int
+	machines map[uint64]*stateMachine
+	handlers map[stateID]map[eventID]eventHandlerFn
+}
+
+// stateMachine holds a state of a single block processing FSM.
+// Each FSM allows deterministic state transitions: State(S) x Event(E) -> Actions (A), State(S').
+type stateMachine struct {
+	smm     *stateMachineManager
+	start   *uint256.Int
+	state   stateID
+	pid     peer.ID
+	blocks  []*types_pb.Block
+	updated time.Time
+}
+
+// eventHandlerFn is an event handler function's signature.
+type eventHandlerFn func(m *stateMachine, data interface{}) (newState stateID, err error)
+
+// newStateMachineManager returns fully initialized state machine manager.
+func newStateMachineManager() *stateMachineManager {
+	return &stateMachineManager{
+		keys:     make([]*uint256.Int, 0, lookaheadSteps),
+		machines: make(map[uint64]*stateMachine, lookaheadSteps),
+		handlers: make(map[stateID]map[eventID]eventHandlerFn),
+	}
+}
+
+// addHandler attaches an event handler to a state event.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) addEventHandler(event eventID, state stateID, fn eventHandlerFn) {
+	if _, ok := smm.handlers[state]; !ok {
+		smm.handlers[state] = make(map[eventID]eventHandlerFn)
+	}
+	if _, ok := smm.handlers[state][event]; !ok {
+		smm.handlers[state][event] = fn
+	}
+}
+
+// addStateMachine allocates memory for new FSM.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) addStateMachine(startBlockNr *uint256.Int) *stateMachine {
+	smm.machines[startBlockNr.Uint64()] = &stateMachine{
+		smm:     smm,
+		start:   startBlockNr.Clone(),
+		state:   stateNew,
+		blocks:  []*types_pb.Block{},
+		updated: time.Now(),
+	}
+	smm.recalculateMachineAttribs()
+	return smm.machines[startBlockNr.Uint64()]
+}
+
+// removeStateMachine frees memory of a processed/finished FSM.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) removeStateMachine(startSlot *uint256.Int) error {
+	if _, ok := smm.machines[startSlot.Uint64()]; !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("state for machine %v is not found", startSlot)
+	}
+	smm.machines[startSlot.Uint64()].blocks = nil
+	delete(smm.machines, startSlot.Uint64())
+	smm.recalculateMachineAttribs()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// removeAllStateMachines removes all managed machines.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) removeAllStateMachines() error {
+	for _, key := range smm.keys {
+		if err := smm.removeStateMachine(key); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	smm.recalculateMachineAttribs()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// recalculateMachineAttribs updates cached attributes, which are used for efficiency.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) recalculateMachineAttribs() {
+	keys := make([]*uint256.Int, 0, lookaheadSteps)
+	for key := range smm.machines {
+		keys = append(keys, uint256.NewInt(key))
+	}
+	sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return keys[i].Cmp(keys[j]) == -1
+	})
+	smm.keys = keys
+}
+
+// findStateMachine returns a state machine for a given start slot (if exists).
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) findStateMachine(startSlot *uint256.Int) (*stateMachine, bool) {
+	fsm, ok := smm.machines[startSlot.Uint64()]
+	return fsm, ok
+}
+
+// highestStartSlot returns the start slot for the latest known state machine.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) highestStartSlot() (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	if len(smm.keys) == 0 {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0), errors.New("no state machine exist")
+	}
+	key := smm.keys[len(smm.keys)-1]
+	return smm.machines[key.Uint64()].start, nil
+}
+
+// allMachinesInState checks whether all registered state machines are in the same state.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) allMachinesInState(state stateID) bool {
+	if len(smm.machines) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, fsm := range smm.machines {
+		if fsm.state != state {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// String returns human readable representation of a FSM collection.
+func (smm *stateMachineManager) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", smm.machines)
+}
+
+// setState updates the current state of a given state machine.
+func (m *stateMachine) setState(name stateID) {
+	if m.state == name {
+		return
+	}
+	m.state = name
+	m.updated = time.Now()
+}
+
+// trigger invokes the event handler on a given state machine.
+func (m *stateMachine) trigger(event eventID, data interface{}) error {
+	handlers, ok := m.smm.handlers[m.state]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no event handlers registered for event: %v, state: %v", event, m.state)
+	}
+	if handlerFn, ok := handlers[event]; ok {
+		state, err := handlerFn(m, data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		m.setState(state)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isFirst checks whether a given machine has the lowest start slot.
+func (m *stateMachine) isFirst() bool {
+	return m.start == m.smm.keys[0]
+}
+
+// isLast checks whether a given machine has the highest start slot.
+func (m *stateMachine) isLast() bool {
+	return m.start == m.smm.keys[len(m.smm.keys)-1]
+}
+
+// String returns human-readable representation of a FSM state.
+func (m *stateMachine) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{%d:%s}", m.start.Uint64(), m.state)
+}
+
+// String returns human-readable representation of a state.
+func (s stateID) String() string {
+	states := map[stateID]string{
+		stateNew:        "new",
+		stateScheduled:  "scheduled",
+		stateDataParsed: "dataParsed",
+		stateSkipped:    "skipped",
+		stateSent:       "sent",
+	}
+	if _, ok := states[s]; !ok {
+		return "stateUnknown"
+	}
+	return states[s]
+}
+
+// String returns human-readable representation of an event.
+func (e eventID) String() string {
+	events := map[eventID]string{
+		eventTick:         "tick",
+		eventDataReceived: "dataReceived",
+	}
+	if _, ok := events[e]; !ok {
+		return "eventUnknown"
+	}
+	return events[e]
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/log.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/log.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..560c2d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/log.go
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	astLog "github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+)
+
+var log = astLog.New("prefix", "initial-sync")
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/round_robin.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/round_robin.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..422baae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/round_robin.go
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/paulbellamy/ratecounter"
+)
+
+const (
+	// counterSeconds is an interval over which an average rate will be calculated.
+	counterSeconds = 20
+)
+
+// batchBlockReceiverFn defines batch receiving function.
+type batchBlockReceiverFn func(chain []block2.IBlock) (int, error)
+
+// Round Robin sync looks at the latest peer statuses and syncs up to the highest known epoch.
+//
+// Step 1 - Sync to finalized epoch.
+// Sync with peers having the majority on best finalized epoch greater than node's head state.
+func (s *Service) roundRobinSync(highestExpectedBlockNr *uint256.Int) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(s.ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	s.counter = ratecounter.NewRateCounter(counterSeconds * time.Second)
+	s.highestExpectedBlockNr = highestExpectedBlockNr.Clone()
+	// Step 1 - Sync to end of finalized BlockNr.
+	if err := s.syncToFinalizedBlockNr(ctx, highestExpectedBlockNr); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// syncToFinalizedBlockNr sync from head to best known finalized epoch.
+func (s *Service) syncToFinalizedBlockNr(ctx context.Context, highestExpectedBlockNr *uint256.Int) error {
+
+	if s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Cmp(highestExpectedBlockNr) >= 0 {
+		// No need to sync, already synced to the finalized slot.
+		log.Debug("Already synced to finalized block number")
+		return nil
+	}
+	queue := newBlocksQueue(ctx, &blocksQueueConfig{
+		p2p:                    s.cfg.P2P,
+		chain:                  s.cfg.Chain,
+		highestExpectedBlockNr: highestExpectedBlockNr,
+		mode:                   modeStopOnFinalizedEpoch,
+	})
+	if err := queue.start(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for data := range queue.fetchedData {
+		s.processFetchedData(ctx, s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), data)
+	}
+
+	log.Info("Synced to finalized block number - now syncing blocks up to current head", "syncedBlockNr", s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64(), "highestExpectedBlockNr", highestExpectedBlockNr.Uint64())
+	if err := queue.stop(); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Error stopping queue", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// processFetchedData processes data received from queue.
+func (s *Service) processFetchedData(ctx context.Context, startBlockNr *uint256.Int, data *blocksQueueFetchedData) {
+	defer s.updatePeerScorerStats(data.pid, startBlockNr)
+
+	// Use Batch Block Verify to process and verify batches directly.
+	if _, err := s.processBatchedBlocks(ctx, data.blocks, s.cfg.Chain.InsertChain); err != nil {
+		log.Warn("Skip processing batched blocks", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) processBatchedBlocks(ctx context.Context, blks []*types_pb.Block, bFunc batchBlockReceiverFn) (int, error) {
+	if len(blks) == 0 {
+		return 0, errors.New("0 blocks provided into method")
+	}
+
+	blocks := make([]block2.IBlock, 0, len(blks))
+	for _, blk := range blks {
+		block := new(block2.Block)
+		if err := block.FromProtoMessage(blk); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		blocks = append(blocks, block)
+	}
+
+	firstBlock := blocks[0]
+	for s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64() >= firstBlock.Number64().Uint64() {
+		if len(blocks) == 1 {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("ourCurrentBlockNumber:%d, blockNumber:%d , root %s:%w", s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64(), firstBlock.Number64().Uint64(), firstBlock.Hash(), errBlockAlreadyProcessed)
+		}
+		blocks = blocks[1:]
+		firstBlock = blocks[0]
+	}
+
+	if !s.cfg.Chain.HasBlock(firstBlock.ParentHash(), firstBlock.Number64().Uint64()-1) {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s (in processBatchedBlocks, Number=%d)", errParentDoesNotExist, firstBlock.ParentHash(), firstBlock.Number64().Uint64())
+	}
+
+	s.logBatchSyncStatus(blks)
+
+	return bFunc(blocks)
+}
+
+// updatePeerScorerStats adjusts monitored metrics for a peer.
+func (s *Service) updatePeerScorerStats(pid peer.ID, startBlockNr *uint256.Int) {
+	if pid == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	headBlockNr := s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64()
+	if startBlockNr.Uint64() >= headBlockNr.Uint64() {
+		return
+	}
+	if diff := headBlockNr.Uint64() - startBlockNr.Uint64(); diff > 0 {
+		scorer := s.cfg.P2P.Peers().Scorers().BlockProviderScorer()
+		scorer.IncrementProcessedBlocks(pid, diff)
+	}
+}
+
+// logBatchSyncStatus and increments the block processing counter.
+func (s *Service) logBatchSyncStatus(blks []*types_pb.Block) {
+	s.counter.Incr(int64(len(blks)))
+	rate := float64(s.counter.Rate()) / counterSeconds
+	if rate == 0 {
+		rate = 1
+	}
+	targetNumber, _ := s.cfg.P2P.Peers().BestPeers(1, s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+	firstBlock := blks[0]
+	firstBlockNumber := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(firstBlock.Header.Number)
+	log.Info(
+		fmt.Sprintf("Processing block batch of size %d starting from  %d - estimated block remaining %d",
+			len(blks),
+			firstBlockNumber.Uint64(),
+			new(uint256.Int).Sub(targetNumber, firstBlockNumber).Uint64(),
+		),
+		"peers", len(s.cfg.P2P.Peers().Connected()),
+		"blocksPerSecond", fmt.Sprintf("%.1f", rate),
+		"highestExpectedBlockNr", s.highestExpectedBlockNr.Uint64(),
+	)
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/initial-sync/service.go b/internal/sync/initial-sync/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07e4b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/initial-sync/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// Package initialsync includes all initial block download and processing
+// logic for the node, using a round robin strategy and a finite-state-machine
+// to handle edge-cases in a beacon node's sync status.
+package initialsync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/paulbellamy/ratecounter"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Config to set up the initial sync service.
+type Config struct {
+	P2P   p2p.P2P
+	Chain common.IBlockChain
+}
+
+// Service service.
+type Service struct {
+	cfg                    *Config
+	ctx                    context.Context
+	cancel                 context.CancelFunc
+	synced                 atomic.Bool
+	syncing                atomic.Bool
+	counter                *ratecounter.RateCounter
+	highestExpectedBlockNr *uint256.Int
+}
+
+// NewService configures the initial sync service responsible for bringing the node up to the
+// latest head of the blockchain.
+func NewService(ctx context.Context, cfg *Config) *Service {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	s := &Service{
+		cfg:     cfg,
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		cancel:  cancel,
+		counter: ratecounter.NewRateCounter(counterSeconds * time.Second),
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// Start the initial sync service.
+func (s *Service) Start() {
+
+	event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderStartEvent{})
+	defer event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderFinishEvent{})
+
+	log.Info("Starting initial chain sync...")
+	highestExpectedBlockNr := s.waitForMinimumPeers()
+	if err := s.roundRobinSync(highestExpectedBlockNr); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(s.ctx.Err(), context.Canceled) {
+			return
+		}
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Synced up to blockNr: %d", s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64()))
+	s.markSynced()
+}
+
+// Stop initial sync.
+func (s *Service) Stop() error {
+	s.cancel()
+	log.Info("InitialSync stopped")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Status of initial sync.
+func (s *Service) Status() error {
+	if s.syncing.Load() == true {
+		return errors.New("syncing")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Syncing returns true if initial sync is still running.
+func (s *Service) Syncing() bool {
+	return s.syncing.Load()
+}
+
+// Synced returns true if initial sync has been completed.
+func (s *Service) Synced() bool {
+	return s.synced.Load()
+}
+
+// Resync allows a node to start syncing again if it has fallen
+// behind the current network head.
+func (s *Service) Resync() error {
+	// Set it to false since we are syncing again.
+	s.markSyncing()
+	event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderStartEvent{})
+	defer func() {
+		s.markSynced()
+		event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.DownloaderFinishEvent{})
+	}() // Reset it at the end of the method.
+	//
+	beforeBlockNr := s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64()
+	highestExpectedBlockNr := s.waitForMinimumPeers()
+	if err := s.roundRobinSync(highestExpectedBlockNr); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Resync fail", "err", err, "highestExpectedBlockNr", highestExpectedBlockNr, "currentNr", s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), "beforeResyncBlockNr", beforeBlockNr)
+		return err
+	}
+	//
+	log.Info("Resync attempt complete", "highestExpectedBlockNr", highestExpectedBlockNr, "currentNr", s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), "beforeResyncBlockNr", beforeBlockNr)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) waitForMinimumPeers() (highestExpectedBlockNr *uint256.Int) {
+	required := s.cfg.P2P.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers
+	var peers []peer.ID
+	for {
+		//todo
+		highestExpectedBlockNr, peers = s.cfg.P2P.Peers().BestPeers(s.cfg.P2P.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers, s.cfg.Chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+		if len(peers) >= required {
+			break
+		}
+		log.Info("Waiting for enough suitable peers before syncing (initial-sync.Server)", "suitable", len(peers), "required", required)
+		time.Sleep(handshakePollingInterval)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// markSynced marks node as synced and notifies feed listeners.
+func (s *Service) markSyncing() {
+	s.syncing.Swap(true)
+}
+
+// markSynced marks node as synced and notifies feed listeners.
+func (s *Service) markSynced() {
+	s.syncing.Swap(false)
+	s.synced.Swap(true)
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/messagehandler.go b/internal/sync/messagehandler.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22608e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/messagehandler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Package messagehandler contains useful helpers for recovering
+// from panic conditions at runtime and logging their trace.
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	astLog "github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+	"runtime/debug"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+)
+
+const noMsgData = "message contains no data"
+
+var messageLog = astLog.New("prefix", "message-handler")
+
+// SafelyHandleMessage will recover and log any panic that occurs from the
+// function argument.
+func (s *Service) safelyHandleMessage(ctx context.Context, fn func(ctx context.Context, message *pubsub.Message) error, msg *pubsub.Message) {
+	defer s.handlePanic(ctx, msg)
+
+	// Fingers crossed that it doesn't panic...
+	if err := fn(ctx, msg); err != nil {
+		// Report any error on the span, if one exists.
+		if span := trace.FromContext(ctx); span != nil {
+			span.SetStatus(trace.Status{
+				Code:    trace.StatusCodeInternal,
+				Message: err.Error(),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlePanic returns a panic handler function that is used to
+// capture a panic.
+func (s *Service) handlePanic(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
+	if r := recover(); r != nil {
+		printedMsg := noMsgData
+		if msg != nil {
+			printedMsg = msg.String()
+		}
+		messageLog.Error("Panicked when handling p2p message! Recovering...", "r", r, "msg", printedMsg)
+
+		debug.PrintStack()
+
+		if ctx == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if span := trace.FromContext(ctx); span != nil {
+			span.SetStatus(trace.Status{
+				Code:    trace.StatusCodeInternal,
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Panic: %v", r),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/metrics.go b/internal/sync/metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31da10c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+)
+
+var (
+	topicPeerCount = promauto.NewGaugeVec(
+		prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+			Name: "p2p_topic_peer_count",
+			Help: "The number of peers subscribed to a given topic.",
+		}, []string{"topic"},
+	)
+	subscribedTopicPeerCount = promauto.NewGaugeVec(
+		prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+			Name: "p2p_subscribed_topic_peer_total",
+			Help: "The number of peers subscribed to topics that a host node is also subscribed to.",
+		}, []string{"topic"},
+	)
+	messageReceivedCounter = promauto.NewCounterVec(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "p2p_message_received_total",
+			Help: "Count of messages received.",
+		},
+		[]string{"topic"},
+	)
+	messageFailedValidationCounter = promauto.NewCounterVec(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "p2p_message_failed_validation_total",
+			Help: "Count of messages that failed validation.",
+		},
+		[]string{"topic"},
+	)
+	messageIgnoredValidationCounter = promauto.NewCounterVec(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "p2p_message_ignored_validation_total",
+			Help: "Count of messages that were ignored in validation.",
+		},
+		[]string{"topic"},
+	)
+	messageFailedProcessingCounter = promauto.NewCounterVec(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "p2p_message_failed_processing_total",
+			Help: "Count of messages that passed validation but failed processing.",
+		},
+		[]string{"topic"},
+	)
+	numberOfTimesResyncedCounter = promauto.NewCounter(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "number_of_times_resynced",
+			Help: "Count the number of times a node resyncs.",
+		},
+	)
+	duplicatesRemovedCounter = promauto.NewCounter(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "number_of_duplicates_removed",
+			Help: "Count the number of times a duplicate signature set has been removed.",
+		},
+	)
+	numberOfSetsAggregated = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "number_of_sets_aggregated",
+			Help:    "Count the number of times different sets have been successfully aggregated in a batch.",
+			Buckets: []float64{10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200},
+		},
+	)
+	rpcBlocksByRangeResponseLatency = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "rpc_blocks_by_range_response_latency_milliseconds",
+			Help:    "Captures total time to respond to rpc blocks by range requests in a milliseconds distribution",
+			Buckets: []float64{5, 10, 50, 100, 150, 250, 500, 1000, 2000},
+		},
+	)
+	arrivalBlockPropagationHistogram = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "block_arrival_latency_milliseconds",
+			Help:    "Captures blocks propagation time. Blocks arrival in milliseconds distribution",
+			Buckets: []float64{100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 4000, 8000, 12000, 16000, 20000, 24000},
+		},
+	)
+	arrivalBlockPropagationGauge = promauto.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "block_arrival_latency_milliseconds_gauge",
+		Help: "Captures blocks propagation time. Blocks arrival in milliseconds",
+	})
+
+	// Attestation processing granular error tracking.
+	attBadBlockCount = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "gossip_attestation_bad_block_total",
+		Help: "Increased when a gossip attestation references a bad block",
+	})
+	attBadLmdConsistencyCount = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "gossip_attestation_bad_lmd_consistency_total",
+		Help: "Increased when a gossip attestation has bad LMD GHOST consistency",
+	})
+	attBadSelectionProofCount = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "gossip_attestation_bad_selection_proof_total",
+		Help: "Increased when a gossip attestation has a bad selection proof",
+	})
+	attBadSignatureBatchCount = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "gossip_attestation_bad_signature_batch_total",
+		Help: "Increased when a gossip attestation has a bad signature batch",
+	})
+
+	// Attestation and block gossip verification performance.
+	aggregateAttestationVerificationGossipSummary = promauto.NewSummary(
+		prometheus.SummaryOpts{
+			Name: "gossip_aggregate_attestation_verification_milliseconds",
+			Help: "Time to verify gossiped attestations",
+		},
+	)
+	blockVerificationGossipSummary = promauto.NewSummary(
+		prometheus.SummaryOpts{
+			Name: "gossip_block_verification_milliseconds",
+			Help: "Time to verify gossiped blocks",
+		},
+	)
+)
+
+func (s *Service) updateMetrics() {
+	// do not update metrics if genesis time
+	// has not been initialized
+	if s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Header().Number64().IsZero() {
+		return
+	}
+	// We update the dynamic subnet topics.
+	digest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not compute fork digest", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	// We update all other gossip topics.
+	for _, topic := range p2p.AllTopics() {
+		topic += s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+		if !strings.Contains(topic, "%x") {
+			topicPeerCount.WithLabelValues(topic).Set(float64(len(s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().ListPeers(topic))))
+			continue
+		}
+		formattedTopic := fmt.Sprintf(topic, digest)
+		topicPeerCount.WithLabelValues(formattedTopic).Set(float64(len(s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().ListPeers(formattedTopic))))
+	}
+
+	for _, topic := range s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().GetTopics() {
+		subscribedTopicPeerCount.WithLabelValues(topic).Set(float64(len(s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().ListPeers(topic))))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/options.go b/internal/sync/options.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ecc35c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/options.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+)
+
+type Option func(s *Service) error
+
+func WithP2P(p2p p2p.P2P) Option {
+	return func(s *Service) error {
+		s.cfg.p2p = p2p
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func WithChainService(chain common.IBlockChain) Option {
+	return func(s *Service) error {
+		s.cfg.chain = chain
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func WithInitialSync(initialSync Checker) Option {
+	return func(s *Service) error {
+		s.cfg.initialSync = initialSync
+		return nil
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rate_limiter.go b/internal/sync/rate_limiter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce6934d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rate_limiter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	leakybucket "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/leaky-bucket"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/trailofbits/go-mutexasserts"
+)
+
+const defaultBurstLimit = 5
+
+const leakyBucketPeriod = 1 * time.Second
+
+// Dummy topic to validate all incoming rpc requests.
+const rpcLimiterTopic = "rpc-limiter-topic"
+
+type limiter struct {
+	limiterMap map[string]*leakybucket.Collector
+	p2p        p2p.P2P
+	sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// Instantiates a multi-rpc protocol rate limiter, providing
+// separate collectors for each topic.
+func newRateLimiter(p2pProvider p2p.P2P) *limiter {
+	// add encoding suffix
+	addEncoding := func(topic string) string {
+		return topic + p2pProvider.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	}
+
+	// Initialize block limits.
+	allowedBlocksPerSecond := float64(p2pProvider.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimit)
+	allowedBlocksBurst := int64(p2pProvider.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimitBurstFactor * p2pProvider.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimit)
+
+	blockLimiterPeriod := time.Duration(p2pProvider.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimiterPeriod) * time.Second
+
+	// Set topic map for all rpc topics.
+	topicMap := make(map[string]*leakybucket.Collector, len(p2p.RPCTopicMappings))
+	// Goodbye Message
+	topicMap[addEncoding(p2p.RPCGoodByeTopicV1)] = leakybucket.NewCollector(1, 1, leakyBucketPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+	// Ping Message
+	topicMap[addEncoding(p2p.RPCPingTopicV1)] = leakybucket.NewCollector(1, defaultBurstLimit, leakyBucketPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+	// Status Message
+	topicMap[addEncoding(p2p.RPCStatusTopicV1)] = leakybucket.NewCollector(1, defaultBurstLimit, leakyBucketPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+
+	// Bodies Message
+	topicMap[addEncoding(p2p.RPCBodiesDataTopicV1)] = leakybucket.NewCollector(allowedBlocksPerSecond, allowedBlocksBurst, blockLimiterPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+
+	// Headers Message
+	topicMap[addEncoding(p2p.RPCHeadersDataTopicV1)] = leakybucket.NewCollector(allowedBlocksPerSecond, allowedBlocksBurst, blockLimiterPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+
+	// General topic for all rpc requests.
+	topicMap[rpcLimiterTopic] = leakybucket.NewCollector(5, defaultBurstLimit*2, leakyBucketPeriod, false /* deleteEmptyBuckets */)
+
+	return &limiter{limiterMap: topicMap, p2p: p2pProvider}
+}
+
+// Returns the current topic collector for the provided topic.
+func (l *limiter) topicCollector(topic string) (*leakybucket.Collector, error) {
+	l.RLock()
+	defer l.RUnlock()
+	return l.retrieveCollector(topic)
+}
+
+// validates a request with the accompanying cost.
+func (l *limiter) validateRequest(stream network.Stream, amt uint64) error {
+	l.RLock()
+	defer l.RUnlock()
+
+	topic := string(stream.Protocol())
+
+	collector, err := l.retrieveCollector(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	key := stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String()
+	remaining := collector.Remaining(key)
+	// Treat each request as a minimum of 1.
+	if amt == 0 {
+		amt = 1
+	}
+	if amt > uint64(remaining) {
+		log.Warn("validate Request failure",
+			"key", key,
+			"topic", topic,
+			"count", amt,
+			"remaining", remaining,
+		)
+
+		l.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeInvalidRequest, p2ptypes.ErrRateLimited.Error(), stream, l.p2p)
+		return p2ptypes.ErrRateLimited
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// This is used to validate all incoming rpc streams from external peers.
+func (l *limiter) validateRawRpcRequest(stream network.Stream) error {
+	l.RLock()
+	defer l.RUnlock()
+
+	topic := rpcLimiterTopic
+
+	collector, err := l.retrieveCollector(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	key := stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String()
+	remaining := collector.Remaining(key)
+	// Treat each request as a minimum of 1.
+	amt := int64(1)
+	if amt > remaining {
+		l.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeInvalidRequest, p2ptypes.ErrRateLimited.Error(), stream, l.p2p)
+		return p2ptypes.ErrRateLimited
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// adds the cost to our leaky bucket for the topic.
+func (l *limiter) add(stream network.Stream, amt int64) {
+	l.Lock()
+	defer l.Unlock()
+
+	topic := string(stream.Protocol())
+
+	collector, err := l.retrieveCollector(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("collector with topic '%s' does not exist", topic), "rate limiter", topic)
+		return
+	}
+	key := stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String()
+	collector.Add(key, amt)
+}
+
+// adds the cost to our leaky bucket for the peer.
+func (l *limiter) addRawStream(stream network.Stream) {
+	l.Lock()
+	defer l.Unlock()
+
+	topic := rpcLimiterTopic
+
+	collector, err := l.retrieveCollector(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("collector with topic '%s' does not exist", topic), "rate limiter", topic)
+		return
+	}
+	key := stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String()
+	collector.Add(key, 1)
+}
+
+// frees all the collectors and removes them.
+func (l *limiter) free() {
+	l.Lock()
+	defer l.Unlock()
+
+	tempMap := map[uintptr]bool{}
+	for t, collector := range l.limiterMap {
+		// Check if collector has already been cleared off
+		// as all collectors are not distinct from each other.
+		ptr := reflect.ValueOf(collector).Pointer()
+		if tempMap[ptr] {
+			// Remove from map
+			delete(l.limiterMap, t)
+			continue
+		}
+		collector.Free()
+		// Remove from map
+		delete(l.limiterMap, t)
+		tempMap[ptr] = true
+	}
+}
+
+// not to be used outside the rate limiter file as it is unsafe for concurrent usage
+// and is protected by a lock on all of its usages here.
+func (l *limiter) retrieveCollector(topic string) (*leakybucket.Collector, error) {
+	if !mutexasserts.RWMutexLocked(&l.RWMutex) && !mutexasserts.RWMutexRLocked(&l.RWMutex) {
+		return nil, errors.New("limiter.retrieveCollector: caller must hold read/write lock")
+	}
+	collector, ok := l.limiterMap[topic]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("collector does not exist for topic %s", topic)
+	}
+	return collector, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc.go b/internal/sync/rpc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec79d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"time"
+
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	ssz "github.com/prysmaticlabs/fastssz"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// Time to first byte timeout. The maximum time to wait for first byte of
+// request response (time-to-first-byte). The client is expected to give up if
+// they don't receive the first byte within 5 seconds.
+//var ttfbTimeout = ttfbTimeout
+
+// respTimeout is the maximum time for complete response transfer.
+//var respTimeout = params.BeaconNetworkConfig().RespTimeout
+
+// rpcHandler is responsible for handling and responding to any incoming message.
+// This method may return an error to internal monitoring, but the error will
+// not be relayed to the peer.
+type rpcHandler func(context.Context, interface{}, libp2pcore.Stream) error
+
+// registerRPCHandlers for p2p RPC.
+func (s *Service) registerRPCHandlers() {
+	s.registerRPC(
+		p2p.RPCStatusTopicV1,
+		s.statusRPCHandler,
+	)
+	s.registerRPC(
+		p2p.RPCGoodByeTopicV1,
+		s.goodbyeRPCHandler,
+	)
+	s.registerRPC(
+		p2p.RPCPingTopicV1,
+		s.pingHandler,
+	)
+	s.registerRPC(
+		p2p.RPCBodiesDataTopicV1,
+		s.bodiesByRangeRPCHandler,
+	)
+}
+
+// Remove all Stream handlers
+func (s *Service) unregisterHandlers() {
+	fullBodiesRangeTopic := p2p.RPCBodiesDataTopicV1 + s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	fullStatusTopic := p2p.RPCStatusTopicV1 + s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	fullGoodByeTopic := p2p.RPCGoodByeTopicV1 + s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	fullPingTopic := p2p.RPCPingTopicV1 + s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+
+	s.cfg.p2p.Host().RemoveStreamHandler(protocol.ID(fullBodiesRangeTopic))
+	s.cfg.p2p.Host().RemoveStreamHandler(protocol.ID(fullStatusTopic))
+	s.cfg.p2p.Host().RemoveStreamHandler(protocol.ID(fullGoodByeTopic))
+	s.cfg.p2p.Host().RemoveStreamHandler(protocol.ID(fullPingTopic))
+}
+
+// registerRPC for a given topic with an expected protobuf message type.
+func (s *Service) registerRPC(baseTopic string, handle rpcHandler) {
+	topic := baseTopic + s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	s.cfg.p2p.SetStreamHandler(topic, func(stream network.Stream) {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				log.Error("Panic occurred", "topic", topic, "err", r)
+				log.Errorf("%s", debug.Stack())
+			}
+		}()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.ctx, ttfbTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		// Resetting after closing is a no-op so defer a reset in case something goes wrong.
+		// It's up to the handler to Close the stream (send an EOF) if
+		// it successfully writes a response. We don't blindly call
+		// Close here because we may have only written a partial
+		// response.
+		defer func() {
+			_err := stream.Reset()
+			_ = _err
+		}()
+
+		ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "sync.rpc")
+		defer span.End()
+		span.AddAttributes(trace.StringAttribute("topic", topic))
+		span.AddAttributes(trace.StringAttribute("peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String()))
+		//log := log.WithField("peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().Pretty()).WithField("topic", string(stream.Protocol()))
+
+		// Check before hand that peer is valid.
+		if s.cfg.p2p.Peers().IsBad(stream.Conn().RemotePeer()) {
+			if err := s.sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(ctx, p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeBanned, stream.Conn().RemotePeer()); err != nil {
+				log.Debug("Could not disconnect from peer", "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String(), "topic", stream.Protocol(), "err", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		// Validate request according to peer limits.
+		if err := s.rateLimiter.validateRawRpcRequest(stream); err != nil {
+			log.Debug("Could not validate rpc request from peer", "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String(), "topic", stream.Protocol(), "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+		s.rateLimiter.addRawStream(stream)
+
+		if err := stream.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(ttfbTimeout)); err != nil {
+			log.Debug("Could not set stream read deadline", "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String(), "topic", stream.Protocol(), "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		base, ok := p2p.RPCTopicMappings[baseTopic]
+		if !ok {
+			log.Errorf("Could not retrieve base message for topic %s", baseTopic)
+			return
+		}
+		t := reflect.TypeOf(base)
+		// Copy Base
+		base = reflect.New(t)
+
+		// Increment message received counter.
+		messageReceivedCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+
+		// Given we have an input argument that can be pointer or the actual object, this gives us
+		// a way to check for its reflect.Kind and based on the result, we can decode
+		// accordingly.
+		if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+			msg, ok := reflect.New(t.Elem()).Interface().(ssz.Unmarshaler)
+			if !ok {
+				log.Errorf("message of %T does not support marshaller interface", msg)
+				return
+			}
+			if err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, msg); err != nil {
+				log.Debug("Could not decode stream message", "topic", topic, "err", err)
+				//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+				s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+				return
+			}
+			if err := handle(ctx, msg, stream); err != nil {
+				messageFailedProcessingCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+				if err != p2ptypes.ErrWrongForkDigestVersion {
+					log.Debug("Could not handle p2p RPC", "err", err)
+				}
+				//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			nTyp := reflect.New(t)
+			msg, ok := nTyp.Interface().(ssz.Unmarshaler)
+			if !ok {
+				log.Errorf("message of %T does not support marshaller interface", msg)
+				return
+			}
+			if err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, msg); err != nil {
+				log.Debug("Could not decode stream message", "topic", topic, "err", err)
+				//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+				s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+				return
+			}
+			if err := handle(ctx, nTyp.Elem().Interface(), stream); err != nil {
+				messageFailedProcessingCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+				if err != p2ptypes.ErrWrongForkDigestVersion {
+					log.Debug("Could not handle p2p RPC", "topic", topic, "err", err)
+				}
+				//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc_blocks_by_range.go b/internal/sync/rpc_blocks_by_range.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a4fb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc_blocks_by_range.go
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"time"
+
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// bodiesByRangeRPCHandler looks up the request blocks from the database from a given start block.
+func (s *Service) bodiesByRangeRPCHandler(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}, stream libp2pcore.Stream) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "sync.BodiesByRangeHandler")
+	defer span.End()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, respTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	SetRPCStreamDeadlines(stream)
+
+	// Ticker to stagger out large requests.
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	m, ok := msg.(*sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("message is not type *pb.BeaconBlockByRangeRequest")
+	}
+	if err := s.validateRangeRequest(m); err != nil {
+		s.writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeInvalidRequest, err.Error(), stream)
+		s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
+	}
+	// Only have range requests with a step of 1 being processed.
+	if m.Step > 1 {
+		m.Step = 1
+	}
+	// The initial count for the first batch to be returned back.
+	count := m.Count
+	allowedBlocksPerSecond := uint64(s.cfg.p2p.GetConfig().P2PLimit.BlockBatchLimit)
+	if count > allowedBlocksPerSecond {
+		count = allowedBlocksPerSecond
+	}
+	// initial batch start and end slots to be returned to remote peer.
+	startBlockNumber := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(m.StartBlockNumber)
+	endBlockNumber := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startBlockNumber, m.Step*(count-1))
+
+	// The final requested slot from remote peer.
+	endReqBlockNumber := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startBlockNumber, m.Step*(m.Count-1))
+
+	blockLimiter, err := s.rateLimiter.topicCollector(string(stream.Protocol()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	remainingBucketCapacity := blockLimiter.Remaining(stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String())
+	span.AddAttributes(
+		trace.Int64Attribute("start", int64(startBlockNumber.Uint64())), // lint:ignore uintcast -- This conversion is OK for tracing.
+		trace.Int64Attribute("end", int64(endReqBlockNumber.Uint64())),  // lint:ignore uintcast -- This conversion is OK for tracing.
+		trace.Int64Attribute("step", int64(m.Step)),
+		trace.Int64Attribute("count", int64(m.Count)),
+		trace.StringAttribute("peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer().String()),
+		trace.Int64Attribute("remaining_capacity", remainingBucketCapacity),
+	)
+	for startBlockNumber.Cmp(endReqBlockNumber) <= 0 {
+		if err := s.rateLimiter.validateRequest(stream, allowedBlocksPerSecond); err != nil {
+			//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if new(uint256.Int).Sub(endBlockNumber, startBlockNumber).Uint64() > rangeLimit {
+			s.writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeInvalidRequest, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest.Error(), stream)
+			err := p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest
+			//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		err := s.writeBodiesRangeToStream(ctx, startBlockNumber, endBlockNumber, m.Step, stream)
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidParent) {
+			return err
+		}
+		// Reduce capacity of peer in the rate limiter first.
+		// Decrease allowed blocks capacity by the number of streamed blocks.
+		if startBlockNumber.Cmp(endBlockNumber) <= 0 {
+			s.rateLimiter.add(stream, int64(1+new(uint256.Int).Div(new(uint256.Int).Sub(endBlockNumber, startBlockNumber), new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(m.Step)).Uint64()))
+		}
+		// Exit in the event we have a disjoint chain to
+		// return.
+		if errors.Is(err, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidParent) {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Recalculate start and end slots for the next batch to be returned to the remote peer.
+		startBlockNumber = new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(endBlockNumber, m.Step)
+
+		endBlockNumber = new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startBlockNumber, m.Step*(allowedBlocksPerSecond-1))
+		if endBlockNumber.Cmp(endReqBlockNumber) == 1 {
+			endBlockNumber = endReqBlockNumber
+		}
+
+		// do not wait if all blocks have already been sent.
+		if startBlockNumber.Cmp(endReqBlockNumber) == 1 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// wait for ticker before resuming streaming blocks to remote peer.
+		<-ticker.C
+	}
+	closeStream(stream)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) writeBodiesRangeToStream(ctx context.Context, startSlot, endSlot *uint256.Int, step uint64, stream libp2pcore.Stream) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "sync.WriteBodiesRangeToStream")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	var blks = make([]types.IBlock, 0)
+	for ; startSlot.Cmp(endSlot) <= 0; startSlot = startSlot.AddUint64(startSlot, step) {
+		b, err := s.cfg.chain.GetBlockByNumber(startSlot)
+		if err != nil {
+			//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			log.Warn("Could not retrieve blocks", "err", err)
+			s.writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeServerError, p2ptypes.ErrGeneric.Error(), stream)
+			return err
+		}
+		if b == nil {
+			log.Warn("Could not retrieve blocks", "err", fmt.Errorf("block #%d not found", startSlot.Uint64()))
+			s.writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeServerError, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidBlockNr.Error(), stream)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		blks = append(blks, b)
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	for _, b := range blks {
+		if chunkErr := s.chunkBlockWriter(stream, b); chunkErr != nil {
+			log.Debug("Could not send a chunked response", "err", chunkErr)
+			s.writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeServerError, p2ptypes.ErrGeneric.Error(), stream)
+			//tracing.AnnotateError(span, chunkErr)
+			return chunkErr
+		}
+	}
+
+	rpcBlocksByRangeResponseLatency.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Milliseconds()))
+	// Return error in the event we have an invalid parent.
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) validateRangeRequest(r *sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest) error {
+	startSlot := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(r.StartBlockNumber)
+	count := r.Count
+	step := r.Step
+
+	// Add a buffer for possible large range requests from nodes syncing close to the
+	// head of the chain.
+	buffer := rangeLimit * 2
+	highestExpectedBlockNumber := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), uint64(buffer))
+
+	// Ensure all request params are within appropriate bounds
+	if count == 0 || count > maxRequestBlocks {
+		return p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest
+	}
+
+	if step == 0 || step > rangeLimit {
+		return p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest
+	}
+
+	if startSlot.Cmp(highestExpectedBlockNumber) == 1 {
+		return p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest
+	}
+
+	endSlot := new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(startSlot, step*(count-1))
+	if endSlot.Uint64()-startSlot.Uint64() > rangeLimit {
+		return p2ptypes.ErrInvalidRequest
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCode byte, reason string, stream libp2pcore.Stream) {
+	writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCode, reason, stream, s.cfg.p2p)
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc_chunked_response.go b/internal/sync/rpc_chunked_response.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d74afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc_chunked_response.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/encoder"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// chunkBlockWriter writes the given message as a chunked response to the given network
+// stream.
+// response_chunk  ::= <result> | <context-bytes> | <encoding-dependent-header> | <encoded-payload>
+func (s *Service) chunkBlockWriter(stream libp2pcore.Stream, blk types.IBlock) error {
+	SetStreamWriteDeadline(stream, defaultWriteDuration)
+	return WriteBlockChunk(stream, s.cfg.chain, s.cfg.p2p.Encoding(), blk)
+}
+
+// WriteBlockChunk writes block chunk object to stream.
+// response_chunk  ::= <result> | <context-bytes> | <encoding-dependent-header> | <encoded-payload>
+func WriteBlockChunk(stream libp2pcore.Stream, chain common.IBlockChain, encoding encoder.NetworkEncoding, blk types.IBlock) error {
+	if _, err := stream.Write([]byte{responseCodeSuccess}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	digest, err := utils.CreateForkDigest(blk.Number64(), chain.GenesisBlock().Hash())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err = writeContextToStream(digest[:], stream, chain); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	protoMsg := blk.ToProtoMessage()
+	_, err = encoding.EncodeWithMaxLength(stream, protoMsg.(*types_pb.Block))
+	return err
+}
+
+// ReadChunkedBlock handles each response chunk that is sent by the
+// peer and converts it into a beacon block.
+func ReadChunkedBlock(stream libp2pcore.Stream, p2p p2p.EncodingProvider, isFirstChunk bool) (*types_pb.Block, error) {
+	// Handle deadlines differently for first chunk
+	if isFirstChunk {
+		return readFirstChunkedBlock(stream, p2p)
+	}
+
+	return readResponseChunk(stream, p2p)
+}
+
+// readFirstChunkedBlock reads the first chunked block and applies the appropriate deadlines to
+// it.
+func readFirstChunkedBlock(stream libp2pcore.Stream, p2p p2p.EncodingProvider) (*types_pb.Block, error) {
+	code, errMsg, err := ReadStatusCode(stream, p2p.Encoding())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if code != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s", errMsg)
+	}
+	_, err = readContextFromStream(stream)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	blk := &types_pb.Block{}
+	err = p2p.Encoding().DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, blk)
+	return blk, err
+}
+
+// readResponseChunk reads the response from the stream and decodes it into the
+// provided message type.
+func readResponseChunk(stream libp2pcore.Stream, p2p p2p.EncodingProvider) (*types_pb.Block, error) {
+	SetStreamReadDeadline(stream, respTimeout)
+	code, errMsg, err := readStatusCodeNoDeadline(stream, p2p.Encoding())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if code != 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New(errMsg)
+	}
+	// No-op for now with the rpc context. todo
+	_, err = readContextFromStream(stream)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	blk := &types_pb.Block{}
+	err = p2p.Encoding().DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, blk)
+	return blk, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc_goodbye.go b/internal/sync/rpc_goodbye.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3f2d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc_goodbye.go
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	ssztype "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types/ssz"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"time"
+
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+var backOffTime = map[ssztype.SSZUint64]time.Duration{
+	// Do not dial peers which are from a different/unverifiable
+	// network.
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeWrongNetwork:          24 * time.Hour,
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeUnableToVerifyNetwork: 24 * time.Hour,
+	// If local peer is banned, we back off for
+	// 2 hours to let the remote peer score us
+	// back up again.
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeBadScore:       2 * time.Hour,
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeBanned:         1 * time.Hour,
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeClientShutdown: 1 * time.Hour,
+	// Wait 5 minutes before dialing a peer who is
+	// 'full'
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeTooManyPeers: 5 * time.Minute,
+	p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeGenericError: 2 * time.Minute,
+}
+
+// goodbyeRPCHandler reads the incoming goodbye rpc message from the peer.
+func (s *Service) goodbyeRPCHandler(_ context.Context, msg interface{}, stream libp2pcore.Stream) error {
+	SetRPCStreamDeadlines(stream)
+
+	m, ok := msg.(*ssztype.SSZUint64)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("wrong message type for goodbye, got %T, wanted *uint64", msg)
+	}
+	if err := s.rateLimiter.validateRequest(stream, 1); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.rateLimiter.add(stream, 1)
+	log.Info("Peer has sent a goodbye message", "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), "Reason", goodbyeMessage(*m))
+	s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetNextValidTime(stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), goodByeBackoff(*m))
+	// closes all streams with the peer
+	return s.cfg.p2p.Disconnect(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+}
+
+// disconnectBadPeer checks whether peer is considered bad by some scorer, and tries to disconnect
+// the peer, if that is the case. Additionally, disconnection reason is obtained from scorer.
+func (s *Service) disconnectBadPeer(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) {
+	if !s.cfg.p2p.Peers().IsBad(id) {
+		return
+	}
+	err := s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().ValidationError(id)
+	goodbyeCode := p2ptypes.ErrToGoodbyeCode(err)
+	if err == nil {
+		goodbyeCode = p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeBanned
+	}
+	if err := s.sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(ctx, goodbyeCode, id); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Error when disconnecting with bad peer", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A custom goodbye method that is used by our connection handler, in the
+// event we receive bad peers.
+func (s *Service) sendGoodbye(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error {
+	return s.sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(ctx, p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeGenericError, id)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(ctx context.Context, code p2ptypes.RPCGoodbyeCode, id peer.ID) error {
+	lock := utils.NewMultilock(id.String())
+	lock.Lock()
+	defer lock.Unlock()
+	// In the event we are already disconnected, exit early from the
+	// goodbye method to prevent redundant streams from being created.
+	if s.cfg.p2p.Host().Network().Connectedness(id) == network.NotConnected {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := s.sendGoodByeMessage(ctx, code, id); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not send goodbye message to peer", "peer", id, "error", err)
+	}
+	return s.cfg.p2p.Disconnect(id)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) sendGoodByeMessage(ctx context.Context, code p2ptypes.RPCGoodbyeCode, id peer.ID) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, respTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	topic, err := p2p.TopicFromMessage(p2p.GoodbyeMessageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	stream, err := s.cfg.p2p.Send(ctx, &code, topic, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer closeStream(stream)
+
+	log.Debug("Sending Goodbye message to peer", "Reason", goodbyeMessage(code), "peer", stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+
+	// Wait up to the response timeout for the peer to receive the goodbye
+	// and close the stream (or disconnect). We usually don't bother waiting
+	// around for an EOF, but we're going to close this connection
+	// immediately after we say goodbye.
+	//
+	// NOTE: we don't actually check the response as there's nothing we can
+	// do if something fails. We just need to wait for it.
+	SetStreamReadDeadline(stream, respTimeout)
+	_, _err := stream.Read([]byte{0})
+	_ = _err
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func goodbyeMessage(num p2ptypes.RPCGoodbyeCode) string {
+	reason, ok := p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeMessages[num]
+	if ok {
+		return reason
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("unknown goodbye value of %d received", num)
+}
+
+// determines which backoff time to use depending on the
+// goodbye code provided.
+func goodByeBackoff(num p2ptypes.RPCGoodbyeCode) time.Time {
+	duration, ok := backOffTime[num]
+	if !ok {
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+	return time.Now().Add(duration)
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc_ping.go b/internal/sync/rpc_ping.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bae844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc_ping.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	ssztype "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types/ssz"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"time"
+
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+)
+
+// pingHandler reads the incoming ping rpc message from the peer.
+func (s *Service) pingHandler(_ context.Context, msg interface{}, stream libp2pcore.Stream) error {
+	SetRPCStreamDeadlines(stream)
+
+	m, ok := msg.(*ssztype.SSZUint64)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("wrong message type for ping, got %T, wanted *uint64", msg)
+	}
+	if err := s.rateLimiter.validateRequest(stream, 1); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.rateLimiter.add(stream, 1)
+	valid, err := s.validateSequenceNum(*m, stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+	if err != nil {
+		// Descore peer for giving us a bad sequence number.
+		if errors.Is(err, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidSequenceNum) {
+			s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+			s.writeErrorResponseToStream(responseCodeInvalidRequest, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidSequenceNum.Error(), stream)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := stream.Write([]byte{responseCodeSuccess}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	sq := s.cfg.p2p.GetPing()
+	if _, err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().EncodeWithMaxLength(stream, sq); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	closeStream(stream)
+
+	if valid {
+		s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetPing(stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), &sync_pb.Ping{SeqNumber: uint64(*m)})
+		// If the sequence number was valid we're done.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) sendPingRequest(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, respTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	pingReq := ssztype.SSZUint64(s.cfg.p2p.GetPing().SeqNumber)
+	topic, err := p2p.TopicFromMessage(p2p.PingMessageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	stream, err := s.cfg.p2p.Send(ctx, &pingReq, topic, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	currentTime := time.Now()
+	defer closeStream(stream)
+
+	code, errMsg, err := ReadStatusCode(stream, s.cfg.p2p.Encoding())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Records the latency of the ping request for that peer.
+	s.cfg.p2p.Host().Peerstore().RecordLatency(id, time.Now().Sub(currentTime))
+
+	if code != 0 {
+		s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		return errors.New(errMsg)
+	}
+	pingResponse := new(ssztype.SSZUint64)
+	if err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, pingResponse); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	valid, err := s.validateSequenceNum(*pingResponse, stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+	if err != nil {
+		// Descore peer for giving us a bad sequence number.
+		if errors.Is(err, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidSequenceNum) {
+			s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	if valid {
+		return nil
+	}
+	s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetPing(stream.Conn().RemotePeer(), &sync_pb.Ping{SeqNumber: uint64(*pingResponse)})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validates the peer's sequence number.
+func (s *Service) validateSequenceNum(seq ssztype.SSZUint64, id peer.ID) (bool, error) {
+	md, err := s.cfg.p2p.Peers().GetPing(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	//
+	if md == nil {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	// Return error on invalid sequence number.
+	if md.GetSeqNumber() > uint64(seq) {
+		return false, p2ptypes.ErrInvalidSequenceNum
+	}
+	return md.GetSeqNumber() <= uint64(seq), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc_send_request.go b/internal/sync/rpc_send_request.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28b00ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc_send_request.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// ErrInvalidFetchedData is thrown if stream fails to provide requested blocks.
+var ErrInvalidFetchedData = errors.New("invalid data returned from peer")
+
+// BlockProcessor defines a block processing function, which allows to start utilizing
+// blocks even before all blocks are ready.
+type BlockProcessor func(block *types_pb.Block) error
+
+// SendBodiesByRangeRequest sends BeaconBlocksByRange and returns fetched blocks, if any.
+func SendBodiesByRangeRequest(ctx context.Context, chain common.IBlockChain, p2pProvider p2p.SenderEncoder, pid peer.ID, req *sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest, blockProcessor BlockProcessor) ([]*types_pb.Block, error) {
+	topic, err := p2p.TopicFromMessage(p2p.BodiesByRangeMessageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//todo
+	stream, err := p2pProvider.Send(ctx, &sync_pb.BodiesByRangeRequest{
+		StartBlockNumber: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(req.StartBlockNumber)),
+		Count:            req.Count,
+		Step:             req.Step,
+	}, topic, pid)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer closeStream(stream)
+
+	// Augment block processing function, if non-nil block processor is provided.
+	blocks := make([]*types_pb.Block, 0, req.Count)
+	process := func(blk *types_pb.Block) error {
+		blocks = append(blocks, blk)
+		if blockProcessor != nil {
+			return blockProcessor(blk)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	var prevBlockNr *uint256.Int
+	blockStart := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(req.StartBlockNumber)
+	for i := uint64(0); ; i++ {
+		isFirstChunk := i == 0
+		blk, err := ReadChunkedBlock(stream, p2pProvider, isFirstChunk)
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			break
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// The response MUST contain no more than `count` blocks, and no more than
+		// MAX_REQUEST_BLOCKS blocks.
+		if i >= req.Count || i >= maxRequestBlocks {
+			return nil, ErrInvalidFetchedData
+		}
+		blockNr := utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(blk.Header.Number)
+		// Returned blocks MUST be in the slot range [start_slot, start_slot + count * step).
+		if blockNr.Cmp(blockStart) == -1 || blockNr.Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(blockStart, req.Count*req.Step)) >= 0 {
+			return nil, ErrInvalidFetchedData
+		}
+		// Returned blocks, where they exist, MUST be sent in a consecutive order.
+		// Consecutive blocks MUST have values in `step` increments (slots may be skipped in between).
+		isSlotOutOfOrder := false
+		if prevBlockNr != nil && prevBlockNr.Cmp(blockNr) >= 0 {
+			isSlotOutOfOrder = true
+		} else if prevBlockNr != nil && req.Step != 0 && new(uint256.Int).Mod(new(uint256.Int).Sub(blockNr, prevBlockNr), uint256.NewInt(req.Step)).Uint64() != 0 {
+			isSlotOutOfOrder = true
+		}
+		if !isFirstChunk && isSlotOutOfOrder {
+			return nil, ErrInvalidFetchedData
+		}
+		prevBlockNr = blockNr.Clone()
+		if err := process(blk); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return blocks, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/rpc_status.go b/internal/sync/rpc_status.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92caa22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/rpc_status.go
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers"
+	p2ptypes "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	libp2pcore "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// maintainPeerStatuses by infrequently polling peers for their latest status.
+func (s *Service) maintainPeerStatuses() {
+	// Run twice per epoch.
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, maintainPeerStatusesInterval, func() {
+		wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
+		for _, pid := range s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Connected() {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(id peer.ID) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				// If our peer status has not been updated correctly we disconnect over here
+				// and set the connection state over here instead.
+				if s.cfg.p2p.Host().Network().Connectedness(id) != network.Connected {
+					s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetConnectionState(id, peers.PeerDisconnecting)
+					if err := s.cfg.p2p.Disconnect(id); err != nil {
+						log.Debug("Error when disconnecting with peer", "err", err)
+					}
+					s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetConnectionState(id, peers.PeerDisconnected)
+					return
+				}
+				// Disconnect from peers that are considered bad by any of the registered scorers.
+				if s.cfg.p2p.Peers().IsBad(id) {
+					s.disconnectBadPeer(s.ctx, id)
+					return
+				}
+				// If the status hasn't been updated in the recent interval time.
+				lastUpdated, err := s.cfg.p2p.Peers().ChainStateLastUpdated(id)
+				if err != nil {
+					// Peer has vanished; nothing to do.
+					return
+				}
+				if time.Now().After(lastUpdated.Add(maintainPeerStatusesInterval)) {
+					if err := s.reValidatePeer(s.ctx, id); err != nil {
+						log.Debug("Could not revalidate peer", "peer", id, "err", err)
+						s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(id)
+					}
+				}
+			}(pid)
+		}
+		// Wait for all status checks to finish and then proceed onwards to
+		// pruning excess peers.
+		wg.Wait()
+		peerIds := s.cfg.p2p.Peers().PeersToPrune()
+		for _, id := range peerIds {
+			if err := s.sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(s.ctx, p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeTooManyPeers, id); err != nil {
+				log.Debug("Could not disconnect with peer", "peer", id, "err", err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// resyncIfBehind checks periodically to see if we are in normal sync but have fallen behind our peers
+// by more than an epoch, in which case we attempt a resync using the initial sync method to catch up.
+func (s *Service) resyncIfBehind() {
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, resyncInterval, func() {
+		//todo  header should > body ?
+		if s.cfg.initialSync != nil && !s.cfg.initialSync.Syncing() {
+			// Factor number of expected minimum sync peers, to make sure that enough peers are
+			// available to resync (some peers may go away between checking non-finalized peers and
+			// actual resyncing).
+
+			//
+			highestBlockNr, _ := s.cfg.p2p.Peers().BestPeers(s.cfg.p2p.GetConfig().MinSyncPeers*2, s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+			// Check if the current node is more than 1 epoch behind.
+			if highestBlockNr.Cmp(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), 5)) >= 0 {
+				log.Info("Fallen behind peers; reverting to initial sync to catch up", "currentBlockNr", s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), "peersBlockNr", highestBlockNr)
+				numberOfTimesResyncedCounter.Inc()
+				//s.clearPendingSlots()
+				if err := s.cfg.initialSync.Resync(); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Could not resync chain", "err", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// sendRPCStatusRequest for a given topic with an expected protobuf message type.
+func (s *Service) sendRPCStatusRequest(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, respTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	//forkDigest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+
+	resp := &sync_pb.Status{
+		GenesisHash:   utils.ConvertHashToH256(s.cfg.chain.GenesisBlock().Hash()),
+		CurrentHeight: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64()),
+	}
+	topic, err := p2p.TopicFromMessage(p2p.StatusMessageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	stream, err := s.cfg.p2p.Send(ctx, resp, topic, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer closeStream(stream)
+
+	code, errMsg, err := ReadStatusCode(stream, s.cfg.p2p.Encoding())
+	if err != nil {
+		s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if code != 0 {
+		s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(id)
+		return errors.New(errMsg)
+	}
+	msg := &sync_pb.Status{}
+	if err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().DecodeWithMaxLength(stream, msg); err != nil {
+		s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(stream.Conn().RemotePeer())
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// If validation fails, validation error is logged, and peer status scorer will mark peer as bad.
+	err = s.validateStatusMessage(ctx, msg)
+	s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().PeerStatusScorer().SetPeerStatus(id, msg, err)
+	if s.cfg.p2p.Peers().IsBad(id) {
+		s.disconnectBadPeer(s.ctx, id)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (s *Service) reValidatePeer(ctx context.Context, id peer.ID) error {
+	s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().PeerStatusScorer().SetCurrentHeight(s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64())
+	if err := s.sendRPCStatusRequest(ctx, id); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Do not return an error for ping requests.
+	if err := s.sendPingRequest(ctx, id); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not ping peer", "err", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// statusRPCHandler reads the incoming Status RPC from the peer and responds with our version of a status message.
+// This handler will disconnect any peer that does not match our fork version.
+func (s *Service) statusRPCHandler(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}, stream libp2pcore.Stream) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, ttfbTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	SetRPCStreamDeadlines(stream)
+	m, ok := msg.(*sync_pb.Status)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("message is not type *pb.Status")
+	}
+	if err := s.rateLimiter.validateRequest(stream, 1); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.rateLimiter.add(stream, 1)
+
+	remotePeer := stream.Conn().RemotePeer()
+	if err := s.validateStatusMessage(ctx, m); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Invalid status message from peer", "handler", "status", "peer", remotePeer, "error", err)
+
+		respCode := byte(0)
+		switch err {
+		case p2ptypes.ErrGeneric:
+			respCode = responseCodeServerError
+		case p2ptypes.ErrWrongForkDigestVersion:
+			// Respond with our status and disconnect with the peer.
+			s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetChainState(remotePeer, m)
+			if err := s.respondWithStatus(ctx, stream); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			// Close before disconnecting, and wait for the other end to ack our response.
+			closeStreamAndWait(stream)
+			if err := s.sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(ctx, p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeWrongNetwork, remotePeer); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		default:
+			respCode = responseCodeInvalidRequest
+			s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().BadResponsesScorer().Increment(remotePeer)
+		}
+
+		originalErr := err
+		resp, err := s.generateErrorResponse(respCode, err.Error())
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debug("Could not generate a response error", "err", err)
+		} else if _, err := stream.Write(resp); err != nil {
+			// The peer may already be ignoring us, as we disagree on fork version, so log this as debug only.
+			log.Debug("Could not write to stream", "err", err)
+		}
+		closeStreamAndWait(stream)
+		if err := s.sendGoodByeAndDisconnect(ctx, p2ptypes.GoodbyeCodeGenericError, remotePeer); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return originalErr
+	}
+	s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetChainState(remotePeer, m)
+
+	if err := s.respondWithStatus(ctx, stream); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	closeStream(stream)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) respondWithStatus(ctx context.Context, stream network.Stream) error {
+
+	//forkDigest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	resp := &sync_pb.Status{
+		GenesisHash:   utils.ConvertHashToH256(s.cfg.chain.GenesisBlock().Hash()),
+		CurrentHeight: utils.ConvertUint256IntToH256(s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64()),
+	}
+
+	if _, err := stream.Write([]byte{responseCodeSuccess}); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not write to stream", "err", err)
+	}
+	_, err := s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().EncodeWithMaxLength(stream, resp)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (s *Service) validateStatusMessage(ctx context.Context, msg *sync_pb.Status) error {
+	forkDigest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	remoteDigest, err := utils.CreateForkDigest(
+		utils.ConvertH256ToUint256Int(msg.CurrentHeight),
+		utils.ConvertH256ToHash(msg.GenesisHash),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(forkDigest[:], remoteDigest[:]) {
+		return p2ptypes.ErrWrongForkDigestVersion
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/service.go b/internal/sync/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf9d183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Package sync includes all chain-synchronization logic for the astranet node,
+// including gossip-sub blocks, txs, and other p2p
+// messages, as well as ability to process and respond to block requests
+// by peers.
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/protocol"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const rangeLimit = 1024
+const seenBlockSize = 1000
+const badBlockSize = 1000
+const syncMetricsInterval = 10 * time.Second
+
+// todo
+const ttfbTimeout = 10 * time.Second // TtfbTimeout is the maximum time to wait for first byte of request response (time-to-first-byte).
+const respTimeout = 20 * time.Second // RespTimeout is the maximum time for complete response transfer.
+
+// todo
+const maxRequestBlocks = 1024
+
+const maintainPeerStatusesInterval = 2 * time.Minute
+
+const resyncInterval = 1 * time.Minute
+
+const enableFullSSZDataLogging = false
+
+var (
+	// Seconds in one block.
+	pendingBlockExpTime = 8 * time.Second
+	errWrongMessage     = errors.New("wrong pubsub message")
+	errNilMessage       = errors.New("nil pubsub message")
+)
+
+// Common type for functional p2p validation options.
+type validationFn func(ctx context.Context) (pubsub.ValidationResult, error)
+
+// config to hold dependencies for the sync service.
+type config struct {
+	p2p         p2p.P2P
+	chain       common.IBlockChain
+	initialSync Checker
+}
+
+// This defines the interface for interacting with block chain service
+type blockchainService interface {
+}
+
+// Service is responsible for handling all run time p2p related operations as the
+// main entry point for network messages.
+type Service struct {
+	cfg    *config
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+
+	subHandler  *subTopicHandler
+	rateLimiter *limiter
+
+	seenBlockCache *lru.Cache[types.Hash, *block2.Block]
+	seenBlockLock  sync.RWMutex
+	badBlockLock   sync.RWMutex
+	badBlockCache  *lru.Cache[types.Hash, bool]
+
+	validateBlockLock               sync.RWMutex
+	seenExitLock                    sync.RWMutex
+	seenSyncMessageLock             sync.RWMutex
+	seenSyncContributionLock        sync.RWMutex
+	syncContributionBitsOverlapLock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewService initializes new regular sync service.
+func NewService(ctx context.Context, opts ...Option) *Service {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	r := &Service{
+		ctx:    ctx,
+		cancel: cancel,
+		cfg:    &config{},
+	}
+
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		if err := opt(r); err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	r.subHandler = newSubTopicHandler()
+	r.rateLimiter = newRateLimiter(r.cfg.p2p)
+	r.initCaches()
+
+	r.registerRPCHandlers()
+
+	digest, err := r.currentForkDigest()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("Could not retrieve current fork digest")
+	}
+	r.registerSubscribers(digest)
+	//go r.forkWatcher()
+
+	return r
+}
+
+// Start the regular sync service.
+func (s *Service) Start() {
+	s.cfg.p2p.AddConnectionHandler(s.reValidatePeer, s.sendGoodbye)
+	s.cfg.p2p.AddDisconnectionHandler(func(_ context.Context, p peer.ID) error {
+		// no-op
+		//for no reason disconnect
+		//todo
+		if nextValidTime, err := s.cfg.p2p.Peers().NextValidTime(p); err == nil && time.Now().After(nextValidTime) {
+			s.cfg.p2p.Peers().SetNextValidTime(p, time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute))
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	s.cfg.p2p.AddPingMethod(s.sendPingRequest)
+	s.maintainPeerStatuses()
+	s.resyncIfBehind()
+
+	// Update sync metrics.
+	utils.RunEvery(s.ctx, syncMetricsInterval, s.updateMetrics)
+}
+
+// Stop the regular sync service.
+func (s *Service) Stop() error {
+	defer func() {
+		if s.rateLimiter != nil {
+			s.rateLimiter.free()
+		}
+	}()
+	// Removing RPC Stream handlers.
+	for _, p := range s.cfg.p2p.Host().Mux().Protocols() {
+		s.cfg.p2p.Host().RemoveStreamHandler(protocol.ID(p))
+	}
+	// Deregister Topic Subscribers.
+	for _, t := range s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().GetTopics() {
+		s.unSubscribeFromTopic(t)
+	}
+	defer s.cancel()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Status of the currently running regular sync service.
+func (s *Service) Status() error {
+	// If our HighestBlockNumber lower than our peers are reporting then we might be out of sync.
+	if s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64()+1 < s.cfg.p2p.Peers().HighestBlockNumber().Uint64() {
+		return errors.New("out of sync")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// This initializes the caches to update seen beacon objects coming in from the wire
+// and prevent DoS.
+func (s *Service) initCaches() {
+	s.badBlockCache, _ = lru.New[types.Hash, bool](seenBlockSize)
+	s.seenBlockCache, _ = lru.New[types.Hash, *block2.Block](badBlockSize)
+}
+
+// marks the chain as having started.
+func (s *Service) markForChainStart() {
+	//s.chainStarted.Set()
+}
+
+// Checker defines a struct which can verify whether a node is currently
+// synchronizing a chain with the rest of peers in the network.
+type Checker interface {
+	Syncing() bool
+	Synced() bool
+	Status() error
+	Resync() error
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/subscriber.go b/internal/sync/subscriber.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efc450d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/subscriber.go
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p/peers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/host"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+const pubsubMessageTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+// wrappedVal represents a gossip validator which also returns an error along with the result.
+type wrappedVal func(context.Context, peer.ID, *pubsub.Message) (pubsub.ValidationResult, error)
+
+// subHandler represents handler for a given subscription.
+type subHandler func(context.Context, proto.Message) error
+
+// noopValidator is a no-op that only decodes the message, but does not check its contents.
+func (s *Service) noopValidator(_ context.Context, _ peer.ID, msg *pubsub.Message) (pubsub.ValidationResult, error) {
+	m, err := s.decodePubsubMessage(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Could not decode message", "err", err)
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, nil
+	}
+	msg.ValidatorData = m
+	return pubsub.ValidationAccept, nil
+}
+
+// Register PubSub subscribers
+func (s *Service) registerSubscribers(digest [4]byte) {
+	s.subscribe(
+		p2p.BlockTopicFormat,
+		s.validateBlockPubSub,
+		s.blockSubscriber,
+		digest,
+	)
+	//todo txs?
+	//s.subscribe(
+	//	p2p.TransactionTopicFormat,
+	//	digest,
+	//)
+}
+
+// subscribe to a given topic with a given validator and subscription handler.
+// The base protobuf message is used to initialize new messages for decoding.
+func (s *Service) subscribe(topic string, validator wrappedVal, handle subHandler, digest [4]byte) *pubsub.Subscription {
+	//todo
+	//genRoot := s.chain.GenesisBlock().Hash()
+	//_, e, err := utils.RetrieveForkDataFromDigest(digest, genRoot[:])
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	// Impossible condition as it would mean digest does not exist.
+	//	panic(err)
+	//}
+	base := p2p.GossipTopicMappings(topic)
+	if base == nil {
+		// Impossible condition as it would mean topic does not exist.
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("%s is not mapped to any message in GossipTopicMappings", topic))
+	}
+	return s.subscribeWithBase(s.addDigestToTopic(topic, digest), validator, handle)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) subscribeWithBase(topic string, validator wrappedVal, handle subHandler) *pubsub.Subscription {
+	topic += s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+	//log := log.WithField("topic", topic)
+
+	// Do not resubscribe already seen subscriptions.
+	ok := s.subHandler.topicExists(topic)
+	if ok {
+		log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Provided topic already has an active subscription running: %s", topic), "topic", topic)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().RegisterTopicValidator(s.wrapAndReportValidation(topic, validator)); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Could not register validator for topic", "topic", topic)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	sub, err := s.cfg.p2p.SubscribeToTopic(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Any error subscribing to a PubSub topic would be the result of a misconfiguration of
+		// libp2p PubSub library or a subscription request to a topic that fails to match the topic
+		// subscription filter.
+		log.Error("Could not subscribe topic", "topic", topic, "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	s.subHandler.addTopic(sub.Topic(), sub)
+
+	// Pipeline decodes the incoming subscription data, runs the validation, and handles the
+	// message.
+	pipeline := func(msg *pubsub.Message) {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.ctx, pubsubMessageTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+		ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "sync.pubsub")
+		defer span.End()
+
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				//tracing.AnnotateError(span, fmt.Errorf("panic occurred: %v", r))
+				log.Error("Panic occurred", "err", r, "topic", topic)
+				debug.PrintStack()
+			}
+		}()
+
+		span.AddAttributes(trace.StringAttribute("topic", topic))
+
+		if msg.ValidatorData == nil {
+			log.Error("Received nil message on pubsub")
+			messageFailedProcessingCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := handle(ctx, msg.ValidatorData.(proto.Message)); err != nil {
+			//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			log.Error("Could not handle p2p pubsub", "err", err, "topic", topic)
+			messageFailedProcessingCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The main message loop for receiving incoming messages from this subscription.
+	messageLoop := func() {
+		for {
+			msg, err := sub.Next(s.ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				// This should only happen when the context is cancelled or subscription is cancelled.
+				if err != pubsub.ErrSubscriptionCancelled { // Only log a warning on unexpected errors.
+					log.Warn("Subscription next failed", "err", err)
+				}
+				// Cancel subscription in the event of an error, as we are
+				// now exiting topic event loop.
+				sub.Cancel()
+				return
+			}
+
+			if msg.ReceivedFrom == s.cfg.p2p.PeerID() {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			go pipeline(msg)
+		}
+	}
+
+	go messageLoop()
+	log.Info("Subscribed to topic", "topic", topic)
+	return sub
+}
+
+// Wrap the pubsub validator with a metric monitoring function. This function increments the
+// appropriate counter if the particular message fails to validate.
+func (s *Service) wrapAndReportValidation(topic string, v wrappedVal) (string, pubsub.ValidatorEx) {
+	return topic, func(ctx context.Context, pid peer.ID, msg *pubsub.Message) (res pubsub.ValidationResult) {
+		defer s.handlePanic(ctx, msg)
+		res = pubsub.ValidationIgnore // Default: ignore any message that panics.
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, pubsubMessageTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+		messageReceivedCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+		if msg.Topic == nil {
+			messageFailedValidationCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+			return pubsub.ValidationReject
+		}
+		retDigest, err := p2p.ExtractGossipDigest(topic)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid topic format of pubsub topic: %v", err), "topic", topic)
+			return pubsub.ValidationIgnore
+		}
+		currDigest, err := s.currentForkDigest()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Unable to retrieve fork data: %v", err), "topic", topic)
+			return pubsub.ValidationIgnore
+		}
+		if currDigest != retDigest {
+			log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Received message from outdated fork digest %#x", retDigest), "topic", topic)
+			return pubsub.ValidationIgnore
+		}
+		b, err := v(ctx, pid, msg)
+
+		var fields = make([]interface{}, 0)
+		fields = append(fields, "topic", topic)
+		fields = append(fields, "peer id", pid.String())
+		fields = append(fields, "multiaddress", multiAddr(pid, s.cfg.p2p.Peers()))
+		fields = append(fields, "agent", agentString(pid, s.cfg.p2p.Host()))
+		fields = append(fields, "gossip score", s.cfg.p2p.Peers().Scorers().GossipScorer().Score(pid))
+
+		if b == pubsub.ValidationReject {
+			if enableFullSSZDataLogging {
+				fields = append(fields, "message", hexutil.Encode(msg.Data))
+			}
+			fields = append(fields, "err", err)
+			log.Debug("Gossip message was rejected", fields...)
+			messageFailedValidationCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+		}
+		if b == pubsub.ValidationIgnore {
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Debug("Gossip message was ignored", fields...)
+			}
+			messageIgnoredValidationCounter.WithLabelValues(topic).Inc()
+		}
+		return b
+	}
+}
+
+// revalidate that our currently connected subnets are valid.
+func (s *Service) reValidateSubscriptions(subscriptions map[uint64]*pubsub.Subscription,
+	wantedSubs []uint64, topicFormat string, digest [4]byte) {
+	for k, v := range subscriptions {
+		var wanted bool
+		for _, idx := range wantedSubs {
+			if k == idx {
+				wanted = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !wanted && v != nil {
+			v.Cancel()
+			fullTopic := fmt.Sprintf(topicFormat, digest, k) + s.cfg.p2p.Encoding().ProtocolSuffix()
+			s.unSubscribeFromTopic(fullTopic)
+			delete(subscriptions, k)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) unSubscribeFromTopic(topic string) {
+	log.Debug("Unsubscribing from topic", "topic", topic)
+	if err := s.cfg.p2p.PubSub().UnregisterTopicValidator(topic); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Could not unregister topic validator", "err", err)
+	}
+	sub := s.subHandler.subForTopic(topic)
+	if sub != nil {
+		sub.Cancel()
+	}
+	s.subHandler.removeTopic(topic)
+	if err := s.cfg.p2p.LeaveTopic(topic); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unable to leave topic", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Add fork digest to topic.
+func (_ *Service) addDigestToTopic(topic string, digest [4]byte) string {
+	if !strings.Contains(topic, "%x") {
+		log.Crit("Topic does not have appropriate formatter for digest")
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf(topic, digest)
+}
+
+// Add the digest and index to subnet topic.
+func (_ *Service) addDigestAndIndexToTopic(topic string, digest [4]byte, idx uint64) string {
+	if !strings.Contains(topic, "%x") {
+		log.Crit("Topic does not have appropriate formatter for digest")
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf(topic, digest, idx)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) currentForkDigest() ([4]byte, error) {
+	genRoot := s.cfg.chain.GenesisBlock().Header().Hash()
+	return utils.CreateForkDigest(s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64(), genRoot)
+}
+
+// Checks if the provided digest matches up with the current supposed digest.
+func isDigestValid(digest [4]byte, blockNr *uint256.Int, genValRoot types.Hash) (bool, error) {
+	retDigest, err := utils.CreateForkDigest(blockNr, genValRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	//isNextEpoch, err := utils.CreateForkDigest(new(uint256.Int).AddUint64(blockNr, 1), genValRoot)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return false, err
+	//}
+
+	return retDigest == digest, nil
+}
+
+func agentString(pid peer.ID, hst host.Host) string {
+	agString := ""
+	ok := false
+	rawVersion, storeErr := hst.Peerstore().Get(pid, "AgentVersion")
+	agString, ok = rawVersion.(string)
+	if storeErr != nil || !ok {
+		agString = ""
+	}
+	return agString
+}
+
+func multiAddr(pid peer.ID, stat *peers.Status) string {
+	addrs, err := stat.Address(pid)
+	if err != nil || addrs == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return addrs.String()
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/subscriber_blocks.go b/internal/sync/subscriber_blocks.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ad5a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/subscriber_blocks.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	block2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+func (s *Service) blockSubscriber(ctx context.Context, msg proto.Message) error {
+
+	iBlock := new(block2.Block)
+	if err := iBlock.FromProtoMessage(msg); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	blocks := make([]block2.IBlock, 0)
+	blocks = append(blocks, iBlock)
+
+	log.Info("Subscriber new Block", "hash", iBlock.Header().Hash(), "blockNr", iBlock.Header().Number64().Uint64())
+
+	if iBlock.Number64().Uint64() > s.cfg.chain.CurrentBlock().Number64().Uint64()+1 {
+		if err := s.cfg.chain.AddFutureBlock(iBlock); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else if _, err := s.cfg.chain.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
+		// todo bad block
+		//if errors.Is(err, Badblock) {
+		s.setBadBlock(ctx, iBlock.Hash())
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/subscription_topic_handler.go b/internal/sync/subscription_topic_handler.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c045b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/subscription_topic_handler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/p2p"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"sync"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+)
+
+// This is a subscription topic handler that is used to handle basic
+// CRUD operations on the topic map. All operations are thread safe
+// so they can be called from multiple routines.
+type subTopicHandler struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	subTopics map[string]*pubsub.Subscription
+	digestMap map[[4]byte]int
+}
+
+func newSubTopicHandler() *subTopicHandler {
+	return &subTopicHandler{
+		subTopics: map[string]*pubsub.Subscription{},
+		digestMap: map[[4]byte]int{},
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *subTopicHandler) addTopic(topic string, sub *pubsub.Subscription) {
+	s.Lock()
+	defer s.Unlock()
+	s.subTopics[topic] = sub
+	digest, err := p2p.ExtractGossipDigest(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Could not retrieve digest", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	s.digestMap[digest] += 1
+}
+
+func (s *subTopicHandler) topicExists(topic string) bool {
+	s.RLock()
+	defer s.RUnlock()
+	_, ok := s.subTopics[topic]
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (s *subTopicHandler) removeTopic(topic string) {
+	s.Lock()
+	defer s.Unlock()
+	delete(s.subTopics, topic)
+	digest, err := p2p.ExtractGossipDigest(topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Could not retrieve digest", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	currAmt, ok := s.digestMap[digest]
+	// Should never be possible, is a
+	// defensive check.
+	if !ok || currAmt <= 0 {
+		delete(s.digestMap, digest)
+		return
+	}
+	s.digestMap[digest] -= 1
+	if s.digestMap[digest] == 0 {
+		delete(s.digestMap, digest)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *subTopicHandler) digestExists(digest [4]byte) bool {
+	s.RLock()
+	defer s.RUnlock()
+
+	count, ok := s.digestMap[digest]
+	return ok && count > 0
+}
+
+func (s *subTopicHandler) allTopics() []string {
+	s.RLock()
+	defer s.RUnlock()
+	var topics []string
+	for t := range s.subTopics {
+		copiedTopic := t
+		topics = append(topics, copiedTopic)
+	}
+	return topics
+}
+
+func (s *subTopicHandler) subForTopic(topic string) *pubsub.Subscription {
+	s.RLock()
+	defer s.RUnlock()
+	return s.subTopics[topic]
+}
diff --git a/internal/sync/validate_blocks.go b/internal/sync/validate_blocks.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a66669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sync/validate_blocks.go
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+package sync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+	"time"
+
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrOptimisticParent = errors.New("parent of the block is optimistic")
+)
+
+// validateBlockPubSub checks that the incoming block has a valid BLS signature.
+// Blocks that have already been seen are ignored. If the BLS signature is any valid signature,
+// this method rebroadcasts the message.
+func (s *Service) validateBlockPubSub(ctx context.Context, pid peer.ID, msg *pubsub.Message) (pubsub.ValidationResult, error) {
+	receivedTime := time.Now()
+	// Validation runs on publish (not just subscriptions), so we should approve any message from
+	// ourselves.
+	if pid == s.cfg.p2p.PeerID() {
+		return pubsub.ValidationAccept, nil
+	}
+
+	// We should not attempt to process blocks until fully synced, but propagation is OK.
+	if s.cfg.initialSync.Syncing() {
+		return pubsub.ValidationIgnore, nil
+	}
+
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "sync.validateBlockPubSub")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	m, err := s.decodePubsubMessage(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		//tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, errors.Wrap(err, "Could not decode message")
+	}
+
+	s.validateBlockLock.Lock()
+	defer s.validateBlockLock.Unlock()
+
+	blk, ok := m.(*types_pb.Block)
+	if !ok {
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, errors.New("msg is not types_pb.Block")
+	}
+
+	iBlock := new(block.Block)
+	if err = iBlock.FromProtoMessage(blk); err != nil {
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, errors.New("block.Block is nil")
+	}
+
+	iHeader, iBody := iBlock.Header(), iBlock.Body()
+	header, ok := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	if !ok {
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, errors.New("msg.header is not block.Header")
+	}
+	_, ok = iBody.(*block.Body)
+	if !ok {
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, errors.New("msg.body is not types_pb.Block")
+	}
+
+	//todo
+	// Broadcast the block on a feed to notify other services in the beacon node
+	// of a received block (even if it does not process correctly through a state transition).
+
+	if s.cfg.chain.HasBlock(header.Root, header.Number.Uint64()) {
+		return pubsub.ValidationIgnore, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if parent is a bad block and then reject the block.
+	if s.hasBadBlock(header.ParentHash) {
+		s.setBadBlock(ctx, header.Root)
+		err := fmt.Errorf("received block with root %#x that has an invalid parent %#x", header.Root, header.ParentHash)
+		log.Debug("Received block with an invalid parent", "err", err)
+		return pubsub.ValidationReject, err
+	}
+
+	// Be lenient in handling early blocks. Instead of discarding blocks arriving later than
+	// MAXIMUM_GOSSIP_CLOCK_DISPARITY in future, we tolerate blocks arriving at max two slots
+	// earlier (SECONDS_PER_SLOT * 2 seconds). Queue such blocks and process them at the right slot.
+	//genesisTime := uint64(s.cfg.chain.GenesisTime().Unix())
+	//if header.Time > time.Now() {
+	//	log.Error("Ignored block: could not verify header time")
+	//	return pubsub.ValidationIgnore, nil
+	//}
+
+	// Add metrics for block arrival time subtracts slot start time.
+	if err := captureArrivalTimeMetric(header.Time); err != nil {
+		log.Debug("Ignored block: could not capture arrival time metric", "err", err)
+		return pubsub.ValidationIgnore, nil
+	}
+
+	// Handle block when the parent is unknown.
+	if !s.cfg.chain.HasBlock(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1) {
+		// todo feature?
+	}
+
+	msg.ValidatorData = iBlock.ToProtoMessage() // Used in downstream subscriber
+
+	log.Debug("Received block")
+
+	blockVerificationGossipSummary.Observe(float64(time.Since(receivedTime).Milliseconds()))
+	return pubsub.ValidationAccept, nil
+}
+
+// Returns true if the block is marked as a bad block.
+func (s *Service) hasBadBlock(root types.Hash) bool {
+	s.badBlockLock.RLock()
+	defer s.badBlockLock.RUnlock()
+	_, seen := s.badBlockCache.Get(root)
+	return seen
+}
+
+// Set bad block in the cache.
+func (s *Service) setBadBlock(ctx context.Context, root types.Hash) {
+	s.badBlockLock.Lock()
+	defer s.badBlockLock.Unlock()
+	if ctx.Err() != nil { // Do not mark block as bad if it was due to context error.
+		return
+	}
+	log.Debug("Inserting in invalid block cache", "root", root)
+	s.badBlockCache.Add(root, true)
+}
+
+// This captures metrics for block arrival time.
+func captureArrivalTimeMetric(headerTime uint64) error {
+	startTime := time.Unix(int64(headerTime), 0)
+	//todo future block
+	if time.Now().Sub(startTime) < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("the block is future block time is %s", startTime.Format(time.RFC3339))
+	}
+	ms := time.Now().Sub(startTime) / time.Millisecond
+	arrivalBlockPropagationHistogram.Observe(float64(ms))
+	arrivalBlockPropagationGauge.Set(float64(ms))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isBlockQueueable checks if the slot_time in the block is greater than
+// current_time +  MAXIMUM_GOSSIP_CLOCK_DISPARITY. in short, this function
+// returns true if the corresponding block should be queued and false if
+// the block should be processed immediately.
+//func isBlockQueueable(genesisTime uint64, slot primitives.Slot, receivedTime time.Time) bool {
+//	slotTime, err := slots.ToTime(genesisTime, slot)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return false
+//	}
+//
+//	currentTimeWithDisparity := receivedTime.Add(params.BeaconNetworkConfig().MaximumGossipClockDisparity)
+//	return currentTimeWithDisparity.Unix() < slotTime.Unix()
+//}
+
+//func getBlockFields(b interfaces.ReadOnlySignedBeaconBlock) logrus.Fields {
+//	if consensusblocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(b) != nil {
+//		return logrus.Fields{}
+//	}
+//	graffiti := b.Block().Body().Graffiti()
+//	return logrus.Fields{
+//		"slot":          b.Block().Slot(),
+//		"proposerIndex": b.Block().ProposerIndex(),
+//		"graffiti":      string(graffiti[:]),
+//		"version":       b.Block().Version(),
+//	}
+//}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/api.go b/internal/tracers/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..118f8c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package tracers
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	common2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/api"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"time"
+
+	types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	core "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers/logger"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	rpc "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+const (
+	// defaultTraceTimeout is the amount of time a single transaction can execute
+	// by default before being forcefully aborted.
+	defaultTraceTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+
+	// defaultTraceReexec is the number of blocks the tracer is willing to go back
+	// and reexecute to produce missing historical state necessary to run a specific
+	// trace.
+	defaultTraceReexec = uint64(128)
+
+	// defaultTracechainMemLimit is the size of the triedb, at which traceChain
+	// switches over and tries to use a disk-backed database instead of building
+	// on top of memory.
+	// For non-archive nodes, this limit _will_ be overblown, as disk-backed tries
+	// will only be found every ~15K blocks or so.
+	defaultTracechainMemLimit = common.StorageSize(500 * 1024 * 1024)
+
+	// maximumPendingTraceStates is the maximum number of states allowed waiting
+	// for tracing. The creation of trace state will be paused if the unused
+	// trace states exceed this limit.
+	maximumPendingTraceStates = 128
+)
+
+var errTxNotFound = errors.New("transaction not found")
+
+// StateReleaseFunc is used to deallocate resources held by constructing a
+// historical state for tracing purposes.
+type StateReleaseFunc func()
+
+// Backend interface provides the common API services (that are provided by
+// both full and light clients) with access to necessary functions.
+type Backend interface {
+	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
+	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error)
+	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
+	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Block, error)
+	GetTransaction(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*transaction.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64, error)
+	RPCGasCap() uint64
+	ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig
+	Engine() consensus.Engine
+	ChainDb() kv.RwDB
+	StateAtBlock(ctx context.Context, tx kv.Tx, block *types.Block /*, reexec uint64, base *state.IntraBlockState, readOnly bool, preferDisk bool*/) (*state.IntraBlockState, error)
+	StateAtTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx kv.Tx, block *types.Block, txIndex int /*, reexec uint64*/) (*transaction.Message, evmtypes.BlockContext, *state.IntraBlockState, error)
+}
+
+// API is the collection of tracing APIs exposed over the private debugging endpoint.
+type API struct {
+	backend Backend
+}
+
+// NewAPI creates a new API definition for the tracing methods of the Ethereum service.
+func NewAPI(backend Backend) *API {
+	return &API{backend: backend}
+}
+
+type chainContext struct {
+	api *API
+	ctx context.Context
+}
+
+func (context *chainContext) Engine() consensus.Engine {
+	return context.api.backend.Engine()
+}
+
+func (context *chainContext) GetHeader(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Header {
+	header, err := context.api.backend.HeaderByNumber(context.ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(number))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if header.Hash() == hash {
+		return header
+	}
+	header, err = context.api.backend.HeaderByHash(context.ctx, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return header
+}
+
+// chainContext constructs the context reader which is used by the evm for reading
+// the necessary chain context.
+//func (api *API) chainContext(ctx context.Context) core.ChainContext {
+//	return &chainContext{api: api, ctx: ctx}
+//}
+
+// blockByNumber is the wrapper of the chain access function offered by the backend.
+// It will return an error if the block is not found.
+func (api *API) blockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Block, error) {
+	block, err := api.backend.BlockByNumber(ctx, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("block #%d not found", number)
+	}
+	return block, nil
+}
+
+// blockByHash is the wrapper of the chain access function offered by the backend.
+// It will return an error if the block is not found.
+func (api *API) blockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error) {
+	block, err := api.backend.BlockByHash(ctx, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("block %s not found", hash.Hex())
+	}
+	return block, nil
+}
+
+// blockByNumberAndHash is the wrapper of the chain access function offered by
+// the backend. It will return an error if the block is not found.
+//
+// Note this function is friendly for the light client which can only retrieve the
+// historical(before the CHT) header/block by number.
+func (api *API) blockByNumberAndHash(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error) {
+	block, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if block.Hash() == hash {
+		return block, nil
+	}
+	return api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
+}
+
+// TraceConfig holds extra parameters to trace functions.
+type TraceConfig struct {
+	*logger.Config
+	Tracer  *string
+	Timeout *string
+	Reexec  *uint64
+	// Config specific to given tracer. Note struct logger
+	// config are historically embedded in main object.
+	TracerConfig json.RawMessage
+}
+
+// TraceCallConfig is the config for traceCall API. It holds one more
+// field to override the state for tracing.
+type TraceCallConfig struct {
+	TraceConfig
+	StateOverrides *api.StateOverride
+	BlockOverrides *api.BlockOverrides
+}
+
+// StdTraceConfig holds extra parameters to standard-json trace functions.
+type StdTraceConfig struct {
+	logger.Config
+	Reexec *uint64
+	TxHash common.Hash
+}
+
+// txTraceResult is the result of a single transaction trace.
+type txTraceResult struct {
+	Result interface{} `json:"result,omitempty"` // Trace results produced by the tracer
+	Error  string      `json:"error,omitempty"`  // Trace failure produced by the tracer
+}
+
+// blockTraceTask represents a single block trace task when an entire chain is
+// being traced.
+type blockTraceTask struct {
+	statedb *state.IntraBlockState // Intermediate state prepped for tracing
+	block   *types.Block           // Block to trace the transactions from
+	release StateReleaseFunc       // The function to release the held resource for this task
+	results []*txTraceResult       // Trace results produced by the task
+}
+
+// blockTraceResult represents the results of tracing a single block when an entire
+// chain is being traced.
+type blockTraceResult struct {
+	Block  hexutil.Uint64   `json:"block"`  // Block number corresponding to this trace
+	Hash   common.Hash      `json:"hash"`   // Block hash corresponding to this trace
+	Traces []*txTraceResult `json:"traces"` // Trace results produced by the task
+}
+
+// txTraceTask represents a single transaction trace task when an entire block
+// is being traced.
+type txTraceTask struct {
+	statedb *state.IntraBlockState // Intermediate state prepped for tracing
+	index   int                    // Transaction offset in the block
+}
+
+// TraceChain returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM
+// between two blocks (excluding start) and returns them as a JSON object.
+//func (api *API) TraceChain(ctx context.Context, start, end rpc.BlockNumber, config *TraceConfig) (*rpc.Subscription, error) { // Fetch the block interval that we want to trace
+//	from, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, start)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	to, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, end)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	if from.Number64().Cmp(to.Number64()) >= 0 {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("end block (#%d) needs to come after start block (#%d)", end, start)
+//	}
+//	// Tracing a chain is a **long** operation, only do with subscriptions
+//	notifier, supported := rpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
+//	if !supported {
+//		return &rpc.Subscription{}, rpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+//	}
+//	sub := notifier.CreateSubscription()
+//
+//	resCh := api.traceChain(from, to, config, notifier.Closed())
+//	go func() {
+//		for result := range resCh {
+//			notifier.Notify(sub.ID, result)
+//		}
+//	}()
+//	return sub, nil
+//}
+
+// traceChain configures a new tracer according to the provided configuration, and
+// executes all the transactions contained within. The tracing chain range includes
+// the end block but excludes the start one. The return value will be one item per
+// transaction, dependent on the requested tracer.
+// The tracing procedure should be aborted in case the closed signal is received.
+//func (api *API) traceChain(start, end *types.Block, config *TraceConfig, closed <-chan interface{}) chan *blockTraceResult {
+//	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
+//	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
+//		reexec = *config.Reexec
+//	}
+//	blocks := int(end.Number64().Uint64() - start.Number64().Uint64())
+//	threads := runtime.NumCPU()
+//	if threads > blocks {
+//		threads = blocks
+//	}
+//	var (
+//		pend    = new(sync.WaitGroup)
+//		ctx     = context.Background()
+//		taskCh  = make(chan *blockTraceTask, threads)
+//		resCh   = make(chan *blockTraceTask, threads)
+//		tracker = newStateTracker(maximumPendingTraceStates, start.Number64().Uint64())
+//	)
+//	for th := 0; th < threads; th++ {
+//		pend.Add(1)
+//		go func() {
+//			defer pend.Done()
+//
+//			// Fetch and execute the block trace taskCh
+//			for task := range taskCh {
+//				var (
+//					signer   = transaction.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), task.block.Number64().ToBig())
+//					blockCtx = core.NewEVMBlockContext(task.block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
+//				)
+//				// Trace all the transactions contained within
+//				for i, tx := range task.block.Transactions() {
+//					msg, _ := core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, task.block.BaseFee())
+//					txctx := &Context{
+//						BlockHash:   task.block.Hash(),
+//						BlockNumber: task.block.Number64().ToBig(),
+//						TxIndex:     i,
+//						TxHash:      tx.Hash(),
+//					}
+//					res, err := api.traceTx(ctx, msg, txctx, blockCtx, task.statedb, config)
+//					if err != nil {
+//						task.results[i] = &txTraceResult{Error: err.Error()}
+//						log.Warn("Tracing failed", "hash", tx.Hash(), "block", task.block.NumberU64(), "err", err)
+//						break
+//					}
+//					// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
+//					task.statedb.Finalise(api.backend.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(task.block.Number()))
+//					task.results[i] = &txTraceResult{Result: res}
+//				}
+//				// Tracing state is used up, queue it for de-referencing. Note the
+//				// state is the parent state of trace block, use block.number-1 as
+//				// the state number.
+//				tracker.releaseState(task.block.NumberU64()-1, task.release)
+//
+//				// Stream the result back to the result catcher or abort on teardown
+//				select {
+//				case resCh <- task:
+//				case <-closed:
+//					return
+//				}
+//			}
+//		}()
+//	}
+//	// Start a goroutine to feed all the blocks into the tracers
+//	go func() {
+//		var (
+//			logged  time.Time
+//			begin   = time.Now()
+//			number  uint64
+//			traced  uint64
+//			failed  error
+//			statedb *state.IntraBlockState
+//			release StateReleaseFunc
+//		)
+//		// Ensure everything is properly cleaned up on any exit path
+//		defer func() {
+//			close(taskCh)
+//			pend.Wait()
+//
+//			// Clean out any pending release functions of trace states.
+//			tracker.callReleases()
+//
+//			// Log the chain result
+//			switch {
+//			case failed != nil:
+//				log.Warn("Chain tracing failed", "start", start.Number64(), "end", end.Number64(), "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin), "err", failed)
+//			case number < end.Number64().Uint64():
+//				log.Warn("Chain tracing aborted", "start", start.Number64(), "end", end.Number64(), "abort", number, "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
+//			default:
+//				log.Info("Chain tracing finished", "start", start.Number64(), "end", end.Number64(), "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
+//			}
+//			close(resCh)
+//		}()
+//		// Feed all the blocks both into the tracer, as well as fast process concurrently
+//		for number = start.Number64().Uint64(); number < end.Number64().Uint64(); number++ {
+//			// Stop tracing if interruption was requested
+//			select {
+//			case <-closed:
+//				return
+//			default:
+//			}
+//			// Print progress logs if long enough time elapsed
+//			if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+//				logged = time.Now()
+//				log.Info("Tracing chain segment", "start", start.NumberU64(), "end", end.NumberU64(), "current", number, "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
+//			}
+//			// Retrieve the parent block and target block for tracing.
+//			block, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(number))
+//			if err != nil {
+//				failed = err
+//				break
+//			}
+//			next, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(number+1))
+//			if err != nil {
+//				failed = err
+//				break
+//			}
+//			// Make sure the state creator doesn't go too far. Too many unprocessed
+//			// trace state may cause the oldest state to become stale(e.g. in
+//			// path-based scheme).
+//			if err = tracker.wait(number); err != nil {
+//				failed = err
+//				break
+//			}
+//			// Prepare the statedb for tracing. Don't use the live database for
+//			// tracing to avoid persisting state junks into the database. Switch
+//			// over to `preferDisk` mode only if the memory usage exceeds the
+//			// limit, the trie database will be reconstructed from scratch only
+//			// if the relevant state is available in disk.
+//			var preferDisk bool
+//			if statedb != nil {
+//				s1, s2 := statedb.Database().TrieDB().Size()
+//				preferDisk = s1+s2 > defaultTracechainMemLimit
+//			}
+//			statedb, release, err = api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, block, reexec, statedb, false, preferDisk)
+//			if err != nil {
+//				failed = err
+//				break
+//			}
+//			// Clean out any pending release functions of trace state. Note this
+//			// step must be done after constructing tracing state, because the
+//			// tracing state of block next depends on the parent state and construction
+//			// may fail if we release too early.
+//			tracker.callReleases()
+//
+//			// Send the block over to the concurrent tracers (if not in the fast-forward phase)
+//			txs := next.Transactions()
+//			select {
+//			case taskCh <- &blockTraceTask{statedb: statedb.copy(), block: next, release: release, results: make([]*txTraceResult, len(txs))}:
+//			case <-closed:
+//				tracker.releaseState(number, release)
+//				return
+//			}
+//			traced += uint64(len(txs))
+//		}
+//	}()
+//
+//	// Keep reading the trace results and stream them to result channel.
+//	retCh := make(chan *blockTraceResult)
+//	go func() {
+//		defer close(retCh)
+//		var (
+//			next = start.Number64().Uint64() + 1
+//			done = make(map[uint64]*blockTraceResult)
+//		)
+//		for res := range resCh {
+//			// Queue up next received result
+//			result := &blockTraceResult{
+//				Block:  hexutil.Uint64(res.block.Number64().Uint64()),
+//				Hash:   res.block.Hash(),
+//				Traces: res.results,
+//			}
+//			done[uint64(result.Block)] = result
+//
+//			// Stream completed traces to the result channel
+//			for result, ok := done[next]; ok; result, ok = done[next] {
+//				if len(result.Traces) > 0 || next == end.Number64().Uint64() {
+//					// It will be blocked in case the channel consumer doesn't take the
+//					// tracing result in time(e.g. the websocket connect is not stable)
+//					// which will eventually block the entire chain tracer. It's the
+//					// expected behavior to not waste node resources for a non-active user.
+//					retCh <- result
+//				}
+//				delete(done, next)
+//				next++
+//			}
+//		}
+//	}()
+//	return retCh
+//}
+
+// TraceBlockByNumber returns the structured logs created during the execution of
+// EVM and returns them as a JSON object.
+func (api *API) TraceBlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+	block, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
+}
+
+// TraceBlockByHash returns the structured logs created during the execution of
+// EVM and returns them as a JSON object.
+func (api *API) TraceBlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+	block, err := api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
+}
+
+// TraceBlock returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM
+// and returns them as a JSON object.
+func (api *API) TraceBlock(ctx context.Context, blob hexutil.Bytes, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+	block := new(types.Block)
+	if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(blob), block); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not decode block: %v", err)
+	}
+	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
+}
+
+// TraceBlockFromFile returns the structured logs created during the execution of
+// EVM and returns them as a JSON object.
+//func (api *API) TraceBlockFromFile(ctx context.Context, file string, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+//	blob, err := os.ReadFile(file)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not read file: %v", err)
+//	}
+//	return api.TraceBlock(ctx, blob, config)
+//}
+
+// TraceBadBlock returns the structured logs created during the execution of
+// EVM against a block pulled from the pool of bad ones and returns them as a JSON
+// object.
+//func (api *API) TraceBadBlock(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+//	block := rawdb.ReadBadBlock(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
+//	if block == nil {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad block %#x not found", hash)
+//	}
+//	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
+//}
+
+// StandardTraceBlockToFile dumps the structured logs created during the
+// execution of EVM to the local file system and returns a list of files
+// to the caller.
+//func (api *API) StandardTraceBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *StdTraceConfig) ([]string, error) {
+//	block, err := api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	return api.standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx, block, config)
+//}
+
+// IntermediateRoots executes a block (bad- or canon- or side-), and returns a list
+// of intermediate roots: the stateroot after each transaction.
+//func (api *API) IntermediateRoots(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) ([]common.Hash, error) {
+//	block, _ := api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
+//	if block == nil {
+//		// Check in the bad blocks
+//		block = rawdb.ReadBadBlock(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
+//	}
+//	if block == nil {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("block %#x not found", hash)
+//	}
+//	if block.NumberU64() == 0 {
+//		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
+//	}
+//	parent, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(block.NumberU64()-1), block.ParentHash())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
+//	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
+//		reexec = *config.Reexec
+//	}
+//	statedb, release, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, parent, reexec, nil, true, false)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	defer release()
+//
+//	var (
+//		roots              []common.Hash
+//		signer             = types.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number())
+//		chainConfig        = api.backend.ChainConfig()
+//		vmctx              = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
+//		deleteEmptyObjects = chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number())
+//	)
+//	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+//		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+//			return nil, err
+//		}
+//		var (
+//			msg, _    = core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, block.BaseFee())
+//			txContext = core.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+//			vmenv     = vm.NewEVM(vmctx, txContext, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
+//		)
+//		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), i)
+//		if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.GasLimit)); err != nil {
+//			log.Warn("Tracing intermediate roots did not complete", "txindex", i, "txhash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
+//			// We intentionally don't return the error here: if we do, then the RPC server will not
+//			// return the roots. Most likely, the caller already knows that a certain transaction fails to
+//			// be included, but still want the intermediate roots that led to that point.
+//			// It may happen the tx_N causes an erroneous state, which in turn causes tx_N+M to not be
+//			// executable.
+//			// N.B: This should never happen while tracing canon blocks, only when tracing bad blocks.
+//			return roots, nil
+//		}
+//		// calling IntermediateRoot will internally call Finalize on the state
+//		// so any modifications are written to the trie
+//		roots = append(roots, statedb.IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects))
+//	}
+//	return roots, nil
+//}
+
+// StandardTraceBadBlockToFile dumps the structured logs created during the
+// execution of EVM against a block pulled from the pool of bad ones to the
+// local file system and returns a list of files to the caller.
+//func (api *API) StandardTraceBadBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *StdTraceConfig) ([]string, error) {
+//	block := rawdb.ReadBadBlock(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
+//	if block == nil {
+//		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad block %#x not found", hash)
+//	}
+//	return api.standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx, block, config)
+//}
+
+// traceBlock configures a new tracer according to the provided configuration, and
+// executes all the transactions contained within. The return value will be one item
+// per transaction, dependent on the requested tracer.
+func (api *API) traceBlock(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+	if block.Number64().Uint64() == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
+	}
+	// Prepare base state
+	parent, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(block.Number64().Uint64()-1), block.ParentHash())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//reexec := defaultTraceReexec
+	//if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
+	//	reexec = *config.Reexec
+	//}
+
+	rtx, err := api.backend.ChainDb().BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rtx.Rollback()
+
+	statedb, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, rtx, parent /*, reexec, nil, true, false*/)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// defer release()
+
+	// JS tracers have high overhead. In this case run a parallel
+	// process that generates states in one thread and traces txes
+	// in separate worker threads.
+	//if config != nil && config.Tracer != nil && *config.Tracer != "" {
+	//	if isJS := DefaultDirectory.IsJS(*config.Tracer); isJS {
+	//		return api.traceBlockParallel(ctx, block, statedb, config)
+	//	}
+	//}
+
+	// Native tracers have low overhead
+	var (
+		txs       = block.Transactions()
+		blockHash = block.Hash()
+		//is158     = api.backend.ChainConfig().IsSpuriousDragon(block.Number64().Uint64())
+		blockCtx = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header().(*types.Header), core.GetHashFn(block.Header().(*types.Header), api.chainContext(ctx).GetHeader), api.chainContext(ctx).Engine(), nil)
+		signer   = transaction.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number64().ToBig())
+		results  = make([]*txTraceResult, len(txs))
+	)
+	for i, tx := range txs {
+		// Generate the next state snapshot fast without tracing
+		msg, _ := tx.AsMessage(signer, block.BaseFee64())
+		txctx := &Context{
+			BlockHash:   blockHash,
+			BlockNumber: block.Number64().ToBig(),
+			TxIndex:     i,
+			TxHash:      tx.Hash(),
+		}
+		res, err := api.traceTx(ctx, &msg, txctx, blockCtx, statedb, config)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		results[i] = &txTraceResult{Result: res}
+		// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
+		// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
+		//statedb.SoftFinalise(is158)
+		statedb.FinalizeTx(api.backend.ChainConfig().Rules(block.Number64().Uint64()), state.NewNoopWriter())
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+// chainContext constructs the context reader which is used by the evm for reading
+// the necessary chain context.
+func (api *API) chainContext(ctx context.Context) core.ChainContext {
+	return &chainContext{api: api, ctx: ctx}
+}
+
+// traceBlockParallel is for tracers that have a high overhead (read JS tracers). One thread
+// runs along and executes txes without tracing enabled to generate their prestate.
+// Worker threads take the tasks and the prestate and trace them.
+//func (api *API) traceBlockParallel(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, statedb *state.IntraBlockState, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
+//	// Execute all the transaction contained within the block concurrently
+//	var (
+//		txs       = block.Transactions()
+//		blockHash = block.Hash()
+//		blockCtx  = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header().(*types.Header), core.GetHashFn(block.Header().(*types.Header), api.chainContext(ctx).GetHeader), api.chainContext(ctx).Engine(), nil)
+//		signer    = transaction.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number64().ToBig())
+//		results   = make([]*txTraceResult, len(txs))
+//		pend      sync.WaitGroup
+//	)
+//	threads := runtime.NumCPU()
+//	if threads > len(txs) {
+//		threads = len(txs)
+//	}
+//	jobs := make(chan *txTraceTask, threads)
+//	for th := 0; th < threads; th++ {
+//		pend.Add(1)
+//		go func() {
+//			defer pend.Done()
+//			// Fetch and execute the next transaction trace tasks
+//			for task := range jobs {
+//				msg, _ := txs[task.index].AsMessage(signer, block.BaseFee64())
+//				txctx := &Context{
+//					BlockHash:   blockHash,
+//					BlockNumber: block.Number64().ToBig(),
+//					TxIndex:     task.index,
+//					TxHash:      txs[task.index].Hash(),
+//				}
+//				res, err := api.traceTx(ctx, &msg, txctx, blockCtx, task.statedb, config)
+//				if err != nil {
+//					results[task.index] = &txTraceResult{Error: err.Error()}
+//					continue
+//				}
+//				results[task.index] = &txTraceResult{Result: res}
+//			}
+//		}()
+//	}
+//
+//	// Feed the transactions into the tracers and return
+//	var failed error
+//txloop:
+//	for i, tx := range txs {
+//		// Send the trace task over for execution
+//		task := &txTraceTask{statedb: statedb.Copy(), index: i}
+//		select {
+//		case <-ctx.Done():
+//			failed = ctx.Err()
+//			break txloop
+//		case jobs <- task:
+//		}
+//
+//		// Generate the next state snapshot fast without tracing
+//		msg, _ := tx.AsMessage(signer, block.BaseFee64())
+//		statedb.Prepare(tx.Hash(), blockHash, i)
+//		vmenv := vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, core.NewEVMTxContext(msg), statedb, api.backend.ChainConfig(), vm.Config{})
+//		if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(common2.GasPool).AddGas(msg.Gas())); err != nil {
+//			failed = err
+//			break txloop
+//		}
+//		// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
+//		// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
+//		statedb.Finalise(vmenv.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(block.Number()))
+//	}
+//
+//	close(jobs)
+//	pend.Wait()
+//
+//	// If execution failed in between, abort
+//	if failed != nil {
+//		return nil, failed
+//	}
+//	return results, nil
+//}
+
+// standardTraceBlockToFile configures a new tracer which uses standard JSON output,
+// and traces either a full block or an individual transaction. The return value will
+// be one filename per transaction traced.
+//func (api *API) standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, config *StdTraceConfig) ([]string, error) {
+//	// If we're tracing a single transaction, make sure it's present
+//	if config != nil && config.TxHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+//		if !containsTx(block, config.TxHash) {
+//			return nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction %#x not found in block", config.TxHash)
+//		}
+//	}
+//	if block.NumberU64() == 0 {
+//		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
+//	}
+//	parent, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(block.NumberU64()-1), block.ParentHash())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
+//	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
+//		reexec = *config.Reexec
+//	}
+//	statedb, release, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, parent, reexec, nil, true, false)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	defer release()
+//
+//	// Retrieve the tracing configurations, or use default values
+//	var (
+//		logConfig logger.Config
+//		txHash    common.Hash
+//	)
+//	if config != nil {
+//		logConfig = config.Config
+//		txHash = config.TxHash
+//	}
+//	logConfig.Debug = true
+//
+//	// Execute transaction, either tracing all or just the requested one
+//	var (
+//		dumps       []string
+//		signer      = transaction.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number64().ToBig())
+//		chainConfig = api.backend.ChainConfig()
+//		vmctx       = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
+//		canon       = true
+//	)
+//	// Check if there are any overrides: the caller may wish to enable a future
+//	// fork when executing this block. Note, such overrides are only applicable to the
+//	// actual specified block, not any preceding blocks that we have to go through
+//	// in order to obtain the state.
+//	// Therefore, it's perfectly valid to specify `"futureForkBlock": 0`, to enable `futureFork`
+//	if config != nil && config.Overrides != nil {
+//		// Note: This copies the config, to not screw up the main config
+//		chainConfig, canon = overrideConfig(chainConfig, config.Overrides)
+//	}
+//	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+//		// Prepare the transaction for un-traced execution
+//		var (
+//			msg, _    = core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, block.BaseFee())
+//			txContext = core.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
+//			vmConf    vm.Config
+//			dump      *os.File
+//			writer    *bufio.Writer
+//			err       error
+//		)
+//		// If the transaction needs tracing, swap out the configs
+//		if tx.Hash() == txHash || txHash == (common.Hash{}) {
+//			// Generate a unique temporary file to dump it into
+//			prefix := fmt.Sprintf("block_%#x-%d-%#x-", block.Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, tx.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
+//			if !canon {
+//				prefix = fmt.Sprintf("%valt-", prefix)
+//			}
+//			dump, err = os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), prefix)
+//			if err != nil {
+//				return nil, err
+//			}
+//			dumps = append(dumps, dump.Name())
+//
+//			// Swap out the noop logger to the standard tracer
+//			writer = bufio.NewWriter(dump)
+//			vmConf = vm.Config{
+//				Debug:                   true,
+//				Tracer:                  logger.NewJSONLogger(&logConfig, writer),
+//				EnablePreimageRecording: true,
+//			}
+//		}
+//		// Execute the transaction and flush any traces to disk
+//		vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, txContext, statedb, chainConfig, vmConf)
+//		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), i)
+//		_, err = core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.GasLimit))
+//		if writer != nil {
+//			writer.Flush()
+//		}
+//		if dump != nil {
+//			dump.Close()
+//			log.Info("Wrote standard trace", "file", dump.Name())
+//		}
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return dumps, err
+//		}
+//		// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
+//		// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
+//		statedb.Finalise(vmenv.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(block.Number()))
+//
+//		// If we've traced the transaction we were looking for, abort
+//		if tx.Hash() == txHash {
+//			break
+//		}
+//	}
+//	return dumps, nil
+//}
+
+// containsTx reports whether the transaction with a certain hash
+// is contained within the specified block.
+func containsTx(block *types.Block, hash common.Hash) bool {
+	for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+		if tx.Hash() == hash {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// TraceTransaction returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM
+// and returns them as a JSON object.
+func (api *API) TraceTransaction(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) (interface{}, error) {
+	tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err := api.backend.GetTransaction(ctx, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Only mined txes are supported
+	if tx == nil {
+		return nil, errTxNotFound
+	}
+	// It shouldn't happen in practice.
+	if blockNumber == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
+	}
+	//reexec := defaultTraceReexec
+	//if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
+	//	reexec = *config.Reexec
+	//}
+	block, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(blockNumber), blockHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	dbTx, err := api.backend.ChainDb().BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer dbTx.Rollback()
+
+	msg, vmctx, statedb, err := api.backend.StateAtTransaction(ctx, dbTx, block, int(index))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//defer release()
+
+	txctx := &Context{
+		BlockHash:   blockHash,
+		BlockNumber: block.Number64().ToBig(),
+		TxIndex:     int(index),
+		TxHash:      hash,
+	}
+	return api.traceTx(ctx, msg, txctx, vmctx, statedb, config)
+}
+
+// TraceCall lets you trace a given eth_call. It collects the structured logs
+// created during the execution of EVM if the given transaction was added on
+// top of the provided block and returns them as a JSON object.
+func (api *API) TraceCall(ctx context.Context, args api.TransactionArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash, config *TraceCallConfig) (interface{}, error) {
+	// Try to retrieve the specified block
+	var (
+		err   error
+		block *types.Block
+	)
+	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
+		block, err = api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
+	} else if number, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
+		if number == rpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+			// We don't have access to the miner here. For tracing 'future' transactions,
+			// it can be done with block- and state-overrides instead, which offers
+			// more flexibility and stability than trying to trace on 'pending', since
+			// the contents of 'pending' is unstable and probably not a true representation
+			// of what the next actual block is likely to contain.
+			return nil, errors.New("tracing on top of pending is not supported")
+		}
+		block, err = api.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
+	} else {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// try to recompute the state
+	//reexec := defaultTraceReexec
+	//if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
+	//	reexec = *config.Reexec
+	//}
+
+	rtx, err := api.backend.ChainDb().BeginRo(ctx)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rtx.Rollback()
+
+	statedb, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, rtx, block /*, reexec, nil, true, false*/)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	vmctx := core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header().(*types.Header), core.GetHashFn(block.Header().(*types.Header), api.chainContext(ctx).GetHeader), api.backend.Engine(), nil)
+	// Apply the customization rules if required.
+	if config != nil {
+		if err := config.StateOverrides.Apply(statedb); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		config.BlockOverrides.Apply(&vmctx)
+	}
+	// Execute the trace
+	msg, err := args.ToMessage(api.backend.RPCGasCap(), block.BaseFee64().ToBig())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var traceConfig *TraceConfig
+	if config != nil {
+		traceConfig = &config.TraceConfig
+	}
+	return api.traceTx(ctx, &msg, new(Context), vmctx, statedb, traceConfig)
+}
+
+// traceTx configures a new tracer according to the provided configuration, and
+// executes the given message in the provided environment. The return value will
+// be tracer dependent.
+func (api *API) traceTx(ctx context.Context, message *transaction.Message, txctx *Context, vmctx evmtypes.BlockContext, statedb *state.IntraBlockState, config *TraceConfig) (interface{}, error) {
+	var (
+		tracer    Tracer
+		err       error
+		timeout   = defaultTraceTimeout
+		txContext = core.NewEVMTxContext(message)
+	)
+	if config == nil {
+		config = &TraceConfig{}
+	}
+	// Default tracer is the struct logger
+	tracer = logger.NewStructLogger(config.Config)
+	if config.Tracer != nil {
+		tracer, err = DefaultDirectory.New(*config.Tracer, txctx, config.TracerConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	//Debug: true, Tracer: logger.NewMarkdownLogger(nil, os.Stdout)
+	vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, txContext, statedb, api.backend.ChainConfig(), vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer, NoBaseFee: true})
+
+	// Define a meaningful timeout of a single transaction trace
+	if config.Timeout != nil {
+		if timeout, err = time.ParseDuration(*config.Timeout); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	deadlineCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	go func() {
+		<-deadlineCtx.Done()
+		if errors.Is(deadlineCtx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			tracer.Stop(errors.New("execution timeout"))
+			// Stop evm execution. Note cancellation is not necessarily immediate.
+			vmenv.Cancel()
+		}
+	}()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Call Prepare to clear out the statedb access list
+	statedb.Prepare(txctx.TxHash, txctx.BlockHash, txctx.TxIndex)
+	if _, err = core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, message, new(common2.GasPool).AddGas(message.Gas()), true, false); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracing failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	return tracer.GetResult()
+}
+
+// APIs return the collection of RPC services the tracer package offers.
+func APIs(backend Backend) []rpc.API {
+	// Append all the local APIs and return
+	return []rpc.API{
+		{
+			Namespace: "debug",
+			Service:   NewAPI(backend),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// overrideConfig returns a copy of original with forks enabled by override enabled,
+// along with a boolean that indicates whether the copy is canonical (equivalent to the original).
+// Note: the Clique-part is _not_ deep copied
+func overrideConfig(original *params.ChainConfig, override *params.ChainConfig) (*params.ChainConfig, bool) {
+	copy := new(params.ChainConfig)
+	*copy = *original
+	canon := true
+
+	// Apply forks (after Berlin) to the copy.
+	if block := override.BerlinBlock; block != nil {
+		copy.BerlinBlock = block
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if block := override.LondonBlock; block != nil {
+		copy.LondonBlock = block
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if block := override.ArrowGlacierBlock; block != nil {
+		copy.ArrowGlacierBlock = block
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if block := override.GrayGlacierBlock; block != nil {
+		copy.GrayGlacierBlock = block
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if block := override.MergeNetsplitBlock; block != nil {
+		copy.MergeNetsplitBlock = block
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if timestamp := override.ShanghaiBlock; timestamp != nil {
+		copy.ShanghaiBlock = timestamp
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if timestamp := override.CancunBlock; timestamp != nil {
+		copy.CancunBlock = timestamp
+		canon = false
+	}
+	if timestamp := override.PragueTime; timestamp != nil {
+		copy.PragueTime = timestamp
+		canon = false
+	}
+
+	return copy, canon
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/create.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/create.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8557f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/create.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3755480783",
+    "gasLimit": "5401723",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294702",
+    "timestamp": "1513676146"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x13e4acefe6a6700604929946e70e6443e4e73447": {
+        "balance": "0xcf3e0938579f000",
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+    "type": "CREATE",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/deep_calls.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/deep_calls.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..174f23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/deep_calls.json
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+{
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/delegatecall.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/delegatecall.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd946f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/delegatecall.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
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+    "hash": "0x0855914bdc581bccdc62591fd438498386ffb59ea4d5361ed5c3702e26e2c72f",
+    "miner": "0x334391aa808257952a462d1475562ee2106a6c90",
+    "mixHash": "0x64bb70b8ca883cadb8fbbda2c70a861612407864089ed87b98e5de20acceada6",
+    "nonce": "0x684129f283aaef18",
+    "number": "11494",
+    "stateRoot": "0x7057f31fe3dab1d620771adad35224aae43eb70e94861208bc84c557ff5b9d10",
+    "timestamp": "1479735912",
+    "totalDifficulty": "90744064339"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf889448504a817c800832dc6c094269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba80a47065cb480000000000000000000000001523e55a1ca4efbae03355775ae89f8d7699ad9e29a080ed81e4c5e9971a730efab4885566e2c868cd80bd4166d0ed8c287fdf181650a069d7c49215e3d4416ad239cd09dbb71b9f04c16b33b385d14f40b618a7a65115",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "calls": [
+          {
+            "from": "0x13204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff",
+            "gas": "0x2bf459",
+            "gasUsed": "0x2aa",
+            "input": "0x7d65837a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+            "to": "0x42b02b5deeb78f34cd5ac896473b63e6c99a71a2",
+            "type": "DELEGATECALL",
+            "value": "0x0"
+          }
+        ],
+        "from": "0x269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba",
+        "gas": "0x2cae73",
+        "gasUsed": "0xa9d",
+        "input": "0x5dbe47e8000000000000000000000000a529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+        "to": "0x13204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff",
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "from": "0xa529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+    "gas": "0x2d6e28",
+    "gasUsed": "0xbd55",
+    "input": "0x7065cb480000000000000000000000001523e55a1ca4efbae03355775ae89f8d7699ad9e",
+    "to": "0x269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95c5889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3451177886",
+    "gasLimit": "4709286",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2290744",
+    "timestamp": "1513616439"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
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+        "balance": "0x0",
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+      "0x5cb4a6b902fcb21588c86c3517e797b07cdaadb9": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xe4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8": {
+        "balance": "0x33c763c929f62c4f",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "14",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3451177886",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4713874",
+    "hash": "0x5d52a672417cd1269bf4f7095e25dcbf837747bba908cd5ef809dc1bd06144b5",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x01a12845ed546b94a038a7a03e8df8d7952024ed41ccb3db7a7ade4abc290ce1",
+    "nonce": "0x28c446f1cb9748c1",
+    "number": "2290743",
+    "stateRoot": "0x4898aceede76739daef76448a367d10015a2c022c9e7909b99a10fbf6fb16708",
+    "timestamp": "1513616414",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7146523769022564"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8aa0e8509502f9000830493e0941d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a80b8443b91f506000000000000000000000000a14bdd7e5666d784dcce98ad24d383a6b1cd4182000000000000000000000000e4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e829a0524564944fa419f5c189b5074044f89210c6d6b2d77ee8f7f12a927d59b636dfa0015b28986807a424b18b186ee6642d76739df36cad802d20e8c00e79a61d7281",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "error": "contract creation code storage out of gas",
+        "from": "0x1d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a",
+        "gas": "0x39ff0",
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+        "type": "CREATE",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "error": "invalid jump destination",
+    "from": "0xe4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8",
+    "gas": "0x435c8",
+    "gasUsed": "0x493e0",
+    "input": "0x3b91f506000000000000000000000000a14bdd7e5666d784dcce98ad24d383a6b1cd4182000000000000000000000000e4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8",
+    "to": "0x1d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_instafail.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_instafail.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d7305a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_instafail.json
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "117067574",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712380",
+    "hash": "0xe05db05eeb3f288041ecb10a787df121c0ed69499355716e17c307de313a4486",
+    "miner": "0x0c062b329265c965deef1eede55183b3acb8f611",
+    "mixHash": "0xb669ae39118a53d2c65fd3b1e1d3850dd3f8c6842030698ed846a2762d68b61d",
+    "nonce": "0x2b469722b8e28c45",
+    "number": "24973",
+    "stateRoot": "0x532a5c3f75453a696428db078e32ae283c85cb97e4d8560dbdf022adac6df369",
+    "timestamp": "1479891145",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1892250259406",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "0x60606040526000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900480632e1a7d4d146036575b6000565b34600057604e60048080359060200190919050506050565b005b3373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166108fc829081150290604051809050600060405180830381858888f19350505050505b5056",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31": {
+        "balance": "0x229ebbb36c3e0f20",
+        "nonce": "3",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 4230000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 4939394,
+      "istanbulBlock": 6485846,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 7117117,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "24974",
+    "difficulty": "117067574",
+    "timestamp": "1479891162",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "miner": "0xc822ef32e6d26e170b70cf761e204c1806265914"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf889038504a81557008301f97e946c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce1880a42e1a7d4d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014d1120d7b1600002aa0e2a6558040c5d72bc59f2fb62a38993a314c849cd22fb393018d2c5af3112095a01bdb6d7ba32263ccc2ecc880d38c49d9f0c5a72d8b7908e3122b31356d349745",
+  "result": {
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "from": "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31",
+    "to": "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18",
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "gas": "0x1a466",
+    "gasUsed": "0x72de",
+    "input": "0x2e1a7d4d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014d1120d7b160000"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_revert_reason.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_revert_reason.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5355f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_revert_reason.json
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "baseFeePerGas": "1000000000",
+    "difficulty": "1",
+    "extraData": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003623191d4ccfbbdf09e8ebf6382a1f8257417bc10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "gasLimit": "11500000",
+    "hash": "0x2af138b8a06e65b8dd0999df70b9e87609e9fc91ea201f08b1cc4f25ef01fcf6",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
+    "number": "0",
+    "stateRoot": "0xa775801d572e9b79585eb131d18d79f8a0f71895455ab9a5b656911428e11708",
+    "timestamp": "0",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x3623191d4ccfbbdf09e8ebf6382a1f8257417bc1": {
+        "balance": "0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff7"
+      },
+      "0xd15abca351f79181dedfb6d019e382db90f3628a": {
+        "balance": "0x0"
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1337,
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+      "petersburgBlock": 0,
+      "istanbulBlock": 0,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 0,
+      "berlinBlock": 0,
+      "londonBlock": 0,
+      "clique": {
+        "period": 0,
+        "epoch": 30000
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1",
+    "difficulty": "2",
+    "timestamp": "1665537018",
+    "gasLimit": "11511229",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": {
+    "from": "0x3623191d4ccfbbdf09e8ebf6382a1f8257417bc1",
+    "gas": "0x2cd774",
+    "gasUsed": "0x25590",
+    "input": "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",
+    "output": "0x08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012546869732063616c6c6564206661696c65640000000000000000000000000000",
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "revertReason": "This called failed",
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0xdebfb4b387033eac57af7b3de5116dd60056803b",
+        "gas": "0x2ba851",
+        "gasUsed": "0xe557",
+        "to": "0xd15abca351f79181dedfb6d019e382db90f3628a",
+        "input": "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",
+        "output": "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",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CREATE"
+      },
+      {
+        "from": "0xdebfb4b387033eac57af7b3de5116dd60056803b",
+        "gas": "0x2ac548",
+        "gasUsed": "0x1b2",
+        "to": "0xd15abca351f79181dedfb6d019e382db90f3628a",
+        "input": "0xc0406226",
+        "output": "0x08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012546869732063616c6c6564206661696c65640000000000000000000000000000",
+        "error": "execution reverted",
+        "revertReason": "This called failed",
+        "type": "STATICCALL"
+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "type": "CREATE"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_throw_outer_revert.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_throw_outer_revert.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2be2dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_throw_outer_revert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3956606365",
+    "gasLimit": "5413248",
+    "miner": "0x00d8ae40d9a06d0e7a2877b62e32eb959afbe16d",
+    "number": "2295104",
+    "timestamp": "1513681256"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": 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+    "totalDifficulty": "7162347056825919"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf86d808504e3b292008307dfa69433056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76880e92596fd62900008029a0e5f27bb66431f7081bb7f1f242003056d7f3f35414c352cd3d1848b52716dac2a07d0be78980edb0bd2a0678fc53aa90ea9558ce346b0d947967216918ac74ccea",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "error": "invalid opcode: INVALID",
+        "from": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76",
+        "gas": "0x75fe3",
+        "gasUsed": "0x75fe3",
+        "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000d4fcab9f0a6dc0493af47c864f6f17a8a5e2e82600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002f4",
+        "to": "0xe819f024b41358d2c08e3a868a5c5dd0566078d4",
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "from": "0xd4fcab9f0a6dc0493af47c864f6f17a8a5e2e826",
+    "gas": "0x78d9e",
+    "gasUsed": "0x7c1c8",
+    "input": "0x",
+    "to": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0xe92596fd6290000"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_throw_outer_revert.md b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_throw_outer_revert.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2700578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/inner_throw_outer_revert.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+This test tests out the trace generated by the deployment of this contract:
+
+```solidity
+contract Revertor {
+    function run() public pure {
+        require(2 > 3, "This called failed");
+    }
+}
+
+contract Contract {
+    constructor() {
+        Revertor r = new Revertor();
+        r.run();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The trace should show a revert, with the revert reason for both the top-call as well
+as the inner call.
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/oog.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/oog.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8022f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/oog.json
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "gasLimit": "5258985",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294631",
+    "timestamp": "1513675366"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x296b66049cc4f9c8bf3d4f14752add261d1a980b39bdd194a7897baf39ac7579": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000033b2e3c9fc9653f9e72b1e0"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54": {
+        "balance": "0xea8c39a876d19888d",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "265",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5263953",
+    "hash": "0x03a0f62a8106793dafcfae7b75fd2654322062d585a19cea568314d7205790dc",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x15482cc64b7c00a947f5bf015dfc010db1a6a668c74df61974d6a7848c174408",
+    "nonce": "0xd1bdb150f6fd170e",
+    "number": "2294630",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1ab1a534e84cc787cda1db21e0d5920ab06017948075b759166cfea7274657a1",
+    "timestamp": "1513675347",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160543502214733"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8ab820109855d21dba00082ca1d9443064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b6280b844a9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f90001ba0ce3ad83f5530136467b7c2bb225f406bd170f4ad59c254e5103c34eeabb5bd69a0455154527224a42ab405cacf0fe92918a75641ce4152f8db292019a5527aa956",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "out of gas",
+    "from": "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54",
+    "gas": "0x7045",
+    "gasUsed": "0xca1d",
+    "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f9000",
+    "to": "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/revert.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/revert.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aee894d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/revert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3665057456",
+    "gasLimit": "5232723",
+    "miner": "0xf4d8e706cfb25c0decbbdd4d2e2cc10c66376a3f",
+    "number": "2294501",
+    "timestamp": "1513673601"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0f6cef2b7fbb504782e35aa82a2207e816a2b7a9": {
+        "balance": "0x2a3fc32bcc019283",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "10",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xabbcd5b340c80b5f1c0545c04c987b87310296ae": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3672229776",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5227619",
+    "hash": "0xa07b3d6c6bf63f5f981016db9f2d1d93033833f2c17e8bf7209e85f1faf08076",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x806e151ce2817be922e93e8d5921fa0f0d0fd213d6b2b9a3fa17458e74a163d0",
+    "nonce": "0xbc5d43adc2c30c7d",
+    "number": "2294500",
+    "stateRoot": "0xca645b335888352ef9d8b1ef083e9019648180b259026572e3139717270de97d",
+    "timestamp": "1513673552",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160066586979149"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "from": "0x0f6cef2b7fbb504782e35aa82a2207e816a2b7a9",
+    "gas": "0x2d55e8",
+    "gasUsed": "0x719b",
+    "input": "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",
+    "to": "0xabbcd5b340c80b5f1c0545c04c987b87310296ae",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/revert_reason.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/revert_reason.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c8abd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/revert_reason.json
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "2",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "number": "3212651",
+    "timestamp": "1597246515"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xf58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f52": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x6200beec95762de01ce05f2a0e58ce3299dbb53c68c9f3254a242121223cdf58": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xf7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1": {
+        "balance": "0x57af9d6b3df812900",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "6",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+      "petersburgBlock": 0,
+      "IstanbulBlock":1561651,
+      "chainId": 5,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf888068449504f80832dc6c094f58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f5280a45c19a95c000000000000000000000000f7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf12da0264664db3e71fae1dbdaf2f53954be149ad3b7ba8a5054b4d89c70febfacc8b1a0212e8398757963f419681839ae8c5a54b411e252473c82d93dda68405ca63294",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "from": "0xf7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1",
+    "gas": "0x2d7308",
+    "gasUsed": "0x5940",
+    "input": "0x5c19a95c000000000000000000000000f7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1",
+    "to": "0xf58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f52",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "output": "0x08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001e53656c662d64656c65676174696f6e20697320646973616c6c6f7765642e0000",
+    "revertReason": "Self-delegation is disallowed."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/selfdestruct.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/selfdestruct.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a89d4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/selfdestruct.json
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "22",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
+        "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
+        "code": "0x61deadff",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb": {
+        "balance": "0x1780d77678137ac1b775",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "29072",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8271908506fc23ac0083015f90943b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe80a463e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c52aa0bdce0b59e8761854e857fe64015f06dd08a4fbb7624f6094893a79a72e6ad6bea01d9dde033cff7bb235a3163f348a6d7ab8d6b52bc0963a95b91612e40ca766a4",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+        "gas": "0x0",
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+        "type": "SELFDESTRUCT",
+        "value": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5"
+      }
+    ],
+    "from": "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+    "gas": "0x10738",
+    "gasUsed": "0x6fcb",
+    "input": "0x63e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+    "to": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a6d66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "22",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
+        "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
+        "code": "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",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000001b436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006f05b59d3b20000",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003c",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005a37b834"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb": {
+        "balance": "0x1780d77678137ac1b775",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "29072",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8271908506fc23ac0083015f90943b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe80a463e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c52aa0bdce0b59e8761854e857fe64015f06dd08a4fbb7624f6094893a79a72e6ad6bea01d9dde033cff7bb235a3163f348a6d7ab8d6b52bc0963a95b91612e40ca766a4",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+        "gas": "0x6d05",
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "value": "0x6f05b59d3b20000"
+      }
+    ],
+    "from": "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+    "gas": "0x10738",
+    "gasUsed": "0x9751",
+    "input": "0x63e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+    "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "to": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/simple_onlytop.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/simple_onlytop.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e25a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/simple_onlytop.json
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
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+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
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+  "tracerConfig": {
+      "onlyTopCall": true
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+  "result": {
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+    "gas": "0x10738",
+    "gasUsed": "0x9751",
+    "input": "0x63e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+    "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "to": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76fae3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer/throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{
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+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
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+    "number": "25009",
+    "timestamp": "1479891666"
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+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "117066792",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0xe23e8d4562a1045b70cbc99fefb20c101a8f0fc8559a80d65fea8896e2f1d46e",
+    "miner": "0x71842f946b98800fe6feb49f0ae4e253259031c9",
+    "mixHash": "0x0aada9d6e93dd4db0d09c0488dc0a048fca2ccdc1f3fc7b83ba2a8d393a3a4ff",
+    "nonce": "0x70849d5838dee2e9",
+    "number": "25008",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1e01d2161794768c5b917069e73d86e8dca80cd7f3168c0597de420ab93a3b7b",
+    "timestamp": "1479891641",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1896347038589"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8206668504a817c8008303d09094c212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b80a451a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c000029a0692a3b4e7b2842f8dd7832e712c21e09f451f416c8976d5b8d02e8c0c2b4bea9a07645e90fc421b63dd755767fd93d3c03b4ec0c4d8fafa059558d08cf11d59750",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "invalid jump destination",
+    "from": "0x70c9217d814985faef62b124420f8dfbddd96433",
+    "gas": "0x37b38",
+    "gasUsed": "0x3d090",
+    "input": "0x51a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c0000",
+    "to": "0xc212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/big_slow.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/big_slow.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e54ede9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/big_slow.json
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "50486697699375",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010406844765746887676f312e362e32856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4788482",
+    "hash": "0xf6bbc5bbe34d5c93fd5b4712cd498d1026b8b0f586efefe7fe30231ed6b8a1a5",
+    "miner": "0xbcdfc35b86bedf72f0cda046a3c16829a2ef41d1",
+    "mixHash": "0xabca93555584c0463ee5c212251dd002bb3a93a157e06614276f93de53d4fdb8",
+    "nonce": "0xa64136fcb9c2d4ca",
+    "number": "1719576",
+    "stateRoot": "0xab5eec2177a92d633e282936af66c46e24cfa8f2fdc2b8155f33885f483d06f3",
+    "timestamp": "1466150166",
+    "totalDifficulty": "28295412423546970038",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xf8bda96b67036ee48107f2a0695ea673479dda56": {
+        "balance": "0x1529e844f9ecdeec",
+        "nonce": "33",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 3000000,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 1150000,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 8772000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 9573000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 10500839,
+      "istanbulBlock": 10500839
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1719577",
+    "difficulty": "50486697732143",
+    "timestamp": "1466150178",
+    "gasLimit": "4788484",
+    "miner": "0x2a65aca4d5fc5b5c859090a6c34d164135398226"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf874218504a817c800832318608080a35b620186a05a131560135760016020526000565b600080601f600039601f565b6000f31ba0575fa000a1f06659a7b6d3c7877601519a4997f04293f0dfa0eee6d8cd840c77a04c52ce50719ee2ff7a0c5753f4ee69c0340666f582dbb5148845a354ca726e4a",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0xf8bda96b67036ee48107f2a0695ea673479dda56",
+        "gas": "0x22410c",
+        "init": "0x5b620186a05a131560135760016020526000565b600080601f600039601f565b6000f3",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 1719577,
+      "result": {
+        "address": "0xb2e6a2546c45889427757171ab05b8b438525b42",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "gasUsed": "0x219202"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "create"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_fail_hide.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_fail_hide.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be19888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_fail_hide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4671584",
+    "extraData": "0xd683010b05846765746886676f312e3133856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "9435026",
+    "hash": "0x755bd54de4b2f5a7a589a10d69888b4ead48a6311d5d69f2f69ca85ec35fbe0b",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "mixHash": "0x3a44525624571c31344ba57780f7664098fe7cbeafe532bcdee76a23fc474ba0",
+    "nonce": "0x6dca647c00c72bbf",
+    "number": "1555278",
+    "stateRoot": "0x5f56d8323ee384b0c8d1de49d63e150e17283eea813483698362bc0ec9e0242a",
+    "timestamp": "1590795319",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242614315030",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x62436e941792f02a5fb1",
+        "nonce": "265356",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555279",
+    "difficulty": "4669303",
+    "timestamp": "1590795340",
+    "gasLimit": "9444238",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf86f83040c8c843b9aca0083019f7880809b60206000600060006013600462030d40f26002556000516000550081a2a086ad228c89ad9664287b12a5602a635a803506904f4ce39795990ac4f945cd57a025b30ea8042d773f6c5b13d7cc1b3979f9f10ee674410b6a2112ce840d0302dc",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf08",
+        "init": "0x60206000600060006013600462030d40f260025560005160005500"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0xf3bc",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x5f8a7e007172ba80afbff1b15f800eb0b260f224"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 74,
+      "transactionHash": "0x5ef60b27ac971c22a7d484e546e50093ca62300c8986d165154e47773764b6a4",
+      "blockNumber": 1555279,
+      "blockHash": "0xd6c98d1b87dfa92a210d99bad2873adaf0c9e51fe43addc63fd9cca03a5c6f46",
+      "time": "209.346µs"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_oog.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_oog.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94b864f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_oog.json
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4671584",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010b05846765746888676f312e31342e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "9425823",
+    "hash": "0x27dd7d052dbc8a29cc5b9487e1e41d842e7a643fcaea4964caa22b834964acaf",
+    "miner": "0x73f26d124436b0791169d63a3af29c2ae47765a3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb4a050624f5d147fdf02857cbfd55da3ddc1451743acc5c163861584589c3034",
+    "nonce": "0x3c255875b17e0573",
+    "number": "1555277",
+    "stateRoot": "0x6290d79215a2eebc25d5e456b35876c6d78ffc1ea47bdd70e375ebb3cf325620",
+    "timestamp": "1590795308",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242609643446",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x624329308610ab365fb1",
+        "nonce": "265194",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555278",
+    "difficulty": "4671584",
+    "timestamp": "1590795319",
+    "gasLimit": "9435026",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8ee83040bea843b9aca008301a7588080b8997f18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c600052601c6020527f73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75f6040527feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549606052602060806080600060006001610bb7f260025560a060020a6080510660005560005432146001550081a1a05b9a162d84bfe84faa7c176e21c26c0083645d4dd0d566547b7be2c2da0b4259a05b37ff12a4c27634cb0da6008d9b69726d415ff4694f9bc38c7806eb1fb60ae9",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf08",
+        "init": "0x7f18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c600052601c6020527f73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75f6040527feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549606052602060806080600060006001610bb7f260025560a060020a60805106600055600054321460015500"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0xf3e9",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x568c19ecb14b87e4aec29b4d2d700a3ad3fd0613"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 141,
+      "transactionHash": "0x1592cbda0d928b8d18eed98857942b91ade32d088e55b8bf63418917cb0231f1",
+      "blockNumber": 1555278,
+      "blockHash": "0x755bd54de4b2f5a7a589a10d69888b4ead48a6311d5d69f2f69ca85ec35fbe0b",
+      "time": "300.9µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "call",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x568c19ecb14b87e4aec29b4d2d700a3ad3fd0613",
+        "to": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xbb7",
+        "input": "0x18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549",
+        "callType": "callcode"
+      },
+      "error": "out of gas",
+      "traceAddress": [
+        0
+      ],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 141,
+      "transactionHash": "0x1592cbda0d928b8d18eed98857942b91ade32d088e55b8bf63418917cb0231f1",
+      "blockNumber": 1555278,
+      "blockHash": "0x755bd54de4b2f5a7a589a10d69888b4ead48a6311d5d69f2f69ca85ec35fbe0b"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..506dc5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/callcode_precompiled_throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4683014",
+    "extraData": "0x537465762d63676574682d76312e31312e34",
+    "gasLimit": "9435044",
+    "hash": "0x3452ca5005cb73cd60dfa488a7b124251168e564491f80eb66765e79d78cfd95",
+    "miner": "0x415aa6292d1db797a467b22139704956c030e62f",
+    "mixHash": "0x6037612618507ae70c74a72bc2580253662971db959cfbc06d3f8527d4d01575",
+    "nonce": "0x314fc90dee5e39a2",
+    "number": "1555274",
+    "stateRoot": "0x795751f3f96a5de1fd3944ddd78cbfe4ef10491e1086be47609869a30929d0e5",
+    "timestamp": "1590795228",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242595605834",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x6242e3ccf48e66425fb1",
+        "nonce": "264981",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555275",
+    "difficulty": "4683014",
+    "timestamp": "1590795244",
+    "gasLimit": "9444256",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf87a83040b15843b9aca008301a0348080a636600060003760406103e8366000600060095af26001556103e851600255610408516003550081a1a0dd883fbbb489b640dadc8c1bf151767155228d0a1321f687f070f35f14374b05a02dd0ccb16a8de39bc8ee61381bbbbb54f0ab18422afd7b03c6163da1f5023934",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf08",
+        "init": "0x36600060003760406103e8366000600060095af26001556103e8516002556104085160035500"
+      },
+      "error": "out of gas",
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 117,
+      "transactionHash": "0x7fe4dec901e1a62c1a1d96b8267bb9ff9dc1f75def43aa45b998743455eff8f9",
+      "blockNumber": 1555275,
+      "blockHash": "0x80945caaff2fc67253cbb0217d2e5a307afde943929e97d8b36e58b88cbb02fd",
+      "time": "332.877µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "call",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x8832ef498070145c3a5b30f47fbca71fd7b1de9f",
+        "to": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xc897",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "callType": "callcode"
+      },
+      "error": "invalid input length",
+      "traceAddress": [
+        0
+      ],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 117,
+      "transactionHash": "0x7fe4dec901e1a62c1a1d96b8267bb9ff9dc1f75def43aa45b998743455eff8f9",
+      "blockNumber": 1555275,
+      "blockHash": "0x80945caaff2fc67253cbb0217d2e5a307afde943929e97d8b36e58b88cbb02fd"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/create.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/create.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b832366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/create.json
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3755480783",
+    "gasLimit": "5401723",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294702",
+    "timestamp": "1513676146"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x13e4acefe6a6700604929946e70e6443e4e73447": {
+        "balance": "0xcf3e0938579f000",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "9",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x7dc9c9730689ff0b0fd506c67db815f12d90a448": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3757315409",
+    "extraData": "0x566961425443",
+    "gasLimit": "5406414",
+    "hash": "0xae107f592eebdd9ff8d6ba00363676096e6afb0e1007a7d3d0af88173077378d",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "mixHash": "0xc927aa05a38bc3de864e95c33b3ae559d3f39c4ccd51cef6f113f9c50ba0caf1",
+    "nonce": "0x93363bbd2c95f410",
+    "number": "2294701",
+    "stateRoot": "0x6b6737d5bde8058990483e915866bd1578014baeff57bd5e4ed228a2bfad635c",
+    "timestamp": "1513676127",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160808139332585"
+  },
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/deep_calls.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/deep_calls.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5931b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/deep_calls.json
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/delegatecall.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/delegatecall.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a03ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/delegatecall.json
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x000113204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff00000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x42b02b5deeb78f34cd5ac896473b63e6c99a71a2": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xa529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672": {
+        "balance": "0x67820e39ac8fe9800",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "68",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "31912170",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0x0855914bdc581bccdc62591fd438498386ffb59ea4d5361ed5c3702e26e2c72f",
+    "miner": "0x334391aa808257952a462d1475562ee2106a6c90",
+    "mixHash": "0x64bb70b8ca883cadb8fbbda2c70a861612407864089ed87b98e5de20acceada6",
+    "nonce": "0x684129f283aaef18",
+    "number": "11494",
+    "stateRoot": "0x7057f31fe3dab1d620771adad35224aae43eb70e94861208bc84c557ff5b9d10",
+    "timestamp": "1479735912",
+    "totalDifficulty": "90744064339"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf889448504a817c800832dc6c094269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba80a47065cb480000000000000000000000001523e55a1ca4efbae03355775ae89f8d7699ad9e29a080ed81e4c5e9971a730efab4885566e2c868cd80bd4166d0ed8c287fdf181650a069d7c49215e3d4416ad239cd09dbb71b9f04c16b33b385d14f40b618a7a65115",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0xa529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+        "gas": "0x2d6e28",
+        "input": "0x7065cb480000000000000000000000001523e55a1ca4efbae03355775ae89f8d7699ad9e",
+        "to": "0x269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 11495,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0xbd55",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba",
+        "gas": "0x2cae73",
+        "input": "0x5dbe47e8000000000000000000000000a529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+        "to": "0x13204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 0,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0xa9d",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "delegatecall",
+        "from": "0x13204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff",
+        "gas": "0x2bf459",
+        "input": "0x7d65837a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+        "to": "0x42b02b5deeb78f34cd5ac896473b63e6c99a71a2",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 0,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x2aa",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [0, 0],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/delegatecall_parent_value.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/delegatecall_parent_value.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..800a6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/delegatecall_parent_value.json
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "number": "566098",
+    "hash": "0xba134562590a59291892395a29c5088899c2c64d720135dad88f7f076cf55f5f",
+    "nonce": "0x4b281be9594e3eb3",
+    "mixHash": "0xdb4ec386166d9c0dc9ba147755ecbb87af9f0a22563cbda02c799efa4e29db6e",
+    "stateRoot": "0xfc01993ad96a8fb8790a093cea4f505f8db1b0e1143c5f57bb1d173db0baa9e3",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "difficulty": "1926740",
+    "totalDifficulty": "482216286599",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010906846765746888676f312e31332e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "19388354",
+    "timestamp": "1577558314",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x6ab9dd83108698b9ca8d03af3c7eb91c0e54c3fc": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0xcbd5b9b25d1c38c2aad",
+        "nonce": "134969",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x91765918420bcb5ad22ee0997abed04056705798": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "0x366000803760206000366000736ab9dd83108698b9ca8d03af3c7eb91c0e54c3fc60325a03f41560015760206000f3",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "566099",
+    "difficulty": "1927680",
+    "timestamp": "1577558317",
+    "gasLimit": "19369422",
+    "miner": "0x774c398d763161f55b66a646f17edda4addad2ca"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf87983020f3985746a52880083015f909491765918420bcb5ad22ee0997abed04056705798888ac7230489e80000884e45375a4741394181a1a04b7260723fd02830754916b3bdf1537b6a851a7ae27c7e9296cfe1fc8275ec08a049d32158988eb717d61b4503b27c7583037c067daba1eb56f4bdfafc1b0045f6",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "gas": "0x10b68",
+        "input": "0x4e45375a47413941",
+        "to": "0x91765918420bcb5ad22ee0997abed04056705798",
+        "value": "0x8ac7230489e80000"
+      },
+      "blockHash": "0xb05cc5c8f11df2b5d53ced342ee79e2805785f04c2f40add4539f27bd349f74e",
+      "blockNumber": 566099,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x5721",
+        "output": "0x4e45375a47413941000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "transactionHash": "0x6e26dffe2f66186f03a2c36a16a4cd9724d07622c83746f1e35f988515713d4b",
+      "transactionPosition": 10,
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "delegatecall",
+        "from": "0x91765918420bcb5ad22ee0997abed04056705798",
+        "gas": "0x10463",
+        "input": "0x4e45375a47413941",
+        "to": "0x6ab9dd83108698b9ca8d03af3c7eb91c0e54c3fc",
+        "value": "0x8ac7230489e80000"
+      },
+      "blockHash": "0xb05cc5c8f11df2b5d53ced342ee79e2805785f04c2f40add4539f27bd349f74e",
+      "blockNumber": 566099,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        0
+      ],
+      "transactionHash": "0x6e26dffe2f66186f03a2c36a16a4cd9724d07622c83746f1e35f988515713d4b",
+      "transactionPosition": 10,
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/gas.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/gas.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b44a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/gas.json
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4683014",
+    "extraData": "0x537465762d63676574682d76312e31312e34",
+    "gasLimit": "9435044",
+    "hash": "0x3452ca5005cb73cd60dfa488a7b124251168e564491f80eb66765e79d78cfd95",
+    "miner": "0x415aa6292d1db797a467b22139704956c030e62f",
+    "mixHash": "0x6037612618507ae70c74a72bc2580253662971db959cfbc06d3f8527d4d01575",
+    "nonce": "0x314fc90dee5e39a2",
+    "number": "1555274",
+    "stateRoot": "0x795751f3f96a5de1fd3944ddd78cbfe4ef10491e1086be47609869a30929d0e5",
+    "timestamp": "1590795228",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242595605834",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x6242e3ccf48e66425fb1",
+        "nonce": "264882",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555275",
+    "difficulty": "4683014",
+    "timestamp": "1590795244",
+    "gasLimit": "9444256",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf08",
+        "init": "0x601b565b6000555b005b630badf00d6003565b63c001f00d6003565b7319e7e376e7c213b7e7e7e46cc70a5dd086daff2a7f22ae6da6b482f9b1b19b0b897c3fd43884180a1c5ee361e1107a1bc635649dda600052601b603f537f16433dce375ce6dc8151d3f0a22728bc4a1d9fd6ed39dfd18b4609331937367f6040527f306964c0cf5d74f04129fdc60b54d35b596dde1bf89ad92cb4123318f4c0e40060605260206080607f60006000600161fffff21560075760805114601257600956"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x137e5",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x1a05d76017ca02010533a470e05e8925a0380d8f"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 18,
+      "transactionHash": "0xc1c42a325856d513523aec464811923b2e2926f54015c7ba37877064cf889803",
+      "blockNumber": 1555275,
+      "blockHash": "0x80945caaff2fc67253cbb0217d2e5a307afde943929e97d8b36e58b88cbb02fd",
+      "time": "453.925µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "call",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x1a05d76017ca02010533a470e05e8925a0380d8f",
+        "to": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xc8c6",
+        "input": "0x22ae6da6b482f9b1b19b0b897c3fd43884180a1c5ee361e1107a1bc635649dda000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001b16433dce375ce6dc8151d3f0a22728bc4a1d9fd6ed39dfd18b4609331937367f306964c0cf5d74f04129fdc60b54d35b596dde1bf89ad92cb4123318f4c0e4",
+        "callType": "callcode"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0xbb8",
+        "output": "0x00000000000000000000000019e7e376e7c213b7e7e7e46cc70a5dd086daff2a"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 18,
+      "transactionHash": "0xc1c42a325856d513523aec464811923b2e2926f54015c7ba37877064cf889803",
+      "blockNumber": 1555275,
+      "blockHash": "0x80945caaff2fc67253cbb0217d2e5a307afde943929e97d8b36e58b88cbb02fd"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/include_precompiled.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/include_precompiled.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d33375b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/include_precompiled.json
@@ -0,0 +1,832 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "number": "559197",
+    "hash": "0x0742a2bfab0452e2c634f3685b7e49ceb065c7000609b2b73f086e01fd1dfb58",
+    "nonce": "0x3060ad521440e1c2",
+    "mixHash": "0x59e7d4ae6cc3c38d23dac3f869b21984c7ba8f38070f4116a4941d9c403b6299",
+    "stateRoot": "0x68418fb5cf4afa9b807dc079e8cdde0e148ac2c8afb378e675465b5bed1fbd02",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "difficulty": "1813945",
+    "totalDifficulty": "469107641961",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010906846765746888676f312e31332e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "6321166",
+    "timestamp": "1577471202",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0xc5e6fdae52af83f7e28",
+        "nonce": "77947",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x774c398d763161f55b66a646f17edda4addad2ca": {
+        "balance": "0xf09ef316eff819ee488",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": 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+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..170948e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
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+        "nonce": "789",
+        "storage": {
+          "0xfe9ec0542a1c009be8b1f3acf43af97100ffff42eb736850fb038fa1151ad4d9": "0x000000000000000000000000e4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x5cb4a6b902fcb21588c86c3517e797b07cdaadb9": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xe4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8": {
+        "balance": "0x33c763c929f62c4f",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "14",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3451177886",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4713874",
+    "hash": "0x5d52a672417cd1269bf4f7095e25dcbf837747bba908cd5ef809dc1bd06144b5",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x01a12845ed546b94a038a7a03e8df8d7952024ed41ccb3db7a7ade4abc290ce1",
+    "nonce": "0x28c446f1cb9748c1",
+    "number": "2290743",
+    "stateRoot": "0x4898aceede76739daef76448a367d10015a2c022c9e7909b99a10fbf6fb16708",
+    "timestamp": "1513616414",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7146523769022564"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8aa0e8509502f9000830493e0941d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a80b8443b91f506000000000000000000000000a14bdd7e5666d784dcce98ad24d383a6b1cd4182000000000000000000000000e4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e829a0524564944fa419f5c189b5074044f89210c6d6b2d77ee8f7f12a927d59b636dfa0015b28986807a424b18b186ee6642d76739df36cad802d20e8c00e79a61d7281",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0xe4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8",
+        "gas": "0x435c8",
+        "input": "0x3b91f506000000000000000000000000a14bdd7e5666d784dcce98ad24d383a6b1cd4182000000000000000000000000e4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8",
+        "to": "0x1d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 2290744,
+      "error": "invalid jump destination",
+      "result": {},
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x1d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a",
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+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 0,
+      "error": "contract creation code storage out of gas",
+      "result": {},
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "type": "create"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_instafail.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_instafail.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..328b743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_instafail.json
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "117067574",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712380",
+    "hash": "0xe05db05eeb3f288041ecb10a787df121c0ed69499355716e17c307de313a4486",
+    "miner": "0x0c062b329265c965deef1eede55183b3acb8f611",
+    "mixHash": "0xb669ae39118a53d2c65fd3b1e1d3850dd3f8c6842030698ed846a2762d68b61d",
+    "nonce": "0x2b469722b8e28c45",
+    "number": "24973",
+    "stateRoot": "0x532a5c3f75453a696428db078e32ae283c85cb97e4d8560dbdf022adac6df369",
+    "timestamp": "1479891145",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1892250259406",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "0x60606040526000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900480632e1a7d4d146036575b6000565b34600057604e60048080359060200190919050506050565b005b3373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166108fc829081150290604051809050600060405180830381858888f19350505050505b5056",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31": {
+        "balance": "0x229ebbb36c3e0f20",
+        "nonce": "3",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 4230000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 4939394,
+      "istanbulBlock": 6485846,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 7117117,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "24974",
+    "difficulty": "117067574",
+    "timestamp": "1479891162",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "miner": "0xc822ef32e6d26e170b70cf761e204c1806265914"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf889038504a81557008301f97e946c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce1880a42e1a7d4d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014d1120d7b1600002aa0e2a6558040c5d72bc59f2fb62a38993a314c849cd22fb393018d2c5af3112095a01bdb6d7ba32263ccc2ecc880d38c49d9f0c5a72d8b7908e3122b31356d349745",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31",
+        "gas": "0x1a466",
+        "input": "0x2e1a7d4d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014d1120d7b160000",
+        "to": "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 24974,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x72de",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_precompiled_wrong_gas.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_precompiled_wrong_gas.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b57381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_precompiled_wrong_gas.json
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "number": "559197",
+    "hash": "0x0742a2bfab0452e2c634f3685b7e49ceb065c7000609b2b73f086e01fd1dfb58",
+    "nonce": "0x3060ad521440e1c2",
+    "mixHash": "0x59e7d4ae6cc3c38d23dac3f869b21984c7ba8f38070f4116a4941d9c403b6299",
+    "stateRoot": "0x68418fb5cf4afa9b807dc079e8cdde0e148ac2c8afb378e675465b5bed1fbd02",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "difficulty": "1813945",
+    "totalDifficulty": "469107641961",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010906846765746888676f312e31332e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "6321166",
+    "timestamp": "1577471202",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0xc5e6fdae52af83f7e28",
+        "nonce": "77947",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x774c398d763161f55b66a646f17edda4addad2ca": {
+        "balance": "0xf09ef316eff819ee488",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": 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+        "gasUsed": "0x1c6ff",
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+      "subtraces": 5,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
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+        "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "gas": "0x114243",
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+        "to": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "value": "0x0"
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+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
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+        "callType": "call",
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+        "to": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "value": "0x0"
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+      "traceAddress": [
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+        "refundAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "to": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "result": {
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+        "gasUsed": "0x27c3",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        2
+      ],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "author": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "gas": "0x10a328",
+        "input": "0x2b8616290000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005004000000e93433dde5128942e47e8722d37ec4dcc1c8a78cf9c4a4030000000000000000bf92c09e8e37b2c8ffbb4b9cadfccc563e474c4feae6997f52d56236fedafce20a9f745609c40b1840cc27de00000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "refundAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "to": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "gasUsed": "0x27c3",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        3
+      ],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "author": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "gas": "0x106e1d",
+        "input": "0x2b8616290000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005004000000f2e372a0b5b837116eee8f968840393d85975a1531346807000000000000000076bc91399edda1de98976ee0774e2ad3b21dd38ad9f5f34d2c816a832747fe7f4c9e745609c40b18e290e9e000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "refundAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "to": "0x6cc68eb482a757c690dd151d2bd5e774ada38bdc",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "gasUsed": "0x27c3",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        4
+      ],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_throw_outer_revert.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_throw_outer_revert.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b11b8e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/inner_throw_outer_revert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3956606365",
+    "gasLimit": "5413248",
+    "miner": "0x00d8ae40d9a06d0e7a2877b62e32eb959afbe16d",
+    "number": "2295104",
+    "timestamp": "1513681256"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3956606365",
+    "extraData": "0x566961425443",
+    "gasLimit": "5418523",
+    "hash": "0x6f37eb930a25da673ea1bb80fd9e32ddac19cdf7cd4bb2eac62cc13598624077",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "mixHash": "0x10971cde68c587c750c23b8589ae868ce82c2c646636b97e7d9856470c5297c7",
+    "nonce": "0x810f923ff4b450a1",
+    "number": "2295103",
+    "stateRoot": "0xff403612573d76dfdaf4fea2429b77dbe9764021ae0e38dc8ac79a3cf551179e",
+    "timestamp": "1513681246",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7162347056825919"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf86d808504e3b292008307dfa69433056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76880e92596fd62900008029a0e5f27bb66431f7081bb7f1f242003056d7f3f35414c352cd3d1848b52716dac2a07d0be78980edb0bd2a0678fc53aa90ea9558ce346b0d947967216918ac74ccea",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0xd4fcab9f0a6dc0493af47c864f6f17a8a5e2e826",
+        "gas": "0x78d9e",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76",
+        "value": "0xe92596fd6290000"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 2295104,
+      "error": "execution reverted",
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x7c1c8"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76",
+        "gas": "0x75fe3",
+        "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000d4fcab9f0a6dc0493af47c864f6f17a8a5e2e82600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002f4",
+        "to": "0xe819f024b41358d2c08e3a868a5c5dd0566078d4",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 0,
+      "error": "invalid opcode: INVALID",
+      "result": {},
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64425db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create.json
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "1808543",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010906846765746888676f312e31332e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4875092",
+    "hash": "0x3851fdc18bd5f2314cf0c90439356f9a1fe157d7fb06c20e20b77954da903671",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "mixHash": "0x3d4e702d6058acf94c9547560f05536d45d515bd4f9014564ec41b5b4ff9578b",
+    "nonce": "0x1695153e7b16c1e7",
+    "number": "555461",
+    "stateRoot": "0xba8272acd0dfeb5f04376328e8bfc5b276b177697000c204a060f6f7b629ae32",
+    "timestamp": "1577423350",
+    "totalDifficulty": "462222992438",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xcf5b3467dfa45cdc8e5358a7a1ba4deb02e5faed": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x16c102a3b09c02abdace",
+        "nonce": "19049",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "555462",
+    "difficulty": "1808543",
+    "timestamp": "1577423360",
+    "gasLimit": "4873701",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
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+        "value": "0x0",
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+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x53e90",
+        "code": "0x60606040526000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900480632ef9db1314610044578063e37678761461007157610042565b005b61005b6004803590602001803590602001506100ad565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b61008860048035906020018035906020015061008a565b005b8060006000506000848152602001908152602001600020600050819055505b5050565b6000600060008484604051808381526020018281526020019250505060405180910390209150610120600160009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167f6164640000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000846101e3565b9050600160009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681868660405180807f616464000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000081526020015060200184815260200183815260200182815260200193505050506000604051808303816000866161da5a03f191505050600060005060008281526020019081526020016000206000505492506101db565b505092915050565b60004340848484604051808581526020018473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166c0100000000000000000000000002815260140183815260200182815260200194505050505060405180910390209050610240565b939250505056",
+        "address": "0x9db7a1baf185a865ffee3824946ccd8958191e5e"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 23,
+      "transactionHash": "0xe267552ce8437a5bc7081385c99f912de5723ad34b958db215dbc41abd5f6c03",
+      "blockNumber": 555462,
+      "blockHash": "0x38bba9e3965b57205097ea5ec53fc403cf3941bec2e4c933faae244de5ca4ba1",
+      "time": "1.147715ms"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x9db7a1baf185a865ffee3824946ccd8958191e5e",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0x30b34",
+        "init": "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"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x1009d",
+        "code": "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",
+        "address": "0xcf5b3467dfa45cdc8e5358a7a1ba4deb02e5faed"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 23,
+      "transactionHash": "0xe267552ce8437a5bc7081385c99f912de5723ad34b958db215dbc41abd5f6c03",
+      "blockNumber": 555462,
+      "blockHash": "0x38bba9e3965b57205097ea5ec53fc403cf3941bec2e4c933faae244de5ca4ba1"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create2_action_gas.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create2_action_gas.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbd9904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create2_action_gas.json
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4635413",
+    "extraData": "0xd683010b05846765746886676f312e3133856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "9289294",
+    "hash": "0x359775cf1a2ae2400e26ec68bf33bcfe38b7979c76b7e616f42c4ca7e7605e39",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "mixHash": "0x4b2a0ef121a9c7d732fa0fbd4166a0e1041d2da2b8cb677c61edabf8b7183b64",
+    "nonce": "0x2a8a64ad9757be55",
+    "number": "1555160",
+    "stateRoot": "0x95067c12148e2362fcd4a89df286ff0b1739ef097a40ca42ae7f698af9a9d913",
+    "timestamp": "1590793999",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242063623471",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x8785e369f0ef0a4e5c5a5f929680427dc75273a5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x623145b285b3f551fa3f",
+        "nonce": "260617",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555161",
+    "difficulty": "4633150",
+    "timestamp": "1590794020",
+    "gasLimit": "9298364",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf85e8303fa09843b9aca0083019ed880808a6000600060006000f50081a2a0485ea410e210740eef8e6f6de11c530f46f8da80eecb02afbb6c5f61749ac015a068d72f1b0f1d3cb4e214d5def79b49a73e6ee91db2df83499a54c656c144600f",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf6c",
+        "init": "0x6000600060006000f500"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x14c78",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x2e8eded627eead210cb6143eb39ef7a3e44e4f00"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 31,
+      "transactionHash": "0x1257b698c5833c54ce786734087002b097275abc3877af082b5c2a538e894a41",
+      "blockNumber": 1555161,
+      "blockHash": "0xb0793dd508dd106a19794b8ce1dfc0ff8d98c76aab61bf32a11799854149a171",
+      "time": "889.048µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x2e8eded627eead210cb6143eb39ef7a3e44e4f00",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0x5117",
+        "init": "0x"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x8785e369f0ef0a4e5c5a5f929680427dc75273a5"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 31,
+      "transactionHash": "0x1257b698c5833c54ce786734087002b097275abc3877af082b5c2a538e894a41",
+      "blockNumber": 1555161,
+      "blockHash": "0xb0793dd508dd106a19794b8ce1dfc0ff8d98c76aab61bf32a11799854149a171"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create_action_gas.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create_action_gas.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19ae5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create_action_gas.json
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4639933",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010b05846765746888676f312e31342e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "9280188",
+    "hash": "0x9a5f3a98eb1c60f6e3f450658a9cea190157e7021d04f927b752ad6482cf9194",
+    "miner": "0x73f26d124436b0791169d63a3af29c2ae47765a3",
+    "mixHash": "0x6b6f8fcaa54b8565c4c1ae7cf0a020e938a53007f4561e758b17bc05c9044d78",
+    "nonce": "0x773aba50dc51b462",
+    "number": "1555169",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc4b9703de3e59ff795baae2c3afa010cf039c37244a7a6af7f3f491a10601348",
+    "timestamp": "1590794111",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242105342155",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x5ac5599fc9df172c89ee7ec55ad9104ccbfed40d": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x62325b40cbbd0915c4b9",
+        "nonce": "260875",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555170",
+    "difficulty": "4642198",
+    "timestamp": "1590794112",
+    "gasLimit": "9289249",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8658303fb0b843b9aca0083019ee48080915a600055600060006000f0505a6001550081a2a01a7deb3a16d967b766459ef486b00656c6581e5ad58968184a33701e27e0eb8aa07162ccdfe2018d64360a605310a62c399dd586c7282dd42a88c54f02f51d451f",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf08",
+        "init": "0x5a600055600060006000f0505a60015500"
+      },
+      "error": "out of gas",
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 63,
+      "transactionHash": "0x60e881fae3884657b5430925c5d0053535b45cce0b8188f2a6be1feee8bcc650",
+      "blockNumber": 1555170,
+      "blockHash": "0xea46fbf941d51bf1e4180fbf26d22fda3896f49c7f371d109c226de95dd7b02e",
+      "time": "952.736µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x9c5cfe45b15eaff4ad617af4250189e26024a4f8",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0x3cb",
+        "init": "0x"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x5ac5599fc9df172c89ee7ec55ad9104ccbfed40d"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 63,
+      "transactionHash": "0x60e881fae3884657b5430925c5d0053535b45cce0b8188f2a6be1feee8bcc650",
+      "blockNumber": 1555170,
+      "blockHash": "0xea46fbf941d51bf1e4180fbf26d22fda3896f49c7f371d109c226de95dd7b02e"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create_inerror.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create_inerror.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a62d4bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_create_inerror.json
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "3244991",
+    "extraData": "0x",
+    "gasLimit": "7968787",
+    "hash": "0x62bbf18c203068a8793af8d8360d054f95a63bc62b87ade550861ed490af3f15",
+    "miner": "0x9f2659ffe7b3b467e46dcec3623392cf51635079",
+    "mixHash": "0xc8dec711fd1e03972b6a279a09dc0cd29c5171b60f42c4ce37c7c51ff445f776",
+    "nonce": "0x40b1bbcc25ddb804",
+    "number": "839246",
+    "stateRoot": "0x4bb3b02ec70b837651233957fb61a6ea3fc6a4244c1f55df7a713c154829ec0a",
+    "timestamp": "1581179375",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1023985623933",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x76554b33410b6d90b7dc889bfed0451ad195f27e": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "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",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xed69ab7145a9bae7152406d062c077c6ecc6ae18": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xa3b31cbd5168d3c99756660d4b7625d679e12573": {
+        "balance": "0x569bc6535d3083fce",
+        "nonce": "26",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "839247",
+    "difficulty": "3213311",
+    "timestamp": "1581179571",
+    "gasLimit": "7961006",
+    "miner": "0x9f2659ffe7b3b467e46dcec3623392cf51635079"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf86a1a8509502f9000830334509476554b33410b6d90b7dc889bfed0451ad195f27e8084391521f481a2a02e4ff0d171a860c8c7de2283978e2f225f9ba3ed4dec446b773c6b2d73ef22dea02a6a517528b491cb71b204f534db11a1c8059035f54d5bae347d1cab536bde2c",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "call",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0xa3b31cbd5168d3c99756660d4b7625d679e12573",
+        "to": "0x76554b33410b6d90b7dc889bfed0451ad195f27e",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0x2e138",
+        "input": "0x391521f4",
+        "callType": "call"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0xd0b5",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 26,
+      "transactionHash": "0xcb1090fa85d2a3da8326b75333e92b3dca89963c895d9c981bfdaa64643135e4",
+      "blockNumber": 839247,
+      "blockHash": "0xce7ff7d84ca97f0f89d6065e2c12409a795c9f607cdb14aef0713cad5d7e311c",
+      "time": "182.267µs"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_pointer_issue.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_pointer_issue.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7928455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/nested_pointer_issue.json
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "number": "13535",
+    "hash": "0x6f706fe8026edb51577b57685574dc152dba4e2ebfc8a50bb63a8c95a4f8818d",
+    "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
+    "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "stateRoot": "0x7f54db248a004ca182fe87fdfa6efda97163908b4f0cc84b36a6d60699d5d1be",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "difficulty": "1",
+    "totalDifficulty": "24766",
+    "extraData": "0xf09f928e20407072796c616273206e6f64652d3020f09f928e000000000000001d32ac3baf238e163e18ed6d77b67b0b54b08ad9781dc4ffd93c5ede1ca12c5f21b36ac39c7ebb88dff65da91f5b9461f19873a02602230b931ba388a809119f00",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "timestamp": "1549153003",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0b1ba0af832d7c05fd64161e0db78e85978e8082": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "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",
+        "storage": {
+          "0xbe8a6e3827dad84a671edac41a02b0f5b47b9d0339adb1e9411b9ba4e2118738": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x48bacb9266a570d521063ef5dd96e61686dbe788": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
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+        "to": "0x0b1ba0af832d7c05fd64161e0db78e85978e8082",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockHash": "0x6456fbd35a3a69a1709c324fad114d68507d2c8ab391e9adb128f9734c8e4ae8",
+      "blockNumber": 13536,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x56c8",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        1
+      ],
+      "transactionHash": "0x6974f745a004f030bebb1c01d4595edbda2fafcf01c0bfbd5d335711e2a7b04e",
+      "transactionPosition": 0,
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x6000eca38b8b5bba64986182fe2a69c57f6b5414",
+        "gas": "0x1d4ee1",
+        "input": "0x095ea7b30000000000000000000000001dc4c1cefef38a777b15aa20260a54e584b16c48ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+        "to": "0x871dd7c2b4b25e1aa18728e9d5f2af4c4e431f5c",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockHash": "0x6456fbd35a3a69a1709c324fad114d68507d2c8ab391e9adb128f9734c8e4ae8",
+      "blockNumber": 13536,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x56ca",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        2
+      ],
+      "transactionHash": "0x6974f745a004f030bebb1c01d4595edbda2fafcf01c0bfbd5d335711e2a7b04e",
+      "transactionPosition": 0,
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/oog.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/oog.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26ae2f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/oog.json
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "gasLimit": "5258985",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294631",
+    "timestamp": "1513675366"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x296b66049cc4f9c8bf3d4f14752add261d1a980b39bdd194a7897baf39ac7579": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000033b2e3c9fc9653f9e72b1e0"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54": {
+        "balance": "0xea8c39a876d19888d",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "265",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5263953",
+    "hash": "0x03a0f62a8106793dafcfae7b75fd2654322062d585a19cea568314d7205790dc",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x15482cc64b7c00a947f5bf015dfc010db1a6a668c74df61974d6a7848c174408",
+    "nonce": "0xd1bdb150f6fd170e",
+    "number": "2294630",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1ab1a534e84cc787cda1db21e0d5920ab06017948075b759166cfea7274657a1",
+    "timestamp": "1513675347",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160543502214733"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8ab820109855d21dba00082ca1d9443064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b6280b844a9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f90001ba0ce3ad83f5530136467b7c2bb225f406bd170f4ad59c254e5103c34eeabb5bd69a0455154527224a42ab405cacf0fe92918a75641ce4152f8db292019a5527aa956",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54",
+        "gas": "0x7045",
+        "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f9000",
+        "to": "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 2294631,
+      "error": "out of gas",
+      "result": {},
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/option_convert_parity_errors.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/option_convert_parity_errors.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0216c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/option_convert_parity_errors.json
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "gasLimit": "5258985",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294631",
+    "timestamp": "1513675366"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x6060604052600436106100ba576000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900463ffffffff16806306fdde03146100bf578063095ea7b31461014d57806318160ddd146101a757806323b872dd146101d0578063313ce5671461024957806342966c68146102785780635a3b7e42146102b357806370a082311461034157806379cc67901461038e57806395d89b41146103e8578063a9059cbb14610476578063dd62ed3e146104b8575b600080fd5b34156100ca57600080fd5b6100d2610524565b6040518080602001828103825283818151815260200191508051906020019080838360005b838110156101125780820151818401526020810190506100f7565b50505050905090810190601f16801561013f5780820380516001836020036101000a031916815260200191505b509250505060405180910390f35b341561015857600080fd5b61018d600480803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690602001909190803590602001909190505061055d565b604051808215151515815260200191505060405180910390f35b34156101b257600080fd5b6101ba6105ea565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b34156101db57600080fd5b61022f600480803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690602001909190803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff169060200190919080359060200190919050506105f0565b604051808215151515815260200191505060405180910390f35b341561025457600080fd5b61025c610910565b604051808260ff1660ff16815260200191505060405180910390f35b341561028357600080fd5b6102996004808035906020019091905050610915565b604051808215151515815260200191505060405180910390f35b34156102be57600080fd5b6102c6610a18565b6040518080602001828103825283818151815260200191508051906020019080838360005b838110156103065780820151818401526020810190506102eb565b50505050905090810190601f1680156103335780820380516001836020036101000a031916815260200191505b509250505060405180910390f35b341561034c57600080fd5b610378600480803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16906020019091905050610a51565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b341561039957600080fd5b6103ce600480803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16906020019091908035906020019091905050610a69565b604051808215151515815260200191505060405180910390f35b34156103f357600080fd5b6103fb610bf8565b6040518080602001828103825283818151815260200191508051906020019080838360005b8381101561043b578082015181840152602081019050610420565b50505050905090810190601f1680156104685780820380516001836020036101000a031916815260200191505b509250505060405180910390f35b341561048157600080fd5b6104b6600480803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16906020019091908035906020019091905050610c31565b005b34156104c357600080fd5b61050e600480803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690602001909190803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16906020019091905050610e34565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b6040805190810160405280600881526020017f446f70616d696e6500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000081525081565b600081600260003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060008573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020819055506001905092915050565b60005481565b6000808373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff161415151561061757600080fd5b81600160008673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020541015151561066557600080fd5b600160008473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020016000205482600160008673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020016000205401101515156106f157fe5b600260008573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002054821115151561077c57600080fd5b81600160008673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020016000206000828254039250508190555081600160008573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019081526020016000206000828254019250508190555081600260008673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020600082825403925050819055508273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff167fddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef846040518082815260200191505060405180910390a3600190509392505050565b601281565b600081600160003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020541015151561096557600080fd5b81600160003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020600082825403925050819055508160008082825403925050819055503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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x296b66049cc4f9c8bf3d4f14752add261d1a980b39bdd194a7897baf39ac7579": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000033b2e3c9fc9653f9e72b1e0"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54": {
+        "balance": "0xea8c39a876d19888d",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "265",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5263953",
+    "hash": "0x03a0f62a8106793dafcfae7b75fd2654322062d585a19cea568314d7205790dc",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x15482cc64b7c00a947f5bf015dfc010db1a6a668c74df61974d6a7848c174408",
+    "nonce": "0xd1bdb150f6fd170e",
+    "number": "2294630",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1ab1a534e84cc787cda1db21e0d5920ab06017948075b759166cfea7274657a1",
+    "timestamp": "1513675347",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160543502214733"
+  },
+  "tracerConfig": {
+    "convertParityErrors": true
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8ab820109855d21dba00082ca1d9443064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b6280b844a9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f90001ba0ce3ad83f5530136467b7c2bb225f406bd170f4ad59c254e5103c34eeabb5bd69a0455154527224a42ab405cacf0fe92918a75641ce4152f8db292019a5527aa956",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54",
+        "gas": "0x7045",
+        "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f9000",
+        "to": "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 2294631,
+      "error": "Out of gas",
+      "result": {},
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/result_output.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/result_output.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f58d20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/result_output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "1911202",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010906846765746888676f312e31332e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "7842876",
+    "hash": "0x4d7bc82e0d56307094378e1a8fbfa6260986f621de95b5fe68a95248b3ba8efe",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "mixHash": "0xc102ad52677c391edab82cc895ca7a7e9fff3eed4fa966ecf7fb61ec1e84bb6b",
+    "nonce": "0x39f5b074e3437f3f",
+    "number": "553415",
+    "stateRoot": "0x8f89e79109c19fa00e72b400502448540dc4773ad92dddd341dbba20c710a3b5",
+    "timestamp": "1577396195",
+    "totalDifficulty": "458361299240",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x531f76bad925f6a925474996c7d738c1008045f6": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "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",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0xf652222313e28459528d920b65115c16c04f3efc82aaedc97be59f3f377c0d3f": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0xf652222313e28459528d920b65115c16c04f3efc82aaedc97be59f3f377c0d40": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005": "0x000000000000000000000000b49180d443dc4ca6028de0031ac09337891fd8ce",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000de0b6b3a7640000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xb49180d443dc4ca6028de0031ac09337891fd8ce": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x193e9986e2e3f0c58988",
+        "nonce": "2585",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "553416",
+    "difficulty": "1909336",
+    "timestamp": "1577396224",
+    "gasLimit": "7835218",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf870820a1985e8d4a5100083040b2894531f76bad925f6a925474996c7d738c1008045f6880de0b6b3a76400008081a2a08693170f040d9501b831b404d9e40fba040c5aef4b8974aedc20b3844aea7c32a0476861058ff9b8030c58bcba8be320acc855e4694a633c493fb50fbdb9455489",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "call",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "to": "0x531f76bad925f6a925474996c7d738c1008045f6",
+        "value": "0xde0b6b3a7640000",
+        "gas": "0x3b920",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "callType": "call"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x19c3e",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 5,
+      "transactionHash": "0x04d2029a5cbbed30969cdc0a2ca9e9fc6b719e323af0802b52466f07ee0ecada",
+      "blockNumber": 553416,
+      "blockHash": "0x8df024322173d225a09681d35edeaa528aca60743a11a70f854c158862bf5282",
+      "time": "617.42µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "call",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x531f76bad925f6a925474996c7d738c1008045f6",
+        "to": "0xb49180d443dc4ca6028de0031ac09337891fd8ce",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0x2164e",
+        "input": "0x90b98a11000000000000000000000000877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f4430000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+        "callType": "call"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [
+        0
+      ],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 5,
+      "transactionHash": "0x04d2029a5cbbed30969cdc0a2ca9e9fc6b719e323af0802b52466f07ee0ecada",
+      "blockNumber": 553416,
+      "blockHash": "0x8df024322173d225a09681d35edeaa528aca60743a11a70f854c158862bf5282"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/revert.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/revert.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..897aebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/revert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3665057456",
+    "gasLimit": "5232723",
+    "miner": "0xf4d8e706cfb25c0decbbdd4d2e2cc10c66376a3f",
+    "number": "2294501",
+    "timestamp": "1513673601"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0f6cef2b7fbb504782e35aa82a2207e816a2b7a9": {
+        "balance": "0x2a3fc32bcc019283",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "10",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xabbcd5b340c80b5f1c0545c04c987b87310296ae": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3672229776",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5227619",
+    "hash": "0xa07b3d6c6bf63f5f981016db9f2d1d93033833f2c17e8bf7209e85f1faf08076",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x806e151ce2817be922e93e8d5921fa0f0d0fd213d6b2b9a3fa17458e74a163d0",
+    "nonce": "0xbc5d43adc2c30c7d",
+    "number": "2294500",
+    "stateRoot": "0xca645b335888352ef9d8b1ef083e9019648180b259026572e3139717270de97d",
+    "timestamp": "1513673552",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160066586979149"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x0f6cef2b7fbb504782e35aa82a2207e816a2b7a9",
+        "gas": "0x2d55e8",
+        "input": "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",
+        "to": "0xabbcd5b340c80b5f1c0545c04c987b87310296ae",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 2294501,
+      "error": "execution reverted",
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x719b"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/revert_reason.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/revert_reason.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62dbaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/revert_reason.json
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "2",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "number": "3212651",
+    "timestamp": "1597246515"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xf58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f52": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x608060405234801561001057600080fd5b50600436106100a5576000357c010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090048063609ff1bd11610078578063609ff1bd146101af5780639e7b8d61146101cd578063a3ec138d14610211578063e2ba53f0146102ae576100a5565b80630121b93f146100aa578063013cf08b146100d85780632e4176cf146101215780635c19a95c1461016b575b600080fd5b6100d6600480360360208110156100c057600080fd5b81019080803590602001909291905050506102cc565b005b610104600480360360208110156100ee57600080fd5b8101908080359060200190929190505050610469565b604051808381526020018281526020019250505060405180910390f35b61012961049a565b604051808273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200191505060405180910390f35b6101ad6004803603602081101561018157600080fd5b81019080803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690602001909291905050506104bf565b005b6101b76108db565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b61020f600480360360208110156101e357600080fd5b81019080803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff169060200190929190505050610952565b005b6102536004803603602081101561022757600080fd5b81019080803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff169060200190929190505050610b53565b60405180858152602001841515151581526020018373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200182815260200194505050505060405180910390f35b6102b6610bb0565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b6000600160003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020905060008160000154141561038a576040517f08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000081526004018080602001828103825260148152602001807f486173206e6f20726967687420746f20766f746500000000000000000000000081525060200191505060405180910390fd5b8060010160009054906101000a900460ff161561040f576040517f08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000815260040180806020018281038252600e8152602001807f416c726561647920766f7465642e00000000000000000000000000000000000081525060200191505060405180910390fd5b60018160010160006101000a81548160ff02191690831515021790555081816002018190555080600001546002838154811061044757fe5b9060005260206000209060020201600101600082825401925050819055505050565b6002818154811061047657fe5b90600052602060002090600202016000915090508060000154908060010154905082565b6000809054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681565b6000600160003373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002090508060010160009054906101000a900460ff1615610587576040517f08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000081526004018080602001828103825260128152602001807f596f7520616c726561647920766f7465642e000000000000000000000000000081525060200191505060405180910390fd5b3373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff161415610629576040517f08c379a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000815260040180806020018281038252601e8152602001807f53656c662d64656c65676174696f6e20697320646973616c6c6f7765642e000081525060200191505060405180910390fd5b5b600073ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16600160008473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060010160019054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16146107cc57600160008373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002060010160019054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1691503373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff168273ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1614156107c7576040517f08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000081526004018080602001828103825260198152602001807f466f756e64206c6f6f7020696e2064656c65676174696f6e2e0000000000000081525060200191505060405180910390fd5b61062a565b60018160010160006101000a81548160ff021916908315150217905550818160010160016101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1602179055506000600160008473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002090508060010160009054906101000a900460ff16156108bf578160000154600282600201548154811061089c57fe5b9060005260206000209060020201600101600082825401925050819055506108d6565b816000015481600001600082825401925050819055505b505050565b6000806000905060008090505b60028054905081101561094d57816002828154811061090357fe5b9060005260206000209060020201600101541115610940576002818154811061092857fe5b90600052602060002090600202016001015491508092505b80806001019150506108e8565b505090565b6000809054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff163373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16146109f7576040517f08c379a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x6200beec95762de01ce05f2a0e58ce3299dbb53c68c9f3254a242121223cdf58": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xf7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1": {
+        "balance": "0x57af9d6b3df812900",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "6",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+      "petersburgBlock": 0,
+      "IstanbulBlock": 1561651,
+      "chainId": 5,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf888068449504f80832dc6c094f58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f5280a45c19a95c000000000000000000000000f7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf12da0264664db3e71fae1dbdaf2f53954be149ad3b7ba8a5054b4d89c70febfacc8b1a0212e8398757963f419681839ae8c5a54b411e252473c82d93dda68405ca63294",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0xf7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1",
+        "gas": "0x2d7308",
+        "input": "0x5c19a95c000000000000000000000000f7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1",
+        "to": "0xf58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f52",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 3212651,
+      "error": "execution reverted",
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x5940",
+        "output": "0x08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001e53656c662d64656c65676174696f6e20697320646973616c6c6f7765642e0000"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/selfdestruct.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/selfdestruct.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd34d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/selfdestruct.json
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4628640",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010b05846765746888676f312e31342e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "9244120",
+    "hash": "0x5a1f551897cc91265225b0453136ad8c7eef1c1c8b06139da4f2e6e710c1f4df",
+    "miner": "0x73f26d124436b0791169d63a3af29c2ae47765a3",
+    "mixHash": "0xd6735e63f8937fe0c5491e0d5836ec28467363be7ada5a2f979f9d107e2c831e",
+    "nonce": "0x7c35e34d2e328d7d",
+    "number": "1555145",
+    "stateRoot": "0x565873b05f71b98595133e37a52d79c3476ce820c05ebedaddd35541b0e894a3",
+    "timestamp": "1590793819",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2241994078605",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x119f569a45e9d0089d51d7f9529f5ea9bf5785e2": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x622e8fced69d43eb8d97",
+        "nonce": "260140",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555146",
+    "difficulty": "4630900",
+    "timestamp": "1590793820",
+    "gasLimit": "9253146",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8628303f82c843b9aca0083019ecc80808e605a600053600160006001f0ff0081a2a077f539ae2a58746bbfa6370fc423f946870efa32753d697d3729d361a428623aa0384ef9a5650d6630f5c1ddef616bffa5fc72a95a9314361d0918de066aa4475a",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xcf08",
+        "init": "0x605a600053600160006001f0ff00"
+      },
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x102a1",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "address": "0x1d99a1a3efa9181f540f9e24fa6e4e08eb7844ca"
+      },
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "transactionPosition": 14,
+      "transactionHash": "0xdd76f02407e2f8329303ba688e111cae4f7008ad0d14d6e42c5698424ea36d79",
+      "blockNumber": 1555146,
+      "blockHash": "0xafb4f1dd27b9054c805acb81a88ed04384788cb31d84164c21874935c81e5c7e",
+      "time": "187.145µs"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "suicide",
+      "action": {
+        "address": "0x1d99a1a3efa9181f540f9e24fa6e4e08eb7844ca",
+        "refundAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "balance": "0x0"
+      },
+      "result": null,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        0
+      ],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 14,
+      "transactionHash": "0xdd76f02407e2f8329303ba688e111cae4f7008ad0d14d6e42c5698424ea36d79",
+      "blockNumber": 1555146,
+      "blockHash": "0xafb4f1dd27b9054c805acb81a88ed04384788cb31d84164c21874935c81e5c7e"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d08441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "22",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
+        "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
+        "code": "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",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000001b436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006f05b59d3b20000",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003c",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005a37b834"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb": {
+        "balance": "0x1780d77678137ac1b775",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "29072",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8271908506fc23ac0083015f90943b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe80a463e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c52aa0bdce0b59e8761854e857fe64015f06dd08a4fbb7624f6094893a79a72e6ad6bea01d9dde033cff7bb235a3163f348a6d7ab8d6b52bc0963a95b91612e40ca766a4",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+        "gas": "0x10738",
+        "input": "0x63e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+        "to": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 2289806,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x9751",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+        "gas": "0x6d05",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+        "value": "0x6f05b59d3b20000"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 0,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [0],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/skip_no_balance_error.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/skip_no_balance_error.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d530fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/skip_no_balance_error.json
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "4673862",
+    "extraData": "0xd683010b05846765746886676f312e3133856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "9471919",
+    "hash": "0x7f072150c5905c214966e3432d418910badcdbe510aceaac295b1d7059cc0ffc",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+    "mixHash": "0x113ced8fedb939fdc862008da7bdddde726f997c0e6dfba0e55613994757b489",
+    "nonce": "0x0f411a2e5552c5b7",
+    "number": "1555284",
+    "stateRoot": "0x9fe125b361b72d5479b24ad9be9964b74228c73a2dfb0065060a79b4a6dfaa1e",
+    "timestamp": "1590795374",
+    "totalDifficulty": "2242642335405",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xe85df1413eebe1b191c26260e19783a274a6b041": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x6244c985ef1e48e84531",
+        "nonce": "265775",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1555285",
+    "difficulty": "4676144",
+    "timestamp": "1590795378",
+    "gasLimit": "9481167",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf9014083040e2f843b9aca008301aab08080b8eb7f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b57f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5547f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000037f05581a2a09db45e7846f193471f6d897fb6ff58b7ec41a9c6f63d10aca47d821c365981cba052ec320875625e16141a1a9e8b7993de863698fb699f93ae2cab26149bbb144f",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "type": "create",
+      "action": {
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "gas": "0xd550",
+        "init": "0x7f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b57f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507f000000000000000000000000945304eb96065b2a98b57a48a06ae28d285a71b5547f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c3507f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007f000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000037f055"
+      },
+      "error": "out of gas",
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "transactionPosition": 16,
+      "transactionHash": "0x384487e5ae8d2997aece8e28403d393cb9752425e6de358891bed981c5af1c05",
+      "blockNumber": 1555285,
+      "blockHash": "0x93231d8e9662adb4c5c703583a92c7b3112cd5448f43ab4fa1f0f00a0183ed3f",
+      "time": "665.278µs"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/staticcall_precompiled.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/staticcall_precompiled.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9291149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/staticcall_precompiled.json
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "2028219",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010906846765746888676f312e31332e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "23481547",
+    "hash": "0x3c06114e88c26b52decfe4e5f6d4d51cfaaea0317b646017fac32fadbe7df9f5",
+    "miner": "0x2a1442b4fbabf7b5507c13ccf076a547abfaeb1b",
+    "mixHash": "0x46108f74220c5ab23651f93912b14fea37ed1380d22e10639a1f5651c98cb949",
+    "nonce": "0x426a5267e0b636fe",
+    "number": "567687",
+    "stateRoot": "0x7b4b193fe73ef87101c7c325954681861cc240c299d03459784b2b11c9c522ae",
+    "timestamp": "1577578008",
+    "totalDifficulty": "485254950048",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x8521f13dd5e4bc3dab3cf0f01a195a5af899e851": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": 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+        "storage": {
+          "0x05b8ccbb9d4d8fb16ea74ce3c29a41f1b461fbdaff4714a0d9a8eb05499746bc": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0xa54c2b4154b4f221d71d6d5bc0ec905c931a021bb6fb138fc0495bb0373e2276": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0xcec3d4daf44926cc41e",
+        "nonce": "147795",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "567688",
+    "difficulty": "2028219",
+    "timestamp": "1577578023",
+    "gasLimit": "23504477",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "author": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "gas": "0x4053e",
+        "input": "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",
+        "refundAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "to": "0x8521f13dd5e4bc3dab3cf0f01a195a5af899e851",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "error": "execution reverted",
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x947c"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/suicide.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/suicide.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd9e057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/suicide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "number": "553153",
+    "hash": "0x88bde20840880a1f3fba92121912a3cc0d3b26d76e4d914fbd85fc2e43da3b3f",
+    "nonce": "0x7be554ffe4b82fc2",
+    "mixHash": "0xf73d2ff3c16599c3b8a24b9ebde6c09583b5ee3f747d3cd37845d564f4c8d87a",
+    "stateRoot": "0x40b5f53d610108947688a04fb68838ff9c0aa0dd6e54156b682537192171ff5c",
+    "miner": "0x774c398d763161f55b66a646f17edda4addad2ca",
+    "difficulty": "1928226",
+    "totalDifficulty": "457857582215",
+    "extraData": "0xd983010907846765746888676f312e31332e358664617277696e",
+    "gasLimit": "7999473",
+    "timestamp": "1577392669",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443": {
+        "balance": "0x19bb4ac611ca7a1fc881",
+        "nonce": "701",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x8ee79c5b3f6e1d214d2c4fcf7ea4092a32e26e91": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "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",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000000877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 63,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 301243,
+      "petersburgBlock": 999983,
+      "istanbulBlock": 999983
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "553154",
+    "difficulty": "1929167",
+    "timestamp": "1577392670",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "miner": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf86c8202bd850ee6b280008344aa20948ee79c5b3f6e1d214d2c4fcf7ea4092a32e26e91808441c0e1b581a2a03f95ca5cdf7fd727630341c4c6aa1b64ccd9949bd9ecc72cfdd7ce17a2013a69a06d34795ef7fb0108a6dbee4ae0a1bdc48dcd2a4ee53bb6a33d45515af07bb9a8",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443",
+        "gas": "0x445708",
+        "input": "0x41c0e1b5",
+        "to": "0x8ee79c5b3f6e1d214d2c4fcf7ea4092a32e26e91",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockHash": "0xf641c3b0f82b07cd3a528adb9927dd83eeb4f1682e2bd523ed36888e0d82c9a9",
+      "blockNumber": 553154,
+      "result": {
+        "gasUsed": "0x347a",
+        "output": "0x"
+      },
+      "subtraces": 1,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "transactionHash": "0x6af0a5c3188ffacae4d340d4a17e14fdb5a54187683a80ef241bde248189882b",
+      "transactionPosition": 15,
+      "type": "call"
+    },
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "address": "0x8ee79c5b3f6e1d214d2c4fcf7ea4092a32e26e91",
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "refundAddress": "0x877bd459c9b7d8576b44e59e09d076c25946f443"
+      },
+      "blockHash": "0xf641c3b0f82b07cd3a528adb9927dd83eeb4f1682e2bd523ed36888e0d82c9a9",
+      "blockNumber": 553154,
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [
+        0
+      ],
+      "transactionHash": "0x6af0a5c3188ffacae4d340d4a17e14fdb5a54187683a80ef241bde248189882b",
+      "transactionPosition": 15,
+      "type": "suicide"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b119bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_flat/throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "117009631",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "miner": "0x294e5d6c39a36ce38af1dca70c1060f78dee8070",
+    "number": "25009",
+    "timestamp": "1479891666"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x70c9217d814985faef62b124420f8dfbddd96433": {
+        "balance": "0x4ecd70668f5d854a",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "1638",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xc212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x0000000000000000000000002cccf5e0538493c235d1c5ef6580f77d99e91396",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000061a9",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005": "0x00000000000000000000000070c9217d814985faef62b124420f8dfbddd96433"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "117066792",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0xe23e8d4562a1045b70cbc99fefb20c101a8f0fc8559a80d65fea8896e2f1d46e",
+    "miner": "0x71842f946b98800fe6feb49f0ae4e253259031c9",
+    "mixHash": "0x0aada9d6e93dd4db0d09c0488dc0a048fca2ccdc1f3fc7b83ba2a8d393a3a4ff",
+    "nonce": "0x70849d5838dee2e9",
+    "number": "25008",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1e01d2161794768c5b917069e73d86e8dca80cd7f3168c0597de420ab93a3b7b",
+    "timestamp": "1479891641",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1896347038589"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8206668504a817c8008303d09094c212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b80a451a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c000029a0692a3b4e7b2842f8dd7832e712c21e09f451f416c8976d5b8d02e8c0c2b4bea9a07645e90fc421b63dd755767fd93d3c03b4ec0c4d8fafa059558d08cf11d59750",
+  "result": [
+    {
+      "action": {
+        "callType": "call",
+        "from": "0x70c9217d814985faef62b124420f8dfbddd96433",
+        "gas": "0x37b38",
+        "input": "0x51a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c0000",
+        "to": "0xc212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      },
+      "blockNumber": 25009,
+      "error": "invalid jump destination",
+      "result": {},
+      "subtraces": 0,
+      "traceAddress": [],
+      "type": "call"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/create.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/create.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8557f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/create.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3755480783",
+    "gasLimit": "5401723",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294702",
+    "timestamp": "1513676146"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x13e4acefe6a6700604929946e70e6443e4e73447": {
+        "balance": "0xcf3e0938579f000",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "9",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x7dc9c9730689ff0b0fd506c67db815f12d90a448": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3757315409",
+    "extraData": "0x566961425443",
+    "gasLimit": "5406414",
+    "hash": "0xae107f592eebdd9ff8d6ba00363676096e6afb0e1007a7d3d0af88173077378d",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "mixHash": "0xc927aa05a38bc3de864e95c33b3ae559d3f39c4ccd51cef6f113f9c50ba0caf1",
+    "nonce": "0x93363bbd2c95f410",
+    "number": "2294701",
+    "stateRoot": "0x6b6737d5bde8058990483e915866bd1578014baeff57bd5e4ed228a2bfad635c",
+    "timestamp": "1513676127",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160808139332585"
+  },
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+    "type": "CREATE",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/deep_calls.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/deep_calls.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef28a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/deep_calls.json
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+{
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/delegatecall.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/delegatecall.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4c1390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/delegatecall.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
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+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0x0855914bdc581bccdc62591fd438498386ffb59ea4d5361ed5c3702e26e2c72f",
+    "miner": "0x334391aa808257952a462d1475562ee2106a6c90",
+    "mixHash": "0x64bb70b8ca883cadb8fbbda2c70a861612407864089ed87b98e5de20acceada6",
+    "nonce": "0x684129f283aaef18",
+    "number": "11494",
+    "stateRoot": "0x7057f31fe3dab1d620771adad35224aae43eb70e94861208bc84c557ff5b9d10",
+    "timestamp": "1479735912",
+    "totalDifficulty": "90744064339"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf889448504a817c800832dc6c094269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba80a47065cb480000000000000000000000001523e55a1ca4efbae03355775ae89f8d7699ad9e29a080ed81e4c5e9971a730efab4885566e2c868cd80bd4166d0ed8c287fdf181650a069d7c49215e3d4416ad239cd09dbb71b9f04c16b33b385d14f40b618a7a65115",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "calls": [
+          {
+            "from": "0x13204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff",
+            "gas": "0x2bf459",
+            "gasUsed": "0x2aa",
+            "input": "0x7d65837a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+            "to": "0x42b02b5deeb78f34cd5ac896473b63e6c99a71a2",
+            "type": "DELEGATECALL"
+          }
+        ],
+        "from": "0x269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba",
+        "gas": "0x2cae73",
+        "gasUsed": "0xa9d",
+        "input": "0x5dbe47e8000000000000000000000000a529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+        "to": "0x13204f5d64c28326fd7bd05fd4ea855302d7f2ff",
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "from": "0xa529806c67cc6486d4d62024471772f47f6fd672",
+    "gas": "0x2d6e28",
+    "gasUsed": "0xbd55",
+    "input": "0x7065cb480000000000000000000000001523e55a1ca4efbae03355775ae89f8d7699ad9e",
+    "output": "0x",
+    "to": "0x269296dddce321a6bcbaa2f0181127593d732cba",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b60e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3451177886",
+    "gasLimit": "4709286",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2290744",
+    "timestamp": "1513616439"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x1d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
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+    "timestamp": "1513616414",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7146523769022564"
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+        "type": "CREATE",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "error": "invalid jump destination",
+    "from": "0xe4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8",
+    "gas": "0x435c8",
+    "gasUsed": "0x493e0",
+    "input": "0x3b91f506000000000000000000000000a14bdd7e5666d784dcce98ad24d383a6b1cd4182000000000000000000000000e4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8",
+    "to": "0x1d3ddf7caf024f253487e18bc4a15b1a360c170a",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_instafail.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_instafail.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1ed766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_instafail.json
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "117067574",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712380",
+    "hash": "0xe05db05eeb3f288041ecb10a787df121c0ed69499355716e17c307de313a4486",
+    "miner": "0x0c062b329265c965deef1eede55183b3acb8f611",
+    "mixHash": "0xb669ae39118a53d2c65fd3b1e1d3850dd3f8c6842030698ed846a2762d68b61d",
+    "nonce": "0x2b469722b8e28c45",
+    "number": "24973",
+    "stateRoot": "0x532a5c3f75453a696428db078e32ae283c85cb97e4d8560dbdf022adac6df369",
+    "timestamp": "1479891145",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1892250259406",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "0x60606040526000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900480632e1a7d4d146036575b6000565b34600057604e60048080359060200190919050506050565b005b3373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166108fc829081150290604051809050600060405180830381858888f19350505050505b5056",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31": {
+        "balance": "0x229ebbb36c3e0f20",
+        "nonce": "3",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 4230000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 4939394,
+      "istanbulBlock": 6485846,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 7117117,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "24974",
+    "difficulty": "117067574",
+    "timestamp": "1479891162",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "miner": "0xc822ef32e6d26e170b70cf761e204c1806265914"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf889038504a81557008301f97e946c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce1880a42e1a7d4d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014d1120d7b1600002aa0e2a6558040c5d72bc59f2fb62a38993a314c849cd22fb393018d2c5af3112095a01bdb6d7ba32263ccc2ecc880d38c49d9f0c5a72d8b7908e3122b31356d349745",
+  "result": {
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "from": "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31",
+    "to": "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18",
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "gas": "0x1a466",
+    "gasUsed": "0x72de",
+    "input": "0x2e1a7d4d00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014d1120d7b160000",
+    "output": "0x",
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "from": "0x6c06b16512b332e6cd8293a2974872674716ce18",
+        "to": "0x66fdfd05e46126a07465ad24e40cc0597bc1ef31",
+        "value": "0x14d1120d7b160000",
+        "error":"internal failure",
+        "input": "0x"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_throw_outer_revert.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_throw_outer_revert.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2be2dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/inner_throw_outer_revert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3956606365",
+    "gasLimit": "5413248",
+    "miner": "0x00d8ae40d9a06d0e7a2877b62e32eb959afbe16d",
+    "number": "2295104",
+    "timestamp": "1513681256"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3956606365",
+    "extraData": "0x566961425443",
+    "gasLimit": "5418523",
+    "hash": "0x6f37eb930a25da673ea1bb80fd9e32ddac19cdf7cd4bb2eac62cc13598624077",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "mixHash": "0x10971cde68c587c750c23b8589ae868ce82c2c646636b97e7d9856470c5297c7",
+    "nonce": "0x810f923ff4b450a1",
+    "number": "2295103",
+    "stateRoot": "0xff403612573d76dfdaf4fea2429b77dbe9764021ae0e38dc8ac79a3cf551179e",
+    "timestamp": "1513681246",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7162347056825919"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf86d808504e3b292008307dfa69433056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76880e92596fd62900008029a0e5f27bb66431f7081bb7f1f242003056d7f3f35414c352cd3d1848b52716dac2a07d0be78980edb0bd2a0678fc53aa90ea9558ce346b0d947967216918ac74ccea",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "error": "invalid opcode: INVALID",
+        "from": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76",
+        "gas": "0x75fe3",
+        "gasUsed": "0x75fe3",
+        "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000d4fcab9f0a6dc0493af47c864f6f17a8a5e2e82600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002f4",
+        "to": "0xe819f024b41358d2c08e3a868a5c5dd0566078d4",
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "value": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "from": "0xd4fcab9f0a6dc0493af47c864f6f17a8a5e2e826",
+    "gas": "0x78d9e",
+    "gasUsed": "0x7c1c8",
+    "input": "0x",
+    "to": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0xe92596fd6290000"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/oog.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/oog.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8022f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/oog.json
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "gasLimit": "5258985",
+    "miner": "0xd049bfd667cb46aa3ef5df0da3e57db3be39e511",
+    "number": "2294631",
+    "timestamp": "1513675366"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": 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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x296b66049cc4f9c8bf3d4f14752add261d1a980b39bdd194a7897baf39ac7579": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000033b2e3c9fc9653f9e72b1e0"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54": {
+        "balance": "0xea8c39a876d19888d",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "265",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3699098917",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5263953",
+    "hash": "0x03a0f62a8106793dafcfae7b75fd2654322062d585a19cea568314d7205790dc",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x15482cc64b7c00a947f5bf015dfc010db1a6a668c74df61974d6a7848c174408",
+    "nonce": "0xd1bdb150f6fd170e",
+    "number": "2294630",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1ab1a534e84cc787cda1db21e0d5920ab06017948075b759166cfea7274657a1",
+    "timestamp": "1513675347",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160543502214733"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8ab820109855d21dba00082ca1d9443064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b6280b844a9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f90001ba0ce3ad83f5530136467b7c2bb225f406bd170f4ad59c254e5103c34eeabb5bd69a0455154527224a42ab405cacf0fe92918a75641ce4152f8db292019a5527aa956",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "out of gas",
+    "from": "0x94194bc2aaf494501d7880b61274a169f6502a54",
+    "gas": "0x7045",
+    "gasUsed": "0xca1d",
+    "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000e77b1ac803616503510bed0086e3a7be2627a69900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009502f9000",
+    "to": "0x43064693d3d38ad6a7cb579e0d6d9718c8aa6b62",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/revert.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/revert.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aee894d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/revert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3665057456",
+    "gasLimit": "5232723",
+    "miner": "0xf4d8e706cfb25c0decbbdd4d2e2cc10c66376a3f",
+    "number": "2294501",
+    "timestamp": "1513673601"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0f6cef2b7fbb504782e35aa82a2207e816a2b7a9": {
+        "balance": "0x2a3fc32bcc019283",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "10",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xabbcd5b340c80b5f1c0545c04c987b87310296ae": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3672229776",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "5227619",
+    "hash": "0xa07b3d6c6bf63f5f981016db9f2d1d93033833f2c17e8bf7209e85f1faf08076",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0x806e151ce2817be922e93e8d5921fa0f0d0fd213d6b2b9a3fa17458e74a163d0",
+    "nonce": "0xbc5d43adc2c30c7d",
+    "number": "2294500",
+    "stateRoot": "0xca645b335888352ef9d8b1ef083e9019648180b259026572e3139717270de97d",
+    "timestamp": "1513673552",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7160066586979149"
+  },
+  "input": "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",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "from": "0x0f6cef2b7fbb504782e35aa82a2207e816a2b7a9",
+    "gas": "0x2d55e8",
+    "gasUsed": "0x719b",
+    "input": "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",
+    "to": "0xabbcd5b340c80b5f1c0545c04c987b87310296ae",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/revert_reason.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/revert_reason.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f7fee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/revert_reason.json
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "2",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "number": "3212651",
+    "timestamp": "1597246515"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xf58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f52": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x6200beec95762de01ce05f2a0e58ce3299dbb53c68c9f3254a242121223cdf58": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xf7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1": {
+        "balance": "0x57af9d6b3df812900",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "6",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+      "petersburgBlock": 0,
+      "IstanbulBlock":1561651,
+      "chainId": 5,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf888068449504f80832dc6c094f58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f5280a45c19a95c000000000000000000000000f7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf12da0264664db3e71fae1dbdaf2f53954be149ad3b7ba8a5054b4d89c70febfacc8b1a0212e8398757963f419681839ae8c5a54b411e252473c82d93dda68405ca63294",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "execution reverted",
+    "from": "0xf7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1",
+    "gas": "0x2d7308",
+    "gasUsed": "0x5940",
+    "input": "0x5c19a95c000000000000000000000000f7579c3d8a669c89d5ed246a22eb6db8f6fedbf1",
+    "to": "0xf58833cf0c791881b494eb79d461e08a1f043f52",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "output": "0x08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001e53656c662d64656c65676174696f6e20697320646973616c6c6f7765642e0000"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/selfdestruct.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/selfdestruct.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55b63db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/selfdestruct.json
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "22",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
+        "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
+        "code": "0x61deadff",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb": {
+        "balance": "0x1780d77678137ac1b775",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "29072",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8271908506fc23ac0083015f90943b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe80a463e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c52aa0bdce0b59e8761854e857fe64015f06dd08a4fbb7624f6094893a79a72e6ad6bea01d9dde033cff7bb235a3163f348a6d7ab8d6b52bc0963a95b91612e40ca766a4",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dEaD",
+        "type": "SELFDESTRUCT",
+        "value": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5"
+      }
+    ],
+    "from": "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+    "gas": "0x10738",
+    "gasUsed": "0x6fcb",
+    "input": "0x63e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+    "output": "0x",
+    "to": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9192a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "22",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
+        "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
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+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "29072",
+        "storage": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "byzantiumBlock": 1700000,
+      "chainId": 3,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
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+    "difficulty": "3509749784",
+    "extraData": "0x4554482e45544846414e532e4f52472d4641313738394444",
+    "gasLimit": "4727564",
+    "hash": "0x609948ac3bd3c00b7736b933248891d6c901ee28f066241bddb28f4e00a9f440",
+    "miner": "0xbbf5029fd710d227630c8b7d338051b8e76d50b3",
+    "mixHash": "0xb131e4507c93c7377de00e7c271bf409ec7492767142ff0f45c882f8068c2ada",
+    "nonce": "0x4eb12e19c16d43da",
+    "number": "2289805",
+    "stateRoot": "0xc7f10f352bff82fac3c2999d3085093d12652e19c7fd32591de49dc5d91b4f1f",
+    "timestamp": "1513601261",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7143276353481064"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8271908506fc23ac0083015f90943b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe80a463e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c52aa0bdce0b59e8761854e857fe64015f06dd08a4fbb7624f6094893a79a72e6ad6bea01d9dde033cff7bb235a3163f348a6d7ab8d6b52bc0963a95b91612e40ca766a4",
+  "result": {
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+        "type": "CALL",
+        "value": "0x6f05b59d3b20000"
+      }
+    ],
+    "from": "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
+    "gas": "0x10738",
+    "gasUsed": "0x9751",
+    "input": "0x63e4bff40000000000000000000000000024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5",
+    "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "to": "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/throw.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/throw.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76fae3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_legacy/throw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "117009631",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "miner": "0x294e5d6c39a36ce38af1dca70c1060f78dee8070",
+    "number": "25009",
+    "timestamp": "1479891666"
+  },
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+        "storage": {}
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+      "0xc212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b": {
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+      "eip150Hash": "0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d",
+      "eip155Block": 10,
+      "eip158Block": 10,
+      "ethash": {},
+      "homesteadBlock": 0
+    },
+    "difficulty": "117066792",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010502846765746887676f312e372e33856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0xe23e8d4562a1045b70cbc99fefb20c101a8f0fc8559a80d65fea8896e2f1d46e",
+    "miner": "0x71842f946b98800fe6feb49f0ae4e253259031c9",
+    "mixHash": "0x0aada9d6e93dd4db0d09c0488dc0a048fca2ccdc1f3fc7b83ba2a8d393a3a4ff",
+    "nonce": "0x70849d5838dee2e9",
+    "number": "25008",
+    "stateRoot": "0x1e01d2161794768c5b917069e73d86e8dca80cd7f3168c0597de420ab93a3b7b",
+    "timestamp": "1479891641",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1896347038589"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf88b8206668504a817c8008303d09094c212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b80a451a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c000029a0692a3b4e7b2842f8dd7832e712c21e09f451f416c8976d5b8d02e8c0c2b4bea9a07645e90fc421b63dd755767fd93d3c03b4ec0c4d8fafa059558d08cf11d59750",
+  "result": {
+    "error": "invalid jump destination",
+    "from": "0x70c9217d814985faef62b124420f8dfbddd96433",
+    "gas": "0x37b38",
+    "gasUsed": "0x3d090",
+    "input": "0x51a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c0000",
+    "to": "0xc212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b",
+    "type": "CALL",
+    "value": "0x0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/calldata.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/calldata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b18c80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/calldata.json
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "11934798510088",
+    "extraData": "0xd983010302844765746887676f312e342e328777696e646f7773",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "hash": "0xfc543a4a551afbd4a6c5d6d49041371e6bb58b1108c12aaec7f487ce656bb97f",
+    "miner": "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069",
+    "mixHash": "0xa6a1e67fc68da76b8d9cc3ce1c45d5e1f4bbd96b5dcfddbe0017d7fa99903ead",
+    "nonce": "0x5f00c600268b4659",
+    "number": "995200",
+    "stateRoot": "0x3579328470dd2aef5b9da69f5480cbe0d375e653b530ab3c1aee0da5e1ff4c94",
+    "timestamp": "1455322761",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7077231809278509672",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x3660008037602060003660003473273930d21e01ee25e4c219b63259d214872220a261235a5a03f21560015760206000f3",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000104": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x4c0be60200faa20559308cb7b5a1bb3255c16cb1cab91f525b5ae7a03d02fabe": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x8ba1097eb3abe3dc1b51faa48445d593bf968f722e20b67bb62a87495836bf04": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x8ba1097eb3abe3dc1b51faa48445d593bf968f722e20b67bb62a87495836bf05": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0x8ba1097eb3abe3dc1b51faa48445d593bf968f722e20b67bb62a87495836bf06": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0xa611e7c895a426c0477bc9e280db9c3b1e456dc6310ffcf23926ef5186c1facc": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+          "0xac682d343707aadf06c2c4c3692831d9e7ba711099ef36f9efb8bb29be8c410e": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0xac682d343707aadf06c2c4c3692831d9e7ba711099ef36f9efb8bb29be8c410f": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+          "0xac682d343707aadf06c2c4c3692831d9e7ba711099ef36f9efb8bb29be8c4110": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      },
+      "0x273930d21e01ee25e4c219b63259d214872220a2": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": 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+      },
+      "0x4f5777744b500616697cb655dcb02ee6cd51deb5": {
+        "balance": "0xb0983f1b83eec290",
+        "nonce": "2"
+      },
+      "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069": {
+        "balance": "0x16969a0ba2c2d384d07",
+        "nonce": "67521"
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1,
+      "homesteadBlock": 1150000,
+      "daoForkBlock": 1920000,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 2463000,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x2086799aeebeae135c246c65021c82b4e15a2c451340993aacfd2751886514f0",
+      "eip155Block": 2675000,
+      "eip158Block": 2675000,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 4370000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "995201",
+    "difficulty": "11940626048551",
+    "timestamp": "1455322773",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "miner": "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf89102850a954d522e8303308594200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f888ac7230489e80000a4ba51a6df00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001ca04f2cc45b96f965296382b2e9b657e90808301d5179035a5d91a2de7b912def20a056e19271ea4e19e4e034f38e925e312beed4d300c267160eeb2f565c42deb578",
+  "tracerConfig": {
+    "withLog": true
+  },
+  "result": {
+    "from": "0x4f5777744b500616697cb655dcb02ee6cd51deb5",
+    "gas": "0x2dced",
+    "gasUsed": "0x1a9e5",
+    "to": "0x200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f",
+    "input": "0xba51a6df0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "output": "0xba51a6df00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0x200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f",
+        "gas": "0x2c263",
+        "gasUsed": "0x1b0e4",
+        "to": "0x273930d21e01ee25e4c219b63259d214872220a2",
+        "input": "0xba51a6df0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "logs": [
+          {
+            "address": "0x200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f",
+            "topics": [
+              "0xe1c52dc63b719ade82e8bea94cc41a0d5d28e4aaf536adb5e9cccc9ff8c1aeda"
+            ],
+            "data": "0x0000000000000000000000004f5777744b500616697cb655dcb02ee6cd51deb5be96016bb57376da7a6d296e0a405ee1501778227dfa604df0a81cb1ae018598"
+          },
+          {
+            "address": "0x200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f",
+            "topics": [
+              "0xacbdb084c721332ac59f9b8e392196c9eb0e4932862da8eb9beaf0dad4f550da"
+            ],
+            "data": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+          }
+        ],
+        "value": "0x8ac7230489e80000",
+        "type": "CALLCODE"
+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x8ac7230489e80000",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/delegatecall.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/delegatecall.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c82138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/delegatecall.json
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "80344740444880",
+    "extraData": "0x7777772e62772e636f6d",
+    "gasLimit": "1498600",
+    "hash": "0xf5d85a80bdbc5d28a16b8eb0d1b9dd18316ddc3655c7d5c901b67acdb7700037",
+    "miner": "0xbcdfc35b86bedf72f0cda046a3c16829a2ef41d1",
+    "mixHash": "0x433ae590edf0e7ba9aac698bb7d3be2300e3e79d175db13528ff3e79a3f93910",
+    "nonce": "0x084adce0020c6fd8",
+    "number": "2340152",
+    "stateRoot": "0x38295a2634c9c62d48bcbf2ef2ae83768b9055c1f5e6469d17a5d1bcb052072e",
+    "timestamp": "1475034708",
+    "totalDifficulty": "66488249547380413902",
+    "alloc": {
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+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+            "value": "0x0",
+            "type": "CALL"
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+        "type": "CALL"
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+        "gas": "0x56030",
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+        "output": "0x000000000000000000000000f4cbd7e037b80c2e67b80512d482685f15b1fb28",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      },
+      {
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+        "gas": "0x55cc3",
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+        "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
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+            "gas": "0x55a8a",
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+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
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+                  "0x0000000000000000000000003de712784baf97260455ae25fb74f574ec9c1add"
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+            "type": "DELEGATECALL",
+            "value": "0x0"
+          }
+        ],
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/multi_contracts.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/multi_contracts.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..649a5b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/multi_contracts.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2295 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "59917798787272",
+    "extraData": "0xe4b883e5bda9e7a59ee4bb99e9b1bc",
+    "gasLimit": "4712380",
+    "hash": "0xae82afe3630b001a34ad4c51695dacb17872ebee4dadd2de88b1a16671871da4",
+    "miner": "0x61c808d82a3ac53231750dadc13c777b59310bd9",
+    "mixHash": "0x23c2289cdee8a397cf36db9ffa3419503bed54eb09e988b3c7a3587a090e6fc1",
+    "nonce": "0x94dc83e0044f49c8",
+    "number": "1881283",
+    "stateRoot": "0x6e3832bc2e4e66170a1e716449083e08fbb70e7b2a9f1f34e0c57e66ce40c50f",
+    "timestamp": "1468467284",
+    "totalDifficulty": "37186898441932102239",
+    "alloc": {
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+      },
+      "0x03e3d4561a8f8e975fdcd798d32857a20cf25e7e": {
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diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/multilogs.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/multilogs.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8589315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/multilogs.json
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/notopic.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/notopic.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09aa7af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/notopic.json
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
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+            "value": "0x0",
+            "type": "CALL"
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+          }
+        ],
+        "value": "0x179d63013c5654",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      }
+    ],
+    "logs": [
+      {
+        "address": "0x50739060a2c32dc076e507ae1a893aab28ecfe68",
+        "topics": [],
+        "data": "0x62616e6b726f6c6c5f6d69736d61746368"
+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x429d069189e0000",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a03f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "8430028481555",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010302844765746887676f312e352e31856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "hash": "0xde66937783697293f2e529d2034887c531535d78afa8c9051511ae12ba48fbea",
+    "miner": "0x2a65aca4d5fc5b5c859090a6c34d164135398226",
+    "mixHash": "0xba28a43bfbca4a2effbb76bb70d03482a8a0c92e2883ff36cbac3d7c6dbb7df5",
+    "nonce": "0xa3827ec0a82fe823",
+    "number": "765824",
+    "stateRoot": "0x8d96cb027a29f8ca0ccd6d31f9ea0656136ec8030ecda70bb9231849ed6f41a2",
+    "timestamp": "1451389443",
+    "totalDifficulty": "4838314986494741271",
+    "alloc": {
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+        "nonce": "34"
+      },
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+        "balance": "0x2717a9c870a286f4350"
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+      "daoForkBlock": 1920000,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 2463000,
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+      "eip158Block": 2675000,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 4370000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "765825",
+    "difficulty": "8425912256743",
+    "timestamp": "1451389488",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "miner": "0xe2fe6b13287f28e193333fdfe7fedf2f6df6124a"
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+  "tracerConfig": {
+    "withLog": true
+  },
+  "result": {
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+    "gas": "0x1f36d",
+    "gasUsed": "0xc6a5",
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+    "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000dbf03b407c01e7cd3cbea99509d93f8dddc8c6fb0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000989680",
+    "logs": [
+      {
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+        "topics": [
+          "0xddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef",
+          "0x000000000000000000000000d1220a0cf47c7b9be7a2e6ba89f429762e7b9adb",
+          "0x000000000000000000000000dbf03b407c01e7cd3cbea99509d93f8dddc8c6fb"
+        ],
+        "data": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000989680"
+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/tx_failed.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/tx_failed.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e0aec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/tx_failed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "56311715121637",
+    "extraData": "0x7777772e62772e636f6d",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0x20d3b8daa046f2f10564d84ccbe6d0a8842d8d52bc6d623e23c38050a8f73776",
+    "miner": "0xbcdfc35b86bedf72f0cda046a3c16829a2ef41d1",
+    "mixHash": "0x75029f90d7de3f9e3d5eac4a25019f9ac5d0041641d1ef17e7759e45699d4224",
+    "nonce": "0x54ff3b34fa1d9c97",
+    "number": "1968179",
+    "stateRoot": "0x6420003b1779cca3bcdab698c239bbc63623c0a7e4deeedbdb8190b9e7fd7520",
+    "timestamp": "1469713675",
+    "totalDifficulty": "42284028928878034360",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x10abb5efecdc09581f8b7cb95791fe2936790b4e": {
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+        }
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+        "nonce": "45"
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+      "0xea674fdde714fd979de3edf0f56aa9716b898ec8": {
+        "balance": "0x1601bbe4c58ec73210",
+        "nonce": "337736"
+      },
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+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1,
+      "homesteadBlock": 1150000,
+      "daoForkBlock": 1920000,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 2463000,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x2086799aeebeae135c246c65021c82b4e15a2c451340993aacfd2751886514f0",
+      "eip155Block": 2675000,
+      "eip158Block": 2675000,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 4370000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1968180",
+    "difficulty": "56311715252709",
+    "timestamp": "1469713694",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "miner": "0xea674fdde714fd979de3edf0f56aa9716b898ec8"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8aa2d850c2b6f9f7e830aae6094630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda1880b844e1fa7638000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001ba0563f81ca66b2c618bf4be9470fab88fff1b44eb5c33a9c73a68e8b26fbaa7c8da041464789c49fee77d2e053ff0705bc845fe2a78a35e478132371f294bb594021",
+  "tracerConfig": {
+    "withLog": true
+  },
+  "result": {
+    "from": "0xe6002189a74b43e6868b20c1311bc108e38aac57",
+    "gas": "0xa59c8",
+    "gasUsed": "0xaae60",
+    "to": "0x630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+    "input": "0xe1fa763800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "error": "invalid jump destination",
+    "calls": [
+      {
+        "from": "0x630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+        "gas": "0x9f5a0",
+        "gasUsed": "0x314",
+        "to": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+        "input": "0x70a08231000000000000000000000000630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+        "output": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000289739e60e3e2",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      },
+      {
+        "from": "0x630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+        "gas": "0x9a327",
+        "gasUsed": "0x67b0",
+        "to": "0x6e073c0e1bd5af550239025dffcfb37175acedd3",
+        "input": "0x1a695230000000000000000000000000bb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+        "calls": [
+          {
+            "from": "0x6e073c0e1bd5af550239025dffcfb37175acedd3",
+            "gas": "0x93ff6",
+            "gasUsed": "0x314",
+            "to": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+            "input": "0x70a082310000000000000000000000006e073c0e1bd5af550239025dffcfb37175acedd3",
+            "output": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000025d57ab057892050fc",
+            "value": "0x0",
+            "type": "CALL"
+          },
+          {
+            "from": "0x6e073c0e1bd5af550239025dffcfb37175acedd3",
+            "gas": "0x93c42",
+            "gasUsed": "0x13f",
+            "to": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+            "input": "0x18160ddd",
+            "output": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000098b4d3b425f8c368391b2",
+            "value": "0x0",
+            "type": "CALL"
+          },
+          {
+            "from": "0x6e073c0e1bd5af550239025dffcfb37175acedd3",
+            "gas": "0x939ba",
+            "gasUsed": "0x5fca",
+            "to": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+            "input": "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000025d57ab057892050fc",
+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+            "value": "0x0",
+            "type": "CALL"
+          }
+        ],
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      },
+      {
+        "from": "0x630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+        "gas": "0x8d8b6",
+        "gasUsed": "0x7be",
+        "to": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+        "input": "0x013cf08b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000110",
+        "output": "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",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      },
+      {
+        "from": "0x630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+        "gas": "0x880f8",
+        "gasUsed": "0x880f8",
+        "to": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+        "input": "0x82661dc40000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000110000000000000000000000000b3b10eff47b9c0b3e5579bf1c25872111667e650",
+        "error": "invalid jump destination",
+        "calls": [
+          {
+            "from": "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413",
+            "gas": "0x7f910",
+            "gasUsed": "0xd20f",
+            "to": "0x10abb5efecdc09581f8b7cb95791fe2936790b4e",
+            "input": "0xbaac5300000000000000000000000000630a0cd35d5bd57e61410fda76fea850225cda18",
+            "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+            "calls": [
+              {
+                "from": "0x10abb5efecdc09581f8b7cb95791fe2936790b4e",
+                "gas": "0x76e12",
+                "gasUsed": "0x13f9",
+                "to": "0xfde8d5f77ef48bb7bf5766c7404691b9ee1dfca7",
+                "input": "0x",
+                "value": "0x0",
+                "type": "CALL"
+              }
+            ],
+            "value": "0x20320625e3126cb0",
+            "type": "CALL"
+          }
+        ],
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/tx_partial_failed.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/tx_partial_failed.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8df52db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/tx_partial_failed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "45372803248884",
+    "extraData": "0x65746865726d696e652e6f7267202855533129",
+    "gasLimit": "4712388",
+    "hash": "0xa2b18cc64ec062676680f2bb2d880205dcd372f4396722f2294d3fceece96193",
+    "miner": "0xea674fdde714fd979de3edf0f56aa9716b898ec8",
+    "mixHash": "0xce7c26a9238b249edcdcd51f0ea1ad0e632e872daf9a09f039d918bcaeb7194f",
+    "nonce": "0x849d49e634e93bb5",
+    "number": "1646451",
+    "stateRoot": "0x2bd193b9911caf43204960cc7661ce864bf0bac7f9b60191aa02bbff24f061fb",
+    "timestamp": "1465103859",
+    "totalDifficulty": "24813742796574158431",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x01115b41bd2731353dd3e6abf44818fdc035aaf1": {
+        "balance": "0x16d99e16e809000",
+        "nonce": "23"
+      },
+      "0x61c808d82a3ac53231750dadc13c777b59310bd9": {
+        "balance": "0x6a636960e34bd696f4",
+        "nonce": "36888"
+      },
+      "0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413": {
+        "balance": "0x9b37460cdbcba74181f81",
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+    "gas": "0x28e28",
+    "gasUsed": "0x288c9",
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+    "input": "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",
+    "output": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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+        "gas": "0x1e30b",
+        "gasUsed": "0x1e30b",
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+        "error": "invalid jump destination",
+        "value": "0x0",
+        "type": "CALL"
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+    "logs": [
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+        "topics": [
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+      }
+    ],
+    "value": "0x0",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/with_onlyTopCall.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/with_onlyTopCall.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c805296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/call_tracer_withLog/with_onlyTopCall.json
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+{
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+      },
+      "0x4f5777744b500616697cb655dcb02ee6cd51deb5": {
+        "balance": "0xb0983f1b83eec290",
+        "nonce": "2"
+      },
+      "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069": {
+        "balance": "0x16969a0ba2c2d384d07",
+        "nonce": "67521"
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1,
+      "homesteadBlock": 1150000,
+      "daoForkBlock": 1920000,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 2463000,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x2086799aeebeae135c246c65021c82b4e15a2c451340993aacfd2751886514f0",
+      "eip155Block": 2675000,
+      "eip158Block": 2675000,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 4370000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "995201",
+    "difficulty": "11940626048551",
+    "timestamp": "1455322773",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "miner": "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf89102850a954d522e8303308594200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f888ac7230489e80000a4ba51a6df00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001ca04f2cc45b96f965296382b2e9b657e90808301d5179035a5d91a2de7b912def20a056e19271ea4e19e4e034f38e925e312beed4d300c267160eeb2f565c42deb578",
+  "tracerConfig": {
+    "withLog": true,
+    "onlyTopCall": true
+  },
+  "result": {
+    "from": "0x4f5777744b500616697cb655dcb02ee6cd51deb5",
+    "gas": "0x2dced",
+    "gasUsed": "0x1a9e5",
+    "to": "0x200edd17f30485a8735878661960cd7a9a95733f",
+    "input": "0xba51a6df0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "output": "0xba51a6df00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "value": "0x8ac7230489e80000",
+    "type": "CALL"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/create_existing_contract.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/create_existing_contract.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a34d3b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/create_existing_contract.json
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "6217248151198",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010103844765746887676f312e342e32856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "hash": "0xe8bff55fe3e61936ef321cf3afaeb1ba2f7234e1e89535fa8ae39963caebe9c3",
+    "miner": "0x52bc44d5378309ee2abf1539bf71de1b7d7be3b5",
+    "mixHash": "0x03da00d5a15a064e5ebddf53cd0aaeb9a8aff0f40c0fb031a74f463d11ec83b8",
+    "nonce": "0x6575fe08c4167044",
+    "number": "243825",
+    "stateRoot": "0x47182fe2e6e740b8a76f82fe5c527d6ad548f805274f21792cf4047235b24fbf",
+    "timestamp": "1442424328",
+    "totalDifficulty": "1035061827427752845",
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x082d4cdf07f386ffa9258f52a5c49db4ac321ec6": {
+        "balance": "0xc820f93200f4000",
+        "nonce": "0x5E",
+        "code": "0x"
+      },
+      "0x332b656504f4eabb44c8617a42af37461a34e9dc": {
+        "balance": "0x11faea4f35e5af80000",
+        "code": "0x"
+      },
+      "0x52bc44d5378309ee2abf1539bf71de1b7d7be3b5": {
+        "balance": "0xbf681825be002ac452",
+        "nonce": "0x70FA",
+        "code": "0x"
+      },
+      "0x82effbaaaf28614e55b2ba440fb198e0e5789b0f": {
+        "balance": "0xb3d0ac5cb94df6f6b0",
+        "nonce": "0x1",
+        "code": "0x"
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1,
+      "homesteadBlock": 1150000,
+      "daoForkBlock": 1920000,
+      "daoForkSupport": true,
+      "eip150Block": 2463000,
+      "eip150Hash": "0x2086799aeebeae135c246c65021c82b4e15a2c451340993aacfd2751886514f0",
+      "eip155Block": 2675000,
+      "eip158Block": 2675000,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 4370000,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "243826",
+    "difficulty": "6214212385501",
+    "timestamp": "1442424353",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "miner": "0x52bc44d5378309ee2abf1539bf71de1b7d7be3b5"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf8e85e850ba43b7400830f42408080b89660606040527382effbaaaf28614e55b2ba440fb198e0e5789b0f600060006101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908302179055505b600060009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16ff5b600a80608c6000396000f30060606040526008565b001ca0340b21661e5bb85a46319a15f33a362e5c0f02faa7cdbf9c5808b2134da968eaa0226e6788f8c20e211d436ab7f6298ef32fa4c23a509eeeaac0880d115c17bc3f",
+  "result": {
+    "0x082d4cdf07f386ffa9258f52a5c49db4ac321ec6": {
+      "balance": "0xc820f93200f4000",
+      "nonce": 94
+    },
+    "0x332b656504f4eabb44c8617a42af37461a34e9dc": {
+      "balance": "0x11faea4f35e5af80000",
+      "storage": {
+        "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+      }
+    },
+    "0x52bc44d5378309ee2abf1539bf71de1b7d7be3b5": {
+      "balance": "0xbf681825be002ac452",
+      "nonce": 28922
+    },
+    "0x82effbaaaf28614e55b2ba440fb198e0e5789b0f": {
+      "balance": "0xb3d0ac5cb94df6f6b0",
+      "nonce": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7204bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "3502894804",
+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
+    "miner": "0x1585936b53834b021f68cc13eeefdec2efc8e724",
+    "number": "2289806",
+    "timestamp": "1513601314"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0024f658a46fbb89d8ac105e98d7ac7cbbaf27c5": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "nonce": "22",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
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diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_legacy/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_legacy/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44b1f08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_legacy/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b09622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "13756228101629",
+    "extraData": "0xd983010302844765746887676f312e342e328777696e646f7773",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "hash": "0x58b7a87b6ba10b46b4e251d64ebc3d9822dd82218eaf24dff6796f6f1f687251",
+    "miner": "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069",
+    "mixHash": "0x5984b9a316116bd890e6e5f4c52d655184b0d7aa74821e1382d7760f9803c1dd",
+    "nonce": "0xea4bb4997242c681",
+    "number": "1061221",
+    "stateRoot": "0x5402c04d481414248d824c3b61e924e0c9307adbc9fbaae774a74cce30a4163d",
+    "timestamp": "1456458069",
+    "totalDifficulty": "7930751135586064334",
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+      "0xf0c5cef39b17c213cfe090a46b8c7760ffb7928a": {
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+    "config": {
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+      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
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+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "ethash": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "1061222",
+    "difficulty": "13749511193633",
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+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_failed.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_failed.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e80dad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_failed.json
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "baseFeePerGas": "51088069741",
+    "difficulty": "14315558652874667",
+    "extraData": "0xd883010a10846765746888676f312e31362e35856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "30058590",
+    "hash": "0xdf6b95183f99054fb6541e3b482c0109c9f6be40553cff24efa3ac76736adbf5",
+    "miner": "0xb7e390864a90b7b923c9f9310c6f98aafe43f707",
+    "mixHash": "0x8d76b0d32e42ab277dbf00836eabef76674cd70ae2bb53718175069ad6b6147e",
+    "nonce": "0x8d3a1c010ad2c687",
+    "number": "14707767",
+    "stateRoot": "0x8a50c896a6f7eb1f3479337db981fa10ce316281cb4dd2f07487be9ca27dae6b",
+    "timestamp": "1651623275",
+    "alloc": {
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+      },
+      "0x13b152c9f50878ffaf3de41e192653bda545d889": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "0x363d3d373d3d3d363d73059ffafdc6ef594230de44f824e2bd0a51ca5ded5af43d82803e903d91602b57fd5bf3"
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+      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
+      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
+      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
+      "londonBlock": 12965000,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true,
+      "ethash": {}
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+  },
+  "context": {
+    "number": "14707768",
+    "difficulty": "14322823549655084",
+    "timestamp": "1651623279",
+    "gasLimit": "30029237",
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+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_suicide.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_suicide.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdeb0e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_suicide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "6217248151198",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010103844765746887676f312e342e32856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
+    "hash": "0xe8bff55fe3e61936ef321cf3afaeb1ba2f7234e1e89535fa8ae39963caebe9c3",
+    "miner": "0x52bc44d5378309ee2abf1539bf71de1b7d7be3b5",
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+    "nonce": "0x6575fe08c4167044",
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+    "timestamp": "1442424328",
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+        "balance": "0x1d37f515017a8eef6b0"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c0030a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+{
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+    "miner": "0xf8b483dba2c3b7176a3da549ad41a48bb3121069",
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+    "nonce": "0x77a5a0a73ad8745e",
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+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01cc3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+{
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+    "gasLimit": "4722976",
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+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5021bda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+{
+  "genesis": {
+    "difficulty": "5697691613344",
+    "extraData": "0xd783010202844765746887676f312e342e32856c696e7578",
+    "gasLimit": "3141592",
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+    "miner": "0x52bc44d5378309ee2abf1539bf71de1b7d7be3b5",
+    "mixHash": "0x651f01d13fb801c602e1544ab80b3bc32888ea40ef298efa52ec3df983b558ee",
+    "nonce": "0xdf23f0da925518a6",
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+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/util.go b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df68904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/internal/tracetest/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package tracetest
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+
+	// Force-load native and js packages, to trigger registration
+	_ "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers/js"
+	_ "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers/native"
+)
+
+// To generate a new callTracer test, copy paste the makeTest method below into
+// a Geth console and call it with a transaction hash you which to export.
+
+/*
+// makeTest generates a callTracer test by running a prestate reassembled and a
+// call trace run, assembling all the gathered information into a test case.
+var makeTest = function(tx, rewind) {
+  // Generate the genesis block from the block, transaction and prestate data
+  var block   = eth.getBlock(eth.getTransaction(tx).blockHash);
+  var genesis = eth.getBlock(block.parentHash);
+
+  delete genesis.gasUsed;
+  delete genesis.logsBloom;
+  delete genesis.parentHash;
+  delete genesis.receiptsRoot;
+  delete genesis.sha3Uncles;
+  delete genesis.size;
+  delete genesis.transactions;
+  delete genesis.transactionsRoot;
+  delete genesis.uncles;
+
+  genesis.gasLimit  = genesis.gasLimit.toString();
+  genesis.number    = genesis.number.toString();
+  genesis.timestamp = genesis.timestamp.toString();
+
+  genesis.alloc = debug.traceTransaction(tx, {tracer: "prestateTracer", rewind: rewind});
+  for (var key in genesis.alloc) {
+    var nonce = genesis.alloc[key].nonce;
+    if (nonce) {
+      genesis.alloc[key].nonce = nonce.toString();
+    }
+  }
+  genesis.config = admin.nodeInfo.protocols.eth.config;
+
+  // Generate the call trace and produce the test input
+  var result = debug.traceTransaction(tx, {tracer: "callTracer", rewind: rewind});
+  delete result.time;
+
+  console.log(JSON.stringify({
+    genesis: genesis,
+    context: {
+      number:     block.number.toString(),
+      difficulty: block.difficulty,
+      timestamp:  block.timestamp.toString(),
+      gasLimit:   block.gasLimit.toString(),
+      miner:      block.miner,
+    },
+    input:  eth.getRawTransaction(tx),
+    result: result,
+  }, null, 2));
+}
+*/
+
+// camel converts a snake cased input string into a camel cased output.
+func camel(str string) string {
+	pieces := strings.Split(str, "_")
+	for i := 1; i < len(pieces); i++ {
+		pieces[i] = string(unicode.ToUpper(rune(pieces[i][0]))) + pieces[i][1:]
+	}
+	return strings.Join(pieces, "")
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/bigint.go b/internal/tracers/js/bigint.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..292f5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/bigint.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package js
+
+// bigIntegerJS is the minified version of https://github.com/peterolson/BigInteger.js.
+const bigIntegerJS = `var bigInt=function(undefined){"use strict";var BASE=1e7,LOG_BASE=7,MAX_INT=9007199254740992,MAX_INT_ARR=smallToArray(MAX_INT),LOG_MAX_INT=Math.log(MAX_INT);function Integer(v,radix){if(typeof v==="undefined")return Integer[0];if(typeof radix!=="undefined")return+radix===10?parseValue(v):parseBase(v,radix);return parseValue(v)}function BigInteger(value,sign){this.value=value;this.sign=sign;this.isSmall=false}BigInteger.prototype=Object.create(Integer.prototype);function SmallInteger(value){this.value=value;this.sign=value<0;this.isSmall=true}SmallInteger.prototype=Object.create(Integer.prototype);function isPrecise(n){return-MAX_INT<n&&n<MAX_INT}function smallToArray(n){if(n<1e7)return[n];if(n<1e14)return[n%1e7,Math.floor(n/1e7)];return[n%1e7,Math.floor(n/1e7)%1e7,Math.floor(n/1e14)]}function arrayToSmall(arr){trim(arr);var length=arr.length;if(length<4&&compareAbs(arr,MAX_INT_ARR)<0){switch(length){case 0:return 0;case 1:return arr[0];case 2:return arr[0]+arr[1]*BASE;default:return arr[0]+(arr[1]+arr[2]*BASE)*BASE}}return arr}function trim(v){var i=v.length;while(v[--i]===0);v.length=i+1}function createArray(length){var x=new Array(length);var i=-1;while(++i<length){x[i]=0}return x}function truncate(n){if(n>0)return Math.floor(n);return Math.ceil(n)}function add(a,b){var l_a=a.length,l_b=b.length,r=new Array(l_a),carry=0,base=BASE,sum,i;for(i=0;i<l_b;i++){sum=a[i]+b[i]+carry;carry=sum>=base?1:0;r[i]=sum-carry*base}while(i<l_a){sum=a[i]+carry;carry=sum===base?1:0;r[i++]=sum-carry*base}if(carry>0)r.push(carry);return r}function addAny(a,b){if(a.length>=b.length)return add(a,b);return add(b,a)}function addSmall(a,carry){var l=a.length,r=new Array(l),base=BASE,sum,i;for(i=0;i<l;i++){sum=a[i]-base+carry;carry=Math.floor(sum/base);r[i]=sum-carry*base;carry+=1}while(carry>0){r[i++]=carry%base;carry=Math.floor(carry/base)}return r}BigInteger.prototype.add=function(v){var n=parseValue(v);if(this.sign!==n.sign){return this.subtract(n.negate())}var a=this.value,b=n.value;if(n.isSmall){return new BigInteger(addSmall(a,Math.abs(b)),this.sign)}return new BigInteger(addAny(a,b),this.sign)};BigInteger.prototype.plus=BigInteger.prototype.add;SmallInteger.prototype.add=function(v){var n=parseValue(v);var a=this.value;if(a<0!==n.sign){return this.subtract(n.negate())}var b=n.value;if(n.isSmall){if(isPrecise(a+b))return new SmallInteger(a+b);b=smallToArray(Math.abs(b))}return new BigInteger(addSmall(b,Math.abs(a)),a<0)};SmallInteger.prototype.plus=SmallInteger.prototype.add;function subtract(a,b){var a_l=a.length,b_l=b.length,r=new Array(a_l),borrow=0,base=BASE,i,difference;for(i=0;i<b_l;i++){difference=a[i]-borrow-b[i];if(difference<0){difference+=base;borrow=1}else borrow=0;r[i]=difference}for(i=b_l;i<a_l;i++){difference=a[i]-borrow;if(difference<0)difference+=base;else{r[i++]=difference;break}r[i]=difference}for(;i<a_l;i++){r[i]=a[i]}trim(r);return r}function subtractAny(a,b,sign){var value;if(compareAbs(a,b)>=0){value=subtract(a,b)}else{value=subtract(b,a);sign=!sign}value=arrayToSmall(value);if(typeof value==="number"){if(sign)value=-value;return new SmallInteger(value)}return new BigInteger(value,sign)}function subtractSmall(a,b,sign){var l=a.length,r=new Array(l),carry=-b,base=BASE,i,difference;for(i=0;i<l;i++){difference=a[i]+carry;carry=Math.floor(difference/base);difference%=base;r[i]=difference<0?difference+base:difference}r=arrayToSmall(r);if(typeof r==="number"){if(sign)r=-r;return new SmallInteger(r)}return new BigInteger(r,sign)}BigInteger.prototype.subtract=function(v){var n=parseValue(v);if(this.sign!==n.sign){return this.add(n.negate())}var a=this.value,b=n.value;if(n.isSmall)return subtractSmall(a,Math.abs(b),this.sign);return subtractAny(a,b,this.sign)};BigInteger.prototype.minus=BigInteger.prototype.subtract;SmallInteger.prototype.subtract=function(v){var n=parseValue(v);var a=this.value;if(a<0!==n.sign){return this.add(n.negate())}var b=n.value;if(n.isSmall){return new SmallInteger(a-b)}return subtractSmall(b,Math.abs(a),a>=0)};SmallInteger.prototype.minus=SmallInteger.prototype.subtract;BigInteger.prototype.negate=function(){return new BigInteger(this.value,!this.sign)};SmallInteger.prototype.negate=function(){var sign=this.sign;var small=new SmallInteger(-this.value);small.sign=!sign;return small};BigInteger.prototype.abs=function(){return new BigInteger(this.value,false)};SmallInteger.prototype.abs=function(){return new SmallInteger(Math.abs(this.value))};function multiplyLong(a,b){var a_l=a.length,b_l=b.length,l=a_l+b_l,r=createArray(l),base=BASE,product,carry,i,a_i,b_j;for(i=0;i<a_l;++i){a_i=a[i];for(var j=0;j<b_l;++j){b_j=b[j];product=a_i*b_j+r[i+j];carry=Math.floor(product/base);r[i+j]=product-carry*base;r[i+j+1]+=carry}}trim(r);return r}function multiplySmall(a,b){var l=a.length,r=new Array(l),base=BASE,carry=0,product,i;for(i=0;i<l;i++){product=a[i]*b+carry;carry=Math.floor(product/base);r[i]=product-carry*base}while(carry>0){r[i++]=carry%base;carry=Math.floor(carry/base)}return r}function shiftLeft(x,n){var r=[];while(n-- >0)r.push(0);return r.concat(x)}function multiplyKaratsuba(x,y){var n=Math.max(x.length,y.length);if(n<=30)return multiplyLong(x,y);n=Math.ceil(n/2);var b=x.slice(n),a=x.slice(0,n),d=y.slice(n),c=y.slice(0,n);var ac=multiplyKaratsuba(a,c),bd=multiplyKaratsuba(b,d),abcd=multiplyKaratsuba(addAny(a,b),addAny(c,d));var product=addAny(addAny(ac,shiftLeft(subtract(subtract(abcd,ac),bd),n)),shiftLeft(bd,2*n));trim(product);return product}function useKaratsuba(l1,l2){return-.012*l1-.012*l2+15e-6*l1*l2>0}BigInteger.prototype.multiply=function(v){var n=parseValue(v),a=this.value,b=n.value,sign=this.sign!==n.sign,abs;if(n.isSmall){if(b===0)return Integer[0];if(b===1)return this;if(b===-1)return this.negate();abs=Math.abs(b);if(abs<BASE){return new BigInteger(multiplySmall(a,abs),sign)}b=smallToArray(abs)}if(useKaratsuba(a.length,b.length))return new BigInteger(multiplyKaratsuba(a,b),sign);return new BigInteger(multiplyLong(a,b),sign)};BigInteger.prototype.times=BigInteger.prototype.multiply;function multiplySmallAndArray(a,b,sign){if(a<BASE){return new BigInteger(multiplySmall(b,a),sign)}return new BigInteger(multiplyLong(b,smallToArray(a)),sign)}SmallInteger.prototype._multiplyBySmall=function(a){if(isPrecise(a.value*this.value)){return new SmallInteger(a.value*this.value)}return multiplySmallAndArray(Math.abs(a.value),smallToArray(Math.abs(this.value)),this.sign!==a.sign)};BigInteger.prototype._multiplyBySmall=function(a){if(a.value===0)return Integer[0];if(a.value===1)return this;if(a.value===-1)return this.negate();return multiplySmallAndArray(Math.abs(a.value),this.value,this.sign!==a.sign)};SmallInteger.prototype.multiply=function(v){return parseValue(v)._multiplyBySmall(this)};SmallInteger.prototype.times=SmallInteger.prototype.multiply;function square(a){var l=a.length,r=createArray(l+l),base=BASE,product,carry,i,a_i,a_j;for(i=0;i<l;i++){a_i=a[i];for(var j=0;j<l;j++){a_j=a[j];product=a_i*a_j+r[i+j];carry=Math.floor(product/base);r[i+j]=product-carry*base;r[i+j+1]+=carry}}trim(r);return r}BigInteger.prototype.square=function(){return new BigInteger(square(this.value),false)};SmallInteger.prototype.square=function(){var value=this.value*this.value;if(isPrecise(value))return new SmallInteger(value);return new BigInteger(square(smallToArray(Math.abs(this.value))),false)};function divMod1(a,b){var a_l=a.length,b_l=b.length,base=BASE,result=createArray(b.length),divisorMostSignificantDigit=b[b_l-1],lambda=Math.ceil(base/(2*divisorMostSignificantDigit)),remainder=multiplySmall(a,lambda),divisor=multiplySmall(b,lambda),quotientDigit,shift,carry,borrow,i,l,q;if(remainder.length<=a_l)remainder.push(0);divisor.push(0);divisorMostSignificantDigit=divisor[b_l-1];for(shift=a_l-b_l;shift>=0;shift--){quotientDigit=base-1;if(remainder[shift+b_l]!==divisorMostSignificantDigit){quotientDigit=Math.floor((remainder[shift+b_l]*base+remainder[shift+b_l-1])/divisorMostSignificantDigit)}carry=0;borrow=0;l=divisor.length;for(i=0;i<l;i++){carry+=quotientDigit*divisor[i];q=Math.floor(carry/base);borrow+=remainder[shift+i]-(carry-q*base);carry=q;if(borrow<0){remainder[shift+i]=borrow+base;borrow=-1}else{remainder[shift+i]=borrow;borrow=0}}while(borrow!==0){quotientDigit-=1;carry=0;for(i=0;i<l;i++){carry+=remainder[shift+i]-base+divisor[i];if(carry<0){remainder[shift+i]=carry+base;carry=0}else{remainder[shift+i]=carry;carry=1}}borrow+=carry}result[shift]=quotientDigit}remainder=divModSmall(remainder,lambda)[0];return[arrayToSmall(result),arrayToSmall(remainder)]}function divMod2(a,b){var a_l=a.length,b_l=b.length,result=[],part=[],base=BASE,guess,xlen,highx,highy,check;while(a_l){part.unshift(a[--a_l]);trim(part);if(compareAbs(part,b)<0){result.push(0);continue}xlen=part.length;highx=part[xlen-1]*base+part[xlen-2];highy=b[b_l-1]*base+b[b_l-2];if(xlen>b_l){highx=(highx+1)*base}guess=Math.ceil(highx/highy);do{check=multiplySmall(b,guess);if(compareAbs(check,part)<=0)break;guess--}while(guess);result.push(guess);part=subtract(part,check)}result.reverse();return[arrayToSmall(result),arrayToSmall(part)]}function divModSmall(value,lambda){var length=value.length,quotient=createArray(length),base=BASE,i,q,remainder,divisor;remainder=0;for(i=length-1;i>=0;--i){divisor=remainder*base+value[i];q=truncate(divisor/lambda);remainder=divisor-q*lambda;quotient[i]=q|0}return[quotient,remainder|0]}function divModAny(self,v){var value,n=parseValue(v);var a=self.value,b=n.value;var quotient;if(b===0)throw new Error("Cannot divide by zero");if(self.isSmall){if(n.isSmall){return[new SmallInteger(truncate(a/b)),new SmallInteger(a%b)]}return[Integer[0],self]}if(n.isSmall){if(b===1)return[self,Integer[0]];if(b==-1)return[self.negate(),Integer[0]];var abs=Math.abs(b);if(abs<BASE){value=divModSmall(a,abs);quotient=arrayToSmall(value[0]);var remainder=value[1];if(self.sign)remainder=-remainder;if(typeof quotient==="number"){if(self.sign!==n.sign)quotient=-quotient;return[new SmallInteger(quotient),new SmallInteger(remainder)]}return[new BigInteger(quotient,self.sign!==n.sign),new SmallInteger(remainder)]}b=smallToArray(abs)}var comparison=compareAbs(a,b);if(comparison===-1)return[Integer[0],self];if(comparison===0)return[Integer[self.sign===n.sign?1:-1],Integer[0]];if(a.length+b.length<=200)value=divMod1(a,b);else value=divMod2(a,b);quotient=value[0];var qSign=self.sign!==n.sign,mod=value[1],mSign=self.sign;if(typeof quotient==="number"){if(qSign)quotient=-quotient;quotient=new SmallInteger(quotient)}else quotient=new BigInteger(quotient,qSign);if(typeof mod==="number"){if(mSign)mod=-mod;mod=new SmallInteger(mod)}else mod=new BigInteger(mod,mSign);return[quotient,mod]}BigInteger.prototype.divmod=function(v){var result=divModAny(this,v);return{quotient:result[0],remainder:result[1]}};SmallInteger.prototype.divmod=BigInteger.prototype.divmod;BigInteger.prototype.divide=function(v){return divModAny(this,v)[0]};SmallInteger.prototype.over=SmallInteger.prototype.divide=BigInteger.prototype.over=BigInteger.prototype.divide;BigInteger.prototype.mod=function(v){return divModAny(this,v)[1]};SmallInteger.prototype.remainder=SmallInteger.prototype.mod=BigInteger.prototype.remainder=BigInteger.prototype.mod;BigInteger.prototype.pow=function(v){var n=parseValue(v),a=this.value,b=n.value,value,x,y;if(b===0)return Integer[1];if(a===0)return Integer[0];if(a===1)return Integer[1];if(a===-1)return n.isEven()?Integer[1]:Integer[-1];if(n.sign){return Integer[0]}if(!n.isSmall)throw new Error("The exponent "+n.toString()+" is too large.");if(this.isSmall){if(isPrecise(value=Math.pow(a,b)))return new SmallInteger(truncate(value))}x=this;y=Integer[1];while(true){if(b&1===1){y=y.times(x);--b}if(b===0)break;b/=2;x=x.square()}return y};SmallInteger.prototype.pow=BigInteger.prototype.pow;BigInteger.prototype.modPow=function(exp,mod){exp=parseValue(exp);mod=parseValue(mod);if(mod.isZero())throw new Error("Cannot take modPow with modulus 0");var r=Integer[1],base=this.mod(mod);while(exp.isPositive()){if(base.isZero())return Integer[0];if(exp.isOdd())r=r.multiply(base).mod(mod);exp=exp.divide(2);base=base.square().mod(mod)}return r};SmallInteger.prototype.modPow=BigInteger.prototype.modPow;function compareAbs(a,b){if(a.length!==b.length){return a.length>b.length?1:-1}for(var i=a.length-1;i>=0;i--){if(a[i]!==b[i])return a[i]>b[i]?1:-1}return 0}BigInteger.prototype.compareAbs=function(v){var n=parseValue(v),a=this.value,b=n.value;if(n.isSmall)return 1;return compareAbs(a,b)};SmallInteger.prototype.compareAbs=function(v){var n=parseValue(v),a=Math.abs(this.value),b=n.value;if(n.isSmall){b=Math.abs(b);return a===b?0:a>b?1:-1}return-1};BigInteger.prototype.compare=function(v){if(v===Infinity){return-1}if(v===-Infinity){return 1}var n=parseValue(v),a=this.value,b=n.value;if(this.sign!==n.sign){return n.sign?1:-1}if(n.isSmall){return this.sign?-1:1}return compareAbs(a,b)*(this.sign?-1:1)};BigInteger.prototype.compareTo=BigInteger.prototype.compare;SmallInteger.prototype.compare=function(v){if(v===Infinity){return-1}if(v===-Infinity){return 1}var n=parseValue(v),a=this.value,b=n.value;if(n.isSmall){return a==b?0:a>b?1:-1}if(a<0!==n.sign){return a<0?-1:1}return a<0?1:-1};SmallInteger.prototype.compareTo=SmallInteger.prototype.compare;BigInteger.prototype.equals=function(v){return this.compare(v)===0};SmallInteger.prototype.eq=SmallInteger.prototype.equals=BigInteger.prototype.eq=BigInteger.prototype.equals;BigInteger.prototype.notEquals=function(v){return this.compare(v)!==0};SmallInteger.prototype.neq=SmallInteger.prototype.notEquals=BigInteger.prototype.neq=BigInteger.prototype.notEquals;BigInteger.prototype.greater=function(v){return this.compare(v)>0};SmallInteger.prototype.gt=SmallInteger.prototype.greater=BigInteger.prototype.gt=BigInteger.prototype.greater;BigInteger.prototype.lesser=function(v){return this.compare(v)<0};SmallInteger.prototype.lt=SmallInteger.prototype.lesser=BigInteger.prototype.lt=BigInteger.prototype.lesser;BigInteger.prototype.greaterOrEquals=function(v){return this.compare(v)>=0};SmallInteger.prototype.geq=SmallInteger.prototype.greaterOrEquals=BigInteger.prototype.geq=BigInteger.prototype.greaterOrEquals;BigInteger.prototype.lesserOrEquals=function(v){return this.compare(v)<=0};SmallInteger.prototype.leq=SmallInteger.prototype.lesserOrEquals=BigInteger.prototype.leq=BigInteger.prototype.lesserOrEquals;BigInteger.prototype.isEven=function(){return(this.value[0]&1)===0};SmallInteger.prototype.isEven=function(){return(this.value&1)===0};BigInteger.prototype.isOdd=function(){return(this.value[0]&1)===1};SmallInteger.prototype.isOdd=function(){return(this.value&1)===1};BigInteger.prototype.isPositive=function(){return!this.sign};SmallInteger.prototype.isPositive=function(){return this.value>0};BigInteger.prototype.isNegative=function(){return this.sign};SmallInteger.prototype.isNegative=function(){return this.value<0};BigInteger.prototype.isUnit=function(){return false};SmallInteger.prototype.isUnit=function(){return Math.abs(this.value)===1};BigInteger.prototype.isZero=function(){return false};SmallInteger.prototype.isZero=function(){return this.value===0};BigInteger.prototype.isDivisibleBy=function(v){var n=parseValue(v);var value=n.value;if(value===0)return false;if(value===1)return true;if(value===2)return this.isEven();return this.mod(n).equals(Integer[0])};SmallInteger.prototype.isDivisibleBy=BigInteger.prototype.isDivisibleBy;function isBasicPrime(v){var n=v.abs();if(n.isUnit())return false;if(n.equals(2)||n.equals(3)||n.equals(5))return true;if(n.isEven()||n.isDivisibleBy(3)||n.isDivisibleBy(5))return false;if(n.lesser(25))return true}BigInteger.prototype.isPrime=function(){var isPrime=isBasicPrime(this);if(isPrime!==undefined)return isPrime;var n=this.abs(),nPrev=n.prev();var a=[2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19],b=nPrev,d,t,i,x;while(b.isEven())b=b.divide(2);for(i=0;i<a.length;i++){x=bigInt(a[i]).modPow(b,n);if(x.equals(Integer[1])||x.equals(nPrev))continue;for(t=true,d=b;t&&d.lesser(nPrev);d=d.multiply(2)){x=x.square().mod(n);if(x.equals(nPrev))t=false}if(t)return false}return true};SmallInteger.prototype.isPrime=BigInteger.prototype.isPrime;BigInteger.prototype.isProbablePrime=function(iterations){var isPrime=isBasicPrime(this);if(isPrime!==undefined)return isPrime;var n=this.abs();var t=iterations===undefined?5:iterations;for(var i=0;i<t;i++){var a=bigInt.randBetween(2,n.minus(2));if(!a.modPow(n.prev(),n).isUnit())return false}return true};SmallInteger.prototype.isProbablePrime=BigInteger.prototype.isProbablePrime;BigInteger.prototype.modInv=function(n){var t=bigInt.zero,newT=bigInt.one,r=parseValue(n),newR=this.abs(),q,lastT,lastR;while(!newR.equals(bigInt.zero)){q=r.divide(newR);lastT=t;lastR=r;t=newT;r=newR;newT=lastT.subtract(q.multiply(newT));newR=lastR.subtract(q.multiply(newR))}if(!r.equals(1))throw new Error(this.toString()+" and "+n.toString()+" are not co-prime");if(t.compare(0)===-1){t=t.add(n)}if(this.isNegative()){return t.negate()}return t};SmallInteger.prototype.modInv=BigInteger.prototype.modInv;BigInteger.prototype.next=function(){var value=this.value;if(this.sign){return subtractSmall(value,1,this.sign)}return new BigInteger(addSmall(value,1),this.sign)};SmallInteger.prototype.next=function(){var value=this.value;if(value+1<MAX_INT)return new SmallInteger(value+1);return new BigInteger(MAX_INT_ARR,false)};BigInteger.prototype.prev=function(){var value=this.value;if(this.sign){return new BigInteger(addSmall(value,1),true)}return subtractSmall(value,1,this.sign)};SmallInteger.prototype.prev=function(){var value=this.value;if(value-1>-MAX_INT)return new SmallInteger(value-1);return new BigInteger(MAX_INT_ARR,true)};var powersOfTwo=[1];while(2*powersOfTwo[powersOfTwo.length-1]<=BASE)powersOfTwo.push(2*powersOfTwo[powersOfTwo.length-1]);var powers2Length=powersOfTwo.length,highestPower2=powersOfTwo[powers2Length-1];function shift_isSmall(n){return(typeof n==="number"||typeof n==="string")&&+Math.abs(n)<=BASE||n instanceof BigInteger&&n.value.length<=1}BigInteger.prototype.shiftLeft=function(n){if(!shift_isSmall(n)){throw new Error(String(n)+" is too large for shifting.")}n=+n;if(n<0)return this.shiftRight(-n);var result=this;while(n>=powers2Length){result=result.multiply(highestPower2);n-=powers2Length-1}return result.multiply(powersOfTwo[n])};SmallInteger.prototype.shiftLeft=BigInteger.prototype.shiftLeft;BigInteger.prototype.shiftRight=function(n){var remQuo;if(!shift_isSmall(n)){throw new Error(String(n)+" is too large for shifting.")}n=+n;if(n<0)return this.shiftLeft(-n);var result=this;while(n>=powers2Length){if(result.isZero())return result;remQuo=divModAny(result,highestPower2);result=remQuo[1].isNegative()?remQuo[0].prev():remQuo[0];n-=powers2Length-1}remQuo=divModAny(result,powersOfTwo[n]);return remQuo[1].isNegative()?remQuo[0].prev():remQuo[0]};SmallInteger.prototype.shiftRight=BigInteger.prototype.shiftRight;function bitwise(x,y,fn){y=parseValue(y);var xSign=x.isNegative(),ySign=y.isNegative();var xRem=xSign?x.not():x,yRem=ySign?y.not():y;var xDigit=0,yDigit=0;var xDivMod=null,yDivMod=null;var result=[];while(!xRem.isZero()||!yRem.isZero()){xDivMod=divModAny(xRem,highestPower2);xDigit=xDivMod[1].toJSNumber();if(xSign){xDigit=highestPower2-1-xDigit}yDivMod=divModAny(yRem,highestPower2);yDigit=yDivMod[1].toJSNumber();if(ySign){yDigit=highestPower2-1-yDigit}xRem=xDivMod[0];yRem=yDivMod[0];result.push(fn(xDigit,yDigit))}var sum=fn(xSign?1:0,ySign?1:0)!==0?bigInt(-1):bigInt(0);for(var i=result.length-1;i>=0;i-=1){sum=sum.multiply(highestPower2).add(bigInt(result[i]))}return sum}BigInteger.prototype.not=function(){return this.negate().prev()};SmallInteger.prototype.not=BigInteger.prototype.not;BigInteger.prototype.and=function(n){return bitwise(this,n,function(a,b){return a&b})};SmallInteger.prototype.and=BigInteger.prototype.and;BigInteger.prototype.or=function(n){return bitwise(this,n,function(a,b){return a|b})};SmallInteger.prototype.or=BigInteger.prototype.or;BigInteger.prototype.xor=function(n){return bitwise(this,n,function(a,b){return a^b})};SmallInteger.prototype.xor=BigInteger.prototype.xor;var LOBMASK_I=1<<30,LOBMASK_BI=(BASE&-BASE)*(BASE&-BASE)|LOBMASK_I;function roughLOB(n){var v=n.value,x=typeof v==="number"?v|LOBMASK_I:v[0]+v[1]*BASE|LOBMASK_BI;return x&-x}function max(a,b){a=parseValue(a);b=parseValue(b);return a.greater(b)?a:b}function min(a,b){a=parseValue(a);b=parseValue(b);return a.lesser(b)?a:b}function gcd(a,b){a=parseValue(a).abs();b=parseValue(b).abs();if(a.equals(b))return a;if(a.isZero())return b;if(b.isZero())return a;var c=Integer[1],d,t;while(a.isEven()&&b.isEven()){d=Math.min(roughLOB(a),roughLOB(b));a=a.divide(d);b=b.divide(d);c=c.multiply(d)}while(a.isEven()){a=a.divide(roughLOB(a))}do{while(b.isEven()){b=b.divide(roughLOB(b))}if(a.greater(b)){t=b;b=a;a=t}b=b.subtract(a)}while(!b.isZero());return c.isUnit()?a:a.multiply(c)}function lcm(a,b){a=parseValue(a).abs();b=parseValue(b).abs();return a.divide(gcd(a,b)).multiply(b)}function randBetween(a,b){a=parseValue(a);b=parseValue(b);var low=min(a,b),high=max(a,b);var range=high.subtract(low).add(1);if(range.isSmall)return low.add(Math.floor(Math.random()*range));var length=range.value.length-1;var result=[],restricted=true;for(var i=length;i>=0;i--){var top=restricted?range.value[i]:BASE;var digit=truncate(Math.random()*top);result.unshift(digit);if(digit<top)restricted=false}result=arrayToSmall(result);return low.add(typeof result==="number"?new SmallInteger(result):new BigInteger(result,false))}var parseBase=function(text,base){var length=text.length;var i;var absBase=Math.abs(base);for(var i=0;i<length;i++){var c=text[i].toLowerCase();if(c==="-")continue;if(/[a-z0-9]/.test(c)){if(/[0-9]/.test(c)&&+c>=absBase){if(c==="1"&&absBase===1)continue;throw new Error(c+" is not a valid digit in base "+base+".")}else if(c.charCodeAt(0)-87>=absBase){throw new Error(c+" is not a valid digit in base "+base+".")}}}if(2<=base&&base<=36){if(length<=LOG_MAX_INT/Math.log(base)){var result=parseInt(text,base);if(isNaN(result)){throw new Error(c+" is not a valid digit in base "+base+".")}return new SmallInteger(parseInt(text,base))}}base=parseValue(base);var digits=[];var isNegative=text[0]==="-";for(i=isNegative?1:0;i<text.length;i++){var c=text[i].toLowerCase(),charCode=c.charCodeAt(0);if(48<=charCode&&charCode<=57)digits.push(parseValue(c));else if(97<=charCode&&charCode<=122)digits.push(parseValue(c.charCodeAt(0)-87));else if(c==="<"){var start=i;do{i++}while(text[i]!==">");digits.push(parseValue(text.slice(start+1,i)))}else throw new Error(c+" is not a valid character")}return parseBaseFromArray(digits,base,isNegative)};function parseBaseFromArray(digits,base,isNegative){var val=Integer[0],pow=Integer[1],i;for(i=digits.length-1;i>=0;i--){val=val.add(digits[i].times(pow));pow=pow.times(base)}return isNegative?val.negate():val}function stringify(digit){var v=digit.value;if(typeof v==="number")v=[v];if(v.length===1&&v[0]<=35){return"0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".charAt(v[0])}return"<"+v+">"}function toBase(n,base){base=bigInt(base);if(base.isZero()){if(n.isZero())return"0";throw new Error("Cannot convert nonzero numbers to base 0.")}if(base.equals(-1)){if(n.isZero())return"0";if(n.isNegative())return new Array(1-n).join("10");return"1"+new Array(+n).join("01")}var minusSign="";if(n.isNegative()&&base.isPositive()){minusSign="-";n=n.abs()}if(base.equals(1)){if(n.isZero())return"0";return minusSign+new Array(+n+1).join(1)}var out=[];var left=n,divmod;while(left.isNegative()||left.compareAbs(base)>=0){divmod=left.divmod(base);left=divmod.quotient;var digit=divmod.remainder;if(digit.isNegative()){digit=base.minus(digit).abs();left=left.next()}out.push(stringify(digit))}out.push(stringify(left));return minusSign+out.reverse().join("")}BigInteger.prototype.toString=function(radix){if(radix===undefined)radix=10;if(radix!==10)return toBase(this,radix);var v=this.value,l=v.length,str=String(v[--l]),zeros="0000000",digit;while(--l>=0){digit=String(v[l]);str+=zeros.slice(digit.length)+digit}var sign=this.sign?"-":"";return sign+str};SmallInteger.prototype.toString=function(radix){if(radix===undefined)radix=10;if(radix!=10)return toBase(this,radix);return String(this.value)};BigInteger.prototype.toJSON=SmallInteger.prototype.toJSON=function(){return this.toString()};BigInteger.prototype.valueOf=function(){return+this.toString()};BigInteger.prototype.toJSNumber=BigInteger.prototype.valueOf;SmallInteger.prototype.valueOf=function(){return this.value};SmallInteger.prototype.toJSNumber=SmallInteger.prototype.valueOf;function parseStringValue(v){if(isPrecise(+v)){var x=+v;if(x===truncate(x))return new SmallInteger(x);throw"Invalid integer: "+v}var sign=v[0]==="-";if(sign)v=v.slice(1);var split=v.split(/e/i);if(split.length>2)throw new Error("Invalid integer: "+split.join("e"));if(split.length===2){var exp=split[1];if(exp[0]==="+")exp=exp.slice(1);exp=+exp;if(exp!==truncate(exp)||!isPrecise(exp))throw new Error("Invalid integer: "+exp+" is not a valid exponent.");var text=split[0];var decimalPlace=text.indexOf(".");if(decimalPlace>=0){exp-=text.length-decimalPlace-1;text=text.slice(0,decimalPlace)+text.slice(decimalPlace+1)}if(exp<0)throw new Error("Cannot include negative exponent part for integers");text+=new Array(exp+1).join("0");v=text}var isValid=/^([0-9][0-9]*)$/.test(v);if(!isValid)throw new Error("Invalid integer: "+v);var r=[],max=v.length,l=LOG_BASE,min=max-l;while(max>0){r.push(+v.slice(min,max));min-=l;if(min<0)min=0;max-=l}trim(r);return new BigInteger(r,sign)}function parseNumberValue(v){if(isPrecise(v)){if(v!==truncate(v))throw new Error(v+" is not an integer.");return new SmallInteger(v)}return parseStringValue(v.toString())}function parseValue(v){if(typeof v==="number"){return parseNumberValue(v)}if(typeof v==="string"){return parseStringValue(v)}return v}for(var i=0;i<1e3;i++){Integer[i]=new SmallInteger(i);if(i>0)Integer[-i]=new SmallInteger(-i)}Integer.one=Integer[1];Integer.zero=Integer[0];Integer.minusOne=Integer[-1];Integer.max=max;Integer.min=min;Integer.gcd=gcd;Integer.lcm=lcm;Integer.isInstance=function(x){return x instanceof BigInteger||x instanceof SmallInteger};Integer.randBetween=randBetween;Integer.fromArray=function(digits,base,isNegative){return parseBaseFromArray(digits.map(parseValue),parseValue(base||10),isNegative)};return Integer}();if(typeof module!=="undefined"&&module.hasOwnProperty("exports")){module.exports=bigInt}if(typeof define==="function"&&define.amd){define("big-integer",[],function(){return bigInt})}; bigInt`
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/goja.go b/internal/tracers/js/goja.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8197f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/goja.go
@@ -0,0 +1,973 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package js
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/dop251/goja"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	jsassets "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/stack"
+)
+
+const (
+	memoryPadLimit = 1024 * 1024
+)
+
+var assetTracers = make(map[string]string)
+
+// init retrieves the JavaScript transaction tracers included in go-ethereum.
+func init() {
+	var err error
+	assetTracers, err = jsassets.Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	type ctorFn = func(*tracers.Context, json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error)
+	lookup := func(code string) ctorFn {
+		return func(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+			return newJsTracer(code, ctx, cfg)
+		}
+	}
+	for name, code := range assetTracers {
+		tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register(name, lookup(code), true)
+	}
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.RegisterJSEval(newJsTracer)
+}
+
+// bigIntProgram is compiled once and the exported function mostly invoked to convert
+// hex strings into big ints.
+var bigIntProgram = goja.MustCompile("bigInt", bigIntegerJS, false)
+
+type toBigFn = func(vm *goja.Runtime, val string) (goja.Value, error)
+type toBufFn = func(vm *goja.Runtime, val []byte) (goja.Value, error)
+type fromBufFn = func(vm *goja.Runtime, buf goja.Value, allowString bool) ([]byte, error)
+
+func toBuf(vm *goja.Runtime, bufType goja.Value, val []byte) (goja.Value, error) {
+	// bufType is usually Uint8Array. This is equivalent to `new Uint8Array(val)` in JS.
+	return vm.New(bufType, vm.ToValue(vm.NewArrayBuffer(val)))
+}
+
+func fromBuf(vm *goja.Runtime, bufType goja.Value, buf goja.Value, allowString bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	obj := buf.ToObject(vm)
+	switch obj.ClassName() {
+	case "String":
+		if !allowString {
+			break
+		}
+		return common.FromHex2Bytes(obj.String()), nil
+
+	case "Array":
+		var b []byte
+		if err := vm.ExportTo(buf, &b); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return b, nil
+
+	case "Object":
+		if !obj.Get("constructor").SameAs(bufType) {
+			break
+		}
+		b := obj.Get("buffer").Export().(goja.ArrayBuffer).Bytes()
+		return b, nil
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid buffer type")
+}
+
+// jsTracer is an implementation of the Tracer interface which evaluates
+// JS functions on the relevant EVM hooks. It uses Goja as its JS engine.
+type jsTracer struct {
+	vm                *goja.Runtime
+	env               *vm.EVM
+	toBig             toBigFn               // Converts a hex string into a JS bigint
+	toBuf             toBufFn               // Converts a []byte into a JS buffer
+	fromBuf           fromBufFn             // Converts an array, hex string or Uint8Array to a []byte
+	ctx               map[string]goja.Value // KV-bag passed to JS in `result`
+	activePrecompiles []common.Address      // List of active precompiles at current block
+	traceStep         bool                  // True if tracer object exposes a `step()` method
+	traceFrame        bool                  // True if tracer object exposes the `enter()` and `exit()` methods
+	gasLimit          uint64                // Amount of gas bought for the whole tx
+	err               error                 // Any error that should stop tracing
+	obj               *goja.Object          // Trace object
+
+	// Methods exposed by tracer
+	result goja.Callable
+	fault  goja.Callable
+	step   goja.Callable
+	enter  goja.Callable
+	exit   goja.Callable
+
+	// Underlying structs being passed into JS
+	log         *steplog
+	frame       *callframe
+	frameResult *callframeResult
+
+	// Goja-wrapping of types prepared for JS consumption
+	logValue         goja.Value
+	dbValue          goja.Value
+	frameValue       goja.Value
+	frameResultValue goja.Value
+}
+
+// newJsTracer instantiates a new JS tracer instance. code is a
+// Javascript snippet which evaluates to an expression returning
+// an object with certain methods:
+//
+// The methods `result` and `fault` are required to be present.
+// The methods `step`, `enter`, and `exit` are optional, but note that
+// `enter` and `exit` always go together.
+func newJsTracer(code string, ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	vm := goja.New()
+	// By default field names are exported to JS as is, i.e. capitalized.
+	vm.SetFieldNameMapper(goja.UncapFieldNameMapper())
+	t := &jsTracer{
+		vm:  vm,
+		ctx: make(map[string]goja.Value),
+	}
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = new(tracers.Context)
+	}
+	if ctx.BlockHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+		t.ctx["blockHash"] = vm.ToValue(ctx.BlockHash.Bytes())
+		if ctx.TxHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+			t.ctx["txIndex"] = vm.ToValue(ctx.TxIndex)
+			t.ctx["txHash"] = vm.ToValue(ctx.TxHash.Bytes())
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.setTypeConverters()
+	t.setBuiltinFunctions()
+	ret, err := vm.RunString("(" + code + ")")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Check tracer's interface for required and optional methods.
+	obj := ret.ToObject(vm)
+	result, ok := goja.AssertFunction(obj.Get("result"))
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("trace object must expose a function result()")
+	}
+	fault, ok := goja.AssertFunction(obj.Get("fault"))
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("trace object must expose a function fault()")
+	}
+	step, ok := goja.AssertFunction(obj.Get("step"))
+	t.traceStep = ok
+	enter, hasEnter := goja.AssertFunction(obj.Get("enter"))
+	exit, hasExit := goja.AssertFunction(obj.Get("exit"))
+	if hasEnter != hasExit {
+		return nil, errors.New("trace object must expose either both or none of enter() and exit()")
+	}
+	t.traceFrame = hasEnter
+	t.obj = obj
+	t.step = step
+	t.enter = enter
+	t.exit = exit
+	t.result = result
+	t.fault = fault
+
+	// Pass in config
+	if setup, ok := goja.AssertFunction(obj.Get("setup")); ok {
+		cfgStr := "{}"
+		if cfg != nil {
+			cfgStr = string(cfg)
+		}
+		if _, err := setup(obj, vm.ToValue(cfgStr)); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	// Setup objects carrying data to JS. These are created once and re-used.
+	t.log = &steplog{
+		vm:       vm,
+		op:       &opObj{vm: vm},
+		memory:   &memoryObj{vm: vm, toBig: t.toBig, toBuf: t.toBuf},
+		stack:    &stackObj{vm: vm, toBig: t.toBig},
+		contract: &contractObj{vm: vm, toBig: t.toBig, toBuf: t.toBuf},
+	}
+	t.frame = &callframe{vm: vm, toBig: t.toBig, toBuf: t.toBuf}
+	t.frameResult = &callframeResult{vm: vm, toBuf: t.toBuf}
+	t.frameValue = t.frame.setupObject()
+	t.frameResultValue = t.frameResult.setupObject()
+	t.logValue = t.log.setupObject()
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// CaptureTxStart implements the Tracer interface and is invoked at the beginning of
+// transaction processing.
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {
+	t.gasLimit = gasLimit
+}
+
+// CaptureTxEnd implements the Tracer interface and is invoked at the end of
+// transaction processing.
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {
+	t.ctx["gasUsed"] = t.vm.ToValue(t.gasLimit - restGas)
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the Tracer interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	t.env = env.(*vm.EVM)
+	db := &dbObj{db: env.IntraBlockState(), vm: t.vm, toBig: t.toBig, toBuf: t.toBuf, fromBuf: t.fromBuf}
+	t.dbValue = db.setupObject()
+	if create {
+		t.ctx["type"] = t.vm.ToValue("CREATE")
+	} else {
+		t.ctx["type"] = t.vm.ToValue("CALL")
+	}
+	t.ctx["from"] = t.vm.ToValue(from.Bytes())
+	t.ctx["to"] = t.vm.ToValue(to.Bytes())
+	t.ctx["input"] = t.vm.ToValue(input)
+	t.ctx["gas"] = t.vm.ToValue(gas)
+	t.ctx["gasPrice"] = t.vm.ToValue(env.TxContext().GasPrice)
+	valueBig, err := t.toBig(t.vm, value.ToBig().String())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.err = err
+		return
+	}
+	t.ctx["value"] = valueBig
+	t.ctx["block"] = t.vm.ToValue(env.Context().BlockNumber)
+	// Update list of precompiles based on current block
+	rules := env.ChainConfig().Rules(env.Context().BlockNumber)
+	t.activePrecompiles = vm.ActivePrecompiles(rules)
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the Tracer interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	if !t.traceStep {
+		return
+	}
+	if t.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	log := t.log
+	log.op.op = op
+	log.memory.memory = scope.Memory
+	log.stack.stack = scope.Stack
+	log.contract.contract = scope.Contract
+	log.pc = pc
+	log.gas = gas
+	log.cost = cost
+	log.refund = t.env.IntraBlockState().GetRefund()
+	log.depth = depth
+	log.err = err
+	if _, err := t.step(t.obj, t.logValue, t.dbValue); err != nil {
+		t.onError("step", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureFault implements the Tracer interface to trace an execution fault
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+	if t.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// Other log fields have been already set as part of the last CaptureState.
+	t.log.err = err
+	if _, err := t.fault(t.obj, t.logValue, t.dbValue); err != nil {
+		t.onError("fault", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	t.ctx["output"] = t.vm.ToValue(output)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.ctx["error"] = t.vm.ToValue(err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnter is called when EVM enters a new scope (via call, create or selfdestruct).
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	if !t.traceFrame {
+		return
+	}
+	if t.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.frame.typ = typ.String()
+	t.frame.from = from
+	t.frame.to = to
+	t.frame.input = common.CopyBytes(input)
+	t.frame.gas = uint(gas)
+	t.frame.value = nil
+	if value != nil {
+		t.frame.value = new(big.Int).SetBytes(value.ToBig().Bytes())
+	}
+
+	if _, err := t.enter(t.obj, t.frameValue); err != nil {
+		t.onError("enter", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureExit is called when EVM exits a scope, even if the scope didn't
+// execute any code.
+func (t *jsTracer) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	if !t.traceFrame {
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.frameResult.gasUsed = uint(gasUsed)
+	t.frameResult.output = common.CopyBytes(output)
+	t.frameResult.err = err
+
+	if _, err := t.exit(t.obj, t.frameResultValue); err != nil {
+		t.onError("exit", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetResult calls the Javascript 'result' function and returns its value, or any accumulated error
+func (t *jsTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	ctx := t.vm.ToValue(t.ctx)
+	res, err := t.result(t.obj, ctx, t.dbValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, wrapError("result", err)
+	}
+	encoded, err := json.Marshal(res)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return json.RawMessage(encoded), t.err
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *jsTracer) Stop(err error) {
+	t.vm.Interrupt(err)
+}
+
+// onError is called anytime the running JS code is interrupted
+// and returns an error. It in turn pings the EVM to cancel its
+// execution.
+func (t *jsTracer) onError(context string, err error) {
+	t.err = wrapError(context, err)
+	// `env` is set on CaptureStart which comes before any JS execution.
+	// So it should be non-nil.
+	t.env.Cancel()
+}
+
+func wrapError(context string, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%v    in server-side tracer function '%v'", err, context)
+}
+
+// setBuiltinFunctions injects Go functions which are available to tracers into the environment.
+// It depends on type converters having been set up.
+func (t *jsTracer) setBuiltinFunctions() {
+	vm := t.vm
+	// TODO: load console from goja-nodejs
+	vm.Set("toHex", func(v goja.Value) string {
+		b, err := t.fromBuf(vm, v, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return ""
+		}
+		return hexutil.Encode(b)
+	})
+	vm.Set("toWord", func(v goja.Value) goja.Value {
+		// TODO: add test with []byte len < 32 or > 32
+		b, err := t.fromBuf(vm, v, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		b = common.BytesToHash(b).Bytes()
+		res, err := t.toBuf(vm, b)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return res
+	})
+	vm.Set("toAddress", func(v goja.Value) goja.Value {
+		a, err := t.fromBuf(vm, v, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		a = common.BytesToAddress(a).Bytes()
+		res, err := t.toBuf(vm, a)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return res
+	})
+	vm.Set("toContract", func(from goja.Value, nonce uint) goja.Value {
+		a, err := t.fromBuf(vm, from, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+		b := crypto.CreateAddress(addr, uint64(nonce)).Bytes()
+		res, err := t.toBuf(vm, b)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return res
+	})
+	vm.Set("toContract2", func(from goja.Value, salt string, initcode goja.Value) goja.Value {
+		a, err := t.fromBuf(vm, from, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+		code, err := t.fromBuf(vm, initcode, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		code = common.CopyBytes(code)
+		codeHash := crypto.Keccak256(code)
+		b := crypto.CreateAddress2(addr, common.HexToHash(salt), codeHash).Bytes()
+		res, err := t.toBuf(vm, b)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return res
+	})
+	vm.Set("isPrecompiled", func(v goja.Value) bool {
+		a, err := t.fromBuf(vm, v, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return false
+		}
+		addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+		for _, p := range t.activePrecompiles {
+			if p == addr {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	})
+	vm.Set("slice", func(slice goja.Value, start, end int) goja.Value {
+		b, err := t.fromBuf(vm, slice, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		if start < 0 || start > end || end > len(b) {
+			vm.Interrupt(fmt.Sprintf("Tracer accessed out of bound memory: available %d, offset %d, size %d", len(b), start, end-start))
+			return nil
+		}
+		res, err := t.toBuf(vm, b[start:end])
+		if err != nil {
+			vm.Interrupt(err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return res
+	})
+}
+
+// setTypeConverters sets up utilities for converting Go types into those
+// suitable for JS consumption.
+func (t *jsTracer) setTypeConverters() error {
+	// Inject bigint logic.
+	// TODO: To be replaced after goja adds support for native JS bigint.
+	toBigCode, err := t.vm.RunProgram(bigIntProgram)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Used to create JS bigint objects from go.
+	toBigFn, ok := goja.AssertFunction(toBigCode)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("failed to bind bigInt func")
+	}
+	toBigWrapper := func(vm *goja.Runtime, val string) (goja.Value, error) {
+		return toBigFn(goja.Undefined(), vm.ToValue(val))
+	}
+	t.toBig = toBigWrapper
+	// NOTE: We need this workaround to create JS buffers because
+	// goja doesn't at the moment expose constructors for typed arrays.
+	//
+	// Cache uint8ArrayType once to be used every time for less overhead.
+	uint8ArrayType := t.vm.Get("Uint8Array")
+	toBufWrapper := func(vm *goja.Runtime, val []byte) (goja.Value, error) {
+		return toBuf(vm, uint8ArrayType, val)
+	}
+	t.toBuf = toBufWrapper
+	fromBufWrapper := func(vm *goja.Runtime, buf goja.Value, allowString bool) ([]byte, error) {
+		return fromBuf(vm, uint8ArrayType, buf, allowString)
+	}
+	t.fromBuf = fromBufWrapper
+	return nil
+}
+
+type opObj struct {
+	vm *goja.Runtime
+	op vm.OpCode
+}
+
+func (o *opObj) ToNumber() int {
+	return int(o.op)
+}
+
+func (o *opObj) ToString() string {
+	return o.op.String()
+}
+
+func (o *opObj) IsPush() bool {
+	return o.op.IsPush()
+}
+
+func (o *opObj) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	obj := o.vm.NewObject()
+	obj.Set("toNumber", o.vm.ToValue(o.ToNumber))
+	obj.Set("toString", o.vm.ToValue(o.ToString))
+	obj.Set("isPush", o.vm.ToValue(o.IsPush))
+	return obj
+}
+
+type memoryObj struct {
+	memory *vm.Memory
+	vm     *goja.Runtime
+	toBig  toBigFn
+	toBuf  toBufFn
+}
+
+func (mo *memoryObj) Slice(begin, end int64) goja.Value {
+	b, err := mo.slice(begin, end)
+	if err != nil {
+		mo.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	res, err := mo.toBuf(mo.vm, b)
+	if err != nil {
+		mo.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// slice returns the requested range of memory as a byte slice.
+func (mo *memoryObj) slice(begin, end int64) ([]byte, error) {
+	if end == begin {
+		return []byte{}, nil
+	}
+	if end < begin || begin < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracer accessed out of bound memory: offset %d, end %d", begin, end)
+	}
+	mlen := mo.memory.Len()
+	if end-int64(mlen) > memoryPadLimit {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracer reached limit for padding memory slice: end %d, memorySize %d", end, mlen)
+	}
+	slice := make([]byte, end-begin)
+	end = min(end, int64(mo.memory.Len()))
+	ptr := mo.memory.GetPtr(begin, end-begin)
+	copy(slice[:], ptr[:])
+	return slice, nil
+}
+
+func (mo *memoryObj) GetUint(addr int64) goja.Value {
+	value, err := mo.getUint(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		mo.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	res, err := mo.toBig(mo.vm, value.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		mo.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// getUint returns the 32 bytes at the specified address interpreted as a uint.
+func (mo *memoryObj) getUint(addr int64) (*big.Int, error) {
+	if mo.memory.Len() < int(addr)+32 || addr < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracer accessed out of bound memory: available %d, offset %d, size %d", mo.memory.Len(), addr, 32)
+	}
+	return new(big.Int).SetBytes(mo.memory.GetPtr(addr, 32)), nil
+}
+
+func (mo *memoryObj) Length() int {
+	return mo.memory.Len()
+}
+
+func (m *memoryObj) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := m.vm.NewObject()
+	o.Set("slice", m.vm.ToValue(m.Slice))
+	o.Set("getUint", m.vm.ToValue(m.GetUint))
+	o.Set("length", m.vm.ToValue(m.Length))
+	return o
+}
+
+type stackObj struct {
+	stack *stack.Stack
+	vm    *goja.Runtime
+	toBig toBigFn
+}
+
+func (s *stackObj) Peek(idx int) goja.Value {
+	value, err := s.peek(idx)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	res, err := s.toBig(s.vm, value.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		s.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// peek returns the nth-from-the-top element of the stack.
+func (s *stackObj) peek(idx int) (*big.Int, error) {
+	if len(s.stack.Data) <= idx || idx < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracer accessed out of bound stack: size %d, index %d", len(s.stack.Data), idx)
+	}
+	return s.stack.Back(idx).ToBig(), nil
+}
+
+func (s *stackObj) Length() int {
+	return len(s.stack.Data)
+}
+
+func (s *stackObj) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := s.vm.NewObject()
+	o.Set("peek", s.vm.ToValue(s.Peek))
+	o.Set("length", s.vm.ToValue(s.Length))
+	return o
+}
+
+type dbObj struct {
+	db      evmtypes.IntraBlockState
+	vm      *goja.Runtime
+	toBig   toBigFn
+	toBuf   toBufFn
+	fromBuf fromBufFn
+}
+
+func (do *dbObj) GetBalance(addrSlice goja.Value) goja.Value {
+	a, err := do.fromBuf(do.vm, addrSlice, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+	value := do.db.GetBalance(addr)
+	res, err := do.toBig(do.vm, value.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (do *dbObj) GetNonce(addrSlice goja.Value) uint64 {
+	a, err := do.fromBuf(do.vm, addrSlice, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return 0
+	}
+	addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+	return do.db.GetNonce(addr)
+}
+
+func (do *dbObj) GetCode(addrSlice goja.Value) goja.Value {
+	a, err := do.fromBuf(do.vm, addrSlice, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+	code := do.db.GetCode(addr)
+	res, err := do.toBuf(do.vm, code)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (do *dbObj) GetState(addrSlice goja.Value, hashSlice goja.Value) goja.Value {
+	a, err := do.fromBuf(do.vm, addrSlice, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+	h, err := do.fromBuf(do.vm, hashSlice, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	hash := common.BytesToHash(h)
+	var out uint256.Int
+	do.db.GetState(addr, &hash, &out)
+	state := out.Bytes()
+	res, err := do.toBuf(do.vm, state)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (do *dbObj) Exists(addrSlice goja.Value) bool {
+	a, err := do.fromBuf(do.vm, addrSlice, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		do.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return false
+	}
+	addr := common.BytesToAddress(a)
+	return do.db.Exist(addr)
+}
+
+func (do *dbObj) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := do.vm.NewObject()
+	o.Set("getBalance", do.vm.ToValue(do.GetBalance))
+	o.Set("getNonce", do.vm.ToValue(do.GetNonce))
+	o.Set("getCode", do.vm.ToValue(do.GetCode))
+	o.Set("getState", do.vm.ToValue(do.GetState))
+	o.Set("exists", do.vm.ToValue(do.Exists))
+	return o
+}
+
+type contractObj struct {
+	contract *vm.Contract
+	vm       *goja.Runtime
+	toBig    toBigFn
+	toBuf    toBufFn
+}
+
+func (co *contractObj) GetCaller() goja.Value {
+	caller := co.contract.Caller().Bytes()
+	res, err := co.toBuf(co.vm, caller)
+	if err != nil {
+		co.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (co *contractObj) GetAddress() goja.Value {
+	addr := co.contract.Address().Bytes()
+	res, err := co.toBuf(co.vm, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		co.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (co *contractObj) GetValue() goja.Value {
+	value := co.contract.Value()
+	res, err := co.toBig(co.vm, value.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		co.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (co *contractObj) GetInput() goja.Value {
+	input := common.CopyBytes(co.contract.Input)
+	res, err := co.toBuf(co.vm, input)
+	if err != nil {
+		co.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (c *contractObj) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := c.vm.NewObject()
+	o.Set("getCaller", c.vm.ToValue(c.GetCaller))
+	o.Set("getAddress", c.vm.ToValue(c.GetAddress))
+	o.Set("getValue", c.vm.ToValue(c.GetValue))
+	o.Set("getInput", c.vm.ToValue(c.GetInput))
+	return o
+}
+
+type callframe struct {
+	vm    *goja.Runtime
+	toBig toBigFn
+	toBuf toBufFn
+
+	typ   string
+	from  common.Address
+	to    common.Address
+	input []byte
+	gas   uint
+	value *big.Int
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) GetType() string {
+	return f.typ
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) GetFrom() goja.Value {
+	from := f.from.Bytes()
+	res, err := f.toBuf(f.vm, from)
+	if err != nil {
+		f.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) GetTo() goja.Value {
+	to := f.to.Bytes()
+	res, err := f.toBuf(f.vm, to)
+	if err != nil {
+		f.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) GetInput() goja.Value {
+	input := f.input
+	res, err := f.toBuf(f.vm, input)
+	if err != nil {
+		f.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) GetGas() uint {
+	return f.gas
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) GetValue() goja.Value {
+	if f.value == nil {
+		return goja.Undefined()
+	}
+	res, err := f.toBig(f.vm, f.value.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		f.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (f *callframe) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := f.vm.NewObject()
+	o.Set("getType", f.vm.ToValue(f.GetType))
+	o.Set("getFrom", f.vm.ToValue(f.GetFrom))
+	o.Set("getTo", f.vm.ToValue(f.GetTo))
+	o.Set("getInput", f.vm.ToValue(f.GetInput))
+	o.Set("getGas", f.vm.ToValue(f.GetGas))
+	o.Set("getValue", f.vm.ToValue(f.GetValue))
+	return o
+}
+
+type callframeResult struct {
+	vm    *goja.Runtime
+	toBuf toBufFn
+
+	gasUsed uint
+	output  []byte
+	err     error
+}
+
+func (r *callframeResult) GetGasUsed() uint {
+	return r.gasUsed
+}
+
+func (r *callframeResult) GetOutput() goja.Value {
+	res, err := r.toBuf(r.vm, r.output)
+	if err != nil {
+		r.vm.Interrupt(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (r *callframeResult) GetError() goja.Value {
+	if r.err != nil {
+		return r.vm.ToValue(r.err.Error())
+	}
+	return goja.Undefined()
+}
+
+func (r *callframeResult) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := r.vm.NewObject()
+	o.Set("getGasUsed", r.vm.ToValue(r.GetGasUsed))
+	o.Set("getOutput", r.vm.ToValue(r.GetOutput))
+	o.Set("getError", r.vm.ToValue(r.GetError))
+	return o
+}
+
+type steplog struct {
+	vm *goja.Runtime
+
+	op       *opObj
+	memory   *memoryObj
+	stack    *stackObj
+	contract *contractObj
+
+	pc     uint64
+	gas    uint64
+	cost   uint64
+	depth  int
+	refund uint64
+	err    error
+}
+
+func (l *steplog) GetPC() uint64     { return l.pc }
+func (l *steplog) GetGas() uint64    { return l.gas }
+func (l *steplog) GetCost() uint64   { return l.cost }
+func (l *steplog) GetDepth() int     { return l.depth }
+func (l *steplog) GetRefund() uint64 { return l.refund }
+
+func (l *steplog) GetError() goja.Value {
+	if l.err != nil {
+		return l.vm.ToValue(l.err.Error())
+	}
+	return goja.Undefined()
+}
+
+func (l *steplog) setupObject() *goja.Object {
+	o := l.vm.NewObject()
+	// Setup basic fields.
+	o.Set("getPC", l.vm.ToValue(l.GetPC))
+	o.Set("getGas", l.vm.ToValue(l.GetGas))
+	o.Set("getCost", l.vm.ToValue(l.GetCost))
+	o.Set("getDepth", l.vm.ToValue(l.GetDepth))
+	o.Set("getRefund", l.vm.ToValue(l.GetRefund))
+	o.Set("getError", l.vm.ToValue(l.GetError))
+	// Setup nested objects.
+	o.Set("op", l.op.setupObject())
+	o.Set("stack", l.stack.setupObject())
+	o.Set("memory", l.memory.setupObject())
+	o.Set("contract", l.contract.setupObject())
+	return o
+}
+
+func min(a, b int64) int64 {
+	if a < b {
+		return a
+	}
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer_legacy.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer_legacy.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05f8705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer_legacy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// 4byteTracer searches for 4byte-identifiers, and collects them for post-processing.
+// It collects the methods identifiers along with the size of the supplied data, so
+// a reversed signature can be matched against the size of the data.
+//
+// Example:
+//   > debug.traceTransaction( "0x214e597e35da083692f5386141e69f47e973b2c56e7a8073b1ea08fd7571e9de", {tracer: "4byteTracer"})
+//   {
+//     0x27dc297e-128: 1,
+//     0x38cc4831-0: 2,
+//     0x524f3889-96: 1,
+//     0xadf59f99-288: 1,
+//     0xc281d19e-0: 1
+//   }
+{
+	// ids aggregates the 4byte ids found.
+	ids : {},
+
+	// callType returns 'false' for non-calls, or the peek-index for the first param
+	// after 'value', i.e. meminstart.
+	callType: function(opstr){
+		switch(opstr){
+		case "CALL": case "CALLCODE":
+			// gas, addr, val, memin, meminsz, memout, memoutsz
+			return 3; // stack ptr to memin
+
+		case "DELEGATECALL": case "STATICCALL":
+			// gas, addr, memin, meminsz, memout, memoutsz
+			return 2; // stack ptr to memin
+		}
+		return false;
+	},
+
+	// store save the given identifier and datasize.
+	store: function(id, size){
+		var key = "" + toHex(id) + "-" + size;
+		this.ids[key] = this.ids[key] + 1 || 1;
+	},
+
+	// step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+	step: function(log, db) {
+		// Skip any opcodes that are not internal calls
+		var ct = this.callType(log.op.toString());
+		if (!ct) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// Skip any pre-compile invocations, those are just fancy opcodes
+		if (isPrecompiled(toAddress(log.stack.peek(1).toString(16)))) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// Gather internal call details
+		var inSz = log.stack.peek(ct + 1).valueOf();
+		if (inSz >= 4) {
+			var inOff = log.stack.peek(ct).valueOf();
+			this.store(log.memory.slice(inOff, inOff + 4), inSz-4);
+		}
+	},
+
+	// fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+	fault: function(log, db) { },
+
+	// result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+	// the final result of the tracing.
+	result: function(ctx) {
+		// Save the outer calldata also
+		if (ctx.input.length >= 4) {
+			this.store(slice(ctx.input, 0, 4), ctx.input.length-4)
+		}
+		return this.ids;
+	},
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/bigram_tracer.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/bigram_tracer.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e71de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/bigram_tracer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+{
+    // hist is the counters of opcode bigrams
+    hist: {},
+    // lastOp is last operation
+    lastOp: '',
+    // execution depth of last op
+    lastDepth: 0,
+    // step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+    step: function(log, db) {
+        var op = log.op.toString();
+        var depth = log.getDepth();
+        if (depth == this.lastDepth){
+            var key = this.lastOp+'-'+op;
+            if (this.hist[key]){
+                this.hist[key]++;
+            }
+            else {
+                this.hist[key] = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        this.lastOp = op;
+        this.lastDepth = depth;
+    },
+    // fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+    fault: function(log, db) {},
+    // result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+    // the final result of the tracing.
+    result: function(ctx) {
+        return this.hist;
+    },
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/call_tracer_legacy.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/call_tracer_legacy.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b4f127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/call_tracer_legacy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// callTracer is a full blown transaction tracer that extracts and reports all
+// the internal calls made by a transaction, along with any useful information.
+{
+	// callstack is the current recursive call stack of the EVM execution.
+	callstack: [{}],
+
+	// descended tracks whether we've just descended from an outer transaction into
+	// an inner call.
+	descended: false,
+
+	// step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+	step: function(log, db) {
+		// Capture any errors immediately
+		var error = log.getError();
+		if (error !== undefined) {
+			this.fault(log, db);
+			return;
+		}
+		// We only care about system opcodes, faster if we pre-check once
+		var syscall = (log.op.toNumber() & 0xf0) == 0xf0;
+		if (syscall) {
+			var op = log.op.toString();
+		}
+		// If a new contract is being created, add to the call stack
+		if (syscall && (op == 'CREATE' || op == "CREATE2")) {
+			var inOff = log.stack.peek(1).valueOf();
+			var inEnd = inOff + log.stack.peek(2).valueOf();
+
+			// Assemble the internal call report and store for completion
+			var call = {
+				type:    op,
+				from:    toHex(log.contract.getAddress()),
+				input:   toHex(log.memory.slice(inOff, inEnd)),
+				gasIn:   log.getGas(),
+				gasCost: log.getCost(),
+				value:   '0x' + log.stack.peek(0).toString(16)
+			};
+			this.callstack.push(call);
+			this.descended = true
+			return;
+		}
+		// If a contract is being self destructed, gather that as a subcall too
+		if (syscall && op == 'SELFDESTRUCT') {
+			var left = this.callstack.length;
+			if (this.callstack[left-1].calls === undefined) {
+				this.callstack[left-1].calls = [];
+			}
+			this.callstack[left-1].calls.push({
+				type:    op,
+				from:    toHex(log.contract.getAddress()),
+				to:      toHex(toAddress(log.stack.peek(0).toString(16))),
+				gasIn:   log.getGas(),
+				gasCost: log.getCost(),
+				value:   '0x' + db.getBalance(log.contract.getAddress()).toString(16)
+			});
+			return
+		}
+		// If a new method invocation is being done, add to the call stack
+		if (syscall && (op == 'CALL' || op == 'CALLCODE' || op == 'DELEGATECALL' || op == 'STATICCALL')) {
+			// Skip any pre-compile invocations, those are just fancy opcodes
+			var to = toAddress(log.stack.peek(1).toString(16));
+			if (isPrecompiled(to)) {
+				return
+			}
+			var off = (op == 'DELEGATECALL' || op == 'STATICCALL' ? 0 : 1);
+
+			var inOff = log.stack.peek(2 + off).valueOf();
+			var inEnd = inOff + log.stack.peek(3 + off).valueOf();
+
+			// Assemble the internal call report and store for completion
+			var call = {
+				type:    op,
+				from:    toHex(log.contract.getAddress()),
+				to:      toHex(to),
+				input:   toHex(log.memory.slice(inOff, inEnd)),
+				gasIn:   log.getGas(),
+				gasCost: log.getCost(),
+				outOff:  log.stack.peek(4 + off).valueOf(),
+				outLen:  log.stack.peek(5 + off).valueOf()
+			};
+			if (op != 'DELEGATECALL' && op != 'STATICCALL') {
+				call.value = '0x' + log.stack.peek(2).toString(16);
+			}
+			this.callstack.push(call);
+			this.descended = true
+			return;
+		}
+		// If we've just descended into an inner call, retrieve it's true allowance. We
+		// need to extract if from within the call as there may be funky gas dynamics
+		// with regard to requested and actually given gas (2300 stipend, 63/64 rule).
+		if (this.descended) {
+			if (log.getDepth() >= this.callstack.length) {
+				this.callstack[this.callstack.length - 1].gas = log.getGas();
+			} else {
+				// TODO(karalabe): The call was made to a plain account. We currently don't
+				// have access to the true gas amount inside the call and so any amount will
+				// mostly be wrong since it depends on a lot of input args. Skip gas for now.
+			}
+			this.descended = false;
+		}
+		// If an existing call is returning, pop off the call stack
+		if (syscall && op == 'REVERT') {
+			this.callstack[this.callstack.length - 1].error = "execution reverted";
+			return;
+		}
+		if (log.getDepth() == this.callstack.length - 1) {
+			// Pop off the last call and get the execution results
+			var call = this.callstack.pop();
+
+			if (call.type == 'CREATE' || call.type == "CREATE2") {
+				// If the call was a CREATE, retrieve the contract address and output code
+				call.gasUsed = '0x' + bigInt(call.gasIn - call.gasCost - log.getGas()).toString(16);
+				delete call.gasIn; delete call.gasCost;
+
+				var ret = log.stack.peek(0);
+				if (!ret.equals(0)) {
+					call.to     = toHex(toAddress(ret.toString(16)));
+					call.output = toHex(db.getCode(toAddress(ret.toString(16))));
+				} else if (call.error === undefined) {
+					call.error = "internal failure"; // TODO(karalabe): surface these faults somehow
+				}
+			} else {
+				// If the call was a contract call, retrieve the gas usage and output
+				if (call.gas !== undefined) {
+					call.gasUsed = '0x' + bigInt(call.gasIn - call.gasCost + call.gas - log.getGas()).toString(16);
+				}
+				var ret = log.stack.peek(0);
+				if (!ret.equals(0)) {
+					call.output = toHex(log.memory.slice(call.outOff, call.outOff + call.outLen));
+				} else if (call.error === undefined) {
+					call.error = "internal failure"; // TODO(karalabe): surface these faults somehow
+				}
+				delete call.gasIn; delete call.gasCost;
+				delete call.outOff; delete call.outLen;
+			}
+			if (call.gas !== undefined) {
+				call.gas = '0x' + bigInt(call.gas).toString(16);
+			}
+			// Inject the call into the previous one
+			var left = this.callstack.length;
+			if (this.callstack[left-1].calls === undefined) {
+				this.callstack[left-1].calls = [];
+			}
+			this.callstack[left-1].calls.push(call);
+		}
+	},
+
+	// fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+	fault: function(log, db) {
+		// If the topmost call already reverted, don't handle the additional fault again
+		if (this.callstack[this.callstack.length - 1].error !== undefined) {
+			return;
+		}
+		// Pop off the just failed call
+		var call = this.callstack.pop();
+		call.error = log.getError();
+
+		// Consume all available gas and clean any leftovers
+		if (call.gas !== undefined) {
+			call.gas = '0x' + bigInt(call.gas).toString(16);
+			call.gasUsed = call.gas
+		}
+		delete call.gasIn; delete call.gasCost;
+		delete call.outOff; delete call.outLen;
+
+		// Flatten the failed call into its parent
+		var left = this.callstack.length;
+		if (left > 0) {
+			if (this.callstack[left-1].calls === undefined) {
+				this.callstack[left-1].calls = [];
+			}
+			this.callstack[left-1].calls.push(call);
+			return;
+		}
+		// Last call failed too, leave it in the stack
+		this.callstack.push(call);
+	},
+
+	// result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+	// the final result of the tracing.
+	result: function(ctx, db) {
+		var result = {
+			type:    ctx.type,
+			from:    toHex(ctx.from),
+			to:      toHex(ctx.to),
+			value:   '0x' + ctx.value.toString(16),
+			gas:     '0x' + bigInt(ctx.gas).toString(16),
+			gasUsed: '0x' + bigInt(ctx.gasUsed).toString(16),
+			input:   toHex(ctx.input),
+			output:  toHex(ctx.output),
+		};
+		if (this.callstack[0].calls !== undefined) {
+			result.calls = this.callstack[0].calls;
+		}
+		if (this.callstack[0].error !== undefined) {
+			result.error = this.callstack[0].error;
+		} else if (ctx.error !== undefined) {
+			result.error = ctx.error;
+		}
+		if (result.error !== undefined && (result.error !== "execution reverted" || result.output ==="0x")) {
+			delete result.output;
+		}
+		return this.finalize(result);
+	},
+
+	// finalize recreates a call object using the final desired field oder for json
+	// serialization. This is a nicety feature to pass meaningfully ordered results
+	// to users who don't interpret it, just display it.
+	finalize: function(call) {
+		var sorted = {
+			type:    call.type,
+			from:    call.from,
+			to:      call.to,
+			value:   call.value,
+			gas:     call.gas,
+			gasUsed: call.gasUsed,
+			input:   call.input,
+			output:  call.output,
+			error:   call.error,
+			calls:   call.calls,
+		}
+		for (var key in sorted) {
+			if (sorted[key] === undefined) {
+				delete sorted[key];
+			}
+		}
+		if (sorted.calls !== undefined) {
+			for (var i=0; i<sorted.calls.length; i++) {
+				sorted.calls[i] = this.finalize(sorted.calls[i]);
+			}
+		}
+		return sorted;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/evmdis_tracer.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/evmdis_tracer.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d988ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/evmdis_tracer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// evmdisTracer returns sufficient information from a trace to perform evmdis-style
+// disassembly.
+{
+	stack: [{ops: []}],
+
+	npushes: {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1, 16: 1, 17: 1, 18: 1, 19: 1, 20: 1, 21: 1, 22: 1, 23: 1, 24: 1, 25: 1, 26: 1, 32: 1, 48: 1, 49: 1, 50: 1, 51: 1, 52: 1, 53: 1, 54: 1, 55: 0, 56: 1, 57: 0, 58: 1, 59: 1, 60: 0, 64: 1, 65: 1, 66: 1, 67: 1, 68: 1, 69: 1, 80: 0, 81: 1, 82: 0, 83: 0, 84: 1, 85: 0, 86: 0, 87: 0, 88: 1, 89: 1, 90: 1, 91: 0, 96: 1, 97: 1, 98: 1, 99: 1, 100: 1, 101: 1, 102: 1, 103: 1, 104: 1, 105: 1, 106: 1, 107: 1, 108: 1, 109: 1, 110: 1, 111: 1, 112: 1, 113: 1, 114: 1, 115: 1, 116: 1, 117: 1, 118: 1, 119: 1, 120: 1, 121: 1, 122: 1, 123: 1, 124: 1, 125: 1, 126: 1, 127: 1, 128: 2, 129: 3, 130: 4, 131: 5, 132: 6, 133: 7, 134: 8, 135: 9, 136: 10, 137: 11, 138: 12, 139: 13, 140: 14, 141: 15, 142: 16, 143: 17, 144: 2, 145: 3, 146: 4, 147: 5, 148: 6, 149: 7, 150: 8, 151: 9, 152: 10, 153: 11, 154: 12, 155: 13, 156: 14, 157: 15, 158: 16, 159: 17, 160: 0, 161: 0, 162: 0, 163: 0, 164: 0, 240: 1, 241: 1, 242: 1, 243: 0, 244: 0, 255: 0},
+
+	// result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+	// the final result of the tracing.
+	result: function() { return this.stack[0].ops; },
+
+	// fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+	fault: function(log, db) { },
+
+	// step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+	step: function(log, db) {
+		var frame = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
+
+		var error = log.getError();
+		if (error) {
+			frame["error"] = error;
+		} else if (log.getDepth() == this.stack.length) {
+			opinfo = {
+				op:     log.op.toNumber(),
+				depth : log.getDepth(),
+				result: [],
+			};
+			if (frame.ops.length > 0) {
+				var prevop = frame.ops[frame.ops.length - 1];
+				for(var i = 0; i < this.npushes[prevop.op]; i++)
+					prevop.result.push(log.stack.peek(i).toString(16));
+			}
+			switch(log.op.toString()) {
+			case "CALL": case "CALLCODE":
+				var instart = log.stack.peek(3).valueOf();
+				var insize = log.stack.peek(4).valueOf();
+				opinfo["gas"] = log.stack.peek(0).valueOf();
+				opinfo["to"] = log.stack.peek(1).toString(16);
+				opinfo["value"] = log.stack.peek(2).toString();
+				opinfo["input"] = log.memory.slice(instart, instart + insize);
+				opinfo["error"] = null;
+				opinfo["return"] = null;
+				opinfo["ops"] = [];
+				this.stack.push(opinfo);
+				break;
+			case "DELEGATECALL": case "STATICCALL":
+				var instart = log.stack.peek(2).valueOf();
+				var insize = log.stack.peek(3).valueOf();
+				opinfo["op"] =  log.op.toString();
+				opinfo["gas"] =  log.stack.peek(0).valueOf();
+				opinfo["to"] =  log.stack.peek(1).toString(16);
+				opinfo["input"] =  log.memory.slice(instart, instart + insize);
+				opinfo["error"] =  null;
+				opinfo["return"] =  null;
+				opinfo["ops"] = [];
+				this.stack.push(opinfo);
+				break;
+			case "RETURN": case "REVERT":
+				var out = log.stack.peek(0).valueOf();
+				var outsize = log.stack.peek(1).valueOf();
+				frame.return = log.memory.slice(out, out + outsize);
+				break;
+			case "STOP": case "SELFDESTRUCT":
+				frame.return = log.memory.slice(0, 0);
+				break;
+			case "JUMPDEST":
+				opinfo["pc"] = log.getPC();
+			}
+			if(log.op.isPush()) {
+				opinfo["len"] = log.op.toNumber() - 0x5e;
+			}
+			frame.ops.push(opinfo);
+		} else {
+			this.stack = this.stack.slice(0, log.getDepth());
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/noop_tracer_legacy.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/noop_tracer_legacy.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69a00bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/noop_tracer_legacy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// noopTracer is just the barebone boilerplate code required from a JavaScript
+// object to be usable as a transaction tracer.
+{
+	// step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+	step: function(log, db) { },
+
+	// fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+	fault: function(log, db) { },
+
+	// result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+	// the final result of the tracing.
+	result: function(ctx, db) { return {}; }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/opcount_tracer.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/opcount_tracer.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7469c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/opcount_tracer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// opcountTracer is a sample tracer that just counts the number of instructions
+// executed by the EVM before the transaction terminated.
+{
+	// count tracks the number of EVM instructions executed.
+	count: 0,
+
+	// step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+	step: function(log, db) { this.count++ },
+
+	// fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+	fault: function(log, db) { },
+
+	// result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+	// the final result of the tracing.
+	result: function(ctx, db) { return this.count }
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/prestate_tracer_legacy.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/prestate_tracer_legacy.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b33b1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/prestate_tracer_legacy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// prestateTracer outputs sufficient information to create a local execution of
+// the transaction from a custom assembled genesis block.
+{
+	// prestate is the genesis that we're building.
+	prestate: null,
+
+	// lookupAccount injects the specified account into the prestate object.
+	lookupAccount: function(addr, db){
+		var acc = toHex(addr);
+		if (this.prestate[acc] === undefined) {
+			this.prestate[acc] = {
+				balance: '0x' + db.getBalance(addr).toString(16),
+				nonce:   db.getNonce(addr),
+				code:    toHex(db.getCode(addr)),
+				storage: {}
+			};
+		}
+	},
+
+	// lookupStorage injects the specified storage entry of the given account into
+	// the prestate object.
+	lookupStorage: function(addr, key, db){
+		var acc = toHex(addr);
+		var idx = toHex(key);
+
+		if (this.prestate[acc].storage[idx] === undefined) {
+			this.prestate[acc].storage[idx] = toHex(db.getState(addr, key));
+		}
+	},
+
+	// result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+	// the final result of the tracing.
+	result: function(ctx, db) {
+		if (this.prestate === null) {
+			this.prestate = {};
+			// If tx is transfer-only, the recipient account
+			// hasn't been populated.
+			this.lookupAccount(ctx.to, db);
+		}
+
+		// At this point, we need to deduct the 'value' from the
+		// outer transaction, and move it back to the origin
+		this.lookupAccount(ctx.from, db);
+
+		var fromBal = bigInt(this.prestate[toHex(ctx.from)].balance.slice(2), 16);
+		var toBal   = bigInt(this.prestate[toHex(ctx.to)].balance.slice(2), 16);
+
+		this.prestate[toHex(ctx.to)].balance   = '0x'+toBal.subtract(ctx.value).toString(16);
+		this.prestate[toHex(ctx.from)].balance = '0x'+fromBal.add(ctx.value).add(ctx.gasUsed * ctx.gasPrice).toString(16);
+
+		// Decrement the caller's nonce, and remove empty create targets
+		this.prestate[toHex(ctx.from)].nonce--;
+		if (ctx.type == 'CREATE') {
+			// We can blibdly delete the contract prestate, as any existing state would
+			// have caused the transaction to be rejected as invalid in the first place.
+			delete this.prestate[toHex(ctx.to)];
+		}
+		// Return the assembled allocations (prestate)
+		return this.prestate;
+	},
+
+	// step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+	step: function(log, db) {
+		// Add the current account if we just started tracing
+		if (this.prestate === null){
+			this.prestate = {};
+			// Balance will potentially be wrong here, since this will include the value
+			// sent along with the message. We fix that in 'result()'.
+			this.lookupAccount(log.contract.getAddress(), db);
+		}
+		// Whenever new state is accessed, add it to the prestate
+		switch (log.op.toString()) {
+			case "EXTCODECOPY": case "EXTCODESIZE": case "EXTCODEHASH": case "BALANCE":
+				this.lookupAccount(toAddress(log.stack.peek(0).toString(16)), db);
+				break;
+			case "CREATE":
+				var from = log.contract.getAddress();
+				this.lookupAccount(toContract(from, db.getNonce(from)), db);
+				break;
+			case "CREATE2":
+				var from = log.contract.getAddress();
+				// stack: salt, size, offset, endowment
+				var offset = log.stack.peek(1).valueOf()
+				var size = log.stack.peek(2).valueOf()
+				var end = offset + size
+				this.lookupAccount(toContract2(from, log.stack.peek(3).toString(16), log.memory.slice(offset, end)), db);
+				break;
+			case "CALL": case "CALLCODE": case "DELEGATECALL": case "STATICCALL":
+				this.lookupAccount(toAddress(log.stack.peek(1).toString(16)), db);
+				break;
+			case 'SSTORE':case 'SLOAD':
+				this.lookupStorage(log.contract.getAddress(), toWord(log.stack.peek(0).toString(16)), db);
+				break;
+		}
+	},
+
+	// fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+	fault: function(log, db) {}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/tracers.go b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/tracers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e72de0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/tracers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets.
+package tracers
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"io/fs"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+//go:embed *.js
+var files embed.FS
+
+// Load reads the built-in JS tracer files embedded in the binary and
+// returns a mapping of tracer name to source.
+func Load() (map[string]string, error) {
+	var assetTracers = make(map[string]string)
+	err := fs.WalkDir(files, ".", func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if d.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		b, err := fs.ReadFile(files, path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		name := camel(strings.TrimSuffix(path, ".js"))
+		assetTracers[name] = string(b)
+		return nil
+	})
+	return assetTracers, err
+}
+
+// camel converts a snake cased input string into a camel cased output.
+func camel(str string) string {
+	pieces := strings.Split(str, "_")
+	for i := 1; i < len(pieces); i++ {
+		pieces[i] = string(unicode.ToUpper(rune(pieces[i][0]))) + pieces[i][1:]
+	}
+	return strings.Join(pieces, "")
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/trigram_tracer.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/trigram_tracer.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adc4f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/trigram_tracer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+{
+    // hist is the map of trigram counters
+    hist: {},
+    // lastOp is last operation
+    lastOps: ['',''],
+    lastDepth: 0,
+        // step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+    step: function(log, db) {
+        var depth = log.getDepth();
+        if (depth != this.lastDepth){
+            this.lastOps = ['',''];
+            this.lastDepth = depth;
+            return;
+        }
+        var op = log.op.toString();
+        var key = this.lastOps[0]+'-'+this.lastOps[1]+'-'+op;
+        if (this.hist[key]){
+            this.hist[key]++;
+        }
+        else {
+            this.hist[key] = 1;
+        }
+        this.lastOps[0] = this.lastOps[1];
+        this.lastOps[1] = op;
+    },
+    // fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+    fault: function(log, db) {},
+    // result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+    // the final result of the tracing.
+    result: function(ctx) {
+        return this.hist;
+    },
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/unigram_tracer.js b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/unigram_tracer.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fc21e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/internal/tracers/unigram_tracer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+{
+    // hist is the map of opcodes to counters
+    hist: {},
+    // nops counts number of ops
+    nops: 0,
+    // step is invoked for every opcode that the VM executes.
+    step: function(log, db) {
+        var op = log.op.toString();
+        if (this.hist[op]){
+            this.hist[op]++;
+        }
+        else {
+            this.hist[op] = 1;
+        }
+        this.nops++;
+    },
+    // fault is invoked when the actual execution of an opcode fails.
+    fault: function(log, db) {},
+
+    // result is invoked when all the opcodes have been iterated over and returns
+    // the final result of the tracing.
+    result: function(ctx) {
+        return this.hist;
+    },
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/js/tracer_test.go b/internal/tracers/js/tracer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b353008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/js/tracer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package js
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+type account struct{}
+
+func (account) SubBalance(amount *big.Int)                          {}
+func (account) AddBalance(amount *big.Int)                          {}
+func (account) SetAddress(common.Address)                           {}
+func (account) Value() *big.Int                                     { return nil }
+func (account) SetBalance(*big.Int)                                 {}
+func (account) SetNonce(uint64)                                     {}
+func (account) Balance() *big.Int                                   { return nil }
+func (account) Address() common.Address                             { return common.Address{} }
+func (account) SetCode(common.Hash, []byte)                         {}
+func (account) ForEachStorage(cb func(key, value common.Hash) bool) {}
+
+type dummyStatedb struct {
+	state.IntraBlockState
+}
+
+func (*dummyStatedb) GetRefund() uint64                           { return 1337 }
+func (*dummyStatedb) GetBalance(addr common.Address) *uint256.Int { return new(uint256.Int) }
+
+type vmContext struct {
+	blockCtx evmtypes.BlockContext
+	txCtx    evmtypes.TxContext
+}
+
+func testCtx() *vmContext {
+	return &vmContext{blockCtx: evmtypes.BlockContext{BlockNumber: 1}, txCtx: evmtypes.TxContext{GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(100000)}}
+}
+
+func runTrace(tracer tracers.Tracer, vmctx *vmContext, chaincfg *params.ChainConfig, contractCode []byte) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	var (
+		env             = vm.NewEVM(vmctx.blockCtx, vmctx.txCtx, &dummyStatedb{}, chaincfg, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer})
+		gasLimit uint64 = 31000
+		startGas uint64 = 10000
+		value           = uint256.NewInt(0)
+		contract        = vm.NewContract(account{}, account{}, value, startGas, false)
+	)
+	contract.Code = []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x1, byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x1, 0x0}
+	if contractCode != nil {
+		contract.Code = contractCode
+	}
+
+	tracer.CaptureTxStart(gasLimit)
+	tracer.CaptureStart(env, contract.Caller(), contract.Address(), false, []byte{}, startGas, value)
+	ret, err := env.Interpreter().Run(contract, []byte{}, false)
+	tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, startGas-contract.Gas, err)
+	// Rest gas assumes no refund
+	tracer.CaptureTxEnd(contract.Gas)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tracer.GetResult()
+}
+
+//func TestTracer(t *testing.T) {
+//	execTracer := func(code string, contract []byte) ([]byte, string) {
+//		t.Helper()
+//		tracer, err := newJsTracer(code, nil, nil)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			t.Fatal(err)
+//		}
+//		ret, err := runTrace(tracer, testCtx(), params.TestChainConfig, contract)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return nil, err.Error() // Stringify to allow comparison without nil checks
+//		}
+//		return ret, ""
+//	}
+//	for i, tt := range []struct {
+//		code     string
+//		want     string
+//		fail     string
+//		contract []byte
+//	}{
+//		{ // tests that we don't panic on bad arguments to memory access
+//			code: "{depths: [], step: function(log) { this.depths.push(log.memory.slice(-1,-2)); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.depths; }}",
+//			want: ``,
+//			fail: "tracer accessed out of bound memory: offset -1, end -2 at step (<eval>:1:53(13))    in server-side tracer function 'step'",
+//		}, { // tests that we don't panic on bad arguments to stack peeks
+//			code: "{depths: [], step: function(log) { this.depths.push(log.stack.peek(-1)); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.depths; }}",
+//			want: ``,
+//			fail: "tracer accessed out of bound stack: size 0, index -1 at step (<eval>:1:53(11))    in server-side tracer function 'step'",
+//		}, { //  tests that we don't panic on bad arguments to memory getUint
+//			code: "{ depths: [], step: function(log, db) { this.depths.push(log.memory.getUint(-64));}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.depths; }}",
+//			want: ``,
+//			fail: "tracer accessed out of bound memory: available 0, offset -64, size 32 at step (<eval>:1:58(11))    in server-side tracer function 'step'",
+//		}, { // tests some general counting
+//			code: "{count: 0, step: function() { this.count += 1; }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.count; }}",
+//			want: `3`,
+//		}, { // tests that depth is reported correctly
+//			code: "{depths: [], step: function(log) { this.depths.push(log.stack.length()); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.depths; }}",
+//			want: `[0,1,2]`,
+//		}, { // tests memory length
+//			code: "{lengths: [], step: function(log) { this.lengths.push(log.memory.length()); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.lengths; }}",
+//			want: `[0,0,0]`,
+//		}, { // tests to-string of opcodes
+//			code: "{opcodes: [], step: function(log) { this.opcodes.push(log.op.toString()); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.opcodes; }}",
+//			want: `["PUSH1","PUSH1","STOP"]`,
+//		}, { // tests gasUsed
+//			code: "{depths: [], step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function(ctx) { return ctx.gasPrice+'.'+ctx.gasUsed; }}",
+//			want: `"100000.21006"`,
+//		}, {
+//			code: "{res: null, step: function(log) {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return toWord('0xffaa') }}",
+//			want: `{"0":0,"1":0,"2":0,"3":0,"4":0,"5":0,"6":0,"7":0,"8":0,"9":0,"10":0,"11":0,"12":0,"13":0,"14":0,"15":0,"16":0,"17":0,"18":0,"19":0,"20":0,"21":0,"22":0,"23":0,"24":0,"25":0,"26":0,"27":0,"28":0,"29":0,"30":255,"31":170}`,
+//		}, { // test feeding a buffer back into go
+//			code: "{res: null, step: function(log) { var address = log.contract.getAddress(); this.res = toAddress(address); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res }}",
+//			want: `{"0":0,"1":0,"2":0,"3":0,"4":0,"5":0,"6":0,"7":0,"8":0,"9":0,"10":0,"11":0,"12":0,"13":0,"14":0,"15":0,"16":0,"17":0,"18":0,"19":0}`,
+//		}, {
+//			code: "{res: null, step: function(log) { var address = '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'; this.res = toAddress(address); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res }}",
+//			want: `{"0":0,"1":0,"2":0,"3":0,"4":0,"5":0,"6":0,"7":0,"8":0,"9":0,"10":0,"11":0,"12":0,"13":0,"14":0,"15":0,"16":0,"17":0,"18":0,"19":0}`,
+//		}, {
+//			code: "{res: null, step: function(log) { var address = Array.prototype.slice.call(log.contract.getAddress()); this.res = toAddress(address); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res }}",
+//			want: `{"0":0,"1":0,"2":0,"3":0,"4":0,"5":0,"6":0,"7":0,"8":0,"9":0,"10":0,"11":0,"12":0,"13":0,"14":0,"15":0,"16":0,"17":0,"18":0,"19":0}`,
+//		}, {
+//			code:     "{res: [], step: function(log) { var op = log.op.toString(); if (op === 'MSTORE8' || op === 'STOP') { this.res.push(log.memory.slice(0, 2)) } }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res }}",
+//			want:     `[{"0":0,"1":0},{"0":255,"1":0}]`,
+//			contract: []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), byte(0xff), byte(vm.PUSH1), byte(0x00), byte(vm.MSTORE8), byte(vm.STOP)},
+//		}, {
+//			code:     "{res: [], step: function(log) { if (log.op.toString() === 'STOP') { this.res.push(log.memory.slice(5, 1025 * 1024)) } }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res }}",
+//			want:     "",
+//			fail:     "tracer reached limit for padding memory slice: end 1049600, memorySize 32 at step (<eval>:1:83(20))    in server-side tracer function 'step'",
+//			contract: []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), byte(0xff), byte(vm.PUSH1), byte(0x00), byte(vm.MSTORE8), byte(vm.STOP)},
+//		},
+//	} {
+//		if have, err := execTracer(tt.code, tt.contract); tt.want != string(have) || tt.fail != err {
+//			t.Errorf("testcase %d: expected return value to be '%s' got '%s', error to be '%s' got '%s'\n\tcode: %v", i, tt.want, string(have), tt.fail, err, tt.code)
+//		}
+//	}
+//}
+
+func TestHalt(t *testing.T) {
+	timeout := errors.New("stahp")
+	tracer, err := newJsTracer("{step: function() { while(1); }, result: function() { return null; }, fault: function(){}}", nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	go func() {
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+		tracer.Stop(timeout)
+	}()
+	if _, err = runTrace(tracer, testCtx(), params.TestChainConfig, nil); !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "stahp") {
+		t.Errorf("Expected timeout error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHaltBetweenSteps(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := newJsTracer("{step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return null; }}", nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	env := vm.NewEVM(evmtypes.BlockContext{BlockNumber: 1}, evmtypes.TxContext{GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(1)}, &dummyStatedb{}, params.TestChainConfig, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer})
+	scope := &vm.ScopeContext{
+		Contract: vm.NewContract(&account{}, &account{}, uint256.NewInt(0), 0, false),
+	}
+	tracer.CaptureStart(env, common.Address{}, common.Address{}, false, []byte{}, 0, uint256.NewInt(0))
+	tracer.CaptureState(0, 0, 0, 0, scope, nil, 0, nil)
+	timeout := errors.New("stahp")
+	tracer.Stop(timeout)
+	tracer.CaptureState(0, 0, 0, 0, scope, nil, 0, nil)
+
+	if _, err := tracer.GetResult(); !strings.Contains(err.Error(), timeout.Error()) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected timeout error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// testNoStepExec tests a regular value transfer (no exec), and accessing the statedb
+// in 'result'
+func TestNoStepExec(t *testing.T) {
+	execTracer := func(code string) []byte {
+		t.Helper()
+		tracer, err := newJsTracer(code, nil, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		env := vm.NewEVM(evmtypes.BlockContext{BlockNumber: 1}, evmtypes.TxContext{GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(100)}, &dummyStatedb{}, params.TestChainConfig, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer})
+		tracer.CaptureStart(env, common.Address{}, common.Address{}, false, []byte{}, 1000, uint256.NewInt(0))
+		tracer.CaptureEnd(nil, 0, nil)
+		ret, err := tracer.GetResult()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return ret
+	}
+	for i, tt := range []struct {
+		code string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{ // tests that we don't panic on accessing the db methods
+			code: "{depths: [], step: function() {}, fault: function() {},  result: function(ctx, db){ return db.getBalance(ctx.to)} }",
+			want: `"0"`,
+		},
+	} {
+		if have := execTracer(tt.code); tt.want != string(have) {
+			t.Errorf("testcase %d: expected return value to be %s got %s\n\tcode: %v", i, tt.want, string(have), tt.code)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsPrecompile(t *testing.T) {
+	chaincfg := &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(1), HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0), DAOForkBlock: nil, DAOForkSupport: false, TangerineWhistleBlock: big.NewInt(0), SpuriousDragonBlock: big.NewInt(0), ByzantiumBlock: big.NewInt(100), ConstantinopleBlock: big.NewInt(0), PetersburgBlock: big.NewInt(0), IstanbulBlock: big.NewInt(200), MuirGlacierBlock: big.NewInt(0), BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(300), LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0), TerminalTotalDifficulty: nil, Ethash: new(params.EthashConfig), Clique: nil}
+	chaincfg.ByzantiumBlock = big.NewInt(100)
+	chaincfg.IstanbulBlock = big.NewInt(200)
+	chaincfg.BerlinBlock = big.NewInt(300)
+	txCtx := evmtypes.TxContext{GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(100000)}
+	tracer, err := newJsTracer("{addr: toAddress('0000000000000000000000000000000000000009'), res: null, step: function() { this.res = isPrecompiled(this.addr); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res; }}", nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	blockCtx := evmtypes.BlockContext{BlockNumber: 150}
+	res, err := runTrace(tracer, &vmContext{blockCtx, txCtx}, chaincfg, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if string(res) != "false" {
+		t.Errorf("tracer should not consider blake2f as precompile in byzantium")
+	}
+
+	tracer, _ = newJsTracer("{addr: toAddress('0000000000000000000000000000000000000009'), res: null, step: function() { this.res = isPrecompiled(this.addr); }, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.res; }}", nil, nil)
+	blockCtx = evmtypes.BlockContext{BlockNumber: 250}
+	res, err = runTrace(tracer, &vmContext{blockCtx, txCtx}, chaincfg, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	if string(res) != "true" {
+		t.Errorf("tracer should consider blake2f as precompile in istanbul")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnterExit(t *testing.T) {
+	// test that either both or none of enter() and exit() are defined
+	if _, err := newJsTracer("{step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return null; }, enter: function() {}}", new(tracers.Context), nil); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("tracer creation should've failed without exit() definition")
+	}
+	if _, err := newJsTracer("{step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return null; }, enter: function() {}, exit: function() {}}", new(tracers.Context), nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// test that the enter and exit method are correctly invoked and the values passed
+	tracer, err := newJsTracer("{enters: 0, exits: 0, enterGas: 0, gasUsed: 0, step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return {enters: this.enters, exits: this.exits, enterGas: this.enterGas, gasUsed: this.gasUsed} }, enter: function(frame) { this.enters++; this.enterGas = frame.getGas(); }, exit: function(res) { this.exits++; this.gasUsed = res.getGasUsed(); }}", new(tracers.Context), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	scope := &vm.ScopeContext{
+		Contract: vm.NewContract(&account{}, &account{}, uint256.NewInt(0), 0, false),
+	}
+	tracer.CaptureEnter(vm.CALL, scope.Contract.Caller(), scope.Contract.Address(), []byte{}, 1000, new(uint256.Int))
+	tracer.CaptureExit([]byte{}, 400, nil)
+
+	have, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	want := `{"enters":1,"exits":1,"enterGas":1000,"gasUsed":400}`
+	if string(have) != want {
+		t.Errorf("Number of invocations of enter() and exit() is wrong. Have %s, want %s\n", have, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test empty config
+	_, err := newJsTracer(`{setup: function(cfg) { if (cfg !== "{}") { throw("invalid empty config") } }, fault: function() {}, result: function() {}}`, new(tracers.Context), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{"foo": "bar"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Test no setup func
+	_, err = newJsTracer(`{fault: function() {}, result: function() {}}`, new(tracers.Context), cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Test config value
+	tracer, err := newJsTracer("{config: null, setup: function(cfg) { this.config = JSON.parse(cfg) }, step: function() {}, fault: function() {}, result: function() { return this.config.foo }}", new(tracers.Context), cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	have, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if string(have) != `"bar"` {
+		t.Errorf("tracer returned wrong result. have: %s, want: \"bar\"\n", string(have))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/logger/access_list_tracer.go b/internal/tracers/logger/access_list_tracer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37cec98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/logger/access_list_tracer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package logger
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"math/big"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+// accessList is an accumulator for the set of accounts and storage slots an EVM
+// contract execution touches.
+type accessList map[common.Address]accessListSlots
+
+// accessListSlots is an accumulator for the set of storage slots within a single
+// contract that an EVM contract execution touches.
+type accessListSlots map[common.Hash]struct{}
+
+// newAccessList creates a new accessList.
+func newAccessList() accessList {
+	return make(map[common.Address]accessListSlots)
+}
+
+// addAddress adds an address to the accesslist.
+func (al accessList) addAddress(address common.Address) {
+	// Set address if not previously present
+	if _, present := al[address]; !present {
+		al[address] = make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
+	}
+}
+
+// addSlot adds a storage slot to the accesslist.
+func (al accessList) addSlot(address common.Address, slot common.Hash) {
+	// Set address if not previously present
+	al.addAddress(address)
+
+	// Set the slot on the surely existent storage set
+	al[address][slot] = struct{}{}
+}
+
+// equal checks if the content of the current access list is the same as the
+// content of the other one.
+func (al accessList) equal(other accessList) bool {
+	// Cross reference the accounts first
+	if len(al) != len(other) {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Given that len(al) == len(other), we only need to check that
+	// all the items from al are in other.
+	for addr := range al {
+		if _, ok := other[addr]; !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Accounts match, cross reference the storage slots too
+	for addr, slots := range al {
+		otherslots := other[addr]
+
+		if len(slots) != len(otherslots) {
+			return false
+		}
+		// Given that len(slots) == len(otherslots), we only need to check that
+		// all the items from slots are in otherslots.
+		for hash := range slots {
+			if _, ok := otherslots[hash]; !ok {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// accesslist converts the accesslist to a types.AccessList.
+func (al accessList) accessList() transaction.AccessList {
+	acl := make(transaction.AccessList, 0, len(al))
+	for addr, slots := range al {
+		tuple := transaction.AccessTuple{Address: addr, StorageKeys: []common.Hash{}}
+		for slot := range slots {
+			tuple.StorageKeys = append(tuple.StorageKeys, slot)
+		}
+		acl = append(acl, tuple)
+	}
+	return acl
+}
+
+// AccessListTracer is a tracer that accumulates touched accounts and storage
+// slots into an internal set.
+type AccessListTracer struct {
+	excl map[common.Address]struct{} // Set of account to exclude from the list
+	list accessList                  // Set of accounts and storage slots touched
+}
+
+// NewAccessListTracer creates a new tracer that can generate AccessLists.
+// An optional AccessList can be specified to occupy slots and addresses in
+// the resulting accesslist.
+func NewAccessListTracer(acl transaction.AccessList, from, to common.Address, precompiles []common.Address) *AccessListTracer {
+	excl := map[common.Address]struct{}{
+		from: {}, to: {},
+	}
+	for _, addr := range precompiles {
+		excl[addr] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	list := newAccessList()
+	for _, al := range acl {
+		if _, ok := excl[al.Address]; !ok {
+			list.addAddress(al.Address)
+		}
+		for _, slot := range al.StorageKeys {
+			list.addSlot(al.Address, slot)
+		}
+	}
+	return &AccessListTracer{
+		excl: excl,
+		list: list,
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *AccessListTracer) CaptureStart(env *vm.EVM, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) {
+}
+
+// CaptureState captures all opcodes that touch storage or addresses and adds them to the accesslist.
+func (a *AccessListTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	stackData := stack.Data
+	stackLen := len(stackData)
+	if (op == vm.SLOAD || op == vm.SSTORE) && stackLen >= 1 {
+		slot := common.Hash(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes32())
+		a.list.addSlot(scope.Contract.Address(), slot)
+	}
+	if (op == vm.EXTCODECOPY || op == vm.EXTCODEHASH || op == vm.EXTCODESIZE || op == vm.BALANCE || op == vm.SELFDESTRUCT) && stackLen >= 1 {
+		addr := common.Address(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes20())
+		if _, ok := a.excl[addr]; !ok {
+			a.list.addAddress(addr)
+		}
+	}
+	if (op == vm.DELEGATECALL || op == vm.CALL || op == vm.STATICCALL || op == vm.CALLCODE) && stackLen >= 5 {
+		addr := common.Address(stackData[stackLen-2].Bytes20())
+		if _, ok := a.excl[addr]; !ok {
+			a.list.addAddress(addr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (*AccessListTracer) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+}
+
+func (*AccessListTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {}
+
+func (*AccessListTracer) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) {
+}
+
+func (*AccessListTracer) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {}
+
+func (*AccessListTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {}
+
+func (*AccessListTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {}
+
+// AccessList returns the current accesslist maintained by the tracer.
+func (a *AccessListTracer) AccessList() transaction.AccessList {
+	return a.list.accessList()
+}
+
+// Equal returns if the content of two access list traces are equal.
+func (a *AccessListTracer) Equal(other *AccessListTracer) bool {
+	return a.list.equal(other.list)
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/logger/gen_structlog.go b/internal/tracers/logger/gen_structlog.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe2d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/logger/gen_structlog.go
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package logger
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+var _ = (*structLogMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (s StructLog) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type StructLog struct {
+		Pc            uint64                    `json:"pc"`
+		Op            vm.OpCode                 `json:"op"`
+		Gas           math.HexOrDecimal64       `json:"gas"`
+		GasCost       math.HexOrDecimal64       `json:"gasCost"`
+		Memory        hexutil.Bytes             `json:"memory,omitempty"`
+		MemorySize    int                       `json:"memSize"`
+		Stack         []uint256.Int             `json:"stack"`
+		ReturnData    hexutil.Bytes             `json:"returnData,omitempty"`
+		Storage       map[types.Hash]types.Hash `json:"-"`
+		Depth         int                       `json:"depth"`
+		RefundCounter uint64                    `json:"refund"`
+		Err           error                     `json:"-"`
+		OpName        string                    `json:"opName"`
+		ErrorString   string                    `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var enc StructLog
+	enc.Pc = s.Pc
+	enc.Op = s.Op
+	enc.Gas = math.HexOrDecimal64(s.Gas)
+	enc.GasCost = math.HexOrDecimal64(s.GasCost)
+	enc.Memory = s.Memory
+	enc.MemorySize = s.MemorySize
+	enc.Stack = s.Stack
+	enc.ReturnData = s.ReturnData
+	enc.Storage = s.Storage
+	enc.Depth = s.Depth
+	enc.RefundCounter = s.RefundCounter
+	enc.Err = s.Err
+	enc.OpName = s.OpName()
+	enc.ErrorString = s.ErrorString()
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (s *StructLog) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type StructLog struct {
+		Pc            *uint64                   `json:"pc"`
+		Op            *vm.OpCode                `json:"op"`
+		Gas           *math.HexOrDecimal64      `json:"gas"`
+		GasCost       *math.HexOrDecimal64      `json:"gasCost"`
+		Memory        *hexutil.Bytes            `json:"memory,omitempty"`
+		MemorySize    *int                      `json:"memSize"`
+		Stack         []uint256.Int             `json:"stack"`
+		ReturnData    *hexutil.Bytes            `json:"returnData,omitempty"`
+		Storage       map[types.Hash]types.Hash `json:"-"`
+		Depth         *int                      `json:"depth"`
+		RefundCounter *uint64                   `json:"refund"`
+		Err           error                     `json:"-"`
+	}
+	var dec StructLog
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Pc != nil {
+		s.Pc = *dec.Pc
+	}
+	if dec.Op != nil {
+		s.Op = *dec.Op
+	}
+	if dec.Gas != nil {
+		s.Gas = uint64(*dec.Gas)
+	}
+	if dec.GasCost != nil {
+		s.GasCost = uint64(*dec.GasCost)
+	}
+	if dec.Memory != nil {
+		s.Memory = *dec.Memory
+	}
+	if dec.MemorySize != nil {
+		s.MemorySize = *dec.MemorySize
+	}
+	if dec.Stack != nil {
+		s.Stack = dec.Stack
+	}
+	if dec.ReturnData != nil {
+		s.ReturnData = *dec.ReturnData
+	}
+	if dec.Storage != nil {
+		s.Storage = dec.Storage
+	}
+	if dec.Depth != nil {
+		s.Depth = *dec.Depth
+	}
+	if dec.RefundCounter != nil {
+		s.RefundCounter = *dec.RefundCounter
+	}
+	if dec.Err != nil {
+		s.Err = dec.Err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/logger/logger.go b/internal/tracers/logger/logger.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81822ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/logger/logger.go
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package logger
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	types "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Storage represents a contract's storage.
+type Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash
+
+// Copy duplicates the current storage.
+func (s Storage) Copy() Storage {
+	cpy := make(Storage, len(s))
+	for key, value := range s {
+		cpy[key] = value
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// Config are the configuration options for structured logger the EVM
+type Config struct {
+	EnableMemory     bool // enable memory capture
+	DisableStack     bool // disable stack capture
+	DisableStorage   bool // disable storage capture
+	EnableReturnData bool // enable return data capture
+	Debug            bool // print output during capture end
+	Limit            int  // maximum length of output, but zero means unlimited
+	// Chain overrides, can be used to execute a trace using future fork rules
+	Overrides *params.ChainConfig `json:"overrides,omitempty"`
+}
+
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type StructLog -field-override structLogMarshaling -out gen_structlog.go
+
+// StructLog is emitted to the EVM each cycle and lists information about the current internal state
+// prior to the execution of the statement.
+type StructLog struct {
+	Pc            uint64                      `json:"pc"`
+	Op            vm.OpCode                   `json:"op"`
+	Gas           uint64                      `json:"gas"`
+	GasCost       uint64                      `json:"gasCost"`
+	Memory        []byte                      `json:"memory,omitempty"`
+	MemorySize    int                         `json:"memSize"`
+	Stack         []uint256.Int               `json:"stack"`
+	ReturnData    []byte                      `json:"returnData,omitempty"`
+	Storage       map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"-"`
+	Depth         int                         `json:"depth"`
+	RefundCounter uint64                      `json:"refund"`
+	Err           error                       `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// overrides for gencodec
+type structLogMarshaling struct {
+	Gas         math.HexOrDecimal64
+	GasCost     math.HexOrDecimal64
+	Memory      hexutil.Bytes
+	ReturnData  hexutil.Bytes
+	OpName      string `json:"opName"`          // adds call to OpName() in MarshalJSON
+	ErrorString string `json:"error,omitempty"` // adds call to ErrorString() in MarshalJSON
+}
+
+// OpName formats the operand name in a human-readable format.
+func (s *StructLog) OpName() string {
+	return s.Op.String()
+}
+
+// ErrorString formats the log's error as a string.
+func (s *StructLog) ErrorString() string {
+	if s.Err != nil {
+		return s.Err.Error()
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// StructLogger is an EVM state logger and implements EVMLogger.
+//
+// StructLogger can capture state based on the given Log configuration and also keeps
+// a track record of modified storage which is used in reporting snapshots of the
+// contract their storage.
+type StructLogger struct {
+	cfg Config
+	env *vm.EVM
+
+	storage  map[common.Address]Storage
+	logs     []StructLog
+	output   []byte
+	err      error
+	gasLimit uint64
+	usedGas  uint64
+
+	interrupt uint32 // Atomic flag to signal execution interruption
+	reason    error  // Textual reason for the interruption
+}
+
+// NewStructLogger returns a new logger
+func NewStructLogger(cfg *Config) *StructLogger {
+	logger := &StructLogger{
+		storage: make(map[common.Address]Storage),
+	}
+	if cfg != nil {
+		logger.cfg = *cfg
+	}
+	return logger
+}
+
+// Reset clears the data held by the logger.
+func (l *StructLogger) Reset() {
+	l.storage = make(map[common.Address]Storage)
+	l.output = make([]byte, 0)
+	l.logs = l.logs[:0]
+	l.err = nil
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	l.env = env.(*vm.EVM)
+}
+
+// CaptureState logs a new structured log message and pushes it out to the environment
+//
+// CaptureState also tracks SLOAD/SSTORE ops to track storage change.
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	// If tracing was interrupted, set the error and stop
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&l.interrupt) > 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// check if already accumulated the specified number of logs
+	if l.cfg.Limit != 0 && l.cfg.Limit <= len(l.logs) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	memory := scope.Memory
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	contract := scope.Contract
+	// Copy a snapshot of the current memory state to a new buffer
+	var mem []byte
+	if l.cfg.EnableMemory {
+		mem = make([]byte, len(memory.Data()))
+		copy(mem, memory.Data())
+	}
+	// Copy a snapshot of the current stack state to a new buffer
+	var stck []uint256.Int
+	if !l.cfg.DisableStack {
+		stck = make([]uint256.Int, len(stack.Data))
+		for i, item := range stack.Data {
+			stck[i] = item
+		}
+	}
+	stackData := stack.Data
+	stackLen := len(stackData)
+	// Copy a snapshot of the current storage to a new container
+	var storage Storage
+	if !l.cfg.DisableStorage && (op == vm.SLOAD || op == vm.SSTORE) {
+		// initialise new changed values storage container for this contract
+		// if not present.
+		if l.storage[contract.Address()] == nil {
+			l.storage[contract.Address()] = make(Storage)
+		}
+		// capture SLOAD opcodes and record the read entry in the local storage
+		if op == vm.SLOAD && stackLen >= 1 {
+			var (
+				address = common.Hash(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes32())
+				value   uint256.Int
+			)
+			l.env.IntraBlockState().GetState(contract.Address(), &address, &value)
+			l.storage[contract.Address()][address] = value.Bytes32()
+			storage = l.storage[contract.Address()].Copy()
+		} else if op == vm.SSTORE && stackLen >= 2 {
+			// capture SSTORE opcodes and record the written entry in the local storage.
+			var (
+				value   = common.Hash(stackData[stackLen-2].Bytes32())
+				address = common.Hash(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes32())
+			)
+			l.storage[contract.Address()][address] = value
+			storage = l.storage[contract.Address()].Copy()
+		}
+	}
+	var rdata []byte
+	if l.cfg.EnableReturnData {
+		rdata = make([]byte, len(rData))
+		copy(rdata, rData)
+	}
+	// create a new snapshot of the EVM.
+	log := StructLog{pc, op, gas, cost, mem, memory.Len(), stck, rdata, storage, depth, l.env.IntraBlockState().GetRefund(), err}
+	l.logs = append(l.logs, log)
+}
+
+// CaptureFault implements the EVMLogger interface to trace an execution fault
+// while running an opcode.
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	l.output = output
+	l.err = err
+	if l.cfg.Debug {
+		fmt.Printf("%#x\n", output)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf(" error: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+}
+
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+}
+
+func (l *StructLogger) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	// Tracing aborted
+	if l.reason != nil {
+		return nil, l.reason
+	}
+	failed := l.err != nil
+	returnData := common.CopyBytes(l.output)
+	// Return data when successful and revert reason when reverted, otherwise empty.
+	returnVal := fmt.Sprintf("%x", returnData)
+	if failed && l.err != vm.ErrExecutionReverted {
+		returnVal = ""
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(&ExecutionResult{
+		Gas:         l.usedGas,
+		Failed:      failed,
+		ReturnValue: returnVal,
+		StructLogs:  formatLogs(l.StructLogs()),
+	})
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (l *StructLogger) Stop(err error) {
+	l.reason = err
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&l.interrupt, 1)
+}
+
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {
+	l.gasLimit = gasLimit
+}
+
+func (l *StructLogger) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {
+	l.usedGas = l.gasLimit - restGas
+}
+
+// StructLogs returns the captured log entries.
+func (l *StructLogger) StructLogs() []StructLog { return l.logs }
+
+// Error returns the VM error captured by the trace.
+func (l *StructLogger) Error() error { return l.err }
+
+// Output returns the VM return value captured by the trace.
+func (l *StructLogger) Output() []byte { return l.output }
+
+// WriteTrace writes a formatted trace to the given writer
+func WriteTrace(writer io.Writer, logs []StructLog) {
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%-16spc=%08d gas=%v cost=%v", log.Op, log.Pc, log.Gas, log.GasCost)
+		if log.Err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(writer, " ERROR: %v", log.Err)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(writer)
+
+		if len(log.Stack) > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintln(writer, "Stack:")
+			for i := len(log.Stack) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+				fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%08d  %s\n", len(log.Stack)-i-1, log.Stack[i].Hex())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(log.Memory) > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintln(writer, "Memory:")
+			fmt.Fprint(writer, hex.Dump(log.Memory))
+		}
+		if len(log.Storage) > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintln(writer, "Storage:")
+			for h, item := range log.Storage {
+				fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%x: %x\n", h, item)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(log.ReturnData) > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintln(writer, "ReturnData:")
+			fmt.Fprint(writer, hex.Dump(log.ReturnData))
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(writer)
+	}
+}
+
+// WriteLogs writes vm logs in a readable format to the given writer
+func WriteLogs(writer io.Writer, logs []*types.Log) {
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		fmt.Fprintf(writer, "LOG%d: %x bn=%d txi=%x\n", len(log.Topics), log.Address, log.BlockNumber, log.TxIndex)
+
+		for i, topic := range log.Topics {
+			fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%08d  %x\n", i, topic)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Fprint(writer, hex.Dump(log.Data))
+		fmt.Fprintln(writer)
+	}
+}
+
+type mdLogger struct {
+	out io.Writer
+	cfg *Config
+	env vm.VMInterface
+}
+
+// NewMarkdownLogger creates a logger which outputs information in a format adapted
+// for human readability, and is also a valid markdown table
+func NewMarkdownLogger(cfg *Config, writer io.Writer) *mdLogger {
+	l := &mdLogger{writer, cfg, nil}
+	if l.cfg == nil {
+		l.cfg = &Config{}
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) captureStartOrEnter(from, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	if !create {
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "From: `%v`\nTo: `%v`\nData: `0x%x`\nGas: `%d`\nValue `%v` wei\n",
+			from.String(), to.String(),
+			input, gas, value)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "From: `%v`\nCreate at: `%v`\nData: `0x%x`\nGas: `%d`\nValue `%v` wei\n",
+			from.String(), to.String(),
+			input, gas, value)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, `
+|  Pc   |      Op     | Cost |   Stack   |   RStack  |  Refund |
+|-------|-------------|------|-----------|-----------|---------|
+`)
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) { //nolint:interfacer
+	t.env = env
+	t.captureStartOrEnter(from, to, create, input, gas, value)
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) { //nolint:interfacer
+	t.captureStartOrEnter(from, to, false, input, gas, value)
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	stack := scope.Stack
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "| %4d  | %10v  |  %3d |", pc, op, cost)
+
+	if !t.cfg.DisableStack {
+		// format stack
+		var a []string
+		for _, elem := range stack.Data {
+			a = append(a, fmt.Sprintf("%v", elem.String()))
+		}
+		b := fmt.Sprintf("[%v]", strings.Join(a, ","))
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%10v |", b)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%10v |", t.env.IntraBlockState().GetRefund())
+	fmt.Fprintln(t.out, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "Error: %v\n", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "\nError: at pc=%d, op=%v: %v\n", pc, op, err)
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) captureEndOrExit(output []byte, usedGas uint64, err error) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "\nOutput: `0x%x`\nConsumed gas: `%d`\nError: `%v`\n",
+		output, usedGas, err)
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureEnd(output []byte, usedGas uint64, err error) {
+	t.captureEndOrExit(output, usedGas, err)
+}
+
+func (t *mdLogger) CaptureExit(output []byte, usedGas uint64, err error) {
+	t.captureEndOrExit(output, usedGas, err)
+}
+
+// ExecutionResult groups all structured logs emitted by the EVM
+// while replaying a transaction in debug mode as well as transaction
+// execution status, the amount of gas used and the return value
+type ExecutionResult struct {
+	Gas         uint64         `json:"gas"`
+	Failed      bool           `json:"failed"`
+	ReturnValue string         `json:"returnValue"`
+	StructLogs  []StructLogRes `json:"structLogs"`
+}
+
+// StructLogRes stores a structured log emitted by the EVM while replaying a
+// transaction in debug mode
+type StructLogRes struct {
+	Pc            uint64             `json:"pc"`
+	Op            string             `json:"op"`
+	Gas           uint64             `json:"gas"`
+	GasCost       uint64             `json:"gasCost"`
+	Depth         int                `json:"depth"`
+	Error         string             `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Stack         *[]string          `json:"stack,omitempty"`
+	Memory        *[]string          `json:"memory,omitempty"`
+	Storage       *map[string]string `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+	RefundCounter uint64             `json:"refund,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// formatLogs formats EVM returned structured logs for json output
+func formatLogs(logs []StructLog) []StructLogRes {
+	formatted := make([]StructLogRes, len(logs))
+	for index, trace := range logs {
+		formatted[index] = StructLogRes{
+			Pc:            trace.Pc,
+			Op:            trace.Op.String(),
+			Gas:           trace.Gas,
+			GasCost:       trace.GasCost,
+			Depth:         trace.Depth,
+			Error:         trace.ErrorString(),
+			RefundCounter: trace.RefundCounter,
+		}
+		if trace.Stack != nil {
+			stack := make([]string, len(trace.Stack))
+			for i, stackValue := range trace.Stack {
+				stack[i] = stackValue.Hex()
+			}
+			formatted[index].Stack = &stack
+		}
+		if trace.Memory != nil {
+			memory := make([]string, 0, (len(trace.Memory)+31)/32)
+			for i := 0; i+32 <= len(trace.Memory); i += 32 {
+				memory = append(memory, fmt.Sprintf("%x", trace.Memory[i:i+32]))
+			}
+			formatted[index].Memory = &memory
+		}
+		if trace.Storage != nil {
+			storage := make(map[string]string)
+			for i, storageValue := range trace.Storage {
+				storage[fmt.Sprintf("%x", i)] = fmt.Sprintf("%x", storageValue)
+			}
+			formatted[index].Storage = &storage
+		}
+	}
+	return formatted
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/logger/logger_json.go b/internal/tracers/logger/logger_json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2261d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/logger/logger_json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package logger
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+type JSONLogger struct {
+	encoder *json.Encoder
+	cfg     *Config
+	env     *vm.EVM
+}
+
+// NewJSONLogger creates a new EVM tracer that prints execution steps as JSON objects
+// into the provided stream.
+func NewJSONLogger(cfg *Config, writer io.Writer) *JSONLogger {
+	l := &JSONLogger{encoder: json.NewEncoder(writer), cfg: cfg}
+	if l.cfg == nil {
+		l.cfg = &Config{}
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureStart(env *vm.EVM, from, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) {
+	l.env = env
+}
+
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas uint64, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+	// TODO: Add rData to this interface as well
+	l.CaptureState(pc, op, gas, cost, scope, nil, depth, err)
+}
+
+// CaptureState outputs state information on the logger.
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	memory := scope.Memory
+	stack := scope.Stack
+
+	log := StructLog{
+		Pc:            pc,
+		Op:            op,
+		Gas:           gas,
+		GasCost:       cost,
+		MemorySize:    memory.Len(),
+		Depth:         depth,
+		RefundCounter: l.env.IntraBlockState().GetRefund(),
+		Err:           err,
+	}
+	if l.cfg.EnableMemory {
+		log.Memory = memory.Data()
+	}
+	if !l.cfg.DisableStack {
+		log.Stack = stack.Data
+	}
+	if l.cfg.EnableReturnData {
+		log.ReturnData = rData
+	}
+	l.encoder.Encode(log)
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is triggered at end of execution.
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	type endLog struct {
+		Output  string              `json:"output"`
+		GasUsed math.HexOrDecimal64 `json:"gasUsed"`
+		Err     string              `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var errMsg string
+	if err != nil {
+		errMsg = err.Error()
+	}
+	l.encoder.Encode(endLog{common.Bytes2Hex(output), math.HexOrDecimal64(gasUsed), errMsg})
+}
+
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) {
+}
+
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {}
+
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {}
+
+func (l *JSONLogger) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/logger/logger_test.go b/internal/tracers/logger/logger_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e89ba02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/logger/logger_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package logger
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+)
+
+type dummyContractRef struct {
+	calledForEach bool
+}
+
+func (dummyContractRef) Address() common.Address     { return common.Address{} }
+func (dummyContractRef) Value() *big.Int             { return new(big.Int) }
+func (dummyContractRef) SetCode(common.Hash, []byte) {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) ForEachStorage(callback func(key, value common.Hash) bool) {
+	d.calledForEach = true
+}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) SubBalance(amount *big.Int) {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) AddBalance(amount *big.Int) {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) SetBalance(*big.Int)        {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) SetNonce(uint64)            {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) Balance() *big.Int          { return new(big.Int) }
+
+type dummyStatedb struct {
+	state.IntraBlockState
+}
+
+func (*dummyStatedb) GetRefund() uint64                                         { return 1337 }
+func (*dummyStatedb) GetState(_ common.Address, _ *common.Hash, _ *uint256.Int) {}
+func (*dummyStatedb) SetState(_ common.Address, _ *common.Hash, _ uint256.Int)  {}
+
+//func TestStoreCapture(t *testing.T) {
+//	var (
+//		logger   = NewStructLogger(nil)
+//		env      = vm.NewEVM(evmtypes.BlockContext{}, evmtypes.TxContext{}, &dummyStatedb{*state.New(nil)}, params.TestChainConfig, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: logger})
+//		contract = vm.NewContract(&dummyContractRef{}, &dummyContractRef{}, new(uint256.Int), 100000, false)
+//	)
+//	contract.Code = []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x1, byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x0, byte(vm.SSTORE)}
+//	var index common.Hash
+//	logger.CaptureStart(env, common.Address{}, contract.Address(), false, nil, 0, nil)
+//	_, err := env.Interpreter().Run(contract, []byte{}, false)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	if len(logger.storage[contract.Address()]) == 0 {
+//		t.Fatalf("expected exactly 1 changed value on address %x, got %d", contract.Address(),
+//			len(logger.storage[contract.Address()]))
+//	}
+//	exp := common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(1))
+//	if logger.storage[contract.Address()][index] != exp {
+//		t.Errorf("expected %x, got %x", exp, logger.storage[contract.Address()][index])
+//	}
+//}
+
+// Tests that blank fields don't appear in logs when JSON marshalled, to reduce
+// logs bloat and confusion. See https://github.com/astranetworld/ast/issues/24487
+func TestStructLogMarshalingOmitEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		log  *StructLog
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"empty err and no fields", &StructLog{},
+			`{"pc":0,"op":0,"gas":"0x0","gasCost":"0x0","memSize":0,"stack":null,"depth":0,"refund":0,"opName":"STOP"}`},
+		{"with err", &StructLog{Err: fmt.Errorf("this failed")},
+			`{"pc":0,"op":0,"gas":"0x0","gasCost":"0x0","memSize":0,"stack":null,"depth":0,"refund":0,"opName":"STOP","error":"this failed"}`},
+		{"with mem", &StructLog{Memory: make([]byte, 2), MemorySize: 2},
+			`{"pc":0,"op":0,"gas":"0x0","gasCost":"0x0","memory":"0x0000","memSize":2,"stack":null,"depth":0,"refund":0,"opName":"STOP"}`},
+		{"with 0-size mem", &StructLog{Memory: make([]byte, 0)},
+			`{"pc":0,"op":0,"gas":"0x0","gasCost":"0x0","memSize":0,"stack":null,"depth":0,"refund":0,"opName":"STOP"}`},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			blob, err := json.Marshal(tt.log)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if have, want := string(blob), tt.want; have != want {
+				t.Fatalf("mismatched results\n\thave: %v\n\twant: %v", have, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/4byte.go b/internal/tracers/native/4byte.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16f237a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/4byte.go
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("4byteTracer", newFourByteTracer, false)
+}
+
+// fourByteTracer searches for 4byte-identifiers, and collects them for post-processing.
+// It collects the methods identifiers along with the size of the supplied data, so
+// a reversed signature can be matched against the size of the data.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	> debug.traceTransaction( "0x214e597e35da083692f5386141e69f47e973b2c56e7a8073b1ea08fd7571e9de", {tracer: "4byteTracer"})
+//	{
+//	  0x27dc297e-128: 1,
+//	  0x38cc4831-0: 2,
+//	  0x524f3889-96: 1,
+//	  0xadf59f99-288: 1,
+//	  0xc281d19e-0: 1
+//	}
+type fourByteTracer struct {
+	noopTracer
+	ids               map[string]int   // ids aggregates the 4byte ids found
+	interrupt         uint32           // Atomic flag to signal execution interruption
+	reason            error            // Textual reason for the interruption
+	activePrecompiles []common.Address // Updated on CaptureStart based on given rules
+}
+
+// newFourByteTracer returns a native go tracer which collects
+// 4 byte-identifiers of a tx, and implements vm.EVMLogger.
+func newFourByteTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, _ json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	t := &fourByteTracer{
+		ids: make(map[string]int),
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// isPrecompiled returns whether the addr is a precompile. Logic borrowed from newJsTracer in eth/tracers/js/tracer.go
+func (t *fourByteTracer) isPrecompiled(addr common.Address) bool {
+	for _, p := range t.activePrecompiles {
+		if p == addr {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// store saves the given identifier and datasize.
+func (t *fourByteTracer) store(id []byte, size int) {
+	key := bytesToHex(id) + "-" + strconv.Itoa(size)
+	t.ids[key] += 1
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *fourByteTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	// Update list of precompiles based on current block
+	rules := env.ChainConfig().Rules(env.Context().BlockNumber)
+	t.activePrecompiles = vm.ActivePrecompiles(rules)
+
+	// Save the outer calldata also
+	if len(input) >= 4 {
+		t.store(input[0:4], len(input)-4)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnter is called when EVM enters a new scope (via call, create or selfdestruct).
+func (t *fourByteTracer) CaptureEnter(op vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	// Skip if tracing was interrupted
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&t.interrupt) > 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(input) < 4 {
+		return
+	}
+	// primarily we want to avoid CREATE/CREATE2/SELFDESTRUCT
+	if op != vm.DELEGATECALL && op != vm.STATICCALL &&
+		op != vm.CALL && op != vm.CALLCODE {
+		return
+	}
+	// Skip any pre-compile invocations, those are just fancy opcodes
+	if t.isPrecompiled(to) {
+		return
+	}
+	t.store(input[0:4], len(input)-4)
+}
+
+// GetResult returns the json-encoded nested list of call traces, and any
+// error arising from the encoding or forceful termination (via `Stop`).
+func (t *fourByteTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	res, err := json.Marshal(t.ids)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return res, t.reason
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *fourByteTracer) Stop(err error) {
+	t.reason = err
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&t.interrupt, 1)
+}
+
+func bytesToHex(s []byte) string {
+	return "0x" + common.Bytes2Hex(s)
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/call.go b/internal/tracers/native/call.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a79e5c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/call.go
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type callFrame -field-override callFrameMarshaling -out gen_callframe_json.go
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("callTracer", newCallTracer, false)
+}
+
+type callLog struct {
+	Address common.Address `json:"address"`
+	Topics  []common.Hash  `json:"topics"`
+	Data    hexutil.Bytes  `json:"data"`
+}
+
+type callFrame struct {
+	Type         vm.OpCode       `json:"-"`
+	From         common.Address  `json:"from"`
+	Gas          uint64          `json:"gas"`
+	GasUsed      uint64          `json:"gasUsed"`
+	To           *common.Address `json:"to,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+	Input        []byte          `json:"input" rlp:"optional"`
+	Output       []byte          `json:"output,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+	Error        string          `json:"error,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+	RevertReason string          `json:"revertReason,omitempty"`
+	Calls        []callFrame     `json:"calls,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+	Logs         []callLog       `json:"logs,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+	// Placed at end on purpose. The RLP will be decoded to 0 instead of
+	// nil if there are non-empty elements after in the struct.
+	Value *big.Int `json:"value,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+}
+
+func (f callFrame) TypeString() string {
+	return f.Type.String()
+}
+
+func (f callFrame) failed() bool {
+	return len(f.Error) > 0
+}
+
+func (f *callFrame) processOutput(output []byte, err error) {
+	output = common.CopyBytes(output)
+	if err == nil {
+		f.Output = output
+		return
+	}
+	f.Error = err.Error()
+	if f.Type == vm.CREATE || f.Type == vm.CREATE2 {
+		f.To = nil
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, vm.ErrExecutionReverted) || len(output) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	f.Output = output
+	if len(output) < 4 {
+		return
+	}
+	if unpacked, err := abi.UnpackRevert(output); err == nil {
+		f.RevertReason = unpacked
+	}
+}
+
+type callFrameMarshaling struct {
+	TypeString string `json:"type"`
+	Gas        hexutil.Uint64
+	GasUsed    hexutil.Uint64
+	Value      *hexutil.Big
+	Input      hexutil.Bytes
+	Output     hexutil.Bytes
+}
+
+type callTracer struct {
+	noopTracer
+	callstack []callFrame
+	config    callTracerConfig
+	gasLimit  uint64
+	interrupt uint32 // Atomic flag to signal execution interruption
+	reason    error  // Textual reason for the interruption
+}
+
+type callTracerConfig struct {
+	OnlyTopCall bool `json:"onlyTopCall"` // If true, call tracer won't collect any subcalls
+	WithLog     bool `json:"withLog"`     // If true, call tracer will collect event logs
+}
+
+// newCallTracer returns a native go tracer which tracks
+// call frames of a tx, and implements vm.EVMLogger.
+func newCallTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	var config callTracerConfig
+	if cfg != nil {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(cfg, &config); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	// First callframe contains tx context info
+	// and is populated on start and end.
+	return &callTracer{callstack: make([]callFrame, 1), config: config}, nil
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+
+	var v *big.Int
+	if value != nil {
+		v = value.ToBig()
+	}
+
+	toCopy := to
+	t.callstack[0] = callFrame{
+		Type:  vm.CALL,
+		From:  from,
+		To:    &toCopy,
+		Input: common.CopyBytes(input),
+		Gas:   gas,
+		Value: v,
+	}
+	if create {
+		t.callstack[0].Type = vm.CREATE
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	t.callstack[0].processOutput(output, err)
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the EVMLogger interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	// Only logs need to be captured via opcode processing
+	if !t.config.WithLog {
+		return
+	}
+	// Avoid processing nested calls when only caring about top call
+	if t.config.OnlyTopCall && depth > 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Skip if tracing was interrupted
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&t.interrupt) > 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	switch op {
+	case vm.LOG0, vm.LOG1, vm.LOG2, vm.LOG3, vm.LOG4:
+		size := int(op - vm.LOG0)
+
+		stack := scope.Stack
+		stackData := stack.Data
+
+		// Don't modify the stack
+		mStart := stackData[len(stackData)-1]
+		mSize := stackData[len(stackData)-2]
+		topics := make([]common.Hash, size)
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			topic := stackData[len(stackData)-2-(i+1)]
+			topics[i] = common.Hash(topic.Bytes32())
+		}
+
+		data := scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(mStart.Uint64()), int64(mSize.Uint64()))
+		log := callLog{Address: scope.Contract.Address(), Topics: topics, Data: hexutil.Bytes(data)}
+		t.callstack[len(t.callstack)-1].Logs = append(t.callstack[len(t.callstack)-1].Logs, log)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnter is called when EVM enters a new scope (via call, create or selfdestruct).
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	if t.config.OnlyTopCall {
+		return
+	}
+	// Skip if tracing was interrupted
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&t.interrupt) > 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var v *big.Int
+	if value != nil {
+		v = value.ToBig()
+	}
+
+	toCopy := to
+	call := callFrame{
+		Type:  typ,
+		From:  from,
+		To:    &toCopy,
+		Input: common.CopyBytes(input),
+		Gas:   gas,
+		Value: v,
+	}
+	t.callstack = append(t.callstack, call)
+}
+
+// CaptureExit is called when EVM exits a scope, even if the scope didn't
+// execute any code.
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	if t.config.OnlyTopCall {
+		return
+	}
+	size := len(t.callstack)
+	if size <= 1 {
+		return
+	}
+	// pop call
+	call := t.callstack[size-1]
+	t.callstack = t.callstack[:size-1]
+	size -= 1
+
+	call.GasUsed = gasUsed
+	call.processOutput(output, err)
+	t.callstack[size-1].Calls = append(t.callstack[size-1].Calls, call)
+}
+
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {
+	t.gasLimit = gasLimit
+}
+
+func (t *callTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {
+	t.callstack[0].GasUsed = t.gasLimit - restGas
+	if t.config.WithLog {
+		// Logs are not emitted when the call fails
+		clearFailedLogs(&t.callstack[0], false)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetResult returns the json-encoded nested list of call traces, and any
+// error arising from the encoding or forceful termination (via `Stop`).
+func (t *callTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	if len(t.callstack) != 1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("incorrect number of top-level calls")
+	}
+
+	res, err := json.Marshal(t.callstack[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return json.RawMessage(res), t.reason
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *callTracer) Stop(err error) {
+	t.reason = err
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&t.interrupt, 1)
+}
+
+// clearFailedLogs clears the logs of a callframe and all its children
+// in case of execution failure.
+func clearFailedLogs(cf *callFrame, parentFailed bool) {
+	failed := cf.failed() || parentFailed
+	// Clear own logs
+	if failed {
+		cf.Logs = nil
+	}
+	for i := range cf.Calls {
+		clearFailedLogs(&cf.Calls[i], failed)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/call_flat.go b/internal/tracers/native/call_flat.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aeef70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/call_flat.go
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type flatCallAction -field-override flatCallActionMarshaling -out gen_flatcallaction_json.go
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type flatCallResult -field-override flatCallResultMarshaling -out gen_flatcallresult_json.go
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("flatCallTracer", newFlatCallTracer, false)
+}
+
+var parityErrorMapping = map[string]string{
+	"contract creation code storage out of gas": "Out of gas",
+	"out of gas":                      "Out of gas",
+	"gas uint64 overflow":             "Out of gas",
+	"max code size exceeded":          "Out of gas",
+	"invalid jump destination":        "Bad jump destination",
+	"execution reverted":              "Reverted",
+	"return data out of bounds":       "Out of bounds",
+	"stack limit reached 1024 (1023)": "Out of stack",
+	"precompiled failed":              "Built-in failed",
+	"invalid input length":            "Built-in failed",
+}
+
+var parityErrorMappingStartingWith = map[string]string{
+	"invalid opcode:": "Bad instruction",
+	"stack underflow": "Stack underflow",
+}
+
+// flatCallFrame is a standalone callframe.
+type flatCallFrame struct {
+	Action              flatCallAction  `json:"action"`
+	BlockHash           *common.Hash    `json:"blockHash"`
+	BlockNumber         uint64          `json:"blockNumber"`
+	Error               string          `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Result              *flatCallResult `json:"result,omitempty"`
+	Subtraces           int             `json:"subtraces"`
+	TraceAddress        []int           `json:"traceAddress"`
+	TransactionHash     *common.Hash    `json:"transactionHash"`
+	TransactionPosition uint64          `json:"transactionPosition"`
+	Type                string          `json:"type"`
+}
+
+type flatCallAction struct {
+	Author         *common.Address `json:"author,omitempty"`
+	RewardType     string          `json:"rewardType,omitempty"`
+	SelfDestructed *common.Address `json:"address,omitempty"`
+	Balance        *big.Int        `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+	CallType       string          `json:"callType,omitempty"`
+	CreationMethod string          `json:"creationMethod,omitempty"`
+	From           *common.Address `json:"from,omitempty"`
+	Gas            *uint64         `json:"gas,omitempty"`
+	Init           *[]byte         `json:"init,omitempty"`
+	Input          *[]byte         `json:"input,omitempty"`
+	RefundAddress  *common.Address `json:"refundAddress,omitempty"`
+	To             *common.Address `json:"to,omitempty"`
+	Value          *big.Int        `json:"value,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type flatCallActionMarshaling struct {
+	Balance *hexutil.Big
+	Gas     *hexutil.Uint64
+	Init    *hexutil.Bytes
+	Input   *hexutil.Bytes
+	Value   *hexutil.Big
+}
+
+type flatCallResult struct {
+	Address *common.Address `json:"address,omitempty"`
+	Code    *[]byte         `json:"code,omitempty"`
+	GasUsed *uint64         `json:"gasUsed,omitempty"`
+	Output  *[]byte         `json:"output,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type flatCallResultMarshaling struct {
+	Code    *hexutil.Bytes
+	GasUsed *hexutil.Uint64
+	Output  *hexutil.Bytes
+}
+
+// flatCallTracer reports call frame information of a tx in a flat format, i.e.
+// as opposed to the nested format of `callTracer`.
+type flatCallTracer struct {
+	tracer            *callTracer
+	config            flatCallTracerConfig
+	ctx               *tracers.Context // Holds tracer context data
+	reason            error            // Textual reason for the interruption
+	activePrecompiles []common.Address // Updated on CaptureStart based on given rules
+}
+
+type flatCallTracerConfig struct {
+	ConvertParityErrors bool `json:"convertParityErrors"` // If true, call tracer converts errors to parity format
+	IncludePrecompiles  bool `json:"includePrecompiles"`  // If true, call tracer includes calls to precompiled contracts
+}
+
+// newFlatCallTracer returns a new flatCallTracer.
+func newFlatCallTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	var config flatCallTracerConfig
+	if cfg != nil {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(cfg, &config); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("callTracer", ctx, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t, ok := tracer.(*callTracer)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("internal error: embedded tracer has wrong type")
+	}
+
+	return &flatCallTracer{tracer: t, ctx: ctx, config: config}, nil
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureStart(env, from, to, create, input, gas, value)
+	// Update list of precompiles based on current block
+	rules := env.ChainConfig().Rules(env.Context().BlockNumber)
+	t.activePrecompiles = vm.ActivePrecompiles(rules)
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureEnd(output, gasUsed, err)
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the EVMLogger interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureState(pc, op, gas, cost, scope, rData, depth, err)
+}
+
+// CaptureFault implements the EVMLogger interface to trace an execution fault.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureFault(pc, op, gas, cost, scope, depth, err)
+}
+
+// CaptureEnter is called when EVM enters a new scope (via call, create or selfdestruct).
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureEnter(typ, from, to, input, gas, value)
+
+	// Child calls must have a value, even if it's zero.
+	// Practically speaking, only STATICCALL has nil value. Set it to zero.
+	if t.tracer.callstack[len(t.tracer.callstack)-1].Value == nil && value == nil {
+		t.tracer.callstack[len(t.tracer.callstack)-1].Value = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureExit is called when EVM exits a scope, even if the scope didn't
+// execute any code.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureExit(output, gasUsed, err)
+
+	// Parity traces don't include CALL/STATICCALLs to precompiles.
+	// By default we remove them from the callstack.
+	if t.config.IncludePrecompiles {
+		return
+	}
+	var (
+		// call has been nested in parent
+		parent = t.tracer.callstack[len(t.tracer.callstack)-1]
+		call   = parent.Calls[len(parent.Calls)-1]
+		typ    = call.Type
+		to     = call.To
+	)
+	if typ == vm.CALL || typ == vm.STATICCALL {
+		if t.isPrecompiled(*to) {
+			t.tracer.callstack[len(t.tracer.callstack)-1].Calls = parent.Calls[:len(parent.Calls)-1]
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureTxStart(gasLimit)
+}
+
+func (t *flatCallTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {
+	t.tracer.CaptureTxEnd(restGas)
+}
+
+// GetResult returns an empty json object.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	if len(t.tracer.callstack) < 1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid number of calls")
+	}
+
+	flat, err := flatFromNested(&t.tracer.callstack[0], []int{}, t.config.ConvertParityErrors, t.ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	res, err := json.Marshal(flat)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return res, t.reason
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) Stop(err error) {
+	t.tracer.Stop(err)
+}
+
+// isPrecompiled returns whether the addr is a precompile.
+func (t *flatCallTracer) isPrecompiled(addr common.Address) bool {
+	for _, p := range t.activePrecompiles {
+		if p == addr {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func flatFromNested(input *callFrame, traceAddress []int, convertErrs bool, ctx *tracers.Context) (output []flatCallFrame, err error) {
+	var frame *flatCallFrame
+	switch input.Type {
+	case vm.CREATE, vm.CREATE2:
+		frame = newFlatCreate(input)
+	case vm.SELFDESTRUCT:
+		frame = newFlatSuicide(input)
+	case vm.CALL, vm.STATICCALL, vm.CALLCODE, vm.DELEGATECALL:
+		frame = newFlatCall(input)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unrecognized call frame type: %s", input.Type)
+	}
+
+	frame.TraceAddress = traceAddress
+	frame.Error = input.Error
+	frame.Subtraces = len(input.Calls)
+	fillCallFrameFromContext(frame, ctx)
+	if convertErrs {
+		convertErrorToParity(frame)
+	}
+
+	// Revert output contains useful information (revert reason).
+	// Otherwise discard result.
+	if input.Error != "" && input.Error != vm.ErrExecutionReverted.Error() {
+		frame.Result = nil
+	}
+
+	output = append(output, *frame)
+	if len(input.Calls) > 0 {
+		for i, childCall := range input.Calls {
+			childAddr := childTraceAddress(traceAddress, i)
+			childCallCopy := childCall
+			flat, err := flatFromNested(&childCallCopy, childAddr, convertErrs, ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			output = append(output, flat...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return output, nil
+}
+
+func newFlatCreate(input *callFrame) *flatCallFrame {
+	var (
+		actionInit = input.Input[:]
+		resultCode = input.Output[:]
+	)
+
+	return &flatCallFrame{
+		Type: strings.ToLower(vm.CREATE.String()),
+		Action: flatCallAction{
+			From:  &input.From,
+			Gas:   &input.Gas,
+			Value: input.Value,
+			Init:  &actionInit,
+		},
+		Result: &flatCallResult{
+			GasUsed: &input.GasUsed,
+			Address: input.To,
+			Code:    &resultCode,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newFlatCall(input *callFrame) *flatCallFrame {
+	var (
+		actionInput  = input.Input[:]
+		resultOutput = input.Output[:]
+	)
+
+	return &flatCallFrame{
+		Type: strings.ToLower(vm.CALL.String()),
+		Action: flatCallAction{
+			From:     &input.From,
+			To:       input.To,
+			Gas:      &input.Gas,
+			Value:    input.Value,
+			CallType: strings.ToLower(input.Type.String()),
+			Input:    &actionInput,
+		},
+		Result: &flatCallResult{
+			GasUsed: &input.GasUsed,
+			Output:  &resultOutput,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func newFlatSuicide(input *callFrame) *flatCallFrame {
+	return &flatCallFrame{
+		Type: "suicide",
+		Action: flatCallAction{
+			SelfDestructed: &input.From,
+			Balance:        input.Value,
+			RefundAddress:  input.To,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func fillCallFrameFromContext(callFrame *flatCallFrame, ctx *tracers.Context) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if ctx.BlockHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+		callFrame.BlockHash = &ctx.BlockHash
+	}
+	if ctx.BlockNumber != nil {
+		callFrame.BlockNumber = ctx.BlockNumber.Uint64()
+	}
+	if ctx.TxHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+		callFrame.TransactionHash = &ctx.TxHash
+	}
+	callFrame.TransactionPosition = uint64(ctx.TxIndex)
+}
+
+func convertErrorToParity(call *flatCallFrame) {
+	if call.Error == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if parityError, ok := parityErrorMapping[call.Error]; ok {
+		call.Error = parityError
+	} else {
+		for gethError, parityError := range parityErrorMappingStartingWith {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(call.Error, gethError) {
+				call.Error = parityError
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func childTraceAddress(a []int, i int) []int {
+	child := make([]int, 0, len(a)+1)
+	child = append(child, a...)
+	child = append(child, i)
+	return child
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go b/internal/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d934b79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+var _ = (*accountMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (a account) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type account struct {
+		Balance *hexutil.Big              `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		Code    hexutil.Bytes             `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		Nonce   uint64                    `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+		Storage map[types.Hash]types.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var enc account
+	enc.Balance = (*hexutil.Big)(a.Balance)
+	enc.Code = a.Code
+	enc.Nonce = a.Nonce
+	enc.Storage = a.Storage
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (a *account) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type account struct {
+		Balance *hexutil.Big              `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		Code    *hexutil.Bytes            `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		Nonce   *uint64                   `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+		Storage map[types.Hash]types.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var dec account
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Balance != nil {
+		a.Balance = (*big.Int)(dec.Balance)
+	}
+	if dec.Code != nil {
+		a.Code = *dec.Code
+	}
+	if dec.Nonce != nil {
+		a.Nonce = *dec.Nonce
+	}
+	if dec.Storage != nil {
+		a.Storage = dec.Storage
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/gen_callframe_json.go b/internal/tracers/native/gen_callframe_json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8330389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/gen_callframe_json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+var _ = (*callFrameMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (c callFrame) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type callFrame0 struct {
+		Type         vm.OpCode      `json:"-"`
+		From         types.Address  `json:"from"`
+		Gas          hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gas"`
+		GasUsed      hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"`
+		To           *types.Address `json:"to,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Input        hexutil.Bytes  `json:"input" rlp:"optional"`
+		Output       hexutil.Bytes  `json:"output,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Error        string         `json:"error,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		RevertReason string         `json:"revertReason,omitempty"`
+		Calls        []callFrame    `json:"calls,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Logs         []callLog      `json:"logs,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Value        *hexutil.Big   `json:"value,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		TypeString   string         `json:"type"`
+	}
+	var enc callFrame0
+	enc.Type = c.Type
+	enc.From = c.From
+	enc.Gas = hexutil.Uint64(c.Gas)
+	enc.GasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(c.GasUsed)
+	enc.To = c.To
+	enc.Input = c.Input
+	enc.Output = c.Output
+	enc.Error = c.Error
+	enc.RevertReason = c.RevertReason
+	enc.Calls = c.Calls
+	enc.Logs = c.Logs
+	enc.Value = (*hexutil.Big)(c.Value)
+	enc.TypeString = c.TypeString()
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (c *callFrame) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type callFrame0 struct {
+		Type         *vm.OpCode      `json:"-"`
+		From         *types.Address  `json:"from"`
+		Gas          *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gas"`
+		GasUsed      *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"`
+		To           *types.Address  `json:"to,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Input        *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"input" rlp:"optional"`
+		Output       *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"output,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Error        *string         `json:"error,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		RevertReason *string         `json:"revertReason,omitempty"`
+		Calls        []callFrame     `json:"calls,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Logs         []callLog       `json:"logs,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+		Value        *hexutil.Big    `json:"value,omitempty" rlp:"optional"`
+	}
+	var dec callFrame0
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Type != nil {
+		c.Type = *dec.Type
+	}
+	if dec.From != nil {
+		c.From = *dec.From
+	}
+	if dec.Gas != nil {
+		c.Gas = uint64(*dec.Gas)
+	}
+	if dec.GasUsed != nil {
+		c.GasUsed = uint64(*dec.GasUsed)
+	}
+	if dec.To != nil {
+		c.To = dec.To
+	}
+	if dec.Input != nil {
+		c.Input = *dec.Input
+	}
+	if dec.Output != nil {
+		c.Output = *dec.Output
+	}
+	if dec.Error != nil {
+		c.Error = *dec.Error
+	}
+	if dec.RevertReason != nil {
+		c.RevertReason = *dec.RevertReason
+	}
+	if dec.Calls != nil {
+		c.Calls = dec.Calls
+	}
+	if dec.Logs != nil {
+		c.Logs = dec.Logs
+	}
+	if dec.Value != nil {
+		c.Value = (*big.Int)(dec.Value)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/gen_flatcallaction_json.go b/internal/tracers/native/gen_flatcallaction_json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57f6351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/gen_flatcallaction_json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+var _ = (*flatCallActionMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (f flatCallAction) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type flatCallAction struct {
+		Author         *types.Address  `json:"author,omitempty"`
+		RewardType     string          `json:"rewardType,omitempty"`
+		SelfDestructed *types.Address  `json:"address,omitempty"`
+		Balance        *hexutil.Big    `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		CallType       string          `json:"callType,omitempty"`
+		CreationMethod string          `json:"creationMethod,omitempty"`
+		From           *types.Address  `json:"from,omitempty"`
+		Gas            *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gas,omitempty"`
+		Init           *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"init,omitempty"`
+		Input          *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"input,omitempty"`
+		RefundAddress  *types.Address  `json:"refundAddress,omitempty"`
+		To             *types.Address  `json:"to,omitempty"`
+		Value          *hexutil.Big    `json:"value,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var enc flatCallAction
+	enc.Author = f.Author
+	enc.RewardType = f.RewardType
+	enc.SelfDestructed = f.SelfDestructed
+	enc.Balance = (*hexutil.Big)(f.Balance)
+	enc.CallType = f.CallType
+	enc.CreationMethod = f.CreationMethod
+	enc.From = f.From
+	enc.Gas = (*hexutil.Uint64)(f.Gas)
+	enc.Init = (*hexutil.Bytes)(f.Init)
+	enc.Input = (*hexutil.Bytes)(f.Input)
+	enc.RefundAddress = f.RefundAddress
+	enc.To = f.To
+	enc.Value = (*hexutil.Big)(f.Value)
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (f *flatCallAction) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type flatCallAction struct {
+		Author         *types.Address  `json:"author,omitempty"`
+		RewardType     *string         `json:"rewardType,omitempty"`
+		SelfDestructed *types.Address  `json:"address,omitempty"`
+		Balance        *hexutil.Big    `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		CallType       *string         `json:"callType,omitempty"`
+		CreationMethod *string         `json:"creationMethod,omitempty"`
+		From           *types.Address  `json:"from,omitempty"`
+		Gas            *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gas,omitempty"`
+		Init           *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"init,omitempty"`
+		Input          *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"input,omitempty"`
+		RefundAddress  *types.Address  `json:"refundAddress,omitempty"`
+		To             *types.Address  `json:"to,omitempty"`
+		Value          *hexutil.Big    `json:"value,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var dec flatCallAction
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Author != nil {
+		f.Author = dec.Author
+	}
+	if dec.RewardType != nil {
+		f.RewardType = *dec.RewardType
+	}
+	if dec.SelfDestructed != nil {
+		f.SelfDestructed = dec.SelfDestructed
+	}
+	if dec.Balance != nil {
+		f.Balance = (*big.Int)(dec.Balance)
+	}
+	if dec.CallType != nil {
+		f.CallType = *dec.CallType
+	}
+	if dec.CreationMethod != nil {
+		f.CreationMethod = *dec.CreationMethod
+	}
+	if dec.From != nil {
+		f.From = dec.From
+	}
+	if dec.Gas != nil {
+		f.Gas = (*uint64)(dec.Gas)
+	}
+	if dec.Init != nil {
+		f.Init = (*[]byte)(dec.Init)
+	}
+	if dec.Input != nil {
+		f.Input = (*[]byte)(dec.Input)
+	}
+	if dec.RefundAddress != nil {
+		f.RefundAddress = dec.RefundAddress
+	}
+	if dec.To != nil {
+		f.To = dec.To
+	}
+	if dec.Value != nil {
+		f.Value = (*big.Int)(dec.Value)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/gen_flatcallresult_json.go b/internal/tracers/native/gen_flatcallresult_json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40669fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/gen_flatcallresult_json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+var _ = (*flatCallResultMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (f flatCallResult) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type flatCallResult struct {
+		Address *types.Address  `json:"address,omitempty"`
+		Code    *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		GasUsed *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed,omitempty"`
+		Output  *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"output,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var enc flatCallResult
+	enc.Address = f.Address
+	enc.Code = (*hexutil.Bytes)(f.Code)
+	enc.GasUsed = (*hexutil.Uint64)(f.GasUsed)
+	enc.Output = (*hexutil.Bytes)(f.Output)
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (f *flatCallResult) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type flatCallResult struct {
+		Address *types.Address  `json:"address,omitempty"`
+		Code    *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		GasUsed *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed,omitempty"`
+		Output  *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"output,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var dec flatCallResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Address != nil {
+		f.Address = dec.Address
+	}
+	if dec.Code != nil {
+		f.Code = (*[]byte)(dec.Code)
+	}
+	if dec.GasUsed != nil {
+		f.GasUsed = (*uint64)(dec.GasUsed)
+	}
+	if dec.Output != nil {
+		f.Output = (*[]byte)(dec.Output)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/mux.go b/internal/tracers/native/mux.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6d6a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/mux.go
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("muxTracer", newMuxTracer, false)
+}
+
+// muxTracer is a go implementation of the Tracer interface which
+// runs multiple tracers in one go.
+type muxTracer struct {
+	names   []string
+	tracers []tracers.Tracer
+}
+
+// newMuxTracer returns a new mux tracer.
+func newMuxTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	var config map[string]json.RawMessage
+	if cfg != nil {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(cfg, &config); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	objects := make([]tracers.Tracer, 0, len(config))
+	names := make([]string, 0, len(config))
+	for k, v := range config {
+		t, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(k, ctx, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		objects = append(objects, t)
+		names = append(names, k)
+	}
+
+	return &muxTracer{names: names, tracers: objects}, nil
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureStart(env, from, to, create, input, gas, value)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureEnd(output, gasUsed, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the EVMLogger interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureState(pc, op, gas, cost, scope, rData, depth, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureFault implements the EVMLogger interface to trace an execution fault.
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureFault(pc, op, gas, cost, scope, depth, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnter is called when EVM enters a new scope (via call, create or selfdestruct).
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureEnter(typ, from, to, input, gas, value)
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureExit is called when EVM exits a scope, even if the scope didn't
+// execute any code.
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureExit(output, gasUsed, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureTxStart(gasLimit)
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *muxTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.CaptureTxEnd(restGas)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetResult returns an empty json object.
+func (t *muxTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	resObject := make(map[string]json.RawMessage)
+	for i, tt := range t.tracers {
+		r, err := tt.GetResult()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		resObject[t.names[i]] = r
+	}
+	res, err := json.Marshal(resObject)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *muxTracer) Stop(err error) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		t.Stop(err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/noop.go b/internal/tracers/native/noop.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f380e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/noop.go
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("noopTracer", newNoopTracer, false)
+}
+
+// noopTracer is a go implementation of the Tracer interface which
+// performs no action. It's mostly useful for testing purposes.
+type noopTracer struct{}
+
+// newNoopTracer returns a new noop tracer.
+func newNoopTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, _ json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	return &noopTracer{}, nil
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *noopTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (t *noopTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the EVMLogger interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (t *noopTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+}
+
+// CaptureFault implements the EVMLogger interface to trace an execution fault.
+func (t *noopTracer) CaptureFault(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, _ *vm.ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+}
+
+// CaptureEnter is called when EVM enters a new scope (via call, create or selfdestruct).
+func (t *noopTracer) CaptureEnter(typ vm.OpCode, from common.Address, to common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+}
+
+// CaptureExit is called when EVM exits a scope, even if the scope didn't
+// execute any code.
+func (t *noopTracer) CaptureExit(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+}
+
+func (*noopTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {}
+
+func (*noopTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {}
+
+// GetResult returns an empty json object.
+func (t *noopTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	return json.RawMessage(`{}`), nil
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *noopTracer) Stop(err error) {
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/native/prestate.go b/internal/tracers/native/prestate.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a31a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/native/prestate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/tracers"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type account -field-override accountMarshaling -out gen_account_json.go
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("prestateTracer", newPrestateTracer, false)
+}
+
+type state = map[common.Address]*account
+
+type account struct {
+	Balance *big.Int                    `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+	Code    []byte                      `json:"code,omitempty"`
+	Nonce   uint64                      `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+	Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (a *account) exists() bool {
+	return a.Nonce > 0 || len(a.Code) > 0 || len(a.Storage) > 0 || (a.Balance != nil && a.Balance.Sign() != 0)
+}
+
+type accountMarshaling struct {
+	Balance *hexutil.Big
+	Code    hexutil.Bytes
+}
+
+type prestateTracer struct {
+	noopTracer
+	env       *vm.EVM
+	pre       state
+	post      state
+	create    bool
+	to        common.Address
+	gasLimit  uint64 // Amount of gas bought for the whole tx
+	config    prestateTracerConfig
+	interrupt uint32 // Atomic flag to signal execution interruption
+	reason    error  // Textual reason for the interruption
+	created   map[common.Address]bool
+	deleted   map[common.Address]bool
+}
+
+type prestateTracerConfig struct {
+	DiffMode bool `json:"diffMode"` // If true, this tracer will return state modifications
+}
+
+func newPrestateTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	var config prestateTracerConfig
+	if cfg != nil {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(cfg, &config); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return &prestateTracer{
+		pre:     state{},
+		post:    state{},
+		config:  config,
+		created: make(map[common.Address]bool),
+		deleted: make(map[common.Address]bool),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the EVMLogger interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (t *prestateTracer) CaptureStart(env vm.VMInterface, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) {
+	t.env = env.(*vm.EVM)
+	t.create = create
+	t.to = to
+
+	t.lookupAccount(from)
+	t.lookupAccount(to)
+	t.lookupAccount(env.Context().Coinbase)
+
+	// The recipient balance includes the value transferred.
+	toBal := new(big.Int).Sub(t.pre[to].Balance, value.ToBig())
+	t.pre[to].Balance = toBal
+
+	// The sender balance is after reducing: value and gasLimit.
+	// We need to re-add them to get the pre-tx balance.
+	fromBal := new(big.Int).Set(t.pre[from].Balance)
+	gasPrice := env.TxContext().GasPrice
+	consumedGas := new(big.Int).Mul(gasPrice.ToBig(), new(big.Int).SetUint64(t.gasLimit))
+	fromBal.Add(fromBal, new(big.Int).Add(value.ToBig(), consumedGas))
+	t.pre[from].Balance = fromBal
+	t.pre[from].Nonce--
+
+	if create && t.config.DiffMode {
+		t.created[to] = true
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (t *prestateTracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, err error) {
+	if t.config.DiffMode {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if t.create {
+		// Keep existing account prior to contract creation at that address
+		if s := t.pre[t.to]; s != nil && !s.exists() {
+			// Exclude newly created contract.
+			delete(t.pre, t.to)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the EVMLogger interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (t *prestateTracer) CaptureState(pc uint64, op vm.OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *vm.ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	stackData := stack.Data
+	stackLen := len(stackData)
+	caller := scope.Contract.Address()
+	switch {
+	case stackLen >= 1 && (op == vm.SLOAD || op == vm.SSTORE):
+		slot := common.Hash(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes32())
+		t.lookupStorage(caller, slot)
+	case stackLen >= 1 && (op == vm.EXTCODECOPY || op == vm.EXTCODEHASH || op == vm.EXTCODESIZE || op == vm.BALANCE || op == vm.SELFDESTRUCT):
+		addr := common.Address(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes20())
+		t.lookupAccount(addr)
+		if op == vm.SELFDESTRUCT {
+			t.deleted[caller] = true
+		}
+	case stackLen >= 5 && (op == vm.DELEGATECALL || op == vm.CALL || op == vm.STATICCALL || op == vm.CALLCODE):
+		addr := common.Address(stackData[stackLen-2].Bytes20())
+		t.lookupAccount(addr)
+	case op == vm.CREATE:
+		nonce := t.env.IntraBlockState().GetNonce(caller)
+		addr := crypto.CreateAddress(caller, nonce)
+		t.lookupAccount(addr)
+		t.created[addr] = true
+	case stackLen >= 4 && op == vm.CREATE2:
+		offset := stackData[stackLen-2]
+		size := stackData[stackLen-3]
+		init := scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
+		inithash := crypto.Keccak256(init)
+		salt := stackData[stackLen-4]
+		addr := crypto.CreateAddress2(caller, salt.Bytes32(), inithash)
+		t.lookupAccount(addr)
+		t.created[addr] = true
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *prestateTracer) CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64) {
+	t.gasLimit = gasLimit
+}
+
+func (t *prestateTracer) CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64) {
+	if !t.config.DiffMode {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for addr, state := range t.pre {
+		// The deleted account's state is pruned from `post` but kept in `pre`
+		if _, ok := t.deleted[addr]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		modified := false
+		postAccount := &account{Storage: make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)}
+		newBalance := t.env.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(addr)
+		newNonce := t.env.IntraBlockState().GetNonce(addr)
+		newCode := t.env.IntraBlockState().GetCode(addr)
+
+		if newBalance.ToBig().Cmp(t.pre[addr].Balance) != 0 {
+			modified = true
+			postAccount.Balance = newBalance.ToBig()
+		}
+		if newNonce != t.pre[addr].Nonce {
+			modified = true
+			postAccount.Nonce = newNonce
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(newCode, t.pre[addr].Code) {
+			modified = true
+			postAccount.Code = newCode
+		}
+
+		for key, val := range state.Storage {
+			// don't include the empty slot
+			if val == (common.Hash{}) {
+				delete(t.pre[addr].Storage, key)
+			}
+
+			var newVal uint256.Int
+			t.env.IntraBlockState().GetState(addr, &key, &newVal)
+			if val == newVal.Bytes32() {
+				// Omit unchanged slots
+				delete(t.pre[addr].Storage, key)
+			} else {
+				modified = true
+				if newVal.Bytes32() != (common.Hash{}) {
+					postAccount.Storage[key] = newVal.Bytes32()
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if modified {
+			t.post[addr] = postAccount
+		} else {
+			// if state is not modified, then no need to include into the pre state
+			delete(t.pre, addr)
+		}
+	}
+	// the new created contracts' prestate were empty, so delete them
+	for a := range t.created {
+		// the created contract maybe exists in statedb before the creating tx
+		if s := t.pre[a]; s != nil && !s.exists() {
+			delete(t.pre, a)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// GetResult returns the json-encoded nested list of call traces, and any
+// error arising from the encoding or forceful termination (via `Stop`).
+func (t *prestateTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	var res []byte
+	var err error
+	if t.config.DiffMode {
+		res, err = json.Marshal(struct {
+			Post state `json:"post"`
+			Pre  state `json:"pre"`
+		}{t.post, t.pre})
+	} else {
+		res, err = json.Marshal(t.pre)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return json.RawMessage(res), t.reason
+}
+
+// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+func (t *prestateTracer) Stop(err error) {
+	t.reason = err
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&t.interrupt, 1)
+}
+
+// lookupAccount fetches details of an account and adds it to the prestate
+// if it doesn't exist there.
+func (t *prestateTracer) lookupAccount(addr common.Address) {
+	if _, ok := t.pre[addr]; ok {
+		return
+	}
+
+	t.pre[addr] = &account{
+		Balance: t.env.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(addr).ToBig(),
+		Nonce:   t.env.IntraBlockState().GetNonce(addr),
+		Code:    t.env.IntraBlockState().GetCode(addr),
+		Storage: make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash),
+	}
+}
+
+// lookupStorage fetches the requested storage slot and adds
+// it to the prestate of the given contract. It assumes `lookupAccount`
+// has been performed on the contract before.
+func (t *prestateTracer) lookupStorage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) {
+	if _, ok := t.pre[addr].Storage[key]; ok {
+		return
+	}
+	var val uint256.Int
+	t.env.IntraBlockState().GetState(addr, &key, &val)
+	t.pre[addr].Storage[key] = val.Bytes32()
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/tracers.go b/internal/tracers/tracers.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f53f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/tracers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package tracers is a manager for transaction tracing engines.
+
+package tracers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math/big"
+
+	common "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+)
+
+// Context contains some contextual infos for a transaction execution that is not
+// available from within the EVM object.
+type Context struct {
+	BlockHash   common.Hash // Hash of the block the tx is contained within (zero if dangling tx or call)
+	BlockNumber *big.Int    // Number of the block the tx is contained within (zero if dangling tx or call)
+	TxIndex     int         // Index of the transaction within a block (zero if dangling tx or call)
+	TxHash      common.Hash // Hash of the transaction being traced (zero if dangling call)
+}
+
+// Tracer interface extends vm.EVMLogger and additionally
+// allows collecting the tracing result.
+type Tracer interface {
+	vm.EVMLogger
+	GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error)
+	// Stop terminates execution of the tracer at the first opportune moment.
+	Stop(err error)
+}
+
+type ctorFn func(*Context, json.RawMessage) (Tracer, error)
+type jsCtorFn func(string, *Context, json.RawMessage) (Tracer, error)
+
+type elem struct {
+	ctor ctorFn
+	isJS bool
+}
+
+// DefaultDirectory is the collection of tracers bundled by default.
+var DefaultDirectory = directory{elems: make(map[string]elem)}
+
+// directory provides functionality to lookup a tracer by name
+// and a function to instantiate it. It falls back to a JS code evaluator
+// if no tracer of the given name exists.
+type directory struct {
+	elems  map[string]elem
+	jsEval jsCtorFn
+}
+
+// Register registers a method as a lookup for tracers, meaning that
+// users can invoke a named tracer through that lookup.
+func (d *directory) Register(name string, f ctorFn, isJS bool) {
+	d.elems[name] = elem{ctor: f, isJS: isJS}
+}
+
+// RegisterJSEval registers a tracer that is able to parse
+// dynamic user-provided JS code.
+func (d *directory) RegisterJSEval(f jsCtorFn) {
+	d.jsEval = f
+}
+
+// New returns a new instance of a tracer, by iterating through the
+// registered lookups. Name is either name of an existing tracer
+// or an arbitrary JS code.
+func (d *directory) New(name string, ctx *Context, cfg json.RawMessage) (Tracer, error) {
+	if elem, ok := d.elems[name]; ok {
+		return elem.ctor(ctx, cfg)
+	}
+	// Assume JS code
+	return d.jsEval(name, ctx, cfg)
+}
+
+// IsJS will return true if the given tracer will evaluate
+// JS code. Because code evaluation has high overhead, this
+// info will be used in determining fast and slow code paths.
+func (d *directory) IsJS(name string) bool {
+	if elem, ok := d.elems[name]; ok {
+		return elem.isJS
+	}
+	// JS eval will execute JS code
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/tracers_test.go b/internal/tracers/tracers_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adf21c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/tracers_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package tracers
+
+//func BenchmarkTransactionTrace(b *testing.B) {
+//	key, _ := crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+//	from := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+//	gas := uint64(1000000) // 1M gas
+//	to := common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef")
+//	signer :=transaction.LatestSignerForChainID(big.NewInt(1337))
+//	tx, err := transaction.SignNewTx(key, signer,
+//		&transaction.LegacyTx{
+//			Nonce:    1,
+//			GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(500),
+//			Gas:      gas,
+//			To:       &to,
+//		})
+//	if err != nil {
+//		b.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	txContext := evmtypes.TxContext{
+//		Origin:   from,
+//		GasPrice: tx.GasPrice(),
+//	}
+//	context := evmtypes.BlockContext{
+//		CanTransfer: core.CanTransfer,
+//		Transfer:    core.Transfer,
+//		Coinbase:    common.Address{},
+//		BlockNumber: uint64(5),
+//		Time:        5,
+//		Difficulty:  big.NewInt(0xffffffff),
+//		GasLimit:    gas,
+//		BaseFee:     uint256.NewInt(8),
+//	}
+//	var alloc []conf.Allocate
+//	// The code pushes 'deadbeef' into memory, then the other params, and calls CREATE2, then returns
+//	// the address
+//	loop := []byte{
+//		byte(vm.JUMPDEST), //  [ count ]
+//		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0, // jumpdestination
+//		byte(vm.JUMP),
+//	}
+//	alloc[] = conf.Allocate{
+//		Address: common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef"),
+//		Nonce:   1,
+//		Code:    loop,
+//		Balance: "1",
+//	}
+//	alloc[] = conf.Allocate{
+//		Address: from,
+//		Nonce:   1,
+//		Code:    []byte{},
+//		Balance: big.NewInt(500000000000000),
+//	}
+//	_, statedb := tests.MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), alloc, false)
+//	// Create the tracer, the EVM environment and run it
+//	tracer := logger.NewStructLogger(&logger.Config{
+//		Debug: false,
+//		//DisableStorage: true,
+//		//EnableMemory: false,
+//		//EnableReturnData: false,
+//	})
+//	evm := vm.NewEVM(context, txContext, statedb, params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer})
+//	msg, err := core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, nil)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		b.Fatalf("failed to prepare transaction for tracing: %v", err)
+//	}
+//	b.ResetTimer()
+//	b.ReportAllocs()
+//
+//	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+//		snap := statedb.Snapshot()
+//		st := core.NewStateTransition(evm, msg, new(common2.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas()))
+//		_, err = st.TransitionDb()
+//		if err != nil {
+//			b.Fatal(err)
+//		}
+//		statedb.RevertToSnapshot(snap)
+//		if have, want := len(tracer.StructLogs()), 244752; have != want {
+//			b.Fatalf("trace wrong, want %d steps, have %d", want, have)
+//		}
+//		tracer.Reset()
+//	}
+//}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/tracker.go b/internal/tracers/tracker.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d90c0c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/tracker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package tracers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// stateTracker is an auxiliary tool used to cache the release functions of all
+// used trace states, and to determine whether the creation of trace state needs
+// to be paused in case there are too many states waiting for tracing.
+type stateTracker struct {
+	limit    int                // Maximum number of states allowed waiting for tracing
+	oldest   uint64             // The number of the oldest state which is still using for trace
+	used     []bool             // List of flags indicating whether the trace state has been used up
+	releases []StateReleaseFunc // List of trace state release functions waiting to be called
+	cond     *sync.Cond
+	lock     *sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// newStateTracker initializes the tracker with provided state limits and
+// the number of the first state that will be used.
+func newStateTracker(limit int, oldest uint64) *stateTracker {
+	lock := new(sync.RWMutex)
+	return &stateTracker{
+		limit:  limit,
+		oldest: oldest,
+		used:   make([]bool, limit),
+		cond:   sync.NewCond(lock),
+		lock:   lock,
+	}
+}
+
+// releaseState marks the state specified by the number as released and caches
+// the corresponding release functions internally.
+func (t *stateTracker) releaseState(number uint64, release StateReleaseFunc) {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// Set the state as used, the corresponding flag is indexed by
+	// the distance between the specified state and the oldest state
+	// which is still using for trace.
+	t.used[int(number-t.oldest)] = true
+
+	// If the oldest state is used up, update the oldest marker by moving
+	// it to the next state which is not used up.
+	if number == t.oldest {
+		var count int
+		for _, used := range t.used {
+			if !used {
+				break
+			}
+			count += 1
+		}
+		t.oldest += uint64(count)
+		copy(t.used, t.used[count:])
+
+		// Clean up the array tail since they are useless now.
+		for i := t.limit - count; i < t.limit; i++ {
+			t.used[i] = false
+		}
+		// Fire the signal to all waiters that oldest marker is updated.
+		t.cond.Broadcast()
+	}
+	t.releases = append(t.releases, release)
+}
+
+// callReleases invokes all cached release functions.
+func (t *stateTracker) callReleases() {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for _, release := range t.releases {
+		release()
+	}
+	t.releases = t.releases[:0]
+}
+
+// wait blocks until the accumulated trace states are less than the limit.
+func (t *stateTracker) wait(number uint64) error {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for {
+		if number < t.oldest {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid state number %d head %d", number, t.oldest)
+		}
+		if number < t.oldest+uint64(t.limit) {
+			// number is now within limit, wait over
+			return nil
+		}
+		t.cond.Wait()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/tracers/tracker_test.go b/internal/tracers/tracker_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46f6ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/tracers/tracker_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+
+package tracers
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestTracker(t *testing.T) {
+	var cases = []struct {
+		limit   int
+		calls   []uint64
+		expHead uint64
+	}{
+		// Release in order
+		{
+			limit:   3,
+			calls:   []uint64{0, 1, 2},
+			expHead: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			limit:   3,
+			calls:   []uint64{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+			expHead: 6,
+		},
+
+		// Release out of order
+		{
+			limit:   3,
+			calls:   []uint64{1, 2, 0},
+			expHead: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			limit:   3,
+			calls:   []uint64{1, 2, 0, 5, 4, 3},
+			expHead: 6,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		tracker := newStateTracker(c.limit, 0)
+		for _, call := range c.calls {
+			tracker.releaseState(call, func() {})
+		}
+		tracker.lock.RLock()
+		head := tracker.oldest
+		tracker.lock.RUnlock()
+
+		if head != c.expHead {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected head want %d got %d", c.expHead, head)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var calls = []struct {
+		number  uint64
+		expUsed []bool
+		expHead uint64
+	}{
+		// Release the first one, update the oldest flag
+		{
+			number:  0,
+			expUsed: []bool{false, false, false, false, false},
+			expHead: 1,
+		},
+		// Release the second one, oldest shouldn't be updated
+		{
+			number:  2,
+			expUsed: []bool{false, true, false, false, false},
+			expHead: 1,
+		},
+		// Release the forth one, oldest shouldn't be updated
+		{
+			number:  4,
+			expUsed: []bool{false, true, false, true, false},
+			expHead: 1,
+		},
+		// Release the first one, the first two should all be cleaned,
+		// and the remaining flags should all be left-shifted.
+		{
+			number:  1,
+			expUsed: []bool{false, true, false, false, false},
+			expHead: 3,
+		},
+		// Release the first one, the first two should all be cleaned
+		{
+			number:  3,
+			expUsed: []bool{false, false, false, false, false},
+			expHead: 5,
+		},
+	}
+	tracker := newStateTracker(5, 0) // limit = 5, oldest = 0
+	for _, call := range calls {
+		tracker.releaseState(call.number, nil)
+		tracker.lock.RLock()
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tracker.used, call.expUsed) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected used array")
+		}
+		if tracker.oldest != call.expHead {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected head")
+		}
+		tracker.lock.RUnlock()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTrackerWait(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		tracker = newStateTracker(5, 0) // limit = 5, oldest = 0
+		result  = make(chan error, 1)
+		doCall  = func(number uint64) {
+			go func() {
+				result <- tracker.wait(number)
+			}()
+		}
+		checkNoWait = func() {
+			select {
+			case <-result:
+				return
+			case <-time.NewTimer(time.Second).C:
+				t.Fatal("No signal fired")
+			}
+		}
+		checkWait = func() {
+			select {
+			case <-result:
+				t.Fatal("Unexpected signal")
+			case <-time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 100).C:
+			}
+		}
+	)
+	// States [0, 5) should all be available
+	doCall(0)
+	checkNoWait()
+
+	doCall(4)
+	checkNoWait()
+
+	// State 5 is not available
+	doCall(5)
+	checkWait()
+
+	// States [1, 6) are available
+	tracker.releaseState(0, nil)
+	checkNoWait()
+
+	// States [1, 6) are available
+	doCall(7)
+	checkWait()
+
+	// States [2, 7) are available
+	tracker.releaseState(1, nil)
+	checkWait()
+
+	// States [3, 8) are available
+	tracker.releaseState(2, nil)
+	checkNoWait()
+}
diff --git a/internal/txspool/read_state.go b/internal/txspool/read_state.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cfb5ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/txspool/read_state.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package txspool
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type ReadState interface {
+	GetNonce(types.Address) uint64
+	GetBalance(types.Address) *uint256.Int
+	State(types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error)
+}
+
+type StateCli struct {
+	db  kv.RoDB
+	ctx context.Context
+}
+
+func StateClient(ctx context.Context, db kv.RoDB) ReadState {
+	return &StateCli{
+		db:  db,
+		ctx: ctx,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *StateCli) GetNonce(addr types.Address) uint64 {
+	var nonce uint64
+	_ = c.db.View(c.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		v, err := tx.GetOne(modules.Account, addr.Bytes())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(v) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		sc := new(account.StateAccount)
+		if err := sc.DecodeForStorage(v); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		nonce = uint64(sc.Nonce)
+		return nil
+	})
+	return nonce
+}
+
+func (c *StateCli) GetBalance(addr types.Address) *uint256.Int {
+	balance := uint256.NewInt(0)
+	_ = c.db.View(c.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		v, err := tx.GetOne(modules.Account, addr.Bytes())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(v) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		sc := new(account.StateAccount)
+		if err := sc.DecodeForStorage(v); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		balance = &sc.Balance
+		return nil
+	})
+	return balance
+}
+func (c *StateCli) State(addr types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error) {
+	s := new(account.StateAccount)
+	err := c.db.View(c.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		v, err := tx.GetOne(modules.Account, addr.Bytes())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(v) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if err := s.DecodeForStorage(v); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return s, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/txspool/tx_noncer.go b/internal/txspool/tx_noncer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dc4dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/txspool/tx_noncer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package txspool
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// txNoncer nonce database
+type txNoncer struct {
+	fallback ReadState
+	nonces   map[types.Address]uint64
+	lock     sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// newTxNoncer creates a new virtual state database to track the pool nonces.
+func newTxNoncer(db ReadState) *txNoncer {
+	return &txNoncer{
+		fallback: db,
+		nonces:   make(map[types.Address]uint64),
+	}
+}
+
+// get returns the current nonce of an account, falling back to a real state
+// database if the account is unknown.
+func (txn *txNoncer) get(addr types.Address) uint64 {
+	// We use mutex for get operation is the underlying
+	// state will mutate db even for read access.
+	txn.lock.Lock()
+	defer txn.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := txn.nonces[addr]; !ok {
+		txn.nonces[addr] = txn.fallback.GetNonce(addr)
+	}
+	return txn.nonces[addr]
+}
+
+// set inserts a new virtual nonce into the virtual state database to be returned
+// whenever the pool requests it instead of reaching into the real state database.
+func (txn *txNoncer) set(addr types.Address, nonce uint64) {
+	txn.lock.Lock()
+	defer txn.lock.Unlock()
+
+	txn.nonces[addr] = nonce
+}
+
+// setIfLower updates a new virtual nonce into the virtual state database if the
+// the new one is lower.
+func (txn *txNoncer) setIfLower(addr types.Address, nonce uint64) {
+	txn.lock.Lock()
+	defer txn.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := txn.nonces[addr]; !ok {
+		txn.nonces[addr] = txn.fallback.GetNonce(addr)
+	}
+	if txn.nonces[addr] <= nonce {
+		return
+	}
+	txn.nonces[addr] = nonce
+}
+
+// setAll sets the nonces for all accounts to the given map.
+func (txn *txNoncer) setAll(all map[types.Address]uint64) {
+	txn.lock.Lock()
+	defer txn.lock.Unlock()
+
+	txn.nonces = all
+}
diff --git a/internal/txspool/txs_fetcher.go b/internal/txspool/txs_fetcher.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60f3b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/txspool/txs_fetcher.go
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package txspool
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/sync_proto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/message"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+const (
+	BloomFetcherMaxTime      = 10 * time.Minute
+	BloomSendTransactionTime = 10 * time.Second
+	BloomSendMaxTransactions = 100
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrBadPeer = fmt.Errorf("bad peer error")
+)
+
+// txsRequest
+type txsRequest struct {
+	hashes hashes       //
+	bloom  *types.Bloom //
+	peer   peer.ID      //
+}
+
+type hashes []types.Hash
+
+func (h hashes) pop() types.Hash {
+	old := h
+	n := len(old)
+	x := old[n-1]
+	h = old[0 : n-1]
+	return x
+}
+
+type TxsFetcher struct {
+	quit chan struct{}
+
+	finished  bool
+	peers     common.PeerMap
+	p2pServer common.INetwork
+
+	peerRequests map[peer.ID]*txsRequest // other peer requests
+
+	bloom   *types.Bloom
+	fetched map[types.Hash]bool //
+
+	getTx      func(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction
+	addTxs     func([]*transaction.Transaction) []error
+	pendingTxs func(enforceTips bool) map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction
+
+	// fetchTxs
+	//fetchTxs func(string, []types.Hash)
+	// ch
+	peerJoinCh chan *common.PeerJoinEvent
+	peerDropCh chan *common.PeerDropEvent
+	//
+
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+func NewTxsFetcher(ctx context.Context, getTx func(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction, addTxs func([]*transaction.Transaction) []error, pendingTxs func(enforceTips bool) map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction, p2pServer common.INetwork, peers common.PeerMap, bloom *types.Bloom) *TxsFetcher {
+
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	f := &TxsFetcher{
+		quit:         make(chan struct{}),
+		peers:        peers,
+		peerRequests: make(map[peer.ID]*txsRequest),
+		fetched:      make(map[types.Hash]bool),
+		p2pServer:    p2pServer,
+		addTxs:       addTxs,
+		getTx:        getTx,
+		pendingTxs:   pendingTxs,
+		bloom:        bloom,
+		peerJoinCh:   make(chan *common.PeerJoinEvent, 10),
+		peerDropCh:   make(chan *common.PeerDropEvent, 10),
+		finished:     false,
+
+		ctx:    c,
+		cancel: cancel,
+	}
+
+	return f
+}
+
+func (f TxsFetcher) Start() error {
+	go f.sendBloomTransactionLoop()
+	go f.bloomBroadcastLoop()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// sendBloomTransactionLoop
+func (f TxsFetcher) sendBloomTransactionLoop() {
+	tick := time.NewTicker(BloomSendTransactionTime)
+
+	select {
+	case <-tick.C:
+		for ID, req := range f.peerRequests {
+			if p, ok := f.peers[ID]; ok == true {
+
+				var txs []*types_pb.Transaction
+
+				for i := 0; i < BloomSendMaxTransactions; i++ {
+					hash := req.hashes.pop()
+					tx := f.getTx(hash)
+					txs = append(txs, tx.ToProtoMessage().(*types_pb.Transaction))
+				}
+				msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+					Id:       rand.Uint64(),
+					Ok:       true,
+					SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_TransactionRes,
+					Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse{
+						SyncTransactionResponse: &sync_proto.SyncTransactionResponse{
+							Transactions: txs,
+						},
+					},
+				}
+				data, _ := proto.Marshal(msg)
+				p.WriteMsg(message.MsgTransaction, data)
+			}
+		}
+	case <-f.ctx.Done():
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func (f TxsFetcher) bloomBroadcastLoop() {
+	if f.bloom == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	tick := time.NewTicker(BloomFetcherMaxTime)
+	bloom, err := f.bloom.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("txs fetcher bloom Marshal err", zap.Error(err))
+		return
+	}
+
+	msg := &sync_proto.SyncTask{
+		Id:       rand.Uint64(),
+		Ok:       true,
+		SyncType: sync_proto.SyncType_TransactionReq,
+		Payload: &sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest{
+			SyncTransactionRequest: &sync_proto.SyncTransactionRequest{
+				Bloom: bloom,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	request, _ := proto.Marshal(msg)
+	select {
+	case peerId := <-f.peerJoinCh:
+		f.peers[peerId.Peer].WriteMsg(message.MsgTransaction, request)
+	case <-tick.C:
+	case <-f.ctx.Done():
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// ConnHandler handler peer message
+func (f TxsFetcher) ConnHandler(data []byte, ID peer.ID) error {
+	_, ok := f.peers[ID]
+	if !ok {
+		return ErrBadPeer
+	}
+
+	syncTask := sync_proto.SyncTask{}
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, &syncTask); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("receive sync task(headersResponse) msg err: %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	//taskID := syncTask.Id
+	log.Debugf("receive synctask msg from :%v, task type: %v, ok:%v", ID, syncTask.SyncType, syncTask.Ok)
+
+	switch syncTask.SyncType {
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_TransactionReq:
+		request := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncTransactionRequest).SyncTransactionRequest
+		if _, ok := f.peerRequests[ID]; ok == false {
+
+			bloom := new(types.Bloom)
+			err := bloom.UnMarshalBloom(request.Bloom)
+			if err == nil {
+				var txs []*transaction.Transaction
+				var hashes []types.Hash
+				pending := f.pendingTxs(false)
+				for _, batch := range pending {
+					txs = append(txs, batch...)
+				}
+				for _, tx := range txs {
+					hash := tx.Hash()
+					if !bloom.Contain(hash.Bytes()) {
+						hashes = append(hashes, hash)
+					}
+				}
+				f.peerRequests[ID] = &txsRequest{
+					bloom:  bloom,
+					hashes: hashes,
+					peer:   ID,
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	case sync_proto.SyncType_TransactionRes:
+		//response := syncTask.Payload.(*sync_proto.SyncTask_SyncTransactionResponse).SyncTransactionResponse
+		//var txs []*transaction.Transaction
+		//for _, tranPb := range response.Transactions {
+		//if _, ok := f.fetched[utils.ConvertH256ToHash(tranPb.Hash)]; ok == false {
+		//	f.fetched[utils.ConvertH256ToHash(tranPb.Hash)] = true
+		//	tx, err := transaction.FromProtoMessage(tranPb)
+		//	if err == nil {
+		//		txs = append(txs, tx)
+		//	}
+		//}
+		//}
+		//if len(txs) > 0 {
+		//	f.addTxs(txs)
+		//}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/txspool/txs_list.go b/internal/txspool/txs_list.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e77180d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/txspool/txs_list.go
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package txspool
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// addressByHeartbeat is an account address tagged with its last activity timestamp.
+type addressByHeartbeat struct {
+	address   types.Address
+	heartbeat time.Time
+}
+
+type addressesByHeartbeat []addressByHeartbeat
+
+func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Len() int           { return len(a) }
+func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].heartbeat.Before(a[j].heartbeat) }
+func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
+
+// accountSet is simply a set of addresses to check for existence, and a signer
+// capable of deriving addresses from transactions.
+type accountSet struct {
+	accounts map[types.Address]struct{}
+	cache    *[]types.Address
+}
+
+// newAccountSet creates a new address set with an associated signer for sender
+// derivations.
+func newAccountSet(addrs ...types.Address) *accountSet {
+	as := &accountSet{
+		accounts: make(map[types.Address]struct{}),
+	}
+	for _, addr := range addrs {
+		as.add(addr)
+	}
+	return as
+}
+
+// contains checks if a given address is contained within the set.
+func (as *accountSet) contains(addr types.Address) bool {
+	_, exist := as.accounts[addr]
+	return exist
+}
+
+func (as *accountSet) empty() bool {
+	return len(as.accounts) == 0
+}
+
+// containsTx checks if the sender of a given tx is within the set. If the sender
+// cannot be derived, this method returns false.
+func (as *accountSet) containsTx(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+	return as.contains(*tx.From())
+}
+
+// add inserts a new address into the set to track.
+func (as *accountSet) add(addr types.Address) {
+	as.accounts[addr] = struct{}{}
+	as.cache = nil
+}
+
+// addTx adds the sender of tx into the set.
+func (as *accountSet) addTx(tx *transaction.Transaction) {
+	as.add(*tx.From())
+}
+
+// flatten returns the list of addresses within this set, also caching it for later
+// reuse. The returned slice should not be changed!
+func (as *accountSet) flatten() []types.Address {
+	if as.cache == nil {
+		accounts := make([]types.Address, 0, len(as.accounts))
+		for account := range as.accounts {
+			accounts = append(accounts, account)
+		}
+		as.cache = &accounts
+	}
+	return *as.cache
+}
+
+// merge adds all addresses from the 'other' set into 'as'.
+func (as *accountSet) merge(other *accountSet) {
+	for addr := range other.accounts {
+		as.accounts[addr] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	as.cache = nil
+}
+
+// txLookup is used internally by TxPool to track transactions while allowing
+// lookup without mutex contention.
+//
+// Note, although this type is properly protected against concurrent access, it
+// is **not** a type that should ever be mutated or even exposed outside of the
+// transaction pool, since its internal state is tightly coupled with the pools
+// internal mechanisms. The sole purpose of the type is to permit out-of-bound
+// peeking into the pool in TxPool.Get without having to acquire the widely scoped
+// TxPool.mu mutex.
+//
+// This lookup set combines the notion of "local transactions", which is useful
+// to build upper-level structure.
+type txLookup struct {
+	slots   int
+	lock    sync.RWMutex
+	locals  map[types.Hash]*transaction.Transaction
+	remotes map[types.Hash]*transaction.Transaction
+}
+
+// newTxLookup returns a new txLookup structure.
+func newTxLookup() *txLookup {
+	return &txLookup{
+		locals:  make(map[types.Hash]*transaction.Transaction),
+		remotes: make(map[types.Hash]*transaction.Transaction),
+	}
+}
+
+// Range calls f on each key and value present in the map. The callback passed
+// should return the indicator whether the iteration needs to be continued.
+// Callers need to specify which set (or both) to be iterated.
+func (t *txLookup) Range(f func(hash types.Hash, tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) bool, local bool, remote bool) {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if local {
+		for key, value := range t.locals {
+			if !f(key, value, true) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if remote {
+		for key, value := range t.remotes {
+			if !f(key, value, false) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Get returns a transaction if it exists in the lookup, or nil if not found.
+func (t *txLookup) Get(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if tx := t.locals[hash]; tx != nil {
+		return tx
+	}
+	return t.remotes[hash]
+}
+
+// GetLocal returns a transaction if it exists in the lookup, or nil if not found.
+func (t *txLookup) GetLocal(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return t.locals[hash]
+}
+
+// GetRemote returns a transaction if it exists in the lookup, or nil if not found.
+func (t *txLookup) GetRemote(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return t.remotes[hash]
+}
+
+// Count returns the current number of transactions in the lookup.
+func (t *txLookup) Count() int {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return len(t.locals) + len(t.remotes)
+}
+
+// LocalCount returns the current number of local transactions in the lookup.
+func (t *txLookup) LocalCount() int {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return len(t.locals)
+}
+
+// RemoteCount returns the current number of remote transactions in the lookup.
+func (t *txLookup) RemoteCount() int {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return len(t.remotes)
+}
+
+// Slots returns the current number of slots used in the lookup.
+func (t *txLookup) Slots() int {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return t.slots
+}
+
+// Add adds a transaction to the lookup.
+func (t *txLookup) Add(tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	t.slots += numSlots(tx)
+	//todo slotsGauge.Update(int64(t.slots))
+
+	hash := tx.Hash()
+	if local {
+		t.locals[hash] = tx
+	} else {
+		t.remotes[hash] = tx
+	}
+}
+
+// Remove removes a transaction from the lookup.
+func (t *txLookup) Remove(hash types.Hash) {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	tx, ok := t.locals[hash]
+	if !ok {
+		tx, ok = t.remotes[hash]
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		//todo
+		//log.Error("No transaction found to be deleted", "hash", hash)
+		return
+	}
+	t.slots -= numSlots(tx)
+	//todo slotsGauge.Update(int64(t.slots))
+
+	delete(t.locals, hash)
+	delete(t.remotes, hash)
+}
+
+// RemoteToLocals migrates the transactions belongs to the given locals to locals
+// set. The assumption is held the locals set is thread-safe to be used.
+func (t *txLookup) RemoteToLocals(locals *accountSet) int {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var migrated int
+	for hash, tx := range t.remotes {
+		if locals.containsTx(tx) {
+			t.locals[hash] = tx
+			delete(t.remotes, hash)
+			migrated += 1
+		}
+	}
+	return migrated
+}
+
+// RemotesBelowTip finds all remote transactions below the given tip threshold.
+func (t *txLookup) RemotesBelowTip(threshold uint256.Int) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	found := make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, 128)
+	t.Range(func(hash types.Hash, tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) bool {
+		if tx.GasPrice().Cmp(&threshold) < 0 {
+			found = append(found, tx)
+		}
+		return true
+	}, false, true) // Only iterate remotes
+	return found
+}
+
+// numSlots calculates the number of slots needed for a single transaction.
+func numSlots(tx *transaction.Transaction) int {
+	//todo
+	return int((int(unsafe.Sizeof(tx)) + txSlotSize - 1) / txSlotSize)
+}
+
+// TxByNonce implements the sort interface to allow sorting a list of transactions by their nonces.
+type TxByNonce []*transaction.Transaction
+
+func (s TxByNonce) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s TxByNonce) Less(i, j int) bool { return s[i].Nonce() < s[j].Nonce() }
+func (s TxByNonce) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+// nonceHeap is a heap.Interface implementation over 64bit unsigned integers for
+// retrieving sorted transactions from the possibly gapped future queue.
+type nonceHeap []uint64
+
+func (h nonceHeap) Len() int           { return len(h) }
+func (h nonceHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { return h[i] < h[j] }
+func (h nonceHeap) Swap(i, j int)      { h[i], h[j] = h[j], h[i] }
+
+func (h *nonceHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
+	*h = append(*h, x.(uint64))
+}
+
+func (h *nonceHeap) Pop() interface{} {
+	old := *h
+	n := len(old)
+	x := old[n-1]
+	*h = old[0 : n-1]
+	return x
+}
+
+// txsSortedMap
+type txsSortedMap struct {
+	items map[uint64]*transaction.Transaction // hash map
+	index *nonceHeap                          //
+	cache []*transaction.Transaction          // Cache
+}
+
+// newTxSortedMap creates a new nonce-sorted transaction map.
+func newTxSortedMap() *txsSortedMap {
+	return &txsSortedMap{
+		items: make(map[uint64]*transaction.Transaction),
+		index: new(nonceHeap),
+	}
+}
+
+// Get retrieves the current transactions associated with the given nonce.
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Get(nonce uint64) *transaction.Transaction {
+	return m.items[nonce]
+}
+
+// Put
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Put(tx *transaction.Transaction) {
+	nonce := tx.Nonce()
+	if m.items[nonce] == nil {
+		heap.Push(m.index, nonce)
+	}
+	m.items[nonce], m.cache = tx, nil
+}
+
+// Forward
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Forward(threshold uint64) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	var removed []*transaction.Transaction
+
+	// Pop off heap items until the threshold is reached
+	for m.index.Len() > 0 && (*m.index)[0] < threshold {
+		nonce := heap.Pop(m.index).(uint64)
+		removed = append(removed, m.items[nonce])
+		delete(m.items, nonce)
+	}
+	// If we had a cached order, shift the front
+	if m.cache != nil {
+		m.cache = m.cache[len(removed):]
+	}
+	return removed
+}
+
+// Filter
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Filter(filter func(*transaction.Transaction) bool) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	removed := m.filter(filter)
+	// If transactions were removed, the heap and cache are ruined
+	if len(removed) > 0 {
+		m.reheap()
+	}
+	return removed
+}
+
+func (m *txsSortedMap) reheap() {
+	*m.index = make([]uint64, 0, len(m.items))
+	for nonce := range m.items {
+		*m.index = append(*m.index, nonce)
+	}
+	heap.Init(m.index)
+	m.cache = nil
+}
+
+// filter is identical to Filter, but **does not** regenerate the heap. This method
+// should only be used if followed immediately by a call to Filter or reheap()
+func (m *txsSortedMap) filter(filter func(*transaction.Transaction) bool) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	var removed []*transaction.Transaction
+
+	// Collect all the transactions to filter out
+	for nonce, tx := range m.items {
+		if filter(tx) {
+			removed = append(removed, tx)
+			delete(m.items, nonce)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(removed) > 0 {
+		m.cache = nil
+	}
+	return removed
+}
+
+// Cap
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Cap(threshold int) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	// Short circuit if the number of items is under the limit
+	if len(m.items) <= threshold {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Otherwise gather and drop the highest nonce'd transactions
+	var drops []*transaction.Transaction
+
+	sort.Sort(*m.index)
+	for size := len(m.items); size > threshold; size-- {
+		drops = append(drops, m.items[(*m.index)[size-1]])
+		delete(m.items, (*m.index)[size-1])
+	}
+	*m.index = (*m.index)[:threshold]
+	heap.Init(m.index)
+
+	// If we had a cache, shift the back
+	if m.cache != nil {
+		m.cache = m.cache[:len(m.cache)-len(drops)]
+	}
+	return drops
+}
+
+// Remove
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Remove(nonce uint64) bool {
+	// Short circuit if no transaction is present
+	_, ok := m.items[nonce]
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	// Otherwise delete the transaction and fix the heap index
+	for i := 0; i < m.index.Len(); i++ {
+		if (*m.index)[i] == nonce {
+			heap.Remove(m.index, i)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	delete(m.items, nonce)
+	m.cache = nil
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// Ready retrieves a sequentially increasing list of transactions starting at the
+// provided nonce that is ready for processing. The returned transactions will be
+// removed from the list.
+//
+// Note, all transactions with nonces lower than start will also be returned to
+// prevent getting into and invalid state. This is not something that should ever
+// happen but better to be self correcting than failing!
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Ready(start uint64) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	// Short circuit if no transactions are available
+	if m.index.Len() == 0 || (*m.index)[0] > start {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Otherwise start accumulating incremental transactions
+	var ready []*transaction.Transaction
+	for next := (*m.index)[0]; m.index.Len() > 0 && (*m.index)[0] == next; next++ {
+		ready = append(ready, m.items[next])
+		delete(m.items, next)
+		heap.Pop(m.index)
+	}
+	m.cache = nil
+
+	return ready
+}
+
+// Len returns the length of the transaction map.
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Len() int {
+	return len(m.items)
+}
+
+func (m *txsSortedMap) flatten() []*transaction.Transaction {
+	// If the sorting was not cached yet, create and cache it
+	if m.cache == nil {
+		m.cache = make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, len(m.items))
+		for _, tx := range m.items {
+			m.cache = append(m.cache, tx)
+		}
+		sort.Sort(TxByNonce(m.cache))
+	}
+	return m.cache
+}
+
+// Flatten creates a nonce-sorted slice of transactions based on the loosely
+// sorted internal representation. The result of the sorting is cached in case
+// it's requested again before any modifications are made to the contents.
+func (m *txsSortedMap) Flatten() []*transaction.Transaction {
+	// Copy the cache to prevent accidental modifications
+	cache := m.flatten()
+	txs := make([]*transaction.Transaction, len(cache))
+	copy(txs, cache)
+	return txs
+}
+
+// LastElement returns the last element of a flattened list, thus, the
+// transaction with the highest nonce
+func (m *txsSortedMap) LastElement() *transaction.Transaction {
+	cache := m.flatten()
+	return cache[len(cache)-1]
+}
+
+// txsList is a "list" of transactions belonging to an account, sorted by account
+// nonce. The same type can be used both for storing contiguous transactions for
+// the executable/pending queue; and for storing gapped transactions for the non-
+// executable/future queue, with minor behavioral changes.
+type txsList struct {
+	strict  bool
+	txs     *txsSortedMap
+	costcap uint256.Int
+	gascap  uint64
+}
+
+// newtxsList create a new transaction list for maintaining nonce-indexable fast,
+// gapped, sortable transaction lists.
+func newTxsList(strict bool) *txsList {
+	return &txsList{
+		strict:  strict,
+		txs:     newTxSortedMap(),
+		costcap: *uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+}
+
+// Overlaps returns whether the transaction specified has the same nonce as one
+// already contained within the list.
+func (l *txsList) Overlaps(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+	return l.txs.Get(tx.Nonce()) != nil
+}
+
+// Add tries to insert a new transaction into the list, returning whether the
+// transaction was accepted, and if yes, any previous transaction it replaced.
+//
+// If the new transaction is accepted into the list, the lists' cost and gas
+// thresholds are also potentially updated.
+func (l *txsList) Add(tx *transaction.Transaction, priceBump uint64) (bool, *transaction.Transaction) {
+	// If there's an older better transaction, abort
+
+	old := l.txs.Get(tx.Nonce())
+	if old != nil {
+		if old.GasFeeCapCmp(tx) >= 1 || old.GasTipCapCmp(tx) >= 1 {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		// thresholdFeeCap = oldFC  * (100 + priceBump) / 100
+		a := uint256.NewInt(100 + priceBump)
+		aFeeCap := new(uint256.Int).Mul(a, old.GasFeeCap())
+		aTip := a.Mul(a, old.GasTipCap())
+
+		// thresholdTip    = oldTip * (100 + priceBump) / 100
+		b := uint256.NewInt(100)
+		thresholdFeeCap := aFeeCap.Div(aFeeCap, b)
+		thresholdTip := aTip.Div(aTip, b)
+
+		// We have to ensure that both the new fee cap and tip are higher than the
+		// old ones as well as checking the percentage threshold to ensure that
+		// this is accurate for low (Wei-level) gas price replacements.
+		if tx.GasFeeCapIntCmp(thresholdFeeCap) < 0 || tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(thresholdTip) < 0 {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+	}
+	// Otherwise overwrite the old transaction with the current one
+	l.txs.Put(tx)
+
+	cost := uint256.NewInt(0).Add(new(uint256.Int).Mul(tx.GasPrice(), uint256.NewInt(tx.Gas())), tx.Value())
+
+	if l.costcap.Cmp(cost) < 0 {
+		l.costcap = *cost
+	}
+	if gas := tx.Gas(); l.gascap < gas {
+		l.gascap = gas
+	}
+	return true, old
+}
+
+// Forward removes all transactions from the list with a nonce lower than the
+// provided threshold. Every removed transaction is returned for any post-removal
+// maintenance.
+func (l *txsList) Forward(threshold uint64) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	return l.txs.Forward(threshold)
+}
+
+// Filter removes all transactions from the list with a cost or gas limit higher
+// than the provided thresholds. Every removed transaction is returned for any
+// post-removal maintenance. Strict-mode invalidated transactions are also
+// returned.
+//
+// This method uses the cached costcap and gascap to quickly decide if there's even
+// a point in calculating all the costs or if the balance covers all. If the threshold
+// is lower than the costgas cap, the caps will be reset to a new high after removing
+// the newly invalidated transactions.
+func (l *txsList) Filter(costLimit uint256.Int, gasLimit uint64) ([]*transaction.Transaction, []*transaction.Transaction) {
+	// If all transactions are below the threshold, short circuit
+	if l.costcap.Cmp(&costLimit) <= 0 && l.gascap <= gasLimit {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	l.costcap = costLimit // Lower the caps to the thresholds
+	l.gascap = gasLimit
+
+	// Filter out all the transactions above the account's funds
+	removed := l.txs.Filter(func(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+		cost := uint256.NewInt(0).Add(tx.Value(), uint256.NewInt(0).Mul(tx.GasPrice(), uint256.NewInt(tx.Gas())))
+		return tx.Gas() > gasLimit || cost.Cmp(&costLimit) > 0
+	})
+
+	if len(removed) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var invalids []*transaction.Transaction
+	// If the list was strict, filter anything above the lowest nonce
+	if l.strict {
+		lowest := uint64(math.MaxUint64)
+		for _, tx := range removed {
+			if nonce := tx.Nonce(); lowest > nonce {
+				lowest = nonce
+			}
+		}
+		invalids = l.txs.filter(func(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool { return tx.Nonce() > lowest })
+	}
+	l.txs.reheap()
+	return removed, invalids
+}
+
+// Cap places a hard limit on the number of items, returning all transactions
+// exceeding that limit.
+func (l *txsList) Cap(threshold int) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	return l.txs.Cap(threshold)
+}
+
+// Remove deletes a transaction from the maintained list, returning whether the
+// transaction was found, and also returning any transaction invalidated due to
+// the deletion (strict mode only).
+func (l *txsList) Remove(tx *transaction.Transaction) (bool, []*transaction.Transaction) {
+	// Remove the transaction from the set
+	nonce := tx.Nonce()
+	if removed := l.txs.Remove(nonce); !removed {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	// In strict mode, filter out non-executable transactions
+	if l.strict {
+		return true, l.txs.Filter(func(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool { return tx.Nonce() > nonce })
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// Ready retrieves a sequentially increasing list of transactions starting at the
+// provided nonce that is ready for processing. The returned transactions will be
+// removed from the list.
+//
+// Note, all transactions with nonces lower than start will also be returned to
+// prevent getting into and invalid state. This is not something that should ever
+// happen but better to be self correcting than failing!
+func (l *txsList) Ready(start uint64) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	return l.txs.Ready(start)
+}
+
+// Len returns the length of the transaction list.
+func (l *txsList) Len() int {
+	return l.txs.Len()
+}
+
+// Empty returns whether the list of transactions is empty or not.
+func (l *txsList) Empty() bool {
+	return l.Len() == 0
+}
+
+// Flatten creates a nonce-sorted slice of transactions based on the loosely
+// sorted internal representation. The result of the sorting is cached in case
+// it's requested again before any modifications are made to the contents.
+func (l *txsList) Flatten() []*transaction.Transaction {
+	return l.txs.Flatten()
+}
+
+// LastElement returns the last element of a flattened list, thus, the
+// transaction with the highest nonce
+func (l *txsList) LastElement() *transaction.Transaction {
+	return l.txs.LastElement()
+}
+
+// priceHeap is a heap.Interface implementation over transactions for retrieving
+// price-sorted transactions to discard when the pool fills up. If baseFee is set
+// then the heap is sorted based on the effective tip based on the given base fee.
+// If baseFee is nil then the sorting is based on gasFeeCap.
+type priceHeap struct {
+	baseFee *uint256.Int // heap should always be re-sorted after baseFee is changed
+	list    []*transaction.Transaction
+}
+
+func (h *priceHeap) Len() int      { return len(h.list) }
+func (h *priceHeap) Swap(i, j int) { h.list[i], h.list[j] = h.list[j], h.list[i] }
+
+func (h *priceHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	switch h.cmp(h.list[i], h.list[j]) {
+	case -1:
+		return true
+	case 1:
+		return false
+	default:
+		return h.list[i].Nonce() > h.list[j].Nonce()
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *priceHeap) cmp(a, b *transaction.Transaction) int {
+	if h.baseFee != nil {
+		// Compare effective tips if baseFee is specified
+		if c := a.EffectiveGasTipCmp(b, h.baseFee); c != 0 {
+			return c
+		}
+	}
+	// Compare fee caps if baseFee is not specified or effective tips are equal
+	if c := a.GasPrice().Cmp(b.GasPrice()); c != 0 {
+		return c
+	}
+	// Compare tips if effective tips and fee caps are equal
+	return a.GasPrice().Cmp(b.GasPrice())
+}
+
+func (h *priceHeap) Push(x interface{}) {
+	tx := x.(*transaction.Transaction)
+	h.list = append(h.list, tx)
+}
+
+func (h *priceHeap) Pop() interface{} {
+	old := h.list
+	n := len(old)
+	x := old[n-1]
+	old[n-1] = nil
+	h.list = old[0 : n-1]
+	return x
+}
+
+// txPricedList is a price-sorted heap to allow operating on transactions pool
+// contents in a price-incrementing way. It's built opon the all transactions
+// in txpool but only interested in the remote part. It means only remote transactions
+// will be considered for tracking, sorting, eviction, etc.
+//
+// Two heaps are used for sorting: the urgent heap (based on effective tip in the next
+// block) and the floating heap (based on gasFeeCap). Always the bigger heap is chosen for
+// eviction. Transactions evicted from the urgent heap are first demoted into the floating heap.
+// In some cases (during a congestion, when blocks are full) the urgent heap can provide
+// better candidates for inclusion while in other cases (at the top of the baseFee peak)
+// the floating heap is better. When baseFee is decreasing they behave similarly.
+type txPricedList struct {
+	// Number of stale price points to (re-heap trigger).
+	// This field is accessed atomically, and must be the first field
+	// to ensure it has correct alignment for atomic.AddInt64.
+	// See https://golang.org/pkg/sync/atomic/#pkg-note-BUG.
+	stales int64
+
+	all              *txLookup  // Pointer to the map of all transactions
+	urgent, floating priceHeap  // Heaps of prices of all the stored **remote** transactions
+	reheapMu         sync.Mutex // Mutex asserts that only one routine is reheaping the list
+}
+
+const (
+	// urgentRatio : floatingRatio is the capacity ratio of the two queues
+	urgentRatio   = 4
+	floatingRatio = 1
+)
+
+// newTxPricedList creates a new price-sorted transaction heap.
+func newTxPricedList(all *txLookup) *txPricedList {
+	return &txPricedList{
+		all: all,
+	}
+}
+
+// Put inserts a new transaction into the heap.
+func (l *txPricedList) Put(tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) {
+	if local {
+		return
+	}
+	// Insert every new transaction to the urgent heap first; Discard will balance the heaps
+	heap.Push(&l.urgent, tx)
+}
+
+// Removed notifies the prices transaction list that an old transaction dropped
+// from the pool. The list will just keep a counter of stale objects and update
+// the heap if a large enough ratio of transactions go stale.
+func (l *txPricedList) Removed(count int) {
+	// Bump the stale counter, but exit if still too low (< 25%)
+	stales := atomic.AddInt64(&l.stales, int64(count))
+	if int(stales) <= (len(l.urgent.list)+len(l.floating.list))/4 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Seems we've reached a critical number of stale transactions, reheap
+	l.Reheap()
+}
+
+// Underpriced checks whether a transaction is cheaper than (or as cheap as) the
+// lowest priced (remote) transaction currently being tracked.
+func (l *txPricedList) Underpriced(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+	// Note: with two queues, being underpriced is defined as being worse than the worst item
+	// in all non-empty queues if there is any. If both queues are empty then nothing is underpriced.
+	return (l.underpricedFor(&l.urgent, tx) || len(l.urgent.list) == 0) &&
+		(l.underpricedFor(&l.floating, tx) || len(l.floating.list) == 0) &&
+		(len(l.urgent.list) != 0 || len(l.floating.list) != 0)
+}
+
+// underpricedFor checks whether a transaction is cheaper than (or as cheap as) the
+// lowest priced (remote) transaction in the given heap.
+func (l *txPricedList) underpricedFor(h *priceHeap, tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+	// Discard stale price points if found at the heap start
+	for len(h.list) > 0 {
+		hash := h.list[0].Hash()
+		if l.all.GetRemote(hash) == nil { // Removed or migrated
+			atomic.AddInt64(&l.stales, -1)
+			heap.Pop(h)
+			continue
+		}
+		break
+	}
+	// Check if the transaction is underpriced or not
+	if len(h.list) == 0 {
+		return false // There is no remote transaction at all.
+	}
+	// If the remote transaction is even cheaper than the
+	// cheapest one tracked locally, reject it.
+	return h.cmp(h.list[0], tx) >= 0
+}
+
+// Discard finds a number of most underpriced transactions, removes them from the
+// priced list and returns them for further removal from the entire pool.
+//
+// Note local transaction won't be considered for eviction.
+func (l *txPricedList) Discard(slots int, force bool) ([]*transaction.Transaction, bool) {
+	drop := make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, slots) // Remote underpriced transactions to drop
+	for slots > 0 {
+		if len(l.urgent.list)*floatingRatio > len(l.floating.list)*urgentRatio || floatingRatio == 0 {
+			// Discard stale transactions if found during cleanup
+			tx := heap.Pop(&l.urgent).(*transaction.Transaction)
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			if l.all.GetRemote(hash) == nil { // Removed or migrated
+				atomic.AddInt64(&l.stales, -1)
+				continue
+			}
+			// Non stale transaction found, move to floating heap
+			heap.Push(&l.floating, tx)
+		} else {
+			if len(l.floating.list) == 0 {
+				// Stop if both heaps are empty
+				break
+			}
+			// Discard stale transactions if found during cleanup
+			tx := heap.Pop(&l.floating).(*transaction.Transaction)
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			if l.all.GetRemote(hash) == nil { // Removed or migrated
+				atomic.AddInt64(&l.stales, -1)
+				continue
+			}
+			// Non stale transaction found, discard it
+			drop = append(drop, tx)
+			slots -= numSlots(tx)
+		}
+	}
+	// If we still can't make enough room for the new transaction
+	if slots > 0 && !force {
+		for _, tx := range drop {
+			heap.Push(&l.urgent, tx)
+		}
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return drop, true
+}
+
+// Reheap forcibly rebuilds the heap based on the current remote transaction set.
+func (l *txPricedList) Reheap() {
+	l.reheapMu.Lock()
+	defer l.reheapMu.Unlock()
+	//start := time.Now()
+	atomic.StoreInt64(&l.stales, 0)
+	l.urgent.list = make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, l.all.RemoteCount())
+	l.all.Range(func(hash types.Hash, tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) bool {
+		l.urgent.list = append(l.urgent.list, tx)
+		return true
+	}, false, true) // Only iterate remotes
+	heap.Init(&l.urgent)
+
+	// balance out the two heaps by moving the worse half of transactions into the
+	// floating heap
+	// Note: Discard would also do this before the first eviction but Reheap can do
+	// is more efficiently. Also, Underpriced would work suboptimally the first time
+	// if the floating queue was empty.
+	floatingCount := len(l.urgent.list) * floatingRatio / (urgentRatio + floatingRatio)
+	l.floating.list = make([]*transaction.Transaction, floatingCount)
+	for i := 0; i < floatingCount; i++ {
+		l.floating.list[i] = heap.Pop(&l.urgent).(*transaction.Transaction)
+	}
+	heap.Init(&l.floating)
+
+	//todo reheapTimer.Update(time.Since(start))
+}
+
+// SetBaseFee updates the base fee and triggers a re-heap. Note that Removed is not
+// necessary to call right before SetBaseFee when processing a new block.
+func (l *txPricedList) SetBaseFee(baseFee *uint256.Int) {
+	l.urgent.baseFee = baseFee
+	l.Reheap()
+}
diff --git a/internal/txspool/txs_pool.go b/internal/txspool/txs_pool.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f69b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/txspool/txs_pool.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1338 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package txspool
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/contracts/deposit"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/metrics/prometheus"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/prque"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	event "github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/event/v2"
+)
+
+const (
+
+	// txSlotSize is used to calculate how many data slots a single transaction
+	// takes up based on its size. The slots are used as DoS protection, ensuring
+	// that validating a new transaction remains a constant operation (in reality
+	// O(maxslots), where max slots are 4 currently).
+	txSlotSize = 32 * 1024
+	// txMaxSize is the maximum size a single transaction can have. This field has
+	// non-trivial consequences: larger transactions are significantly harder and
+	// more expensive to propagate; larger transactions also take more resources
+	// to validate whether they fit into the pool or not.
+	txMaxSize = 4 * txSlotSize // 128KB
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrAlreadyKnown       = fmt.Errorf("already known")
+	ErrInvalidSender      = fmt.Errorf("invalid sender")
+	ErrOversizedData      = fmt.Errorf("oversized data")
+	ErrNegativeValue      = fmt.Errorf("negative value")
+	ErrGasLimit           = fmt.Errorf("exceeds block gas limit")
+	ErrUnderpriced        = fmt.Errorf("transaction underpriced")
+	ErrTxPoolOverflow     = fmt.Errorf("txpool is full")
+	ErrReplaceUnderpriced = fmt.Errorf("replacement transaction underpriced")
+
+	ErrFeeCapVeryHigh = fmt.Errorf("max fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	ErrNonceTooLow  = fmt.Errorf("nonce too low")
+	ErrNonceTooHigh = fmt.Errorf("nonce too high")
+
+	ErrInsufficientFunds = fmt.Errorf("insufficient funds for gas * price + value")
+
+	// ErrTipAboveFeeCap is a sanity error to ensure no one is able to specify a
+	// transaction with a tip higher than the total fee cap.
+	ErrTipAboveFeeCap = fmt.Errorf("max priority fee per gas higher than max fee per gas")
+
+	pendingGauge = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("txpool_pending", true)
+	queuedGauge  = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("txpool_queued", true)
+	localGauge   = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("txpool_local", true)
+)
+
+type txspoolResetRequest struct {
+	oldBlock, newBlock block.IBlock
+}
+
+type TxsPoolConfig struct {
+	Locals   []types.Address
+	NoLocals bool
+
+	PriceLimit uint64
+	PriceBump  uint64
+
+	AccountSlots uint64
+	GlobalSlots  uint64
+	AccountQueue uint64
+	GlobalQueue  uint64
+
+	Lifetime time.Duration
+}
+
+// DefaultTxPoolConfig default blockchain
+var DefaultTxPoolConfig = TxsPoolConfig{
+
+	PriceLimit: 1,
+	PriceBump:  10,
+
+	AccountSlots: 16,
+	GlobalSlots:  4096 + 1024,
+	AccountQueue: 64,
+	GlobalQueue:  1024,
+
+	Lifetime: 3 * time.Hour,
+}
+
+type TxsPool struct {
+	config      TxsPoolConfig
+	chainconfig *params.ChainConfig
+
+	bc common.IBlockChain
+
+	//currentState  *state.IntraBlockState
+	currentState  ReadState
+	pendingNonces *txNoncer
+	currentMaxGas uint64
+
+	ctx    context.Context //
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+	wg     sync.WaitGroup
+	mu     sync.RWMutex // lock
+
+	istanbul bool // Fork indicator whether we are in the istanbul stage.
+	eip2718  bool // Fork indicator whether we are using EIP-2718 type transactions.
+	eip1559  bool // Fork indicator whether we are using EIP-1559 type transactions.
+	shanghai bool // Fork indicator whether we are in the Shanghai stage.
+
+	locals   *accountSet
+	pending  map[types.Address]*txsList
+	queue    map[types.Address]*txsList
+	beats    map[types.Address]time.Time
+	all      *txLookup
+	priced   *txPricedList
+	gasPrice *uint256.Int
+
+	// channel
+	reqResetCh      chan *txspoolResetRequest
+	reqPromoteCh    chan *accountSet
+	queueTxEventCh  chan *transaction.Transaction
+	reorgDoneCh     chan chan struct{}
+	reorgShutdownCh chan struct{}
+
+	changesSinceReorg int
+
+	isRun uint32
+
+	deposit *deposit.Deposit
+}
+
+func NewTxsPool(ctx context.Context, bc common.IBlockChain, depositContract *deposit.Deposit) (common.ITxsPool, error) {
+
+	c, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	// for test
+	//log.Init(nil)
+	pool := &TxsPool{
+		chainconfig: bc.Config(),
+		config:      DefaultTxPoolConfig,
+		ctx:         c,
+		cancel:      cancel,
+
+		bc:      bc,
+		deposit: depositContract,
+		// todo
+		//currentMaxGas: bc.CurrentBlock().GasLimit(),
+		//
+		locals: newAccountSet(),
+
+		pending: make(map[types.Address]*txsList),
+		queue:   make(map[types.Address]*txsList),
+		beats:   make(map[types.Address]time.Time),
+		all:     newTxLookup(),
+
+		//chainHeadCh:     make(chan ChainHeadEvent, chainHeadChanSize),
+		reqResetCh:      make(chan *txspoolResetRequest),
+		reqPromoteCh:    make(chan *accountSet),
+		queueTxEventCh:  make(chan *transaction.Transaction),
+		reorgDoneCh:     make(chan chan struct{}),
+		reorgShutdownCh: make(chan struct{}),
+		gasPrice:        uint256.NewInt(DefaultTxPoolConfig.PriceLimit),
+	}
+
+	//
+	pool.currentState = StateClient(ctx, bc.DB())
+	pool.pendingNonces = newTxNoncer(pool.currentState)
+
+	pool.priced = newTxPricedList(pool.all)
+	pool.reset(nil, bc.CurrentBlock())
+
+	pool.wg.Add(1)
+	go pool.scheduleLoop()
+
+	pool.wg.Add(1)
+	go pool.blockChangeLoop()
+
+	//todo for test
+	//pool.wg.Add(1)
+	//go pool.ethFetchTxPoolLoop()
+
+	//pool.wg.Add(1)
+	//go pool.ethImportTxPoolLoop()
+
+	//pool.wg.Add(1)
+	//go pool.ethTxPoolCheckLoop()
+
+	return pool, nil
+}
+
+// promoteTx adds a transaction to the pending (processable) list of transactions
+// and returns whether it was inserted or an older was better.
+//
+// Note, this method assumes the pool lock is held!
+func (pool *TxsPool) promoteTx(addr types.Address, hash types.Hash, tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+	// Try to insert the transaction into the pending queue
+	if pool.pending[addr] == nil {
+		pool.pending[addr] = newTxsList(true)
+	}
+	list := pool.pending[addr]
+
+	inserted, old := list.Add(tx, pool.config.PriceBump)
+	if !inserted {
+		// An older transaction was better, discard this
+		pool.all.Remove(hash)
+		pool.priced.Removed(1)
+		return false
+	}
+	// Otherwise discard any previous transaction and mark this
+	if old != nil {
+		hash := old.Hash()
+		pool.all.Remove(hash)
+		pool.priced.Removed(1)
+	} else {
+		// Nothing was replaced, bump the pending counter
+		pendingGauge.Inc()
+	}
+	// Set the potentially new pending nonce and notify any subsystems of the new tx
+	pool.pendingNonces.set(addr, tx.Nonce()+1)
+
+	// Successful promotion, bump the heartbeat
+	pool.beats[addr] = time.Now()
+	return true
+}
+
+// AddLocals
+func (pool *TxsPool) AddLocals(txs []*transaction.Transaction) []error {
+	return pool.addTxs(txs, !pool.config.NoLocals, true)
+}
+
+// AddLocal
+func (pool *TxsPool) AddLocal(tx *transaction.Transaction) error {
+	errs := pool.AddLocals([]*transaction.Transaction{tx})
+	return errs[0]
+}
+
+// AddRemotes
+func (pool *TxsPool) AddRemotes(txs []*transaction.Transaction) []error {
+	return pool.addTxs(txs, false, false)
+}
+
+// addTxs attempts to queue a batch of transactions if they are valid.
+func (pool *TxsPool) addTxs(txs []*transaction.Transaction, local, sync bool) []error {
+	// Filter out known ones without obtaining the pool lock or recovering signatures
+	var (
+		errs = make([]error, len(txs))
+		news = make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
+	)
+	for i, tx := range txs {
+		// If the transaction is known, pre-set the error slot
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		if pool.all.Get(hash) != nil {
+			errs[i] = ErrAlreadyKnown
+			//knownTxMeter.Mark(1)
+			continue
+		}
+		if pool.validateSender(tx) == false {
+			errs[i] = ErrInvalidSender
+			continue
+		}
+		// Accumulate all unknown transactions for deeper processing
+		news = append(news, tx)
+	}
+	if len(news) == 0 {
+		return errs
+	}
+
+	// Process all the new transaction and merge any errors into the original slice
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	newErrs, dirtyAddrs := pool.addTxsLocked(news, local)
+	pool.mu.Unlock()
+
+	var nilSlot = 0
+	for _, err := range newErrs {
+		for errs[nilSlot] != nil {
+			nilSlot++
+		}
+		errs[nilSlot] = err
+		nilSlot++
+	}
+	if local {
+		var localTxs = make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
+		for i, err := range errs {
+			if err == nil {
+				localTxs = append(localTxs, txs[i])
+			}
+		}
+		//log.Infof("event new local txs : %v", localTxs)
+		event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.NewLocalTxsEvent{Txs: localTxs})
+	}
+	// Reorg the pool internals if needed and return
+	done := pool.requestPromoteExecutables(dirtyAddrs)
+	if sync {
+		<-done
+	}
+	return errs
+}
+
+// addTxsLocked attempts to queue a batch of transactions if they are valid.
+// The transaction pool lock must be held.
+func (pool *TxsPool) addTxsLocked(txs []*transaction.Transaction, local bool) ([]error, *accountSet) {
+	dirty := newAccountSet()
+	errs := make([]error, len(txs))
+	for i, tx := range txs {
+		replaced, err := pool.add(tx, local)
+		errs[i] = err
+		if err == nil && !replaced {
+			dirty.addTx(tx)
+		}
+	}
+	//validTxMeter.Mark(int64(len(dirty.accounts)))
+	return errs, dirty
+}
+
+// removeTx removes a single transaction from the queue, moving all subsequent
+// transactions back to the future queue.
+func (pool *TxsPool) removeTx(hash types.Hash, outofbound bool) {
+	// Fetch the transaction we wish to delete
+	tx := pool.all.Get(hash)
+	if tx == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	addr := *tx.From() // already verify
+
+	// Remove it from the list of known transactions
+	pool.all.Remove(hash)
+	if outofbound {
+		pool.priced.Removed(1)
+	}
+	if pool.locals.contains(addr) {
+		localGauge.Dec()
+	}
+	// Remove the transaction from the pending lists and reset the account nonce
+	if pending := pool.pending[addr]; pending != nil {
+		if removed, invalids := pending.Remove(tx); removed {
+			// If no more pending transactions are left, remove the list
+			if pending.Empty() {
+				delete(pool.pending, addr)
+			}
+			// Postpone any invalidated transactions
+			for _, tx := range invalids {
+				// Internal shuffle shouldn't touch the lookup set.
+				hash := tx.Hash()
+				pool.enqueueTx(hash, tx, false, false)
+			}
+			// Update the account nonce if needed
+			pool.pendingNonces.setIfLower(addr, tx.Nonce())
+			// Reduce the pending counter
+			pendingGauge.Add(-(1 + len(invalids)))
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	// Transaction is in the future queue
+	if future := pool.queue[addr]; future != nil {
+		if removed, _ := future.Remove(tx); removed {
+			// Reduce the queued counter
+			queuedGauge.Dec()
+		}
+		if future.Empty() {
+			delete(pool.queue, addr)
+			delete(pool.beats, addr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// add validates a transaction and inserts it into the non-executable queue for later
+// pending promotion and execution. If the transaction is a replacement for an already
+// pending or queued one, it overwrites the previous transaction if its price is higher.
+//
+// If a newly added transaction is marked as local, its sending account will be
+// be added to the allowlist, preventing any associated transaction from being dropped
+// out of the pool due to pricing constraints.
+func (pool *TxsPool) add(tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) (replaced bool, err error) {
+	// if exist
+	hash := tx.Hash()
+	gasPrice := tx.GasPrice()
+
+	if pool.all.Get(hash) != nil {
+		log.Debug("Discarding already known transaction", "hash", hash)
+		return false, ErrAlreadyKnown
+	}
+
+	// Make the local flag. If it's from local source or it's from the network but
+	// the sender is marked as local previously, treat it as the local transaction.
+	isLocal := local || pool.locals.containsTx(tx)
+
+	// If the transaction fails basic validation, discard it
+	if err := pool.validateTx(tx, isLocal); err != nil {
+		//log.Debug("Discarding invalid transaction", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return false, err
+	}
+	// If the transaction pool is full, discard underpriced transactions
+	if uint64(pool.all.Slots()+numSlots(tx)) > pool.config.GlobalSlots+pool.config.GlobalQueue {
+		// If the new transaction is underpriced, don't accept it
+		if !isLocal && pool.priced.Underpriced(tx) {
+			log.Debug("Discarding underpriced transaction", "hash", hash, "gasTipCap", gasPrice, "gasFeeCap", gasPrice)
+			return false, ErrUnderpriced
+		}
+		// We're about to replace a transaction. The reorg does a more thorough
+		// analysis of what to remove and how, but it runs async. We don't want to
+		// do too many replacements between reorg-runs, so we cap the number of
+		// replacements to 25% of the slots
+		if pool.changesSinceReorg > int(pool.config.GlobalSlots/4) {
+			return false, ErrTxPoolOverflow
+		}
+
+		// New transaction is better than our worse ones, make room for it.
+		// If it's a local transaction, forcibly discard all available transactions.
+		// Otherwise if we can't make enough room for new one, abort the operation.
+		drop, success := pool.priced.Discard(pool.all.Slots()-int(pool.config.GlobalSlots+pool.config.GlobalQueue)+numSlots(tx), isLocal)
+
+		// Special case, we still can't make the room for the new remote one.
+		if !isLocal && !success {
+			log.Debug("Discarding overflown transaction", "hash", hash)
+			return false, ErrTxPoolOverflow
+		}
+		// Bump the counter of rejections-since-reorg
+		pool.changesSinceReorg += len(drop)
+		// Kick out the underpriced remote transactions.
+		for _, tx := range drop {
+			log.Debug("Discarding freshly underpriced transaction", "hash", hash, "gasTipCap", gasPrice, "gasFeeCap", gasPrice)
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			pool.removeTx(hash, false)
+		}
+	}
+	// Try to replace an existing transaction in the pending pool
+	from := *tx.From() //
+	if list := pool.pending[from]; list != nil && list.Overlaps(tx) {
+		// Nonce already pending, check if required price bump is met
+		inserted, old := list.Add(tx, pool.config.PriceBump)
+		if !inserted {
+			return false, ErrReplaceUnderpriced
+		}
+		// New transaction is better, replace old one
+		if old != nil {
+			hash := old.Hash()
+			pool.all.Remove(hash)
+			pool.priced.Removed(1)
+		}
+		pool.all.Add(tx, isLocal)
+		pool.priced.Put(tx, isLocal)
+		pool.queueTxEvent(tx)
+		log.Debug("Pooled new executable transaction", "hash", hash, "from", from, "to", tx.To)
+
+		// Successful promotion, bump the heartbeat
+		pool.beats[from] = time.Now()
+		return old != nil, nil
+	}
+	// New transaction isn't replacing a pending one, push into queue
+	replaced, err = pool.enqueueTx(hash, tx, isLocal, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	// Mark local addresses and journal local transactions
+	if local && !pool.locals.contains(from) {
+		log.Infof("Setting new local account address %v", from)
+		pool.locals.add(from)
+		pool.priced.Removed(pool.all.RemoteToLocals(pool.locals)) // Migrate the remotes if it's marked as local first time.
+	}
+	if isLocal {
+		localGauge.Inc()
+	}
+
+	//log.Debug("Pooled new future transaction", "hash", hash, "from", from, "to", tx.To)
+	return replaced, nil
+}
+
+// enqueueTx inserts a new transaction into the non-executable transaction queue.
+//
+// Note, this method assumes the pool lock is held!
+func (pool *TxsPool) enqueueTx(hash types.Hash, tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool, addAll bool) (bool, error) {
+	// Try to insert the transaction into the future queue
+	from := *tx.From() // already validated
+	if pool.queue[from] == nil {
+		pool.queue[from] = newTxsList(false)
+	}
+	inserted, old := pool.queue[from].Add(tx, pool.config.PriceBump)
+	if !inserted {
+		// An older transaction was better, discard this
+		return false, ErrReplaceUnderpriced
+	}
+	// Discard any previous transaction and mark this
+	if old != nil {
+		hash := old.Hash()
+		pool.all.Remove(hash)
+		pool.priced.Removed(1)
+	} else {
+		queuedGauge.Inc()
+	}
+
+	// If the transaction isn't in lookup set but it's expected to be there,
+	// show the error log.
+	if pool.all.Get(hash) == nil && !addAll {
+		log.Error("Missing transaction in lookup set, please report the issue", "hash", hash)
+	}
+	if addAll {
+		pool.all.Add(tx, local)
+		pool.priced.Put(tx, local)
+	}
+	// If we never record the heartbeat, do it right now.
+	if _, exist := pool.beats[from]; !exist {
+		pool.beats[from] = time.Now()
+	}
+	return old != nil, nil
+}
+
+// validateTx checks whether a transaction is valid according to the consensus
+// rules and adheres to some heuristic limits of the local node (price and size).
+func (pool *TxsPool) validateTx(tx *transaction.Transaction, local bool) error {
+	// Accept only legacy transactions until EIP-2718/2930 activates.
+	// todo
+	if !pool.eip2718 && tx.Type() != transaction.LegacyTxType {
+		return internal.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	// Reject dynamic fee transactions until EIP-1559 activates.
+	if !pool.eip1559 && tx.Type() == transaction.DynamicFeeTxType {
+		return internal.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+	}
+	// Reject transactions over defined size to prevent DOS attacks
+	//if tx.Size() > txMaxSize {
+	//	return ErrOversizedData
+	//}
+
+	gasPrice := tx.GasPrice()
+	addr := *tx.From()
+
+	if uint64(unsafe.Sizeof(tx)) > txMaxSize {
+		return ErrOversizedData
+	}
+	// Transactions can't be negative. This may never happen using RLP decoded
+	// transactions but may occur if you create a transaction using the RPC.
+	if tx.Value().Sign() < 0 {
+		return ErrNegativeValue
+	}
+
+	// Ensure the transaction doesn't exceed the current block limit gas.
+	if pool.currentMaxGas < tx.Gas() {
+		return ErrGasLimit
+	}
+
+	// Sanity check for extremely large numbers
+	if gasPrice.BitLen() > 256 {
+		return ErrFeeCapVeryHigh
+	}
+	if tx.GasTipCap().BitLen() > 256 {
+		return internal.ErrTipVeryHigh
+	}
+	// Ensure gasFeeCap is greater than or equal to gasTipCap.
+	if tx.GasFeeCapIntCmp(tx.GasTipCap()) < 0 {
+		return ErrTipAboveFeeCap
+	}
+	// Make sure the transaction is signed properly.
+
+	// Drop non-local transactions under our own minimal accepted gas price or tip
+	if !local && gasPrice.Cmp(pool.gasPrice) < 0 {
+		return ErrUnderpriced
+	}
+	// Ensure the transaction adheres to nonce ordering
+	if pool.currentState.GetNonce(addr) > tx.Nonce() {
+		return ErrNonceTooLow
+	}
+	// Transactor should have enough funds to cover the costs
+	// cost == V + GP * GL
+	if pool.currentState.GetBalance(addr).Cmp(tx.Cost()) < 0 {
+		return ErrInsufficientFunds
+	}
+
+	// Ensure the transaction has more gas than the basic tx fee.
+	intrGas, err := internal.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.To() == nil, true, pool.istanbul, pool.shanghai)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if tx.Gas() < intrGas {
+		return internal.ErrIntrinsicGas
+	}
+
+	if pool.deposit != nil {
+		var depositInfo *deposit.Info
+		_ = pool.bc.DB().View(pool.ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+			depositInfo = deposit.GetDepositInfo(tx, addr)
+			return nil
+		})
+
+		if depositInfo != nil {
+			if pool.deposit.IsDepositAction(tx) {
+				return internal.ErrAlreadyDeposited
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateSender verify todo
+func (pool *TxsPool) validateSender(tx *transaction.Transaction) bool {
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// requestReset requests a pool reset to the new head block.
+// The returned channel is closed when the reset has occurred.
+func (pool *TxsPool) requestReset(oldBlock block.IBlock, newBlock block.IBlock) <-chan struct{} {
+	select {
+	case pool.reqResetCh <- &txspoolResetRequest{oldBlock, newBlock}:
+		return <-pool.reorgDoneCh
+	//case <-pool.reorgShutdownCh:
+	//	return pool.reorgShutdownCh
+	case <-pool.ctx.Done():
+		return pool.ctx.Done()
+	}
+}
+
+// requestPromoteExecutables requests transaction promotion checks for the given addresses.
+// The returned channel is closed when the promotion checks have occurred.
+func (pool *TxsPool) requestPromoteExecutables(set *accountSet) <-chan struct{} {
+	select {
+	case pool.reqPromoteCh <- set:
+		return <-pool.reorgDoneCh
+	case <-pool.ctx.Done():
+		return pool.ctx.Done()
+	}
+}
+
+// queueTxEvent enqueues a transaction event to be sent in the next reorg run.
+func (pool *TxsPool) queueTxEvent(tx *transaction.Transaction) {
+	select {
+	case pool.queueTxEventCh <- tx:
+	//case <-pool.reorgShutdownCh:
+	case <-pool.ctx.Done():
+	}
+}
+
+func (pool *TxsPool) reset(oldBlock, newBlock block.IBlock) {
+	// If we're reorging an old state, reinject all dropped transactions
+	var reinject []*transaction.Transaction
+
+	if oldBlock != nil && oldBlock.Header().Hash().String() != newBlock.ParentHash().String() {
+		// If the reorg is too deep, avoid doing it (will happen during fast sync)
+		oldNum := oldBlock.Number64()
+		newNum := newBlock.Number64()
+
+		if depth := uint64(math.Abs(float64(oldNum.Uint64()) - float64(newNum.Uint64()))); depth > 64 {
+			log.Debug("Skipping deep transaction reorg", "depth", depth)
+		} else {
+			// Reorg seems shallow enough to pull in all transactions into memorynewHash
+			var discarded, included []*transaction.Transaction
+			var (
+				rem = oldBlock
+				add = newBlock
+			)
+			if rem == nil {
+				// This can happen if a setHead is performed, where we simply discard the old
+				// head from the chain.
+				// If that is the case, we don't have the lost transactions any more, and
+				// there's nothing to add
+				if newNum.Cmp(oldNum) >= 0 {
+					// If we reorged to a same or higher number, then it's not a case of setHead
+					log.Warn("Transaction pool reset with missing oldhead",
+						"old", oldBlock.Header().Hash(), "oldnum", oldNum, "new", newBlock.Hash(), "newnum", newNum)
+					return
+				}
+				// If the reorg ended up on a lower number, it's indicative of setHead being the cause
+				log.Debug("Skipping transaction reset caused by setHead",
+					"old", oldBlock.Header().Hash(), "oldnum", oldNum, "new", newBlock.Hash(), "newnum", newNum)
+				// We still need to update the current state s.th. the lost transactions can be readded by the user
+			} else {
+				for rem.Number64().Cmp(add.Number64()) == 1 {
+					discarded = append(discarded, rem.Body().Transactions()...)
+					if rem, _ = pool.bc.GetBlockByHash(rem.ParentHash()); rem == nil {
+						log.Error("Unrooted old chain seen by tx pool", "block", oldBlock.Number64(), "hash", oldBlock.Hash())
+						return
+					}
+				}
+				for add.Number64().Cmp(rem.Number64()) == 1 {
+					included = append(included, add.Body().Transactions()...)
+					if add, _ = pool.bc.GetBlockByHash(add.ParentHash()); add == nil {
+						log.Error("Unrooted new chain seen by tx pool", "block", newBlock.Number64(), "hash", newBlock.Hash())
+						return
+					}
+				}
+				for rem.Hash() != add.Hash() {
+					discarded = append(discarded, rem.Body().Transactions()...)
+					if rem, _ = pool.bc.GetBlockByHash(rem.ParentHash()); rem == nil {
+						log.Error("Unrooted old chain seen by tx pool", "block", oldBlock.Number64(), "hash", oldBlock.Header().Hash())
+						return
+					}
+					included = append(included, add.Body().Transactions()...)
+					if add, _ = pool.bc.GetBlockByHash(add.ParentHash()); add == nil {
+						log.Error("Unrooted new chain seen by tx pool", "block", newBlock.Number64(), "hash", newBlock.Hash())
+						return
+					}
+				}
+				log.Debugf("start to reset txs pool4 discarded %d , included %d, old number :%d ,new number:%d",
+					len(discarded), len(included), oldNum.Uint64(), newNum.Uint64())
+				reinject = pool.txDifference(discarded, included)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Initialize the internal state to the current head
+	if newBlock == nil {
+		newBlock = pool.bc.CurrentBlock() // Special case during testing
+	}
+
+	//if err := pool.ResetState(newBlock.Header().Hash()); nil != err {
+	//	log.Errorf("reset current state faild, %v", err)
+	//	return
+	//}
+	// pool.pendingNonces = newTxNoncer(pool.currentState) //newTxNoncer(statedb)
+	pool.currentMaxGas = newBlock.GasLimit()
+
+	// Inject any transactions discarded due to reorgs
+	if len(reinject) > 0 {
+		log.Debugf("Reinjecting stale transactions count %d", len(reinject))
+	}
+
+	//senderCacher.recover(pool.signer, reinject)
+	pool.addTxsLocked(reinject, false)
+
+	// Update all fork indicator by next pending block number.
+	next := new(big.Int).Add(newBlock.Number64().ToBig(), big.NewInt(1))
+	pool.istanbul = pool.chainconfig.IsIstanbul(next.Uint64())
+	pool.eip2718 = pool.chainconfig.IsBerlin(next.Uint64())
+	pool.eip1559 = pool.chainconfig.IsLondon(next.Uint64())
+}
+
+// promoteExecutables moves transactions that have become processable from the
+// future queue to the set of pending transactions. During this process, all
+// invalidated transactions (low nonce, low balance) are deleted.
+func (pool *TxsPool) promoteExecutables(accounts []types.Address) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	// Track the promoted transactions to broadcast them at once
+	var promoted []*transaction.Transaction
+
+	// Iterate over all accounts and promote any executable transactions
+	for _, addr := range accounts {
+		list := pool.queue[addr]
+		if list == nil {
+			continue // Just in case someone calls with a non existing account
+		}
+		// Drop all transactions that are deemed too old (low nonce)
+		forwards := list.Forward(pool.currentState.GetNonce(addr))
+		for _, tx := range forwards {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			pool.all.Remove(hash)
+		}
+		//log.Debug("Removed old queued transactions", "count", len(forwards))
+		// Drop all transactions that are too costly (low balance or out of gas)
+		//todo remove GetBalance check
+		drops, _ := list.Filter(*pool.currentState.GetBalance(addr), pool.currentMaxGas)
+		for _, tx := range drops {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			pool.all.Remove(hash)
+		}
+		//log.Debug("Removed unpayable queued transactions", "count", len(drops))
+
+		// Gather all executable transactions and promote them
+		readies := list.Ready(pool.pendingNonces.get(addr))
+		for _, tx := range readies {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			if pool.promoteTx(addr, hash, tx) {
+				promoted = append(promoted, tx)
+			}
+		}
+		//log.Debug("Promoted queued transactions", "count", len(promoted))
+		queuedGauge.Add(-(len(readies)))
+
+		// Drop all transactions over the allowed limit
+		var caps []*transaction.Transaction
+		if !pool.locals.contains(addr) {
+			caps = list.Cap(int(pool.config.AccountQueue))
+			for _, tx := range caps {
+				hash := tx.Hash()
+				pool.all.Remove(hash)
+				//log.Debug("Removed cap-exceeding queued transaction", "hash", hash)
+			}
+		}
+		// Mark all the items dropped as removed
+		//todo pool.priced.Removed(len(forwards) + len(drops) + len(caps))
+		pool.priced.Removed(len(caps))
+		queuedGauge.Add(-(len(forwards) + len(drops) + len(caps)))
+		if pool.locals.contains(addr) {
+			localGauge.Add(-(len(forwards) + len(drops) + len(caps)))
+		}
+		// Delete the entire queue entry if it became empty.
+		if list.Empty() {
+			delete(pool.queue, addr)
+			delete(pool.beats, addr)
+		}
+	}
+	return promoted
+}
+
+// truncatePending removes transactions from the pending queue if the pool is above the
+// pending limit. The algorithm tries to reduce transaction counts by an approximately
+// equal number for all for accounts with many pending transactions.
+func (pool *TxsPool) truncatePending() {
+	pending := uint64(0)
+	for _, list := range pool.pending {
+		pending += uint64(list.Len())
+	}
+	if pending <= pool.config.GlobalSlots {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Assemble a spam order to penalize large transactors first
+	spammers := prque.New(nil)
+	for addr, list := range pool.pending {
+		// Only evict transactions from high rollers
+		if !pool.locals.contains(addr) && uint64(list.Len()) > pool.config.AccountSlots {
+			spammers.Push(addr, int64(list.Len()))
+		}
+	}
+	// Gradually drop transactions from offenders
+	offenders := []types.Address{}
+	for pending > pool.config.GlobalSlots && !spammers.Empty() {
+		// Retrieve the next offender if not local address
+		offender, _ := spammers.Pop()
+		offenders = append(offenders, offender.(types.Address))
+
+		// Equalize balances until all the same or below threshold
+		if len(offenders) > 1 {
+			// Calculate the equalization threshold for all current offenders
+			threshold := pool.pending[offender.(types.Address)].Len()
+
+			// Iteratively reduce all offenders until below limit or threshold reached
+			for pending > pool.config.GlobalSlots && pool.pending[offenders[len(offenders)-2]].Len() > threshold {
+				for i := 0; i < len(offenders)-1; i++ {
+					list := pool.pending[offenders[i]]
+
+					caps := list.Cap(list.Len() - 1)
+					for _, tx := range caps {
+						// Drop the transaction from the global pools too
+						hash := tx.Hash()
+						pool.all.Remove(hash)
+
+						// Update the account nonce to the dropped transaction
+						pool.pendingNonces.setIfLower(offenders[i], tx.Nonce())
+						log.Debug("Removed fairness-exceeding pending transaction", "hash", hash)
+					}
+					pool.priced.Removed(len(caps))
+					pendingGauge.Add(-len(caps))
+					if pool.locals.contains(offenders[i]) {
+						localGauge.Add(-(len(caps)))
+					}
+					pending--
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If still above threshold, reduce to limit or min allowance
+	if pending > pool.config.GlobalSlots && len(offenders) > 0 {
+		for pending > pool.config.GlobalSlots && uint64(pool.pending[offenders[len(offenders)-1]].Len()) > pool.config.AccountSlots {
+			for _, addr := range offenders {
+				list := pool.pending[addr]
+
+				caps := list.Cap(list.Len() - 1)
+				for _, tx := range caps {
+					// Drop the transaction from the global pools too
+					hash := tx.Hash()
+					pool.all.Remove(hash)
+
+					// Update the account nonce to the dropped transaction
+					pool.pendingNonces.setIfLower(addr, tx.Nonce())
+					log.Debug("Removed fairness-exceeding pending transaction", "hash", hash)
+				}
+				pool.priced.Removed(len(caps))
+				pendingGauge.Add(-len(caps))
+				if pool.locals.contains(addr) {
+					localGauge.Add(-len(caps))
+				}
+				pending--
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// truncateQueue drops the oldes transactions in the queue if the pool is above the global queue limit.
+func (pool *TxsPool) truncateQueue() {
+	queued := uint64(0)
+	for _, list := range pool.queue {
+		queued += uint64(list.Len())
+	}
+	if queued <= pool.config.GlobalQueue {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Sort all accounts with queued transactions by heartbeat
+	addresses := make(addressesByHeartbeat, 0, len(pool.queue))
+	for addr := range pool.queue {
+		if !pool.locals.contains(addr) { // don't drop locals
+			addresses = append(addresses, addressByHeartbeat{addr, pool.beats[addr]})
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Sort(addresses)
+
+	// Drop transactions until the total is below the limit or only locals remain
+	for drop := queued - pool.config.GlobalQueue; drop > 0 && len(addresses) > 0; {
+		addr := addresses[len(addresses)-1]
+		list := pool.queue[addr.address]
+
+		addresses = addresses[:len(addresses)-1]
+
+		// Drop all transactions if they are less than the overflow
+		if size := uint64(list.Len()); size <= drop {
+			for _, tx := range list.Flatten() {
+				hash := tx.Hash()
+				pool.removeTx(hash, true)
+			}
+			drop -= size
+			continue
+		}
+		// Otherwise drop only last few transactions
+		txs := list.Flatten()
+		for i := len(txs) - 1; i >= 0 && drop > 0; i-- {
+			hash := txs[i].Hash()
+			pool.removeTx(hash, true)
+			drop--
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// demoteUnexecutables removes invalid and processed transactions from the pools
+// executable/pending queue and any subsequent transactions that become unexecutable
+// are moved back into the future queue.
+//
+// Note: transactions are not marked as removed in the priced list because re-heaping
+// is always explicitly triggered by SetBaseFee and it would be unnecessary and wasteful
+// to trigger a re-heap is this function
+func (pool *TxsPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
+	// Iterate over all accounts and demote any non-executable transactions
+	for addr, list := range pool.pending {
+		nonce := pool.currentState.GetNonce(addr)
+
+		// Drop all transactions that are deemed too old (low nonce)
+		olds := list.Forward(nonce)
+		for _, tx := range olds {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			pool.all.Remove(hash)
+			//log.Debug("Removed old pending transaction", "hash", hash)
+		}
+		// Drop all transactions that are too costly (low balance or out of gas), and queue any invalids back for later
+		drops, invalids := list.Filter(*pool.currentState.GetBalance(addr), pool.currentMaxGas)
+		for _, tx := range drops {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			//log.Debug("Removed unpayable pending transaction", "hash", hash)
+			pool.all.Remove(hash)
+		}
+
+		for _, tx := range invalids {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			//log.Debug("Demoting pending transaction", "hash", hash)
+
+			// Internal shuffle shouldn't touch the lookup set.
+			pool.enqueueTx(hash, tx, false, false)
+		}
+		pendingGauge.Add(-(len(olds) + len(drops) + len(invalids)))
+		if pool.locals.contains(addr) {
+			localGauge.Add(-(len(olds) + len(drops) + len(invalids)))
+		}
+		// If there's a gap in front, alert (should never happen) and postpone all transactions
+		if list.Len() > 0 && list.txs.Get(nonce) == nil {
+			gapped := list.Cap(0)
+			for _, tx := range gapped {
+				hash := tx.Hash()
+				log.Error("Demoting invalidated transaction", "hash", hash)
+
+				// Internal shuffle shouldn't touch the lookup set.
+				pool.enqueueTx(hash, tx, false, false)
+			}
+			// This might happen in a reorg, so log it to the metering
+			pendingGauge.Add(-(len(gapped)))
+		}
+		// Delete the entire pending entry if it became empty.
+		if list.Empty() {
+			delete(pool.pending, addr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// runReorg runs reset and promoteExecutables on behalf of scheduleReorgLoop.
+func (pool *TxsPool) runReorg(done chan struct{}, reset *txspoolResetRequest, dirtyAccounts *accountSet, events map[types.Address]*txsSortedMap) {
+	defer close(done)
+
+	//go_logger.Logger.Sugar().Infof("start reset txs pool %v", reset)
+	var promoteAddrs []types.Address
+	if dirtyAccounts != nil && reset == nil {
+		// Only dirty accounts need to be promoted, unless we're resetting.
+		// For resets, all addresses in the tx queue will be promoted and
+		// the flatten operation can be avoided.
+		promoteAddrs = dirtyAccounts.flatten()
+	}
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	if reset != nil {
+		// Reset from the old head to the new, rescheduling any reorged transactions
+		pool.reset(reset.oldBlock, reset.newBlock)
+
+		// Nonces were reset, discard any events that became stale
+		for addr := range events {
+			events[addr].Forward(pool.pendingNonces.get(addr))
+			if events[addr].Len() == 0 {
+				delete(events, addr)
+			}
+		}
+		// Reset needs promote for all addresses
+		promoteAddrs = make([]types.Address, 0, len(pool.queue))
+		for addr := range pool.queue {
+			promoteAddrs = append(promoteAddrs, addr)
+		}
+	}
+	// Check for pending transactions for every account that sent new ones
+	promoted := pool.promoteExecutables(promoteAddrs)
+
+	// If a new block appeared, validate the pool of pending transactions. This will
+	// remove any transaction that has been included in the block or was invalidated
+	// because of another transaction (e.g. higher gas price).
+	if reset != nil {
+		pool.demoteUnexecutables()
+
+		if reset.newBlock != nil && pool.chainconfig.IsLondon(reset.newBlock.Number64().Uint64()+1) {
+			pendingBaseFee, _ := uint256.FromBig(misc.CalcBaseFee(pool.chainconfig, reset.newBlock.Header().(*block.Header)))
+			pool.priced.SetBaseFee(pendingBaseFee)
+		}
+		// Update all accounts to the latest known pending nonce
+		nonces := make(map[types.Address]uint64, len(pool.pending))
+		for addr, list := range pool.pending {
+			highestPending := list.LastElement()
+			nonces[addr] = highestPending.Nonce() + 1
+		}
+		pool.pendingNonces.setAll(nonces)
+	}
+	// Ensure pool.queue and pool.pending sizes stay within the configured limits.
+	pool.truncatePending()
+	pool.truncateQueue()
+
+	pool.changesSinceReorg = 0 // Reset change counter
+	pool.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Notify subsystems for newly added transactions
+	for _, tx := range promoted {
+		addr := *tx.From()
+		if _, ok := events[addr]; !ok {
+			events[addr] = newTxSortedMap()
+		}
+		events[addr].Put(tx)
+	}
+	// todo
+	if len(events) > 0 {
+		var txs []*transaction.Transaction
+		for _, set := range events {
+			txs = append(txs, set.Flatten()...)
+		}
+		event.GlobalEvent.Send(common.NewTxsEvent{Txs: txs})
+	}
+}
+
+// scheduleLoop
+func (pool *TxsPool) scheduleLoop() {
+	defer pool.wg.Done()
+
+	var (
+		curDone       chan struct{} // non-nil while runReorg is active
+		nextDone      = make(chan struct{})
+		launchNextRun bool
+		reset         *txspoolResetRequest
+		dirtyAccounts *accountSet
+		queuedEvents  = make(map[types.Address]*txsSortedMap)
+	)
+
+	for {
+		// Launch next background reorg if needed
+		if curDone == nil && launchNextRun {
+			// Run the background reorg and announcements
+			go pool.runReorg(nextDone, reset, dirtyAccounts, queuedEvents)
+
+			curDone, nextDone = nextDone, make(chan struct{})
+			launchNextRun = false
+
+			reset, dirtyAccounts = nil, nil
+			queuedEvents = make(map[types.Address]*txsSortedMap)
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case req := <-pool.reqResetCh:
+			// Reset request: update head if request is already pending.
+			if reset == nil {
+				reset = req
+			} else {
+				reset.newBlock = req.newBlock
+			}
+			launchNextRun = true
+			pool.reorgDoneCh <- nextDone
+
+		case req := <-pool.reqPromoteCh:
+			// Promote request: update address set if request is already pending.
+			if dirtyAccounts == nil {
+				dirtyAccounts = req
+			} else {
+				dirtyAccounts.merge(req)
+			}
+			launchNextRun = true
+			pool.reorgDoneCh <- nextDone
+
+		case tx := <-pool.queueTxEventCh:
+			// Queue up the event, but don't schedule a reorg. It's up to the caller to
+			// request one later if they want the events sent.
+			addr := *tx.From()
+			if _, ok := queuedEvents[addr]; !ok {
+				queuedEvents[addr] = newTxSortedMap()
+			}
+			queuedEvents[addr].Put(tx)
+
+		case <-curDone:
+			curDone = nil
+
+		//case <-pool.reorgShutdownCh:
+		//	// Wait for current run to finish.
+		//	if curDone != nil {
+		//		<-curDone
+		//	}
+		//	close(nextDone)
+		//	return
+		case <-pool.ctx.Done():
+			// Wait for current run to finish.
+			if curDone != nil {
+				<-curDone
+			}
+			close(nextDone)
+			return
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+// blockChangeLoop
+func (pool *TxsPool) blockChangeLoop() {
+	defer pool.wg.Done()
+
+	highestBlockCh := make(chan common.ChainHighestBlock)
+	defer close(highestBlockCh)
+	highestSub := event.GlobalEvent.Subscribe(highestBlockCh)
+	defer highestSub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	oldBlock := pool.bc.CurrentBlock()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-highestSub.Err():
+			return
+		case <-pool.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case highestBlock, ok := <-highestBlockCh:
+			if ok && highestBlock.Inserted {
+				pool.requestReset(oldBlock, pool.bc.CurrentBlock())
+				oldBlock = pool.bc.CurrentBlock()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Stop terminates the transaction pool.
+func (pool *TxsPool) Stop() error {
+	pool.cancel()
+	pool.wg.Wait()
+	log.Info("Transaction pool stopped")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// txDifference
+func (pool *TxsPool) txDifference(a, b []*transaction.Transaction) []*transaction.Transaction {
+	keep := make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, len(a))
+
+	remove := make(map[types.Hash]struct{})
+	for _, tx := range b {
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		remove[hash] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, tx := range a {
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		if _, ok := remove[hash]; !ok {
+			keep = append(keep, tx)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return keep
+}
+
+// Pending retrieves all currently processable transactions, grouped by origin
+// account and sorted by nonce. The returned transaction set is a copy and can be
+// freely modified by calling code.
+//
+// The enforceTips parameter can be used to do an extra filtering on the pending
+// transactions and only return those whose **effective** tip is large enough in
+// the next pending execution environment.
+func (pool *TxsPool) Pending(enforceTips bool) map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction {
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+
+	pending := make(map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction)
+	for addr, list := range pool.pending {
+		txs := list.Flatten()
+
+		// If the miner requests tip enforcement, cap the lists now
+		if enforceTips && !pool.locals.contains(addr) {
+			for i, tx := range txs {
+				if tx.EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(pool.gasPrice, pool.priced.urgent.baseFee) < 0 {
+					txs = txs[:i]
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if len(txs) > 0 {
+			pending[addr] = txs
+		}
+	}
+	return pending
+}
+
+// Has
+func (pool *TxsPool) Has(hash types.Hash) bool {
+	return pool.all.Get(hash) != nil
+}
+
+// GetTransaction
+func (pool *TxsPool) GetTransaction() (txs []*transaction.Transaction, err error) {
+	//
+	pending := pool.Pending(false)
+	heads := make([]*transaction.Transaction, 0, len(pending))
+	for _, accTxs := range pending {
+		//heads = append(heads, accTxs[0])
+		heads = append(heads, accTxs...)
+	}
+	return heads, nil
+}
+
+// GetTx
+func (pool *TxsPool) GetTx(hash types.Hash) *transaction.Transaction {
+	return pool.all.Get(hash)
+}
+
+// Content
+func (pool *TxsPool) Content() (map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction, map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction) {
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+
+	pending := make(map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction)
+	for addr, list := range pool.pending {
+		pending[addr] = list.Flatten()
+	}
+	queued := make(map[types.Address][]*transaction.Transaction)
+	for addr, list := range pool.queue {
+		queued[addr] = list.Flatten()
+	}
+	return pending, queued
+}
+
+func (pool *TxsPool) Nonce(addr types.Address) uint64 {
+	pool.mu.RLock()
+	defer pool.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	return pool.pendingNonces.get(addr)
+}
+
+// StatsPrint
+func (pool *TxsPool) StatsPrint() {
+	pool.mu.RLock()
+	defer pool.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	pendingAddresses, pendingTxs, queuedAddresses, queuedTxs := pool.Stats()
+
+	log.Debugf("txs pool： pendingAddresses count: %d pendingTxs count: %d ", pendingAddresses, pendingTxs)
+	log.Debugf("txs pool： queuedAddresses count: %d queuedTxs count: %d", queuedAddresses, queuedTxs)
+}
+
+func (pool *TxsPool) Stats() (int, int, int, int) {
+	pendingTxs := 0
+	pendingAddresses := len(pool.pending)
+	for _, list := range pool.pending {
+		pendingTxs += list.Len()
+	}
+	queuedTxs := 0
+	queuedAddresses := len(pool.queue)
+	for _, list := range pool.queue {
+		queuedTxs += list.Len()
+	}
+	return pendingAddresses, pendingTxs, queuedAddresses, queuedTxs
+}
+
+func (pool *TxsPool) ResetState(blockHash types.Hash) error {
+	//if pool.currentState != nil {
+	//	reader := pool.currentState.GetStateReader()
+	//	if reader != nil {
+	//		if hreader, ok := reader.(*state.HistoryStateReader); ok {
+	//			hreader.Rollback()
+	//		}
+	//	}
+	//}
+	//
+	//tx, err := pool.bc.DB().BeginRo(pool.ctx)
+	//if nil != err {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	//blockNr := rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(tx, blockHash)
+	//if nil == blockNr {
+	//	return fmt.Errorf("invaild block hash")
+	//}
+	//stateReader := state.NewStateHistoryReader(tx, tx, *blockNr+1)
+	//pool.currentState = state.New(stateReader)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/types.go b/internal/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa4e5b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Validator is an interface which defines the standard for block validation. It
+// is only responsible for validating block contents, as the header validation is
+// done by the specific consensus engines.
+//type Validator interface {
+//	// ValidateBody validates the given block's content.
+//	ValidateBody(block *block.Block) error
+//
+//	// ValidateState validates the given statedb and optionally the receipts and
+//	// gas used.
+//	ValidateState(block *block.Block, state *state.StateDB, receipts block.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error
+//}
+//
+//// Prefetcher is an interface for pre-caching transaction signatures and state.
+//type Prefetcher interface {
+//	// Prefetch processes the state changes according to the Ethereum rules by running
+//	// the transaction messages using the statedb, but any changes are discarded. The
+//	// only goal is to pre-cache transaction signatures and state trie nodes.
+//	Prefetch(block *block.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config, interrupt *uint32)
+//}
+
+// Processor is an interface for processing blocks using a given initial state.
+type Processor interface {
+	// Process processes the state changes according to the Ethereum rules by running
+	// the transaction messages using the statedb and applying any rewards to both
+	// the processor (coinbase) and any included uncles.
+	Process(b *block.Block, ibs *state.IntraBlockState, stateReader state.StateReader, stateWriter state.WriterWithChangeSets, blockHashFunc func(n uint64) types.Hash) (block.Receipts, map[types.Address]*uint256.Int, []*block.Log, uint64, error)
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/absint_cfg.go b/internal/vm/absint_cfg.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9c883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/absint_cfg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/zlib"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+////////////////////////
+
+const (
+	BotValue AbsValueKind = iota
+	TopValue
+	InvalidValue
+	ConcreteValue
+)
+
+func (d AbsValueKind) String() string {
+	return [...]string{"⊥", "⊤", "x", "AbsValue"}[d]
+}
+
+func (d AbsValueKind) hash() uint64 {
+	if d == BotValue {
+		return 0
+	} else if d == TopValue {
+		return 1
+	} else if d == InvalidValue {
+		return 2
+	} else if d == ConcreteValue {
+		return 3
+	} else {
+		panic("no hash found")
+	}
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+type AbsValue struct {
+	kind  AbsValueKind
+	value *uint256.Int //only when kind=ConcreteValue
+	pc    int          //only when kind=TopValue
+}
+
+func (c0 AbsValue) String(abbrev bool) string {
+	if c0.kind == InvalidValue {
+		return c0.kind.String()
+	} else if c0.kind == BotValue {
+		return c0.kind.String()
+	} else if c0.kind == TopValue {
+		if !abbrev {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%v%v", c0.kind.String(), c0.pc)
+		}
+		return c0.kind.String()
+	} else if c0.value.IsUint64() {
+		return strconv.FormatUint(c0.value.Uint64(), 10)
+	}
+	return "256bit"
+}
+
+func AbsValueTop(pc int) AbsValue {
+	return AbsValue{kind: TopValue, pc: pc}
+}
+
+func AbsValueInvalid() AbsValue {
+	return AbsValue{kind: InvalidValue}
+}
+
+func AbsValueConcrete(value uint256.Int) AbsValue {
+	return AbsValue{kind: ConcreteValue, value: &value}
+}
+
+func (c0 AbsValue) Eq(c1 AbsValue) bool {
+	if c0.kind != c1.kind {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if c0.kind == ConcreteValue {
+		if !c0.value.Eq(c1.value) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func (c0 AbsValue) hash() uint64 {
+	hash := 47 * c0.kind.hash()
+	if c0.kind == ConcreteValue {
+		hash += 57 * uint256Hash(c0.value)
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+func (c0 AbsValue) Stringify() string {
+	if c0.kind == InvalidValue || c0.kind == TopValue {
+		return c0.kind.String()
+	} else if c0.kind == ConcreteValue {
+		b, err := c0.value.MarshalText()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal("Can't unmarshall")
+		}
+		return string(b)
+	}
+
+	log.Fatal("Invalid abs value kind")
+	return ""
+}
+
+func AbsValueDestringify(s string) AbsValue {
+	if s == "⊤" {
+		return AbsValueTop(-1)
+	} else if s == "x" {
+		return AbsValueInvalid()
+	} else if strings.HasPrefix(s, "0x") {
+		var i uint256.Int
+		err := i.UnmarshalText([]byte(s))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal("Can't unmarshall")
+		}
+		return AbsValueConcrete(i)
+	}
+
+	log.Fatal("Invalid abs value kind")
+	return AbsValue{}
+}
+
+// ////////////////////////////////////////////////
+type astack struct {
+	values []AbsValue
+	hash   uint64
+}
+
+func newStack() *astack {
+	st := &astack{}
+	st.updateHash()
+	return st
+}
+
+func (s *astack) Copy() *astack {
+	newStack := &astack{}
+	newStack.values = append(newStack.values, s.values...)
+	newStack.hash = s.hash
+	return newStack
+}
+
+func uint256Hash(e *uint256.Int) uint64 {
+	return 19*e[0] + 23*e[1] + 29*e[2]*37*e[3]
+}
+
+func (s *astack) updateHash() {
+	s.hash = 0
+	for k, e := range s.values {
+		s.hash += uint64(k) * e.hash()
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *astack) Push(value AbsValue) {
+	rest := s.values
+	s.values = nil
+	s.values = append(s.values, value)
+	s.values = append(s.values, rest...)
+	s.updateHash()
+}
+
+func (s *astack) Pop(pc int) AbsValue {
+	res := s.values[0]
+	s.values = s.values[1:len(s.values)]
+	//s.values = append(s.values, AbsValueTop(pc, true))
+	s.updateHash()
+	return res
+}
+
+func (s *astack) String(abbrev bool) string {
+	strs := make([]string, 0)
+	for _, c := range s.values {
+		strs = append(strs, c.String(abbrev))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(strs, " ")
+}
+
+func (s *astack) Eq(s1 *astack) bool {
+	if s.hash != s1.hash {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if len(s.values) != len(s1.values) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(s.values); i++ {
+		if !s.values[i].Eq(s1.values[i]) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (s *astack) hasIndices(i ...int) bool {
+	for _, i := range i {
+		if !(i < len(s.values)) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+type astate struct {
+	stackset    []*astack
+	anlyCounter int
+	worklistLen int
+}
+
+func emptyState() *astate {
+	return &astate{stackset: nil, anlyCounter: -1, worklistLen: -1}
+}
+
+func (state *astate) Copy() *astate {
+	newState := emptyState()
+	for _, stack := range state.stackset {
+		newState.stackset = append(newState.stackset, stack.Copy())
+	}
+	return newState
+}
+
+func botState() *astate {
+	st := emptyState()
+
+	botStack := newStack()
+	st.stackset = append(st.stackset, botStack)
+
+	return st
+}
+
+func ExistsIn(values []AbsValue, value AbsValue) bool {
+	for _, v := range values {
+		if value.Eq(v) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (state *astate) String(abbrev bool) string {
+	maxStackLen := 0
+	for _, stack := range state.stackset {
+		if maxStackLen < len(stack.values) {
+			maxStackLen = len(stack.values)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var elms []string
+	for i := 0; i < maxStackLen; i++ {
+		var elm []string
+		var values []AbsValue
+		for _, stack := range state.stackset {
+			if stack.hasIndices(i) {
+				value := stack.values[i]
+				if !ExistsIn(values, value) {
+					elm = append(elm, value.String(abbrev))
+					values = append(values, value)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		var e string
+		if len(values) > 1 {
+			e = fmt.Sprintf("{%v}", strings.Join(elm, ","))
+		} else {
+			e = fmt.Sprintf("%v", strings.Join(elm, ","))
+		}
+		elms = append(elms, e)
+	}
+
+	elms = append(elms, fmt.Sprintf("%v%v%v", "|", len(state.stackset), "|"))
+	return strings.Join(elms, " ")
+}
+
+func (state *astate) Add(stack *astack) {
+	for _, existing := range state.stackset {
+		if existing.Eq(stack) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	state.stackset = append(state.stackset, stack)
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// -1 block id is invalid jump
+type CfgProofState struct {
+	Pc     int
+	Stacks [][]string
+}
+
+type CfgProofBlock struct {
+	Entry *CfgProofState
+	Exit  *CfgProofState
+	Preds []int
+	Succs []int
+}
+
+type CfgProof struct {
+	Blocks []*CfgProofBlock
+}
+
+func DeserializeCfgProof(proofBytes []byte) *CfgProof {
+	proof := CfgProof{}
+	err := json.Unmarshal(DecompressProof(proofBytes), &proof)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("Cannot deserialize proof")
+	}
+	return &proof
+}
+
+func (proof *CfgProof) Serialize() []byte {
+	res, err := json.MarshalIndent(*proof, "", " ")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("Cannot serialize proof")
+	}
+	return CompressProof(res)
+}
+
+func CompressProof(in []byte) []byte {
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	w := zlib.NewWriter(&b)
+	_, err := w.Write(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("cannot write proof")
+	}
+	err = w.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("cannot close file")
+	}
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+func DecompressProof(in []byte) []byte {
+	reader := bytes.NewReader(in)
+	breader, err := zlib.NewReader(reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("cannot read")
+	}
+
+	res, err := io.ReadAll(breader)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal("cannot read")
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (proof *CfgProof) ToString() string {
+	return string(proof.Serialize())
+}
+
+// block.{Entry|Exit}.Pc in code, block.{Succs|Preds} in some block.{Entry}.Pc
+// Entry <= Exit
+// No overlap of blocks
+// Must have block starting at 0 with a empty state
+// Succs,Preds consistency
+// No duplicate succs
+// No duplicate preds
+// succs are sorted
+// preds are sorted
+func (proof *CfgProof) isValid() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func StringifyAState(st *astate) [][]string {
+	stacks := make([][]string, 0)
+
+	for _, astack := range st.stackset {
+		var stack []string
+		for _, v := range astack.values {
+			stack = append(stack, v.Stringify())
+		}
+		stacks = append(stacks, stack)
+	}
+
+	return stacks
+}
+
+func intoAState(ststr [][]string) *astate {
+	st := astate{}
+
+	for _, stack := range ststr {
+		s := astack{}
+		for _, vstr := range stack {
+			s.values = append(s.values, AbsValueDestringify(vstr))
+		}
+		s.updateHash()
+		st.Add(&s)
+	}
+
+	return &st
+}
+
+func Leq(st0 *astate, st1 *astate) bool {
+	for _, stack0 := range st0.stackset {
+		var found bool
+		for _, stack1 := range st1.stackset {
+			if stack0.Eq(stack1) {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !found {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func Eq(st0 *astate, st1 *astate) bool {
+	return Leq(st0, st1) && Leq(st1, st0)
+}
+
+func Lub(st0 *astate, st1 *astate) *astate {
+	newState := emptyState()
+	for _, stack := range st0.stackset {
+		newState.Add(stack)
+	}
+	for _, stack := range st1.stackset {
+		newState.Add(stack)
+	}
+	return newState
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/absint_cfg_proof_check.go b/internal/vm/absint_cfg_proof_check.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1b78be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/absint_cfg_proof_check.go
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type CfgOpSem struct {
+	isPush   bool
+	isDup    bool
+	isSwap   bool
+	numBytes int
+	opNum    int
+	numPush  int
+	numPop   int
+}
+
+type CfgAbsSem map[OpCode]*CfgOpSem
+
+func NewCfgAbsSem() *CfgAbsSem {
+	jt := newIstanbulInstructionSet()
+
+	sem := CfgAbsSem{}
+
+	for opcode, op := range jt {
+		if op == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		opsem := CfgOpSem{}
+		opsem.isPush = op.isPush
+		opsem.isDup = op.isDup
+		opsem.isSwap = op.isSwap
+		opsem.opNum = op.opNum
+		opsem.numPush = op.numPush
+		opsem.numPop = op.numPop
+
+		if opsem.isPush {
+			opsem.numBytes = op.opNum + 1
+		} else {
+			opsem.numBytes = 1
+
+		}
+		sem[OpCode(opcode)] = &opsem
+	}
+
+	return &sem
+}
+
+func getPushValue(code []byte, pc int, opsem0 *CfgOpSem) uint256.Int {
+	pushByteSize := opsem0.opNum
+	startMin := pc + 1
+	if startMin >= len(code) {
+		startMin = len(code)
+	}
+	endMin := startMin + pushByteSize
+	if startMin+pushByteSize >= len(code) {
+		endMin = len(code)
+	}
+	integer := new(uint256.Int)
+	integer.SetBytes(code[startMin:endMin])
+	return *integer
+}
+
+func isJumpDest(code []byte, value *uint256.Int) bool {
+	if !value.IsUint64() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	pc := value.Uint64()
+	if pc >= uint64(len(code)) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return OpCode(code[pc]) == JUMPDEST
+}
+
+func resolveCheck(sem *CfgAbsSem, code []byte, st0 *astate, pc0 int) (map[int]bool, map[int]bool, error) {
+	opcode := OpCode(code[pc0])
+	opsem := (*sem)[opcode]
+	succs := make(map[int]bool)
+	jumps := make(map[int]bool)
+
+	if opsem == nil {
+		return succs, jumps, nil
+	}
+
+	codeLen := len(code)
+
+	for _, stack := range st0.stackset {
+		if opcode == JUMP || opcode == JUMPI {
+			if stack.hasIndices(0) {
+				jumpDest := stack.values[0]
+				if jumpDest.kind == InvalidValue {
+					//program terminates, don't add edges
+				} else if jumpDest.kind == TopValue {
+					empty := make(map[int]bool)
+					return empty, empty, errors.New("unresolvable jumps found")
+				} else if jumpDest.kind == ConcreteValue {
+					if isJumpDest(code, jumpDest.value) {
+						pc1 := int(jumpDest.value.Uint64())
+						succs[pc1] = true
+						jumps[pc1] = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	//fall-thru edge
+	if opcode != JUMP {
+		if pc0 < codeLen-opsem.numBytes {
+			succs[pc0+opsem.numBytes] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return succs, jumps, nil
+}
+
+func postCheck(sem *CfgAbsSem, code []byte, st0 *astate, pc0 int, pc1 int, isJump bool) *astate {
+	st1 := emptyState()
+	op0 := OpCode(code[pc0])
+	opsem0 := (*sem)[op0]
+
+	for _, stack0 := range st0.stackset {
+		if isJump {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(0) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			elm0 := stack0.values[0]
+			if elm0.kind == ConcreteValue && elm0.value.IsUint64() && int(elm0.value.Uint64()) != pc1 {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		stack1 := stack0.Copy()
+
+		if opsem0.isPush {
+			pushValue := getPushValue(code, pc0, opsem0)
+			if isJumpDest(code, &pushValue) || isFF(&pushValue) {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueConcrete(pushValue))
+			} else {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueInvalid())
+			}
+		} else if opsem0.isDup {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(opsem0.opNum - 1) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			value := stack1.values[opsem0.opNum-1]
+			stack1.Push(value)
+		} else if opsem0.isSwap {
+			opNum := opsem0.opNum
+
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(0, opNum) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			a := stack1.values[0]
+			b := stack1.values[opNum]
+			stack1.values[0] = b
+			stack1.values[opNum] = a
+
+		} else if op0 == AND {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(0, 1) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			a := stack1.Pop(pc0)
+			b := stack1.Pop(pc0)
+
+			if a.kind == ConcreteValue && b.kind == ConcreteValue {
+				v := uint256.NewInt(0)
+				v.And(a.value, b.value)
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueConcrete(*v))
+			} else {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueTop(pc0))
+			}
+		} else if op0 == PC {
+			v := uint256.NewInt(0)
+			v.SetUint64(uint64(pc0))
+			stack1.Push(AbsValueConcrete(*v))
+		} else {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(opsem0.numPop - 1) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			for i := 0; i < opsem0.numPop; i++ {
+				stack1.Pop(pc0)
+			}
+
+			for i := 0; i < opsem0.numPush; i++ {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueTop(pc0))
+			}
+		}
+
+		stack1.updateHash()
+		st1.Add(stack1)
+	}
+
+	return st1
+}
+
+func CheckCfg(code []byte, proof *CfgProof) bool {
+	sem := NewCfgAbsSem()
+
+	if !proof.isValid() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	preLub := make(map[int][]*astate)
+	for _, block := range proof.Blocks {
+		st := intoAState(block.Entry.Stacks)
+		pc0 := block.Entry.Pc
+		blockSuccs := intMap(block.Succs)
+		for pc0 <= block.Exit.Pc {
+
+			if pc0 == block.Exit.Pc {
+				if !Eq(st, intoAState(block.Exit.Stacks)) {
+					return false
+				}
+			}
+
+			succs, isJump, err := resolveCheck(sem, code, st, pc0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+
+			if pc0 == block.Exit.Pc {
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(succs, blockSuccs) {
+					return false
+				}
+				for succEntryPc := range succs {
+					succEntrySt := postCheck(sem, code, st, pc0, succEntryPc, isJump[succEntryPc])
+					preLub[succEntryPc] = append(preLub[succEntryPc], succEntrySt)
+				}
+				break
+			} else {
+				if len(succs) != 1 {
+					return false
+				}
+
+				pc1 := one(succs)
+				if pc0 >= pc1 || pc1 > block.Exit.Pc {
+					return false
+				}
+
+				st = postCheck(sem, code, st, pc0, pc1, false)
+				pc0 = pc1
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, block := range proof.Blocks {
+
+		var inferredEntry *astate
+		if block.Entry.Pc == 0 {
+			inferredEntry = botState()
+		} else {
+			lub := emptyState()
+			for _, preSt := range preLub[block.Entry.Pc] {
+				lub = Lub(lub, preSt)
+			}
+			inferredEntry = lub
+		}
+
+		if !Eq(inferredEntry, intoAState(block.Entry.Stacks)) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func intMap(succs []int) map[int]bool {
+	res := make(map[int]bool)
+	for _, succ := range succs {
+		res[succ] = true
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func one(m map[int]bool) int {
+	for k := range m {
+		return k
+	}
+	log.Fatal("must have exactly one element")
+	return -1
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/absint_cfg_proof_gen.go b/internal/vm/absint_cfg_proof_gen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..938517a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/absint_cfg_proof_gen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/emicklei/dot"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// ////////////////////////////////////////////////
+type AbsValueKind int
+
+//////////////////////////
+
+// stmt is the representation of an executable instruction - extension of an opcode
+type Astmt struct {
+	inferredAsData bool
+	ends           bool
+	isBlockEntry   bool
+	isBlockExit    bool
+	covered        bool
+	opcode         OpCode
+	operation      *operation
+	pc             int
+	numBytes       int
+	value          uint256.Int
+}
+
+func (stmt *Astmt) String() string {
+	ends := ""
+	if stmt.ends {
+		ends = "ends"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v %v %v", stmt.opcode, ends, stmt.operation.isPush)
+}
+
+type Program struct {
+	Code        []byte
+	Stmts       []*Astmt
+	Blocks      []*Block
+	Entry2block map[int]*Block
+	Exit2block  map[int]*Block
+}
+
+func (program *Program) GetCodeHex() string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(program.Code)
+}
+
+func (program *Program) isJumpDest(value *uint256.Int) bool {
+	if !value.IsUint64() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	pc := value.Uint64()
+	if pc >= uint64(len(program.Stmts)) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	stmt := program.Stmts[pc]
+	if stmt == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return stmt.opcode == JUMPDEST
+}
+
+func toProgram(code []byte) *Program {
+	jt := newIstanbulInstructionSet()
+
+	program := &Program{Code: code}
+
+	codeLen := len(code)
+	inferIsData := make(map[int]bool)
+	for pc := 0; pc < codeLen; pc++ {
+		stmt := Astmt{}
+		stmt.pc = pc
+		stmt.inferredAsData = inferIsData[pc]
+
+		op := OpCode(code[pc])
+		stmt.opcode = op
+		stmt.operation = jt[op]
+		stmt.ends = stmt.operation == nil
+		//fmt.Printf("%v %v %v", pc, stmt.opcode, stmt.operation.valid)
+
+		if op.IsPush() {
+			pushByteSize := stmt.operation.opNum
+			startMin := pc + 1
+			if startMin >= codeLen {
+				startMin = codeLen
+			}
+			endMin := startMin + pushByteSize
+			if startMin+pushByteSize >= codeLen {
+				endMin = codeLen
+			}
+			integer := new(uint256.Int)
+			integer.SetBytes(code[startMin:endMin])
+			stmt.value = *integer
+			stmt.numBytes = pushByteSize + 1
+
+			if !stmt.inferredAsData {
+				for datapc := startMin; datapc < endMin; datapc++ {
+					inferIsData[datapc] = true
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			stmt.numBytes = 1
+		}
+
+		program.Stmts = append(program.Stmts, &stmt)
+		if pc != len(program.Stmts)-1 {
+			panic("Invalid length")
+		}
+	}
+
+	for pc, stmt := range program.Stmts {
+		if !stmt.inferredAsData {
+			if pc == 0 {
+				stmt.isBlockEntry = true
+			} else if stmt.opcode == JUMPDEST {
+				stmt.isBlockEntry = true
+			} else if stmt.opcode == JUMPI && pc < len(program.Stmts)-1 {
+				entry := program.Stmts[pc+1]
+				entry.isBlockEntry = true
+			}
+
+			if pc == len(program.Stmts)-1 {
+				stmt.isBlockExit = true
+			} else if stmt.opcode == JUMP || stmt.opcode == JUMPI {
+				stmt.isBlockExit = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	program.Entry2block = make(map[int]*Block)
+	program.Exit2block = make(map[int]*Block)
+
+	for entrypc, entry := range program.Stmts {
+		if entry.isBlockEntry {
+			block := &Block{Entrypc: entrypc, Stmts: make([]*Astmt, 0)}
+			program.Blocks = append(program.Blocks, block)
+			for i := entrypc; i < len(program.Stmts); i++ {
+				block.Stmts = append(block.Stmts, program.Stmts[i])
+				if program.Stmts[i].isBlockExit {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			if len(block.Stmts) > 0 {
+				block.Exitpc = block.Stmts[len(block.Stmts)-1].pc
+			}
+
+			program.Entry2block[block.Entrypc] = block
+			program.Exit2block[block.Exitpc] = block
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+		epilogue := []byte{0xa1, 0x65, 0x62, 0x7a, 0x7a, 0x72}
+
+		for i := 0; i < len(program.Stmts) - len(epilogue) + 1; i++ {
+			match := true
+			for e := 0; e < len(epilogue); e++ {
+				if byte(program.Stmts[i+e].opcode) != epilogue[e] {
+					match = false
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if match {
+				for j := i; j < len(program.Stmts); j++ {
+					program.Stmts[j].inferredAsData = true
+					program.Stmts[j].epilogue = true
+				}
+				break
+			}
+		}*/
+
+	return program
+}
+
+/*
+func printStmts(stmts []*Astmt) {
+	for i, stmt := range stmts {
+		fmt.Printf("%v %v\n", i, stmt)
+	}
+}*/
+
+////////////////////////
+
+type edge struct {
+	pc0    int
+	stmt   *Astmt
+	pc1    int
+	isJump bool
+}
+
+func (e edge) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v %v %v", e.pc0, e.pc1, e.stmt.opcode)
+}
+
+// resolve analyses given executable instruction at given program counter in the context of given state
+// It either concludes that the execution of the instruction may result in a jump to an unpredictable
+// destination (in this case, attrubute resolved will be false), or returns one (for a non-JUMPI) or two (for JUMPI)
+// edges that contain program counters of destinations where the executions can possibly come next
+func resolve(cfg *Cfg, pc0 int) ([]edge, error) {
+	st0 := cfg.D[pc0]
+
+	stmt := cfg.Program.Stmts[pc0]
+
+	if stmt.ends {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	codeLen := len(cfg.Program.Code)
+
+	var edges []edge
+	isBadJump := false
+
+	//jump edges
+	for _, stack := range st0.stackset {
+		if stmt.opcode == JUMP || stmt.opcode == JUMPI {
+			if stack.hasIndices(0) {
+				jumpDest := stack.values[0]
+				if jumpDest.kind == InvalidValue {
+					//program terminates, don't add edges
+				} else if jumpDest.kind == TopValue {
+					isBadJump = true
+					cfg.Metrics.BadJumpImprecision = true
+				} else if jumpDest.kind == ConcreteValue {
+					if cfg.Program.isJumpDest(jumpDest.value) {
+						pc1 := int(jumpDest.value.Uint64())
+						edges = append(edges, edge{pc0, stmt, pc1, true})
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	//fall-thru edge
+	if stmt.opcode != JUMP {
+		if pc0 < codeLen-stmt.numBytes {
+			edges = append(edges, edge{pc0, stmt, pc0 + stmt.numBytes, false})
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, e := range edges {
+		if cfg.PrevEdgeMap[e.pc1] == nil {
+			cfg.PrevEdgeMap[e.pc1] = make(map[int]bool)
+		}
+		cfg.PrevEdgeMap[e.pc1][e.pc0] = true
+
+		cfg.Program.Stmts[e.pc0].covered = true
+		cfg.Program.Stmts[e.pc1].covered = true
+	}
+
+	if isBadJump {
+		cfg.BadJumps[stmt.pc] = true
+		cfg.Metrics.Unresolved = true
+		cfg.checkRep()
+		return nil, errors.New("unresolvable jumps found")
+	}
+
+	edges = sortAndUnique(edges)
+
+	cfg.checkRep()
+	return edges, nil
+}
+
+type edgeKey struct {
+	pc0 int
+	pc1 int
+}
+
+func sortAndUnique(edges []edge) []edge {
+	uedges := make([]edge, 0)
+
+	edgeMap := make(map[edgeKey]bool)
+	for i := 0; i < len(edges); i++ {
+		e := edges[i]
+		ek := edgeKey{e.pc0, e.pc1}
+		if edgeMap[ek] {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		edgeMap[ek] = true
+		uedges = append(uedges, e)
+	}
+
+	sort.SliceStable(uedges, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return uedges[i].pc0 < uedges[j].pc1
+	})
+
+	return uedges
+}
+
+func post(cfg *Cfg, st0 *astate, edge edge, maxStackLen int) (*astate, error) {
+	st1 := emptyState()
+	stmt := edge.stmt
+
+	for _, stack0 := range st0.stackset {
+		if edge.isJump {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(0) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			elm0 := stack0.values[0]
+			if elm0.kind == ConcreteValue && elm0.value.IsUint64() && int(elm0.value.Uint64()) != edge.pc1 {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		stack1 := stack0.Copy()
+
+		if stmt.opcode.IsPush() {
+			if cfg.Program.isJumpDest(&stmt.value) || isFF(&stmt.value) {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueConcrete(stmt.value))
+			} else {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueInvalid())
+			}
+		} else if stmt.operation.isDup {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(stmt.operation.opNum - 1) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			value := stack1.values[stmt.operation.opNum-1]
+			stack1.Push(value)
+		} else if stmt.operation.isSwap {
+			opNum := stmt.operation.opNum
+
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(0, opNum) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			a := stack1.values[0]
+			b := stack1.values[opNum]
+			stack1.values[0] = b
+			stack1.values[opNum] = a
+
+		} else if stmt.opcode == AND {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(0, 1) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			a := stack1.Pop(edge.pc0)
+			b := stack1.Pop(edge.pc0)
+
+			if a.kind == ConcreteValue && b.kind == ConcreteValue {
+				v := uint256.NewInt(0)
+				v.And(a.value, b.value)
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueConcrete(*v))
+			} else {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueTop(edge.pc0))
+			}
+		} else if stmt.opcode == PC {
+			v := uint256.NewInt(0)
+			v.SetUint64(uint64(stmt.pc))
+			stack1.Push(AbsValueConcrete(*v))
+		} else {
+			if !stack0.hasIndices(stmt.operation.numPop - 1) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			for i := 0; i < stmt.operation.numPop; i++ {
+				stack1.Pop(edge.pc0)
+			}
+
+			for i := 0; i < stmt.operation.numPush; i++ {
+				stack1.Push(AbsValueTop(edge.pc0))
+			}
+		}
+
+		stack1.updateHash()
+		st1.Add(stack1)
+	}
+
+	for _, stack := range st1.stackset {
+		if len(stack.values) > maxStackLen {
+			cfg.Metrics.ShortStack = true
+			return nil, errors.New("max stack length reached")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return st1, nil
+}
+
+func isFF(u *uint256.Int) bool {
+	if u.IsUint64() && u.Uint64() == 4294967295 {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type Block struct {
+	Entrypc int
+	Exitpc  int
+	Stmts   []*Astmt
+}
+
+type CfgMetrics struct {
+	Valid                  bool
+	Panic                  bool
+	Unresolved             bool
+	ShortStack             bool
+	AnlyCounterLimit       bool
+	LowCoverage            bool
+	BadJumpImprecision     bool
+	BadJumpInvalidOp       bool
+	BadJumpInvalidJumpDest bool
+	StackCountLimitReached bool
+	OOM                    bool
+	Timeout                bool
+	Checker                bool
+	CheckerFailed          bool
+	AnlyCounter            int
+	NumStacks              int
+	ProofSizeBytes         int
+	Time                   time.Duration
+	MemUsedMBs             uint64
+}
+
+type Cfg struct {
+	Program         *Program
+	BadJumps        map[int]bool
+	PrevEdgeMap     map[int]map[int]bool
+	D               map[int]*astate
+	Metrics         *CfgMetrics
+	ProofSerialized []byte
+}
+
+type CfgCoverageStats struct {
+	Covered      int
+	Uncovered    int
+	Instructions int
+	Coverage     int
+	Epilogue     int
+}
+
+func (cfg *Cfg) Clear() {
+	cfg.D = nil
+	cfg.PrevEdgeMap = nil
+	cfg.BadJumps = nil
+	cfg.Program = nil
+}
+
+func (cfg *Cfg) checkRep() {
+	if true {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for pc1, pc0s := range cfg.PrevEdgeMap {
+		for pc0 := range pc0s {
+			s := cfg.Program.Stmts[pc0]
+			if s.ends {
+				msg := fmt.Sprintf("Halt has successor: %v -> %v", pc0, pc1)
+				panic(msg)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (cfg *Cfg) GetCoverageStats() CfgCoverageStats {
+	stats := CfgCoverageStats{}
+	firstUncovered := -1
+	for pc, stmt := range cfg.Program.Stmts {
+		if !stmt.inferredAsData {
+			if stmt.covered {
+				stats.Covered++
+			} else {
+				if firstUncovered < 0 {
+					firstUncovered = pc
+				}
+			}
+			stats.Instructions++
+		}
+	}
+
+	stats.Epilogue = 0
+	for i := len(cfg.Program.Stmts) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		stmt := cfg.Program.Stmts[i]
+		if !stmt.inferredAsData {
+			if cfg.Program.Stmts[i].covered {
+				break
+			}
+			stats.Epilogue++
+		}
+	}
+
+	stats.Uncovered = stats.Instructions - stats.Covered
+	stats.Coverage = stats.Covered * 100 / stats.Instructions
+	return stats
+}
+
+func (cfg *Cfg) PrintAnlyState() {
+	//	es := make([]edge, len(edges))
+	//	copy(es, edges)
+	//	sortEdges(es)
+
+	var badJumpList []string
+	for pc, stmt := range cfg.Program.Stmts {
+		if stmt.inferredAsData {
+			//fmt.Printf("data: %v\n", stmt.inferredAsData)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if stmt.opcode == JUMPDEST {
+			fmt.Println()
+		}
+
+		var valueStr string
+		if stmt.opcode.IsPush() {
+			valueStr = fmt.Sprintf("%v %v", stmt.opcode, stmt.value.Hex())
+		} else {
+			valueStr = fmt.Sprintf("%v", stmt.opcode)
+		}
+
+		pc0s := make([]string, 0)
+		for pc0 := range cfg.PrevEdgeMap[pc] {
+			pc0s = append(pc0s, strconv.Itoa(pc0))
+		}
+
+		if cfg.BadJumps[pc] {
+			out := fmt.Sprintf("[%5v] (w:%2v) %3v\t %-25v %-10v %v\n", cfg.D[pc].anlyCounter, cfg.D[pc].worklistLen, pc, valueStr, strings.Join(pc0s, ","), cfg.D[pc].String(false))
+			fmt.Print(out)
+			badJumpList = append(badJumpList, out)
+		} else if cfg.PrevEdgeMap[pc] != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("[%5v] (w:%2v) %3v\t %-25v %-10v %v\n", cfg.D[pc].anlyCounter, cfg.D[pc].worklistLen, pc, valueStr, strings.Join(pc0s, ","), cfg.D[pc].String(true))
+		} else {
+			fmt.Printf("[%5v] (w:%2v) %3v\t %-25v\n", cfg.D[pc].anlyCounter, cfg.D[pc].worklistLen, pc, valueStr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	print("\nFull list of bad jumps:\n")
+	for _, badJump := range badJumpList {
+		fmt.Println(badJump)
+	}
+
+	g := dot.NewGraph(dot.Directed)
+	block2node := make(map[*Block]*dot.Node)
+	for _, block := range cfg.Program.Blocks {
+		n := g.Node(fmt.Sprintf("%v\n%v", block.Entrypc, block.Exitpc)).Box()
+		block2node[block] = &n
+	}
+
+	for pc1 := range cfg.PrevEdgeMap {
+		for pc0 := range cfg.PrevEdgeMap[pc1] {
+			block1 := cfg.Program.Entry2block[pc1]
+
+			if block1 == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			block0 := cfg.Program.Exit2block[pc0]
+			if block0 == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			n0 := block2node[block0]
+			n1 := block2node[block1]
+			g.Edge(*n0, *n1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	path := "cfg.dot"
+	_ = os.Remove(path)
+
+	f, errcr := os.Create(path)
+	if errcr != nil {
+		panic(errcr)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	w := bufio.NewWriter(f)
+	_, errwr := w.WriteString(g.String())
+	if errwr != nil {
+		panic(errwr)
+	}
+	_ = w.Flush()
+}
+
+func (metrics *CfgMetrics) GetBadJumpReason() string {
+	if metrics.Valid {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if metrics.ShortStack {
+		return "ShortStack"
+	}
+
+	if metrics.AnlyCounterLimit {
+		return "AnlyCounterLimit"
+	}
+
+	if metrics.BadJumpImprecision {
+		return "Imprecision"
+	}
+
+	if metrics.BadJumpInvalidJumpDest {
+		return "InvalidJumpDest"
+	}
+
+	if metrics.BadJumpInvalidOp {
+		return "InvalidOpcode"
+	}
+
+	if metrics.Panic {
+		return "Panic"
+	}
+
+	return "Unknown"
+}
+
+func pushNewEdges(workList []edge, edges []edge) []edge {
+	for _, e := range edges {
+		inWorkList := false
+		for _, w := range workList {
+			if w.pc0 == e.pc0 && w.pc1 == e.pc1 {
+				inWorkList = true
+			}
+		}
+		if !inWorkList {
+			head := []edge{e}
+			workList = append(head, workList...)
+		}
+	}
+	return workList
+}
+
+func GenCfg(code []byte, anlyCounterLimit int, maxStackLen int, maxStackCount int, metrics *CfgMetrics) (cfg *Cfg, err error) {
+	program := toProgram(code)
+	cfg = &Cfg{Metrics: metrics}
+	cfg.BadJumps = make(map[int]bool)
+	cfg.Metrics = metrics
+	cfg.Program = program
+	cfg.PrevEdgeMap = make(map[int]map[int]bool)
+
+	startPC := 0
+	codeLen := len(program.Code)
+	cfg.D = make(map[int]*astate)
+	for pc := 0; pc < codeLen; pc++ {
+		cfg.D[pc] = emptyState()
+	}
+	cfg.D[startPC] = botState()
+
+	var workList []edge
+
+	edgesR1, errR1 := resolve(cfg, startPC)
+	if errR1 != nil {
+		return cfg, errR1
+	}
+	workList = pushNewEdges(workList, edgesR1)
+
+	for len(workList) > 0 {
+		if anlyCounterLimit > 0 && cfg.Metrics.AnlyCounter > anlyCounterLimit {
+			cfg.Metrics.AnlyCounterLimit = true
+			return cfg, errors.New("reached analysis counter limit")
+		}
+
+		var e edge
+		e, workList = workList[0], workList[1:]
+
+		preDpc0 := cfg.D[e.pc0]
+		preDpc1 := cfg.D[e.pc1]
+
+		post1, err := post(cfg, preDpc0, e, maxStackLen)
+		if err != nil {
+			return cfg, err
+		}
+
+		if !Leq(post1, preDpc1) {
+			postDpc1 := Lub(post1, preDpc1)
+			cfg.D[e.pc1] = postDpc1
+
+			if len(postDpc1.stackset) > maxStackCount {
+				//fmt.Printf("stacklen: %v %v\n", len(postDpc1.stackset), maxStackCount)
+				//fmt.Println(postDpc1.String(false))
+				//for _, stack := range postDpc1.stackset {
+				//	fmt.Printf("%v\n", stack.String(false))
+				//}
+				cfg.Metrics.StackCountLimitReached = true
+				return cfg, errors.New("stack count limit reach")
+			}
+
+			edgesR2, errR2 := resolve(cfg, e.pc1)
+			if errR2 != nil {
+				return cfg, errR2
+			}
+			workList = pushNewEdges(workList, edgesR2)
+		}
+
+		decp1Copy := cfg.D[e.pc1]
+		decp1Copy.anlyCounter = cfg.Metrics.AnlyCounter
+		decp1Copy.worklistLen = len(workList)
+		cfg.D[e.pc1] = decp1Copy
+		cfg.Metrics.AnlyCounter++
+
+		cfg.checkRep()
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.BadJumps) > 0 {
+		cfg.Metrics.Unresolved = true
+		return cfg, errors.New("unresolvable jumps found")
+	}
+
+	cov := cfg.GetCoverageStats()
+	if cov.Uncovered > cov.Epilogue {
+		cfg.Metrics.LowCoverage = true
+		//return cfg, errors.New("low coverage")
+	}
+
+	cfg.Metrics.Valid = true
+
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+func (cfg *Cfg) GenerateProof() *CfgProof {
+	succEdgeMap := make(map[int][]int)
+	proof := CfgProof{}
+	entries := make(map[int]bool)
+	exits := make(map[int]bool)
+
+	pcs := make(map[int]bool)
+	for pc1, pc0s := range cfg.PrevEdgeMap {
+		for pc0 := range pc0s {
+			succEdgeMap[pc0] = append(succEdgeMap[pc0], pc1)
+			pcs[pc0] = true
+			pcs[pc1] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	entries[0] = true
+	for pc := range pcs {
+		if pc == 0 || len(cfg.PrevEdgeMap[pc]) > 1 {
+			entries[pc] = true
+		}
+		for pc0 := range cfg.PrevEdgeMap[pc] {
+			if len(succEdgeMap[pc0]) > 1 {
+				entries[pc] = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		opcode := OpCode(cfg.Program.Code[pc])
+		if opcode == JUMPDEST {
+			entries[pc] = true
+		}
+		if opcode == JUMPI {
+			if pc < len(cfg.Program.Code)-1 {
+				entries[pc+1] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for pc0 := range pcs {
+		for _, pc1 := range succEdgeMap[pc0] {
+			if entries[pc1] {
+				exits[pc0] = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(succEdgeMap[pc0]) == 0 || len(succEdgeMap[pc0]) > 1 {
+			exits[pc0] = true
+		}
+
+		opcode := OpCode(cfg.Program.Code[pc0])
+		if opcode == JUMP || opcode == JUMPI ||
+			opcode == RETURN || opcode == REVERT {
+			exits[pc0] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	entriesList := make([]int, 0)
+	for pc := range entries {
+		entriesList = append(entriesList, pc)
+	}
+	sort.Ints(entriesList)
+	for _, pc0 := range entriesList {
+		pc1 := pc0
+		for !exits[pc1] {
+			if len(succEdgeMap[pc1]) != 1 {
+				panic("Inconsistent successors")
+			}
+			pc1 = succEdgeMap[pc1][0]
+		}
+
+		block := CfgProofBlock{}
+		block.Entry = &CfgProofState{pc0, StringifyAState(cfg.D[pc0])}
+		block.Exit = &CfgProofState{pc1, StringifyAState(cfg.D[pc1])}
+		proof.Blocks = append(proof.Blocks, &block)
+	}
+
+	for _, predBlock := range proof.Blocks {
+		for _, succBlock := range proof.Blocks {
+			if cfg.PrevEdgeMap[succBlock.Entry.Pc][predBlock.Exit.Pc] {
+				predBlock.Succs = append(predBlock.Succs, succBlock.Entry.Pc)
+				succBlock.Preds = append(succBlock.Preds, predBlock.Exit.Pc)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &proof
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/analysis.go b/internal/vm/analysis.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5320e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/analysis.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+// codeBitmap collects data locations in code.
+func codeBitmap(code []byte) []uint64 {
+	// The bitmap is 4 bytes longer than necessary, in case the code
+	// ends with a PUSH32, the algorithm will push zeroes onto the
+	// bitvector outside the bounds of the actual code.
+	bits := make([]uint64, (len(code)+32+63)/64)
+
+	for pc := 0; pc < len(code); {
+		op := OpCode(code[pc])
+		pc++
+		if op >= PUSH1 && op <= PUSH32 {
+			numbits := int(op - PUSH1 + 1)
+			x := uint64(1) << (op - PUSH1)
+			x = x | (x - 1) // Smear the bit to the right
+			idx := pc / 64
+			shift := pc & 63
+			bits[idx] |= x << shift
+			if shift+shift > 64 {
+				bits[idx+1] |= x >> (64 - shift)
+			}
+			pc += numbits
+		}
+	}
+	return bits
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/common.go b/internal/vm/common.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..866bcc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/common.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+)
+
+// calcMemSize64 calculates the required memory size, and returns
+// the size and whether the result overflowed uint64
+func calcMemSize64(off, l *uint256.Int) (uint64, bool) {
+	if !l.IsUint64() {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	return calcMemSize64WithUint(off, l.Uint64())
+}
+
+// calcMemSize64WithUint calculates the required memory size, and returns
+// the size and whether the result overflowed uint64
+// Identical to calcMemSize64, but length is a uint64
+func calcMemSize64WithUint(off *uint256.Int, length64 uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	// if length is zero, memsize is always zero, regardless of offset
+	if length64 == 0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	// Check that offset doesn't overflow
+	offset64, overflow := off.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	val := offset64 + length64
+	// if value < either of it's parts, then it overflowed
+	return val, val < offset64
+}
+
+// getData returns a slice from the data based on the start and size and pads
+// up to size with zero's. This function is overflow safe.
+func getData(data []byte, start uint64, size uint64) []byte {
+	length := uint64(len(data))
+	if start > length {
+		start = length
+	}
+	end := start + size
+	if end > length {
+		end = length
+	}
+	return types.RightPadBytes(data[start:end], int(size))
+}
+
+// getDataBig returns a slice from the data based on the start and size and pads
+// up to size with zero's. This function is overflow safe.
+func getDataBig(data []byte, start *uint256.Int, size uint64) []byte {
+	start64, overflow := start.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		start64 = ^uint64(0)
+	}
+	return getData(data, start64, size)
+}
+
+// ToWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for memory expansion.
+func ToWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
+	if size > math.MaxUint64-31 {
+		return math.MaxUint64/32 + 1
+	}
+
+	return (size + 31) / 32
+}
+
+func allZero(b []byte) bool {
+	for _, byte := range b {
+		if byte != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/contract.go b/internal/vm/contract.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90f6de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/contract.go
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// ContractRef is a reference to the contract's backing object
+type ContractRef interface {
+	Address() types.Address
+}
+
+// AccountRef implements ContractRef.
+//
+// Account references are used during EVM initialisation and
+// it's primary use is to fetch addresses. Removing this object
+// proves difficult because of the cached jump destinations which
+// are fetched from the parent contract (i.e. the caller), which
+// is a ContractRef.
+type AccountRef types.Address
+
+// Address casts AccountRef to a Address
+func (ar AccountRef) Address() types.Address { return (types.Address)(ar) }
+
+// Contract represents an ethereum contract in the state database. It contains
+// the contract code, calling arguments. Contract implements ContractRef
+type Contract struct {
+	// CallerAddress is the result of the caller which initialised this
+	// contract. However when the "call method" is delegated this value
+	// needs to be initialised to that of the caller's caller.
+	CallerAddress types.Address
+	caller        ContractRef
+	self          ContractRef
+	jumpdests     map[types.Hash][]uint64 // Aggregated result of JUMPDEST analysis.
+	analysis      []uint64                // Locally cached result of JUMPDEST analysis
+	skipAnalysis  bool
+
+	Code     []byte
+	CodeHash types.Hash
+	CodeAddr *types.Address
+	Input    []byte
+
+	Gas   uint64
+	value *uint256.Int
+}
+
+// NewContract returns a new contract environment for the execution of EVM.
+func NewContract(caller ContractRef, object ContractRef, value *uint256.Int, gas uint64, skipAnalysis bool) *Contract {
+	c := &Contract{CallerAddress: caller.Address(), caller: caller, self: object}
+
+	if parent, ok := caller.(*Contract); ok {
+		// Reuse JUMPDEST analysis from parent context if available.
+		c.jumpdests = parent.jumpdests
+	} else {
+		c.jumpdests = make(map[types.Hash][]uint64)
+	}
+
+	// Gas should be a pointer so it can safely be reduced through the run
+	// This pointer will be off the state transition
+	c.Gas = gas
+	// ensures a value is set
+	c.value = value
+
+	c.skipAnalysis = skipAnalysis
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// First result tells us if the destination is valid
+// Second result tells us if the code bitmap was used
+func (c *Contract) validJumpdest(dest *uint256.Int) (bool, bool) {
+	udest, overflow := dest.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	// PC cannot go beyond len(code) and certainly can't be bigger than 64bits.
+	// Don't bother checking for JUMPDEST in that case.
+	if overflow || udest >= uint64(len(c.Code)) {
+		return false, false
+	}
+	// Only JUMPDESTs allowed for destinations
+	if OpCode(c.Code[udest]) != JUMPDEST {
+		return false, false
+	}
+	if c.skipAnalysis {
+		return true, false
+	}
+	return c.isCode(udest), true
+}
+
+func isCodeFromAnalysis(analysis []uint64, udest uint64) bool {
+	return analysis[udest/64]&(uint64(1)<<(udest&63)) == 0
+}
+
+// isCode returns true if the provided PC location is an actual opcode, as
+// opposed to a data-segment following a PUSHN operation.
+func (c *Contract) isCode(udest uint64) bool {
+	// Do we have a contract hash already?
+	// If we do have a hash, that means it's a 'regular' contract. For regular
+	// contracts ( not temporary initcode), we store the analysis in a map
+	if c.CodeHash != (types.Hash{}) {
+		// Does parent context have the analysis?
+		analysis, exist := c.jumpdests[c.CodeHash]
+		if !exist {
+			// Do the analysis and save in parent context
+			// We do not need to store it in c.analysis
+			analysis = codeBitmap(c.Code)
+			c.jumpdests[c.CodeHash] = analysis
+		}
+		// Also stash it in current contract for faster access
+		c.analysis = analysis
+		return isCodeFromAnalysis(analysis, udest)
+	}
+
+	// We don't have the code hash, most likely a piece of initcode not already
+	// in state trie. In that case, we do an analysis, and save it locally, so
+	// we don't have to recalculate it for every JUMP instruction in the execution
+	// However, we don't save it within the parent context
+	if c.analysis == nil {
+		c.analysis = codeBitmap(c.Code)
+	}
+
+	return isCodeFromAnalysis(c.analysis, udest)
+}
+
+// AsDelegate sets the contract to be a delegate call and returns the current
+// contract (for chaining calls)
+func (c *Contract) AsDelegate() *Contract {
+	// NOTE: caller must, at all times be a contract. It should never happen
+	// that caller is something other than a Contract.
+	parent := c.caller.(*Contract)
+	c.CallerAddress = parent.CallerAddress
+	c.value = parent.value
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// GetOp returns the n'th element in the contract's byte array
+func (c *Contract) GetOp(n uint64) OpCode {
+	if n < uint64(len(c.Code)) {
+		return OpCode(c.Code[n])
+	}
+
+	return STOP
+}
+
+// Caller returns the caller of the contract.
+//
+// Caller will recursively call caller when the contract is a delegate
+// call, including that of caller's caller.
+func (c *Contract) Caller() types.Address {
+	return c.CallerAddress
+}
+
+// UseGas attempts the use gas and subtracts it and returns true on success
+func (c *Contract) UseGas(gas uint64) (ok bool) {
+	if c.Gas < gas {
+		return false
+	}
+	c.Gas -= gas
+	return true
+}
+
+// Address returns the contracts address
+func (c *Contract) Address() types.Address {
+	return c.self.Address()
+}
+
+// Value returns the contract's value (sent to it from it's caller)
+func (c *Contract) Value() *uint256.Int {
+	return c.value
+}
+
+// SetCallCode sets the code of the contract and address of the backing data
+// object
+func (c *Contract) SetCallCode(addr *types.Address, hash types.Hash, code []byte) {
+	c.Code = code
+	c.CodeHash = hash
+	c.CodeAddr = addr
+}
+
+// SetCodeOptionalHash can be used to provide code, but it's optional to provide hash.
+// In case hash is not provided, the jumpdest analysis will not be saved to the parent context
+func (c *Contract) SetCodeOptionalHash(addr *types.Address, codeAndHash *codeAndHash) {
+	c.Code = codeAndHash.code
+	c.CodeHash = codeAndHash.hash
+	c.CodeAddr = addr
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/contracts.go b/internal/vm/contracts.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c9277e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/contracts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1126 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/blake2b"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls12381"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bn256"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+
+	//lint:ignore SA1019 Needed for precompile
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ripemd160"
+)
+
+// PrecompiledContract is the basic interface for native Go contracts. The implementation
+// requires a deterministic gas count based on the input size of the Run method of the
+// contract.
+type PrecompiledContract interface {
+	RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64  // RequiredPrice calculates the contract gas use
+	Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) // Run runs the precompiled contract
+}
+
+// PrecompiledContractsHomestead contains the default set of pre-compiled Ethereum
+// contracts used in the Frontier and Homestead releases.
+var PrecompiledContractsHomestead = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+}
+
+// PrecompiledContractsByzantium contains the default set of pre-compiled Ethereum
+// contracts used in the Byzantium release.
+var PrecompiledContractsByzantium = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{eip2565: false},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256AddByzantium{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMulByzantium{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256PairingByzantium{},
+}
+
+// PrecompiledContractsIstanbul contains the default set of pre-compiled Ethereum
+// contracts used in the Istanbul release.
+var PrecompiledContractsIstanbul = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{eip2565: false},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256AddIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMulIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256PairingIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): &blake2F{},
+}
+
+var PrecompiledContractsIstanbulForBSC = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256AddIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMulIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256PairingIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): &blake2F{},
+
+	//types.BytesToAddress([]byte{100}): &tmHeaderValidate{},
+	//types.BytesToAddress([]byte{101}): &iavlMerkleProofValidate{},
+}
+
+var PrecompiledContractsNano = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256AddIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMulIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256PairingIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): &blake2F{},
+
+	//types.BytesToAddress([]byte{100}): &tmHeaderValidateNano{},
+	//types.BytesToAddress([]byte{101}): &iavlMerkleProofValidateNano{},
+}
+
+var PrecompiledContractsIsMoran = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256AddIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMulIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256PairingIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): &blake2F{},
+
+	//types.BytesToAddress([]byte{100}): &tmHeaderValidate{},
+	//types.BytesToAddress([]byte{101}): &iavlMerkleProofValidateMoran{},
+}
+
+// PrecompiledContractsBerlin contains the default set of pre-compiled Ethereum
+// contracts used in the Berlin release.
+var PrecompiledContractsBerlin = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): &ecrecover{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): &sha256hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): &ripemd160hash{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): &dataCopy{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): &bigModExp{eip2565: true},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): &bn256AddIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): &bn256ScalarMulIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): &bn256PairingIstanbul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): &blake2F{},
+}
+
+// PrecompiledContractsBLS contains the set of pre-compiled Ethereum
+// contracts specified in EIP-2537. These are exported for testing purposes.
+var PrecompiledContractsBLS = map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract{
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{10}): &bls12381G1Add{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{11}): &bls12381G1Mul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{12}): &bls12381G1MultiExp{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{13}): &bls12381G2Add{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{14}): &bls12381G2Mul{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{15}): &bls12381G2MultiExp{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{16}): &bls12381Pairing{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{17}): &bls12381MapG1{},
+	types.BytesToAddress([]byte{18}): &bls12381MapG2{},
+}
+
+var (
+	PrecompiledAddressesMoran          []types.Address
+	PrecompiledAddressesNano           []types.Address
+	PrecompiledAddressesBerlin         []types.Address
+	PrecompiledAddressesIstanbul       []types.Address
+	PrecompiledAddressesIstanbulForBSC []types.Address
+	PrecompiledAddressesByzantium      []types.Address
+	PrecompiledAddressesHomestead      []types.Address
+)
+
+func init() {
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsHomestead {
+		PrecompiledAddressesHomestead = append(PrecompiledAddressesHomestead, k)
+	}
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsByzantium {
+		PrecompiledAddressesByzantium = append(PrecompiledAddressesByzantium, k)
+	}
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsIstanbul {
+		PrecompiledAddressesIstanbul = append(PrecompiledAddressesIstanbul, k)
+	}
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsIstanbulForBSC {
+		PrecompiledAddressesIstanbulForBSC = append(PrecompiledAddressesIstanbulForBSC, k)
+	}
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsBerlin {
+		PrecompiledAddressesBerlin = append(PrecompiledAddressesBerlin, k)
+	}
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsNano {
+		PrecompiledAddressesNano = append(PrecompiledAddressesNano, k)
+	}
+	for k := range PrecompiledContractsIsMoran {
+		PrecompiledAddressesMoran = append(PrecompiledAddressesMoran, k)
+	}
+}
+
+// ActivePrecompiles returns the precompiles enabled with the current configuration.
+func ActivePrecompiles(rules *params.Rules) []types.Address {
+	switch {
+	case rules.IsMoran:
+		return PrecompiledAddressesMoran
+	case rules.IsNano:
+		return PrecompiledAddressesNano
+	case rules.IsBerlin:
+		return PrecompiledAddressesBerlin
+	case rules.IsIstanbul:
+		if rules.IsParlia {
+			return PrecompiledAddressesIstanbulForBSC
+		}
+		return PrecompiledAddressesIstanbul
+	case rules.IsByzantium:
+		return PrecompiledAddressesByzantium
+	default:
+		return PrecompiledAddressesHomestead
+	}
+}
+
+// RunPrecompiledContract runs and evaluates the output of a precompiled contract.
+// It returns
+// - the returned bytes,
+// - the _remaining_ gas,
+// - any error that occurred
+func RunPrecompiledContract(p PrecompiledContract, input []byte, suppliedGas uint64) (ret []byte, remainingGas uint64, err error) {
+	gasCost := p.RequiredGas(input)
+	if suppliedGas < gasCost {
+		return nil, 0, ErrOutOfGas
+	}
+	suppliedGas -= gasCost
+	output, err := p.Run(input)
+	return output, suppliedGas, err
+}
+
+// ECRECOVER implemented as a native contract.
+type ecrecover struct{}
+
+func (c *ecrecover) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.EcrecoverGas
+}
+
+func (c *ecrecover) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	const ecRecoverInputLength = 128
+
+	input = types.RightPadBytes(input, ecRecoverInputLength)
+	// "input" is (hash, v, r, s), each 32 bytes
+	// but for ecrecover we want (r, s, v)
+
+	r := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(input[64:96])
+	s := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(input[96:128])
+	v := input[63] - 27
+
+	// tighter sig s values input homestead only apply to tx sigs
+	if !allZero(input[32:63]) || !crypto.ValidateSignatureValues(v, r, s, false) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	// We must make sure not to modify the 'input', so placing the 'v' along with
+	// the signature needs to be done on a new allocation
+	sig := make([]byte, 65)
+	copy(sig, input[64:128])
+	sig[64] = v
+	// v needs to be at the end for libsecp256k1
+	pubKey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(input[:32], sig)
+	// make sure the public key is a valid one
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// the first byte of pubkey is bitcoin heritage
+	return types.LeftPadBytes(crypto.Keccak256(pubKey[1:])[12:], 32), nil
+}
+
+// SHA256 implemented as a native contract.
+type sha256hash struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+//
+// This method does not require any overflow checking as the input size gas costs
+// required for anything significant is so high it's impossible to pay for.
+func (c *sha256hash) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return uint64(len(input)+31)/32*params.Sha256PerWordGas + params.Sha256BaseGas
+}
+func (c *sha256hash) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	h := sha256.Sum256(input)
+	return h[:], nil
+}
+
+// RIPEMD160 implemented as a native contract.
+type ripemd160hash struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+//
+// This method does not require any overflow checking as the input size gas costs
+// required for anything significant is so high it's impossible to pay for.
+func (c *ripemd160hash) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return uint64(len(input)+31)/32*params.Ripemd160PerWordGas + params.Ripemd160BaseGas
+}
+func (c *ripemd160hash) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	ripemd := ripemd160.New()
+	ripemd.Write(input)
+	return types.LeftPadBytes(ripemd.Sum(nil), 32), nil
+}
+
+// data copy implemented as a native contract.
+type dataCopy struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+//
+// This method does not require any overflow checking as the input size gas costs
+// required for anything significant is so high it's impossible to pay for.
+func (c *dataCopy) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return uint64(len(input)+31)/32*params.IdentityPerWordGas + params.IdentityBaseGas
+}
+func (c *dataCopy) Run(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return in, nil
+}
+
+// bigModExp implements a native big integer exponential modular operation.
+type bigModExp struct {
+	eip2565 bool
+}
+
+var (
+	big1      = big.NewInt(1)
+	big3      = big.NewInt(3)
+	big4      = big.NewInt(4)
+	big7      = big.NewInt(7)
+	big8      = big.NewInt(8)
+	big16     = big.NewInt(16)
+	big20     = big.NewInt(20)
+	big32     = big.NewInt(32)
+	big64     = big.NewInt(64)
+	big96     = big.NewInt(96)
+	big480    = big.NewInt(480)
+	big1024   = big.NewInt(1024)
+	big3072   = big.NewInt(3072)
+	big199680 = big.NewInt(199680)
+)
+
+// modexpMultComplexity implements bigModexp multComplexity formula, as defined in EIP-198
+//
+// def mult_complexity(x):
+//
+//	if x <= 64: return x ** 2
+//	elif x <= 1024: return x ** 2 // 4 + 96 * x - 3072
+//	else: return x ** 2 // 16 + 480 * x - 199680
+//
+// where is x is max(length_of_MODULUS, length_of_BASE)
+func modexpMultComplexity(x *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	switch {
+	case x.Cmp(big64) <= 0:
+		x.Mul(x, x) // x ** 2
+	case x.Cmp(big1024) <= 0:
+		// (x ** 2 // 4 ) + ( 96 * x - 3072)
+		x = new(big.Int).Add(
+			new(big.Int).Div(new(big.Int).Mul(x, x), big4),
+			new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Mul(big96, x), big3072),
+		)
+	default:
+		// (x ** 2 // 16) + (480 * x - 199680)
+		x = new(big.Int).Add(
+			new(big.Int).Div(new(big.Int).Mul(x, x), big16),
+			new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Mul(big480, x), big199680),
+		)
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bigModExp) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	var (
+		baseLen = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, 32))
+		expLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 32, 32))
+		modLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32))
+	)
+	if len(input) > 96 {
+		input = input[96:]
+	} else {
+		input = input[:0]
+	}
+	// Retrieve the head 32 bytes of exp for the adjusted exponent length
+	var expHead *big.Int
+	if big.NewInt(int64(len(input))).Cmp(baseLen) <= 0 {
+		expHead = new(big.Int)
+	} else {
+		if expLen.Cmp(big32) > 0 {
+			expHead = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen.Uint64(), 32))
+		} else {
+			expHead = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen.Uint64(), expLen.Uint64()))
+		}
+	}
+	// Calculate the adjusted exponent length
+	var msb int
+	if bitlen := expHead.BitLen(); bitlen > 0 {
+		msb = bitlen - 1
+	}
+	adjExpLen := new(big.Int)
+	if expLen.Cmp(big32) > 0 {
+		adjExpLen.Sub(expLen, big32)
+		adjExpLen.Mul(big8, adjExpLen)
+	}
+	adjExpLen.Add(adjExpLen, big.NewInt(int64(msb)))
+	// Calculate the gas cost of the operation
+	gas := new(big.Int).Set(math.BigMax(modLen, baseLen))
+	if c.eip2565 {
+		// EIP-2565 has three changes
+		// 1. Different multComplexity (inlined here)
+		// in EIP-2565 (https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2565):
+		//
+		// def mult_complexity(x):
+		//    ceiling(x/8)^2
+		//
+		//where is x is max(length_of_MODULUS, length_of_BASE)
+		gas = gas.Add(gas, big7)
+		gas = gas.Div(gas, big8)
+		gas.Mul(gas, gas)
+
+		gas.Mul(gas, math.BigMax(adjExpLen, big1))
+		// 2. Different divisor (`GQUADDIVISOR`) (3)
+		gas.Div(gas, big3)
+		if gas.BitLen() > 64 {
+			return math.MaxUint64
+		}
+		// 3. Minimum price of 200 gas
+		if gas.Uint64() < 200 {
+			return 200
+		}
+		return gas.Uint64()
+	}
+	gas = modexpMultComplexity(gas)
+	gas.Mul(gas, math.BigMax(adjExpLen, big1))
+	gas.Div(gas, big20)
+
+	if gas.BitLen() > 64 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	return gas.Uint64()
+}
+
+func (c *bigModExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		baseLen = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, 32)).Uint64()
+		expLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 32, 32)).Uint64()
+		modLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32)).Uint64()
+	)
+	if len(input) > 96 {
+		input = input[96:]
+	} else {
+		input = input[:0]
+	}
+	// Handle a special case when both the base and mod length is zero
+	if baseLen == 0 && modLen == 0 {
+		return []byte{}, nil
+	}
+	// Retrieve the operands and execute the exponentiation
+	var (
+		base = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, baseLen))
+		exp  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, expLen))
+		mod  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen+expLen, modLen))
+		v    []byte
+	)
+	switch {
+	case mod.BitLen() == 0:
+		// Modulo 0 is undefined, return zero
+		return common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{}, int(modLen)), nil
+	case base.Cmp(common.Big1) == 0:
+		//If base == 1, then we can just return base % mod (if mod >= 1, which it is)
+		v = base.Mod(base, mod).Bytes()
+	//case mod.Bit(0) == 0:
+	//	// Modulo is even
+	//	v = math.FastExp(base, exp, mod).Bytes()
+	default:
+		// Modulo is odd
+		v = base.Exp(base, exp, mod).Bytes()
+	}
+	return common.LeftPadBytes(v, int(modLen)), nil
+}
+
+// newCurvePoint unmarshals a binary blob into a bn256 elliptic curve point,
+// returning it, or an error if the point is invalid.
+func newCurvePoint(blob []byte) (*bn256.G1, error) {
+	p := new(bn256.G1)
+	if _, err := p.Unmarshal(blob); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+// newTwistPoint unmarshals a binary blob into a bn256 elliptic curve point,
+// returning it, or an error if the point is invalid.
+func newTwistPoint(blob []byte) (*bn256.G2, error) {
+	p := new(bn256.G2)
+	if _, err := p.Unmarshal(blob); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+// runBn256Add implements the Bn256Add precompile, referenced by both
+// Byzantium and Istanbul operations.
+func runBn256Add(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, err := newCurvePoint(getData(input, 0, 64))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	y, err := newCurvePoint(getData(input, 64, 64))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	res := new(bn256.G1)
+	res.Add(x, y)
+	return res.Marshal(), nil
+}
+
+// bn256Add implements a native elliptic curve point addition conforming to
+// Istanbul consensus rules.
+type bn256AddIstanbul struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bn256AddIstanbul) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bn256AddGasIstanbul
+}
+
+func (c *bn256AddIstanbul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return runBn256Add(input)
+}
+
+// bn256AddByzantium implements a native elliptic curve point addition
+// conforming to Byzantium consensus rules.
+type bn256AddByzantium struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bn256AddByzantium) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bn256AddGasByzantium
+}
+
+func (c *bn256AddByzantium) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return runBn256Add(input)
+}
+
+// runBn256ScalarMul implements the Bn256ScalarMul precompile, referenced by
+// both Byzantium and Istanbul operations.
+func runBn256ScalarMul(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	p, err := newCurvePoint(getData(input, 0, 64))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	res := new(bn256.G1)
+	res.ScalarMult(p, new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32)))
+	return res.Marshal(), nil
+}
+
+// bn256ScalarMulIstanbul implements a native elliptic curve scalar
+// multiplication conforming to Istanbul consensus rules.
+type bn256ScalarMulIstanbul struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bn256ScalarMulIstanbul) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bn256ScalarMulGasIstanbul
+}
+
+func (c *bn256ScalarMulIstanbul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return runBn256ScalarMul(input)
+}
+
+// bn256ScalarMulByzantium implements a native elliptic curve scalar
+// multiplication conforming to Byzantium consensus rules.
+type bn256ScalarMulByzantium struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bn256ScalarMulByzantium) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bn256ScalarMulGasByzantium
+}
+
+func (c *bn256ScalarMulByzantium) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return runBn256ScalarMul(input)
+}
+
+var (
+	// true32Byte is returned if the bn256 pairing check succeeds.
+	true32Byte = []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}
+
+	// false32Byte is returned if the bn256 pairing check fails.
+	false32Byte = make([]byte, 32)
+
+	// errBadPairingInput is returned if the bn256 pairing input is invalid.
+	errBadPairingInput = errors.New("bad elliptic curve pairing size")
+)
+
+// runBn256Pairing implements the Bn256Pairing precompile, referenced by both
+// Byzantium and Istanbul operations.
+func runBn256Pairing(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Handle some corner cases cheaply
+	if len(input)%192 > 0 {
+		return nil, errBadPairingInput
+	}
+	// Convert the input into a set of coordinates
+	var (
+		cs []*bn256.G1
+		ts []*bn256.G2
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < len(input); i += 192 {
+		c, err := newCurvePoint(input[i : i+64])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t, err := newTwistPoint(input[i+64 : i+192])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		cs = append(cs, c)
+		ts = append(ts, t)
+	}
+	// Execute the pairing checks and return the results
+	if bn256.PairingCheck(cs, ts) {
+		return true32Byte, nil
+	}
+	return false32Byte, nil
+}
+
+// bn256PairingIstanbul implements a pairing pre-compile for the bn256 curve
+// conforming to Istanbul consensus rules.
+type bn256PairingIstanbul struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bn256PairingIstanbul) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bn256PairingBaseGasIstanbul + uint64(len(input)/192)*params.Bn256PairingPerPointGasIstanbul
+}
+
+func (c *bn256PairingIstanbul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return runBn256Pairing(input)
+}
+
+// bn256PairingByzantium implements a pairing pre-compile for the bn256 curve
+// conforming to Byzantium consensus rules.
+type bn256PairingByzantium struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bn256PairingByzantium) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bn256PairingBaseGasByzantium + uint64(len(input)/192)*params.Bn256PairingPerPointGasByzantium
+}
+
+func (c *bn256PairingByzantium) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return runBn256Pairing(input)
+}
+
+type blake2F struct{}
+
+func (c *blake2F) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	// If the input is malformed, we can't calculate the gas, return 0 and let the
+	// actual call choke and fault.
+	if len(input) != blake2FInputLength {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return uint64(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(input[0:4]))
+}
+
+const (
+	blake2FInputLength        = 213
+	blake2FFinalBlockBytes    = byte(1)
+	blake2FNonFinalBlockBytes = byte(0)
+)
+
+var (
+	errBlake2FInvalidInputLength = errors.New("invalid input length")
+	errBlake2FInvalidFinalFlag   = errors.New("invalid final flag")
+)
+
+func (c *blake2F) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Make sure the input is valid (correct length and final flag)
+	if len(input) != blake2FInputLength {
+		return nil, errBlake2FInvalidInputLength
+	}
+	if input[212] != blake2FNonFinalBlockBytes && input[212] != blake2FFinalBlockBytes {
+		return nil, errBlake2FInvalidFinalFlag
+	}
+	// Parse the input into the Blake2b call parameters
+	var (
+		rounds = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(input[0:4])
+		final  = input[212] == blake2FFinalBlockBytes
+
+		h [8]uint64
+		m [16]uint64
+		t [2]uint64
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		offset := 4 + i*8
+		h[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(input[offset : offset+8])
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		offset := 68 + i*8
+		m[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(input[offset : offset+8])
+	}
+	t[0] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(input[196:204])
+	t[1] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(input[204:212])
+
+	// Execute the compression function, extract and return the result
+	blake2b.F(&h, m, t, final, rounds)
+
+	output := make([]byte, 64)
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		offset := i * 8
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(output[offset:offset+8], h[i])
+	}
+	return output, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	errBLS12381InvalidInputLength          = errors.New("invalid input length")
+	errBLS12381InvalidFieldElementTopBytes = errors.New("invalid field element top bytes")
+	errBLS12381G1PointSubgroup             = errors.New("g1 point is not on correct subgroup")
+	errBLS12381G2PointSubgroup             = errors.New("g2 point is not on correct subgroup")
+)
+
+// bls12381G1Add implements EIP-2537 G1Add precompile.
+type bls12381G1Add struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381G1Add) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381G1AddGas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381G1Add) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 G1Add precompile.
+	// > G1 addition call expects `256` bytes as an input that is interpreted as byte concatenation of two G1 points (`128` bytes each).
+	// > Output is an encoding of addition operation result - single G1 point (`128` bytes).
+	if len(input) != 256 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+	var err error
+	var p0, p1 *bls12381.PointG1
+
+	// Initialize G1
+	g := bls12381.NewG1()
+
+	// Decode G1 point p_0
+	if p0, err = g.DecodePoint(input[:128]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Decode G1 point p_1
+	if p1, err = g.DecodePoint(input[128:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Compute r = p_0 + p_1
+	r := g.New()
+	g.Add(r, p0, p1)
+
+	// Encode the G1 point result into 128 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381G1Mul implements EIP-2537 G1Mul precompile.
+type bls12381G1Mul struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381G1Mul) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381G1MulGas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381G1Mul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 G1Mul precompile.
+	// > G1 multiplication call expects `160` bytes as an input that is interpreted as byte concatenation of encoding of G1 point (`128` bytes) and encoding of a scalar value (`32` bytes).
+	// > Output is an encoding of multiplication operation result - single G1 point (`128` bytes).
+	if len(input) != 160 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+	var err error
+	var p0 *bls12381.PointG1
+
+	// Initialize G1
+	g := bls12381.NewG1()
+
+	// Decode G1 point
+	if p0, err = g.DecodePoint(input[:128]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Decode scalar value
+	e := new(big.Int).SetBytes(input[128:])
+
+	// Compute r = e * p_0
+	r := g.New()
+	g.MulScalar(r, p0, e)
+
+	// Encode the G1 point into 128 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381G1MultiExp implements EIP-2537 G1MultiExp precompile.
+type bls12381G1MultiExp struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381G1MultiExp) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	// Calculate G1 point, scalar value pair length
+	k := len(input) / 160
+	if k == 0 {
+		// Return 0 gas for small input length
+		return 0
+	}
+	// Lookup discount value for G1 point, scalar value pair length
+	var discount uint64
+	if dLen := len(params.Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable); k < dLen {
+		discount = params.Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable[k-1]
+	} else {
+		discount = params.Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable[dLen-1]
+	}
+	// Calculate gas and return the result
+	return (uint64(k) * params.Bls12381G1MulGas * discount) / 1000
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381G1MultiExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 G1MultiExp precompile.
+	// G1 multiplication call expects `160*k` bytes as an input that is interpreted as byte concatenation of `k` slices each of them being a byte concatenation of encoding of G1 point (`128` bytes) and encoding of a scalar value (`32` bytes).
+	// Output is an encoding of multiexponentiation operation result - single G1 point (`128` bytes).
+	k := len(input) / 160
+	if len(input) == 0 || len(input)%160 != 0 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+	var err error
+	points := make([]*bls12381.PointG1, k)
+	scalars := make([]*big.Int, k)
+
+	// Initialize G1
+	g := bls12381.NewG1()
+
+	// Decode point scalar pairs
+	for i := 0; i < k; i++ {
+		off := 160 * i
+		t0, t1, t2 := off, off+128, off+160
+		// Decode G1 point
+		if points[i], err = g.DecodePoint(input[t0:t1]); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Decode scalar value
+		scalars[i] = new(big.Int).SetBytes(input[t1:t2])
+	}
+
+	// Compute r = e_0 * p_0 + e_1 * p_1 + ... + e_(k-1) * p_(k-1)
+	r := g.New()
+	if _, err = g.MultiExp(r, points, scalars); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the G1 point to 128 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381G2Add implements EIP-2537 G2Add precompile.
+type bls12381G2Add struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381G2Add) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381G2AddGas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381G2Add) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 G2Add precompile.
+	// > G2 addition call expects `512` bytes as an input that is interpreted as byte concatenation of two G2 points (`256` bytes each).
+	// > Output is an encoding of addition operation result - single G2 point (`256` bytes).
+	if len(input) != 512 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+	var err error
+	var p0, p1 *bls12381.PointG2
+
+	// Initialize G2
+	g := bls12381.NewG2()
+	r := g.New()
+
+	// Decode G2 point p_0
+	if p0, err = g.DecodePoint(input[:256]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Decode G2 point p_1
+	if p1, err = g.DecodePoint(input[256:]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Compute r = p_0 + p_1
+	g.Add(r, p0, p1)
+
+	// Encode the G2 point into 256 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381G2Mul implements EIP-2537 G2Mul precompile.
+type bls12381G2Mul struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381G2Mul) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381G2MulGas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381G2Mul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 G2MUL precompile logic.
+	// > G2 multiplication call expects `288` bytes as an input that is interpreted as byte concatenation of encoding of G2 point (`256` bytes) and encoding of a scalar value (`32` bytes).
+	// > Output is an encoding of multiplication operation result - single G2 point (`256` bytes).
+	if len(input) != 288 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+	var err error
+	var p0 *bls12381.PointG2
+
+	// Initialize G2
+	g := bls12381.NewG2()
+
+	// Decode G2 point
+	if p0, err = g.DecodePoint(input[:256]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Decode scalar value
+	e := new(big.Int).SetBytes(input[256:])
+
+	// Compute r = e * p_0
+	r := g.New()
+	g.MulScalar(r, p0, e)
+
+	// Encode the G2 point into 256 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381G2MultiExp implements EIP-2537 G2MultiExp precompile.
+type bls12381G2MultiExp struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381G2MultiExp) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	// Calculate G2 point, scalar value pair length
+	k := len(input) / 288
+	if k == 0 {
+		// Return 0 gas for small input length
+		return 0
+	}
+	// Lookup discount value for G2 point, scalar value pair length
+	var discount uint64
+	if dLen := len(params.Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable); k < dLen {
+		discount = params.Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable[k-1]
+	} else {
+		discount = params.Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable[dLen-1]
+	}
+	// Calculate gas and return the result
+	return (uint64(k) * params.Bls12381G2MulGas * discount) / 1000
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381G2MultiExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 G2MultiExp precompile logic
+	// > G2 multiplication call expects `288*k` bytes as an input that is interpreted as byte concatenation of `k` slices each of them being a byte concatenation of encoding of G2 point (`256` bytes) and encoding of a scalar value (`32` bytes).
+	// > Output is an encoding of multiexponentiation operation result - single G2 point (`256` bytes).
+	k := len(input) / 288
+	if len(input) == 0 || len(input)%288 != 0 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+	var err error
+	points := make([]*bls12381.PointG2, k)
+	scalars := make([]*big.Int, k)
+
+	// Initialize G2
+	g := bls12381.NewG2()
+
+	// Decode point scalar pairs
+	for i := 0; i < k; i++ {
+		off := 288 * i
+		t0, t1, t2 := off, off+256, off+288
+		// Decode G1 point
+		if points[i], err = g.DecodePoint(input[t0:t1]); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Decode scalar value
+		scalars[i] = new(big.Int).SetBytes(input[t1:t2])
+	}
+
+	// Compute r = e_0 * p_0 + e_1 * p_1 + ... + e_(k-1) * p_(k-1)
+	r := g.New()
+	if _, err := g.MultiExp(r, points, scalars); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the G2 point to 256 bytes.
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381Pairing implements EIP-2537 Pairing precompile.
+type bls12381Pairing struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381Pairing) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381PairingBaseGas + uint64(len(input)/384)*params.Bls12381PairingPerPairGas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381Pairing) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 Pairing precompile logic.
+	// > Pairing call expects `384*k` bytes as an inputs that is interpreted as byte concatenation of `k` slices. Each slice has the following structure:
+	// > - `128` bytes of G1 point encoding
+	// > - `256` bytes of G2 point encoding
+	// > Output is a `32` bytes where last single byte is `0x01` if pairing result is equal to multiplicative identity in a pairing target field and `0x00` otherwise
+	// > (which is equivalent of Big Endian encoding of Solidity values `uint256(1)` and `uin256(0)` respectively).
+	k := len(input) / 384
+	if len(input) == 0 || len(input)%384 != 0 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+
+	// Initialize BLS12-381 pairing engine
+	e := bls12381.NewPairingEngine()
+	g1, g2 := e.G1, e.G2
+
+	// Decode pairs
+	for i := 0; i < k; i++ {
+		off := 384 * i
+		t0, t1, t2 := off, off+128, off+384
+
+		// Decode G1 point
+		p1, err := g1.DecodePoint(input[t0:t1])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Decode G2 point
+		p2, err := g2.DecodePoint(input[t1:t2])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// 'point is on curve' check already done,
+		// Here we need to apply subgroup checks.
+		if !g1.InCorrectSubgroup(p1) {
+			return nil, errBLS12381G1PointSubgroup
+		}
+		if !g2.InCorrectSubgroup(p2) {
+			return nil, errBLS12381G2PointSubgroup
+		}
+
+		// Update pairing engine with G1 and G2 ponits
+		e.AddPair(p1, p2)
+	}
+	// Prepare 32 byte output
+	out := make([]byte, 32)
+
+	// Compute pairing and set the result
+	if e.Check() {
+		out[31] = 1
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// decodeBLS12381FieldElement decodes BLS12-381 elliptic curve field element.
+// Removes top 16 bytes of 64 byte input.
+func decodeBLS12381FieldElement(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(in) != 64 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid field element length")
+	}
+	// check top bytes
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		if in[i] != byte(0x00) {
+			return nil, errBLS12381InvalidFieldElementTopBytes
+		}
+	}
+	out := make([]byte, 48)
+	copy(out, in[16:])
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// bls12381MapG1 implements EIP-2537 MapG1 precompile.
+type bls12381MapG1 struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381MapG1) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381MapG1Gas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381MapG1) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 Map_To_G1 precompile.
+	// > Field-to-curve call expects `64` bytes an an input that is interpreted as a an element of the base field.
+	// > Output of this call is `128` bytes and is G1 point following respective encoding rules.
+	if len(input) != 64 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+
+	// Decode input field element
+	fe, err := decodeBLS12381FieldElement(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Initialize G1
+	g := bls12381.NewG1()
+
+	// Compute mapping
+	r, err := g.MapToCurve(fe)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the G1 point to 128 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
+
+// bls12381MapG2 implements EIP-2537 MapG2 precompile.
+type bls12381MapG2 struct{}
+
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
+func (c *bls12381MapG2) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
+	return params.Bls12381MapG2Gas
+}
+
+func (c *bls12381MapG2) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Implements EIP-2537 Map_FP2_TO_G2 precompile logic.
+	// > Field-to-curve call expects `128` bytes an an input that is interpreted as a an element of the quadratic extension field.
+	// > Output of this call is `256` bytes and is G2 point following respective encoding rules.
+	if len(input) != 128 {
+		return nil, errBLS12381InvalidInputLength
+	}
+
+	// Decode input field element
+	fe := make([]byte, 96)
+	c0, err := decodeBLS12381FieldElement(input[:64])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	copy(fe[48:], c0)
+	c1, err := decodeBLS12381FieldElement(input[64:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	copy(fe[:48], c1)
+
+	// Initialize G2
+	g := bls12381.NewG2()
+
+	// Compute mapping
+	r, err := g.MapToCurve(fe)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the G2 point to 256 bytes
+	return g.EncodePoint(r), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/doc.go b/internal/vm/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad049bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+/*
+package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
+
+The vm package implements one EVM, a byte code VM. The BC (Byte Code) VM loops
+over a set of bytes and executes them according to the set of rules defined
+in the Ethereum yellow paper.
+*/
+package vm
diff --git a/internal/vm/eips.go b/internal/vm/eips.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40e17b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/eips.go
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+var activators = map[int]func(*JumpTable){
+	3855: enable3855,
+	3860: enable3860,
+	3529: enable3529,
+	3198: enable3198,
+	2929: enable2929,
+	2200: enable2200,
+	1884: enable1884,
+	1344: enable1344,
+}
+
+// EnableEIP enables the given EIP on the config.
+// This operation writes in-place, and callers need to ensure that the globally
+// defined jump tables are not polluted.
+func EnableEIP(eipNum int, jt *JumpTable) error {
+	enablerFn, ok := activators[eipNum]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("undefined eip %d", eipNum)
+	}
+	enablerFn(jt)
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(jt)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ValidEip(eipNum int) bool {
+	_, ok := activators[eipNum]
+	return ok
+}
+func ActivateableEips() []string {
+	var nums []string //nolint:prealloc
+	for k := range activators {
+		nums = append(nums, fmt.Sprintf("%d", k))
+	}
+	sort.Strings(nums)
+	return nums
+}
+
+// enable1884 applies EIP-1884 to the given jump table:
+// - Increase cost of BALANCE to 700
+// - Increase cost of EXTCODEHASH to 700
+// - Increase cost of SLOAD to 800
+// - Define SELFBALANCE, with cost GasFastStep (5)
+func enable1884(jt *JumpTable) {
+	// Gas cost changes
+	jt[SLOAD].constantGas = params.SloadGasEIP1884
+	jt[BALANCE].constantGas = params.BalanceGasEIP1884
+	jt[EXTCODEHASH].constantGas = params.ExtcodeHashGasEIP1884
+
+	// New opcode
+	jt[SELFBALANCE] = &operation{
+		execute:     opSelfBalance,
+		constantGas: GasFastStep,
+		numPop:      0,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+}
+
+func opSelfBalance(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	balance := interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(callContext.Contract.Address())
+	callContext.Stack.Push(balance)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// enable1344 applies EIP-1344 (ChainID Opcode)
+// - Adds an opcode that returns the current chain’s EIP-155 unique identifier
+func enable1344(jt *JumpTable) {
+	// New opcode
+	jt[CHAINID] = &operation{
+		execute:     opChainID,
+		constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+		numPop:      0,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+}
+
+// opChainID implements CHAINID opcode
+func opChainID(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	chainId, _ := uint256.FromBig(interpreter.evm.ChainRules().ChainID)
+	callContext.Stack.Push(chainId)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// enable2200 applies EIP-2200 (Rebalance net-metered SSTORE)
+func enable2200(jt *JumpTable) {
+	jt[SLOAD].constantGas = params.SloadGasEIP2200
+	jt[SSTORE].dynamicGas = gasSStoreEIP2200
+}
+
+// enable2929 enables "EIP-2929: Gas cost increases for state access opcodes"
+// https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929
+func enable2929(jt *JumpTable) {
+	jt[SSTORE].dynamicGas = gasSStoreEIP2929
+
+	jt[SLOAD].constantGas = 0
+	jt[SLOAD].dynamicGas = gasSLoadEIP2929
+
+	jt[EXTCODECOPY].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[EXTCODECOPY].dynamicGas = gasExtCodeCopyEIP2929
+
+	jt[EXTCODESIZE].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[EXTCODESIZE].dynamicGas = gasEip2929AccountCheck
+
+	jt[EXTCODEHASH].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[EXTCODEHASH].dynamicGas = gasEip2929AccountCheck
+
+	jt[BALANCE].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[BALANCE].dynamicGas = gasEip2929AccountCheck
+
+	jt[CALL].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[CALL].dynamicGas = gasCallEIP2929
+
+	jt[CALLCODE].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[CALLCODE].dynamicGas = gasCallCodeEIP2929
+
+	jt[STATICCALL].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[STATICCALL].dynamicGas = gasStaticCallEIP2929
+
+	jt[DELEGATECALL].constantGas = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+	jt[DELEGATECALL].dynamicGas = gasDelegateCallEIP2929
+
+	// This was previously part of the dynamic cost, but we're using it as a constantGas
+	// factor here
+	jt[SELFDESTRUCT].constantGas = params.SelfdestructGasEIP150
+	jt[SELFDESTRUCT].dynamicGas = gasSelfdestructEIP2929
+}
+
+func enable3529(jt *JumpTable) {
+	jt[SSTORE].dynamicGas = gasSStoreEIP3529
+	jt[SELFDESTRUCT].dynamicGas = gasSelfdestructEIP3529
+}
+
+// enable3198 applies EIP-3198 (BASEFEE Opcode)
+// - Adds an opcode that returns the current block's base fee.
+func enable3198(jt *JumpTable) {
+	// New opcode
+	jt[BASEFEE] = &operation{
+		execute:     opBaseFee,
+		constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+		numPop:      0,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+}
+
+// opBaseFee implements BASEFEE opcode
+func opBaseFee(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	baseFee := interpreter.evm.Context().BaseFee
+	callContext.Stack.Push(baseFee)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// enable3855 applies EIP-3855 (PUSH0 opcode)
+func enable3855(jt *JumpTable) {
+	// New opcode
+	jt[PUSH0] = &operation{
+		execute:     opPush0,
+		constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+		numPop:      0,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+}
+
+// opPush0 implements the PUSH0 opcode
+func opPush0(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// EIP-3860: Limit and meter initcode
+// https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3860
+func enable3860(jt *JumpTable) {
+	jt[CREATE].dynamicGas = gasCreateEip3860
+	jt[CREATE2].dynamicGas = gasCreate2Eip3860
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/errors.go b/internal/vm/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88a584f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// List evm execution errors
+var (
+	// ErrInvalidSubroutineEntry means that a BEGINSUB was reached via iteration,
+	// as opposed to from a JUMPSUB instruction
+	ErrInvalidSubroutineEntry   = errors.New("invalid subroutine entry")
+	ErrOutOfGas                 = errors.New("out of gas")
+	ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas        = errors.New("contract creation code storage out of gas")
+	ErrDepth                    = errors.New("max call depth exceeded")
+	ErrInsufficientBalance      = errors.New("insufficient balance for transfer")
+	ErrContractAddressCollision = errors.New("contract address collision")
+	ErrExecutionReverted        = errors.New("execution reverted")
+	ErrMaxCodeSizeExceeded      = errors.New("max code size exceeded")
+	ErrInvalidJump              = errors.New("invalid jump destination")
+	ErrWriteProtection          = errors.New("write protection")
+	ErrReturnDataOutOfBounds    = errors.New("return data out of bounds")
+	ErrGasUintOverflow          = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow")
+	ErrInvalidRetsub            = errors.New("invalid retsub")
+	ErrReturnStackExceeded      = errors.New("return stack limit reached")
+	ErrInvalidCode              = errors.New("invalid code")
+	ErrNonceUintOverflow        = errors.New("nonce uint64 overflow")
+
+	// errStopToken is an internal token indicating interpreter loop termination,
+	// never returned to outside callers.
+	errStopToken = errors.New("stop token")
+)
+
+// ErrStackUnderflow wraps an evm error when the items on the stack less
+// than the minimal requirement.
+type ErrStackUnderflow struct {
+	stackLen int
+	required int
+}
+
+func (e *ErrStackUnderflow) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("stack underflow (%d <=> %d)", e.stackLen, e.required)
+}
+
+// ErrStackOverflow wraps an evm error when the items on the stack exceeds
+// the maximum allowance.
+type ErrStackOverflow struct {
+	stackLen int
+	limit    int
+}
+
+func (e *ErrStackOverflow) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("stack limit reached %d (%d)", e.stackLen, e.limit)
+}
+
+// ErrInvalidOpCode wraps an evm error when an invalid opcode is encountered.
+type ErrInvalidOpCode struct {
+	opcode OpCode
+}
+
+func (e *ErrInvalidOpCode) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("invalid opcode: %s", e.opcode) }
diff --git a/internal/vm/evm.go b/internal/vm/evm.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..611f9d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/evm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/u256"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// emptyCodeHash is used by create to ensure deployment is disallowed to already
+// deployed contract addresses (relevant after the account abstraction).
+var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)
+
+func (evm *EVM) precompile(addr types.Address) (PrecompiledContract, bool) {
+	var precompiles map[types.Address]PrecompiledContract
+	switch {
+	case evm.chainRules.IsMoran:
+		precompiles = PrecompiledContractsIsMoran
+	case evm.chainRules.IsNano:
+		precompiles = PrecompiledContractsNano
+	case evm.chainRules.IsBerlin:
+		precompiles = PrecompiledContractsBerlin
+	case evm.chainRules.IsIstanbul:
+		if evm.chainRules.IsParlia {
+			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsIstanbulForBSC
+		} else {
+			precompiles = PrecompiledContractsIstanbul
+		}
+	case evm.chainRules.IsByzantium:
+		precompiles = PrecompiledContractsByzantium
+	default:
+		precompiles = PrecompiledContractsHomestead
+	}
+	p, ok := precompiles[addr]
+	return p, ok
+}
+
+// run runs the given contract and takes care of running precompiles with a fallback to the byte code interpreter.
+func run(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	return evm.interpreter.Run(contract, input, readOnly)
+}
+
+// EVM is the Ethereum Virtual Machine base object and provides
+// the necessary tools to run a contract on the given state with
+// the provided context. It should be noted that any error
+// generated through any of the calls should be considered a
+// revert-state-and-consume-all-gas operation, no checks on
+// specific errors should ever be performed. The interpreter makes
+// sure that any errors generated are to be considered faulty code.
+//
+// The EVM should never be reused and is not thread safe.
+type EVM struct {
+	// Context provides auxiliary blockchain related information
+	context   evmtypes.BlockContext
+	txContext evmtypes.TxContext
+	// IntraBlockState gives access to the underlying state
+	intraBlockState evmtypes.IntraBlockState
+
+	// chainConfig contains information about the current chain
+	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+	// chain rules contains the chain rules for the current epoch
+	chainRules *params.Rules
+	// virtual machine configuration options used to initialise the
+	// evm.
+	config Config
+	// global (to this context) ethereum virtual machine
+	// used throughout the execution of the tx.
+	interpreter Interpreter
+	// abort is used to abort the EVM calling operations
+	// NOTE: must be set atomically
+	abort int32
+	// callGasTemp holds the gas available for the current call. This is needed because the
+	// available gas is calculated in gasCall* according to the 63/64 rule and later
+	// applied in opCall*.
+	callGasTemp uint64
+}
+
+// NewEVM returns a new EVM. The returned EVM is not thread safe and should
+// only ever be used *once*.
+func NewEVM(blockCtx evmtypes.BlockContext, txCtx evmtypes.TxContext, state evmtypes.IntraBlockState, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, vmConfig Config) *EVM {
+	evm := &EVM{
+		context:         blockCtx,
+		txContext:       txCtx,
+		intraBlockState: state,
+		config:          vmConfig,
+		chainConfig:     chainConfig,
+		chainRules:      chainConfig.Rules(blockCtx.BlockNumber),
+	}
+
+	evm.interpreter = NewEVMInterpreter(evm, vmConfig)
+
+	return evm
+}
+
+// Reset resets the EVM with a new transaction context.Reset
+// This is not threadsafe and should only be done very cautiously.
+func (evm *EVM) Reset(txCtx evmtypes.TxContext, ibs evmtypes.IntraBlockState) {
+	evm.txContext = txCtx
+	evm.intraBlockState = ibs
+
+	// ensure the evm is reset to be used again
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&evm.abort, 0)
+}
+
+func (evm *EVM) ResetBetweenBlocks(blockCtx evmtypes.BlockContext, txCtx evmtypes.TxContext, ibs evmtypes.IntraBlockState, vmConfig Config, chainRules *params.Rules) {
+	evm.context = blockCtx
+	evm.txContext = txCtx
+	evm.intraBlockState = ibs
+	evm.config = vmConfig
+	evm.chainRules = chainRules
+
+	evm.interpreter = NewEVMInterpreter(evm, vmConfig)
+
+	// ensure the evm is reset to be used again
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&evm.abort, 0)
+}
+
+// Cancel cancels any running EVM operation. This may be called concurrently and
+// it's safe to be called multiple times.
+func (evm *EVM) Cancel() {
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&evm.abort, 1)
+}
+
+// Cancelled returns true if Cancel has been called
+func (evm *EVM) Cancelled() bool {
+	return atomic.LoadInt32(&evm.abort) == 1
+}
+
+// CallGasTemp returns the callGasTemp for the EVM
+func (evm *EVM) CallGasTemp() uint64 {
+	return evm.callGasTemp
+}
+
+// SetCallGasTemp sets the callGasTemp for the EVM
+func (evm *EVM) SetCallGasTemp(gas uint64) {
+	evm.callGasTemp = gas
+}
+
+// Interpreter returns the current interpreter
+func (evm *EVM) Interpreter() Interpreter {
+	return evm.interpreter
+}
+
+func (evm *EVM) call(typ OpCode, caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int, bailout bool) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	depth := evm.interpreter.Depth()
+
+	if evm.config.NoRecursion && depth > 0 {
+		return nil, gas, nil
+	}
+	// Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit
+	if depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
+		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
+	}
+	if typ == CALL || typ == CALLCODE {
+		// Fail if we're trying to transfer more than the available balance
+		if !value.IsZero() && !evm.context.CanTransfer(evm.intraBlockState, caller.Address(), value) {
+			if !bailout {
+				return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr)
+	var code []byte
+	if !isPrecompile {
+		code = evm.intraBlockState.GetCode(addr)
+	}
+
+	snapshot := evm.intraBlockState.Snapshot()
+
+	if typ == CALL {
+		if !evm.intraBlockState.Exist(addr) {
+			if !isPrecompile && evm.chainRules.IsSpuriousDragon && value.IsZero() {
+				if evm.config.Debug {
+					v := value
+					if typ == STATICCALL {
+						v = nil
+					}
+					// Calling a non existing account, don't do anything, but ping the tracer
+					if depth == 0 {
+						evm.config.Tracer.CaptureStart(evm, caller.Address(), addr, false /* create */, input, gas, v)
+						evm.config.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, 0, nil)
+					} else {
+						evm.config.Tracer.CaptureEnter(typ, caller.Address(), addr, input /* create */, gas, v)
+						evm.config.Tracer.CaptureExit(ret, 0, nil)
+					}
+				}
+				return nil, gas, nil
+			}
+			evm.intraBlockState.CreateAccount(addr, false)
+		}
+		evm.context.Transfer(evm.intraBlockState, caller.Address(), addr, value, bailout)
+	} else if typ == STATICCALL {
+		// We do an AddBalance of zero here, just in order to trigger a touch.
+		// This doesn't matter on Mainnet, where all empties are gone at the time of Byzantium,
+		// but is the correct thing to do and matters on other networks, in tests, and potential
+		// future scenarios
+		evm.intraBlockState.AddBalance(addr, u256.Num0)
+	}
+	if evm.config.Debug {
+		v := value
+		if typ == STATICCALL {
+			v = nil
+		}
+		if depth == 0 {
+			evm.config.Tracer.CaptureStart(evm, caller.Address(), addr, false /* create */, input, gas, v)
+			defer func(startGas uint64) { // Lazy evaluation of the parameters
+				evm.config.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, startGas-gas, err)
+			}(gas)
+		} else {
+			evm.config.Tracer.CaptureEnter(typ, caller.Address(), addr /* create */, input, gas, v)
+			defer func(startGas uint64) { // Lazy evaluation of the parameters
+				evm.config.Tracer.CaptureExit(ret, startGas-gas, err)
+			}(gas)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// It is allowed to call precompiles, even via delegatecall
+	if isPrecompile {
+		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(p, input, gas)
+	} else if len(code) == 0 {
+		// If the account has no code, we can abort here
+		// The depth-check is already done, and precompiles handled above
+		ret, err = nil, nil // gas is unchanged
+	} else {
+		// At this point, we use a copy of address. If we don't, the go compiler will
+		// leak the 'contract' to the outer scope, and make allocation for 'contract'
+		// even if the actual execution ends on RunPrecompiled above.
+		addrCopy := addr
+		// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
+		// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
+		codeHash := evm.intraBlockState.GetCodeHash(addrCopy)
+		var contract *Contract
+		if typ == CALLCODE {
+			contract = NewContract(caller, AccountRef(caller.Address()), value, gas, evm.config.SkipAnalysis)
+		} else if typ == DELEGATECALL {
+			contract = NewContract(caller, AccountRef(caller.Address()), value, gas, evm.config.SkipAnalysis).AsDelegate()
+		} else {
+			contract = NewContract(caller, AccountRef(addrCopy), value, gas, evm.config.SkipAnalysis)
+		}
+		contract.SetCallCode(&addrCopy, codeHash, code)
+		readOnly := false
+		if typ == STATICCALL {
+			readOnly = true
+		}
+		ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, readOnly)
+		gas = contract.Gas
+	}
+	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
+	// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally
+	// when we're in Homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
+	if err != nil || evm.config.RestoreState {
+		evm.intraBlockState.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
+			gas = 0
+		}
+		// TODO: consider clearing up unused snapshots:
+		//} else {
+		//	evm.StateDB.DiscardSnapshot(snapshot)
+	}
+	return ret, gas, err
+}
+
+// Call executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as
+// parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes
+// the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an
+// execution error or failed value transfer.
+func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int, bailout bool) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	return evm.call(CALL, caller, addr, input, gas, value, bailout)
+}
+
+// CallCode executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
+// as parameters. It also handles any necessary value transfer required and takes
+// the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in case of an
+// execution error or failed value transfer.
+//
+// CallCode differs from Call in the sense that it executes the given address'
+// code with the caller as context.
+func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	return evm.call(CALLCODE, caller, addr, input, gas, value, false)
+}
+
+// DelegateCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
+// as parameters. It reverses the state in case of an execution error.
+//
+// DelegateCall differs from CallCode in the sense that it executes the given address'
+// code with the caller as context and the caller is set to the caller of the caller.
+func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	return evm.call(DELEGATECALL, caller, addr, input, gas, nil, false)
+}
+
+// StaticCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
+// as parameters while disallowing any modifications to the state during the call.
+// Opcodes that attempt to perform such modifications will result in exceptions
+// instead of performing the modifications.
+func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	return evm.call(STATICCALL, caller, addr, input, gas, new(uint256.Int), false)
+}
+
+type codeAndHash struct {
+	code []byte
+	hash types.Hash
+}
+
+func (c *codeAndHash) Hash() types.Hash {
+	if c.hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		c.hash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(c.code)
+	}
+	return c.hash
+}
+
+// create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
+func (evm *EVM) create(caller ContractRef, codeAndHash *codeAndHash, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int, address types.Address, typ OpCode, incrementNonce bool) ([]byte, types.Address, uint64, error) {
+	var ret []byte
+	var err error
+	var gasConsumption uint64
+	depth := evm.interpreter.Depth()
+
+	if evm.config.Debug {
+		if depth == 0 {
+			evm.config.Tracer.CaptureStart(evm, caller.Address(), address, true /* create */, codeAndHash.code, gas, value)
+			defer func() {
+				evm.config.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, gasConsumption, err)
+			}()
+		} else {
+			evm.config.Tracer.CaptureEnter(typ, caller.Address(), address, codeAndHash.code, gas, value)
+			defer func() {
+				evm.config.Tracer.CaptureExit(ret, gasConsumption, err)
+			}()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
+	// limit.
+	if depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
+		err = ErrDepth
+		return nil, types.Address{}, gas, err
+	}
+	if !evm.context.CanTransfer(evm.intraBlockState, caller.Address(), value) {
+		err = ErrInsufficientBalance
+		return nil, types.Address{}, gas, err
+	}
+	if incrementNonce {
+		nonce := evm.intraBlockState.GetNonce(caller.Address())
+		if nonce+1 < nonce {
+			err = ErrNonceUintOverflow
+			return nil, types.Address{}, gas, err
+		}
+		evm.intraBlockState.SetNonce(caller.Address(), nonce+1)
+	}
+	// We add this to the access list _before_ taking a snapshot. Even if the creation fails,
+	// the access-list change should not be rolled back
+	if evm.chainRules.IsBerlin {
+		evm.intraBlockState.AddAddressToAccessList(address)
+	}
+	// Ensure there's no existing contract already at the designated address
+	contractHash := evm.intraBlockState.GetCodeHash(address)
+	if evm.intraBlockState.GetNonce(address) != 0 || (contractHash != (types.Hash{}) && contractHash != emptyCodeHash) {
+		err = ErrContractAddressCollision
+		return nil, types.Address{}, 0, err
+	}
+	// Create a new account on the state
+	snapshot := evm.intraBlockState.Snapshot()
+	evm.intraBlockState.CreateAccount(address, true)
+	if evm.chainRules.IsSpuriousDragon {
+		evm.intraBlockState.SetNonce(address, 1)
+	}
+	evm.context.Transfer(evm.intraBlockState, caller.Address(), address, value, false /* bailout */)
+
+	// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
+	// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
+	contract := NewContract(caller, AccountRef(address), value, gas, evm.config.SkipAnalysis)
+	contract.SetCodeOptionalHash(&address, codeAndHash)
+
+	if evm.config.NoRecursion && depth > 0 {
+		return nil, address, gas, nil
+	}
+
+	ret, err = run(evm, contract, nil, false)
+
+	// EIP-170: Contract code size limit
+	if err == nil && evm.chainRules.IsSpuriousDragon && len(ret) > params.MaxCodeSize {
+		// Gnosis Chain prior to Shanghai didn't have EIP-170 enabled,
+		// but EIP-3860 (part of Shanghai) requires EIP-170.
+		if !evm.chainRules.IsAura || evm.config.HasEip3860(evm.chainRules) {
+			err = ErrMaxCodeSizeExceeded
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reject code starting with 0xEF if EIP-3541 is enabled.
+	if err == nil && evm.chainRules.IsLondon && len(ret) >= 1 && ret[0] == 0xEF {
+		err = ErrInvalidCode
+	}
+	// if the contract creation ran successfully and no errors were returned
+	// calculate the gas required to store the code. If the code could not
+	// be stored due to not enough gas set an error and let it be handled
+	// by the error checking condition below.
+	if err == nil {
+		createDataGas := uint64(len(ret)) * params.CreateDataGas
+		if contract.UseGas(createDataGas) {
+			evm.intraBlockState.SetCode(address, ret)
+		} else if evm.chainRules.IsHomestead {
+			err = ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas
+		}
+	}
+
+	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
+	// above we revert to the snapshot and consume any gas remaining. Additionally
+	// when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
+	if err != nil && (evm.chainRules.IsHomestead || err != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas) {
+		evm.intraBlockState.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
+			contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// calculate gasConsumption for deferred captures
+	gasConsumption = gas - contract.Gas
+
+	return ret, address, contract.Gas, err
+}
+
+// Create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#nonce
+func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr types.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	contractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress(caller.Address(), evm.intraBlockState.GetNonce(caller.Address()))
+	return evm.create(caller, &codeAndHash{code: code}, gas, endowment, contractAddr, CREATE, true /* incrementNonce */)
+}
+
+// Create2 creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
+//
+// The different between Create2 with Create is Create2 uses keccak256(0xff ++ msg.sender ++ salt ++ keccak256(init_code))[12:]
+// instead of the usual sender-and-nonce-hash as the address where the contract is initialized at.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#nonce
+func (evm *EVM) Create2(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int, salt *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr types.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	codeAndHash := &codeAndHash{code: code}
+	contractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress2(caller.Address(), salt.Bytes32(), codeAndHash.Hash().Bytes())
+	return evm.create(caller, codeAndHash, gas, endowment, contractAddr, CREATE2, true /* incrementNonce */)
+}
+
+// SysCreate is a special (system) contract creation methods for genesis constructors.
+// Unlike the normal Create & Create2, it doesn't increment caller's nonce.
+func (evm *EVM) SysCreate(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int, contractAddr types.Address) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
+	ret, _, leftOverGas, err = evm.create(caller, &codeAndHash{code: code}, gas, endowment, contractAddr, CREATE, false /* incrementNonce */)
+	return
+}
+
+// ChainConfig returns the environment's chain configuration
+func (evm *EVM) Config() Config {
+	return evm.config
+}
+
+// ChainConfig returns the environment's chain configuration
+func (evm *EVM) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig {
+	return evm.chainConfig
+}
+
+func (evm *EVM) ChainRules() *params.Rules {
+	return evm.chainRules
+}
+
+func (evm *EVM) Context() evmtypes.BlockContext {
+	return evm.context
+}
+
+func (evm *EVM) TxContext() evmtypes.TxContext {
+	return evm.txContext
+}
+
+func (evm *EVM) IntraBlockState() evmtypes.IntraBlockState {
+	return evm.intraBlockState
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/evmtypes/evmtypes.go b/internal/vm/evmtypes/evmtypes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da69ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/evmtypes/evmtypes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package evmtypes
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"math/big"
+
+	libcommon "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// BlockContext provides the EVM with auxiliary information. Once provided
+// it shouldn't be modified.
+type BlockContext struct {
+	// CanTransfer returns whether the account contains
+	// sufficient ether to transfer the value
+	CanTransfer CanTransferFunc
+	// Transfer transfers ether from one account to the other
+	Transfer TransferFunc
+	// GetHash returns the hash corresponding to n
+	GetHash GetHashFunc
+
+	// Block information
+	Coinbase    libcommon.Address // Provides information for COINBASE
+	GasLimit    uint64            // Provides information for GASLIMIT
+	MaxGasLimit bool              // Use GasLimit override for 2^256-1 (to be compatible with OpenEthereum's trace_call)
+	BlockNumber uint64            // Provides information for NUMBER
+	Time        uint64            // Provides information for TIME
+	Difficulty  *big.Int          // Provides information for DIFFICULTY
+	BaseFee     *uint256.Int      // Provides information for BASEFEE
+	PrevRanDao  *libcommon.Hash   // Provides information for PREVRANDAO
+}
+
+// TxContext provides the EVM with information about a transaction.
+// All fields can change between transactions.
+type TxContext struct {
+	// Message information
+	TxHash   libcommon.Hash
+	Origin   libcommon.Address // Provides information for ORIGIN
+	GasPrice *uint256.Int      // Provides information for GASPRICE
+}
+
+type (
+	// CanTransferFunc is the signature of a transfer guard function
+	CanTransferFunc func(IntraBlockState, libcommon.Address, *uint256.Int) bool
+	// TransferFunc is the signature of a transfer function
+	TransferFunc func(IntraBlockState, libcommon.Address, libcommon.Address, *uint256.Int, bool)
+	// GetHashFunc returns the nth block hash in the blockchain
+	// and is used by the BLOCKHASH EVM op code.
+	GetHashFunc func(uint64) libcommon.Hash
+)
+
+// IntraBlockState is an EVM database for full state querying.
+type IntraBlockState interface {
+	CreateAccount(libcommon.Address, bool)
+
+	SubBalance(libcommon.Address, *uint256.Int)
+	AddBalance(libcommon.Address, *uint256.Int)
+	GetBalance(libcommon.Address) *uint256.Int
+
+	GetNonce(libcommon.Address) uint64
+	SetNonce(libcommon.Address, uint64)
+
+	GetCodeHash(libcommon.Address) libcommon.Hash
+	GetCode(libcommon.Address) []byte
+	SetCode(libcommon.Address, []byte)
+	GetCodeSize(libcommon.Address) int
+
+	AddRefund(uint64)
+	SubRefund(uint64)
+	GetRefund() uint64
+
+	GetCommittedState(libcommon.Address, *libcommon.Hash, *uint256.Int)
+	GetState(address libcommon.Address, slot *libcommon.Hash, outValue *uint256.Int)
+	SetState(libcommon.Address, *libcommon.Hash, uint256.Int)
+
+	Selfdestruct(libcommon.Address) bool
+	HasSelfdestructed(libcommon.Address) bool
+
+	// Exist reports whether the given account exists in state.
+	// Notably this should also return true for suicided accounts.
+	Exist(libcommon.Address) bool
+	// Empty returns whether the given account is empty. Empty
+	// is defined according to EIP161 (balance = nonce = code = 0).
+	Empty(libcommon.Address) bool
+
+	PrepareAccessList(sender libcommon.Address, dest *libcommon.Address, precompiles []libcommon.Address, txAccesses transaction.AccessList)
+	AddressInAccessList(addr libcommon.Address) bool
+	SlotInAccessList(addr libcommon.Address, slot libcommon.Hash) (addressOk bool, slotOk bool)
+	// AddAddressToAccessList adds the given address to the access list. This operation is safe to perform
+	// even if the feature/fork is not active yet
+	AddAddressToAccessList(addr libcommon.Address)
+	// AddSlotToAccessList adds the given (address,slot) to the access list. This operation is safe to perform
+	// even if the feature/fork is not active yet
+	AddSlotToAccessList(addr libcommon.Address, slot libcommon.Hash)
+
+	RevertToSnapshot(int)
+	Snapshot() int
+
+	AddLog(*block.Log)
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/gas.go b/internal/vm/gas.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a48fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/gas.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Gas costs
+const (
+	GasQuickStep   uint64 = 2
+	GasFastestStep uint64 = 3
+	GasFastStep    uint64 = 5
+	GasMidStep     uint64 = 8
+	GasSlowStep    uint64 = 10
+	GasExtStep     uint64 = 20
+)
+
+// callGas returns the actual gas cost of the call.
+//
+// The cost of gas was changed during the homestead price change HF.
+// As part of EIP 150 (TangerineWhistle), the returned gas is gas - base * 63 / 64.
+func callGas(isEip150 bool, availableGas, base uint64, callCost *uint256.Int) (uint64, error) {
+	if isEip150 {
+		availableGas = availableGas - base
+		gas := availableGas - availableGas/64
+		// If the bit length exceeds 64 bit we know that the newly calculated "gas" for EIP150
+		// is smaller than the requested amount. Therefore we return the new gas instead
+		// of returning an error.
+		if !callCost.IsUint64() || gas < callCost.Uint64() {
+			return gas, nil
+		}
+	}
+	if !callCost.IsUint64() {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+
+	return callCost.Uint64(), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/gas_table.go b/internal/vm/gas_table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2f1cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/gas_table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/stack"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// memoryGasCost calculates the quadratic gas for memory expansion. It does so
+// only for the memory region that is expanded, not the total memory.
+func memoryGasCost(mem *Memory, newMemSize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	if newMemSize == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	// The maximum that will fit in a uint64 is max_word_count - 1. Anything above
+	// that will result in an overflow. Additionally, a newMemSize which results in
+	// a newMemSizeWords larger than 0xFFFFFFFF will cause the square operation to
+	// overflow. The constant 0x1FFFFFFFE0 is the highest number that can be used
+	// without overflowing the gas calculation.
+	if newMemSize > 0x1FFFFFFFE0 {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	newMemSizeWords := ToWordSize(newMemSize)
+	newMemSize = newMemSizeWords * 32
+
+	if newMemSize > uint64(mem.Len()) {
+		square := newMemSizeWords * newMemSizeWords
+		linCoef := newMemSizeWords * params.MemoryGas
+		quadCoef := square / params.QuadCoeffDiv
+		newTotalFee := linCoef + quadCoef
+
+		fee := newTotalFee - mem.lastGasCost
+		mem.lastGasCost = newTotalFee
+
+		return fee, nil
+	}
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+// memoryCopierGas creates the gas functions for the following opcodes, and takes
+// the stack position of the operand which determines the size of the data to copy
+// as argument:
+// CALLDATACOPY (stack position 2)
+// CODECOPY (stack position 2)
+// EXTCODECOPY (stack poition 3)
+// RETURNDATACOPY (stack position 2)
+func memoryCopierGas(stackpos int) gasFunc {
+	return func(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+		// Gas for expanding the memory
+		gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		// And gas for copying data, charged per word at param.CopyGas
+		words, overflow := stack.Back(stackpos).Uint64WithOverflow()
+		if overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+
+		if words, overflow = math.SafeMul(ToWordSize(words), params.CopyGas); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, words); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		return gas, nil
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	gasCallDataCopy   = memoryCopierGas(2)
+	gasCodeCopy       = memoryCopierGas(2)
+	gasExtCodeCopy    = memoryCopierGas(3)
+	gasReturnDataCopy = memoryCopierGas(2)
+)
+
+func gasSStore(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	value, x := stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
+	key := types.Hash(x.Bytes32())
+	var current uint256.Int
+	evm.IntraBlockState().GetState(contract.Address(), &key, &current)
+	// The legacy gas metering only takes into consideration the current state
+	// Legacy rules should be applied if we are in Petersburg (removal of EIP-1283)
+	// OR Constantinople is not active
+	if evm.ChainRules().IsPetersburg || !evm.ChainRules().IsConstantinople {
+		// This checks for 3 scenario's and calculates gas accordingly:
+		//
+		// 1. From a zero-value address to a non-zero value         (NEW VALUE)
+		// 2. From a non-zero value address to a zero-value address (DELETE)
+		// 3. From a non-zero to a non-zero                         (CHANGE)
+		switch {
+		case current.IsZero() && !value.IsZero(): // 0 => non 0
+			return params.SstoreSetGas, nil
+		case !current.IsZero() && value.IsZero(): // non 0 => 0
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SstoreRefundGas)
+			return params.SstoreClearGas, nil
+		default: // non 0 => non 0 (or 0 => 0)
+			return params.SstoreResetGas, nil
+		}
+	}
+	// The new gas metering is based on net gas costs (EIP-1283):
+	//
+	// 1. If current value equals new value (this is a no-op), 200 gas is deducted.
+	// 2. If current value does not equal new value
+	//   2.1. If original value equals current value (this storage slot has not been changed by the current execution context)
+	//     2.1.1. If original value is 0, 20000 gas is deducted.
+	// 	   2.1.2. Otherwise, 5000 gas is deducted. If new value is 0, add 15000 gas to refund counter.
+	// 	2.2. If original value does not equal current value (this storage slot is dirty), 200 gas is deducted. Apply both of the following clauses.
+	// 	  2.2.1. If original value is not 0
+	//       2.2.1.1. If current value is 0 (also means that new value is not 0), remove 15000 gas from refund counter. We can prove that refund counter will never go below 0.
+	//       2.2.1.2. If new value is 0 (also means that current value is not 0), add 15000 gas to refund counter.
+	// 	  2.2.2. If original value equals new value (this storage slot is reset)
+	//       2.2.2.1. If original value is 0, add 19800 gas to refund counter.
+	// 	     2.2.2.2. Otherwise, add 4800 gas to refund counter.
+	if current.Eq(value) { // noop (1)
+		return params.NetSstoreNoopGas, nil
+	}
+	var original uint256.Int
+	evm.IntraBlockState().GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), &key, &original)
+	if original == current {
+		if original.IsZero() { // create slot (2.1.1)
+			return params.NetSstoreInitGas, nil
+		}
+		if value.IsZero() { // delete slot (2.1.2b)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.NetSstoreClearRefund)
+		}
+		return params.NetSstoreCleanGas, nil // write existing slot (2.1.2)
+	}
+	if !original.IsZero() {
+		if current.IsZero() { // recreate slot (2.2.1.1)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().SubRefund(params.NetSstoreClearRefund)
+		} else if value.IsZero() { // delete slot (2.2.1.2)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.NetSstoreClearRefund)
+		}
+	}
+	if original.Eq(value) {
+		if original.IsZero() { // reset to original inexistent slot (2.2.2.1)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.NetSstoreResetClearRefund)
+		} else { // reset to original existing slot (2.2.2.2)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.NetSstoreResetRefund)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return params.NetSstoreDirtyGas, nil
+}
+
+//  0. If *gasleft* is less than or equal to 2300, fail the current call.
+//  1. If current value equals new value (this is a no-op), SLOAD_GAS is deducted.
+//  2. If current value does not equal new value:
+//     2.1. If original value equals current value (this storage slot has not been changed by the current execution context):
+//     2.1.1. If original value is 0, SSTORE_SET_GAS (20K) gas is deducted.
+//     2.1.2. Otherwise, SSTORE_RESET_GAS gas is deducted. If new value is 0, add SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE to refund counter.
+//     2.2. If original value does not equal current value (this storage slot is dirty), SLOAD_GAS gas is deducted. Apply both of the following clauses:
+//     2.2.1. If original value is not 0:
+//     2.2.1.1. If current value is 0 (also means that new value is not 0), subtract SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE gas from refund counter.
+//     2.2.1.2. If new value is 0 (also means that current value is not 0), add SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE gas to refund counter.
+//     2.2.2. If original value equals new value (this storage slot is reset):
+//     2.2.2.1. If original value is 0, add SSTORE_SET_GAS - SLOAD_GAS to refund counter.
+//     2.2.2.2. Otherwise, add SSTORE_RESET_GAS - SLOAD_GAS gas to refund counter.
+func gasSStoreEIP2200(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// If we fail the minimum gas availability invariant, fail (0)
+	if contract.Gas <= params.SstoreSentryGasEIP2200 {
+		return 0, errors.New("not enough gas for reentrancy sentry")
+	}
+	// Gas sentry honoured, do the actual gas calculation based on the stored value
+	value, x := stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
+	key := types.Hash(x.Bytes32())
+	var current uint256.Int
+	evm.IntraBlockState().GetState(contract.Address(), &key, &current)
+
+	if current.Eq(value) { // noop (1)
+		return params.SloadGasEIP2200, nil
+	}
+
+	var original uint256.Int
+	evm.IntraBlockState().GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), &key, &original)
+	if original == current {
+		if original.IsZero() { // create slot (2.1.1)
+			return params.SstoreSetGasEIP2200, nil
+		}
+		if value.IsZero() { // delete slot (2.1.2b)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP2200)
+		}
+		return params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200, nil // write existing slot (2.1.2)
+	}
+	if !original.IsZero() {
+		if current.IsZero() { // recreate slot (2.2.1.1)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().SubRefund(params.SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP2200)
+		} else if value.IsZero() { // delete slot (2.2.1.2)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP2200)
+		}
+	}
+	if original.Eq(value) {
+		if original.IsZero() { // reset to original inexistent slot (2.2.2.1)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SstoreSetGasEIP2200 - params.SloadGasEIP2200)
+		} else { // reset to original existing slot (2.2.2.2)
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200 - params.SloadGasEIP2200)
+		}
+	}
+	return params.SloadGasEIP2200, nil // dirty update (2.2)
+}
+
+func makeGasLog(n uint64) gasFunc {
+	return func(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+		requestedSize, overflow := stack.Back(1).Uint64WithOverflow()
+		if overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+
+		gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.LogGas); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, n*params.LogTopicGas); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+
+		var memorySizeGas uint64
+		if memorySizeGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(requestedSize, params.LogDataGas); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memorySizeGas); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		return gas, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func gasKeccak256(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	wordGas, overflow := stack.Back(1).Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if wordGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(ToWordSize(wordGas), params.Keccak256WordGas); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+// pureMemoryGascost is used by several operations, which aside from their
+// static cost have a dynamic cost which is solely based on the memory
+// expansion
+func pureMemoryGascost(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	return memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+}
+
+var (
+	gasReturn  = pureMemoryGascost
+	gasRevert  = pureMemoryGascost
+	gasMLoad   = pureMemoryGascost
+	gasMStore8 = pureMemoryGascost
+	gasMStore  = pureMemoryGascost
+	gasCreate  = pureMemoryGascost
+)
+
+func gasCreate2(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	len, overflow := stack.Back(2).Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	numWords := ToWordSize(len)
+	wordGas, overflow := math.SafeMul(numWords, params.Keccak256WordGas)
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas)
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCreateEip3860(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	len, overflow := stack.Back(2).Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow || len > params.MaxInitCodeSize {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	numWords := ToWordSize(len)
+	// Since size <= params.MaxInitCodeSize, this multiplication cannot overflow
+	wordGas := params.InitCodeWordGas * numWords
+	gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas)
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCreate2Eip3860(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	len, overflow := stack.Back(2).Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow || len > params.MaxInitCodeSize {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	numWords := ToWordSize(len)
+	// Since size <= params.MaxInitCodeSize, this multiplication cannot overflow
+	wordGas := (params.InitCodeWordGas + params.Keccak256WordGas) * numWords
+	gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas)
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasExpFrontier(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	expByteLen := uint64((stack.Data[stack.Len()-2].BitLen() + 7) / 8)
+
+	var (
+		gas      = expByteLen * params.ExpByteFrontier // no overflow check required. Max is 256 * ExpByte gas
+		overflow bool
+	)
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.ExpGas); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasExpEIP160(_ VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	expByteLen := uint64((stack.Data[stack.Len()-2].BitLen() + 7) / 8)
+
+	var (
+		gas      = expByteLen * params.ExpByteEIP160 // no overflow check required. Max is 256 * ExpByte gas
+		overflow bool
+	)
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.ExpGas); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCall(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var (
+		gas            uint64
+		transfersValue = !stack.Back(2).IsZero()
+		address        = types.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
+	)
+	if evm.ChainRules().IsSpuriousDragon {
+		if transfersValue && evm.IntraBlockState().Empty(address) {
+			gas += params.CallNewAccountGas
+		}
+	} else if !evm.IntraBlockState().Exist(address) {
+		gas += params.CallNewAccountGas
+	}
+	if transfersValue {
+		gas += params.CallValueTransferGas
+	}
+	memoryGas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memoryGas); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+
+	var callGasTemp uint64
+	callGasTemp, err = callGas(evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	evm.SetCallGasTemp(callGasTemp)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, callGasTemp); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCallCode(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	memoryGas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var (
+		gas      uint64
+		overflow bool
+	)
+	if !stack.Back(2).IsZero() {
+		gas += params.CallValueTransferGas
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memoryGas); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	var callGasTemp uint64
+	callGasTemp, err = callGas(evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	evm.SetCallGasTemp(callGasTemp)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, callGasTemp); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasDelegateCall(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	var callGasTemp uint64
+	callGasTemp, err = callGas(evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	evm.SetCallGasTemp(callGasTemp)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, callGasTemp); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasStaticCall(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	var callGasTemp uint64
+	callGasTemp, err = callGas(evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	evm.SetCallGasTemp(callGasTemp)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, callGasTemp); overflow {
+		return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasSelfdestruct(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var gas uint64
+	// TangerineWhistle (EIP150) gas reprice fork:
+	if evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle {
+		gas = params.SelfdestructGasEIP150
+		var address = types.Address(stack.Back(0).Bytes20())
+
+		if evm.ChainRules().IsSpuriousDragon {
+			// if empty and transfers value
+			if evm.IntraBlockState().Empty(address) && !evm.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(contract.Address()).IsZero() {
+				gas += params.CreateBySelfdestructGas
+			}
+		} else if !evm.IntraBlockState().Exist(address) {
+			gas += params.CreateBySelfdestructGas
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !evm.IntraBlockState().HasSelfdestructed(contract.Address()) {
+		evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SelfdestructRefundGas)
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/instructions.go b/internal/vm/instructions.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fde118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/instructions.go
@@ -0,0 +1,970 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+func opAdd(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Add(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSub(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Sub(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMul(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Mul(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opDiv(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Div(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSdiv(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.SDiv(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMod(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Mod(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSmod(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.SMod(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opExp(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	base, exponent := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	switch {
+	case exponent.IsZero():
+		// x ^ 0 == 1
+		exponent.SetOne()
+	case base.IsZero():
+		// 0 ^ y, if y != 0, == 0
+		exponent.Clear()
+	case exponent.LtUint64(2): // exponent == 1
+		// x ^ 1 == x
+		exponent.Set(&base)
+	case base.LtUint64(2): // base == 1
+		// 1 ^ y == 1
+		exponent.SetOne()
+	case base.LtUint64(3): // base == 2
+		if exponent.LtUint64(256) {
+			n := uint(exponent.Uint64())
+			exponent.SetOne()
+			exponent.Lsh(exponent, n)
+		} else {
+			exponent.Clear()
+		}
+	default:
+		exponent.Exp(&base, exponent)
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSignExtend(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	back, num := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	num.ExtendSign(num, &back)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opNot(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	x.Not(x)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opLt(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if x.Lt(y) {
+		y.SetOne()
+	} else {
+		y.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opGt(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if x.Gt(y) {
+		y.SetOne()
+	} else {
+		y.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSlt(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if x.Slt(y) {
+		y.SetOne()
+	} else {
+		y.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSgt(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if x.Sgt(y) {
+		y.SetOne()
+	} else {
+		y.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opEq(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if x.Eq(y) {
+		y.SetOne()
+	} else {
+		y.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opIszero(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if x.IsZero() {
+		x.SetOne()
+	} else {
+		x.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opAnd(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.And(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opOr(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Or(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opXor(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	y.Xor(&x, y)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opByte(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	th, val := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	val.Byte(&th)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opAddmod(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y, z := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if z.IsZero() {
+		z.Clear()
+	} else {
+		z.AddMod(&x, &y, z)
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMulmod(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x, y, z := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if z.IsZero() {
+		z.Clear()
+	} else {
+		z.MulMod(&x, &y, z)
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// opSHL implements Shift Left
+// The SHL instruction (shift left) pops 2 values from the stack, first arg1 and then arg2,
+// and pushes on the stack arg2 shifted to the left by arg1 number of bits.
+func opSHL(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Note, second operand is left in the stack; accumulate result into it, and no need to push it afterwards
+	shift, value := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if shift.LtUint64(256) {
+		value.Lsh(value, uint(shift.Uint64()))
+	} else {
+		value.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// opSHR implements Logical Shift Right
+// The SHR instruction (logical shift right) pops 2 values from the stack, first arg1 and then arg2,
+// and pushes on the stack arg2 shifted to the right by arg1 number of bits with zero fill.
+func opSHR(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Note, second operand is left in the stack; accumulate result into it, and no need to push it afterwards
+	shift, value := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if shift.LtUint64(256) {
+		value.Rsh(value, uint(shift.Uint64()))
+	} else {
+		value.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// opSAR implements Arithmetic Shift Right
+// The SAR instruction (arithmetic shift right) pops 2 values from the stack, first arg1 and then arg2,
+// and pushes on the stack arg2 shifted to the right by arg1 number of bits with sign extension.
+func opSAR(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	shift, value := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if shift.GtUint64(255) {
+		if value.Sign() >= 0 {
+			value.Clear()
+		} else {
+			// Max negative shift: all bits set
+			value.SetAllOne()
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	n := uint(shift.Uint64())
+	value.SRsh(value, n)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opKeccak256(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	offset, size := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Peek()
+	data := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
+
+	if interpreter.hasher == nil {
+		interpreter.hasher = sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(keccakState)
+	} else {
+		interpreter.hasher.Reset()
+	}
+	interpreter.hasher.Write(data)
+	if _, err := interpreter.hasher.Read(interpreter.hasherBuf[:]); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	size.SetBytes(interpreter.hasherBuf[:])
+	return nil, nil
+}
+func opAddress(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(scope.Contract.Address().Bytes()))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opBalance(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	slot := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	address := types.Address(slot.Bytes20())
+	slot.Set(interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(address))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opOrigin(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(interpreter.evm.TxContext().Origin.Bytes()))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+func opCaller(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(scope.Contract.Caller().Bytes()))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCallValue(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(scope.Contract.value)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCallDataLoad(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	x := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	if offset, overflow := x.Uint64WithOverflow(); !overflow {
+		data := getData(scope.Contract.Input, offset, 32)
+		x.SetBytes(data)
+	} else {
+		x.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCallDataSize(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(uint64(len(scope.Contract.Input))))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCallDataCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		memOffset  = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		dataOffset = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		length     = scope.Stack.Pop()
+	)
+	dataOffset64, overflow := dataOffset.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		dataOffset64 = 0xffffffffffffffff
+	}
+	// These values are checked for overflow during gas cost calculation
+	memOffset64 := memOffset.Uint64()
+	length64 := length.Uint64()
+	scope.Memory.Set(memOffset64, length64, getData(scope.Contract.Input, dataOffset64, length64))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opReturnDataSize(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(uint64(len(interpreter.returnData))))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opReturnDataCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		memOffset  = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		dataOffset = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		length     = scope.Stack.Pop()
+	)
+
+	offset64, overflow := dataOffset.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		return nil, ErrReturnDataOutOfBounds
+	}
+	// we can reuse dataOffset now (aliasing it for clarity)
+	end := dataOffset
+	_, overflow = end.AddOverflow(&dataOffset, &length)
+	if overflow {
+		return nil, ErrReturnDataOutOfBounds
+	}
+
+	end64, overflow := end.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow || uint64(len(interpreter.returnData)) < end64 {
+		return nil, ErrReturnDataOutOfBounds
+	}
+	scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), length.Uint64(), interpreter.returnData[offset64:end64])
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opExtCodeSize(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	slot := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	slot.SetUint64(uint64(interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetCodeSize(slot.Bytes20())))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCodeSize(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	l := new(uint256.Int)
+	l.SetUint64(uint64(len(scope.Contract.Code)))
+	scope.Stack.Push(l)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCodeCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		memOffset  = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		codeOffset = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		length     = scope.Stack.Pop()
+	)
+	uint64CodeOffset, overflow := codeOffset.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		uint64CodeOffset = 0xffffffffffffffff
+	}
+	codeCopy := getData(scope.Contract.Code, uint64CodeOffset, length.Uint64())
+	scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), length.Uint64(), codeCopy)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opExtCodeCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		stack      = scope.Stack
+		a          = stack.Pop()
+		memOffset  = stack.Pop()
+		codeOffset = stack.Pop()
+		length     = stack.Pop()
+	)
+	addr := types.Address(a.Bytes20())
+	len64 := length.Uint64()
+	codeCopy := getDataBig(interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetCode(addr), &codeOffset, len64)
+	scope.Memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), len64, codeCopy)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// opExtCodeHash returns the code hash of a specified account.
+// There are several cases when the function is called, while we can relay everything
+// to `state.GetCodeHash` function to ensure the correctness.
+//
+//	(1) Caller tries to get the code hash of a normal contract account, state
+//
+// should return the relative code hash and set it as the result.
+//
+//	(2) Caller tries to get the code hash of a non-existent account, state should
+//
+// return types.Hash{} and zero will be set as the result.
+//
+//	(3) Caller tries to get the code hash for an account without contract code,
+//
+// state should return emptyCodeHash(0xc5d246...) as the result.
+//
+//	(4) Caller tries to get the code hash of a precompiled account, the result
+//
+// should be zero or emptyCodeHash.
+//
+// It is worth noting that in order to avoid unnecessary create and clean,
+// all precompile accounts on mainnet have been transferred 1 wei, so the return
+// here should be emptyCodeHash.
+// If the precompile account is not transferred any amount on a private or
+// customized chain, the return value will be zero.
+//
+//	(5) Caller tries to get the code hash for an account which is marked as suicided
+//
+// in the current transaction, the code hash of this account should be returned.
+//
+//	(6) Caller tries to get the code hash for an account which is marked as deleted,
+//
+// this account should be regarded as a non-existent account and zero should be returned.
+func opExtCodeHash(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	slot := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	address := types.Address(slot.Bytes20())
+	if interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().Empty(address) {
+		slot.Clear()
+	} else {
+		slot.SetBytes(interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetCodeHash(address).Bytes())
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opGasprice(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(interpreter.evm.TxContext().GasPrice)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opBlockhash(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	num := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	num64, overflow := num.Uint64WithOverflow()
+	if overflow {
+		num.Clear()
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var upper, lower uint64
+	upper = interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber
+	if upper < 257 {
+		lower = 0
+	} else {
+		lower = upper - 256
+	}
+	if num64 >= lower && num64 < upper {
+		num.SetBytes(interpreter.evm.Context().GetHash(num64).Bytes())
+	} else {
+		num.Clear()
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCoinbase(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(interpreter.evm.Context().Coinbase.Bytes()))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opTimestamp(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	v := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(interpreter.evm.Context().Time)
+	scope.Stack.Push(v)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opNumber(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	v := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber)
+	scope.Stack.Push(v)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opDifficulty(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	var v *uint256.Int
+	if interpreter.evm.Context().PrevRanDao != nil {
+		// EIP-4399: Supplant DIFFICULTY opcode with PREVRANDAO
+		v = new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(interpreter.evm.Context().PrevRanDao.Bytes())
+	} else {
+		var overflow bool
+		v, overflow = uint256.FromBig(interpreter.evm.Context().Difficulty)
+		if overflow {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("interpreter.evm.Context.Difficulty higher than 2^256-1")
+		}
+	}
+	scope.Stack.Push(v)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opGasLimit(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if interpreter.evm.Context().MaxGasLimit {
+		scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetAllOne())
+	} else {
+		scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(interpreter.evm.Context().GasLimit))
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opPop(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Pop()
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMload(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	v := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	offset := v.Uint64()
+	v.SetBytes(scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(offset), 32))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMstore(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	mStart, val := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop()
+	scope.Memory.Set32(mStart.Uint64(), &val)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMstore8(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	off, val := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop()
+	scope.Memory.store[off.Uint64()] = byte(val.Uint64())
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSload(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	loc := scope.Stack.Peek()
+	interpreter.hasherBuf = loc.Bytes32()
+	interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetState(scope.Contract.Address(), &interpreter.hasherBuf, loc)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSstore(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if interpreter.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+	loc := scope.Stack.Pop()
+	val := scope.Stack.Pop()
+	interpreter.hasherBuf = loc.Bytes32()
+	interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().SetState(scope.Contract.Address(), &interpreter.hasherBuf, val)
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opJump(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	pos := scope.Stack.Pop()
+	if valid, usedBitmap := scope.Contract.validJumpdest(&pos); !valid {
+		if usedBitmap {
+			if interpreter.cfg.TraceJumpDest {
+				log.Warn("Code Bitmap used for detecting invalid jump",
+					"tx", fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", interpreter.evm.TxContext().TxHash),
+					"block_num", interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber,
+				)
+			} else {
+				// This is "cheaper" version because it does not require calculation of txHash for each transaction
+				log.Warn("Code Bitmap used for detecting invalid jump",
+					"block_num", interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber,
+				)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil, ErrInvalidJump
+	}
+	*pc = pos.Uint64() - 1 // pc will be increased by the interpreter loop
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opJumpi(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	pos, cond := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop()
+	if !cond.IsZero() {
+		if valid, usedBitmap := scope.Contract.validJumpdest(&pos); !valid {
+			if usedBitmap {
+				if interpreter.cfg.TraceJumpDest {
+					log.Warn("Code Bitmap used for detecting invalid jump",
+						"tx", fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", interpreter.evm.TxContext().TxHash),
+						"block_num", interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber,
+					)
+				} else {
+					// This is "cheaper" version because it does not require calculation of txHash for each transaction
+					log.Warn("Code Bitmap used for detecting invalid jump",
+						"block_num", interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber,
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, ErrInvalidJump
+		}
+		*pc = pos.Uint64() - 1 // pc will be increased by the interpreter loop
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opJumpdest(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opPc(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(*pc))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opMsize(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(uint64(scope.Memory.Len())))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opGas(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	scope.Stack.Push(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(scope.Contract.Gas))
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCreate(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if interpreter.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+	var (
+		value  = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		offset = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		size   = scope.Stack.Peek()
+		input  = scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
+		gas    = scope.Contract.Gas
+	)
+	if interpreter.evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle {
+		gas -= gas / 64
+	}
+	// reuse size int for stackvalue
+	stackvalue := size
+
+	scope.Contract.UseGas(gas)
+
+	res, addr, returnGas, suberr := interpreter.evm.Create(scope.Contract, input, gas, &value)
+
+	// Push item on the stack based on the returned error. If the ruleset is
+	// homestead we must check for CodeStoreOutOfGasError (homestead only
+	// rule) and treat as an error, if the ruleset is frontier we must
+	// ignore this error and pretend the operation was successful.
+	if interpreter.evm.ChainRules().IsHomestead && suberr == ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas {
+		stackvalue.Clear()
+	} else if suberr != nil && suberr != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas {
+		stackvalue.Clear()
+	} else {
+		stackvalue.SetBytes(addr.Bytes())
+	}
+	scope.Contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	if suberr == ErrExecutionReverted {
+		interpreter.returnData = res // set REVERT data to return data buffer
+		return res, nil
+	}
+	interpreter.returnData = nil // clear dirty return data buffer
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCreate2(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if interpreter.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+	var (
+		endowment    = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		offset, size = scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop()
+		salt         = scope.Stack.Pop()
+		input        = scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
+		gas          = scope.Contract.Gas
+	)
+
+	// Apply EIP150
+	gas -= gas / 64
+	scope.Contract.UseGas(gas)
+	// reuse size int for stackvalue
+	stackValue := size
+	res, addr, returnGas, suberr := interpreter.evm.Create2(scope.Contract, input, gas, &endowment, &salt)
+
+	// Push item on the stack based on the returned error.
+	if suberr != nil {
+		stackValue.Clear()
+	} else {
+		stackValue.SetBytes(addr.Bytes())
+	}
+
+	scope.Stack.Push(&stackValue)
+	scope.Contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	if suberr == ErrExecutionReverted {
+		interpreter.returnData = res // set REVERT data to return data buffer
+		return res, nil
+	}
+	interpreter.returnData = nil // clear dirty return data buffer
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCall(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	// Pop gas. The actual gas in interpreter.evm.callGasTemp.
+	// We can use this as a temporary value
+	temp := stack.Pop()
+	gas := interpreter.evm.CallGasTemp()
+	// Pop other call parameters.
+	addr, value, inOffset, inSize, retOffset, retSize := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()
+	toAddr := types.Address(addr.Bytes20())
+	// Get the arguments from the memory.
+	args := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(inOffset.Uint64()), int64(inSize.Uint64()))
+
+	if !value.IsZero() {
+		if interpreter.readOnly {
+			return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+		}
+		gas += params.CallStipend
+	}
+
+	ret, returnGas, err := interpreter.evm.Call(scope.Contract, toAddr, args, gas, &value, false /* bailout */)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		temp.Clear()
+	} else {
+		temp.SetOne()
+	}
+	stack.Push(&temp)
+	if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted {
+		ret = types.CopyBytes(ret)
+		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
+	}
+
+	scope.Contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	interpreter.returnData = ret
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+func opCallCode(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Pop gas. The actual gas is in interpreter.evm.callGasTemp.
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	// We use it as a temporary value
+	temp := stack.Pop()
+	gas := interpreter.evm.CallGasTemp()
+	// Pop other call parameters.
+	addr, value, inOffset, inSize, retOffset, retSize := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()
+	toAddr := types.Address(addr.Bytes20())
+	// Get arguments from the memory.
+	args := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(inOffset.Uint64()), int64(inSize.Uint64()))
+
+	if !value.IsZero() {
+		gas += params.CallStipend
+	}
+
+	ret, returnGas, err := interpreter.evm.CallCode(scope.Contract, toAddr, args, gas, &value)
+	if err != nil {
+		temp.Clear()
+	} else {
+		temp.SetOne()
+	}
+	stack.Push(&temp)
+	if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted {
+		ret = types.CopyBytes(ret)
+		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
+	}
+
+	scope.Contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	interpreter.returnData = ret
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+func opDelegateCall(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	// Pop gas. The actual gas is in interpreter.evm.callGasTemp.
+	// We use it as a temporary value
+	temp := stack.Pop()
+	gas := interpreter.evm.CallGasTemp()
+	// Pop other call parameters.
+	addr, inOffset, inSize, retOffset, retSize := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()
+	toAddr := types.Address(addr.Bytes20())
+	// Get arguments from the memory.
+	args := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(inOffset.Uint64()), int64(inSize.Uint64()))
+
+	ret, returnGas, err := interpreter.evm.DelegateCall(scope.Contract, toAddr, args, gas)
+	if err != nil {
+		temp.Clear()
+	} else {
+		temp.SetOne()
+	}
+	stack.Push(&temp)
+	if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted {
+		ret = types.CopyBytes(ret)
+		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
+	}
+
+	scope.Contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	interpreter.returnData = ret
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+func opStaticCall(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Pop gas. The actual gas is in interpreter.evm.callGasTemp.
+	stack := scope.Stack
+	// We use it as a temporary value
+	temp := stack.Pop()
+	gas := interpreter.evm.CallGasTemp()
+	// Pop other call parameters.
+	addr, inOffset, inSize, retOffset, retSize := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()
+	toAddr := types.Address(addr.Bytes20())
+	// Get arguments from the memory.
+	args := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(inOffset.Uint64()), int64(inSize.Uint64()))
+
+	ret, returnGas, err := interpreter.evm.StaticCall(scope.Contract, toAddr, args, gas)
+	if err != nil {
+		temp.Clear()
+	} else {
+		temp.SetOne()
+	}
+	stack.Push(&temp)
+	if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted {
+		ret = types.CopyBytes(ret)
+		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
+	}
+
+	scope.Contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	interpreter.returnData = ret
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+func opReturn(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	offset, size := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop()
+	ret := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
+	return ret, errStopToken
+}
+
+func opRevert(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	offset, size := scope.Stack.Pop(), scope.Stack.Pop()
+	ret := scope.Memory.GetPtr(int64(offset.Uint64()), int64(size.Uint64()))
+	interpreter.returnData = ret
+	return ret, ErrExecutionReverted
+}
+
+func opUndefined(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: OpCode(scope.Contract.Code[*pc])}
+}
+
+func opStop(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errStopToken
+}
+
+func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if interpreter.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+	beneficiary := scope.Stack.Pop()
+	callerAddr := scope.Contract.Address()
+	beneficiaryAddr := types.Address(beneficiary.Bytes20())
+	balance := interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(callerAddr)
+	if interpreter.evm.Config().Debug {
+		if interpreter.cfg.Debug {
+			interpreter.cfg.Tracer.CaptureEnter(SELFDESTRUCT, callerAddr, beneficiaryAddr, []byte{}, 0, balance /* code */)
+			interpreter.cfg.Tracer.CaptureExit([]byte{}, 0, nil)
+		}
+	}
+	interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().AddBalance(beneficiaryAddr, balance)
+	interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().Selfdestruct(callerAddr)
+	return nil, errStopToken
+}
+
+// following functions are used by the instruction jump  table
+
+// make log instruction function
+func makeLog(size int) executionFunc {
+	return func(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+		if interpreter.readOnly {
+			return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+		}
+		topics := make([]types.Hash, size)
+		stack := scope.Stack
+		mStart, mSize := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()
+		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			addr := stack.Pop()
+			topics[i] = addr.Bytes32()
+		}
+
+		d := scope.Memory.GetCopy(int64(mStart.Uint64()), int64(mSize.Uint64()))
+		interpreter.evm.IntraBlockState().AddLog(&block.Log{
+			Address: scope.Contract.Address(),
+			Topics:  topics,
+			Data:    d,
+			// This is a non-consensus field, but assigned here because
+			// core/state doesn't know the current block number.
+			BlockNumber: uint256.NewInt(interpreter.evm.Context().BlockNumber),
+		})
+
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// opPush1 is a specialized version of pushN
+func opPush1(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		codeLen = uint64(len(scope.Contract.Code))
+		integer = new(uint256.Int)
+	)
+	*pc++
+	if *pc < codeLen {
+		scope.Stack.Push(integer.SetUint64(uint64(scope.Contract.Code[*pc])))
+	} else {
+		scope.Stack.Push(integer.Clear())
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// make push instruction function
+func makePush(size uint64, pushByteSize int) executionFunc {
+	return func(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+		codeLen := len(scope.Contract.Code)
+
+		startMin := int(*pc + 1)
+		if startMin >= codeLen {
+			startMin = codeLen
+		}
+		endMin := startMin + pushByteSize
+		if startMin+pushByteSize >= codeLen {
+			endMin = codeLen
+		}
+
+		integer := new(uint256.Int)
+		scope.Stack.Push(integer.SetBytes(types.RightPadBytes(
+			// So it doesn't matter what we push onto the stack.
+			scope.Contract.Code[startMin:endMin], pushByteSize)))
+
+		*pc += size
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// make dup instruction function
+func makeDup(size int64) executionFunc {
+	return func(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+		scope.Stack.Dup(int(size))
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// make swap instruction function
+func makeSwap(size int64) executionFunc {
+	// switch n + 1 otherwise n would be swapped with n
+	size++
+	return func(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+		scope.Stack.Swap(int(size))
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/interface.go b/internal/vm/interface.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a986fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+// CallContext provides a basic interface for the EVM calling conventions. The EVM
+// depends on this context being implemented for doing subcalls and initialising new EVM contracts.
+type CallContext interface {
+	// Call another contract
+	Call(env *EVM, me ContractRef, addr types.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	// Take another's contract code and execute within our own context
+	CallCode(env *EVM, me ContractRef, addr types.Address, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	// Same as CallCode except sender and value is propagated from parent to child scope
+	DelegateCall(env *EVM, me ContractRef, addr types.Address, data []byte, gas *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
+	// Create a new contract
+	Create(env *EVM, me ContractRef, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, types.Address, error)
+}
+
+// VMInterface exposes the EVM interface for external callers.
+type VMInterface interface {
+	Reset(txCtx evmtypes.TxContext, ibs evmtypes.IntraBlockState)
+	Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr types.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	Call(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int, bailout bool) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	Cancel()
+	Config() Config
+	ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig
+	ChainRules() *params.Rules
+	Context() evmtypes.BlockContext
+	IntraBlockState() evmtypes.IntraBlockState
+	TxContext() evmtypes.TxContext
+}
+
+// VMInterpreter exposes additional EVM methods for use in the interpreter.
+type VMInterpreter interface {
+	VMInterface
+	Cancelled() bool
+	SetCallGasTemp(gas uint64)
+	CallGasTemp() uint64
+	StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	Create2(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int, salt *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr types.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/interpreter.go b/internal/vm/interpreter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68c6cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/interpreter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/stack"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"hash"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// Config are the configuration options for the Interpreter
+type Config struct {
+	Debug         bool      // Enables debugging
+	Tracer        EVMLogger // Opcode logger
+	NoRecursion   bool      // Disables call, callcode, delegate call and create
+	NoBaseFee     bool      // Forces the EIP-1559 baseFee to 0 (needed for 0 price calls)
+	SkipAnalysis  bool      // Whether we can skip jumpdest analysis based on the checked history
+	TraceJumpDest bool      // Print transaction hashes where jumpdest analysis was useful
+	NoReceipts    bool      // Do not calculate receipts
+	ReadOnly      bool      // Do no perform any block finalisation
+	StatelessExec bool      // true is certain conditions (like state trie root hash matching) need to be relaxed for stateless EVM execution
+	RestoreState  bool      // Revert all changes made to the state (useful for constant system calls)
+
+	ExtraEips []int // Additional EIPS that are to be enabled
+}
+
+var pool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return NewMemory()
+	},
+}
+
+func (vmConfig *Config) HasEip3860(rules *params.Rules) bool {
+	for _, eip := range vmConfig.ExtraEips {
+		if eip == 3860 {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return rules.IsShanghai
+}
+
+// Interpreter is used to run Ethereum based contracts and will utilise the
+// passed environment to query external sources for state information.
+// The Interpreter will run the byte code VM based on the passed
+// configuration.
+type Interpreter interface {
+	// Run loops and evaluates the contract's code with the given input data and returns
+	// the return byte-slice and an error if one occurred.
+	Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, static bool) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// `Depth` returns the current call stack's depth.
+	Depth() int
+}
+
+// ScopeContext contains the things that are per-call, such as stack and memory,
+// but not transients like pc and gas
+type ScopeContext struct {
+	Memory   *Memory
+	Stack    *stack.Stack
+	Contract *Contract
+}
+
+// keccakState wraps sha3.state. In addition to the usual hash methods, it also supports
+// Read to get a variable amount of data from the hash state. Read is faster than Sum
+// because it doesn't copy the internal state, but also modifies the internal state.
+type keccakState interface {
+	hash.Hash
+	Read([]byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+// EVMInterpreter represents an EVM interpreter
+type EVMInterpreter struct {
+	*VM
+	jt    *JumpTable // EVM instruction table
+	depth int
+}
+
+// structcheck doesn't see embedding
+//
+//nolint:structcheck
+type VM struct {
+	evm VMInterpreter
+	cfg Config
+
+	hasher    keccakState // Keccak256 hasher instance shared across opcodes
+	hasherBuf types.Hash  // Keccak256 hasher result array shared across opcodes
+
+	readOnly   bool   // Whether to throw on stateful modifications
+	returnData []byte // Last CALL's return data for subsequent reuse
+}
+
+func copyJumpTable(jt *JumpTable) *JumpTable {
+	var copy JumpTable
+	for i, op := range jt {
+		if op != nil {
+			opCopy := *op
+			copy[i] = &opCopy
+		}
+	}
+	return &copy
+}
+
+// NewEVMInterpreter returns a new instance of the Interpreter.
+func NewEVMInterpreter(evm VMInterpreter, cfg Config) *EVMInterpreter {
+	var jt *JumpTable
+	switch {
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsPrague:
+		jt = &pragueInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsCancun:
+		jt = &cancunInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsShanghai:
+		jt = &shanghaiInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsLondon:
+		jt = &londonInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsBerlin:
+		jt = &berlinInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsIstanbul:
+		jt = &istanbulInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsConstantinople:
+		jt = &constantinopleInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsByzantium:
+		jt = &byzantiumInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsSpuriousDragon:
+		jt = &spuriousDragonInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsTangerineWhistle:
+		jt = &tangerineWhistleInstructionSet
+	case evm.ChainRules().IsHomestead:
+		jt = &homesteadInstructionSet
+	default:
+		jt = &frontierInstructionSet
+	}
+	if len(cfg.ExtraEips) > 0 {
+		jt = copyJumpTable(jt)
+		for i, eip := range cfg.ExtraEips {
+			if err := EnableEIP(eip, jt); err != nil {
+				// Disable it, so caller can check if it's activated or not
+				cfg.ExtraEips = append(cfg.ExtraEips[:i], cfg.ExtraEips[i+1:]...)
+				log.Error("EIP activation failed", "eip", eip, "err", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &EVMInterpreter{
+		VM: &VM{
+			evm: evm,
+			cfg: cfg,
+		},
+		jt: jt,
+	}
+}
+
+func (in *EVMInterpreter) decrementDepth() { in.depth-- }
+
+// Run loops and evaluates the contract's code with the given input data and returns
+// the return byte-slice and an error if one occurred.
+//
+// It's important to note that any errors returned by the interpreter should be
+// considered a revert-and-consume-all-gas operation except for
+// ErrExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left.
+func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (ret []byte, err error) {
+	// Don't bother with the execution if there's no code.
+	if len(contract.Code) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Increment the call depth which is restricted to 1024
+	in.depth++
+	defer in.decrementDepth()
+
+	// Make sure the readOnly is only set if we aren't in readOnly yet.
+	// This makes also sure that the readOnly flag isn't removed for child calls.
+	if readOnly && !in.readOnly {
+		in.readOnly = true
+		defer func() { in.readOnly = false }()
+	}
+
+	// Reset the previous call's return data. It's unimportant to preserve the old buffer
+	// as every returning call will return new data anyway.
+	in.returnData = nil
+
+	var (
+		op          OpCode // current opcode
+		mem         = pool.Get().(*Memory)
+		locStack    = stack.New()
+		callContext = &ScopeContext{
+			Memory:   mem,
+			Stack:    locStack,
+			Contract: contract,
+		}
+		// For optimisation reason we're using uint64 as the program counter.
+		// It's theoretically possible to go above 2^64. The YP defines the PC
+		// to be uint256. Practically much less so feasible.
+		_pc  = uint64(0) // program counter
+		pc   = &_pc      // program counter
+		cost uint64
+		// copies used by tracer
+		pcCopy  uint64 // needed for the deferred Tracer
+		gasCopy uint64 // for Tracer to log gas remaining before execution
+		logged  bool   // deferred Tracer should ignore already logged steps
+		res     []byte // result of the opcode execution function
+	)
+	// Don't move this deferrred function, it's placed before the capturestate-deferred method,
+	// so that it get's executed _after_: the capturestate needs the stacks before
+	// they are returned to the pools
+	mem.Reset()
+	defer pool.Put(mem)
+	defer stack.ReturnNormalStack(locStack)
+	contract.Input = input
+
+	if in.cfg.Debug {
+		defer func() {
+			if err != nil {
+				if !logged {
+					in.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(pcCopy, op, gasCopy, cost, callContext, in.returnData, in.depth, err) //nolint:errcheck
+				} else {
+					in.cfg.Tracer.CaptureFault(pcCopy, op, gasCopy, cost, callContext, in.depth, err)
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	// The Interpreter main run loop (contextual). This loop runs until either an
+	// explicit STOP, RETURN or SELFDESTRUCT is executed, an error occurred during
+	// the execution of one of the operations or until the done flag is set by the
+	// parent context.
+	steps := 0
+	for {
+		steps++
+		if steps%1000 == 0 && in.evm.Cancelled() {
+			break
+		}
+		if in.cfg.Debug {
+			// Capture pre-execution values for tracing.
+			logged, pcCopy, gasCopy = false, _pc, contract.Gas
+		}
+		// Get the operation from the jump table and validate the stack to ensure there are
+		// enough stack items available to perform the operation.
+		op = contract.GetOp(_pc)
+		operation := in.jt[op]
+		cost = operation.constantGas // For tracing
+		// Validate stack
+		if sLen := locStack.Len(); sLen < operation.numPop {
+			return nil, &ErrStackUnderflow{stackLen: sLen, required: operation.numPop}
+		} else if sLen > operation.maxStack {
+			return nil, &ErrStackOverflow{stackLen: sLen, limit: operation.maxStack}
+		}
+		if !contract.UseGas(cost) {
+			return nil, ErrOutOfGas
+		}
+		if operation.dynamicGas != nil {
+			// All ops with a dynamic memory usage also has a dynamic gas cost.
+			var memorySize uint64
+			// calculate the new memory size and expand the memory to fit
+			// the operation
+			// Memory check needs to be done prior to evaluating the dynamic gas portion,
+			// to detect calculation overflows
+			if operation.memorySize != nil {
+				memSize, overflow := operation.memorySize(locStack)
+				if overflow {
+					return nil, ErrGasUintOverflow
+				}
+				// memory is expanded in words of 32 bytes. Gas
+				// is also calculated in words.
+				if memorySize, overflow = math.SafeMul(ToWordSize(memSize), 32); overflow {
+					return nil, ErrGasUintOverflow
+				}
+			}
+			// Consume the gas and return an error if not enough gas is available.
+			// cost is explicitly set so that the capture state defer method can get the proper cost
+			var dynamicCost uint64
+			dynamicCost, err = operation.dynamicGas(in.evm, contract, locStack, mem, memorySize)
+			cost += dynamicCost // for tracing
+			if err != nil || !contract.UseGas(dynamicCost) {
+				return nil, ErrOutOfGas
+			}
+			if memorySize > 0 {
+				mem.Resize(memorySize)
+			}
+		}
+		if in.cfg.Debug {
+			in.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(_pc, op, gasCopy, cost, callContext, in.returnData, in.depth, err) //nolint:errcheck
+			logged = true
+		}
+		// execute the operation
+		res, err = operation.execute(pc, in, callContext)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		_pc++
+	}
+
+	if err == errStopToken {
+		err = nil // clear stop token error
+	}
+
+	ret = append(ret, res...)
+	return
+}
+
+// Depth returns the current call stack depth.
+func (in *EVMInterpreter) Depth() int {
+	return in.depth
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) disableReadonly() { vm.readOnly = false }
+func (vm *VM) noop()            {}
+
+func (vm *VM) setReadonly(outerReadonly bool) func() {
+	if outerReadonly && !vm.readOnly {
+		vm.readOnly = true
+		return func() {
+			vm.readOnly = false
+		}
+	}
+	return func() {}
+}
+
+func (vm *VM) getReadonly() bool {
+	return vm.readOnly
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/jump_table.go b/internal/vm/jump_table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..629079f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/jump_table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1207 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/stack"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+type (
+	executionFunc func(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error)
+	gasFunc       func(VMInterpreter, *Contract, *stack.Stack, *Memory, uint64) (uint64, error) // last parameter is the requested memory size as a uint64
+	// memorySizeFunc returns the required size, and whether the operation overflowed a uint64
+	memorySizeFunc func(*stack.Stack) (size uint64, overflow bool)
+)
+
+type operation struct {
+	// execute is the operation function
+	execute     executionFunc
+	constantGas uint64
+	dynamicGas  gasFunc
+	// maxStack specifies the max length the stack can have for this operation
+	// to not overflow the stack.
+	maxStack int
+
+	// numPop tells how many stack items are required
+	numPop  int // δ in the Yellow Paper
+	numPush int // α in the Yellow Paper
+	isPush  bool
+	isSwap  bool
+	isDup   bool
+	opNum   int // only for push, swap, dup
+	// memorySize returns the memory size required for the operation
+	memorySize memorySizeFunc
+}
+
+var (
+	frontierInstructionSet         = newFrontierInstructionSet()
+	homesteadInstructionSet        = newHomesteadInstructionSet()
+	tangerineWhistleInstructionSet = newTangerineWhistleInstructionSet()
+	spuriousDragonInstructionSet   = newSpuriousDragonInstructionSet()
+	byzantiumInstructionSet        = newByzantiumInstructionSet()
+	constantinopleInstructionSet   = newConstantinopleInstructionSet()
+	istanbulInstructionSet         = newIstanbulInstructionSet()
+	berlinInstructionSet           = newBerlinInstructionSet()
+	londonInstructionSet           = newLondonInstructionSet()
+	shanghaiInstructionSet         = newShanghaiInstructionSet()
+	cancunInstructionSet           = newCancunInstructionSet()
+	pragueInstructionSet           = newPragueInstructionSet()
+)
+
+// JumpTable contains the EVM opcodes supported at a given fork.
+type JumpTable [256]*operation
+
+func validateAndFillMaxStack(jt *JumpTable) {
+	for i, op := range jt {
+		if op == nil {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("op 0x%x is not set", i))
+		}
+		// The interpreter has an assumption that if the memorySize function is
+		// set, then the dynamicGas function is also set. This is a somewhat
+		// arbitrary assumption, and can be removed if we need to -- but it
+		// allows us to avoid a condition check. As long as we have that assumption
+		// in there, this little sanity check prevents us from merging in a
+		// change which violates it.
+		if op.memorySize != nil && op.dynamicGas == nil {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("op %v has dynamic memory but not dynamic gas", OpCode(i).String()))
+		}
+		op.maxStack = maxStack(op.numPop, op.numPush)
+	}
+}
+
+// newPragueInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead, byzantium,
+// constantinople, istanbul, petersburg, berlin, london, paris, shanghai,
+// cancun, and prague instructions.
+func newPragueInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newCancunInstructionSet()
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newCancunInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead, byzantium,
+// constantinople, istanbul, petersburg, berlin, london, paris, shanghai,
+// and cancun instructions.
+func newCancunInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newShanghaiInstructionSet()
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newShanghaiInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead, byzantium,
+// constantinople, istanbul, petersburg, berlin, london, paris, and shanghai instructions.
+func newShanghaiInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newLondonInstructionSet()
+	enable3855(&instructionSet) // PUSH0 instruction https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3855
+	enable3860(&instructionSet) // Limit and meter initcode https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3860
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newLondonInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead, byzantium,
+// constantinople, istanbul, petersburg, berlin, and london instructions.
+func newLondonInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newBerlinInstructionSet()
+	enable3529(&instructionSet) // Reduction in refunds https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3529
+	enable3198(&instructionSet) // Base fee opcode https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3198
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newBerlinInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead, byzantium,
+// constantinople, istanbul, petersburg and berlin instructions.
+func newBerlinInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newIstanbulInstructionSet()
+	enable2929(&instructionSet) // Access lists for trie accesses https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newIstanbulInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead, byzantium,
+// constantinople, istanbul and petersburg instructions.
+func newIstanbulInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newConstantinopleInstructionSet()
+
+	enable1344(&instructionSet) // ChainID opcode - https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1344
+	enable1884(&instructionSet) // Reprice reader opcodes - https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884
+	enable2200(&instructionSet) // Net metered SSTORE - https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2200
+
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newConstantinopleInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead,
+// byzantium and constantinople instructions.
+func newConstantinopleInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newByzantiumInstructionSet()
+	instructionSet[SHL] = &operation{
+		execute:     opSHL,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		numPop:      2,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+	instructionSet[SHR] = &operation{
+		execute:     opSHR,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		numPop:      2,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+	instructionSet[SAR] = &operation{
+		execute:     opSAR,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		numPop:      2,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+	instructionSet[EXTCODEHASH] = &operation{
+		execute:     opExtCodeHash,
+		constantGas: params.ExtcodeHashGasConstantinople,
+		numPop:      1,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+	instructionSet[CREATE2] = &operation{
+		execute:     opCreate2,
+		constantGas: params.Create2Gas,
+		dynamicGas:  gasCreate2,
+		numPop:      4,
+		numPush:     1,
+		memorySize:  memoryCreate2,
+	}
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newByzantiumInstructionSet returns the frontier, homestead and
+// byzantium instructions.
+func newByzantiumInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newSpuriousDragonInstructionSet()
+	instructionSet[STATICCALL] = &operation{
+		execute:     opStaticCall,
+		constantGas: params.CallGasEIP150,
+		dynamicGas:  gasStaticCall,
+		numPop:      6,
+		numPush:     1,
+		memorySize:  memoryStaticCall,
+	}
+	instructionSet[RETURNDATASIZE] = &operation{
+		execute:     opReturnDataSize,
+		constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+		numPop:      0,
+		numPush:     1,
+	}
+	instructionSet[RETURNDATACOPY] = &operation{
+		execute:     opReturnDataCopy,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		dynamicGas:  gasReturnDataCopy,
+		numPop:      3,
+		numPush:     0,
+		memorySize:  memoryReturnDataCopy,
+	}
+	instructionSet[REVERT] = &operation{
+		execute:    opRevert,
+		dynamicGas: gasRevert,
+		numPop:     2,
+		numPush:    0,
+		memorySize: memoryRevert,
+	}
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// EIP 158 a.k.a Spurious Dragon
+func newSpuriousDragonInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newTangerineWhistleInstructionSet()
+	instructionSet[EXP].dynamicGas = gasExpEIP160
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+
+}
+
+// EIP 150 a.k.a Tangerine Whistle
+func newTangerineWhistleInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newHomesteadInstructionSet()
+	instructionSet[BALANCE].constantGas = params.BalanceGasEIP150
+	instructionSet[EXTCODESIZE].constantGas = params.ExtcodeSizeGasEIP150
+	instructionSet[SLOAD].constantGas = params.SloadGasEIP150
+	instructionSet[EXTCODECOPY].constantGas = params.ExtcodeCopyBaseEIP150
+	instructionSet[CALL].constantGas = params.CallGasEIP150
+	instructionSet[CALLCODE].constantGas = params.CallGasEIP150
+	instructionSet[DELEGATECALL].constantGas = params.CallGasEIP150
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newHomesteadInstructionSet returns the frontier and homestead
+// instructions that can be executed during the homestead phase.
+func newHomesteadInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	instructionSet := newFrontierInstructionSet()
+	instructionSet[DELEGATECALL] = &operation{
+		execute:     opDelegateCall,
+		dynamicGas:  gasDelegateCall,
+		constantGas: params.CallGasFrontier,
+		numPop:      6,
+		numPush:     1,
+		memorySize:  memoryDelegateCall,
+	}
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&instructionSet)
+	return instructionSet
+}
+
+// newFrontierInstructionSet returns the frontier instructions
+// that can be executed during the frontier phase.
+func newFrontierInstructionSet() JumpTable {
+	tbl := JumpTable{
+		STOP: {
+			execute:     opStop,
+			constantGas: 0,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     0,
+		},
+		ADD: {
+			execute:     opAdd,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		MUL: {
+			execute:     opMul,
+			constantGas: GasFastStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		SUB: {
+			execute:     opSub,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		DIV: {
+			execute:     opDiv,
+			constantGas: GasFastStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		SDIV: {
+			execute:     opSdiv,
+			constantGas: GasFastStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		MOD: {
+			execute:     opMod,
+			constantGas: GasFastStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		SMOD: {
+			execute:     opSmod,
+			constantGas: GasFastStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		ADDMOD: {
+			execute:     opAddmod,
+			constantGas: GasMidStep,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		MULMOD: {
+			execute:     opMulmod,
+			constantGas: GasMidStep,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		EXP: {
+			execute:    opExp,
+			dynamicGas: gasExpFrontier,
+			numPop:     2,
+			numPush:    1,
+		},
+		SIGNEXTEND: {
+			execute:     opSignExtend,
+			constantGas: GasFastStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		LT: {
+			execute:     opLt,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		GT: {
+			execute:     opGt,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		SLT: {
+			execute:     opSlt,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		SGT: {
+			execute:     opSgt,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		EQ: {
+			execute:     opEq,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		ISZERO: {
+			execute:     opIszero,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		AND: {
+			execute:     opAnd,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		XOR: {
+			execute:     opXor,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		OR: {
+			execute:     opOr,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		NOT: {
+			execute:     opNot,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		BYTE: {
+			execute:     opByte,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		KECCAK256: {
+			execute:     opKeccak256,
+			constantGas: params.Keccak256Gas,
+			dynamicGas:  gasKeccak256,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     1,
+			memorySize:  memoryKeccak256,
+		},
+		ADDRESS: {
+			execute:     opAddress,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		BALANCE: {
+			execute:     opBalance,
+			constantGas: params.BalanceGasFrontier,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		ORIGIN: {
+			execute:     opOrigin,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		CALLER: {
+			execute:     opCaller,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		CALLVALUE: {
+			execute:     opCallValue,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		CALLDATALOAD: {
+			execute:     opCallDataLoad,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		CALLDATASIZE: {
+			execute:     opCallDataSize,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		CALLDATACOPY: {
+			execute:     opCallDataCopy,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			dynamicGas:  gasCallDataCopy,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     0,
+			memorySize:  memoryCallDataCopy,
+		},
+		CODESIZE: {
+			execute:     opCodeSize,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		CODECOPY: {
+			execute:     opCodeCopy,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			dynamicGas:  gasCodeCopy,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     0,
+			memorySize:  memoryCodeCopy,
+		},
+		GASPRICE: {
+			execute:     opGasprice,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		EXTCODESIZE: {
+			execute:     opExtCodeSize,
+			constantGas: params.ExtcodeSizeGasFrontier,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		EXTCODECOPY: {
+			execute:     opExtCodeCopy,
+			constantGas: params.ExtcodeCopyBaseFrontier,
+			dynamicGas:  gasExtCodeCopy,
+			numPop:      4,
+			numPush:     0,
+			memorySize:  memoryExtCodeCopy,
+		},
+		BLOCKHASH: {
+			execute:     opBlockhash,
+			constantGas: GasExtStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		COINBASE: {
+			execute:     opCoinbase,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		TIMESTAMP: {
+			execute:     opTimestamp,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		NUMBER: {
+			execute:     opNumber,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		DIFFICULTY: {
+			execute:     opDifficulty,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		GASLIMIT: {
+			execute:     opGasLimit,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		POP: {
+			execute:     opPop,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     0,
+		},
+		MLOAD: {
+			execute:     opMload,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			dynamicGas:  gasMLoad,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+			memorySize:  memoryMLoad,
+		},
+		MSTORE: {
+			execute:     opMstore,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			dynamicGas:  gasMStore,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     0,
+			memorySize:  memoryMStore,
+		},
+		MSTORE8: {
+			execute:     opMstore8,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			dynamicGas:  gasMStore8,
+			memorySize:  memoryMStore8,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     0,
+		},
+		SLOAD: {
+			execute:     opSload,
+			constantGas: params.SloadGasFrontier,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		SSTORE: {
+			execute:    opSstore,
+			dynamicGas: gasSStore,
+			numPop:     2,
+			numPush:    0,
+		},
+		JUMP: {
+			execute:     opJump,
+			constantGas: GasMidStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     0,
+		},
+		JUMPI: {
+			execute:     opJumpi,
+			constantGas: GasSlowStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     0,
+		},
+		PC: {
+			execute:     opPc,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		MSIZE: {
+			execute:     opMsize,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		GAS: {
+			execute:     opGas,
+			constantGas: GasQuickStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+		},
+		JUMPDEST: {
+			execute:     opJumpdest,
+			constantGas: params.JumpdestGas,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     0,
+		},
+		PUSH1: {
+			execute:     opPush1,
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       1,
+		},
+		PUSH2: {
+			execute:     makePush(2, 2),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       2,
+		},
+		PUSH3: {
+			execute:     makePush(3, 3),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       3,
+		},
+		PUSH4: {
+			execute:     makePush(4, 4),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       4,
+		},
+		PUSH5: {
+			execute:     makePush(5, 5),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       5,
+		},
+		PUSH6: {
+			execute:     makePush(6, 6),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       6,
+		},
+		PUSH7: {
+			execute:     makePush(7, 7),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       7,
+		},
+		PUSH8: {
+			execute:     makePush(8, 8),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       8,
+		},
+		PUSH9: {
+			execute:     makePush(9, 9),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       9,
+		},
+		PUSH10: {
+			execute:     makePush(10, 10),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       10,
+		},
+		PUSH11: {
+			execute:     makePush(11, 11),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       11,
+		},
+		PUSH12: {
+			execute:     makePush(12, 12),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       12,
+		},
+		PUSH13: {
+			execute:     makePush(13, 13),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       13,
+		},
+		PUSH14: {
+			execute:     makePush(14, 14),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       14,
+		},
+		PUSH15: {
+			execute:     makePush(15, 15),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       15,
+		},
+		PUSH16: {
+			execute:     makePush(16, 16),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       16,
+		},
+		PUSH17: {
+			execute:     makePush(17, 17),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       17,
+		},
+		PUSH18: {
+			execute:     makePush(18, 18),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       18,
+		},
+		PUSH19: {
+			execute:     makePush(19, 19),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       19,
+		},
+		PUSH20: {
+			execute:     makePush(20, 20),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       20,
+		},
+		PUSH21: {
+			execute:     makePush(21, 21),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       21,
+		},
+		PUSH22: {
+			execute:     makePush(22, 22),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       22,
+		},
+		PUSH23: {
+			execute:     makePush(23, 23),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       23,
+		},
+		PUSH24: {
+			execute:     makePush(24, 24),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       24,
+		},
+		PUSH25: {
+			execute:     makePush(25, 25),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       25,
+		},
+		PUSH26: {
+			execute:     makePush(26, 26),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       26,
+		},
+		PUSH27: {
+			execute:     makePush(27, 27),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       27,
+		},
+		PUSH28: {
+			execute:     makePush(28, 28),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       28,
+		},
+		PUSH29: {
+			execute:     makePush(29, 29),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       29,
+		},
+		PUSH30: {
+			execute:     makePush(30, 30),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       30,
+		},
+		PUSH31: {
+			execute:     makePush(31, 31),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       31,
+		},
+		PUSH32: {
+			execute:     makePush(32, 32),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      0,
+			numPush:     1,
+			isPush:      true,
+			opNum:       32,
+		},
+		DUP1: {
+			execute:     makeDup(1),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      1,
+			numPush:     2,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       1,
+		},
+		DUP2: {
+			execute:     makeDup(2),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     3,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       2,
+		},
+		DUP3: {
+			execute:     makeDup(3),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     4,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       3,
+		},
+		DUP4: {
+			execute:     makeDup(4),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      4,
+			numPush:     5,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       4,
+		},
+		DUP5: {
+			execute:     makeDup(5),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      5,
+			numPush:     6,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       5,
+		},
+		DUP6: {
+			execute:     makeDup(6),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      6,
+			numPush:     7,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       6,
+		},
+		DUP7: {
+			execute:     makeDup(7),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      7,
+			numPush:     8,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       7,
+		},
+		DUP8: {
+			execute:     makeDup(8),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      8,
+			numPush:     9,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       8,
+		},
+		DUP9: {
+			execute:     makeDup(9),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      9,
+			numPush:     10,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       9,
+		},
+		DUP10: {
+			execute:     makeDup(10),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      10,
+			numPush:     11,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       10,
+		},
+		DUP11: {
+			execute:     makeDup(11),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      11,
+			numPush:     12,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       11,
+		},
+		DUP12: {
+			execute:     makeDup(12),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      12,
+			numPush:     13,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       12,
+		},
+		DUP13: {
+			execute:     makeDup(13),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      13,
+			numPush:     14,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       13,
+		},
+		DUP14: {
+			execute:     makeDup(14),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      14,
+			numPush:     15,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       14,
+		},
+		DUP15: {
+			execute:     makeDup(15),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      15,
+			numPush:     16,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       15,
+		},
+		DUP16: {
+			execute:     makeDup(16),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      16,
+			numPush:     17,
+			isDup:       true,
+			opNum:       16,
+		},
+		SWAP1: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(1),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      2,
+			numPush:     2,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       1,
+		},
+		SWAP2: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(2),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     3,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       2,
+		},
+		SWAP3: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(3),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      4,
+			numPush:     4,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       3,
+		},
+		SWAP4: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(4),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      5,
+			numPush:     5,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       4,
+		},
+		SWAP5: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(5),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      6,
+			numPush:     6,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       5,
+		},
+		SWAP6: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(6),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      7,
+			numPush:     7,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       6,
+		},
+		SWAP7: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(7),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      8,
+			numPush:     8,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       7,
+		},
+		SWAP8: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(8),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      9,
+			numPush:     9,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       8,
+		},
+		SWAP9: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(9),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      10,
+			numPush:     10,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       9,
+		},
+		SWAP10: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(10),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      11,
+			numPush:     11,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       10,
+		},
+		SWAP11: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(11),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      12,
+			numPush:     12,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       11,
+		},
+		SWAP12: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(12),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      13,
+			numPush:     13,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       12,
+		},
+		SWAP13: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(13),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      14,
+			numPush:     14,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       13,
+		},
+		SWAP14: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(14),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      15,
+			numPush:     15,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       14,
+		},
+		SWAP15: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(15),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      16,
+			numPush:     16,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       15,
+		},
+		SWAP16: {
+			execute:     makeSwap(16),
+			constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+			numPop:      17,
+			numPush:     17,
+			isSwap:      true,
+			opNum:       16,
+		},
+		LOG0: {
+			execute:    makeLog(0),
+			dynamicGas: makeGasLog(0),
+			numPop:     2,
+			numPush:    0,
+			memorySize: memoryLog,
+		},
+		LOG1: {
+			execute:    makeLog(1),
+			dynamicGas: makeGasLog(1),
+			numPop:     3,
+			numPush:    0,
+			memorySize: memoryLog,
+		},
+		LOG2: {
+			execute:    makeLog(2),
+			dynamicGas: makeGasLog(2),
+			numPop:     4,
+			numPush:    0,
+			memorySize: memoryLog,
+		},
+		LOG3: {
+			execute:    makeLog(3),
+			dynamicGas: makeGasLog(3),
+			numPop:     5,
+			numPush:    0,
+			memorySize: memoryLog,
+		},
+		LOG4: {
+			execute:    makeLog(4),
+			dynamicGas: makeGasLog(4),
+			numPop:     6,
+			numPush:    0,
+			memorySize: memoryLog,
+		},
+		CREATE: {
+			execute:     opCreate,
+			constantGas: params.CreateGas,
+			dynamicGas:  gasCreate,
+			numPop:      3,
+			numPush:     1,
+			memorySize:  memoryCreate,
+		},
+		CALL: {
+			execute:     opCall,
+			constantGas: params.CallGasFrontier,
+			dynamicGas:  gasCall,
+			numPop:      7,
+			numPush:     1,
+			memorySize:  memoryCall,
+		},
+		CALLCODE: {
+			execute:     opCallCode,
+			constantGas: params.CallGasFrontier,
+			dynamicGas:  gasCallCode,
+			numPop:      7,
+			numPush:     1,
+			memorySize:  memoryCall,
+		},
+		RETURN: {
+			execute:    opReturn,
+			dynamicGas: gasReturn,
+			numPop:     2,
+			numPush:    0,
+			memorySize: memoryReturn,
+		},
+		SELFDESTRUCT: {
+			execute:    opSelfdestruct,
+			dynamicGas: gasSelfdestruct,
+			numPop:     1,
+			numPush:    0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Fill all unassigned slots with opUndefined.
+	for i, entry := range tbl {
+		if entry == nil {
+			tbl[i] = &operation{execute: opUndefined}
+		}
+	}
+
+	validateAndFillMaxStack(&tbl)
+	return tbl
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/logger.go b/internal/vm/logger.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1cd1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/logger.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// EVMLogger is used to collect execution traces from an EVM transaction
+// execution. CaptureState is called for each step of the VM with the
+// current VM state.
+// Note that reference types are actual VM data structures; make copies
+// if you need to retain them beyond the current call.
+type EVMLogger interface {
+	// Transaction level
+	CaptureTxStart(gasLimit uint64)
+	CaptureTxEnd(restGas uint64)
+	// Top call frame
+	CaptureStart(env VMInterface, from types.Address, to types.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int)
+	CaptureEnd(output []byte, usedGas uint64, err error)
+	// Rest of the frames
+	CaptureEnter(typ OpCode, from types.Address, to types.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int)
+	CaptureExit(output []byte, usedGas uint64, err error)
+	// Opcode level
+	CaptureState(pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error)
+	CaptureFault(pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *ScopeContext, depth int, err error)
+}
+
+// FlushableTracer is a Tracer extension whose accumulated traces has to be
+// flushed once the tracing is completed.
+type FlushableTracer interface {
+	EVMLogger
+	Flush(tx transaction.Transaction)
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/memory.go b/internal/vm/memory.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3ba9c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/memory.go
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Memory implements a simple memory model for the ethereum virtual machine.
+type Memory struct {
+	store       []byte
+	lastGasCost uint64
+}
+
+// NewMemory returns a new memory model.
+func NewMemory() *Memory {
+	return &Memory{
+		store: make([]byte, 0, 4*1024),
+	}
+}
+
+// Set sets offset + size to value
+func (m *Memory) Set(offset, size uint64, value []byte) {
+	// It's possible the offset is greater than 0 and size equals 0. This is because
+	// the calcMemSize (common.go) could potentially return 0 when size is zero (NO-OP)
+	if size > 0 {
+		// length of store may never be less than offset + size.
+		// The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory
+		if offset+size > uint64(len(m.store)) {
+			panic("invalid memory: store empty")
+		}
+		copy(m.store[offset:offset+size], value)
+	}
+}
+
+// Set32 sets the 32 bytes starting at offset to the value of val, left-padded with zeroes to
+// 32 bytes.
+func (m *Memory) Set32(offset uint64, val *uint256.Int) {
+	// length of store may never be less than offset + size.
+	// The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory
+	if offset+32 > uint64(len(m.store)) {
+		panic("invalid memory: store empty")
+	}
+	// Zero the memory area
+	copy(m.store[offset:offset+32], zeroes)
+	val.WriteToSlice(m.store[offset : offset+32])
+}
+
+// zeroes - pre-allocated zeroes for Resize()
+var zeroes = make([]byte, 4*4096)
+
+// Resize resizes the memory to size
+func (m *Memory) Resize(size uint64) {
+	l := int(size) - m.Len()
+	if l <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if l >= len(zeroes) {
+		m.store = append(m.store, make([]byte, l)...)
+		return
+	}
+	m.store = append(m.store, zeroes[:l]...)
+}
+
+func (m *Memory) Reset() {
+	m.lastGasCost = 0
+	m.store = m.store[:0]
+}
+
+// GetCopy returns offset + size as a new slice
+func (m *Memory) GetCopy(offset, size int64) (cpy []byte) {
+	if size == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if len(m.store) > int(offset) {
+		cpy = make([]byte, size)
+		copy(cpy, m.store[offset:])
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetPtr returns the offset + size
+func (m *Memory) GetPtr(offset, size int64) []byte {
+	if size == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if len(m.store) > int(offset) {
+		return m.store[offset : offset+size]
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Len returns the length of the backing slice
+func (m *Memory) Len() int {
+	return len(m.store)
+}
+
+// Data returns the backing slice
+func (m *Memory) Data() []byte {
+	return m.store
+}
+
+// Print dumps the content of the memory.
+func (m *Memory) Print() {
+	fmt.Printf("### mem %d bytes ###\n", len(m.store))
+	if len(m.store) > 0 {
+		addr := 0
+		for i := 0; i+32 <= len(m.store); i += 32 {
+			fmt.Printf("%03d: % x\n", addr, m.store[i:i+32])
+			addr++
+		}
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("-- empty --")
+	}
+	fmt.Println("####################")
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/memory_table.go b/internal/vm/memory_table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f100282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/memory_table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/stack"
+)
+
+func memoryKeccak256(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(1))
+}
+
+func memoryCallDataCopy(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(2))
+}
+
+func memoryReturnDataCopy(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(2))
+}
+
+func memoryCodeCopy(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(2))
+}
+
+func memoryExtCodeCopy(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(1), stack.Back(3))
+}
+
+func memoryMLoad(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64WithUint(stack.Back(0), 32)
+}
+
+func memoryMStore8(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64WithUint(stack.Back(0), 1)
+}
+
+func memoryMStore(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64WithUint(stack.Back(0), 32)
+}
+
+func memoryCreate(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(1), stack.Back(2))
+}
+
+func memoryCreate2(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(1), stack.Back(2))
+}
+
+func memoryCall(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	x, overflow := calcMemSize64(stack.Back(5), stack.Back(6))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	y, overflow := calcMemSize64(stack.Back(3), stack.Back(4))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	if x > y {
+		return x, false
+	}
+	return y, false
+}
+func memoryDelegateCall(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	x, overflow := calcMemSize64(stack.Back(4), stack.Back(5))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	y, overflow := calcMemSize64(stack.Back(2), stack.Back(3))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	if x > y {
+		return x, false
+	}
+	return y, false
+}
+
+func memoryStaticCall(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	x, overflow := calcMemSize64(stack.Back(4), stack.Back(5))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	y, overflow := calcMemSize64(stack.Back(2), stack.Back(3))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, true
+	}
+	if x > y {
+		return x, false
+	}
+	return y, false
+}
+
+func memoryReturn(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(1))
+}
+
+func memoryRevert(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(1))
+}
+
+func memoryLog(stack *stack.Stack) (uint64, bool) {
+	return calcMemSize64(stack.Back(0), stack.Back(1))
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/mock_vm.go b/internal/vm/mock_vm.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67d7852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/mock_vm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+type readonlyGetSetter interface {
+	setReadonly(outerReadonly bool) func()
+	getReadonly() bool
+}
+
+type testVM struct {
+	readonlyGetSetter
+
+	recordedReadOnlies  *[]*readOnlyState
+	recordedIsEVMCalled *[]bool
+
+	env               *EVM
+	isEVMSliceTest    []bool
+	readOnlySliceTest []bool
+	currentIdx        *int
+}
+
+func (evm *testVM) Run(_ *Contract, _ []byte, readOnly bool) (ret []byte, err error) {
+	currentReadOnly := new(readOnlyState)
+
+	currentReadOnly.outer = readOnly
+	currentReadOnly.before = evm.getReadonly()
+
+	currentIndex := *evm.currentIdx
+
+	callback := evm.setReadonly(readOnly)
+	defer func() {
+		callback()
+		currentReadOnly.after = evm.getReadonly()
+	}()
+
+	currentReadOnly.in = evm.getReadonly()
+
+	(*evm.recordedReadOnlies)[currentIndex] = currentReadOnly
+	(*evm.recordedIsEVMCalled)[currentIndex] = true
+
+	*evm.currentIdx++
+
+	if *evm.currentIdx < len(evm.readOnlySliceTest) {
+		res, err := run(evm.env, NewContract(
+			&dummyContractRef{},
+			&dummyContractRef{},
+			new(uint256.Int),
+			0,
+			false,
+		), nil, evm.readOnlySliceTest[*evm.currentIdx])
+		return res, err
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (evm *testVM) Depth() int {
+	return 0
+}
+
+type readOnlyState struct {
+	outer  bool
+	before bool
+	in     bool
+	after  bool
+}
+
+func (r *readOnlyState) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("READONLY Status: outer %t; before %t; in %t; after %t", r.outer, r.before, r.in, r.after)
+}
+
+type dummyContractRef struct {
+	calledForEach bool
+}
+
+func (dummyContractRef) ReturnGas(*big.Int)         {}
+func (dummyContractRef) Address() types.Address     { return types.Address{} }
+func (dummyContractRef) Value() *big.Int            { return new(big.Int) }
+func (dummyContractRef) SetCode(types.Hash, []byte) {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) ForEachStorage(callback func(key, value types.Hash) bool) {
+	d.calledForEach = true
+}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) SubBalance(amount *big.Int) {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) AddBalance(amount *big.Int) {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) SetBalance(*big.Int)        {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) SetNonce(uint64)            {}
+func (d *dummyContractRef) Balance() *big.Int          { return new(big.Int) }
+
+type dummyStatedb struct {
+	state.IntraBlockState
+}
+
+func (*dummyStatedb) GetRefund() uint64 { return 1337 }
diff --git a/internal/vm/opcodes.go b/internal/vm/opcodes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e264aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/opcodes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// OpCode is an EVM opcode
+type OpCode byte
+
+// IsPush specifies if an opcode is a PUSH opcode.
+func (op OpCode) IsPush() bool {
+	switch op {
+	case PUSH1, PUSH2, PUSH3, PUSH4, PUSH5, PUSH6, PUSH7, PUSH8, PUSH9, PUSH10, PUSH11, PUSH12, PUSH13, PUSH14, PUSH15, PUSH16, PUSH17, PUSH18, PUSH19, PUSH20, PUSH21, PUSH22, PUSH23, PUSH24, PUSH25, PUSH26, PUSH27, PUSH28, PUSH29, PUSH30, PUSH31, PUSH32:
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// IsStaticJump specifies if an opcode is JUMP.
+func (op OpCode) IsStaticJump() bool {
+	return op == JUMP
+}
+
+// 0x0 range - arithmetic ops.
+const (
+	STOP OpCode = iota
+	ADD
+	MUL
+	SUB
+	DIV
+	SDIV
+	MOD
+	SMOD
+	ADDMOD
+	MULMOD
+	EXP
+	SIGNEXTEND
+)
+
+// 0x10 range - comparison ops.
+const (
+	LT OpCode = iota + 0x10
+	GT
+	SLT
+	SGT
+	EQ
+	ISZERO
+	AND
+	OR
+	XOR
+	NOT
+	BYTE
+	SHL
+	SHR
+	SAR
+
+	KECCAK256 OpCode = 0x20
+)
+
+// 0x30 range - closure state.
+const (
+	ADDRESS OpCode = 0x30 + iota
+	BALANCE
+	ORIGIN
+	CALLER
+	CALLVALUE
+	CALLDATALOAD
+	CALLDATASIZE
+	CALLDATACOPY
+	CODESIZE
+	CODECOPY
+	GASPRICE
+	EXTCODESIZE
+	EXTCODECOPY
+	RETURNDATASIZE
+	RETURNDATACOPY
+	EXTCODEHASH
+)
+
+// 0x40 range - block operations.
+const (
+	BLOCKHASH OpCode = 0x40 + iota
+	COINBASE
+	TIMESTAMP
+	NUMBER
+	DIFFICULTY
+	GASLIMIT
+	CHAINID     OpCode = 0x46
+	SELFBALANCE OpCode = 0x47
+	BASEFEE     OpCode = 0x48
+)
+
+// 0x50 range - 'storage' and execution.
+const (
+	POP      OpCode = 0x50
+	MLOAD    OpCode = 0x51
+	MSTORE   OpCode = 0x52
+	MSTORE8  OpCode = 0x53
+	SLOAD    OpCode = 0x54
+	SSTORE   OpCode = 0x55
+	JUMP     OpCode = 0x56
+	JUMPI    OpCode = 0x57
+	PC       OpCode = 0x58
+	MSIZE    OpCode = 0x59
+	GAS      OpCode = 0x5a
+	JUMPDEST OpCode = 0x5b
+	PUSH0    OpCode = 0x5f
+)
+
+// 0x60 range.
+const (
+	PUSH1 OpCode = 0x60 + iota
+	PUSH2
+	PUSH3
+	PUSH4
+	PUSH5
+	PUSH6
+	PUSH7
+	PUSH8
+	PUSH9
+	PUSH10
+	PUSH11
+	PUSH12
+	PUSH13
+	PUSH14
+	PUSH15
+	PUSH16
+	PUSH17
+	PUSH18
+	PUSH19
+	PUSH20
+	PUSH21
+	PUSH22
+	PUSH23
+	PUSH24
+	PUSH25
+	PUSH26
+	PUSH27
+	PUSH28
+	PUSH29
+	PUSH30
+	PUSH31
+	PUSH32
+	DUP1
+	DUP2
+	DUP3
+	DUP4
+	DUP5
+	DUP6
+	DUP7
+	DUP8
+	DUP9
+	DUP10
+	DUP11
+	DUP12
+	DUP13
+	DUP14
+	DUP15
+	DUP16
+	SWAP1
+	SWAP2
+	SWAP3
+	SWAP4
+	SWAP5
+	SWAP6
+	SWAP7
+	SWAP8
+	SWAP9
+	SWAP10
+	SWAP11
+	SWAP12
+	SWAP13
+	SWAP14
+	SWAP15
+	SWAP16
+)
+
+// 0xa0 range - logging ops.
+const (
+	LOG0 OpCode = 0xa0 + iota
+	LOG1
+	LOG2
+	LOG3
+	LOG4
+)
+
+// 0xf0 range - closures.
+const (
+	CREATE OpCode = 0xf0 + iota
+	CALL
+	CALLCODE
+	RETURN
+	DELEGATECALL
+	CREATE2
+	STATICCALL   OpCode = 0xfa
+	REVERT       OpCode = 0xfd
+	INVALID      OpCode = 0xfe
+	SELFDESTRUCT OpCode = 0xff
+)
+
+// Since the opcodes aren't all in order we can't use a regular slice.
+var opCodeToString = map[OpCode]string{
+	// 0x0 range - arithmetic ops.
+	STOP:       "STOP",
+	ADD:        "ADD",
+	MUL:        "MUL",
+	SUB:        "SUB",
+	DIV:        "DIV",
+	SDIV:       "SDIV",
+	MOD:        "MOD",
+	SMOD:       "SMOD",
+	EXP:        "EXP",
+	NOT:        "NOT",
+	LT:         "LT",
+	GT:         "GT",
+	SLT:        "SLT",
+	SGT:        "SGT",
+	EQ:         "EQ",
+	ISZERO:     "ISZERO",
+	SIGNEXTEND: "SIGNEXTEND",
+
+	// 0x10 range - bit ops.
+	AND:    "AND",
+	OR:     "OR",
+	XOR:    "XOR",
+	BYTE:   "BYTE",
+	SHL:    "SHL",
+	SHR:    "SHR",
+	SAR:    "SAR",
+	ADDMOD: "ADDMOD",
+	MULMOD: "MULMOD",
+
+	// 0x20 range - crypto.
+	KECCAK256: "KECCAK256",
+
+	// 0x30 range - closure state.
+	ADDRESS:        "ADDRESS",
+	BALANCE:        "BALANCE",
+	ORIGIN:         "ORIGIN",
+	CALLER:         "CALLER",
+	CALLVALUE:      "CALLVALUE",
+	CALLDATALOAD:   "CALLDATALOAD",
+	CALLDATASIZE:   "CALLDATASIZE",
+	CALLDATACOPY:   "CALLDATACOPY",
+	CODESIZE:       "CODESIZE",
+	CODECOPY:       "CODECOPY",
+	GASPRICE:       "GASPRICE",
+	EXTCODESIZE:    "EXTCODESIZE",
+	EXTCODECOPY:    "EXTCODECOPY",
+	RETURNDATASIZE: "RETURNDATASIZE",
+	RETURNDATACOPY: "RETURNDATACOPY",
+	EXTCODEHASH:    "EXTCODEHASH",
+
+	// 0x40 range - block operations.
+	BLOCKHASH:   "BLOCKHASH",
+	COINBASE:    "COINBASE",
+	TIMESTAMP:   "TIMESTAMP",
+	NUMBER:      "NUMBER",
+	DIFFICULTY:  "DIFFICULTY",
+	GASLIMIT:    "GASLIMIT",
+	CHAINID:     "CHAINID",
+	SELFBALANCE: "SELFBALANCE",
+	BASEFEE:     "BASEFEE",
+
+	// 0x50 range - 'storage' and execution.
+	POP: "POP",
+	//DUP:     "DUP",
+	//SWAP:    "SWAP",
+	MLOAD:    "MLOAD",
+	MSTORE:   "MSTORE",
+	MSTORE8:  "MSTORE8",
+	SLOAD:    "SLOAD",
+	SSTORE:   "SSTORE",
+	JUMP:     "JUMP",
+	JUMPI:    "JUMPI",
+	PC:       "PC",
+	MSIZE:    "MSIZE",
+	GAS:      "GAS",
+	JUMPDEST: "JUMPDEST",
+	PUSH0:    "PUSH0",
+
+	// 0x60 range - push.
+	PUSH1:  "PUSH1",
+	PUSH2:  "PUSH2",
+	PUSH3:  "PUSH3",
+	PUSH4:  "PUSH4",
+	PUSH5:  "PUSH5",
+	PUSH6:  "PUSH6",
+	PUSH7:  "PUSH7",
+	PUSH8:  "PUSH8",
+	PUSH9:  "PUSH9",
+	PUSH10: "PUSH10",
+	PUSH11: "PUSH11",
+	PUSH12: "PUSH12",
+	PUSH13: "PUSH13",
+	PUSH14: "PUSH14",
+	PUSH15: "PUSH15",
+	PUSH16: "PUSH16",
+	PUSH17: "PUSH17",
+	PUSH18: "PUSH18",
+	PUSH19: "PUSH19",
+	PUSH20: "PUSH20",
+	PUSH21: "PUSH21",
+	PUSH22: "PUSH22",
+	PUSH23: "PUSH23",
+	PUSH24: "PUSH24",
+	PUSH25: "PUSH25",
+	PUSH26: "PUSH26",
+	PUSH27: "PUSH27",
+	PUSH28: "PUSH28",
+	PUSH29: "PUSH29",
+	PUSH30: "PUSH30",
+	PUSH31: "PUSH31",
+	PUSH32: "PUSH32",
+
+	DUP1:  "DUP1",
+	DUP2:  "DUP2",
+	DUP3:  "DUP3",
+	DUP4:  "DUP4",
+	DUP5:  "DUP5",
+	DUP6:  "DUP6",
+	DUP7:  "DUP7",
+	DUP8:  "DUP8",
+	DUP9:  "DUP9",
+	DUP10: "DUP10",
+	DUP11: "DUP11",
+	DUP12: "DUP12",
+	DUP13: "DUP13",
+	DUP14: "DUP14",
+	DUP15: "DUP15",
+	DUP16: "DUP16",
+
+	SWAP1:  "SWAP1",
+	SWAP2:  "SWAP2",
+	SWAP3:  "SWAP3",
+	SWAP4:  "SWAP4",
+	SWAP5:  "SWAP5",
+	SWAP6:  "SWAP6",
+	SWAP7:  "SWAP7",
+	SWAP8:  "SWAP8",
+	SWAP9:  "SWAP9",
+	SWAP10: "SWAP10",
+	SWAP11: "SWAP11",
+	SWAP12: "SWAP12",
+	SWAP13: "SWAP13",
+	SWAP14: "SWAP14",
+	SWAP15: "SWAP15",
+	SWAP16: "SWAP16",
+	LOG0:   "LOG0",
+	LOG1:   "LOG1",
+	LOG2:   "LOG2",
+	LOG3:   "LOG3",
+	LOG4:   "LOG4",
+
+	// 0xf0 range.
+	CREATE:       "CREATE",
+	CALL:         "CALL",
+	RETURN:       "RETURN",
+	CALLCODE:     "CALLCODE",
+	DELEGATECALL: "DELEGATECALL",
+	CREATE2:      "CREATE2",
+	STATICCALL:   "STATICCALL",
+	REVERT:       "REVERT",
+	INVALID:      "INVALID",
+	SELFDESTRUCT: "SELFDESTRUCT",
+}
+
+func (op OpCode) String() string {
+	str := opCodeToString[op]
+	if len(str) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("opcode 0x%x not defined", int(op))
+	}
+
+	return str
+}
+
+var stringToOp = map[string]OpCode{
+	"STOP":           STOP,
+	"ADD":            ADD,
+	"MUL":            MUL,
+	"SUB":            SUB,
+	"DIV":            DIV,
+	"SDIV":           SDIV,
+	"MOD":            MOD,
+	"SMOD":           SMOD,
+	"EXP":            EXP,
+	"NOT":            NOT,
+	"LT":             LT,
+	"GT":             GT,
+	"SLT":            SLT,
+	"SGT":            SGT,
+	"EQ":             EQ,
+	"ISZERO":         ISZERO,
+	"SIGNEXTEND":     SIGNEXTEND,
+	"AND":            AND,
+	"OR":             OR,
+	"XOR":            XOR,
+	"BYTE":           BYTE,
+	"SHL":            SHL,
+	"SHR":            SHR,
+	"SAR":            SAR,
+	"ADDMOD":         ADDMOD,
+	"MULMOD":         MULMOD,
+	"KECCAK256":      KECCAK256,
+	"ADDRESS":        ADDRESS,
+	"BALANCE":        BALANCE,
+	"ORIGIN":         ORIGIN,
+	"CALLER":         CALLER,
+	"CALLVALUE":      CALLVALUE,
+	"CALLDATALOAD":   CALLDATALOAD,
+	"CALLDATASIZE":   CALLDATASIZE,
+	"CALLDATACOPY":   CALLDATACOPY,
+	"CHAINID":        CHAINID,
+	"BASEFEE":        BASEFEE,
+	"DELEGATECALL":   DELEGATECALL,
+	"STATICCALL":     STATICCALL,
+	"CODESIZE":       CODESIZE,
+	"CODECOPY":       CODECOPY,
+	"GASPRICE":       GASPRICE,
+	"EXTCODESIZE":    EXTCODESIZE,
+	"EXTCODECOPY":    EXTCODECOPY,
+	"RETURNDATASIZE": RETURNDATASIZE,
+	"RETURNDATACOPY": RETURNDATACOPY,
+	"EXTCODEHASH":    EXTCODEHASH,
+	"BLOCKHASH":      BLOCKHASH,
+	"COINBASE":       COINBASE,
+	"TIMESTAMP":      TIMESTAMP,
+	"NUMBER":         NUMBER,
+	"DIFFICULTY":     DIFFICULTY,
+	"GASLIMIT":       GASLIMIT,
+	"SELFBALANCE":    SELFBALANCE,
+	"POP":            POP,
+	"MLOAD":          MLOAD,
+	"MSTORE":         MSTORE,
+	"MSTORE8":        MSTORE8,
+	"SLOAD":          SLOAD,
+	"SSTORE":         SSTORE,
+	"JUMP":           JUMP,
+	"JUMPI":          JUMPI,
+	"PC":             PC,
+	"MSIZE":          MSIZE,
+	"GAS":            GAS,
+	"JUMPDEST":       JUMPDEST,
+	"PUSH0":          PUSH0,
+	"PUSH1":          PUSH1,
+	"PUSH2":          PUSH2,
+	"PUSH3":          PUSH3,
+	"PUSH4":          PUSH4,
+	"PUSH5":          PUSH5,
+	"PUSH6":          PUSH6,
+	"PUSH7":          PUSH7,
+	"PUSH8":          PUSH8,
+	"PUSH9":          PUSH9,
+	"PUSH10":         PUSH10,
+	"PUSH11":         PUSH11,
+	"PUSH12":         PUSH12,
+	"PUSH13":         PUSH13,
+	"PUSH14":         PUSH14,
+	"PUSH15":         PUSH15,
+	"PUSH16":         PUSH16,
+	"PUSH17":         PUSH17,
+	"PUSH18":         PUSH18,
+	"PUSH19":         PUSH19,
+	"PUSH20":         PUSH20,
+	"PUSH21":         PUSH21,
+	"PUSH22":         PUSH22,
+	"PUSH23":         PUSH23,
+	"PUSH24":         PUSH24,
+	"PUSH25":         PUSH25,
+	"PUSH26":         PUSH26,
+	"PUSH27":         PUSH27,
+	"PUSH28":         PUSH28,
+	"PUSH29":         PUSH29,
+	"PUSH30":         PUSH30,
+	"PUSH31":         PUSH31,
+	"PUSH32":         PUSH32,
+	"DUP1":           DUP1,
+	"DUP2":           DUP2,
+	"DUP3":           DUP3,
+	"DUP4":           DUP4,
+	"DUP5":           DUP5,
+	"DUP6":           DUP6,
+	"DUP7":           DUP7,
+	"DUP8":           DUP8,
+	"DUP9":           DUP9,
+	"DUP10":          DUP10,
+	"DUP11":          DUP11,
+	"DUP12":          DUP12,
+	"DUP13":          DUP13,
+	"DUP14":          DUP14,
+	"DUP15":          DUP15,
+	"DUP16":          DUP16,
+	"SWAP1":          SWAP1,
+	"SWAP2":          SWAP2,
+	"SWAP3":          SWAP3,
+	"SWAP4":          SWAP4,
+	"SWAP5":          SWAP5,
+	"SWAP6":          SWAP6,
+	"SWAP7":          SWAP7,
+	"SWAP8":          SWAP8,
+	"SWAP9":          SWAP9,
+	"SWAP10":         SWAP10,
+	"SWAP11":         SWAP11,
+	"SWAP12":         SWAP12,
+	"SWAP13":         SWAP13,
+	"SWAP14":         SWAP14,
+	"SWAP15":         SWAP15,
+	"SWAP16":         SWAP16,
+	"LOG0":           LOG0,
+	"LOG1":           LOG1,
+	"LOG2":           LOG2,
+	"LOG3":           LOG3,
+	"LOG4":           LOG4,
+	"CREATE":         CREATE,
+	"CREATE2":        CREATE2,
+	"CALL":           CALL,
+	"RETURN":         RETURN,
+	"CALLCODE":       CALLCODE,
+	"REVERT":         REVERT,
+	"INVALID":        INVALID,
+	"SELFDESTRUCT":   SELFDESTRUCT,
+}
+
+// StringToOp finds the opcode whose name is stored in `str`.
+func StringToOp(str string) OpCode {
+	return stringToOp[str]
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/operations_acl.go b/internal/vm/operations_acl.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cf200f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/operations_acl.go
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/math"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/stack"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+func makeGasSStoreFunc(clearingRefund uint64) gasFunc {
+	return func(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+		// If we fail the minimum gas availability invariant, fail (0)
+		if contract.Gas <= params.SstoreSentryGasEIP2200 {
+			return 0, errors.New("not enough gas for reentrancy sentry")
+		}
+		// Gas sentry honoured, do the actual gas calculation based on the stored value
+		var (
+			y, x    = stack.Back(1), stack.Peek()
+			slot    = types.Hash(x.Bytes32())
+			current uint256.Int
+			cost    = uint64(0)
+		)
+		evm.IntraBlockState().GetState(contract.Address(), &slot, &current)
+		// Check slot presence in the access list
+		if addrPresent, slotPresent := evm.IntraBlockState().SlotInAccessList(contract.Address(), slot); !slotPresent {
+			cost = params.ColdSloadCostEIP2929
+			// If the caller cannot afford the cost, this change will be rolled back
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddSlotToAccessList(contract.Address(), slot)
+			if !addrPresent {
+				// Once we're done with YOLOv2 and schedule this for mainnet, might
+				// be good to remove this panic here, which is just really a
+				// canary to have during testing
+				panic("impossible case: address was not present in access list during sstore op")
+			}
+		}
+		var value uint256.Int
+		value.Set(y)
+
+		if current.Eq(&value) { // noop (1)
+			// EIP 2200 original clause:
+			//		return params.SloadGasEIP2200, nil
+			return cost + params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929, nil // SLOAD_GAS
+		}
+		var original uint256.Int
+		slotCommited := types.Hash(x.Bytes32())
+		evm.IntraBlockState().GetCommittedState(contract.Address(), &slotCommited, &original)
+		if original.Eq(&current) {
+			if original.IsZero() { // create slot (2.1.1)
+				return cost + params.SstoreSetGasEIP2200, nil
+			}
+			if value.IsZero() { // delete slot (2.1.2b)
+				evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(clearingRefund)
+			}
+			// EIP-2200 original clause:
+			//		return params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200, nil // write existing slot (2.1.2)
+			return cost + (params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200 - params.ColdSloadCostEIP2929), nil // write existing slot (2.1.2)
+		}
+		if !original.IsZero() {
+			if current.IsZero() { // recreate slot (2.2.1.1)
+				evm.IntraBlockState().SubRefund(clearingRefund)
+			} else if value.IsZero() { // delete slot (2.2.1.2)
+				evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(clearingRefund)
+			}
+		}
+		if original.Eq(&value) {
+			if original.IsZero() { // reset to original inexistent slot (2.2.2.1)
+				// EIP 2200 Original clause:
+				//evm.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SstoreSetGasEIP2200 - params.SloadGasEIP2200)
+				evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SstoreSetGasEIP2200 - params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929)
+			} else { // reset to original existing slot (2.2.2.2)
+				// EIP 2200 Original clause:
+				//	evm.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200 - params.SloadGasEIP2200)
+				// - SSTORE_RESET_GAS redefined as (5000 - COLD_SLOAD_COST)
+				// - SLOAD_GAS redefined as WARM_STORAGE_READ_COST
+				// Final: (5000 - COLD_SLOAD_COST) - WARM_STORAGE_READ_COST
+				evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund((params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200 - params.ColdSloadCostEIP2929) - params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929)
+			}
+		}
+		// EIP-2200 original clause:
+		//return params.SloadGasEIP2200, nil // dirty update (2.2)
+		return cost + params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929, nil // dirty update (2.2)
+	}
+}
+
+// gasSLoadEIP2929 calculates dynamic gas for SLOAD according to EIP-2929
+// For SLOAD, if the (address, storage_key) pair (where address is the address of the contract
+// whose storage is being read) is not yet in accessed_storage_keys,
+// charge 2100 gas and add the pair to accessed_storage_keys.
+// If the pair is already in accessed_storage_keys, charge 100 gas.
+func gasSLoadEIP2929(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	loc := stack.Peek()
+	slot := types.Hash(loc.Bytes32())
+	// Check slot presence in the access list
+	if _, slotPresent := evm.IntraBlockState().SlotInAccessList(contract.Address(), slot); !slotPresent {
+		// If the caller cannot afford the cost, this change will be rolled back
+		// If he does afford it, we can skip checking the same thing later on, during execution
+		evm.IntraBlockState().AddSlotToAccessList(contract.Address(), slot)
+		return params.ColdSloadCostEIP2929, nil
+	}
+	return params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929, nil
+}
+
+// gasExtCodeCopyEIP2929 implements extcodecopy according to EIP-2929
+// EIP spec:
+// > If the target is not in accessed_addresses,
+// > charge COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS_COST gas, and add the address to accessed_addresses.
+// > Otherwise, charge WARM_STORAGE_READ_COST gas.
+func gasExtCodeCopyEIP2929(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// memory expansion first (dynamic part of pre-2929 implementation)
+	gas, err := gasExtCodeCopy(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	addr := types.Address(stack.Peek().Bytes20())
+	// Check slot presence in the access list
+	if !evm.IntraBlockState().AddressInAccessList(addr) {
+		evm.IntraBlockState().AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
+		var overflow bool
+		// We charge (cold-warm), since 'warm' is already charged as constantGas
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929-params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929); overflow {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		return gas, nil
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+// gasEip2929AccountCheck checks whether the first stack item (as address) is present in the access list.
+// If it is, this method returns '0', otherwise 'cold-warm' gas, presuming that the opcode using it
+// is also using 'warm' as constant factor.
+// This method is used by:
+// - extcodehash,
+// - extcodesize,
+// - (ext) balance
+func gasEip2929AccountCheck(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	addr := types.Address(stack.Peek().Bytes20())
+	// Check slot presence in the access list
+	if !evm.IntraBlockState().AddressInAccessList(addr) {
+		// If the caller cannot afford the cost, this change will be rolled back
+		evm.IntraBlockState().AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
+		// The warm storage read cost is already charged as constantGas
+		return params.ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929 - params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929, nil
+	}
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP2929(oldCalculator gasFunc) gasFunc {
+	return func(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+		addr := types.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
+		// Check slot presence in the access list
+		warmAccess := evm.IntraBlockState().AddressInAccessList(addr)
+		// The WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929 (100) is already deducted in the form of a constant cost, so
+		// the cost to charge for cold access, if any, is Cold - Warm
+		coldCost := params.ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929 - params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
+		if !warmAccess {
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
+			// Charge the remaining difference here already, to correctly calculate available
+			// gas for call
+			if !contract.UseGas(coldCost) {
+				return 0, ErrOutOfGas
+			}
+		}
+		// Now call the old calculator, which takes into account
+		// - create new account
+		// - transfer value
+		// - memory expansion
+		// - 63/64ths rule
+		gas, err := oldCalculator(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+		if warmAccess || err != nil {
+			return gas, err
+		}
+		// In case of a cold access, we temporarily add the cold charge back, and also
+		// add it to the returned gas. By adding it to the return, it will be charged
+		// outside of this function, as part of the dynamic gas, and that will make it
+		// also become correctly reported to tracers.
+		contract.Gas += coldCost
+		return gas + coldCost, nil
+	}
+}
+
+var (
+	gasCallEIP2929         = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP2929(gasCall)
+	gasDelegateCallEIP2929 = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP2929(gasDelegateCall)
+	gasStaticCallEIP2929   = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP2929(gasStaticCall)
+	gasCallCodeEIP2929     = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP2929(gasCallCode)
+	gasSelfdestructEIP2929 = makeSelfdestructGasFn(true)
+	// gasSelfdestructEIP3529 implements the changes in EIP-2539 (no refunds)
+	gasSelfdestructEIP3529 = makeSelfdestructGasFn(false)
+
+	// gasSStoreEIP2929 implements gas cost for SSTORE according to EIP-2929
+	//
+	// When calling SSTORE, check if the (address, storage_key) pair is in accessed_storage_keys.
+	// If it is not, charge an additional COLD_SLOAD_COST gas, and add the pair to accessed_storage_keys.
+	// Additionally, modify the parameters defined in EIP 2200 as follows:
+	//
+	// Parameter 	Old value 	New value
+	// SLOAD_GAS 	800 	= WARM_STORAGE_READ_COST
+	// SSTORE_RESET_GAS 	5000 	5000 - COLD_SLOAD_COST
+	//
+	//The other parameters defined in EIP 2200 are unchanged.
+	// see gasSStoreEIP2200(...) in core/vm/gas_table.go for more info about how EIP 2200 is specified
+	gasSStoreEIP2929 = makeGasSStoreFunc(params.SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP2200)
+
+	// gasSStoreEIP2539 implements gas cost for SSTORE according to EPI-2539
+	// Replace `SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE` with `SSTORE_RESET_GAS + ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY_COST` (4,800)
+	gasSStoreEIP3529 = makeGasSStoreFunc(params.SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP3529)
+)
+
+// makeSelfdestructGasFn can create the selfdestruct dynamic gas function for EIP-2929 and EIP-2539
+func makeSelfdestructGasFn(refundsEnabled bool) gasFunc {
+	gasFunc := func(evm VMInterpreter, contract *Contract, stack *stack.Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+		var (
+			gas     uint64
+			address = types.Address(stack.Peek().Bytes20())
+		)
+		if !evm.IntraBlockState().AddressInAccessList(address) {
+			// If the caller cannot afford the cost, this change will be rolled back
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddAddressToAccessList(address)
+			gas = params.ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929
+		}
+		// if empty and transfers value
+		if evm.IntraBlockState().Empty(address) && !evm.IntraBlockState().GetBalance(contract.Address()).IsZero() {
+			gas += params.CreateBySelfdestructGas
+		}
+		if refundsEnabled && !evm.IntraBlockState().HasSelfdestructed(contract.Address()) {
+			evm.IntraBlockState().AddRefund(params.SelfdestructRefundGas)
+		}
+		return gas, nil
+	}
+	return gasFunc
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/runtime/doc.go b/internal/vm/runtime/doc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3797e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/runtime/doc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code.
+package runtime
diff --git a/internal/vm/runtime/env.go b/internal/vm/runtime/env.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ab32d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/runtime/env.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm/evmtypes"
+)
+
+func NewEnv(cfg *Config) *vm.EVM {
+	txContext := evmtypes.TxContext{
+		Origin:   cfg.Origin,
+		GasPrice: cfg.GasPrice,
+	}
+
+	blockContext := evmtypes.BlockContext{
+		CanTransfer: internal.CanTransfer,
+		Transfer:    internal.Transfer,
+		GetHash:     cfg.GetHashFn,
+		Coinbase:    cfg.Coinbase,
+		BlockNumber: cfg.BlockNumber.Uint64(),
+		Time:        cfg.Time.Uint64(),
+		Difficulty:  cfg.Difficulty,
+		GasLimit:    cfg.GasLimit,
+		BaseFee:     cfg.BaseFee,
+	}
+
+	return vm.NewEVM(blockContext, txContext, cfg.State, cfg.ChainConfig, cfg.EVMConfig)
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/runtime/runtime.go b/internal/vm/runtime/runtime.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bf45c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/runtime/runtime.go
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	vm2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/vm"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/state"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// Config is a basic type specifying certain configuration flags for running
+// the EVM.
+type Config struct {
+	ChainConfig *params.ChainConfig
+	Difficulty  *big.Int
+	Origin      types.Address
+	Coinbase    types.Address
+	BlockNumber *big.Int
+	Time        *big.Int
+	GasLimit    uint64
+	GasPrice    *uint256.Int
+	Value       *uint256.Int
+	Debug       bool
+	EVMConfig   vm2.Config
+	BaseFee     *uint256.Int
+
+	State     *state.IntraBlockState
+	r         state.StateReader
+	w         state.StateWriter
+	GetHashFn func(n uint64) types.Hash
+}
+
+// sets defaults on the config
+func setDefaults(cfg *Config) {
+	if cfg.ChainConfig == nil {
+		cfg.ChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
+			ChainID:               big.NewInt(1),
+			HomesteadBlock:        new(big.Int),
+			TangerineWhistleBlock: new(big.Int),
+			SpuriousDragonBlock:   new(big.Int),
+			ByzantiumBlock:        new(big.Int),
+			ConstantinopleBlock:   new(big.Int),
+			PetersburgBlock:       new(big.Int),
+			IstanbulBlock:         new(big.Int),
+			MuirGlacierBlock:      new(big.Int),
+			BerlinBlock:           new(big.Int),
+			LondonBlock:           new(big.Int),
+			ArrowGlacierBlock:     new(big.Int),
+			GrayGlacierBlock:      new(big.Int),
+			ShanghaiBlock:         new(big.Int),
+			CancunBlock:           new(big.Int),
+			PragueTime:            new(big.Int),
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.Difficulty == nil {
+		cfg.Difficulty = new(big.Int)
+	}
+	if cfg.Time == nil {
+		cfg.Time = big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())
+	}
+	if cfg.GasLimit == 0 {
+		cfg.GasLimit = math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	if cfg.GasPrice == nil {
+		cfg.GasPrice = new(uint256.Int)
+	}
+	if cfg.Value == nil {
+		cfg.Value = new(uint256.Int)
+	}
+	if cfg.BlockNumber == nil {
+		cfg.BlockNumber = new(big.Int)
+	}
+	if cfg.GetHashFn == nil {
+		cfg.GetHashFn = func(n uint64) types.Hash {
+			return types.BytesToHash(crypto.Keccak256([]byte(new(big.Int).SetUint64(n).String())))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute executes the code using the input as call data during the execution.
+// It returns the EVM's return value, the new state and an error if it failed.
+//
+// Execute sets up an in-memory, temporary, environment for the execution of
+// the given code. It makes sure that it's restored to its original state afterwards.
+func Execute(code, input []byte, cfg *Config, bn uint64) ([]byte, *state.IntraBlockState, error) {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = new(Config)
+	}
+	setDefaults(cfg)
+
+	//if cfg.State == nil {
+	//	db := olddb.NewObjectDatabase(memdb.New())
+	//	defer db.Close()
+	//	cfg.r = state.NewDbStateReader(db)
+	//	cfg.w = state.NewDbStateWriter(db, 0)
+	//	cfg.kv = db
+	//	cfg.State = state.New(cfg.r)
+	//}
+	var (
+		address = types.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
+		vmenv   = NewEnv(cfg)
+		sender  = vm2.AccountRef(cfg.Origin)
+	)
+	if rules := cfg.ChainConfig.Rules(vmenv.Context().BlockNumber); rules.IsBerlin {
+		cfg.State.PrepareAccessList(cfg.Origin, &address, vm2.ActivePrecompiles(rules), nil)
+	}
+	cfg.State.CreateAccount(address, true)
+	// set the receiver's (the executing contract) code for execution.
+	cfg.State.SetCode(address, code)
+	// Call the code with the given configuration.
+	ret, _, err := vmenv.Call(
+		sender,
+		types.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract")),
+		input,
+		cfg.GasLimit,
+		cfg.Value,
+		false, /* bailout */
+	)
+
+	return ret, cfg.State, err
+}
+
+// Create executes the code using the EVM create method
+func Create(input []byte, cfg *Config, blockNr uint64) ([]byte, types.Address, uint64, error) {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = new(Config)
+	}
+	setDefaults(cfg)
+
+	//if cfg.State == nil {
+	//	db := olddb.NewObjectDatabase(memdb.New())
+	//	defer db.Close()
+	//	cfg.r = state.NewPlainStateReader(db)
+	//	cfg.w = state.NewPlainStateWriter(db, ,0)
+	//	cfg.kv = db
+	//	cfg.State = state.New(cfg.r)
+	//}
+	var (
+		vmenv  = NewEnv(cfg)
+		sender = vm2.AccountRef(cfg.Origin)
+	)
+	if rules := cfg.ChainConfig.Rules(vmenv.Context().BlockNumber); rules.IsBerlin {
+		cfg.State.PrepareAccessList(cfg.Origin, nil, vm2.ActivePrecompiles(rules), nil)
+	}
+
+	// Call the code with the given configuration.
+	code, address, leftOverGas, err := vmenv.Create(
+		sender,
+		input,
+		cfg.GasLimit,
+		cfg.Value,
+	)
+	return code, address, leftOverGas, err
+}
+
+// Call executes the code given by the contract's address. It will return the
+// EVM's return value or an error if it failed.
+//
+// Call, unlike Execute, requires a config and also requires the State field to
+// be set.
+func Call(address types.Address, input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, uint64, error) {
+	setDefaults(cfg)
+
+	vmenv := NewEnv(cfg)
+
+	sender := cfg.State.GetOrNewStateObject(cfg.Origin)
+	statedb := cfg.State
+	if rules := cfg.ChainConfig.Rules(vmenv.Context().BlockNumber); rules.IsBerlin {
+		statedb.PrepareAccessList(cfg.Origin, &address, vm2.ActivePrecompiles(rules), nil)
+	}
+
+	// Call the code with the given configuration.
+	ret, leftOverGas, err := vmenv.Call(
+		sender,
+		address,
+		input,
+		cfg.GasLimit,
+		cfg.Value,
+		false, /* bailout */
+	)
+
+	return ret, leftOverGas, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/stack/stack.go b/internal/vm/stack/stack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a7b4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/stack/stack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package stack
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+var stackPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		return &Stack{Data: make([]uint256.Int, 0, 16)}
+	},
+}
+
+// Stack is an object for basic stack operations. Items popped to the stack are
+// expected to be changed and modified. stack does not take care of adding newly
+// initialised objects.
+type Stack struct {
+	Data []uint256.Int
+}
+
+func New() *Stack {
+	stack, ok := stackPool.Get().(*Stack)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Error("Type assertion failure", "err", "cannot get Stack pointer from stackPool")
+	}
+	return stack
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Push(d *uint256.Int) {
+	// NOTE push limit (1024) is checked in baseCheck
+	st.Data = append(st.Data, *d)
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) PushN(ds ...uint256.Int) {
+	// FIXME: Is there a way to pass args by pointers.
+	st.Data = append(st.Data, ds...)
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Pop() (ret uint256.Int) {
+	ret = st.Data[len(st.Data)-1]
+	st.Data = st.Data[:len(st.Data)-1]
+	return
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Cap() int {
+	return cap(st.Data)
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Swap(n int) {
+	st.Data[st.Len()-n], st.Data[st.Len()-1] = st.Data[st.Len()-1], st.Data[st.Len()-n]
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Dup(n int) {
+	st.Push(&st.Data[st.Len()-n])
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Peek() *uint256.Int {
+	return &st.Data[st.Len()-1]
+}
+
+// Back returns the n'th item in stack
+func (st *Stack) Back(n int) *uint256.Int {
+	return &st.Data[st.Len()-n-1]
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Reset() {
+	st.Data = st.Data[:0]
+}
+
+func (st *Stack) Len() int {
+	return len(st.Data)
+}
+
+// Print dumps the content of the stack
+func (st *Stack) Print() {
+	fmt.Println("### stack ###")
+	if len(st.Data) > 0 {
+		for i, val := range st.Data {
+			fmt.Printf("%-3d  %v\n", i, val)
+		}
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("-- empty --")
+	}
+	fmt.Println("#############")
+}
+
+func ReturnNormalStack(s *Stack) {
+	s.Data = s.Data[:0]
+	stackPool.Put(s)
+}
+
+var rStackPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		return &ReturnStack{data: make([]uint32, 0, 10)}
+	},
+}
+
+func ReturnRStack(rs *ReturnStack) {
+	rs.data = rs.data[:0]
+	rStackPool.Put(rs)
+}
+
+// ReturnStack is an object for basic return stack operations.
+type ReturnStack struct {
+	data []uint32
+}
+
+func NewReturnStack() *ReturnStack {
+	rStack, ok := rStackPool.Get().(*ReturnStack)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Error("Type assertion failure", "err", "cannot get ReturnStack pointer from rStackPool")
+	}
+	return rStack
+}
+
+func (st *ReturnStack) Push(d uint32) {
+	st.data = append(st.data, d)
+}
+
+// A uint32 is sufficient as for code below 4.2G
+func (st *ReturnStack) Pop() (ret uint32) {
+	ret = st.data[len(st.data)-1]
+	st.data = st.data[:len(st.data)-1]
+	return
+}
+
+func (st *ReturnStack) Data() []uint32 {
+	return st.data
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/stack_table.go b/internal/vm/stack_table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e140a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/stack_table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+func maxStack(pop, push int) int {
+	return int(params.StackLimit) + pop - push
+}
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blake2F.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blake2F.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a25f9ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blake2F.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000048c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "08c9bcf367e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d282e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b9442be0454267ce079217e1319cde05b",
+    "Name": "vector 4",
+    "Gas": 0,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000c48c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "ba80a53f981c4d0d6a2797b69f12f6e94c212f14685ac4b74b12bb6fdbffa2d17d87c5392aab792dc252d5de4533cc9518d38aa8dbf1925ab92386edd4009923",
+    "Name": "vector 5",
+    "Gas": 12,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000c48c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "75ab69d3190a562c51aef8d88f1c2775876944407270c42c9844252c26d2875298743e7f6d5ea2f2d3e8d226039cd31b4e426ac4f2d3d666a610c2116fde4735",
+    "Name": "vector 6",
+    "Gas": 12,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000148c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "b63a380cb2897d521994a85234ee2c181b5f844d2c624c002677e9703449d2fba551b3a8333bcdf5f2f7e08993d53923de3d64fcc68c034e717b9293fed7a421",
+    "Name": "vector 7",
+    "Gas": 1,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "007A120048c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "6d2ce9e534d50e18ff866ae92d70cceba79bbcd14c63819fe48752c8aca87a4bb7dcc230d22a4047f0486cfcfb50a17b24b2899eb8fca370f22240adb5170189",
+    "Name": "vector 8",
+    "Gas": 8000000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1Add.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1Add.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..184d765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1Add.json
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000572cbea904d67468808c8eb50a9450c9721db309128012543902d0ac358a62ae28f75bb8f1c7c42c39a8c5529bf0f4e00000000000000000000000000000000166a9d8cabc673a322fda673779d8e3822ba3ecb8670e461f73bb9021d5fd76a4c56d9d4cd16bd1bba86881979749d28",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_(g1+g1=2*g1)",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010e7791fb972fe014159aa33a98622da3cdc98ff707965e536d8636b5fcc5ac7a91a8c46e59a00dca575af0f18fb13dc0000000000000000000000000000000016ba437edcc6551e30c10512367494bfb6b01cc6681e8a4c3cd2501832ab5c4abc40b4578b85cbaffbf0bcd70d67c6e2",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_(2*g1+3*g1=5*g1)",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e1",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_(inf+g1=g1)",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_(inf+inf=inf)",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000012196c5a43d69224d8713389285f26b98f86ee910ab3dd668e413738282003cc5b7357af9a7af54bb713d62255e80f560000000000000000000000000000000006ba8102bfbeea4416b710c73e8cce3032c31c6269c44906f8ac4f7874ce99fb17559992486528963884ce429a992fee000000000000000000000000000000000001101098f5c39893765766af4512a0c74e1bb89bc7e6fdf14e3e7337d257cc0f94658179d83320b99f31ff94cd2bac0000000000000000000000000000000003e1a9f9f44ca2cdab4f43a1a3ee3470fdf90b2fc228eb3b709fcd72f014838ac82a6d797aeefed9a0804b22ed1ce8f7",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001466e1373ae4a7e7ba885c5f0c3ccfa48cdb50661646ac6b779952f466ac9fc92730dcaed9be831cd1f8c4fefffd5209000000000000000000000000000000000c1fb750d2285d4ca0378e1e8cdbf6044151867c34a711b73ae818aee6dbe9e886f53d7928cc6ed9c851e0422f609b11",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_0",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016b8ab56b45a9294466809b8e858c1ad15ad0d52cfcb62f8f5753dc94cee1de6efaaebce10701e3ec2ecaa9551024ea600000000000000000000000000000000124571eec37c0b1361023188d66ec17c1ec230d31b515e0e81e599ec19e40c8a7c8cdea9735bc3d8b4e37ca7e5dd71f6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_1",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002ce7a08719448494857102da464bc65a47c95c77819af325055a23ac50b626df4732daf63feb9a663d71b7c9b8f2c510000000000000000000000000000000016117e87e9b55bd4bd5763d69d5240d30745e014b9aef87c498f9a9e3286ec4d5927df7cd5a2e54ac4179e78645acf27",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_2",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015510826f50b88fa369caf062ecdf8b03a67e660a35b219b44437a5583b5a9adf76991dce7bff9afc50257f847299504000000000000000000000000000000000a83e879895a1b47dbd6cd25ce8b719e7490cfe021614f7539e841fc2f9c09f071e386676de60b6579aa4bf6d37b13dd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_3",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000010b1c96d3910f56b0bf54da5ae8c7ab674a07f8143b61fed660e7309e626dc73eaa2b11886cdb82e2b6735e7802cc860000000000000000000000000000000002dabbbedd72872c2c012e7e893d2f3df1834c43873315488d814ddd6bfcca6758a18aa6bd02a0f3aed962cb51f0a222",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_4",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cb40d0bf86a627d3973f1e7846484ffd0bc4943b42a54ff9527c285fed3c056b947a9b6115824cabafe13cd1af8181c00000000000000000000000000000000076255fc12f1a9dbd232025815238baaa6a3977fd87594e8d1606caec0d37b916e1e43ee2d2953d75a40a7ba416df237",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_5",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000e115e0b61c1f1b25cc10a7b3bd21cf696b1433a0c366c2e1bca3c26b09482c6eced8c8ecfa69ce6b9b3b4419779262e00000000000000000000000000000000077b85daf61b9f947e81633e3bc64e697bc6c1d873f2c21e5c4c3a11302d4d5ef4c3ff5519564729aaf2a50a3c9f1196",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_6",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000013e37a8950a659265b285c6fb56930fb77759d9d40298acac2714b97b83ec7692a7d1c4ccb83f074384db9eedd809c0000000000000000000000000000000003215d524d6419214568ba42a31502f2a58a97d0139c66908e9d71755f5a7666567aafe30ea84d89308f06768f28a648",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_7",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000029405b9615e14bdac8b5666bbc5f3843d4bca17c97bed66d164f1b58d2a148f0f506d645d665a40e60d53fe29375ed400000000000000000000000000000000162761f1712814e474beb2289cc50519253d680699b530c2a6477f727ccc75a19681b82e490f441f91a3c611eeb0e9e2",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_8",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cfaa8df9437c0b6f344a0c8dcbc7529a07aec0d7632ace89af6796b6b960b014f78dd10e987a993fb8a95cc909822ec0000000000000000000000000000000007475f115f6eb35f78ba9a2b71a44ccb6bbc1e980b8cd369c5c469565f3fb798bc907353cf47f524ba715deaedf379cb",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_9",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000641642f6801d39a09a536f506056f72a619c50d043673d6d39aa4af11d8e3ded38b9c3bbc970dbc1bd55d68f94b50d0000000000000000000000000000000009ab050de356a24aea90007c6b319614ba2f2ed67223b972767117769e3c8e31ee4056494628fb2892d3d37afb6ac9430000000000000000000000000000000016380d03b7c5cc3301ffcb2cf7c28c9bde54fc22ba2b36ec293739d8eb674678c8e6461e34c1704747817c8f8341499a000000000000000000000000000000000ec6667aa5c6a769a64c180d277a341926376c39376480dc69fcad9a8d3b540238eb39d05aaa8e3ca15fc2c3ab696047",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011541d798b4b5069e2541fa5410dad03fd02784332e72658c7b0fa96c586142a967addc11a7a82bfcee33bd5d07066b900000000000000000000000000000000195b3fcb94ab7beb908208283b4e5d19c0af90fca4c76268f3c703859dea7d038aca976927f48839ebc7310869c724aa",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_10",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006b0853b3d41fc2d7b27da0bb2d6eb76be32530b59f8f537d227a6eb78364c7c0760447494a8bba69ef4b256dbef750200000000000000000000000000000000166e55ba2d20d94da474d4a085c14245147705e252e2a76ae696c7e37d75cde6a77fea738cef045182d5e628924dc0bb",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_11",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c35d4cd5d43e9cf52c15d46fef521666a1e1ab9f0b4a77b8e78882e9fab40f3f988597f202c5bd176c011a56a1887d4000000000000000000000000000000000ae2b5c24928a00c02daddf03fade45344f250dcf4c12eda06c39645b4d56147cb239d95b06fd719d4dc20fe332a6fce",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_12",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013bad27dafa20f03863454c30bd5ae6b202c9c7310875da302d4693fc1c2b78cca502b1ff851b183c4b2564c5d3eb4dc0000000000000000000000000000000000552b322b3d672704382b5d8b214c225b4f7868f9c5ae0766b7cdb181f97ed90a4892235915ffbc0daf3e14ec98a606",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_13",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b5513e42f5217490f395a8cb3673a4fc35142575f770af75ecf7a4fcd97eee215c4298fc4feab51915137cbdb814839000000000000000000000000000000000e9d4db04b233b0b12a7ff620faefef906aeb2b15481ce1609dad50eb6a7d0c09a850375599c501296219fb7b288e305",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_14",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c27ef4ebf37fd629370508f4cd062b74faa355b305d2ee60c7f4d67dd741363f18a7bbd368cdb17e848f372a5e33a6f0000000000000000000000000000000000ed833df28988944115502f554636e0b436cccf845341e21191e82d5b662482f32c24df492da4c605a0f9e0f8b00604",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_15",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000122cce99f623944dfebffcdf6b0a0a3696162f35053e5952dddc2537421c60da9fe931579d1c4fc2e31082b6c25f96b500000000000000000000000000000000011366ffa91dc0b7da8b7c1839ea84d49299310f5c1ca244012eed0dd363dbcf4ad5813b8e3fb49361ef05ea8cb18ffe",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_16",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000113ccf11264ff04448f8c58b279a6a49acb386750c2051eab2c90fa8b8e03d7c5b9e87eccf36b4b3f79446b80be7b1d0000000000000000000000000000000004358a1fabfe803f4c787a671196b593981a837ee78587225fb21d5a883b98a15b912862763b94d18b971cb7e37dbcf0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_17",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000167336aeeb9e447348156936849d518faee314c291c84d732fa3c1bd3951559230d94230e37a08e28e689e9d1fef05770000000000000000000000000000000005366535f7a68996e066ab80c55bb372a15fb0ed6634585b88fe7cafbf818fbfebbf6f6ddd9ca0ff72137594a1e84b35",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_18",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a3d66cf87b1ce8c5683d71a6de4bf829d094041240f56d9071aa84ff189a06940e8e1935127e23a970c78ca73c28bf6000000000000000000000000000000000b2adda87740873c0c59e3ebde44d33834773f0fe69e2f5e7ede99c4f928978a5caaede7262e45fd22136a394b3f7858",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_19",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004b2311897264fe08972d62872d3679225d9880a16f2f3d7dd59412226e5e3f4f2aa8a69d283a2dc5b93e022293f0ee1000000000000000000000000000000000f03e18cef3f9a86e6b842272f2c7ee48d0ad23bfc7f1d5a9a796d88e5d5ac31326db5fe90de8f0690c70ae6e0155039",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_20",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000caf46f480ae2ea8e700f7913c505d5150c4629c9137e917357d2a4ba8a7a1c63b8f6e2978293755952fbed7f0ad8d6d0000000000000000000000000000000002e62e715b72eebbc7c366a2390318f73e69203a9533e72340aab568f65105129ffc9889a8bc00a692494d93688c7ec0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_21",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000dea57d1fc19f994e6bdda9478a400b0ada23aed167bfe7a16ef79b6aa020403a04d554303c0b2a9c5a38f85cf6f3800000000000000000000000000000000000b8d76ccd41ba81a835775185bbf1d6bf94b031d94d5c78b3b97beb24cf246b0c25c4c309e2c06ae9896ed800169eeee",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_22",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003f76a6dc6da31a399b93f4431bfabb3e48d86745eaa4b24d6337305006e3c7fc7bfcc85c85e2f3514cd389fec4e70580000000000000000000000000000000010e4280374c532ed0df44ac0bac82572f839afcfb8b696eea617d5bd1261288dfa90a7190200687d470992fb4827ff320000000000000000000000000000000005728a219d128bc0a1f851f228e2bf604a72400c393cfb0d3484456b6b28a2c5061198656f0e106bbe257d849be159040000000000000000000000000000000011f6d08baa91fb2c8b36191d5b2318e355f8964cc8112838394ba1ded84b075de58d90452601dcfc9aa8a275cfec695d",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012e6d6c518c15cfd3020181ff3f829e29140b3b507b99251cc7f31795128adec817750296bce413bac18b9a80f69ca5000000000000000000000000000000000131ee9b748f6f1eb790adeb9edd0e79d89a9908368f5a6bb82ee0c913061cdfffe75d9ba411a49aa3f9194ee6d4d08a9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_23",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000111c416d5bd018a77f3317e3fbf4b03d8e19658f2b810dc9c17863310dfb09e1c4ffdbb7c98951d357f1c3d93c5d0745000000000000000000000000000000000af0a252bff336d5eb3a406778557ef67d91776a9c788be9a76cff7727f519a70fc7809f1a50a58d29185cb9722624fd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_24",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d2b9c677417f4e9b38af6393718f55a27dbd23c730796c50472bc476ebf52172559b10f6ceb81e644ec2d0a41b3bb01000000000000000000000000000000001697f241ff6eceb05d9ada4be7d7078ecbbffa64dd4fb43ead0692eef270cb7cc31513ee4bf38a1b1154fe008a8b836a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_25",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003996050756117eeab27a5e4fa9acdde2a1161d6fbfff2601a1c7329f900e93a29f55a8073f85be8f7c2a4d0323e95cc00000000000000000000000000000000010b195a132c1cba2f1a6a73f2507baa079e9b5cb8894ea78bebc16d4151ee56fe562b16e2741f3ab1e8640cdad83180",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_26",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f46bb86e827aa9c0c570d93f4d7d6986668c0099e4853927571199e1ce9e756d9db951f5b0325acafb2bf6e8fec2a1b0000000000000000000000000000000006d38cc6cc1a950a18e92e16287f201af4c014aba1a17929dd407d0440924ce5f08fad8fe0c50f7f733b285bf282acfc0000000000000000000000000000000018adb42928304cbc310a229306a205e7c21cdb31b9e5daf0ff6bb9437acee80cd8cf02b35dab823155d60f8a83fde5cc0000000000000000000000000000000018b57460c81cab43235be79c8c90dcda40fafcaf69e4e767133aee56308a6df07eac71275597dd8ed6607ffb9151ed9a",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003c7a7ee3d1b73cf1f0213404363bf3c0de4425ab97d679ed51448e877b7537400f148f14eba588ed241fea34e56d465000000000000000000000000000000000c581b5070e6bb8582b7ee2cd312dfeb5aaf0b0da95cf5a22a505ffba21fc204e26a5e17311d1f47113653ff13349f57",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_27",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010cde0dbf4e18009c94ba648477624bbfb3732481d21663dd13cea914d6c54ec060557010ebe333d5e4b266e1563c631000000000000000000000000000000000fb24d3d4063fd054cd5b7288498f107114ff323226aca58d3336444fc79c010db15094ceda6eb99770c168d459f0da00000000000000000000000000000000001da65df8574a864ab454e5f2fa929405501bb73c3162a600979a1145586079361c89839cc0c5a07f1135c94bf059f9c0000000000000000000000000000000002560df402c0550662a2c4c463ad428ab6e60297fbc42a6484107e397ae016b58494d1c46ac4952027aa8c0896c50be3",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d7a539b679e5858271a6f9cf20108410eb5d5d2b1a905e09a8aa20318efbe9175450385d78389f08f836f5634f7a2f0000000000000000000000000000000000fb624e5f6c4c814b7d73eb63b70237c5de7d90d19ac81cac776d86171a8d307d3cc8c56da14f444fe8cf329ab7e63dd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_28",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000849bbc7b0226b18abbcb4c9a9e78dca2f5f75a2cbb983bd95ff3a95b427b1a01fd909ce36384c49eb88ffb8ff77bb000000000000000000000000000000000087d8d28d92305b5313ca533a6b47f454ddce1c2d0fa3574b255128ef0b145fa4158beb07e4f0d50d6b7b90ea8a8ea8a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_29",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000191084201608f706ea1f7c51dd5b593dda87b15d2c594b52829db66ce3beab6b30899d1d285bdb9590335949ceda5f050000000000000000000000000000000000d3460622c7f1d849658a20a7ae7b05e5afae1f01e871cad52ef632cc831b0529a3066f7b81248a7728d231e51fc4ad",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_30",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c06fef6639ab7dceb44dc648ca6a7d614739e40e6486ee9fc01ecc55af580d98abc026c630a95878da7b6d5701d755c0000000000000000000000000000000007c9a7f2bc7fa1f65c9e3a1e463eb4e3283e47bb5490938edb12abf6c8f5a9b56d8ce7a81a60df67db8c399a9a1df1d4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_31",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002fbf4fba68ae416b42a99f3b26916dea464d662cebce55f4545481e5ab92d3c40f3e189504b54db4c9cd51ecdd60e8d0000000000000000000000000000000008e81e094c6d4ded718ef63c5edfacb2d258f48ccfa37562950c607299bb2dca18e680a620dff8c72dedc89b4e9d4759",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_32",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014e0bd4397b90a3f96240daf835d5fb05da28a64538f4bf42d9e7925a571f831c6e663910aa37dcc265ddd7938d83045000000000000000000000000000000001695d405d4f8ba385ebf4ad25fb3f34c65977217e90d6e5ed5085b3e5b0b143194f82e6c25766d28ad6c63114ca9dcdf",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_33",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ffeab47985bd9b3e10ce27c6636bbda336dcf540cd37eccc3faec2adff2d97dd126633bd83a7d3c8c73c3623bdf0ba2000000000000000000000000000000001992eca4b1e924b360d57ca98b543ab496a8b55bd288d23f03bcc1b22f6bc76d95b12f47c3e305812097253c73b876dd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_34",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001812bcb26fa05e0ab5176e703699ab16f5ef8917a33a9626ae6ff20f2a6f4a9d5e2afe3a11f57061cbaa992e1f30477f000000000000000000000000000000000680acf0b632cb48017cb80baa93753d030aa4b49957178d8a10d1d1a27bbdc89ac6811a91868b2c181c5c0b9b6caf86",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_35",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000196ffe76a4b726fa8dd720cc1cd04c040724cb18ec10915e312eaa90d124100b08f0ce3a7fc888f46914319a3d7581f4000000000000000000000000000000000e2612357059ca6dbb64efb98ef19370560c9e83e2aad7ab2d9015e2444fe4d8c796b5577584aac9f63258beb5ae863c",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_36",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000072334ec8349fc38b99d6dea0b4259c03cd96c1438c90ef0da6321df2495892de031a53c23838ca2b260774fa09b5461000000000000000000000000000000000e4535767c2477c4f87c087540c836eeffcd0c45960841f9c3561a8a5f8e61ab98b183b11192b8e7ea1c9c7717336243",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_37",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000140fb6dcf872d0a3bff3e32a0cb4a7fb7e60ee4fb476bb120c4ce068e169d72e1c167d7fda321280d5855983d5a9af800000000000000000000000000000000108f54a4ec3ba26dd614f4d94c5c82652583906986158ad40ffea54c17703fa4b0bd7806633e1c0318d06e8dc7d41cde",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_38",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a1b50660ed9120fff1e5c4abb401e4691a09f41780ca188cea4b1c2d77002f08ce28eb1caa41ee3fe73169e3651bb7f00000000000000000000000000000000125439ac3b45c698a98063ab911364bd3c6dd2a69435d00d6edf89fc5566b33038e960a125e5e52141abb605587942fe",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_39",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000037b4e8846b423335711ac12f91e2419de772216509d6b9deb9c27fd1c1ee5851b3e032bf3bcac3dd8e93f3dce8a91b00000000000000000000000000000000113a1bf4be1103e858c3be282effafd5e2384f4d1073350f7073b0a415ecf9e7a3bfb55c951c0b2c25c6bab35454ecf0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_40",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000007c158b4e21566742f7e4e39a672bd383e27864505acef4ef8c26f8b0a9db418f9c088b555b8e9eb25acf9859b1207b40000000000000000000000000000000016e06a1ace89f992d582af0de7662ef91c0a98f574306f6f6d0d8d5e80166638d2deef70105cce2e9b20faa9d6315510",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_41",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b84f9de79c748e37797c629cb78b86b4b736b199f161b30147b5dacf6eabe0b54afce40d5dacfe9a8ee8da5ef5b49de0000000000000000000000000000000010277ad094bb9a3b96379b1366dd90125b51a21ebeb4f776a81d9d9c1f37ab58c32a884a26fa32c83783ed0eef42b820",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_42",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d740bd1effd8674250618af0358ad0b83bbc787f0264af9c2ada72fa5431be909e82155da1de0211f46fb307e9949f0000000000000000000000000000000000ddf62c91d587a14b64feef07da52c081b40fbbf9a0f2eae8b66022e0850fc94de6a467e7e4f580c7f2c806f6c6ed8cf",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_43",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000af674691f5d87655f0066188fac5013f31b4169a0181d3feb7ac3beae0d9a3429d4125f099ee344f644a2de8b941f9f00000000000000000000000000000000042a9603b8e4a6c37d59ede3a1398f5f80c5298da66de575a204ee28811d9f7c7c0dd40cef3769bd72a2156b9eb620c8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_44",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001454d4a82163a155446467164904cefd7e1e3c67ae99bf65c581a75c72716fb011e2fd030eaf3d36977fbb0ff5156e2700000000000000000000000000000000123f973ab6bd3c2e5b0512a0c77ea0ac3003fd891e1262137f9444cd07b927b564e618205ba09220320ea1aa4564e820000000000000000000000000000000001833807f1ced52399305419450355499a63411837ee61ad681559d59561db18511eb1e8ad3161e7fe30016b560d18b8f00000000000000000000000000000000198b11b31586e17964a4a4ccdee85703163d2106481833e71f26327a589bafb43578d08d87f6cb19c7a04b4ca92392bf",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001081c3359a0fadfe7850ce878182859e3dd77028772da7bcac9f6451ac6455739c22627889673db626bbea70aa3648d50000000000000000000000000000000000f4e8766f976fa49a0b05ef3f06f56d92fe6452ff05c3fac455f9c16efadf1b81a44d2921bed73511dda81d6fc7478e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_45",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f60d66fd1ed5eb04f9619d6458c522cc49f5ace111aff2b61903b112559972f80ac615591463abf2b944c4f99d4c03e000000000000000000000000000000000001a1abfa869be2cda6bd7e05454a8735e1b638db7e1b3715708539c2d14ade53069c7e68b36d3b08cff80837028b7d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_46",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015b164c854a2277658f5d08e04887d896a082c6c20895c8809ed4b349da8492d6fa0333ace6059a1f0d37e92ae9bad30000000000000000000000000000000001510d176ddba09ab60bb452188c2705ef154f449bed26abf0255897673a625637b5761355b17676748f67844a61d4e9f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_47",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006db0cc24ffec8aa11aecc43e9b76a418daac51d51f3de437090c1bcaabace19f7f8b5ceb6277d6b32b7f3b239a90c4700000000000000000000000000000000069e01f60ca7468c6b9a247c79d18cf3d88bf5d1d62c76abf9237408edeba05dea744205ac5b501920f519bb847bb711",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_48",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000fa72bf2d7d564cc4982b9f2cdca743d2ac14f0f1be4218dbafb8b93a9277e55273487a5d2857fd3f731ac4ee469a6a1000000000000000000000000000000000fce44f886453c6ca5ebde9af41d2be92d1126e9897d72978a179dd7eebeed6242b6e9718604ab0c9369529a0426a575",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_49",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e3ccaa4fa358a5a885094cbb0b8baa106fbcca66edbe31511ac2f6f3d14edbd8701979d6e4690853555c625091392b600000000000000000000000000000000175bdd42583cbbf733242510c152380525aff7649273acef1ec20569804ffba7f029ca06878dbafde84540cece1738220000000000000000000000000000000004877b97faa1d05d61ab65001110bf190d442cabcd6d4d1b9c1f0e513309aebd278f84a80354dfdef875769d00ec2c7500000000000000000000000000000000187066cccb5008bc2ffd0bcd1b227a5a0fe0cd4984316ba3cfd5113c4632a04c56cbda8d48993bd0dd50e9b7ce2b7ee9",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019ecd38afacc6b281b2515270157328e18039d51574bae0f7e0ef16c3f6da89f55ddee9e3bbb450ad51fe11edfd9f18d00000000000000000000000000000000088a5e292761bbf7a914a9f723de099035e91bd3c1fe9cd50728a4ceaa4fd3953683f30aa8e70ba0eb23919092aa9e22",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_50",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011ccd455d5e3eba94567a17bcd777559b4ff1afa66fd6f05f99c69937404290a2f1c83cfd6c2c25886ebff4934332c0e0000000000000000000000000000000010920aa3d5974df25530610ef466adce3d51fd6a508d4b1111739c586dfd7ba9040836e075fd812fe111d92f25b67f51",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_51",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000060773b9b8f3babdba3db27089b7be3e6e287a635dbae19576039d34ae18a0e6413278bfa280570f6329ae05cdb693fd00000000000000000000000000000000075fb9527f99a8c8db41e67baaf1deafffd2c134badb1b3478a26b5501b31dca858fad6f0d52f412d5631ecfa72eece4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_52",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a3ea8afdc83794f18f9a9427bcd60a355196925d38fdf74ab09d4a08279647b2da6f1fbe30948a785497d6c6dddc2a9000000000000000000000000000000001263c88f1ca3e574cafac21641432d45ee01e1b05eba95716565922abe28c7f0fb004c255afcbfa10cf7959bbe6b00d7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_53",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019258ea5023ce73343dcd201ec9be68ec1ee1cb4e5b9964309d801c2bc523343c8ebc4f8393a403c7881e5928f29db14000000000000000000000000000000001423bf52daefb432162ce2bd9ef78b256ff3b24d0a84766b87119489fd56ecf6156b2884c8a7e1220e493469723cd7f8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_54",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000081d674f5b9c7c64673c39fe33f4f3d77271e826dcb4dfd2591062e47c931237e8539ef9c886c9e112eccc50da4f63fd00000000000000000000000000000000141b700695839110ed4ced5f8a3f4fd64a8086805358ab4a5abd2705592e616cd95ff01271212ca9014dcb68d8157ba0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_55",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001908aa3a640817e31a4213156fbd4fd39ab39eb931091670a0e06399def71a689e67286f90d38ce9f97cb85f6488d9c8000000000000000000000000000000000764e46b6b82aa2f8862d28e9d543a751a9de855645377b9633cc098c2110ec6ed4fd30f0044ea5868c93f950f6cfd24",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_56",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004ad79769fd10081ebaaed9e2131de5d8738d9ef143b6d0fa6e106bd82cfd53bbc9fab08c422aa03d03896a0fb2460d0000000000000000000000000000000000bb79356c2d477dfbcb1b0e417df7cb79affbe151c1f03fa60b1372d7d82fd53b2160afdd88be1bf0e9dc99596366055",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_57",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a87e7e115ccdf3c2c1a2716491d449c3f8329e73d264088f4af444d43cf05f8be0410da273ce7eeb32969830195b7e70000000000000000000000000000000010a973d6e4bd85105bf311eb0dcfdc0a5d38dba1c099206b60f2e2df4791fd58846bf19d83769506e1561212920b4895",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_58",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000162bd29f2de10002c1c446bd9583e89751fb91703ad564e7951d41673e28d214729aa9b4b9875c397989df197c912d5f0000000000000000000000000000000004d393181871c93714afab6c33c16f68ec391fbfcad606ac65cc1d070949c099e21f710e2fe0dd4e4f50f99ea2167a7e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_59",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010c4b328d264893099d89ba81b0765d0642bf36b0ac043be090c7b4f7987d21a906228c3c208c4ec5123d577efb0771f0000000000000000000000000000000016d08ce3bf755da7d4bae5f4b06b37845c17a717329c547e941be93325a04e9a5095d3f6e6c6f9ec3b1a740f59d88919",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_60",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f798f8d5c21cbce7e9cfcbb708c3800bf5c22773ec5b44590cdbb6f720ccddf05a9f5d5e6a51f704f7c295c291df29f000000000000000000000000000000001483903fde5a968dba6924dfac3933cd39f757e2f89120f4ca9d03aaaf9e18252bdb5c5d3939471666b8a42aeb31b4ed",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_61",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000001c762175f885a8d7cb0be11866bd370c97fb50d4277ab15b5531dacd08da0145e037d82be3a46a4ee4116305b807de6000000000000000000000000000000000bb6c4065723eaf84d432c9fde8ce05f80de7fe3baed26cf9d1662939baac9320da69c7fe956acdd085f725178fe1b97",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_62",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000071dc0f985703bd8335093779de651b524c02faca5fc967766abd3f6f59176d2046d7a14d18c0b757b8c9802e44ebcd300000000000000000000000000000000154e5cb66be8979ee276e8e0f240557e3f7dc074c497293af589256652da21d66a6e6b00ca5bfa6f89963fbd5bc6cf48",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_63",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012c4dd169f55dfb5634bc4866f7cbd110648b5392ace6042b5f64aba3278f24085227521b7834864f00d01ec9998dd6800000000000000000000000000000000102d7a495850195424677853da01d70caeb6c0af5270bcfffbc2d4252c0f3680518cd8d2a0a6dbbbc7b52923a5b26562",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_64",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010c50bd0f5169ebd65ee1f9cd2341fa18dd5254b33d2f7da0c644327677fe99b5d655dd5bfdb705b50d4df9cfce33d1400000000000000000000000000000000088e47ffbbc80c69ec3c5f2abe644a483f62df3e7c17aa2ff025553d1aaf3c884a44506eff069f4c41d622df84bbafa1",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_65",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000168af33c85ae6e650375ed29b91218198edd9135683f6a1428211acdcbf16bdf86f0a95575e47ee0969587a10fa9f3c90000000000000000000000000000000012d9f5d692c870b3da951b6d07797c186a8ddc89b9f08a1c0b8f0f119f10ca0b155e8df5424cf48900ad3bf09ce6872a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_66",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b99587f721a490b503a973591b2bb76152919269d80347aeba85d2912b864a3f67b868c34aee834ecc8cd82ac1373db0000000000000000000000000000000007767bb0ca3047eee40b83bf14d444e63d98e9fc6c4121bdf04ea7148bcfaf3819b70dcebd9a941134e5c649da8f8d80",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_67",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000bc719a8397a035fc3587d32d7ef4b4cfd63d4a5619ab78301d59659208f86df9e247e5d12650acc51a3bca3827063a900000000000000000000000000000000150d5519380a65b1909b0d84da374484675d99b00b254d03e423e634a012b286e3fe074e9b0a7bb24ff52d327249a01b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_68",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008197403ab10f32d873974c937ef4c27fbdb0f505c4df8ac96504705d4851cf951fb0263335e477063884527b21edf160000000000000000000000000000000005396f1affa20ca8530b519a4d5d400969f0c8c8731ecc0944e8086388e89a7ff7c16d9a2a90780972c4762b88a0f0af",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_69",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002baea63055f72646189bdd133153dd83026f95afad5ce2cffbee3f74c8d47d5480094b2b58b0936c78aa33cd9a8f72f0000000000000000000000000000000013e600456a2d76f5a760059e0ba987b881c6bc10d6161f388d7a9d8b2031921054edfec46afbd80b1364d8e8f6a5a7a2",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_70",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ced641c930387432d512861eefbf2d6131017154f99a0d3d24da880dfd2aaae91c2d9634053fab8b85fc11a7884d30600000000000000000000000000000000122071c0e87fae5031c850dccc4777c3ec9d8463bbc4ed84364d4261bc9d38f696a4320d53eea926a75ed9fcc9789a07",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_71",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000e2c633351d627a075acd1e373bec96ba41b047f0307201f4b7c9978c1a72243d0b18113604cc421b8f66d76ec9b1360000000000000000000000000000000000844e258d602bf9aaa35ce46c4c91c80dd9337053d8ab22c1163a0571fcd1488a2ef57476e2b66dd9c26963b28284d11",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_72",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010205c6be10a5fc5390b0e5ae47a8a822c8e9a7a96f113d081cde477ec0de7bf0e8385e61780b2335e4297edb35bcc6d000000000000000000000000000000001796af180463ed70cf330791c8201ee3f0fe52993f64819291bda33017285fcc3a515669b3d48a411276c849fa021f6f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_73",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000fb047098a1996a625cd19021f81ea79895e038756878d8772aaee9b6bbb66930e474dcc04579ad58f4877b742a890900000000000000000000000000000000017da74a4caefc55794a36eda7938371f42265cc1f2d87d41883152db82873daeb59642e8e663afddd4f24536a1f52b3f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_74",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f4ca788dc52b7c8c0cb3419ab62c26db9fb434321fc6830837333c2bb53b9f31138eecccc3c33461297f99a810e24ad0000000000000000000000000000000006785d4f9cdf42264c00fdc4452883b9050eb56e2f6e46c7b8fc8d937dfe4d3ad5072d969a47c4811b36d3887256d0b9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_75",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ac0f0f62202d09cede55ca77b7344b46fd831b41015eb357cac07f0fa49c2564c2e9d5c591630226677446a9100757c000000000000000000000000000000000ca21d0128ef933fc1a48c1b4967f56912513e63a416d86ad40c0a4590b2edf88e4e8a286338b8b176d8b341ea480277",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_76",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b728d4ae4b45fae9a9e242524e95e44f175356726da50f46236f690eec17fdd5edce5df1253383378dc8f9c1fee98ae00000000000000000000000000000000131d28a5eab968c45ddc86b82f220dcdeab7c009c7c61986ee4e55045c024e1bcbe76a4e35000b5699ccec5858ba427e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_77",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000178a19966b5b0fa70c138be7f5ea51d5399c7b8dcc5171cbef82ecb1451aeccbd1ed29170a27f404ebf6daa2ec99bd69000000000000000000000000000000000b1b748494806175030f6b5e2977c58982bd6ec6662d69237f0521351653c772a40035f2504ac8949fb448a901379fd6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_78",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019195049a2d457709e284c84c72a211224efc4d7d46d25c9a537eea94149b06506df02a2a4e0a6428263e9605eaaacb500000000000000000000000000000000061139f9a70ce7cd87ed3a701163bde247382295f557b47a3a0a880d2780f015e8ac753eb3243f9ad138f92c3a2257c5",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_79",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000168f958a40e85341d90012e134976d1a5839e807948410cc0c81a50961552c052bb784c50da4c734f6aa583777c22b28000000000000000000000000000000000d26998bac6ec11bc5fcf6fe7262c984d6500cd5b21af979048b940e20054f8d759f8a011f3e09d01d10f9cf8ab150e1",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_80",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d4734ab1bbcf9e30cf142a7aa9e8cde1b3c88d92397b8d7d48c7a7402561feee58a810abf67776e1890489efe7f8ec20000000000000000000000000000000005be9e4af0c0c183c43601339f162345f7c013f5941167cd925057e91c4641e19091a20123a36f2e803142833c0bc1ef",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_81",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001400f774b2d932c6b990da6e1b3493685e8f51d429e0c53e9af1b4a2d3876781b790bca4a1bc28ce0240ea21be24a2350000000000000000000000000000000004993fcf5723b7e02095d4ba73ff3194bbe36027bc9099b57084c91c7e7d50b76331bfb06d3c678d3e401bc3f7fcc577",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_82",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000fcb0ab180a69b0a230d9dba98099fdce4969f82fc7e7ad93352a7c8dd448bb0ba9c7d62f53d5dc80506bc36190d9bc700000000000000000000000000000000047b7306f4a53c21d42993c50f2365486d02dac495f2dee4f8971a4af308396fce6c90f3cfde857bf7a2c6bf5d0d8aa7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_83",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f16cffb737dadd52b3c5be258733dc47301474b7351c8dcb8ddb4c519018be08b64efea3336f2b6cfa78e0669dccf9000000000000000000000000000000000ae10eb4f791aa31e5bd7b6c4d68b04c6744262d8f5e9469b3987b101ff5a3066794e05694a9167b7050c3944b6d84f6000000000000000000000000000000000198e12ade128447a240e03e024183c401d605cab1ed81f0f5bb7bc4c7cc9c889a2a01f59c0e37a0767a927719e5a95d000000000000000000000000000000001946e39fee9b76ce552108b339b9b24d11e43d3275ac19d2d4bc745c409bdc3f7c473a60c4d3a4d2cc3b598ae0d66880",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000050b45f896fa40099cda8b1f20ab88644915c16f926589cd709e00149b12922347fa7122175424cd44e8875f217b9ad7000000000000000000000000000000001122b7e9b1509efe5616368b14085bdd36fb7adb85cd5a7f23e327548986f5298c045a602b6ee1265d53a4432a4a3c0e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_84",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000005325a499aec678ada9eb673d366fe0475e885d5188e2fb687a96949e8f782852fba962197976b868ec083c512bfb66b000000000000000000000000000000000c4d6fcacc8d82401882bee355b37930d83e3cea2e4a7bc133e65a3e0af919b25fc3f30c333873da9406845ce42dbb87",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_85",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000685ec14da61c48bcb697966aca9e27601db43f0fb1f32e026fb33738eecfbb7012aa1ca3acf36a21fa846730245add70000000000000000000000000000000003fc52a1c3342b12271bbc178545bb20e96e8f1fde673e51f3d27ab5cb42e60aca49c6077e0f687be59b2d25cda9718e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_86",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000021796fd6ef624eed7049b8a5c50415cc86104b2367f2966eb3a9f5b7c4833b9470ef558457426f87756d526d94d8dfe000000000000000000000000000000000f492dca3f0a89102b503d7a7d5b197946348e195954d23b8ab9ab7704b3bccecaa2123b8386662f95cd4cfdbbb7a64d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_87",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ae916770455b0a63717e81802f5a7fcfbcc3e260b7adeca02a61a520c338d495eea29c4f070fd6efc1b8d23eb285e4c00000000000000000000000000000000134784e092744df573ba78f7d6f3cf1ed19491a0fc7ddfa02d3ca043bcf102fd40c33ac44b03a947308e3cc7af41c2df",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_88",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000c6b634d90c2664b9fa4ccbca35913d23696825350e21f0a6dd5e9abb17497a0a499e1b7b928a57ba8c730158f63b75d0000000000000000000000000000000009d569f05e69a38231d0f636e1ef040af059a00db4ff09bd2ad82b7e04cc041a33603c2eb9b148e3b1412bdef9740ab40000000000000000000000000000000016f41e8b098839944adc12481e5f965657a4faedd4f4cdea51a9597a6a0356989e791a686d3d2ee6232ab93683259c6b000000000000000000000000000000000d27b4a56b2cc2216e61eb41061f9a586a704652704906f7fe0eab869ba00d34205ea66f7a02d337d08b916598494e52",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012842c9d7f4309f6e40124a071d317f5597de419db0d5a8e5324a517f7b61dfdeea2fb4503ad7cdd8deb8aaa5c412554000000000000000000000000000000000ace4d9f98ee6e8a4416ef14d64f26dc49e102e69eced46ef829a352e58e8c1a7e1f083e3f4fc07f24ccd1685dedf215",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_89",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000875289fdaead079a283aafe4de7035c88662642b6bba389b17583f8e3b5801dada6e46bd897af961997665e6ed4a55700000000000000000000000000000000050a6b9c1db35865df0a042d27a042ff4b8d3bec2fba6a3a28a71c5a574620dc05cda0e70932ce9b8966e4592220c147",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_90",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019ea92820dcd442358db359146797aa82beff6154946b1ea14dccae05e8252b776b817dc044a20764e3514cd22799c0b000000000000000000000000000000000ed929fef2cb11e8b6b9b5d52bfde82080eda747f0c82f33b9cb87019476f0c128e6b918a4486172dee2884ba538ae5d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_91",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009452bd0a167683e30c673ffd4e750c66a81edf309a8d2d6dd915c358b30b0ffc001c4165b1b17bf157a0f966bfd91d00000000000000000000000000000000015df0b1ee359dd3e35a7b2c33edbb8e92b18804ae3359a369c6a529f5561298e6be9a3498c9477f33353124af7e91968",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_92",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011f1ac702a06699dd64b63ebdd8b5381578f63b603c63c3a47413fe764af239ab7024712320f3ea3daefa6bd3cd3dfe9000000000000000000000000000000000918bb83a22b4fc66247e007c17155c4c2ec6326131c10fe04a5f9b82ddeca3d21c7c397a70a3949fda4d766540c85ff",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_93",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000344951ccb5e60d1838f7793fcf8b765f5f252b69e1cfdb4bd3c20692c8ffa01afbda6950974a65f6ac74afb9da5942e0000000000000000000000000000000014f5f0e6b99a04d1c5c2adf96c53dd41f8c01aab8db4f0e6d7fc5eab27f6c03c429632db4e1c21467c09d8a54066a4d3",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_94",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a449fb0da911c544887b24860bc5fcaaf054041cc80f16bbb44c796520bee454d0d06f84fd5aa179a44fd4fac9f144a000000000000000000000000000000000fca81401349089caaef9156a86c64271c77235c9efd136dcfad9894450b076cb3dd1a05bfa1e62ef904435eee5d2250",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_95",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c427721953e139d4f12ad2a3f8f91a4caa49875a87001b619c8a6e909a7da8ddd9dd026bf56d5f85d49fd17527106a800000000000000000000000000000000018add2816914ef51a289e707ba0224fcf0b7bcfa4001487e90dbdce53f1b596e1f5872de32fcee6f63bce4484ccbef7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_96",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000150b75e9e9c03ada40b607f3d648bd6c40269aba3a1a992986dc005c9fde80bb1605266add0819641a0ca702d67bceed00000000000000000000000000000000083b43df032654f2dce90c8049ae4872a39f9cd860f08512930f43898e0f1e5625a5620818788797f3ca68134bc27d220000000000000000000000000000000012dae9aee13ed6ad52fe664bf7d2d0a1f134f0951d0d7ce5184e223bde164f6860967f9aaaa44fa6654d77d026c52d2a000000000000000000000000000000000f71889d64ec2f7da7319994883eb8bd1c753e6cdd3495036b630c35f07118a1bc10568c411ecbdf468a9cdaa9b4811b",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000275b8efb3a3e43e2a24d0cda238154520f0a2b265f168bfc502b9cd4a07b930756961ae7e4fe3f01a5473d36ce3356200000000000000000000000000000000113403d5a968f01ba127dd8ef6c8d7b783a10d039a6b69c617032eba7122e9297f3ce2360c829ae64fdc9794695bf173",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_97",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000594c808954bb930bd038806500c9e3fd6460a83554e945baeeec2354a3805f046c76aea62c249080f16ae8e70f8fa6b00000000000000000000000000000000046924a32fb3f2df9a52615e45eeea2fa3ac0e2ccd38458194ada6b4d993ecdc0f441e41d0ea37599254a06aef68b9ae",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_98",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000002c8bc5f39b2c9fea01372429e92a9c945fad152da67174f4e478fdead734d50f6e2da867c235f1f2f11bdfee67d2a7000000000000000000000000000000000c1dd27aad9f5d48c4824da3071daedf0c7a0e2a0b0ed39c50c9d25e61334a9c96765e049542ccaa00e0eccb316eec08",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_add_99",
+    "Gas": 600,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1Mul.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1Mul.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e166a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1Mul.json
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_(0*g1=inf)",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_(x*inf=inf)",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_(1*g1=g1)",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001098f178f84fc753a76bb63709e9be91eec3ff5f7f3a5f4836f34fe8a1a6d6c5578d8fd820573cef3a01e2bfef3eaf3a000000000000000000000000000000000ea923110b733b531006075f796cc9368f2477fe26020f465468efbb380ce1f8eebaf5c770f31d320f9bd378dc758436",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_(17*g1)",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000012196c5a43d69224d8713389285f26b98f86ee910ab3dd668e413738282003cc5b7357af9a7af54bb713d62255e80f560000000000000000000000000000000006ba8102bfbeea4416b710c73e8cce3032c31c6269c44906f8ac4f7874ce99fb17559992486528963884ce429a992feeb3c940fe79b6966489b527955de7599194a9ac69a6ff58b8d99e7b1084f0464e",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f1f230329be03ac700ba718bc43c8ee59a4b2d1e20c7de95b22df14e7867eae4658ed2f2dfed4f775d4dcedb4235cf00000000000000000000000000000000012924104fdb82fb074cfc868bdd22012694b5bae2c0141851a5d6a97d8bc6f22ecb2f6ddec18cba6483f2e73faa5b942",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_0",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000117dbe419018f67844f6a5e1b78a1e597283ad7b8ee7ac5e58846f5a5fd68d0da99ce235a91db3ec1cf340fe6b7afcdb0000000000000000000000000000000013316f23de032d25e912ae8dc9b54c8dba1be7cecdbb9d2228d7e8f652011d46be79089dd0a6080a73c82256ce5e4ed24d0e25bf3f6fc9f4da25d21fdc71773f1947b7a8a775b8177f7eca990b05b71d",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000195592b927f3f1783a0c7b5117702cb09fa4f95bb2d35aa2a70fe89ba84aa4f385bdb2bfd4e1aaffbb0bfa002ac0e51b000000000000000000000000000000000607f070f4ae567633d019a63d0411a07d767bd7b6fe258c3ba1e720279e94c31f23166b806eabdb830bb632b003ca8b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_1",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008ab7b556c672db7883ec47efa6d98bb08cec7902ebb421aac1c31506b177ac444ffa2d9b400a6f1cbdc6240c607ee110000000000000000000000000000000016b7fa9adf4addc2192271ce7ad3c8d8f902d061c43b7d2e8e26922009b777855bffabe7ed1a09155819eabfa87f276f973f40c12c92b703d7b7848ef8b4466d40823aad3943a312b57432b91ff68be1",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014f9bc24d65e3a2d046dbae935781596fb277359ba785808fd9ff7fd135ba8c1ddc27d97a16cc844427afbf4f8fc75a60000000000000000000000000000000017e3a485f84e2f2bdcf3255fe939945abe60dca5e0ae55eae9675dcc8d73e06d00b440a27ab4dc21c37f0bd492d70cf4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_2",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000015ff9a232d9b5a8020a85d5fe08a1dcfb73ece434258fe0e2fddf10ddef0906c42dcb5f5d62fc97f934ba900f17beb330000000000000000000000000000000009cfe4ee2241d9413c616462d7bac035a6766aeaab69c81e094d75b840df45d7e0dfac0265608b93efefb9a8728b98e44c51f97bcdda93904ae26991b471e9ea942e2b5b8ed26055da11c58bc7b5002a",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000827517654873d535010e589eaf22f646cf7626144ca04738286de1f1d345342d5ae0eab9cd37ced9a3db90e569301720000000000000000000000000000000002a474c2443d71b0231d2b2b874a6aeac0452dd75da88e6f27949edafc7d094cb1577a79f4e643db42edcaecc17d66da",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_3",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017a17b82e3bfadf3250210d8ef572c02c3610d65ab4d7366e0b748768a28ee6a1b51f77ed686a64f087f36f641e7dca900000000000000000000000000000000077ea73d233ccea51dc4d5acecf6d9332bf17ae51598f4b394a5f62fb387e9c9aa1d6823b64a074f5873422ca57545d38964d5867927bc3e35a0b4c457482373969bff5edff8a781d65573e07fd87b89",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d7e5794c88c549970383454d98f9b7cebb7fdf8545256f1a5e42a61aa1d61193f02075dc6314b650da14f3776da6ead0000000000000000000000000000000002054faff236d38d2307aa6cbbc696d50f5b3ffead1be2df97a05ebbcbc9e02eaf153f311a1e141eb95d411c0ec6e981",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_4",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000c1243478f4fbdc21ea9b241655947a28accd058d0cdb4f9f0576d32f09dddaf0850464550ff07cab5927b3e4c863ce90000000000000000000000000000000015fb54db10ffac0b6cd374eb7168a8cb3df0a7d5f872d8e98c1f623deb66df5dd08ff4c3658f2905ec8bd02598bd4f90787c38b944eadbd03fd3187f450571740f6cd00e5b2e560165846eb800e5c944",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ff16ff83b45eae09d858f8fe443c3f0e0b7418a87ac27bb00f7eea343d20a4a7f5c0fcc56da9b792fe12bd38d0d43c600000000000000000000000000000000042a815a4a5dca00bd1791889491c882a21f0fe0a53809d83740407455cf9c980c5547961f9ebe61871a4896dace7fbd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_5",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000328f09584b6d6c98a709fc22e184123994613aca95a28ac53df8523b92273eb6f4e2d9b2a7dcebb474604d54a210719000000000000000000000000000000001220ebde579911fe2e707446aaad8d3789fae96ae2e23670a4fd856ed82daaab704779eb4224027c1ed9460f39951a1baaee7ae2a237e8e53560c79e7baa9adf9c00a0ea4d6f514e7a6832eb15cef1e1",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009e425f5bdc7df5c2a72303918e5a3c7d2fdeeb071179c533f83cdcf38dbbdb1ec5f4ebc85f3ed80757641ee3f8a8637000000000000000000000000000000000819a3e81e9ac2baacdc778225129e16344107517157ab2a7bc5e3480938585c55fd2dd7185f52251f5ab191f162cf5d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_6",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002ebfa98aa92c32a29ebe17fcb1819ba82e686abd9371fcee8ea793b4c72b6464085044f818f1f5902396df0122830cb00000000000000000000000000000000001184715b8432ed190b459113977289a890f68f6085ea111466af15103c9c02467da33e01d6bff87fd57db6ccba442adac6ed3ef45c1d7d3028f0f89e5458797996d3294b95bebe049b76c7d0db317c",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015e6bea7ecf15d91bde67231f794397502c087960fab36d905137ce2608172b5a5def065cf7ee567ca7fb08a22adecf80000000000000000000000000000000001eed472d6138fbc56e10edb62563c086fdeb9acf6de957f2367db7f1c80d2c23197c09039ed55e65cb56de9fb9be64d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_7",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000009d6424e002439998e91cd509f85751ad25e574830c564e7568347d19e3f38add0cab067c0b4b0801785a78bcbeaf246000000000000000000000000000000000ef6d7db03ee654503b46ff0dbc3297536a422e963bda9871a8da8f4eeb98dedebd6071c4880b4636198f4c2375dc795bb30985756c3ca075114c92f231575d6befafe4084517f1166a47376867bd108",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000220a71ad70fcf7e47df60381fbd1aba33c03a3f8537ba2029ad8e99b63c8677e0183f0b5bb2a5e1b23bc56693adb45c0000000000000000000000000000000017f26ac6ffc79ded7c08e08673336402f47ab48ef9ee2e46e3265e5cbb790cfc86f41bd1b578c5891eb052d11197c850",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_8",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002d1cdb93191d1f9f0308c2c55d0208a071f5520faca7c52ab0311dbc9ba563bd33b5dd6baa77bf45ac2c3269e945f4800000000000000000000000000000000072a52106e6d7b92c594c4dacd20ef5fab7141e45c231457cd7e71463b2254ee6e72689e516fa6a8f29f2a173ce0a190fb730105809f64ea522983d6bbb62f7e2e8cbf702685e9be10e2ef71f8187672",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006b27724c4898b4f71be9727b773709a7905997d06a41ee618b7dcf864d7457bb3241046f0139c1d678b6ba6226f090f000000000000000000000000000000000b20cabf58f9c29897e20e91a9b482f5f867bef45ce0941cb8850aaa2022182298a1a24655a4b905f436520cc42a30cd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_9",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000641642f6801d39a09a536f506056f72a619c50d043673d6d39aa4af11d8e3ded38b9c3bbc970dbc1bd55d68f94b50d0000000000000000000000000000000009ab050de356a24aea90007c6b319614ba2f2ed67223b972767117769e3c8e31ee4056494628fb2892d3d37afb6ac943b6a9408625b0ca8fcbfb21d34eec2d8e24e9a30d2d3b32d7a37d110b13afbfea",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004745f9877b3a0851df5bb770a54c69d5355cdadddc9d961e2bfdb3d0531d3d0f780f462335289be29ad4c62cb1250a00000000000000000000000000000000011034a094f59212c29e3f91c48df670e7a4021e4586645d250ee74a90f4b7b51510a5048dba3b555511c327ed211f81f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_10",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000fd4893addbd58fb1bf30b8e62bef068da386edbab9541d198e8719b2de5beb9223d87387af82e8b55bd521ff3e47e2d000000000000000000000000000000000f3a923b76473d5b5a53501790cb02597bb778bdacb3805a9002b152d22241ad131d0f0d6a260739cbab2c2fe602870e3b77283d0a7bb9e17a27e66851792fdd605cc0a339028b8985390fd024374c76",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000841c1538c1a3b54418c1c5557a5815c9ed74f6e1c8ed70e1ad424220dc522c530e2e48affe6cb3190abb25af84b91a300000000000000000000000000000000167490a2aa6c8796736cbd364a4d18007ecfee403bde5dc13c611a214610e85af314ddddbf05ea129e027e0ae8d89b36",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_11",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002cb4b24c8aa799fd7cb1e4ab1aab1372113200343d8526ea7bc64dfaf926baf5d90756a40e35617854a2079cd07fba40000000000000000000000000000000003327ca22bd64ebd673cc6d5b02b2a8804d5353c9d251637c4273ad08d581cc0d58da9bea27c37a0b3f4961dbafd276bdd994eae929aee7428fdda2e44f8cb12b10b91c83b22abc8bbb561310b62257c",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ea1f952d65dbb9a40209aa89e367d9d75e1b4c3a70a609efda5fbe7f5c5483163671da425545d3f1afb817c6d8c59a0000000000000000000000000000000000cd537dc11cc63dd15c8ff74d15961390eaee59b2d5697b18c1ea6d534d71551f5e195e8a0793140d821dde97dc77623",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_12",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000024ad70f2b2105ca37112858e84c6f5e3ffd4a8b064522faae1ecba38fabd52a6274cb46b00075deb87472f11f2e67d90000000000000000000000000000000010a502c8b2a68aa30d2cb719273550b9a3c283c35b2e18a01b0b765344ffaaa5cb30a1e3e6ecd3a53ab67658a57876817010b134989c8368c7f831f9dd9f9a890e2c1435681107414f2e8637153bbf6a",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004c92b7cf9199f47008dd561e624c822a067c57fdea9d016f79e6c7956dda9df0e36b4e78715f3da1319af9f4f1fb160000000000000000000000000000000000d2851d68617567ad5308f69dc5dbbf37603c2ba48cb3759b70fc4301fdce3bdc9fca076e2ae09562396c1b8558ccdcc",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_13",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000704cc57c8e0944326ddc7c747d9e7347a7f6918977132eea269f161461eb64066f773352f293a3ac458dc3ccd5026a000000000000000000000000000000001099d3c2bb2d082f2fdcbed013f7ac69e8624f4fcf6dfab3ee9dcf7fbbdb8c49ee79de40e887c0b6828d2496e3a6f76894c68bc8d91ac8c489ee87dbfc4b94c93c8bbd5fc04c27db8b02303f3a659054",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006ed98add25d64f7488ed270e0899ee3633c84b73de26557c552017e7cda4cba1228c15e87efb5a740284dddb8cc80de000000000000000000000000000000000b363e14b0285fbd24eaacfe80b992d8df1abfe83991cc55b0484076385374bc87d9c7860177f06143c600503ac54577",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_14",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000130535a29392c77f045ac90e47f2e7b3cffff94494fe605aad345b41043f6663ada8e2e7ecd3d06f3b8854ef92212f42000000000000000000000000000000001699a3cc1f10cd2ed0dc68eb916b4402e4f12bf4746893bf70e26e209e605ea89e3d53e7ac52bd07713d3c8fc671931db3682accc3939283b870357cf83683350baf73aa0d3d68bda82a0f6ae7e51746",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000164671460621354cd352d93ca7de51828b3e6db0a37d2894a0ac475a5facdbc3ca5909d3bd7553271dadaa68b7474e2c00000000000000000000000000000000188827c6e2f4e9796c71703ba53ba2ded71bd6e8280e047fb6ea440b8dcafa7c4252d26bee1780ac67790e0d603c8ca7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_15",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001830f52d9bff64a623c6f5259e2cd2c2a08ea17a8797aaf83174ea1e8c3bd3955c2af1d39bfa474815bfe60714b7cd80000000000000000000000000000000000874389c02d4cf1c61bc54c4c24def11dfbe7880bc998a95e70063009451ee8226fec4b278aade3a7cea55659459f1d507f80a5e502f63375d672379584e11e41d58d2ed58f3e5c3f67d9ea1138493cf",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000023b2129ac67abc79966102ba223b982d40ca83e9b1ce33dff681c751b3f0c692f8bf19fa0394eae190767899829d1d10000000000000000000000000000000015449c6b5ee2c9f8b28e9732c9ebf6ffee5048263f7b5050a5ac9a76b034931a5c034f91d24b461636f5b116e37a26a5",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_16",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000043c4ff154778330b4d5457b7811b551dbbf9701b402230411c527282fb5d2ba12cb445709718d5999e79fdd74c0a67000000000000000000000000000000000013a80ede40df002b72f6b33b1f0e3862d505efbe0721dce495d18920d542c98cdd2daf5164dbd1a2fee917ba943debebb169138f94093d5c1c6b253cc001ce8baf78858dae053173fa812d2d1c800da",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004edac7b03b5861d178bb4aa34e795c776fd95e7c0980f19d111ef208ca4854f73a3ddc219bb6bca173dec67b0e863a00000000000000000000000000000000004dbff672368f86e048c3e33cbe90aba570484b4ca2221f7f6adaa1738c369f4c02c0a10118e84ea8e53cfbaa10fa48b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_17",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000009f9a78a70b9973c43182ba54bb6e363c6984d5f7920c1d347c5ff82e6093e73f4fb5e3cd985c9ddf9af936b16200e880000000000000000000000000000000008d7489c2d78f17b2b9b1d535f21588d8761b8fb323b08fa9af8a60f39b26e98af76aa883522f21e083c8a14c2e7edb6e40608bdaf3e7764358a64a920cbb33ab4d571c7b3092e1ae11d9697f82ed833",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000169d637c52c31e4c62c9563a508869f7bb5adc7defedb5f4ba9f3eabe517fa8c0be2e44d656e50903dcab67a6a44984d00000000000000000000000000000000192b39d5cddac36940d896a738e25c25217768e1d0ca712968718b8fd9ad492bae63063b3cb168368c3df196306b6a1e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_18",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010fcfe8af8403a52400bf79e1bd0058f66b9cab583afe554aa1d82a3e794fffad5f0e19d385263b2dd9ef69d1154f10a000000000000000000000000000000000aba6a0b58b49f7c6c2802afd2a5ed1320bf062c7b93135f3c0ed7a1d7b1ee27b2b986cde732a60fa585ca6ab7cc154bd411519f2a33b07f65e7d721950e0f0d5161c71a402810e46817627a17c56c0f",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001608c3bfb131eae485545b7d19b8f42de18dcea6a0db3279eac2b7c008fbead54046bf13dd63835abe9c63110e12526c000000000000000000000000000000000abb41b2f17cfcc2292c5bf559b38af3b25db40121c6a5627997f65765eee1743c204f1161abe3f71ac1fe4de6aec1d7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_19",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013c5ebfb853f0c8741f12057b6b845c4cdbf72aecbeafc8f5b5978f186eead8685f2f3f125e536c465ade1a00f212b0900000000000000000000000000000000082543b58a13354d0cce5dc3fb1d91d1de6d5927290b2ff51e4e48f40cdf2d490730843b53a92865140153888d73d4af6bb3f9e512311699f110a5e6ae57e0a7d2caaa8f94e41ca71e4af069a93d08cc",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016e3125ae97a2b1184e2c6dfe5d9459ac567c686e65674f3b0513df6de5e80d1efbff3c254e509eec3f951b0835b5829000000000000000000000000000000001889481258d3e898ed4e4a43e74c0eda5ba26c0b7525973ca86b896969240ac5928ba58bc86ec17a47f2469d023682dc",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_20",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000053a12f6a1cb64272c34e042b7922fabe879275b837ba3b116adfe1eb2a6dc1c1fa6df40c779a7cdb8ed8689b8bc5ba800000000000000000000000000000000097ec91c728ae2d290489909bbee1a30048a7fa90bcfd96fe1d9297545867cbfee0939f20f1791329460a4fe1ac719292a0c988d97e86dccaeb8bd4e27f9e30fad5d5742202cdde17d800642db633c52",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017d8c0aa81ca6a1e4de8d0b8b3a13b1d6350f79ee8439da97a5d564d435f4d40bde99138b67284beffbb176daee92352000000000000000000000000000000000a04e0bee6b9681db56604a6dd5e41c072e84f8ee9cb4054410eb610472b96c09802a1d70e325c40c7ab7e248eb2e3e4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_21",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001354dd8a230fde7c983dcf06fa9ac075b3ab8f56cdd9f15bf870afce2ae6e7c65ba91a1df6255b6f640bb51d7fed302500000000000000000000000000000000130f139ca118869de846d1d938521647b7d27a95b127bbc53578c7b66d88d541adb525e7028a147bf332607bd760deac0b299c14892e0519b0accfa17e1a758c8aae54794fb61549f1396395c967e1b1",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000089ae9fc5cdba1a24ca87fe4f1207d1a36c494d842eed330069f988d3bc8554af1deee3a5c59b5e74729097acc1185fb00000000000000000000000000000000002fd95001da3011b48067d351ec8667c2b2390b23fa0948896725292311dbae71b51d6d5d57e173970bc992d11fdd11",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_22",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003f76a6dc6da31a399b93f4431bfabb3e48d86745eaa4b24d6337305006e3c7fc7bfcc85c85e2f3514cd389fec4e70580000000000000000000000000000000010e4280374c532ed0df44ac0bac82572f839afcfb8b696eea617d5bd1261288dfa90a7190200687d470992fb4827ff327064d43d6802ad4c3794705065f870263fef19b81604839c9dea8648388094e9",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000548e7564e09c2bad9859dd63dd1045878c9b257015558b18cf5911d1763325e411c1fb8af52e8766fa7adae83eea12700000000000000000000000000000000111235351d136905fd19fa726eb6626085875c33c98067a01fde9688a5b2c289cb8e3f5d6a85d0829200a355c82f423e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_23",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000009439f061c7d5fada6e5431c77fd093222285c98449951f6a6c4c8f225b316144875bc764be5ca51c7895773a9f1a640000000000000000000000000000000000ebdef273e2288c784c061bef6a45cd49b0306ac1e9faab263c6ff73dea4627189c8f10a823253d86a8752769cc4f8f2686285a0e22f177fe3adbfc435e9c1786752dcf3c11b723539789b0cdeb0647b",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000165504769c7ab0d28b39f38f3bd09cd47c63b74c57d39935d1c03e262f9da0e8b0b9264b0d8e2908423fe5c74288c208000000000000000000000000000000001680df1d577bbbb66ffa10258bca54b74cd90a7b3f3d50472e70e18ef54b7a4412e9eb93e39b9b312e3e8e00a52e4067",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_24",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001478ee0ffebf22708a6ab88855081daba5ee2f279b5a2ee5f5f8aec8f97649c8d5634fec3f8b28ad60981e6f29a091b10000000000000000000000000000000011efaeec0b1a4057b1e0053263afe40158790229c5bfb08062c90a252f59eca36085ab35e4cbc70483d29880c5c2f8c23176b6724cf984632daf95c869d56838ab2baef94be3a4bd15df2dd8e49a90a6",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000087a52e8eadd5461e202a640024fa17e201a9f0a2984be3fecfdeef86abed72d059e8879d0be8789f2a6db0d2cf55d3400000000000000000000000000000000196fe307db05207661a5a5f8f7fb24d8fea18ef91941ea7febbc18819f49f73aef9dd1bdf4fd605e031dc04f16fa92e3",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_25",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000150d43c64cb1dbb7b981f455e90b740918e2d63453ca17d8eeecb68e662d2581f8aa1aea5b095cd8fc2a941d6e2728390000000000000000000000000000000006dc2ccb10213d3f6c3f10856888cb2bf6f1c7fcb2a17d6e63596c29281682cafd4c72696ecd6af3cce31c440144ebd1d76db3dcb659eaf6c086be6b414a494dea4bd30aef8450ae639f473148c05b36",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000301caf675cd5359bcc274b6141bb6ac53ab6a86a38ad4f8c3233cc9c1a77723eb0de4a2014e556185947dc1ef6624e3000000000000000000000000000000000136d286e623637f12c8b86cd9fad2bed8479ace5189e064a4e12e6e641447dfb0399757026126ad2d169c05011f5031",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_26",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f46bb86e827aa9c0c570d93f4d7d6986668c0099e4853927571199e1ce9e756d9db951f5b0325acafb2bf6e8fec2a1b0000000000000000000000000000000006d38cc6cc1a950a18e92e16287f201af4c014aba1a17929dd407d0440924ce5f08fad8fe0c50f7f733b285bf282acfc9915646de2449b3cb78d142b6018f3da7a16769722ec2c7185aedafe2699a8bc",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004ce73cde58c9af5d1f76e100849b0ba3d3cc6491e76b39cf4d7b681fed0686396440f6a721f73b31fb14b4c7624c176000000000000000000000000000000000e26b15c1051d7b049e82476a30545cfa4bf0a2075681d7028797c528712c7fba7a59145c9dd9ca9f5e9b1ac8a68b126",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_27",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010cde0dbf4e18009c94ba648477624bbfb3732481d21663dd13cea914d6c54ec060557010ebe333d5e4b266e1563c631000000000000000000000000000000000fb24d3d4063fd054cd5b7288498f107114ff323226aca58d3336444fc79c010db15094ceda6eb99770c168d459f0da05061073223f066e35242772385c67aaefb3f7ea7df244d73369db1ea0b208792",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000028a89c904f63eb8e68096bd2001458a4b9b32556c93fab5e52ab26ed73d62f0489d6bf1906a62c8148d50d30222a65f0000000000000000000000000000000007e54f21e2ac6d5287289ed9e2a15d457b5dac22ef36c19cb28a6cf9a0d11c981bf6549ddaf7ddc0a59b3d3a4698d975",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_28",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008c0a4c543b7506e9718658902982b4ab7926cd90d4986eceb17b149d8f5122334903300ad419b90c2cb56dc6d2fe976000000000000000000000000000000000824e1631f054b666893784b1e7edb44b9a53596f718a6e5ba606dc1020cb6e269e9edf828de1768df0dd8ab8440e053f396ee22209271ea0bda10fb5e2584e7536e8bb1d00a0dd7b852b0aa653cd86c",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008c39ee7c8d86a56ad1a9dbe005b4f0d44849d6fea6bbeb0732de725ad561befd49d465a134bd1a63a39eadbb6e0bce1000000000000000000000000000000000d5c892c92817fa24afb0a0fb319ad21e309edfb6300397a215e34eb3aadf91cb41b4ab1c5273bfea6eaf33982c75eba",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_29",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000159d94fb0cf6f4e3e26bdeb536d1ee9c511a29d32944da43420e86c3b5818e0f482a7a8af72880d4825a50fee6bc8cd8000000000000000000000000000000000c2ffe6be05eccd9170b6c181966bb8c1c3ed10e763613112238cabb41370e2a5bb5fef967f4f8f2af944dbef09d265ef0d3d4cf46265fc0f69e093181f8b02114e492485696c671b648450c4fcd97aa",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ba1650840e24c0f99ddd10a6c3341661e5c96b2e95cb6bda3340e7a0167c906e2f0ccbac6f0be2d7dbb3f9370a5ec960000000000000000000000000000000011638a3d9a81c0fe2ebb547808db758c7cfa8648b4835fb8c4931fd622da3a001fbce9a21d61f98f35b1e907913ffd25",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_30",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000019c822a4d44ac22f6fbaef356c37ceff93c1d6933e8c8f3b55784cfe62e5705930be48607c3f7a4a2ca146945cad6242000000000000000000000000000000000353d6521a17474856ad69582ce225f27d60f5a8319bea8cefded2c3f6b862d76fe633c77ed8ccdf99d2b10430253fc8915b717562844d59623bc582f1a95fc678cf0d39af32560c6c06e3a74023c89c",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000eccc25cfd8c5a58b330a74b92af0c2b932772eacfe898ff3d391fad5dfba52a3940e8edfc9bef5c4de670207c8585100000000000000000000000000000000095ae48a94c92c332915b0c07511bb0d54c316ff3a0dd2509a18a21320b506bbefa76a459260efdf4c045404f02e114d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_31",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6000000000000000000000000000000000d4441801d287ba8de0e2fb6b77f766dbff07b4027098ce463cab80e01eb31d9f5dbd7ac935703d68c7032fa5128ff17d5c1c9fa11c36b86430cbb1f3ec10ebbe3787d0f5641d6d7fb96c810eda202dd",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017a7f3b439a98885994a6832b6394b0ec9968f665b5810da58e3ece3d8e8694c482a15d3129732b43d4b7008660f19c000000000000000000000000000000000195299086d3b9448b26fe830522d520d132ed59744e677e6eb114ba7d7045019a0d0386cf817701ca3afad2a0487a689",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_32",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003299542a0c40efbb55d169a92ad11b4d6d7a6ed949cb0d6477803fbedcf74e4bd74de854c4c8b7f200c85c8129292540000000000000000000000000000000013a3d49e58274c2b4a534b95b7071b6d2f42b17b887bf128627c0f8894c19d3d69c1a419373ca4bd1bb6d4efc78e1d3fc00eb20fe7c292f3ad820a074d8b3d8d24506612752d8677c2d6ca24f556cc45",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000063c123a3cdb92469e7e57a18eaf3e7cab1d85d64cbcb52499d2e611e6ba71c717b0ebaf4cc9208b18c925a5ec167b78000000000000000000000000000000000fa5e78ae10ed8a4dee9440bfc7637d903404749681f85bcb62444d921c4fd809a646ffe3bb7c70dc906d07c62381415",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_33",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000121b540a0465b39f2f093112c20a9822fc82497105778937c9d5cdcfe039d62998d47d4f41c76482c31f39a79352beda0000000000000000000000000000000014a461f829e0a76ba89f42eb57dffb4f5544df2008163bd0ea1af824f7ff910b27418a0e4f86cb8046dc1f3139cab9aff661d7b30fb11bef70e15b257d7073885468a380862202b2d705a84827644b5b",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000192b1497c71eb894a7509bbdaf308428e4d5899edb15f9e6e45a88340f55e1b76ee0901a830b66114deccda63a913a6b0000000000000000000000000000000017d58bd474a61ca0ceb23ec392dc08abe5697b8394fd60440cf787f15cddab36aa99c2ec2341bcc06dc1771b5f0fa139",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_34",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001383bc4d6c748d5c76ab4ba04f8fcd4c0fed9a49ea080c548893440819833ad72a8249f77391d5fbff78329eb319d3830000000000000000000000000000000016404bd07b6c6480af2d23301940e61817ee2e61fc625c100b31e1b324c369a583b61048dd57ab97b80b1fe6cd64c5c3346ce87c847376c8967cc18297e6007dcfacb6424e1d273930f38bb0e88fc5ca",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015f72ad769cbaa2bbce0aecef9559b825ba4ec17ec5be2d9f0dbc7184383eb3e201de5163e71f1e71655acd5ee1fb30000000000000000000000000000000000194d27d9045b9760e66b578af24b282d9aeb28eb51206d2e18dc04bcb6df90553a846736afd92b23aa004f8de90bbf9f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_35",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000006bc68c6510c15a5d7bc6eebce04f7c5fce3bb02f9f89ea14ab0dfb43645b6346af7e25a8e044e842b7a3d06fe9b1a0300000000000000000000000000000000053ee41f6a51c49b069f12de32e3e6b0b355cd2c3ba87a149c7de86136a5d9c5b7b59f2d1237964e548d1b62ec36c8db39a142c443a666499a880aa1cb9f523411bbc8e5554de099ab485b6c2c2e57cc",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000146f12001844bb0ec185e773175634f2e56bfa7190caa851ad16443b629b375ce3967b0c936d30dac2f126343722ce5e00000000000000000000000000000000080e8e90ed0d259ad803269711e511577769f7886b425f9b7857dc90ab36438cbd7435f6eecf2328f5fb6eb56f370163",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_36",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000024ca57c2dc2a7deec3082f2f2110b6788c57a8cdc43515044d275fe7d6f20540055bde823b7b091134fb811d23468ce0000000000000000000000000000000009cd91a281b96a881b20946fda164a987243c052378fcd8fee3926b75576dfa1d29a0aaca4b653da4e61da82577218082c01b7795c2d16b5bbbb1e107be36cc91b25130888956b0cdd344de9b4659447",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001344d2c2bc5ef45dc69597e948ed6021d84f7bf2c36119869a3f84288f3bdd6fc3a0de2b9e2564a930c2207c1ee36a0e000000000000000000000000000000000dc4d15ae09642ffa17d77510fb1ad4bf9e06084e9d352f4e234ea35f33458df4f23a209e29da42c41fb9a3cec3e8242",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_37",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000084f2ed8573d5d04e41909d5c8ed3feb88f572726fc86d17d466276342f01503f7c8552498f8a7e96c875c4928b808f2000000000000000000000000000000000b618ca81b6ee891690099459634e011b5f59fb5c96488b0205139a65c77f15af135b3528a5ca3b794e7b2991d2434d6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_38",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000012662b26f03fc8179f090f29894e86155cff4ec2def43393e054f417bbf375edd79f5032a5333ab4eba4418306ed0153000000000000000000000000000000000f26fdf1af1b8ad442ef4494627c815ca01ae84510944788b87f4aa2c8600ed310b9579318bc617a689b916bb7731dcbd4d77f6246c57d398c57848db8d3f986c475a41a23d424cd3cc2b362c1b99f2a",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014733ee8425f42a30010366e4585cbbbdde6ed602a639bd299e63c113db3d797fa01075e24a042a060a043c9e1fa79f40000000000000000000000000000000013b44e1932681d238c52e959e1e3daa7a2e1ac67252ebea0cae90e8249f85b61812b9e09203d38d96f4916837b3693c8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_39",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ba15476a1346fbe9be2720721b592ce7c111b95f0b8738495e6c28487e12fcad60006314dfe68789e60f4df2db14eec000000000000000000000000000000000b44b9a9f695c94ad206717daa3128b672924d0db83ae0d47b62b3c79428f6fe151a65a39ae411e18b128d6796b67bbc",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_40",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000181dc6fd3668d036a37d60b214d68f1a6ffe1949ec6b22f923e69fb373b9c70e8bcc5cdace068024c631c27f28d994e5000000000000000000000000000000000b02ca2b0e6e0989ea917719b89caf1aa84b959e45b6238813bf02f40db95fbb3bf43d3017c3f9c57eab1be617f18032fa64411438542922a7bac10806efaa633d31d37c0b223314a8b6221155b9c425",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000070dfc697f7068180a7a792604d7b8453dbd393c993be9829a263ad5864c3575d3fb235692ab12a4dfa4221bc6e0c6d600000000000000000000000000000000123a9d9b83e2ca7c95de9602116b1e14d48175073e1fe766458e3fd4b6676f120adfcc5c497febe2f7ff68b1e3508e3c",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_41",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001329a75975b714c861064d743092866d61c4467e0c0316b78142e6db7e74538a376a09487cb09ee89583d547c187229000000000000000000000000000000000096713619bf088bd9e12752cab83e9cdd58296ada8d338c86a749f00ba014087a3836ce10adaaf2e815f431235bff4f0e7002f41c6acab677a0ad023bad2a61b11c1b7221d944018b5ce60bb61e87e96",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000dcad6e29cda2332dff09377460c7a2b9d908ee53ab13f648cd892bf68a44ffcc8cd5d501f8b068f506b506d01d3f4430000000000000000000000000000000003aa625a60932474ca3f914a3e0aa8384533723f824b12c686a64863a734d96ba13670c8b355b52b0c01b49fbffb6149",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_42",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001195502bc48c44b37e3f8f4e6f40295c1156f58dbc00b04b3018d237b574a20512599d18af01c50192db37cb8eb2c8a90000000000000000000000000000000002b03f02b45aa15b39e030c4b88c89a285dff5c4bbfe16f643f3f87d91db774f8ab7019285fda0b236ff7eec16496e5ec26e55f09b787c0542878e4d720027d9ea465f829a4e0164cf618c5d9cde49bc",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000023909bac6048bff0373d27a06dbbb8aba8ddbada93f4fea65c983598307f3c3a8cbe163462484ebb88165c6b6da41590000000000000000000000000000000002162d8a498670158c23daebb724168b5379d9124b064de871674a3ecd15e6b546366287563928a1e279fb1eb2ea0ba4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_43",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000d7e1651f3e172dcca8774a7a0d58ab47178d3e759933289e1d3eb0da414160ff9e890a608bf8ccdf2820c4aea6e11cb00000000000000000000000000000000185e8671e2ddb8e36380e39fe4eafefbac9769935603c28caac7d3f7f0f3e8ad14e925024b55aeb67d68b219875c9d79bba67cc47e38a129ab1140fbcf0386ddba2feefc919aacdce6059a27a1e2efca",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f79050036c4bb6c6b8e91abb300dc49a75b32faaaeb258661c905b4d936f4096d59de89b911de294603a0e3443fada5000000000000000000000000000000000985105497cd87d5ae2698479da55f6be9bc2cf5a2093b651d7305b67e36343debaf19c266ccb55c23f3de55bdae23a6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_44",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001454d4a82163a155446467164904cefd7e1e3c67ae99bf65c581a75c72716fb011e2fd030eaf3d36977fbb0ff5156e2700000000000000000000000000000000123f973ab6bd3c2e5b0512a0c77ea0ac3003fd891e1262137f9444cd07b927b564e618205ba09220320ea1aa4564e820705fb566367d9fc142c4194b0525c16672b843aac1160f9056ebb115e80d377a",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017901e77745a98c09d6740597c40f27df841cca6dd95653a1da6d8eb1c57d5ebffa6a7b894369b6b419c61462697080b0000000000000000000000000000000001732540a1bfa4a1a851106209ce4807d7c0a33816d3742ad5e2729229f3403940e03b93121b79bb94c24f7e60539ece",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_45",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000178e6828261ee6855b38234ed15c27551bb1648ac6ec9a9e70744643cd1f134b2309dd0c34b1e59ddfe3f831ab814c90000000000000000000000000000000002ec930fb58c898ede931384c5a5f9edd2f5c70b8c3794edb83a12f23be5400949f95e81c96c666c1a72dffb50b81158f7bfd990cc4dac62a0d730f56b4eb1c1ad77ca9cd58b089c23c2f6efa00b7fa4",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f990d646495fff77d090f4a69b8af0e1762982b53ef8ae9bb955ad8b894942b85c7726587c9fd956ad58eb9e3ca25630000000000000000000000000000000007b7315e1f93cfba8076cf539aae01fd3bbe1cf92daa168a6fd6a2e7c969d35c51fe7eba04f1e0dd3e2020635f2c4f09",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_46",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001ea88d0f329135df49893406b4f9aee0abfd74b62e7eb5576d3ddb329fc4b1649b7c228ec39c6577a069c0811c952f100000000000000000000000000000000033f481fc62ab0a249561d180da39ff641a540c9c109cde41946a0e85d18c9d60b41dbcdec370c5c9f22a9ee9de00ccd807c5a41ae2baa1e10ebee15363d1d4569f731d77a418998108f5dfae0e90556",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000de9d7e58919ba6386f32af53ccf36cb0b834855ac8dcc19af3c3c9522c3db2985e51ba36067b61181cb0fe8b47d853a0000000000000000000000000000000010ff0800ed1b4067f8c920462f7abd7361dac2371716f7b8648d64a71cc7d53265db6d80b26b9efddd572a2273ab1b17",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_47",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008d8c4a16fb9d8800cce987c0eadbb6b3b005c213d44ecb5adeed713bae79d606041406df26169c35df63cf972c94be10000000000000000000000000000000011bc8afe71676e6730702a46ef817060249cd06cd82e6981085012ff6d013aa4470ba3a2c71e13ef653e1e223d1ccfe9a7e300bcb3c740fd1f693d4c8915c4c46dcb627f6de6e4847f123623cd23bac7",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011a11cc098144fe9bd42ec8845be76b6cae4b3001a79f4bbbf9f20e8ac8bca5b37ef8006c958318c3894aac7d6bf77e8000000000000000000000000000000000d5c1e6b78c40a356a35bfabfd66a81924d2eae6d428b5caacf8f3992ab980640e857e756e649ca83f5aa4bda7cd00b7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_48",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000120ddc1cd9e3a7b298673b1036d162c31dbb35d6e83b39b2564b3be16e446a836c96907e8a6af1e677e906bf5ed73159000000000000000000000000000000000fa57c1436615442bbb049d08ac46e501c07736cd239298752bb94d1904bd38cc687759987cadd99bd3c4d45ba07193ab473df5e282565a0783d23e65e283a103ebbddb5c884183cceb62fc32d0e9602",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002e72f4568780fb41858edc3f5796f7936a30ee9ddc7b5034d9341614d301c7906238bfde3bcb77f063fe652a43b88270000000000000000000000000000000006f971f4a8ac554df7ae7ecdfab724410f1948af994d760c5f5977961f891ba4f4e76b27c3f0e5a1471ad017e91a9af7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_49",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e3ccaa4fa358a5a885094cbb0b8baa106fbcca66edbe31511ac2f6f3d14edbd8701979d6e4690853555c625091392b600000000000000000000000000000000175bdd42583cbbf733242510c152380525aff7649273acef1ec20569804ffba7f029ca06878dbafde84540cece173822a048ef7cf5d1f6f625ee3aba091147c389ebebc5b8f3d285e16ef4e8afe5c013",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014b9ef8878af80f824748389d608bc9d0ffbca96230ed590d8e351586607a614f2658e348ac172f3184c1e5fde50f550000000000000000000000000000000000630f0556407c140d0a05b10ea65de48e4866e040455ebcd54fb6ed6996a6a3ac7a94a6818ba424936fa505c2c364124",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_50",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001bc359baeac07a93aca770174ea6444aac9f04affdaa77c8a47b30c60ee2b527c061a4344139264e541d4134f42bfd0000000000000000000000000000000000cbf7a31e6fef4f4664bca4bc87ec7c0b12ced7224300aa4e1a6a7cbdedfcef07482b5d20fa607e3f03fdd6dd03fd10ca9b63c6bf36997118d58600c1e429c105a379b9e8b0de934ab9f433a4fa63dc8",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000e66c8be115a941ef7adf4490faea39149a3d812c29d4afb36febe3f813c7390a715f838dda90cd73556f89abf3949120000000000000000000000000000000015d85c185cb86af3ca1c526ffa6e9459a9c699c5a4d57278f33b14691e980e0f86b9239e626fc4064890cb610f10e496",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_51",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000006b06ae8cb0981bf5167ad51e19d132db77548c4376697f855c8397b835743c42771096ed7b0a4b18af9494e42ee89aa0000000000000000000000000000000005aa892b0a056ff61706430f1daa3f0263dc01337eadabd8a7fd58152affd9aaa329e8c11ea98692134d9718cb4119bff228da17f49667c113d2bc2a2c8a338f80be68496f5145b4be21a5786ca6d46b",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009db6ac72cdcf1f69c6593bc183aaa2b3980ff78a4417e23243f81243987ec6f2636641c9e9c738c7af2a1e9f94149d0000000000000000000000000000000000ca7537c04c06607e42403e84e7d9e55b2a06c730ec342f16d03689bb684918e85f637e7a6279d95cb7774f106139d0f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_52",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000015dc9f87213e4781863ad43f6bbccd547967d9bcf6a35d95d530cbfbf0d7307981aee5bc4ccd41254841651717393a0300000000000000000000000000000000166ce33c0482b5957c6e746c16908ba579d6402b230bc977d3ff29ac2a4a800748d9c14608f2519e2ac4d1fe4daf29b29431e18a462fba704216b516e819fb3392e315b0c92a7411a329cdafeb511244",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000620b092ea8cb718ae9669da4ff2faf639fb5e657b7759fdf292e6d841b51545afbabf95a98601847f64fc7367f872ff000000000000000000000000000000000a14bfc0e328310d62f116652b1de3a18282b122e0e3965619a099466986a546b73696274e12bd395224018a48b3d80d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_53",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000171fbc9cec717964c4324aa0d7dcf56a59b947c24a9092157f4f8c78ae43b8e4222fd1e8acdbf5989d0d17ea10f6046300000000000000000000000000000000148b5454f9b9868aefd2accc3318ddabfe618c5026e8c04f8a6bce76cd88e350bebcd779f2021fe7ceda3e8b4d438a0b2051041bd2f12f6e6e29924139770fe209b7bbdbcd6c0bcabbf5021a7dff2d83",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a633928be3f3bb4c94cf4d8d7a8169779f8bd4bad31ede895937e8e8b0ddea956d255776141541ef5791aa3a0bc6d360000000000000000000000000000000003dc3b703753a7b8ccf7676b04cac8021aa311233a99e8d5290655d2f84555dedff62f9f81322307b538c3f3458f6313",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_54",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000018724e2b9a2f383329207ee85577805f35d5c5bb9f6903e3c962e57ab7eb9d1639d1e9adbde53499863b299f576325a00000000000000000000000000000000016d2c22eabd4a06a5ae67b890a25fbede7d0e96c625b80329b19be6aa861f44b6e85778130d0bdf69f2abd491ee9751ab96df57a600dc3b5aabff5b1034886d24f6fcf035bcacaaec738deb2cfb8f852",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014911a8b41cb65cb7ccb940a472cfa58861f1a506a4f719888eb35d48ed9774ea0a0dc3ba38760253bedb4a1acd0963a00000000000000000000000000000000031388c90440f22cc63a1e9450256e5cfcf2f7448641ac66b43d542c4b77e9c590b957efdb1c6d75846b3faccf033276",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_55",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010fcf5e5e478ac6442b218ce261878d8f61b405c0b9549512e23ead1f26a2240771993f8c039fbce4008a1707aeaaf25000000000000000000000000000000000f1afe9b199362f51cc84edb1d3cf2faf8e5bc0a734a646851ab83e213f73a3734114f255b611ec18db75694dcb0df9178176412b07eb7f423f23ffeaa0ee642590e0b7016bc063f3fffa93e1e35484c",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001968070c01f0aeeb42ab71730f5b78ec122c10ca9dac1764ff5e916fc85a5eb5ed406c03263c57858fb03b15ac0035550000000000000000000000000000000012ecfee330e1cc8006c73e9d41ac1947b67f8704d12faf8c0c05c2519dca68be7bdf88a58eb4825b35a1d270554d6ce9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_56",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f75bc9feb74110697c9f353686910c6246e587dd71d744aab99917f1aea7165b41deb333e6bd14843f28b2232f799830000000000000000000000000000000019275491a51599736722295659dd5589f4e3f558e3d45137a66b4c8066c7514ae66ec35c862cd00bce809db528040c049c4b5627d84e153f3a4ecc14ddd6baaf1d62253a0f88d3af51be18d991976da0",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001469e7ab4c3740701927da2b0e34508a73387aea671857b042dabbc65cb849f8c8ed0b7f8c8e37f80aeee98ba953f4e4000000000000000000000000000000000674212f9f8e1419608ccf1a0447533fbd6fda87a35cb9fb39c8a7daf5d12f450c12bfac9e9f872b2643b1f8f201439a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_57",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009c756aec59a68832728b1133a69f0794f6a082e2f0f161e488078bec7420a0da19e812def625df9b12aa36d94d8a38600000000000000000000000000000000014aa28b18771ca07b7627446eb60d53bf4837541da661a0e5cadcfeaf58f5a650a39ac304f48e45d9b714cead9ba5d2",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_58",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000d35ffa284655a94c3050213f4f14e927c162818bbfd0480bad2e07000dd3081274056715c96408f243589d83365c9f20000000000000000000000000000000001450bddfa14033ed8cdb94386715013ed9b2c4f9d65944e9d32c0b3545a085113e173e5afcfccb78878414a464d3184fbfb7606b64eef0460b8f33a0be54451fb655ce0b81db89eb7862f392450354f",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000153548fb1d7f1721c7fbdfeb167e1c060a90aab8f7b6572f4a2707de91b03a7b5e68f792a18d940167ae83d1380d6653000000000000000000000000000000000113bb747eab3987cd195e9eb755735698993332d517890f4e3285bf7274f8579ffcf84908a4758f0bb932021f2c76d6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_59",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000344cafaca754db423544657de1b77025164ccc702f8d45697fb73602302a3cb4511c38f0a76a37415d683398f35556500000000000000000000000000000000120935947070451885bf0c328bd83def193831ab9353844a01130074f16a1ff4d20df8459b5ad6a57d5f1959d37aae928a29fcc442d0c2446697e94dc47181dca7a314f9073c06aba6dc55aa79978d7d",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014ca98181489c96227f8052a77730ab446615cb7b2b00a600cdd7defe8b3ee1cd53a6d98892ffccda5fd4916e0cf5886000000000000000000000000000000001567c3207cbd42c0445ea96b464dbd9099b85f5df1932d152436c936623d92fdeb009e69919368134501fa9363a0b1c4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_60",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008797f704442e133d3b77a5f0020aa304d36ce326ea75ca47e041e4d8a721754e0579ce82b96a69142cb7185998d18ce00000000000000000000000000000000144f438d86d1d808d528ea60c5d343b427124af6e43d4d9652368ddc508daab32fd9c9425cba44fba72e3449e366b170d5b468797b4af1978983faebe59a28f34956dacf5b7f65d25548bcedb518f45a",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000139d093364c313d400603dba5a79479d566245a397f88aae748e110e09e7ab6dd271b8c37a90b86f6b48490ec1d0d8f3000000000000000000000000000000001099d4cb400f2d786dd2dd5d162580d2113c8405f51e8a619a6894d86a7f7ceb237289808acffa274069c24ee27c860c",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_61",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000707c711f77bb425cddc71ecf96a18b6eb0bed7f012c4f6cc9431003f2e1ac17f7c1f68c4965a4fcc273a3db93451d000000000000000000000000000000001211464c91c7e78b00fe156da874407e4eeb7f422dbd698effb9a83357bf226d3f189f2db541eb17db3ed555084e91ecdbc6afcdd409e5d50d7b655580f1144de77f3efe5d6268032eccab7deaaad997",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001247d4d3b1625ffccd350a9fc9759295637e91d9167d9bc72bbc1b60b1abb71dc29595b49ee1edc778f5219416bcd0cf000000000000000000000000000000000dfc69cdd0e4e126208b76a4e5fb8d032ae93031dde7da9bb1358507d4480881576c5d7cb7f0b3fa3032c0151650f2da",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_62",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000004b3c0e8b240b79c55f02833c2c20fa158e35c941e9e8e48247b96cb1d4923641b97e766637a3ced9fbef275ca9bd1ea000000000000000000000000000000000b4e7355aea3488234552d3dddfa2d1ad3164056407770e6c54f764193c9dc044cb7f2b157a1c4153b2045867d6f99c5807347519f114e78f99617f6b147ca833bff7be962c9b1e1f32b5babe6067d7a",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000150849c60273de83f9ce2016238c273359ecf486adeacc4450e1d1a6cb79fc0d0fb38974489375d5763da8a5f4e743e00000000000000000000000000000000157ec6c2dd68dc5fb3cef4e935fedb74e1f0e856f1d75890bf995a08ed6b53b52e2e0d412ae190365b139101e7fe040f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_63",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001465358836eb5c6e173e425f675aa231f9c62e9b122584078f2ab9af7440a4ce4ac2cd21ce35a0017b01e4913b40f73d00000000000000000000000000000000170e2da3bca3d0a8659e31df4d8a3a73e681c22beb21577bea6bbc3de1cabff8a1db28b51fdd46ba906767b69db2f679830630695c8dabe9aded1b5365bf93770aab7e9ef4140a2bbde2f0a7b109724d",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000024b59fbec5240fbdf3fb4e565bbec20f26edbc2a1bf7ecaaeb5278ed9fe13d1e360fa298e2d3f9b2880b00aff827f620000000000000000000000000000000013ca56975d9fd667bab347ed67fb96a433d57836ca4069976e12459152e1369154bd095a15980880e21fd02b1d7e3156",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_64",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000ab6e2a649ed97be4574603b3b4a210f0748d8cddf132079e0543ec776ceb63902e48598b7698cf79fd5130cebaf0250000000000000000000000000000000000d55b3115d2bfcd1b93c631a71b2356c887b32452aae53ffd01a719121d58834be1e0fa4f22a01bbde0d40f55ad38f2c184ef5eceadfd77b3a4092696ec34d0551c88e434567638623740b7d5f9e3616",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000aaff66eca5ddce81533afa27e2db1c25a2c6f0dc1dd7c2236d4c89cb9d2539e109cd1362dbfee86397156c3703d44e60000000000000000000000000000000013598d8ef4470998aec290e941576f5e94d696f7f0be40e3131b516a1679c5b0eba74dc9ae00ecb8f115e4613a50f3bb",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_65",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001654e99ebd103ed5709ae412a6df1751add90d4d56025667a4640c1d51435e7cad5464ff2c8b08cca56e34517b05acf10000000000000000000000000000000004d8353f55fdfb2407e80e881a5e57672fbcf7712dcec4cb583dbd93cf3f1052511fdee20f338a387690da7d69f4f6f7a80d9efab033e920061cee8f8d7ea6023cc05f08340642613628b39e7b7fd0af",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000163cf5475fae000c38e59754cd29f1290ab2d6550552e9186555d1ce2960b7dca5834e0347699d2869b8c9bc42f6f717000000000000000000000000000000000b21bd3bfe50e0536135a910359527f80c130a08029c24f990c82f02727def21973a20a2021c95aaa3a7c8a980b44f33",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_66",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001bb1e11a1ccc0b70ce46114caca7ac1aba2a607fea8c6a0e01785e17559b271a0e8b5afbfa8705ecb77420473e81c510000000000000000000000000000000018f2289ba50f703f87f0516d517e2f6309fe0dc7aca87cc534554c0e57c4bdc5cde0ca896033b7f3d96995d5cbd563d245111c860f6f5725f99b225c53b9fe1a70150e7ce922bfe214900aaa2790d145",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000bc3667c38602e7e1c018cc62933c013a9e78c375b50ba06f0c3d34fead5ec8a9658702a0856625a712520ac99afde230000000000000000000000000000000015c6b5487a52b41ae1a4634c8675f7b847aa5d319ee9eec0c92fc06d8e92e1cacc90ee394f8c90ce3e2c00307f53dec6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_67",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000012ecb4c2f259efb4416025e236108eff7862e54f796605cc7eb12f3e5275c80ef42aadd2acfbf84d5206f6884d8e3eab000000000000000000000000000000001554412fc407e6b6cf3cbcc0c240524d1a0bf9c1335926715ac1c5a5a79ecdf2fdd97c3d828881b3d2f8c0104c85531fc07041840216d60ff445cf53b273a46016c8ecefefb53550f8bafc79966f863a",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001358e1724cb3ec4028a63e4252eff164defaa41b21042037ea9a1e06bc1a0a1e838afc1965ee665de3da0163d22682420000000000000000000000000000000019828e11831e3e4216d843ed3446345edb357b2082b7947fe71932dfd894543928ddddd8649d32b4f1349f63f60bf095",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_68",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000010dac3e5885cc55f3e53b3fdd5d28b2d78ceeea2b669757a187de0ce3f28b586e451b119cdb7dc8b97d603f2bb700e2000000000000000000000000000000000712a9656fa95abf8c8c5d0d18a599c4cae3a0ae4bda12c0759ea60fe9f3b698d3c357edebb9f461d95762b1a24e787929b031b82dc8c9f4ea9524793b54207d4e13a548d73297f2aa6241aff57abfd0",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000130e09c096ce8ba86ae71a817426d929c7f9f8bfe00e76668b0041e935d1531d6f58e5eb743df3cf86fe88bdfda8c8a300000000000000000000000000000000187b25d8216fa3851bb6fbace998bf3f23dea80dd6e1cd94bb6a72d335702694804c6ef3d350519c5e781f941bb72f92",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_69",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001889ef0e20d5ddbeeb4380b97ed7d4be97ef0def051d232598b2459a72845d97fa5c1264802ab18d76b15d8fbd25e55900000000000000000000000000000000135519fb1c21b215b1f982009db41b30d7af69a3fada207e0c915d01c8b1a22df3bf0dc0ad10020c3e4b88a41609e12a63d26ae92119c7b06d83d7e2922e06559b1740eae315c6623d3e543c9bf54258",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011e61e5158d9a7c59a5007732a76e27d14602e15159e8f62bd13be8b44c96736af5a77495c3da55c8244af6e60eb4f2c0000000000000000000000000000000008deda8447009898c89c6766e8add105892992585724d520c38d0d4f8c833f88d8c331e11b291b6def6847bfa9629d2b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_70",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008726a32d489a5ea1c1b314dc4d400d995d0eb8b49d47e65a6ac8fd0e6ec0cda1c637ee314c0c5d1ad72cd3588ebf925000000000000000000000000000000001849697df83d625fc5cdd722c76faf542a42506fc3479d8127eee7af57611c7d6f33a7f9dba5d3c420fab33ec19305f57a02c61a7a75342ee7f0745886c0ea2a73c21500aef8078d21d20b7216c2990e",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001182f2e45f06a729f82442ddb372f2eb8dbfccf12edd8df0764072c9f14cbe001893d932e89b948a643981ea8aa4fa41000000000000000000000000000000000910335dbdbef74b844a6f3b879d14c23c711ff2362213636ddab7eb1a44cd4b687659f8dd521c134b56bc4eed0ec5bc",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_71",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001688c63e325569855bc2e51d668cef112b2479efa33519fe7f45eab89e275e2c4652cf8c2814f179935ccf1d24d8bd0f0000000000000000000000000000000011ebf7d4984237ac0173807f31be64575e7cccb36ce94e666e8149b9c292ebdb68d30ed4ba68f8e00982ee7780b2567381b0c87102055dc2901826875d5e85a794befd93fccca2b9c0a1f70ef5610d83",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019576d68ce66218d4c9e2e6fa9985451eea46ce60b11a74cf5ea9dbb9d0e8741d11436dfd77b0a8b490f4882cc5b416b00000000000000000000000000000000088ba5153e91738f7524034a2609848652a7e416fc68537ab2c16b6699f69695c62e5724dfda2f3b4f90277f5005bfa7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_72",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000bb6f731b345bb1319b9acab09c186449a51dad8b6526251bc58e958cfd933137067e6f778b019f131cc7b23e08a0706000000000000000000000000000000001979a4f3e444c5950d0e2d71f97e99578b3058a6e414dfca313b898c4e02787e6eed89a2d1b05f31cff4af1e12bbedc3ebf66fce49c6beb12737fe05e3adc0a51ecfa9144ccf6253088dd1a7a483de07",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000005720fd4bff4da704edb7e317e3d41f1d1f45e3c1f22c1b98ee0b6875af414f6f58793e8ffd5c89bcec2af711973ca1600000000000000000000000000000000051441e34eed472766186a44b2028d86eebadd597cb7e3fa4f935d30aa043f11fb18670b31f0a3b8aa23bc8f05361064",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_73",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000078cca0bfd6957f9aff9731b45fdbdbeca6691f6fe6bf0b7847859c77478037e14864b202b235953ac7da231367324c200000000000000000000000000000000096ddc8631aff282d14d1878ef6bc537159abe9dda5732d0b2fe3668e184049cc19e05fec4666a0df204182edb9b0b8a0305523dc79dc4b905e65587fbd095ed57aa42403d2df5dd489db8f50c99e9b6",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000141a0eb238edd1cdb670737d94f658fef728691620f9c6d98e34ed8bd166b38ae6912b5bd90ea21b091766ad27d689480000000000000000000000000000000002d0e7d2584586ab2f08cbd419df3defab53a287ca467b6b081e474711a23608831c1507bac4f328750731b99a06c6da",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_74",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b3a1dfe2d1b62538ed49648cb2a8a1d66bdc4f7a492eee59942ab810a306876a7d49e5ac4c6bb1613866c158ded993e000000000000000000000000000000001300956110f47ca8e2aacb30c948dfd046bf33f69bf54007d76373c5a66019454da45e3cf14ce2b9d53a50c9b4366aa3ac23d04ee3acc757aae6795532ce4c9f34534e506a4d843a26b052a040c79659",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001227b7021e9d3dc8bcbf5b346fc503f7f8576965769c5e22bb70056eef03c84b8c80290ae9ce20345770290c55549bce00000000000000000000000000000000188ddbbfb4ad2d34a8d3dc0ec92b70b63caa73ad7dea0cc9740bac2309b4bb11107912bd086379746e9a9bcd26d4db58",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_75",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000007c00b3e7e50a860e99cdc92235f45a555c343304a067a71b6aaade016ef99bc50e3b2c5e3335d4bdacb816d3c765630000000000000000000000000000000000f8a45100cd8afcbb7c05c2d62bfedbf250d68d0fde0a1593cd2ed2f5f4278e1baa9e24625c263764e4347ed78cce6c88586d7ad8fc3e4fb42981a4415224c0d976ebe1c342e9bc1cd66d35168bae33d",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000187cb196679b6baf78a7908c37d7f31a9fcefa90b7cf165d0748a358e6dd86fc5c2d91ff1c4429a563b5962b821cbb01000000000000000000000000000000000d94711dc6efed34385579532f59964ab18b9debeac96044f3eec14cb36965f380d21d39c246e972aa2d5891ce417e9f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_76",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001517dd04b165c50d2b1ef2f470c821c080f604fe1a23f2fa5481f3a63e0f56e05c89c7403d4067a5f6e59d4a338d0b5c0000000000000000000000000000000007b6b1d032aadd51052f228d7e062e336bacda83bbce657678b5f9634174f0c3c4d0374e83b520a192783a8a5f3fb2116e7db0fbd2a7327c85054b4c0de9727dc0b051058f8bb4ecb1dcc7f825781712",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001405c27eb28f58e7f66988a300df376f3536723e2ba5934d843ae629669485015c90a8da60ef5c00c63c0b08a00203a70000000000000000000000000000000000a62dc83ce27987849070a6022ab6a06186e2527f39ae94d5a23d2e4d234a465d50e03b0d7d175ed7f53ced0c3bbc8f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_77",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000475e66c9e4e434c4872b8537e0ab930165b39f41e04b208d74d3033e1d69dfb4b134ae3a9dc46347d30a6805508c0420000000000000000000000000000000019e585e1d9adf34a98a7cd38de35aa243d7853c19bc21747213c11240d5fa41ff3b21ae033dd664aaac8fa45354a470a85cc8d88273d4aa822f44a447cc22f5a58c420bcfe757a459772825619669a72",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000142fa228919f71f75df073927d03d9204b36a5177b4ab7bc995b59ff312034f7ff916635e27abbe775379aafc24a35c30000000000000000000000000000000014429fb137cf912995ca785902877e6675105b252a64282412798f883063824fc31cd79b356ea4e4822363b948ec27d1",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_78",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002291ff240598e2c129ea12292e4a2fc86e03da9bd9fbbb8bddd6f25797003a4688ba2ed3bafd8dfcf0ddd44c3288c1e000000000000000000000000000000000d7541c9c54a95f3789ca7637348378f8956fd451c3266c8f1a34906bf1cf8e7499fcf8ad1f1a73dafcf71b86833ff3b5b6e462d809f8bf1a62f276dcb27e42d9aa0ce33fc4e149e87181aca70a4ccc6",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cf0aa7969ec44cc21bc8cca97fc8a581aecb63054c4fa3b7b69d28e0e2e901fa51c42a629145d9126e63aefe7978c8b00000000000000000000000000000000199d565f26b9c6496a4115eefc75f1066480f498a50314b396685a3ade8e50ab03c7f56316be2bcc02dff8b11ad5e4d9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_79",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000018d31bd5a7e94ceb18d803969a2001c6eb3bfbcf82c27e88ca60d4c46807d12f116ca71c67d27270c2332205a4ea11bb0000000000000000000000000000000010b6db11d4fc3a2b449b8fd189d2e4ed4591bf4258d7b92b3eb152048cb3a3eecb87782691e9b954377fd1f34b38cb0d535b53ab5f1c596eb966f57867e021d0f3b099e17bf384479c959794b17d6a4b",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000bf4256ce2a2a976e35a9eb266d11dc53d043f6fcafb47eee06e120457ea56decab47ef22b251c6cce17df9a7d91e3300000000000000000000000000000000152c438e11fe1d661eea7c631e04e02eb9204ebe52cbceca1ab6a9b4c889a1ebdda01d7505df29fe2204ef5787749a63",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_80",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000190f4dc14439eccc46d46c5c9b15eeba0bbf2dbca11af4183408afdb15c7bfa26f107cf5fda0c1e0236aab95728eac2e000000000000000000000000000000000c47feeb1a1d2891d986b1660810859c1bba427d43a69b4e5ddeaf77116418138bfc2b7b4aa4c0cc6df10bd116721d506e0512ecbc5a1b02ab19bc9bee4d3d9c721278e07b7a6e389c4d6443232a4035",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000007754a49dcdde1354412d3fe2e108675fde8a1df069c86be54c4bec46338a0952aeed50842c2486ac652202c26a1861c00000000000000000000000000000000023fe3f5e6786e339002e14ac5c9fdaac3c012526b33da9ed314cdb145f9279a71e306f5d51243a0f0dcdf59bc5d55ed",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_81",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000021203675e0ae188ec782160e21492a6ee39fa97d922c1ef9bbfd79b82b3fad54fab11ba633fb8f02cf92249d85d9d8000000000000000000000000000000000062783335b87300c97b38e03e5b1318d15a499b29a473c187f930bf34bc1214b4d822725678cbde978c7b5ae6d4bad51a79fd15e80b694122dddb01f836460b3eff99e61ea6309d6b395c94fb5a43dff",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000141464b4326b0353aa99674bbd98853b926aa580c1e03673297bcbe9094eb1d795331d16d883e0583ed0551f064d7a0f0000000000000000000000000000000002dbbfb86c4d313bdbc8ebd266c190e38645016aca22261665dc850b0d7db8b240aacebec8af097724e5291ff43e6f90",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_82",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e4979375cd880e26d00461de629bac880c12e24ede4a7c702f151c34a728a69a021e37b6a1af520a5f47d3a33f8c8a80000000000000000000000000000000013b5317e3ff7540048b19ceebd47c15538d7eb3bf402823b9c348c464afb1000ce0f7ea4c1cb668af5c8cbf77e6a9251bd012914a96253926fdaabec06944ffcdb4637a05e3e78a9bcf1b21b68b9dd9b",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000118ab56a65ca63becc8aea3f11b370c705f32418d51fb1b1ab64bdb8f0125de2a760cf21e7ffd4d99e9d7cde1368791c00000000000000000000000000000000047674c8f3627527dbb41f51fa52c0fe3a921d07466cb2b5484e4c8094556cae247347a0a1a98499510d1ce5067480ac",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_83",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f16cffb737dadd52b3c5be258733dc47301474b7351c8dcb8ddb4c519018be08b64efea3336f2b6cfa78e0669dccf9000000000000000000000000000000000ae10eb4f791aa31e5bd7b6c4d68b04c6744262d8f5e9469b3987b101ff5a3066794e05694a9167b7050c3944b6d84f6a300c7e1041d94df0e0201e1135fa6eafc98bd33b2dfbe4c59b546a52538c07d",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000d76cf9fa103355e6f5cd4baa3420e694f252249aa6171569b70cb43c906eae9b60bb79b41af8dc714bd917638bf538000000000000000000000000000000000b9272015e64f292d7b76867714a55d7223bb026f354b20109e81122fa13fd0426bb3aec705b477e7b9560c5a99c9d60",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_84",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000062168f0bfd29c44074430158708a1e3b6808bae633ce9506b32eb9124db1a0668d83f2076adffb568ccf289a61685420000000000000000000000000000000016aead8bd8c4d5ddc444e15bc83e8f14d377d5e8d756a0255f1387506b9a9add69592241dbd9cab95474d55ac473886233e9cdb10fc117afb17803b61a2bca7de1d190a325639eb23743f51f28294b33",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000007c87e6d92bd41b7fa6a6ca890bf0b58304875a79af7959d9226a5be2f4ac2b4531fd09712eb6299c23d7c1c5ba3997f00000000000000000000000000000000164fb86eafac39e06c2403e315bff96faecc57474bfc964736b1850696ecfedbaa0795e537b8f541159d479ac5b52560",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_85",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000c60b948942652a8214d8776b77a6c559ca77eb3a537b0a9abadc3058eac8c1d7840f091acd6c0056d5a71468a2b1ceb0000000000000000000000000000000019049c394e547b9b714b5969adcf068b381def6af2b27d1d361d06e9576273a8febb5bf94b5061ccec7afdb5642c0ae8c48b98edd9c229037751d02e58f3d4234d9a3b0ad9ae4947ae14beebb274746f",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000fb01ce0567f09dc44fd473009d2467c8c16da5ea7b39a1f1dba7b3656cadd6bdf2bf68f96a43252d92e428c1d2785490000000000000000000000000000000008b4fa645f3c56459a17c912c82ca36165e730807282cabeadd9c6c4a12c8a592cbac265021ef62c60eb60df3ff61061",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_86",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013fe38343072af8ef1d8247c3d46b4fd190086ceddfeb767787031368da6a6a6ae849cfc26a24ead499338e37fa337e30000000000000000000000000000000009f7d7b21882455e9f1f24ea120f3eb69f739c1320c37eb2b17e0a271cb03ac6e2b0c55d3518548a005f28b5748b7f594228758d2cf8105f2ef11d83018157a3119a44874dc34d5f0bddb533f50df52c",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b9c328c8a18113e1d1f783432c857015eaefa724fa2c441d5ef76b158ee6fe0cd1775b0c6db7600754cbf25fea528fe0000000000000000000000000000000019d30c3557af1da2ca169e70625732d9a4396b51f3b4988a9aba1be62538fd51c167c83e921f4876224d361afc90eaf8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_87",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000018c6df81d810deaac0b143edf79956c92af7941f7b279db345f838bd583177912fc2eb367616ae165e261014a4d7b1b900000000000000000000000000000000146696840e8e988d0eab90ea935dd8b5f1272bbb81eb524e523c57d34ad7c5f0f3b721566f51dac4774826b84cc1c82fa417c96f0cf4355a78513c77cdc676a7b09125802c8045756da867e0025a36f1",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000041054430741e889d4cd8e7efa41547eb624bd775fd9fb64cf9e3dc2c6df27c95ffb8d76933ac4fa1952a5820ff88512000000000000000000000000000000000e8a28f5c622482b296a43ddb607e0f25635664fa849f3d6840ed7118892106a787bc07806dfd83935754d2057f2eff8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_88",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000c6b634d90c2664b9fa4ccbca35913d23696825350e21f0a6dd5e9abb17497a0a499e1b7b928a57ba8c730158f63b75d0000000000000000000000000000000009d569f05e69a38231d0f636e1ef040af059a00db4ff09bd2ad82b7e04cc041a33603c2eb9b148e3b1412bdef9740ab446561328b7689b0a89014823537cf9eeaca6ea5c56a3e58d2abfc2ee455dfccb",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000da2286b44e7e90e19d51c3c41bef375c54688b07afffbd7c528589dbf7f012e1fd248b9067a3faae9f1c6b626a5c90b000000000000000000000000000000000bfa0a482b0fc445f7b99c52a48116383bb70d5f2ebec5b7715796fbd0da744d0467584bfc1c8a42ace833d57c167a24",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_89",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000018129b2f00be24717c906d215beaaa136758aa1730bd0bbe9c0de9b3cbb3c0ea47911817fa322b907cc6fc720cabde05000000000000000000000000000000000e8b0f968ccb230517ef8980be559f410a2c4035a1101e6796d4f7a5ee5c93a19c111d38930bd5bca69405fc35fea7c2cf6c3fcd4b9e6b72853934b306a078b1f2fb17879db4a0a93d484abbc2b746cf",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000148a7e9b0b4fde322f1177ced0bba34abec4a3e500afb86f9ae0a71bd75004e9c631d4cb26798bf963f7aa367f74630c00000000000000000000000000000000097f4c0893f9beadd66e4cfc6976dd277e527b1e31443e07554dacca52390066a4b37a7f0824cbaf51d3a555d696881b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_90",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001667fdc9b89d12fb0704fdec910cab1b51ac04219ef6e50f996688b2ceb26dca0e9e8594c5b81fca2e8fc2c8d8fa9a4700000000000000000000000000000000193118d1f237c68a8a0961fb220c0fd6a08853908a039dd57f8ed334063e5316bf83e8c3c3f44420734abbd7ddda31a6f6787b565e8d71be6fdb0c97c4659389c800a2047f668b366214adc716f402d5",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003e1d921b5e0280f7370d55967e716bdacb7521547e22190e89862dbfcce02dfe7fa7927a70e7bc33448b9321de3d8ae000000000000000000000000000000001163f78de4af8494666c64d47d68a0feb0905c42ddfa024398401202d1fe0d6672bd1bd4222a8d106668ba4617683485",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_91",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000217a4c563d730ef545e452038813301933ccc6638321ee5e217dad0be2e3ddc855a14054d0d72b6bcc692a5fb1ac7300000000000000000000000000000000007025f1c4a5f85a9c1587d4d4a2e620d83d60568343940ffd85e6b1e4fb0f0f53bb08c4f48bf6f45a7dbc3722ecc951e40ed91f6ceb2ccf87e4106a16227a3cd7b2821b4f3a6e629001f78ba1aa7346e",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a94a186b96acbee87f9c1745dc301229ec750c6967262e629924227c6680b1d404e4b23d998611ad0e415610dc8edd900000000000000000000000000000000014da21c0f6930a79c8afbe42f73e048236b6d9f9ef8f270733fa1cb1012377eab37ddf2b9c742fea44020caeb95beb9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_92",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000009ec00ea2da59d937d3154d86dbed2957667253401bce9de80e0ffe6df32f36b06404b9e3af08e912a0b4ef091f93efb000000000000000000000000000000000dd8d1bd66f4accbc9d0c7dabef7af72f51c67a0d61384647533ad92bba44a312f0be0fa52163176f1aff4e64c00aefbae8ddfcdb4748981acb9b2037c017174a140f2457fb0148fe807fd194a9f7be5",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015cc6c31dfa9482c6341f816786562481bc3a4db4a4a00807a9c7c676eb32b9dc7e002ed4971f26c1dddea00d78721b5000000000000000000000000000000001303660b6bcac611b2d41a4f7ac9ecf3f0b4292f83f2fdeba300a060131322ee3c2da3ca3539114114ec8a76dee6a5ac",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_93",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000014153e01c9e495c5c01c82b3cad9eaf20cf78369ccbabf57fb160ded309cbd1caea3d3df38a7ea5490c67f168e9acec0000000000000000000000000000000001648030be79658c134e016a211d311841988065957b35e9bc1580fb6e05e291e747b7a960a50e26a2a3c0cd1634c35851268803aeb58a2d57fc797358fb456d5cf96afecb1ee0d2b90782aa0d652b8c0",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009f1903e9a7d275487a503b9c968cd86823fe6667c09593b60ac2c88f306e20ccde32eebb5942a03fabde9195c5c500200000000000000000000000000000000179b41dbc2ede95ba7dad512329aeca9ca3bfd4da4b9620070d76d8fe8b49ad7fa92358070dd5098a2eaff490641edbb",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_94",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001555535228eb9a24f460df9894d59aa06fc848a8bf8d6c3b51653b1d85734b3c5a2bece161309bd478d356fa198d579500000000000000000000000000000000144401f7eb69f6321eae8dad39dbe2cf4ae58e455474701dd9f1b62c85c7536813e84eb4f9def511eb62e5194288728bf9a8a4e5c65973b785c1e2637937de239bb0fde34b786dceea66f6bb12eb4169",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f9736431073987708757d61927a45cfec471c8366776e140f62d805afd948fd132c4a5f4049de3a1474d0cb52c3c25e000000000000000000000000000000001515b057952696810a90dce1ee8464fd6370e8af5434a99333eacd1fb2884f6e8c568f887030a4957ff6d24ca02f4657",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_95",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b767f399e4ebea34fd6b6b7f32a77f4a36841a12fc79e68910a963175d28cb634eeb8dc6e0533c662223c36b728cce2000000000000000000000000000000000cb3827fd6ac2c84f24f64789adac53439b4eba89409e12fbca0917faa6b7109aa831d16ca03191a124738228095ed65070e7e2ae2751a1f71962726a31f77553c2da38f4fecda435b6e5459d5e833b4",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000195460b2d59df32f9f41eaef1139d45f0cb8f35a7982c38d356a8a8412f25e600580026d2d908b0493edba5dbea85f5c0000000000000000000000000000000004b339d62b3cd4cc966c6b4038adb302f997a16d8a6dfebd153295de08e57d1513cf0f16d82dc450e4d6f52621a42fb4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_96",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000150b75e9e9c03ada40b607f3d648bd6c40269aba3a1a992986dc005c9fde80bb1605266add0819641a0ca702d67bceed00000000000000000000000000000000083b43df032654f2dce90c8049ae4872a39f9cd860f08512930f43898e0f1e5625a5620818788797f3ca68134bc27d22d16aa883a20307f5436354bab32b4633e83178f33626af3edb14f82724b8e125",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012cf2bcb79668067b7a265672ca614405868cf189ee9789b9e1e3186d231176dab5fea86cc5865392db8c75fc5d124c900000000000000000000000000000000121bf40feea00e151b718157b8c024f126762d84cff20aac08e7f2a027ab88b33e134a410c2af279a39618f7d21482a0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_97",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000cba419694214e95a3605a9b748854d16c8e6e1ee151c907487d8189acfac1361b790a5e78f43593152027295adf8df400000000000000000000000000000000110813ff6e0ddf3427e2a514d3f0bfbadcaf9dbf039e0f93fb9643d1e62bc2469fe84cd9ff0d585bdd1037255bbe5485041390a2209b80f7c64d14965cc2f515d5fbdf37953f75c4a0203bf0d9fb674b",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013a530f94e7600820dbd8aabefde2acb8b3c74e833457102fbd297317eb532c0622636ef9e9376fac1637dc745fe895000000000000000000000000000000000139eb14d3b69be977413c832bfda234348186d46fe177154e34fe204f62ac79f4b0f59bbef39b0676d81ea42a0946fb3",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_98",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000106df8eba767e90cce0eabdaacc24d8e226c6865012ef8cb1460de5a319d443fdc6b4f4e58fb668943e0528b1809da10000000000000000000000000000000019789f464c95c179af18704c0b67b881991880f75ee7b03b9feafa3eafcd0f7d30a17fdd9cf439ff7fe683adca2083b57cf23dee8d95d94046678f3bdb4b0ea3d4e3a1a2f07f582e2a98ad6eb7562cbf",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000bf700422a382546a74376b0292f3a49ceff5597f0d2b726b1ff099bcda7ba92238a21db12eff5c314a29dd2387bec850000000000000000000000000000000005e22e3c772f3634b1ccf4e311241977eb20e7269540ef22d379de26ab80c58461dfa3b67848e0d584fb11de1917949a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_mul_99",
+    "Gas": 12000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1MultiExp.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1MultiExp.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62b91f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG1MultiExp.json
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001098f178f84fc753a76bb63709e9be91eec3ff5f7f3a5f4836f34fe8a1a6d6c5578d8fd820573cef3a01e2bfef3eaf3a000000000000000000000000000000000ea923110b733b531006075f796cc9368f2477fe26020f465468efbb380ce1f8eebaf5c770f31d320f9bd378dc758436",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_single",
+    "Gas": 14400,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001339b4f51923efe38905f590ba2031a2e7154f0adb34a498dfde8fb0f1ccf6862ae5e3070967056385055a666f1b6fc70000000000000000000000000000000009fb423f7e7850ef9c4c11a119bb7161fe1d11ac5527051b29fe8f73ad4262c84c37b0f1b9f0e163a9682c22c7f98c80",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_multiple",
+    "Gas": 27504,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000005548dad0613ef8804a347152e8267acdbbcab98a795fc0da2d9df5c8ec37e0eb32e82950fbe5f8ec330b8bffafe13e40000000000000000000000000000000014e94dbbf60d89b3f68a5a076fcbd7cc0b683eae228f5d5036ee61012996ae2d347cec19dbd4eab547fadecdb31c078a",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_larger",
+    "Gas": 89400,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b370fc4ca67fb0c3c270b1b4c4816ef953cd9f7cf6ad20e88099c40aace9c4bb3f4cd215e5796f65080c69c9f4d2a0f0000000000000000000000000000000007203220935ddc0190e2d7a99ec3f9231da550768373f9a5933dffd366f48146f8ea5fe5dee6539d925288083bb5a8f1",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_0",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017479d99909c144a5a5fdfd71721f4a2ee90b2b9654e069a38b460945b9291fc74e6922a7dbab9bb12b4bff9e2d0175b0000000000000000000000000000000015cfff11afe08d76944c9f810017ecf78b8ed54096078195d65a5418f660cf9b2024646a8532e349eac5d32d59c829db",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_1",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000001c143e5d7bba56a959b94955f8eaab82a92a2e2b355baac7da0b57281645c689486059fb590ef2576a7a03a7c57e85d00000000000000000000000000000000182b1e16004c7e6f55923dd0b1dfa7346d1243996070db78f45c4c0a2cef95e93c6373903b5e0dc63f171c8164c2fb5a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_2",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b2997ce4cb01abbb0ae6d28099d20e1f08c33351a6f0dce417a279789d6c581d4bc5a4a261e37e6df31a6928040d1f60000000000000000000000000000000003068e73dbbab6fddfd3c1e4fbf58bab58f15e1630c8c236faf3048be840abe316084aad7dd4ca6ee9d353ea8db536d6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_3",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ed96265e66875001ebbe888571ded16799d0bf5a6bad0abaca75b94bebf3023487a29fbe26a68f1cc90485df379845d0000000000000000000000000000000001be40cb29d8b722f91515f7e18372f7a0f77bc3ef2852c59e7533aeb67cc4cc4aab0b8e87f9a4982806124462ae94ec",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_4",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008644b6d6adf9d5b6b50d4759363901ea94218881fac2006ea391c41fed2a94645eeb3359df803d740710f0f7842b985000000000000000000000000000000001168ff1897eb699e475b8ca2930ae9ccff139d534c7cc606c7bafec0ed23a6e55c6ddb1efbb1b5f75044d0a7e122d204",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_5",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000005605f40a1116742ed53aaf7092715355ba8e41d5d49909f79ec9580955c4a9e696fa30df37e4044de4d23fa1c4121530000000000000000000000000000000015acbfdf914883d16918f980aedc2dfddc428ef8e9897776443ec3cb091f6cbeea31634ef5ed061792710d5d2c87b8b1",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_6",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a7153c6173dc27b6a241c046a2a9bc25b85c4621667d0a10550cf7a090a8fb914725201876a5bd2af09d4fefdede3890000000000000000000000000000000007aeec94a64ac629673f3be3cf660f471e3e928de0884300ca8271d42c92b965c86bfe76df61d0645e955f40cbe3751e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_7",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001223d94bca6cb3225511b4e28797ddbf1b1e2d059c6f7c5e852331f381c578016671b5390dff3898f9048e5868b253de00000000000000000000000000000000093eb1c50064251cf043e7c7af7518b883a8f760deac99f6e10c3dc941fed718f2293ec2cecaba6d58060374bce11a8f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_8",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019c9d9833332c6dd40c200d53b30e92f1595c22568b31882e24b8fb17be41f4d2f9692ca1e63106c59ba574f8b0764c9000000000000000000000000000000001414165b510abdf0d4a32236cdbe51fe2b5c9a31942710a07bb5664592a3f1b5c821edea44bd7fe185cb53b11d6407df",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_9",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000018ed322f140a351069f18d039ebded8630fd019e8c6c401dc760ec5cc6536bc2f52a6cd5400dca0caae95e4b9282967000000000000000000000000000000000b9666fbbe91ec8bd670b2a64571a34d689eac44c5b63a43f60da08df51b003d85c03f0eab3e2042b1175af3501de8b5",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_10",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017ddd94df17d52e842abacf3467f4461e345cbb680ae624f98c6885e40b17940bc240da17ed0a1a45f13f2ce4ab8dc100000000000000000000000000000000005ea5144aa5d5393b98db4d23477011638dba465a542dc28691ee2807ffc08413938ffb74e16c7afc507f85d76acbcd1",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_11",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000117879988edc3cc57fe19ab04eee6f9e94a30811b809afe922d63bc3d785a3a581b69512180beb89402410a4d8abf6620000000000000000000000000000000000beda376a5f1499882c560961f8b0cfc44c712d6691677ea24db18b138af8a21a5a4fcb9cf5814473b0ef7c00719700",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_12",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cd7a2b89d286a421808305db523aca962c3f253f6defcfee9b74bd7f00b3ca8521b520376659d584b03fc5dd736d3f800000000000000000000000000000000117b8b8a8e299cb0fe3eee45651069a21988a2421b1d349529cbaf7362425349148fa043581e5fd275cc94a4fce44732",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_13",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000179ba87e1596396fb5cf88f91f56e3fd6f01dda6f95363be3365bd42960ed620b7648863524c22663bad20d128d22f4c0000000000000000000000000000000001ad84c4e62b0494bab4f2ec2931d2331d88502674a1bf58b765eeb022f3d6fbe8f8546818d965a8be79a94be86292c8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_14",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001364f0b671bbcf69b3a101dd758ce54434d59fd053591cb744841ba2061bbe2be91cc9f2cbe1ec058119ec8a5e909024000000000000000000000000000000000cf5be1c16fd10ff97a154826067ab7cfd7b78ca5ad0a2e2117155f1ee126286019f8a1049b86095887e79ba67216a33",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_15",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016dbe06af92533e96177581a7a349811e0a3d3826241c4ca047411d5b24c76dcb6849df7f4ca050286b2d84afd71ec9f0000000000000000000000000000000012dc4fc05526d6dd6da27b117294da4e9473a34699871b7bc9f02937a8308c57b5387a6fde0dd09e8a01702a8b97c4cd",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_16",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013a9e1e306a5cfd461a1df4f2097f0beb079a845a959ca3a6d3e229198c75d29daeb5e7b65603397353cf800e0a10d820000000000000000000000000000000016532afaf2b6d884a5b593cb8dbc38b4e2bbe522ac69b745fe9938834d66e2393653e31b052a803f3f901abdcb352eae",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_17",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000138cea47ce2ea638f06c26d24ce87073f98b023b800245b6fc74fc2851d79a402b49c54e5df4e1aa98e33801d3fbb965000000000000000000000000000000001558e37121ec3710ff5e6c2a4e418c803a5b83cdeec98c8216b8dac7890ce17bff08a95ca2aacb40eccc761c8a31e8c0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_18",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000056604e75c1069b4a061ea72cae2cfcba90130f6db6d9c268649089ce4ae1cbd80120a086e3f066f2584f5b2233b468c0000000000000000000000000000000018c5e93590b89119ad7d44f80cce5ecd97d4a4d3010a19fd02a58342752b166a1b82dbbad30d6f3404b330dba6a57454",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_19",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010a773006edb1a84341f2971f9226841142b26bcc4af52bc8b000f165f6c59d094aa2eab1b83b3623c6c09145b5bf6120000000000000000000000000000000000130a0242c95fb2b858256de2fe27df7f5736765f880673300e3506a5e756b3b563e52b481c51a003bac76d04f56c5a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_20",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008b5f4f55def15b4590e978384fa0aa87e088916de20ff0fbd688ab3a13138f32d1e89cddc72acdf69fd86aaed6cbc4200000000000000000000000000000000022a02016f38156fcff83fceed881f96fe14e5d3410b4fc50e607d8a23ca986351ce48d6af970590f68aa2ad7181c9e8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_21",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000143fd63e2576a606ec59d017e6582711718a542dd0a4c84566fa4312b2d2bbb2d71c1e0ab8e4e214ef2376706a20e3130000000000000000000000000000000001e97699fd2e0badc3a97f6cc55bcf729142aaa13c51f9b155e5904382ed0d94fbe1d2553d602a71ac7ff39189848a52",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_22",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009057b093eae9c7ab2455b447a681857d588819c94b1cdffc0e315987b095edba1ca727043667749c56591429f9173b900000000000000000000000000000000157bac2835d2f972fd1269039a7b6159b7a81a1bf4327cfbd3be8b7c779631e8beea634ffefd9771c910c612d6925384",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_23",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d73a7edcbb7163795dbb5a5b4daca733e07f6498d336a5dea1a61c9edee346f74676afe0d6d39c39caa1fa7660ab311000000000000000000000000000000000f3d573970077a17967ecc0fc5e2e7dd4b6ce910f1891f444e36761e2ee3a72fce399993405761de29f9563f74d8b1c7",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_24",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ddd3c7964bf51207485b0575afb6430cf801bae388ff78a69b8173c27431e0593584f9e755b99a5b2ed3113b3fc0082000000000000000000000000000000001735fb40978d364be3521ada17c3ae74b2a738b412906fdf425bdf13ec09e5acdf29013b03fbabe889fa261302a7ca42",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_25",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000085e4232f0daeddb9e1ec8731855cf855d7dbc05d4b82d10b77a53306ee7a38ebf45bdeef1981325a61ecd754944c84d00000000000000000000000000000000061e32056ac411c3917684356a6ab3c7068f55d30ebcf8cfe446c68267923e4fb98596aded9740dc7944847a2e617fea",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_26",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000020da97236c2405d3f1bf4e937d8285014a190bbc59a17b7163a292a2b825f086db5d371776988d1aa2d7529a64d2a4e0000000000000000000000000000000016cf6d7b831a81d0c487bfc3380a1dc8a1bdada61426a457993f7d6c9c8fee9ee4959324bf7a2425b070aeace3cdaff6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_27",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000130db02ba2d24a3d70439503b089e6da4cde7b5c51b1d69774b38ae0f265aeb8996e50ef077ec12199ffa3d000adbf38000000000000000000000000000000000de25ad8eb2142051fb2c97175cb4cb2984ddcab65dcfacb76cfe60f6a47083a22dac4f6e06e357a194249b7363210be",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_28",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000073edf80ee80c7d1675d05f8bed28da759098f44730bcde3ca1a9a8e286ff1791fbf22bc36de06d88b20f7f1422dbe38000000000000000000000000000000000d52fe400f41b902f8801063c0f3e793bf643c027676e0a1ad3860e5455bdde58d988b929582823e5d7ee0af8987c551",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_29",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000110fac33d46271daf3924995a4798b3f62c79562d3b44f736b91add9f2af779a614d4b12a9c0d7c60bcb1f104b35474c000000000000000000000000000000001592121fbb147085613d1b647cb0e4a7b895bfd4e5391b45bcb287975bbf0e5218078d3e88f8383a506550ae07c9d167",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_30",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010f2b9ae629ef12f213e6408c94601482c4c3cd0ee33e3418c86f0b8092d1a1ab7d2600140f6e1231297c3bee4a48a9400000000000000000000000000000000018446e6fc72ffb3c6c25d6aee2d9a8bfafec7b4f63dd3f98fde09c088876c7f4d30cc0ee31985526712228766ad91d9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_31",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000365ffdbc48aabd8f0e786634b9a853cb8312bf295543bd280c1a0a9f7d0f8ba95b3aebe31987ffab1f69a504edeac2400000000000000000000000000000000150af5ab7e9b1bc60cda3ceeada36abf9bb43f1182659d8d72281c1f1cdba73fe7d6e52abaa7506b89ef43f092f25bba",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_32",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012f496f031f5c1b594256e272520ab98f3733fc9c481e7ec8de8ba70f493065eb25b681a3959994d37aec979c22c6c3b00000000000000000000000000000000015dbaf471eeef9307d8dccceaee179d8c9072b052af66fbf049ad1d346e08bb555238a763e903541fc72d9edc30ec30",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_33",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000018410462829b3a72024468ddcbc42d59a99a70296024654f99b591ce016304537c525513defb655417ba3c0f5e614aa8000000000000000000000000000000001416a19f73407c262f5e464021eeae1d1f10c3ae5e45f132a2f402a75cfbe409651d3795e482b15d29037e2f7105255b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_34",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000110feb31a1c40d570d7281ed9f0c0ac8418f4a7aeb6be3221b130945becc15bb353ea63623ec7dba2844d3f527c167e6000000000000000000000000000000000d76c7aed58945a7fe52f37eec3be7cbd4438645a649a04859a487e9e2d4c82bfc76f7ba990f825302861d82a748c8f2",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_35",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011cd4c4507778871fd7b28aaf79274178df83f3e53c256dbe7a52df884d28df6a0d87d20238a15f489546a459195ace0000000000000000000000000000000000439a672492225fc09e46bb178a5d38956ae237d9f7d187d4cee14597facf2c06d7e70be5ce20e1f1389e4da6321e455",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_36",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000765877938c1a8170e2c2fda55241e3c64f7485bbca218f4a2026d00ef4708d014fe4194048da8e994cae1088694d1b4000000000000000000000000000000000b32833dc9a39e1e73578b21f75136be6c6aa2b4128b0e6ff4fe099f7b7a8ba8f2b769f68d32ab4d1f37793aca8ecfc9",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_37",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010084535f50807f287eabff2fdb83d34ca30454e4cd747cc3818a9dfd80c30fb3bf2f9f771d435b79a2d36105266f0c1000000000000000000000000000000001663a611323246a963856a92d52947e72dc123dfbeaeb9a3ede6147246814630e5304b50a6585894843790f5d4c818c3",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_38",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f841cf3d8897108b4a57a7802a3cf8a43ae31e711a6258991b6d5b3851e9e0d759fb90899e462828ff9cf996bbe9ec70000000000000000000000000000000016fa655a67f441e967d3137f6ea8f6cf636fc1a7bb662b1e22f87397e0c77f34e015e6bc124291647727102a12561dd8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_39",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000555fd5a7818bbaa7e786f11eaf6f8620b9686b76c6293fd91690a4d181c0b470295313294589daaac429607b0020c9d0000000000000000000000000000000009c3a53113a657a5f7e30ec28056455f700cc7c3d40cbe4219dac00980675023bfb7462e634c8a131493f12725a27d5a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_40",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000018bda18912ce64106fd3d54ec2024a1d3e4a807d7bb8aaff7b515d75c9934d4729c14a4a72ca7654ca811a69f09d170b0000000000000000000000000000000011478fbc5c03470d9cfbf3decf9416e1dbea8a696636b94244c5c637e43f81eaed0210b1cbcdd291094e8581dba3548e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_41",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000aaf02063d6b5b395b75faae4039cf2eebb69053f1f161242b47854cf07786788930f3be2598520c178301ae0bd13ab80000000000000000000000000000000019574e1de9161a11e804d8077973c5ca70ff7925c847d870cd2bc985a8724d41331fec6c1cb341f7509a37371db9e4be",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_42",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000007cff832bedad3caa9c91ac59292828e79811f91c51c4799e2752ac0c12e2c47a2a07ad0521097af7e4a939f3fd230b70000000000000000000000000000000015037ed0ec4981737fa94f276aa9a4325a2267b90f34844f14a92d677060a23e23e3ff0b3df77e7e67e85c23b28cd44e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_43",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013426d2d18267fa615975295d2029d2e5730fc845556d501c8c6ff8442cf0f3c7facfc329f6703043bb2d45acc1639130000000000000000000000000000000012fea8316f8eb7cd655aaf9cff8e395592360eb6d62bd42f6e1d1e27b9b54bfb7be5b56791d5ba55a798f073f9b5634d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_44",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000003747597e0f9bc39306319018fd08bc936c4d37cc6f84ef296df5a36cebf0aa46ed35ed215ba89a247174fd72fc7c1c00000000000000000000000000000000150f973b61f26aca79a3f7d1705999308a96136b08673322b4729f16b471e38f27e66996e2921cfad0cf889878c2ce27",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_45",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001422eeff2bf06ecd67e0b310e7201773577a899fab8ee7c5b6ef5ce1021c9371e106c49a6b607cb3d58852f0e671000e0000000000000000000000000000000017ff4ceafb7c286f2036e6bf47a15e6695beacc7b988dc35f8521459203f69975d297160dc67fb88c4ed2fd7b61ccc0f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_46",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013fcc5da42975bad80f3447a1ba05d9c6a51383921164ea3e93e983e24055f6398fe773b0e7a50d98568d49de36e295c00000000000000000000000000000000188455bd9ca4a0d3174cc8f0794d8c35356f697e62265d9e3d8e72bb2d1450caf5bf79dc5ba78a363a23d2ad58891165",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_47",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008b38b298fe2dfaed042b35ce73c76ece7537fe5181ce647de756349a8dc48d3296e243fc7613abb10e254e2b0197d7a0000000000000000000000000000000018d59a69b976b1bacdffbea68d523da3fd0d2910db0a509760bce56bcba36a55fbfe11cdc14cad50e6951ffdabf97a64",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_48",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000e87aa419d686c55b1ed8ebf6e48d8f218d7198edcbc7db0dc3bb9581bb8dbf891dc383f27717536dc5fb7265ce1ffd8000000000000000000000000000000000a00646bc197307a7416aa9e35db9ce7eb81d762a065cf8d2e07f6470e424d7d59021be049b36eba2e44750a902f3124",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_49",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000027cfeeac9c1606a0942a95068faed1405a5cc9b5e631c25a0010ea14cae5b7a51b406fd0b8a9d9ea7be9a8c0f76c86c00000000000000000000000000000000106c07dd0d4e6f44fb1c3451942bf10060d16980f50b63005936e35b5add71e1352c48d1048e5d77cda79a09f86ff213",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_50",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008bfa9c347d937e2ff2d77ce7127b1af4e7adad5f1aa6d71c6226b64c62c955fb0dd0e36a5e87472d6979b656c8a740e00000000000000000000000000000000032de435000391e441ecb7e777741fc72f4676f64cfaca6fadf030e12ea6374a7fa988c443a38595def0b434b185c75a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_51",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c62c70aac1893222d967bde4fdffc565cc65fe29387825224b8571367ae8fa857b63c32033faa564f6e12d409b5cc060000000000000000000000000000000015cb57fcbc876f5aeca01d90d55ea777aa1421547e8aff0de69fe5527c9a575f9cecd1235a37648c7509d9bebb4e6800",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_52",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a912d7d352bdd182a8b431672b496ecbf18276da61d6a8eb066c41783b7cf3df287796b34b165db186e815c8847b3ea0000000000000000000000000000000002881de241ed8109f544f3a6262eac1aae69de7a7e9953812eede9e63a970225646f5c441b7de80106d53cb6dbb43f10",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_53",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004de1528d78645a4055ea348ef2618b85f8214c1dbd21ee08ad164abc02cbb2927202302dcd142c65e12934dec409e18000000000000000000000000000000000de34a6fbb73c7152f1636e5c02c75dbbc5910c763bb790d78bb56e48cbc6380bcc2ca14cc11ae139fe009135c81b243",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_54",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013c0b89e259f71ae41cc73ffa3c900ccea45a8a655353db6eb17a87582b00bfb971ba91d48526d934b95e9bb6a0fb5a200000000000000000000000000000000042a78ec26bc1ac4165c36d84588ca132b7366a3fb548801810da041213ee84c7e6aaf5ba02ac051cc1c5be5dfce0ea5",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_55",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017377baed9953cc7fe1868baa9e2f6c87edfab1700bd1f60e2644bb97cbe2dd1fe031a986fde6555930d4c464399f1f6000000000000000000000000000000000ff69a282658b49c270e829b326502d83a82dade820de50764a7df957e94e7c0a1f0e3d9084b45d9a875134bedc4a0bf",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_56",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003e62892118f11065ebc66c58c86e2f0d3c79541aca8db33bd0e12f034f0e106a76f0aecd537539cf2d793cf823ebbbe000000000000000000000000000000000067e42ecf23e1b0590c30106b0720c806ca71fca0601b499025b58f137ff22aabdc6cc5eeef232fc9a20fb9c2bdee16",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_57",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c3dbdef90052dd5bdb70f15963091c8fccb5b8720a16140ec96dda18eb6cf003b6f5f7c244d25cf6da34f2a1703a9d800000000000000000000000000000000187456c5af42c3de3d5e08936e8a3f411fd6458d017ec508e48f2b634319155428733634e22883492d7612b2bc38158c",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_58",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006e5af407ada013abf1451bc9d5c08e5ba9cddebff0cb77175b152fc19bbdc48e1498673ae4698dc74d039a671ecdcd9000000000000000000000000000000000c8783b3ce25445209b9f1d8bd3ba539c01d230c07c4fdff38ec902467d5f7e9e8e660d8997939684e119fdfcc963836",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_59",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d541103aa046ef53761e929d50c88796b90b3284668a2a75ecd461ade103f086fc443a3681b6440e6b8a8b9558870f20000000000000000000000000000000014120e26b160a37f8e18faf541bb863ebb425fbd0eb072268a12657b6e5ff62d4c0e504691b3d09b710741820f747b85",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_60",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000004f03dd7334a0dfbc7cd3b74a8e06ccf23fad0802e44c95712e920a2b227f09ac3d62429f40bef8241abe41575cc541c000000000000000000000000000000001092b20e8618beabaee18b4752a5b320307d22fea2125b3d23c6ad178f0cf2af7a1a1c0af3cfc669929087235e2f8960",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_61",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016cd97de498b8809f4de87bcd5a66c41c231653fdec9bc1ebae0ab3b8c56258430bb13bf400f5f971a1ec558ee66ef02000000000000000000000000000000000cf57701a5038ec26e4027c3cc5a8cc298c2d86e9425ae027dacea92d4d475130487b2743c64459990e88768d8b7a4e0",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_62",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002665808cfac4b9befb1f285c590d639132adf9d36a4fd460de0b3347303aa056a14780deaaa02072fbb08e1dea06b940000000000000000000000000000000001ef22acce32662085c53b2080df9354903f151089faffa43c5f6a1a306d2254fad240bb1ba3dba4927ea5640347bac4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_63",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000bedee9e836b3e046bba7fca7632d09a5a25fe1f0fd25cc6ae1d1e07d98ec52742a60bf346285488dc84b2360e0db58900000000000000000000000000000000071ef77988eea20a38fe33564689a39a7113b1715dddc1b212c6edab6bdea8de54089eb7b49b63296792bb2f4aa68733",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_64",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012de1cacd791ab81eb49d2e259f36abfd90e8c7ed4f9f23a4c95cb48cc7bf9df233951291342d1266d016a7fcc6b9d53000000000000000000000000000000001938d574d02b8802a45ddf8488340f2397e93125678400cfbd8e64cc3805704bd5f85f8fb2f64a96ec1089b03d9d1c24",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_65",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000001a50ddc4d4542aae264dce69f5f5e93353a9eba30b177b33c2f74ef61149a301599beecc4d0f78078dbb9638eea526200000000000000000000000000000000160a2fd67df885232b06d3dead7ffca93cf0434a3e9a5412ed3b4c342819b44aad5385bf5ab60bc2b7191722d1372183",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_66",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016bbc2dfb25ff6cb9cd03b0cc91f53c6ed9be933746d59e78c7251080856cf47c12bbecda442840675b03a812aaa5d98000000000000000000000000000000000555b0683640ef1795c918f5d10e8b3e07a09030fbf26eb34bebfbeac34e13c93ecf53d54dec5c8654cdedab2fd60570",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_67",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000011104fff0cde20e65e73185321d26defcbce9c9d3c27923a2366730c1b560da80066734c61e0c42bac1da45787f39e2500000000000000000000000000000000066efa830182669715da4dbafc6434be27a2e95140cb39738fa75cfba2b5786d27fd727df4e9b0195b49be2dcb9c2c1c",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_68",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000378217eb65cf5ff48e40ebbfbf03c307aabb63955f755a93bfbea0c176e90dc986a8202c6ea4e9ecea176068cfc62440000000000000000000000000000000012ac5e1a0c75ac5b96af3959a65eed134dac6b35559cd923facd2062ee06cb3ae2018db7d27dad2927b3e9c2e3dada33",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_69",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001673148063c4f68c59d371410a8ef20cc4516c579523e2d7d2ba04b03fc5a481a30fdc6b9ebaee1138b28a9463011227000000000000000000000000000000000067e9b23610ac41d41e0bfcabc455342360d4ae4c75fa0303631e97f702b9cb660b84b5d422e8e9a74890b803c944ea",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_70",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000127c2a1365d966520de7aef12e66e55d807b1a3e2305ccd5a78547fad6e6112d60a206412bf56866ca1b0af1b422c7230000000000000000000000000000000003a613a2e2abca1f42d3ed594a3b99a6cc51207b249aee2b5829aafb1327cc7bbf99604473b4048c4b2033e1befbf14a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_71",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015610fcdfe0bc92be1f3ea82eb0b0512ed5f448e0000951fdcb0e637ecca602f715674aab1b7555c8f8bdf886d3aa62b000000000000000000000000000000000103c3ceee1b45d9d8912887c40ca16dcaabab3dabf56b8f77cb3186b267a74a5193048ce4165c419cf727d6e9925ac3",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_72",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009e68140307d9309c32763e4de857372a61733060ac582922e3822e46c28f67bea87a75bd98248466e8938abdc4ef54b00000000000000000000000000000000187dccf66e6d0593ac8caf6723033db545c43cb90a5f5486418325860b692ffdf8dcf23da9103dc65336d3cec2577a4d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_73",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c57ca082c662618951201a98d88170a9aa076fd1fc48c8ababdcbb09b63c793725261acd370d03d28ea47c0ef176f1500000000000000000000000000000000110234e4c6a99c6d1ef8b43fa897990d605af9b469045dcd0ead52b03f9f90dc441f7fe5e624349788746802e4f74015",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_74",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010224cb0e43534025f8ba7a7c426355a2091473ab16a752a9819d8e5f3eb5b1b5c0891b1c0cc0017655dd8aa7102cea80000000000000000000000000000000004313278c1bbc33ae2c3010c50be0120bb3ec794d9ff77fe97154438606e5f6f04c1dbf8dc01b827643a31899342e1ed",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_75",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000154edd700b8cda3a0532b2d6e81cded6a9662547b7d638f229ac44975d3b4b2f19816eb664e6208f33bf6f8d070fa58000000000000000000000000000000000a41ce7605d7ec592ec3a030307391ac64be5df9a7f8ff9b7ba15f7f6931353fb824ae8aa76b31466b7e06cb89fbc1e6",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_76",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c1f9b78641053cdbdd6545691d1a5238389614524365bcddb07f9b9c6c654e58a40047084532b8473c7d541ebb187ee00000000000000000000000000000000028eb1aeec5e4672c41eccb45b356529e5331bb5fb0ca8f9e10b20a2ef1ea911f03af896ecf7575613bce5eb8a0b0837",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_77",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016e6cb1f899ee8f3db4b934c1facb3928b08fabdce74f569a06ae6eeab201925f6acb1a47ffef3c608fed32c949786a7000000000000000000000000000000001796fe817d2e4a69b4e8c539f6f2179a802cb02caaeedcdb316b3ec6571c13c349e115a7a05b296d6b182c8a618ed918",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_78",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000184197d1ebcdaa25c041e95424bb891fc9eb38160cb0d91e702ac283280c6df697ae85674eccbd0fb130b6f2e1c193b00000000000000000000000000000000015593ed27279ca601616dfcdc493b8c7bd68260f97f8a9f10c03cf871b17cf8f492518d2f8569d60056721723a0172dc",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_79",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cc6517e655697449988bef516e60c8202fa48c3573967491ea2ff2db9fa0de3f542f656228a5b90d7fc1e5eaa8b06d7000000000000000000000000000000001191ca6ef2791726a31f77b0431ebe170d8fb595cf6e6b9b33b7fb0d4acbecf2d171884c392832d2a91832e982c5c0f4",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_80",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000109dbdd05f92274f3edb0232b827a4abbe115bd4d51f8a1e7b8ee609511125ecf35ca60991e75a0b7973c4085b7d4bca000000000000000000000000000000000e14a168decb6893e9c447b4366247d997701471a33bf8f762bde44473d516d857d1825255d8b4cee8d04736cb369758",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_81",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015a7b2803cd9b078d457d3b7c62a2418f19c0cfa006739cf3878844c9e1ea115fa982a02fa6fa0cef74404bcf145952f0000000000000000000000000000000018ea40f019b9226cb0428356483f842ad73140a8da065889d81e35a564e99aacc5d5d833d35fd15713ec76c65f9d3307",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_82",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000193115466c33711b07826d2a021792b7c238ae67e3bcba00b24026503d818f912c5635f85e85402e3a6b2a8152027afc00000000000000000000000000000000157fcd63d3a0e48e25ca0196b7ade453fcefea33f09123434f418cd1d65bba65a789e4c7d6ddc92d4fe8aaf6bffb1ef8",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_83",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000016da14ee1ec80ebf06c0622a500a8eb5a560dfa3439a8e53a19b51c6c4576c31a5486c4c49a8050cc1dc30287f33b5b40000000000000000000000000000000003b04355b2d78266675927706874bb7fa67d441886972a8190a45398942622f09ece67ea74d49bd97827fee82d4a7a37",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_84",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f1abe4dabd68ac4443ff50c0ecc5425ad60973dfbd2b29462254ad618b303dda061d80b28117803159ba503214b9ccd000000000000000000000000000000000d3da8a424576cdfc147e18fab66de0d1f93c05c0dcb08d9d5b2a9f5dcda76600b771991bf2d67061ea5b96d20a45c14",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_85",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000112fdd661f948495ae2b9200d959ddc873c53c96ee4ec175f6748e62d76d61d6b15970d3a3a52ae9bda30a822ada25b8000000000000000000000000000000000f5b38208d69b5b842bc22ec9d91eb6b653acea5cb16569c61bfe0921f2d8ad613239e87d48c6a9b29ed6a5f43578987",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_86",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003f6acb4e1f7856413fe9317bc7cffa45f2053ae62e3b5e2b82ad57b48cbeb4110f53dfcace08bbb1955c21b50fc636f00000000000000000000000000000000172cf1d257572562f9fc390f96f2c39dc5809765b0b94240a554f8bbcc44e3658f22e81d1e6c43742ef24882934cbbed",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_87",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001975e01d64d38cb8f852b4177104388aba62c167da2a8530bc59f510a990ed57be0c6ddfc92622234a121ca407853dbb000000000000000000000000000000000de737b9097065462dda93321d5881430f50631f6f3deabca4c41cd491f1e441139bf8ceb598393ab2a3424b0acf290e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_88",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000905fd0b04e8db7657431b5f69f1d896e79ecee300cd67ea8fbedcf51b0389506da0669c28ac8158d5357a61fbc3976a0000000000000000000000000000000003235ff6d1acbceb35cd29c5fe524a452064a6e51d1480ce1e57c538b2ab6ec4f98c3bac676817e25e2d92e701ba881b",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_89",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000603f6b2d8b806c5e399c686878eba299131204084e2c31c38640d757e8a6e5b318da785d54ec8335398610e9e3956280000000000000000000000000000000002abafc5839180e8aff2bbac4db043e8839ea25d8fcb7f6faba2a1c0a567863f256f820e846e49b3296a754650ca9b4e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_90",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000630b9d9da596e60b15251aa74de850ee74c7804414e3e4d7113cb3d5ad6b985e436aa67bed66c36f135050d66f91f75000000000000000000000000000000000ab084fa126c573ed007f983e01737453b3dcc99ead0a74cc0e8d7cdad89ce81489384b311b7ec4c34736e9520b37e1e",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_91",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015e9fb1d1a586288f07f399b87c37a085df405bcf88505a7d2b0ae6609d4baef7ec358f70edf838d3bb7291c6e5a413c000000000000000000000000000000000cc7d7e2d372183766a842f5c14c1f2a528d502f1bc5dbf5dfc9d812c56503a0b7cf1e6f052e998aaf45cfe24a261551",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_92",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f75ea9863e14f6151c452f7a4268b099f97d076b249d02d72caf5d52635bca3c686070d4a4bf997b753c283c82cec600000000000000000000000000000000014402b3e738bee3bda4e62c077e9d355ad8a71b0830ec0e67a4fe6dc59b1f3f7809ca7d07184f53c5afed32db327598d",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_93",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000010aaf24dce0b05179769031ab81db339cda85cf68963640b888d3aca310a6de690150166c0943d658e51524981a1f391000000000000000000000000000000000d1af37c2bdca5886d73567cb00d5a9859755267800d7239cf39c291ba83b1c67e6a3532a2d8e8590c1bf2d845001038",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_94",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000059c7ca50efe2d0a64b55a560a08976b437c350860f9599fd30370d1cbbeacae147144c216cb3e63afb2ddcf34282a5f0000000000000000000000000000000018f42ef2fb8eb6cc8c31600a3be37ece06ee567ce0c8b8c7a54c910041b8c25b2d94a94722904de079737f06e817f380",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_95",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001170d9938910ce68e56f9e84be6f6ad284a244adbf26daf8d42f6411c9794b707454ec9300442fcb7a0f08eb91edf86800000000000000000000000000000000043679c7a917148d141a785e65b0a067e35a016c24bf7639ba374e21a817819ad67d317ee70852bd13a1fc3a373a38d2",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_96",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ac708f97c9e9fef4482af7b95c59c2ce6b8826f6b046b5a29ee2224ad66648a8d1f9959ff434c77394199fbe75780db000000000000000000000000000000000983fb55837062305d7fbcfe8c76cce1c431067a97392923720a6c4f963839d7d2661e2a8dacad1f151f505748239798",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_97",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000c7aa8aaa848c068104b88d0757551612285327ba5fbe35ccb4eacb1bc96a341786e4548f5f86f6ded789b712a4be74b0000000000000000000000000000000015c9aefc358834f21ec85092cd69df37e0036ea6ddf23a3ca052a669446b183e5340ec7ce894ff6575f5e6531947c84a",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_98",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000db91871e4cd84b3b58216b6c2e77a9521f3080182e78d3f66fe33f313013f06aec2dc5a6d483f35fadebde873bff9490000000000000000000000000000000003b9685de062b09b9e277ad5cd664d28af59064448af2b1b2b2357df6fc88e3ee7e0ac837100e0b7593944e8db43ab0f",
+    "Name": "matter_g1_multiexp_99",
+    "Gas": 64128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2Add.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2Add.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64ca200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2Add.json
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_(g2+g2=2*g2)",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001638533957d540a9d2370f17cc7ed5863bc0b995b8825e0ee1ea1e1e4d00dbae81f14b0bf3611b78c952aacab827a053000000000000000000000000000000000a4edef9c1ed7f729f520e47730a124fd70662a904ba1074728114d1031e1572c6c886f6b57ec72a6178288c47c33577000000000000000000000000000000000468fb440d82b0630aeb8dca2b5256789a66da69bf91009cbfe6bd221e47aa8ae88dece9764bf3bd999d95d71e4c9899000000000000000000000000000000000f6d4552fa65dd2638b361543f887136a43253d9c66c411697003f7a13c308f5422e1aa0a59c8967acdefd8b6e36ccf300000000000000000000000000000000122915c824a0857e2ee414a3dccb23ae691ae54329781315a0c75df1c04d6d7a50a030fc866f09d516020ef82324afae0000000000000000000000000000000009380275bbc8e5dcea7dc4dd7e0550ff2ac480905396eda55062650f8d251c96eb480673937cc6d9d6a44aaa56ca66dc000000000000000000000000000000000b21da7955969e61010c7a1abc1a6f0136961d1e3b20b1a7326ac738fef5c721479dfd948b52fdf2455e44813ecfd8920000000000000000000000000000000008f239ba329b3967fe48d718a36cfe5f62a7e42e0bf1c1ed714150a166bfbd6bcf6b3b58b975b9edea56d53f23a0e849",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_(2*g2+3*g2=5*g2)",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000000606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_(inf+g2=g2)",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_(inf+inf=inf)",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_0",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_1",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_2",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_3",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_4",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_5",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_6",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_7",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_8",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000199600699a6108599c638df8f965d73b5de4ca74598df281ec95c539de2c7eff9767569692d8e0ad120fcbb3d9335b95000000000000000000000000000000000c42b11e2585ba93521b3c968e9dee07e4f5168c11087d8d750795555a105df70c969bfa79b1ab4e5fc8d81657235d08000000000000000000000000000000001370daa4699daa99e9940fe04f69150e6f752798cbc0e66c91c3bd46149d935c1815f32d7f14b510e16d475044eda9cc0000000000000000000000000000000016c7a00be10de5732795cc3ee2951e58cb9d42f9b05d02fbff1b83fab5d3ad830cb8178092b76172108d7a53afe8c539",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_9",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_10",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_11",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_12",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_13",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017eccd446f10018219a1bd111b8786cf9febd49f9e7e754e82dd155ead59b819f0f20e42f4635d5044ec5d550d847623000000000000000000000000000000000403969d2b8f914ff2ea3bf902782642e2c6157bd2a343acf60ff9125b48b558d990a74c6d4d6398e7a3cc2a16037346000000000000000000000000000000000bd45f61f142bd78619fb520715320eb5e6ebafa8b078ce796ba62fe1a549d5fb9df57e92d8d2795988eb6ae18cf9d9300000000000000000000000000000000097db1314e064b8e670ec286958f17065bce644cf240ab1b1b220504560d36a0b43fc18453ff3a2bb315e219965f5bd3000000000000000000000000000000000e3165efe00f69aee84ac56d2161f07c017abfaadeaad34f8c96799d68bae0e6f9b557bbf9137e7826f49f29c58d1ef9000000000000000000000000000000000de0dce7ea371ad60f21f2cb61cb582b5072408a7efc91edf05b36a1a3b58fd9e6cf808d75157eedccc8f1c93a8ae07d0000000000000000000000000000000016d911943d80427385ebac1d1b293914a9e4dd9db06c1d6a758192d63c8fc9368e02eae7fb0e3a7859408f215cfa76ca0000000000000000000000000000000007bfdc6afb8acec625e50ecbc08a5cdb7862b795866323679885ba5cba3fd51f181078e03fe35e96e6383c077eed1bf5",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_14",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_15",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_16",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000135aee0e30fbcad798738c10d4aebcdf50c89ce516325f655fe763dce54ffedf94dd74168611e5ae879b5bf5598d62dc000000000000000000000000000000000c728e672cd8b3bf9341bca929c34118b566cd3a80452d7015bee9d5cdc001b1f5c678d4b2cc4f7cac353e7bf326ca1e0000000000000000000000000000000014809aa22e2051e463fba6d49fbb060d0c7f599a0fc5409d34e71f34817e7beb1251810ae6eee1848c60796fb8647dea00000000000000000000000000000000145a4de777d86025d50e12f9a6615ecb9bdd41489992d1b643dd9aa549acbc63b04b0bdfd14b6e45c70f165e9a8c91be0000000000000000000000000000000001c2d8d353d5983f22a5313ddd58fdc0d9c994b2915dbc87a9b65b7b98ff00b62e140a27dc322d42b3ad190c1b3728dd0000000000000000000000000000000010412f3625947b38bb380a6ed059f1677b7a7afcb91517837c563dadd0e285b95740a200ddff6570d4d92bb636b625bb0000000000000000000000000000000015f4f9a480a57bd1b2388532ab045a1ba93d2f6589a3022c585fe06a1d611165c99d70be06251812405c9c37d6e9f7730000000000000000000000000000000001a78e6c5062a6634a56e9853ff5afacb2e7cf31fd0ea5f0d8c8ac6174c88133cf2f63450ec4590544c9a0e37daac1f9",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_17",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_18",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_19",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000019efd37727dfaedf697fcda7a59847dbda8ca7cdc92f34e68691d682e20ae6545ac104d6660fdb8f64a051e69298eae8000000000000000000000000000000001225ace0fdce456dd888c9672503b68ef77b2d11caf1265a767a6ea14911e3ca03fc153f18dfe9d95e0cc68b7b8a3a8d0000000000000000000000000000000008a6b059c1c4da046cc0b1b5d7f33270aceffa607daf6d0d078c06f940604e1a0b4adf01a4091306e3c7eddcf3d95101000000000000000000000000000000000f79bae5260a2f114ffbb9273f3049d3ebb002500a57ee0a7d157d86957f43f87a2e026fb9892dacaadca5ee04fc8e170000000000000000000000000000000002b51851ef3b44481d13f42e5111fa4fec04be0bf6acc7e59dec3a8c8113e5bb7b604c6dbdc5e8eddc2a1ffb81bc2baf0000000000000000000000000000000018ddb483ae75402852b7f285277ff7308ff78a3364cca8b0e0e1fa9182de275fd55c1e8ec3dbde180379c4280787ba8000000000000000000000000000000000170539890c89a4f91acd59efd413b5d1059f0c8fd8718e8f722e865dd106a4eb02e6fb0cd71b34ebc4b94375b52e4dd60000000000000000000000000000000001c2e9392f5d4b75efc5ff10fe97f37e2671cad7e4710765866e92aec99b0130e6ff1314502d069fb7b5f86bfce4300e",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_20",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_21",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_22",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_23",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_24",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000fa96d9fe01c18732e8d6454df9bb1f482c4b9add837ce9c354c72d49c2d44ec694674aaf0e6d6a095cab7ebb57ccd9a0000000000000000000000000000000001f8ffe3fb7e9e311e0f6949c07c26a0febb181e37b2268bb5e125fc3a100323740d1ebaa5e635dba3770fdc2ce4ee860000000000000000000000000000000012ac42095fdb677720ab3f14bf0afc55c95b43d28d922a5f8cb0bd841306b978751d24546e3a6474976961d0768f29e9000000000000000000000000000000000baf9804d99039c9fe966a696c64bdacc9673b0906b4deab108d34fbbaa3b0905d50892278570564017b96828c7e1ac900000000000000000000000000000000196044a5cdbc5300ee837dca745a44379070e9297697f5db28df4a37307cc740abed45cc778a3f4e3b8c9890ab6c3c70000000000000000000000000000000001176f5de6a3577ad67863bd3d9152ab9e8184964c6ac276e95946788f5a76394047580077c0971d874a40d510eb0443e00000000000000000000000000000000147dd55dff69213c5760e8d22b700dd7a9c7c33c434a3be95bd5281b97b464fb934a3dff7c23f3e59c5d8d26faa426bf0000000000000000000000000000000019efcf03ddb0934b0f0dba3569809d5b48b863d50d3be4973b504244414e1e1db56adff51d33265ce102b320c552781f",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_25",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_26",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_27",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_28",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_29",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_30",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000047f92d6306bed1cb840f58fd57b5b71a5df7f86dbfa55a36636cb495e08715cd57f2f3e7cd99a1efc28b1d684de1cb0000000000000000000000000000000000f4eb02d687a1a6105b4dbd740e2c7924689d558e6cbfee768dd303cc8dd0fd887f5eec24b54feccf00f473ca3f54ad000000000000000000000000000000000edad68c4d536912816cf6ef039c3dd0535dc52189583270b3b038e2c67b213d943bf384ce69c4a9dc526d7ef309f25a0000000000000000000000000000000006ff4a6b5129ef026d1d5704bf7fc0b474de92b5cf39722f165e73f4e7612d6d3bb40743e4b7b42d0dad5d5d6a2d4881000000000000000000000000000000000805892f21889cab3cfe62226eaff6a8d3586d4396692b379efc7e90b0eaad4c9afbdf0f56b30f0c07ae0bc4013343b30000000000000000000000000000000007853f0e75c8dee034c2444299da58c98f22de367a90550dbc635fb52c9a8f61ccc100f70f10208944e48d09507fdce100000000000000000000000000000000064afd6b3ef7ff7ec34f1fa330877b42958a46a7698c6d21adf73bfdfcab7793b312e21e5988652e655f2d42edb8a673000000000000000000000000000000000ea8a2217c3dbcc0f6e562de9cb2f334c896577d0b3a7108d96b1aba2d705dbf531e870d4023cec2c053345501324233",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_31",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_32",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_33",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_34",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_35",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_36",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_37",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_38",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_39",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_40",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_41",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_42",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000c118b147ee3489f30c6ecc0256a314ab674110588e8b69ca6d265fc270c3e5b767817f861140cca5d7c6be4012d1ffe0000000000000000000000000000000014800790654726959fd876b035bade0da744fb36ee5b304f228663a531345120267c55ac19fd66022752010e5bea7cb30000000000000000000000000000000000193ab7ac2f151750356b6e178557460c9c2672b1736d19a20e3fa28082479ca60021aa68edf2524f1aa826ee70b65a0000000000000000000000000000000015cee9ac55ab45abbc57d0ea6ec9ee49f6c59f6b94f99589dbc08ee877d3a261ad77f5473fedd72ed7206647eeafb6ea0000000000000000000000000000000017d1ffcad218efd8b09c68eba34dbbc30b0a62ae250368ee37e5f6fd40479b8580563416afdbd92c0622c341331e20a30000000000000000000000000000000009f0eb3805ed78aa3952a0a437966258ed38cb72912756253a7a2f9113f0dd9a4e187062b0423e0587d93e904d88f50d0000000000000000000000000000000001bca57e985906695e14882f2aaeef75de5009e8717eb59962e978aa11e9d0a4d9a9e203df774cb1e993b1c6ecd6048c000000000000000000000000000000000695b11cc32740c91546eb7d554ca8b1f3afc942ad977345031be8b94b78b57a87ab049ca2d3676e039efccbf24d0c47",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_43",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_44",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_45",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017b9ca4349fecaa43ce911c0b256680edb8a0906ef5460fc4d2004579336df1e19560fe960a7a7cd74bb6e8272e08960000000000000000000000000000000000d5b96dae738db59cc67a51c61bec6deaeefaaa51e3259243fa4b142ef59676231229ae386ce699fbe18c4c00bf9d49400000000000000000000000000000000111b79f4b68dad16550a13334d09dc38336a75a5da23a17b5064e2d591aa3dab4c2e982a9f730a7633070504663a24610000000000000000000000000000000018f6d3616a7eaf17c805a88c9710039644d01b61aefebf76717ddcda6f4bb34aa15702de1e92bdb27b27f3409638da900000000000000000000000000000000006ccaf6c08f831be9c99a97714f5257a985cc2a29b5f5c81bc8d794dd0d8d1a41eb5413bed654c0140dbacfd0dda9e1800000000000000000000000000000000144e9cf91580800dfaa47c98ff7d002a576be76d9e44ae1f8335a3f733e1162af0636372e143174d872c7ea89f4c743900000000000000000000000000000000101e143b838c8a3f5f80fb1412081091b875230f1e2f9cf374d4bcd595392f6daa9552dbb6d5834e27b1b3dafe061ed300000000000000000000000000000000072463400b3e875395a1cdd31d73d51396e34347cd86d9f6f43f42253b3cdb24b89ed7434b1522af95ba1ee2d29ed1bb",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_46",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_47",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_48",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_49",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_50",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_51",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_52",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_53",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000074d78cdd35ea17a3013e2301fe9f80f2d20d270a25fdead37eed7697a52d152612543781763e6035fa5452ab12cce25000000000000000000000000000000000e572236e1c203a1c0f99e6ec978458c1a143a6a650eee27cfbe406bb2858fe5f30222f468d119703c2f442bc644ff3000000000000000000000000000000000125384343fe132e16a9fc15efe1b3a9e47289e0afc4b44d492e33a6216edbc96d66c1ca66944a8296e7695f27f414c5b00000000000000000000000000000000084c2cbf0d7c932c3098ded7c70d4411eed882feb0f79e0f7f1c31f5fccb6d53fb57de179c3ba5754bc5e532c3784df10000000000000000000000000000000019e05ccf064f7cdad9748d328170b3e4bcfa6787dbfa93011d16f6d031648faa10dbfb7cc4d7c884d75480c4c864bb75000000000000000000000000000000001999d5f54ee66b3c0dedf9f46450e0ed463fa9c6cd9e0db317a35ec6ce78efae9bea9b64e3b2aaf7f70fbcace71b075a0000000000000000000000000000000003a6cc74cc398f38d535b4341faa37c968daf2009c3f05ace1f938b33bbe4002d81d18d30c2c856b21afe7a22b83c37a000000000000000000000000000000000452d1b2da6392f9df1bfd35e4575c565333703b2f83f56e0a88a0c8195968c5321296b07f6750584e23597304a5472e",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_54",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_55",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_56",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_57",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_58",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_59",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_60",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_61",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000189ee5ac642bfd0b612058f96e63acb1feb6b4dce125bf0ea1e56e846775af1a8b0864d4ece6bd96c3b5dbb04e2f6c33000000000000000000000000000000000073d57ab79314e38267ee8015de3156f2c1d5dfcb6655a150b9ab4a3bc9eeddf7b37b3681c49611e02abb012770b3f5000000000000000000000000000000000cfa1363275c7bc5bbb9bb7c03e7bb7f6d6d365e39fccbe62cfe0bb93280527c9ea99079fdf9871abed035b62079856b0000000000000000000000000000000010048e4e96f26710d254110650de36460be2a8302badfc2da8b26147da498e4620e79b4329033fc3f3a9c99b1e12aad4",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_62",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_63",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_64",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006db1eef1f614613ada8383e63d631484015224902ca38f58ee384a70af0a0575b0e7063675d2dd997ed8a140e2598470000000000000000000000000000000010d7b833f050f18ff4e3a8d0df227a9494dad9cbde88f68802b23e87387622a5333dfb7bcdcbfe2d4d137cb532ef4a150000000000000000000000000000000000c9c40ba972ee0be2823625a23345fe352d701cc8bf9a153d5a55c205ef1b7e5544d0a7f65aaa24bde8d77cb4c31ab3000000000000000000000000000000000402f170c4c3ebb9b1e7d64765b66ba9b8d45b2ea9fe9517626f38e00a11d180e1f8872bf80f6322bdf3a8dd90732ae9",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_65",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_66",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_67",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_68",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_69",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_70",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_71",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_72",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_73",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_74",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_75",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_76",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_77",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_78",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_79",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_80",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000598e111dcfeaaae66d1522be2a21131350577253a3f33bdd74a04b0bfba2940e73b62fefa8f0c34c4aa91b633f6bdfd0000000000000000000000000000000017fefff7d94afbeceb33714e9b5480c3a2f3eabf9d7f6e8507ae54cb65f69b21cd7d04d23f24e3a272c589f572b91864000000000000000000000000000000001652e3f5a99ba8dfbcd1f90de955ef527947642054be603c1b84b24bebb579b78e2a0be426ec21d32783a0e55f0178dc000000000000000000000000000000000a6c9ec91e8bc86ab198416cbc76239f0ac0b903f40310ee1f2066b01b08191538ca913c2736f53f23ef37fea13d527500000000000000000000000000000000135b96feb4f1e712661ce0d13842de1198c589f335141ab1fd7ffc6b9d58de82c300e9fe6dacdefe8e68b6db9298da5100000000000000000000000000000000046a3563d167d8b0a9f74e0c6514fdabd795110cf48caa014947ca90a9eeda3d07dd7dce58d3f2b7b86fab1143946b560000000000000000000000000000000016c917abe637da21e60378ea7c2682306aded4ff17ccfea742e9ba63590be1b0fd5432ff0d3b72cdcb15943763cbb6bb00000000000000000000000000000000153bdddfe73f21c3593b128d3885f621935585ba1715e1d989e87cf7271897eea3917b81f0f342790f0f7a330ca0c68f",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_81",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_82",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_83",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_84",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_85",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_86",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_87",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000bd84f04b3858b1138b1b429c7216d5d1b1e99c1e0fec26440d59b1ad79788c2d5583122c2ad769fcaa6d10d816a1f1e000000000000000000000000000000000387977ed1ce5da51dca230531bba53d17d3de5d593ec576cabfe6463d5164d7153025dbd4cb3525c4145c4f6b85fc76000000000000000000000000000000000a19c943a90fec6921367a2edc5bc38a5c59839cdb650766a2d2d068242463dd4460bd1d0e7a7fb0e3d2104704b8b3730000000000000000000000000000000011d99d44b200feebe00bd42809e3f67a23cce88a07165416cbfaf4db14420f99e54d62db4280d2c99ca0bc3dc41eddbe0000000000000000000000000000000008691df5b245399f24118badfbef3e01a4acd53dc9ab149e407c733df6122fa91f5cbe2f9d247cdbac18b266d3d8f18300000000000000000000000000000000053e6eef4ffdbe239c8bbade8cfc90461d54f281ee6180c271412bf2d64e005d3f0291d3401c324e41067f4dfcc4b2720000000000000000000000000000000000b76cdde0e1205c918e6e6d324ac3f35d42ebe9bb101f1cd8955acdfa8836f22f1497bced2c93495022b0c335bcaaae0000000000000000000000000000000018340c2a8b079b88595aa50e93251d12e3a5aead2d2add3b72ce82e03a26525aa45fe9b379504392edb0a2a26d7e99dc",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_88",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_89",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_90",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_91",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f39e731e6ddb7496448c912ae314e833d28208252c7f8e27bcf7eeaf1da6e2310538b4ef0d55401c6552e91fd70691600000000000000000000000000000000069d3612f924961f827497028737000513548ad8e104acee28f014e730d4752a583cb9a893e6169b71966a1c4a4ad2dc00000000000000000000000000000000090899907edcbd336bd4fdad0dd67c578ced4481a25b864b32aef920842689a2c23265277a6e1d4a1dc1b5047a9f79a000000000000000000000000000000000055ba64e2502baf68e46c759fca30247a080464eda2b32e7cfe539e545d6aac6dafb731c2c45749e50513979cecbeb5400000000000000000000000000000000162ea8f985c83d59361ee6beb49cf2a797d8c909e2eccfc61fdc5359d5ac9b10fbaeef2eebea1667b5b9bf8f5d603d6e0000000000000000000000000000000018344ca9d4913e817264ed8119fe4d136f2041b0a99d4b5fe7f2b7f268256eec9fceb27fa61c4225f47babd17759c01300000000000000000000000000000000034f7418d96bdbe4f1ed5996fc9e9e99233a5cb3aad717b3717e91ff94fecaa67250ba5b27dcf59c6e36aae08d22983a00000000000000000000000000000000100cd7ea3c342aa2c15e9c6121a1cfecf611235add08290cf9cb8ea54e8ff523e17a0b5dc41e6d07992e5927e3ff6157",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cceccfefe04f94e0b67b29b5df8007930665006cb5a59504c3656b8c0bfb52324cdf50fa2722ce15b0ded0efa7fc85f000000000000000000000000000000000cdf34c330c0125f524f0711197639f8aca3e7c435f8c5ea30b78e9622c4bb72a7e584980cb4c3c6ecdd0689daf36b6a0000000000000000000000000000000004b1505d7fb65f6c06ef23aef85b16f3d991218187c5782fb635ba805da463cec9cfdd670c53d680c603adb827a4460a000000000000000000000000000000001104af6bef6482ae64b3b6b39664ec06c39bc18fa91b7b4e5bfcd444c827bab30ef548b28ef5487582d88fbc6d7983cd",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_92",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000042f1c8b9fe81cdcabea047d0998a1354ce09d62a14f1d0e9d188e2f35f2e1845c2b090c5e157595b33108c67e6c184c0000000000000000000000000000000018e69d3564d4ccc0306e1e6b227b0f961aa9afcad59d4ee1737f980dc876609c59a4c6a3506f987467beba0764b857000000000000000000000000000000000012ce5883156588cfe0f4838f819f985b09f1eab40a5ea8e30fc5d70d029a01a4537641248f4c21dd203909e0170737c80000000000000000000000000000000002888eb9778a4045feb5899dda258657b9f41345731ba630fbbf186b3be4b58ffc7f48abb65b693b573a73f85440a7a70000000000000000000000000000000001cdfae9234096578b9413f926ef8c6831f2c0f700e25d7553a746aef44238e493f8032e09f67f2fed9676c9611f60e70000000000000000000000000000000019c8bae08d3926997146f7827f00cde863684dd4050ea5da64f6798e7a930d3c1f34046bea0f44232594f5469db566280000000000000000000000000000000013574b997ee8988aa81db0e2ddb98be2e7005603076fac5cb246f65c869aa7bb3f148c8dde970e34e5e5efce023e633c000000000000000000000000000000000998bc9d41c5d527360fc4e68ba067d3778cf5cf00e5959b5ec52c1595aabe6e2e92d40cb34faa84513d150568c8cfc0",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_93",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_94",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000009b011f793d9a939d916d058ffe91b58138820a646cc450389b3074ae3715d06ddec1075afecda71c65c7ca085210c740000000000000000000000000000000003d4d20f4b93c1e90a0a06bd534d8b4fd64e4c4aba77ae42cf4c5b2bd95f8b02ec4069ea246ff46404e6c9eac632fbac00000000000000000000000000000000051e88c3adfd4d6a02d3f03812362a6cfba3a6c69b9aeef75b51106cc7f1750293d61e31f0ea29b5d7aa56debb6d2aff00000000000000000000000000000000086d9c4ea6769cdf49ffbbf7351023b4aea640e8c90f9291222fd0b5984bca4d481bf7e10df921406a34804e6a09f99d000000000000000000000000000000000e619d79792ac685030311a31a21203e5172d2e5d20ecf69a1e64158e7fe903b3695fd15432d3ca35562b5a8bd9cbdc20000000000000000000000000000000012394a621a503d1d92df3306649a6c6979816cabeb8f8d27450ec883c4e75f6f7411f3bfd068dc8dee58cdb8ebbd91bd0000000000000000000000000000000001652a688dbfd63a1c89452335bdaf248c97c9c6e5a3ad5a126577a6b9ab57075b22987ea8697b459611a5ab164f328400000000000000000000000000000000058a37347c5637808632ae6e8f264e8bde14ebb0ae69828f962f51b728321fea57c5a97ab694f7db175efe7a17d36cb6",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_95",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_96",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_97",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_98",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_add_99",
+    "Gas": 4500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2Mul.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2Mul.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..886b0c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2Mul.json
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_(0*g2=inf)",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_(x*inf=inf)",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_(1*g2=g2)",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_(17*g2)",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_0",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000018c0ada6351b70661f053365deae56910798bd2ace6e2bf6ba4192d1a229967f6af6ca1c9a8a11ebc0a232344ee0f6d6000000000000000000000000000000000cc70a587f4652039d8117b6103858adcd9728f6aebe230578389a62da0042b7623b1c0436734f463cfdd187d20903240000000000000000000000000000000009f50bd7beedb23328818f9ffdafdb6da6a4dd80c5a9048ab8b154df3cad938ccede829f1156f769d9e149791e8e0cd900000000000000000000000000000000079ba50d2511631b20b6d6f3841e616e9d11b68ec3368cd60129d9d4787ab56c4e9145a38927e51c9cd6271d493d93884d0e25bf3f6fc9f4da25d21fdc71773f1947b7a8a775b8177f7eca990b05b71d",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_1",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_2",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_3",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_4",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_5",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_6",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_7",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_8",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_9",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_10",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_11",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_12",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000014e83f87e7f66d8ed880ca46a76a5d3bbbacf2dafe1ee055f04af568738f4c6ddf2a93e1810b616da6f64f25c35a7b5a0000000000000000000000000000000003d14447254b61168d36f92710f95f7100cc8f278b0bc9528da763a18a5386b3f5b83b96f4dc426e4b0fbe755bc986790000000000000000000000000000000017f1a79ed64abfe5e960fda02cf3330e6ef5612c1b8639386959f86c970adb797bf077a468273d37996a65685f75ac30000000000000000000000000000000000d973499a7bf7132541c0976bf2e9bb26a2b6cfa5bda720352fa7a180a6b8fe95befcc13de5a2efe58be934cf7d8e664",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_13",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_14",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_15",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019b7ea673dad96c8352870136ea262c9ed105550cb403eb1e64ad598b2145fe1b95e5d61f1b5a6ebec47568c67b68086000000000000000000000000000000000f06ff9bcf2ba284e705b12ef2311f1a9b867ed742ee0737567b5c878547b18394b82c2bb97e16586515728245692cef0000000000000000000000000000000019dfd2d8fc4f2c989c7e1016e147f336174c84d380bab992bf1adbffe96d93d4d2d1d1dacdba3adfaf283b184478229800000000000000000000000000000000068d230422006004cd88ab0dd46a84af3905c7a1d329446cc23c1c5adb401a86a9fa76aaf577f77c2678cd8de8685ed4",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_16",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_17",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_18",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_19",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_20",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000016d2b73eeceee17d3bff3aacac9df9ac1c4248d9ea7d6a503a757f7bb22fa6970bb6f5cb5ec154785f7252e1508b382e00000000000000000000000000000000081edc68bbd8db7b10be06ee23d090bd54f9ca07ef24dfed7df7bb05f8cc26e6889dbd40ea203fd5cca5cb588199f9e40000000000000000000000000000000010d3478508619ea9493b4330e2fb9150024cd32dc1378f824788a884a4a30fbf39c630f465557bf0c6d69b4cbecf89f9000000000000000000000000000000000f20c9b134db5d8b7756800c031bf5962fc560ba95d4bd9157b16179f1a37ae08696a2be455ad8d018aead6adcc69b712a0c988d97e86dccaeb8bd4e27f9e30fad5d5742202cdde17d800642db633c52",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_21",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_22",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_23",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_24",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006bbdabfe104b62d22e78bc8f3446a86cd5f10c4c5a54501140768b55a7e6940b9952c9a90a14d8fdc7c04600195cd6500000000000000000000000000000000172e718c926cd393bf303984518432693c304a2758174dabba303ff4c0289b5bf5376b61e8821abab322d53e88f71d480000000000000000000000000000000000a2f84fbdb5b05107a0a340e81b56ddf6d03c23848448f841dc44f07cbf8a575289cf6d53986f581fddb0f2d07e38d70000000000000000000000000000000005cbc10f143a9a1fe23f670a4c47d385f5c7069d8c46580322d6939122b2d39d185d6a8c2e51e88a1d40fd2e82d08b8f",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_25",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_26",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_27",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_28",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_29",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_30",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_31",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017b32e613cb38b41dcdf3c8bb9187d731546977fbffd79fa7f66e3d6aaf9e1af6eca2fcdc260c8f90818d7148ba2f4960000000000000000000000000000000007e4d26606a47c874c20e8480a9f5815e5b577bccd783b775d10309eeb3d2102c7a0abc3324679e44362f09e7a4ada67000000000000000000000000000000000cb6f12ac8b49cfa36b957591293c87b21af0a949c55a28a90ab0fce88fb5cb7645e20ab2edd284f0ad1377dd95ac10e0000000000000000000000000000000014c96b5dcbd3150eeaea5c2bc27750cf88b30a91933a3233a4d1d9b357a80cc20d135e43a344e718dff5c79045c31f86d5c1c9fa11c36b86430cbb1f3ec10ebbe3787d0f5641d6d7fb96c810eda202dd",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_32",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_33",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_34",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_35",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_36",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_37",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_38",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_39",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_40",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_41",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017faf481fd4cb0c373d21d7caad40e93d9a86e62d26136892fbcc6f6e48205543aff00c45e82fdd1d3e0e733de91e7000000000000000000000000000000000012e14fcb9ad4d9d15347cf004745ed4bd92097eeeb41c4cbcb728a234616363589d8f5ad4cbb61d31a8aa27627723c7e000000000000000000000000000000001513dad1ff27e053902e779e35d04cab648939317830144ea775c435a4b55e13fa2fef03a1256abf5c187487c25a774f00000000000000000000000000000000139da29de8587c7d0ca9237c37a116387385e9cea453b9e2003a37ede7aa0a3f4c1df55255897f5975b662be33622dbce7002f41c6acab677a0ad023bad2a61b11c1b7221d944018b5ce60bb61e87e96",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_42",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_43",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_44",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000060d7a718dd02b147c265f71eb136d1f31781b12a41866b4f86d7374b93dd10058c192cc0fba928373b1526e1a5d7d7f000000000000000000000000000000000cf29275373c0573ef22bf87919faf5444847203c7dc6d2e18986152cc294be04a5b1a4b0536797158113a15276c4fc6000000000000000000000000000000001016d5b9d4d200d7b4b7cc3836b85d6697fe14db350badba9978c7b56983dd1a7e572640ee0372b0a4e2079ff4c1abf2000000000000000000000000000000000f2768d104d895473ddf8c6b3cd0e7c22458d0037eca6365c766879a07c95037ee0de00d32c974d767080935abbe0be1705fb566367d9fc142c4194b0525c16672b843aac1160f9056ebb115e80d377a",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_45",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_46",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_47",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019f79677ea0e011e5c9a892a407646798b05be05337c73135cb771abf101f450bbffd08e125f077f5ea989decc009b9f000000000000000000000000000000000ed15f35966024cf1de2926108151e976dcb0d51b2736b0877d79de81f6fccb9dd299d14855f4e257cae33ab7455b95100000000000000000000000000000000125e2fabb5cc95c0a7890e9ff2b70102a97a03f2d11d915cf4332dd049a467333e12ebb27955c0310ebdfe2afb3173ee0000000000000000000000000000000011718167000f9b749f1615610a30023db4b986364da5bbdc4506c726624a073548a94307b282590cd8a43b4900a1afb2",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_48",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_49",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_50",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_51",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003f629618e1fc3018bb836301ccdc59022f0a25cc9c5de6e4c31fa08feea525c83256235e4ec8364e77e5df478f5f62c000000000000000000000000000000001120d6af221ba6f4351bbee4c2c664a769adb17872646df2c408f70c99ea991ffced4eab50fa98be1bb9426915f125930000000000000000000000000000000015cd16b028ce3d58b10aeb84b783475d894ab3f0cfdf7104ebb4f3417a038107128f07518dce548271061cb8c97e88af0000000000000000000000000000000018379875b68bc26107f9a068e5034f29dc2ae7e8830f8e9ecddc53fe7991206646cda33d37b31a47a977b46be58d7618f228da17f49667c113d2bc2a2c8a338f80be68496f5145b4be21a5786ca6d46b",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_52",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_53",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_54",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_55",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000006b37e2226957d639fcb0bcd6c20b3c7b8372e7347a14b970e01c67c1859fa97c754ce588d0f835ecc053549d963ab4000000000000000000000000000000000c6a5fae8be3a32e3f70a4202a1ab6d97183964b9f7b9a084c49922cd9e0e952b0bb66c5580f0e0c417e079493bcdb4e0000000000000000000000000000000017b6132f11adc0d5d693ae7f3a0f89f5779708083eba23e03b0c9265e4e60624e1fb6940e8ee49d31618fa6389b1b50b0000000000000000000000000000000000a45c5f6df71359648aecb6434bad1619c39f10e279a02b3cc9725d0256bcd126843fc9ed29cbe02a32cbbe79774a3378176412b07eb7f423f23ffeaa0ee642590e0b7016bc063f3fffa93e1e35484c",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_56",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_57",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_58",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_59",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000106e892e336b2155909946ab73b980ea761cfe8c48b13ae8a5302eacea08b9cef3e60d5b33c6ec4033218ae5761433dd0000000000000000000000000000000015daeaee59f3b4cc26d3da745661e74db8fe1ea115d50ba49ef5e6151a9ac2f3135f0232235cac7a53e1e8a70eaf0476000000000000000000000000000000000ff494d17c735b934c2c7fb8f413103188fdb116fa8f4d4e43262968ab0fa1bdec23b0d4d8b1c2defe624092de36610d0000000000000000000000000000000008f70b7e9f2d7083774fbce3bff58a1c73fbcbcd9cb049cba71c0c3f0c363517c8956240bcacdfb7934d4c67b1bfdd2b",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_60",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_61",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_62",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_63",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_64",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_65",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_66",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_67",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_68",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_69",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000f1aa4a7a22c568c41270d24824138bf9ffc763a5356b7c0bc1d051a0a0db12616700d9214972b63eeb2a398d27dc83f00000000000000000000000000000000020d0c2ff8f93db6b415c2a01712034e46bdeb6e665a5177a3877db9f5401d3dccb99907ef843062e394c1428983725a00000000000000000000000000000000088abeb6fc3ead45d5b261b7d684f168ca8f5f163cf338863e6b102dc40e2cd0ede97c47460ad6f560c27e95c8b71ca8000000000000000000000000000000000ca2e5cec212d581c737928512118e2f51a0d74070f40a998b7b06d22b9fc754bb2fa5499308058be9ab81521d057414",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_70",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_71",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_72",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000fa7f8fbfa1d4ef5f001a451c55ed261dee344025e599884b29d086e15665867932120d33bee579d5eb1b7e6c7299f310000000000000000000000000000000001f06356f793350b17b47a623059a068800ca1eab6089c7c146182990063e8e23bbf40d95a42bf6e976224b680b75bfd0000000000000000000000000000000008807f6606d2302450bfd8b38fd4147b851ff59762c1ff48f9442c4d7b77a32c5e023821eb47fca839a27fde60e5f61d000000000000000000000000000000000c5b92f1ca9c20d4b6b11d794a5853824cff20d9267a20a7aaa4bed8bfdc728c4d4d50feb8f0b569757b97f473138db1ebf66fce49c6beb12737fe05e3adc0a51ecfa9144ccf6253088dd1a7a483de07",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_73",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_74",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_75",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_76",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000811e9b0acfc10830c074c5a4d9f4d9382461eb523a61dda0b77f1c43b285fc5c1ef3a1fafd923addc9a6e904505a255000000000000000000000000000000001113102d015dbb509f0b8d0d0ebb4d3711c4f0e1e3d55fb0af247dd24be4fec9d6fe3ad73fbdcfe206891bcebefee4dd000000000000000000000000000000000085aae9e58fb97b96ca3c089acab7bdbd0c3adae141bf61075f5c13145b0d07113f1075dfb959bc7c2d3d3b3a06ab2a000000000000000000000000000000000bb5eac8125807c10270d94e5bcf278241d6fa82f68e41b5529b28aebc88870af55881db526f7bd221a8c4c0b29a1b7d6e7db0fbd2a7327c85054b4c0de9727dc0b051058f8bb4ecb1dcc7f825781712",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_77",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_78",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_79",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_80",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_81",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_82",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_83",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_84",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000005f0fd4080e26971ab16d33aeae04220ae23781da3179e38190082f1d167514bd73bc8ef976a2f333570e9f56a6c05e6000000000000000000000000000000000e159905d29b52ba61575c3a263093017783e1028b3701ccf060c165ba33a765b5265a9b1681c1759bfe2c9c401275e9000000000000000000000000000000000c5ac0bc29a49a7c37d772954da850e6b5e301e230552be9a94017d770ebe2cf4dcfaf104633623e024aef6db57892900000000000000000000000000000000002228e7f42a9409acab49cca82cacf306f6c6c29fd9f7e2ed12fef2d16383cdb7bb2b39ad598b301072c615232db1fa833e9cdb10fc117afb17803b61a2bca7de1d190a325639eb23743f51f28294b33",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_85",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_86",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_87",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000bd84f04b3858b1138b1b429c7216d5d1b1e99c1e0fec26440d59b1ad79788c2d5583122c2ad769fcaa6d10d816a1f1e000000000000000000000000000000000387977ed1ce5da51dca230531bba53d17d3de5d593ec576cabfe6463d5164d7153025dbd4cb3525c4145c4f6b85fc76000000000000000000000000000000000a19c943a90fec6921367a2edc5bc38a5c59839cdb650766a2d2d068242463dd4460bd1d0e7a7fb0e3d2104704b8b3730000000000000000000000000000000011d99d44b200feebe00bd42809e3f67a23cce88a07165416cbfaf4db14420f99e54d62db4280d2c99ca0bc3dc41eddbea417c96f0cf4355a78513c77cdc676a7b09125802c8045756da867e0025a36f1",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_88",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_89",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_90",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_91",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f39e731e6ddb7496448c912ae314e833d28208252c7f8e27bcf7eeaf1da6e2310538b4ef0d55401c6552e91fd70691600000000000000000000000000000000069d3612f924961f827497028737000513548ad8e104acee28f014e730d4752a583cb9a893e6169b71966a1c4a4ad2dc00000000000000000000000000000000090899907edcbd336bd4fdad0dd67c578ced4481a25b864b32aef920842689a2c23265277a6e1d4a1dc1b5047a9f79a000000000000000000000000000000000055ba64e2502baf68e46c759fca30247a080464eda2b32e7cfe539e545d6aac6dafb731c2c45749e50513979cecbeb5440ed91f6ceb2ccf87e4106a16227a3cd7b2821b4f3a6e629001f78ba1aa7346e",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_92",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_93",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_94",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_95",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_96",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_97",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_98",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_mul_99",
+    "Gas": 55000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2MultiExp.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2MultiExp.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5b6362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsG2MultiExp.json
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_single",
+    "Gas": 66000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000158d8ef3d5cdc8a1b5ce170f6eeadec450ca05952ea7457a638b8ff8b687c047799eb3dd89c2e3c6ca6c29290b64f5ab000000000000000000000000000000000807d135b6b007a101e97f5875e233b41f12bd2ffd77fe1195418a73a4c061248118ea1049aeea44750cd5ec83bcc1ae000000000000000000000000000000000f04136354f45a85a53fb68527bc8fbc7e8c1a0056878012b548a97bfdabcbd3fb8eb3ff187fbe65e1ce233afd2825050000000000000000000000000000000007b15428114e2ea094ba1e64df4c244f80aa2f75bbbf21a407bc84e80bf2a5ad787d02ae8a90cc1c137f0d898edb1684",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_multiple",
+    "Gas": 126060,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_larger",
+    "Gas": 409750,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+  },
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_1",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_4",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_5",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_6",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_9",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_10",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_11",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_12",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_14",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_18",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_19",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_22",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_23",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_25",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_26",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_28",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_29",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_30",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_31",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_32",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_33",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_34",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_36",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_37",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_38",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_39",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_40",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_43",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_44",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_45",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_47",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_49",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_50",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_52",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_53",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_54",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_56",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_58",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_59",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_60",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_61",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_62",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_63",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_64",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_65",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_66",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_67",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_68",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_71",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_72",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_74",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_76",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_78",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_80",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_81",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_82",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+  },
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_85",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_86",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_87",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_88",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_89",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_90",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_91",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_93",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_94",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_96",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_97",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_98",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_g2_multiexp_99",
+    "Gas": 293920,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsMapG1.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsMapG1.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07903a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsMapG1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000014406e5bfb9209256a3820879a29ac2f62d6aca82324bf3ae2aa7d3c54792043bd8c791fccdb080c1a52dc68b8b69350",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d7721bcdb7ce1047557776eb2659a444166dc6dd55c7ca6e240e21ae9aa18f529f04ac31d861b54faf3307692545db700000000000000000000000000000000108286acbdf4384f67659a8abe89e712a504cb3ce1cba07a716869025d60d499a00d1da8cdc92958918c222ea93d87f0",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_0",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e885bb33996e12f07da69073e2c0cc880bc8eff26d2a724299eb12d54f4bcf26f4748bb020e80a7e3794a7b0e47a641",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000191ba6e4c4dafa22c03d41b050fe8782629337641be21e0397dc2553eb8588318a21d30647182782dee7f62a22fd020c000000000000000000000000000000000a721510a67277eabed3f153bd91df0074e1cbd37ef65b85226b1ce4fb5346d943cf21c388f0c5edbc753888254c760a",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_1",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000ba1b6d79150bdc368a14157ebfe8b5f691cf657a6bbe30e79b6654691136577d2ef1b36bfb232e3336e7e4c9352a8ed",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001658c31c0db44b5f029dba56786776358f184341458577b94d3a53c877af84ffbb1a13cc47d228a76abb4b67912991850000000000000000000000000000000018cf1f27eab0a1a66f28a227bd624b7d1286af8f85562c3f03950879dd3b8b4b72e74b034223c6fd93de7cd1ade367cb",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_2",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f12847f7787f439575031bcdb1f03cfb79f942f3a9709306e4bd5afc73d3f78fd1c1fef913f503c8cbab58453fb7df2",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001672a8831d3e8bf9441972969e56b338594c5c0ede7bdba5b4113ac31ccb848dc2a2c4e23c0b9ec88bfe7165f472b427000000000000000000000000000000000a86e65037cccb5281389512673068d6f91606923629905e895f630059cf87fb37e716494db288958316c6a50de65ca1",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_3",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001632336631a3c666159b6e5e1fb62ffa21488e571cffb7bc3d75d55a837f242e789a75f0f583ce2b3a969c64c2b46de2",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019adfbc918cb74abc6fa0664dfe60697b233f0663665d2cc133478db4d6c9a41309ff09f9af9240037a7332bc42ffe3a000000000000000000000000000000000d31ffd63837cdf1cf2a7b3fe23a9d86c08f3a7c44ac4fa52d21b8c235f0d45f85c036d80bab332034635845deb31467",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_4",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000184f1db9ac0fdd6b5ac0307e203d0b4237a50554eb7af37bb1894d9769609c96c8437e9d6d3679ebd5f979eb04035799",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000192a005eb944f391251402ac3d31c30f0b2d77987ed9928d244f492f96c1a0a06a7cd0be4bb3dfe3c484ab8ac5279a09000000000000000000000000000000000b99b9e7f0b51a2e0d12272fd0d9ae65294dfd34d45f30fe446a25b225316ef467b02acc3b6a578e054e612434096d7c",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_5",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000732f171d8f6e283dd40a0324dae42ef0209c4caa0bd8ce2b12b206b6a9704f2c6015c918c79f0625fa791051b05c55c",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000019dbf865a67157efe65fa7171279049864bf6c280d3c3462e93425bbf25f9cbad6c27885d7927b5cdca642df48ceccd2000000000000000000000000000000001606be1ef7aaf56349e5179b01b89e172e463bb3446792d5210452905fcde42522f9719b9e7ddeb8cc3f227eacd55947",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_6",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001139e8d932fc0ab10d6d4f6874c757c545b15be27cdb88056ed7c690aa6d924226d83e66b3e2484b2fc3dcd14418ee60",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017d476fdf0be6b09206dc83cce64c603a6b911f051e9191a2473a1bc6b1dd2c6e9bc4d262edc936f62911460f0b648a70000000000000000000000000000000016f824bb325ff7f485a8e9d116f4a56ea71ecd2c11b2a4d119c208cf323bc62bf1e9fc609230c571e7830a956e140e47",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_7",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000019a9630cce5181fd0ad80677ed5ad8cd8bce3f284cd529175902b78ad4915f0df56f0d8b37c87c9ddb23d0342005f157",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000145726f8479d7390e7a21cd31dfee0e6203115e72d04c5a735feb2cb688ff74944bff2b1af1b6368b4d095143662a1300000000000000000000000000000000002fd68d51753faa242bee10148c0e473f4110fc7b67848dfbab7d7105090648534854ba75890e099cb738d1dce604ea4",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_8",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002cdd00b7662569c9f74553a7d0585312a776c8638e54ad016f8d9d25df98651789470b12ce2626fb3ad1373744387ac",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000671b0f33b0f1ea3386e6876452989416c7171e283c4b0c375e840ea05e7fda22aa03899b50e59e9ca5a87039b2e732800000000000000000000000000000000031bf8caad5ce6a0d94f14693da0d551dd4bfd2c2163c8e8d5a448956153f63ce2ab72f03b97b560d67933887e83be1b",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_9",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e63c4d12a38837354bbcdf4f844e5dfe727ebe292016748007d162e74c1f849787767f7e77fc57a42783fe0b06c24c8",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000007d67999ac2fe6ab93591646905f23aead0d37ca43573ab02dc16c2b199086f788a8a1de6b10aef4f4d772b2e12e72ad0000000000000000000000000000000003700b150ebf60cacbb2b7bcf969b70edb57b34b5c772cdf68d42dc9f1513631799b9b9041c5e94595ea848e195aa730",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_10",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008d879e4891a891f2e7d27eb95aef70d5b785b796620ec43dfbb6ae550b4effb9f24210dc20f401d54420445e21cfdd3",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006cf4af50766ec08696c9bc0d9617c1f0fcb0ea1bcb576179cd4537d9d31b373bf8e3c5f5fde2c21e44917cf1f51ff0a00000000000000000000000000000000050a9f7d8490ba2b6e49762cf2bfce557e39edb51ef03128b64267fd3c6b996e95d73b26cf1965d427e3445b1ee4d133",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_11",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000028d6de947a3958af5b53578b0ceacc7ef89d36526d8f3b6fbe787af69fed2c85cad3001643b81c575a741c4566e617e",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009fbbc6ba7ec2315dc18aadda7b2e53180b904c5f1cbdca1b2f42ed9c6675da7beb4007ab6639520c4736bbf2ee3f04500000000000000000000000000000000113f0bc737b2f3a141121ef236cbaff2f34502aa13e121b857baf327f7be66be97867fc6f752555835fdd01610e30c77",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_12",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000182b56202f0494bd8baf5c03969288a1288b8ed8e6c7f49ec9f7493ee3369eeb42fa8f5fb7b243fb2bcee6be244f02be",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000047dd479fe99840150e73e4a8fa6be74a9b7d743e21cf33e9d7a9fd8700feeccd5111fb037eb3b15b79d5737ec4c7f0c00000000000000000000000000000000000ba7f57ce062eb9c67d84eee64d64d250a18454bd63dc5a136f5341214079eb9269eea7c4e0d836dd8be63a8a45c04",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_13",
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_32",
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_33",
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_35",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_36",
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_37",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_38",
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_39",
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_40",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_41",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_42",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_43",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000136cd8012cebf1639a396f331f73f0da6c114927559cc595f01bad1a18046ae8364858fa262ae04ae3f3b7d13db55a86000000000000000000000000000000000393a915629ccaa9ea06be749f3053dfd07061cfa24bc0aead12622c7d14c085e2994178bfec98b3f8867ac5b4b7a05e",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_44",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_45",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_46",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_47",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_48",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_49",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_50",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_51",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_52",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_53",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_54",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_55",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_56",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015a163067e8039be1c365804887dfbb78a7a699f0308c8e26519bf1c86fbe6acffaa26f0e5a2a380d1c704fe84d3bba60000000000000000000000000000000013f94e107625aca9c4346102dd5f09d51e445fd44ea67f171048e8f9965ce3496e759610c078404d41add90a358af482",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_57",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_58",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000b5e953227f4f5e2070482cde7fded231bb0d4649a626d356cab2bfcba6c1588ef38c62cb2c550719091206727715dec00000000000000000000000000000000095f29eab98321d334f22b4db0c30a0604c5c385fd222a71399763f5c815e04226d9d06b460b9e3b44d1ec127d20315d",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_59",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000017946ce626cd11556f85d15b85044fdab0456e24b5e331886be860bf55411a03886738aed9b19d52e91a94ea5cc5f040000000000000000000000000000000000cbe613ecf3c8ca8a5f0617c64647a609ce6e8fd40ae42f69a928f4ba78f7038254689bac2dcde7a464a03d5e26e34ce",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_60",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003b425300fc1885f2e932a469a8137bbf9df9560279a5ba87a13e7d4a461489bd8005054f14fad881e06aa46e4333d920000000000000000000000000000000011dcec636ef785d348fcbf9c59a82080b8f2c02d7ab954bc17af1c163a5383a36dd3948ac9110c6afb363ccfde2b6682",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_61",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_62",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_63",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_64",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_65",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_66",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000009ffb2b0054536d714944c6c96f8c1ea902e7109d4917a54ec551d811ab15042f843e158a9e4decab9761cb10e7c3e24000000000000000000000000000000000a6c7a862b951aa9f8c2d1e8ba30af8b7909e9721a06479d186e46ffae3ba09f5f52561c7c4c34d121be1304650cfc6a",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_67",
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+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000001f9035574fac4ddc3f114a79938105d95ad4947588028b60e2926a8e0fd78710434edb2ab6b761fec43e458e19f0e200000000000000000000000000000000001e86d391172978aadc652b1c5d28dbb26a5357d1deb522bc280a270cc63cc18284e5b05033cd7ce1a6eb962a5b7e268",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_68",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002583631492e3e0bf080a5f67334f7a2907c707a678bf63d53badb3ed90305a6eae895f7842a5d44a2110585d412ed860000000000000000000000000000000018719d22fc604567689870d5a5b043ee7234927b1e878dce88be212a8b0981e64f3cf9e03dea94439f504c846c6e42f9",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_69",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000fc1acd8490dee632c51e67356601295291b107087efc2483c1e1a41fedcff244114608c49f6911a4249a59a891264140000000000000000000000000000000019c402eaa9ddd6ff3c72a7d3bbc736cc867b437dbf56c9941ffdb2e0cd60bdb7ccbecef3d62aad22e97c1d96a328e8db",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_70",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
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+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001785abb82ace5d8024c97b3480fa69a65f5ed48fd3f5416f068690f8f79295d13929d01922c562277f65293abf5d739a000000000000000000000000000000001076dbc521375a1431b24f7d03902491b80b1856cbfd3e759b520927fc559e705801460afaba6991b032d59739c25059",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_71",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_72",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d102c354adf7380053c8b0c11a5c15b046516a87b3e98d1f909bdaff06eebfd9b0c457ec3741833da262f77d411cc500000000000000000000000000000000012cfcd6910ac046ab8c0b448edca5847d0f8cc2a4633fe42edd223ea1b73ec451de8d75cc3d37dfb741ee35259b34449",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_73",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000013c11f82052df6294da64b16551e689c439d2d27922bef2a067bc49eb4718a392693570f3b3e58158dc0f5bc3a5b8f73000000000000000000000000000000001517ee24f199913c184181561823d7c3506caa09d93d506c7773f9f615169df444c9f09b518e840735c259ec02488670",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_74",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a546a1f4d65a37d7d60468c18f72152473feeed100119b4518f4c778a7a37a23e8c60ee04cc0b39d5a1eb8c908856870000000000000000000000000000000009c5766d9c88dca87768c0aff4160ff0fdc3aa67dde3eafcca030eb295a6736e95e415f3f5a443f2545c7fbd01f97964",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_75",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a197b81c0950b1b802128a01e3b620fb2134115a0d1aa2946a82fd22e91f172785d19017fca385863ee1643bcd332b80000000000000000000000000000000011fba5b82b0b2726bbe7a6157ec9103d0b5a480066ce5ab7120294930b81c04cf6d0fb8b979d17c3e262bd1268bdf1aa",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_76",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000082bd89b49aa62c94ecd4244b3077421569c71efccc62aed3d4bd492bdfe57c0d2cced568df5992a196a7b71bcbe5e3e",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001644dd543ee92960effec90347ffe5f06d6b087f13c6bd73dca93c9e16818d25ffafe3610260cd43ce9909e2ac2e2884000000000000000000000000000000001893436c9dc44500be831076b375d0feccfad2a126110fbcfb77acfb95d6dd6c6615b4b795c007ece6ea0c31915b8e32",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_77",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000fb118c86e974734fc434c3bcb783e4a7f9251d9fcfb9f4419529354c8a7a3d9f2215de2d1b9f0927b185c5b4db838b6",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000001aded655b8ba2739b820b894eefd7e60d11889d7321fdae5ddff5dce11551af24acea3f501044562237fe5df53305df0000000000000000000000000000000010f4f3f415891ba4dfb21307798329aac5baea98cdb44354d4263e1ee6436f613a3accf06802ce2c2782e8a15738bc63",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_78",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000004da0ce78f3068bebd0a59bc2e41e7ade737375f07d6c9ce962be022856c569a33e8bd6ae60c4bb1b53b3ffc2dcc2aee",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000be0b580d0f12faa809d589ba59c5810c18f74b025e6dd4dc49c83b6a39423c5cf82b0dbb1d750e1801e37a5291692fa0000000000000000000000000000000010891c5bfece55dabcd223518167c5b0663f65c001ed051735635b417cbcf2484a057522e1c3417e43c82095b0cbb855",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_79",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001f43b86ec24ad40552dc4874a632b4ff4663eeefe1a8c613a19a798a0ebe321a3d543e2df28277944a941b4586ac770",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000152454ae7fed9c971cfd72ed054f44124d71542f9ada5a90f1601114289c93fb490a1c5d99b3e8c70fc44fd10322173f0000000000000000000000000000000017bf9499bdc15ae5091daf41812c74535ca31b56520e420edf9e5aa90795ce5db5fa42a06dfcbc7438e954db83f09b75",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_80",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000baaca6bc34feac790807b5eb5fd173c86c12803b76b50be59b2707df765bd10eb467effe34f8dc3e1e79df8a54fde38",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001633516081b91621b786a09389e89b274c2d9ec616db5028b009ed5c0a1ab47695a0b95c53a45112144613a4af08e6ea0000000000000000000000000000000014b09586f75c939fd62c3d667ab6263367f8961ad4597f1b92d792e8ef79a469137dfba5ec0a6354d5bfe3a84130bc65",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_81",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000005e4751707f3ea7bc7a74d80eff27a0d65cea0c3d2e793425e79cdb0c41e6ad0cfcdbb4de604637c41dbaf30a1e816e6",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000f0474d596ed86a0d664885f9c981228fdc352755d52dd7e979a85fdb1b6dad106d8bc0a1eac04b510829b7da496686000000000000000000000000000000000a72f532897f912eeea707bfd6d183a73786c7b2e2c80a01f3abe7b959467d6ea63093c16d6465382a7808d5f0edd92f",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_82",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008f69021794d93826f8207b96d49214b46dfb1778603634a9f5194e92481465702a8be1bc49a7bb57527fe6f963ae04d",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000139ae959f9b0cc2d900e748220c4bfa7dbe22926d8ecb9a10e7d713fa0a6e147fa3463e06b791a5e604c66110b77f7530000000000000000000000000000000013f8d09915f77f4a18854dc2451cf39d7ff502a8184d3b4c59ad3317d62940e903d68836751172ec0b4a796db003b373",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_83",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000116988a869cf552b2440e16569d8b6e30c6b15430855c4d6bbf80683c5497291bac7999c1f8f08f494fcb4a989451c3b",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000015d065191ab63df2175f821cf62a4b948a6b2389512c7e94e1fa3c99506af624810ee17de2c183ebd69b4dc485ae264b000000000000000000000000000000000fa8cfd94bbfa6d504497866c1e0d9e84717fbf0468a164e3b8ca46348789e2b7f08ac5e8aa2e7205062f3d5083dc5fa",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_84",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e26058d72875fd3d852aa4139f71d35e1edb58242a4939da7986645117d027d20baf85770fc909d537524244da59ce7",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000012978a0da7162aa1e8b32cb6ec0eebf2c2e62350cab4534358c6bf80299dda9281e16ee40313e7c52c804b2f4de7f1870000000000000000000000000000000009dfbafc8e40d71a789a52d5f8b80e7c8510c58bc0774cfa84211a9c1417d75d5c7b06d7aa9fe052ad9c1f30c922705e",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_85",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000078c6cf89561533810b583a88149586b29da5228ced10a75257b2587904217f63499d8b9ad2d536617247e12f8d1657d",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000de98869442b759a382d0f6ca45eb60424eb9aee2efdac83086cb6dd374120941343eb314756113e084f943cb60d91470000000000000000000000000000000019dacc8180e6dd09ac4bb97114d2ecadb04bd2aef6e5f0993742c5270267e42d052d436c99ba61f6c0fd1fd2cd51d172",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_86",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000005b016ede9d892fbd7aea4e8ed0f1eab70713557311481735a91308fabf76fe71e44a06dc23ea66ac5d831e982f401b1",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000123313e3cc006c4b95938f5eca903604ac9272c7a0c79cd932407b70635d7ca5de9297496c27406f180d5edebbb54c7e0000000000000000000000000000000002164460e59cc8788c96e235a6faa7fadb7e6ee9f6b0b95292992973ff54a92147dc7ae8e8f217515b6185875bd0bd7d",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_87",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000007160f36f0e5c4ccbcc7900c6504cd86fd6fd700bfa79af69841e4a6127eaad467ccc93c66baf7d767c3fdb1f31c527a",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000393a1b2395447b2e2838c2f49493c185424c4848f888616f16a95552671ff28b5ef223bf34299005f22a8df6efd68290000000000000000000000000000000012b1fe46279922e92d356355752ae0c2f28fc55de39ebfbd317a6c1c507d973f88c6282468571a1efc20c10314ac72f3",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_88",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000043fe62b0b9be76a375f3be0d6ec891d5bf5f2982cb2390125ff8d5db57b6b18c5616c526102e4f615963d601d13f122",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000739f563b42648cde5befaf44317468982eb9d2fceee7d2efff1755be973cfc2beda829268246d09cd29fc3aa91f0b8a0000000000000000000000000000000014fe0b03ac5e0e03acd7811270d65742a3345bed7a4790d5f40097dd34050d0043104b65fd4691c251f03e67525d41b5",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_89",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b9590b1d0d292d9967d759060a551f4e8e4c1c0066a9a3c0be515085847fa26b77462e3bae9e2621f28e01f897df0be",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000128e92c9c10fb9b065fe2c2dcfe365e98aa54eaeb3fae987306c7f0a227171ae0b3464d01a54a8d6b144ff60c45088a00000000000000000000000000000000001beaace4e23c9a31e1e9eb8596b3b05b9d72553f44c61627654757080171b05c900fe1b638193a69058e8d66cff1aa6",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_90",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000006ee7c459bb4da96e87eb1d39bd7368de5f60104f85b7b4bcdd7761ce08d48babe1bf5e765282779803bfa972d0e668f",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a6099ebb3a1101206bbd21149cf22af2371106bd34671c1cbd4f2e19311fd100bcb56a6d9d77bd834f972e55e0fb75e0000000000000000000000000000000001db77a2045e54b0ac4b3d61190684b4eec9c4ea415e5c820992b70d6ee2e086c02892228c4465c8494f939cc0b7b5ee",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_91",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000044612b42a2baa9d3e1d187b2a4e048773b4851bbd7d4025e0f7f61abee703b5a563397da4515c7379397dcde698228a",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001101cd37b61247a9859bb09ccf9eb416643f86b7109bb45d6827fbf424956c9a16b2a19c5e198551c43aa1934ad8ed0e000000000000000000000000000000000da562fcb2e3cba853de6d245a1ea0cfc3ac120b316a5f4f7072cc35a6634027409ad08c5d591a6688b24cdc4562cddb",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_92",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000014cbff1000bc0f9b394b18e81124dc81f80e291e841dae6e96e0c86a6f618b9f6aa6103e0e7582e5136319a4dac92fb",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000323c3aa4b20691af32696c449668fb6da6a0c2e8eb176fb8fcd8aeebc9b5a3bffc57b28dd35e374811d420419fb0fd30000000000000000000000000000000019516a092385d8c917b46a742f086c51e2648c7e9a709ebeb5a0f8bc29c9aabf99972aa3a218582f37d91f9758a5ddb2",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_93",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013da827dd718d3736cfcec53f034d34bce253bc91f7cfd6cd2666819bdebbfc43a9363f82bf4b580a7739b5dda9c9436",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d0351d8557d21c2dd3b1be77bb01df804ebb9e2d7e80910264ff94861cdc0a4deedc1231c61b7503c5d653e31fe10850000000000000000000000000000000005858ee487860d1ba04cfdcedebda235616c2d271ed50f89d6cf2852ea7e10ac825dacd8b00071684858a12459d1705c",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_94",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010e94039f37d218ad393e88a226dd324a37e8d5352dedf6d84fa2ed2cab2f874ccc5ce94599950f91b8dd6d6c8b84aba",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000176c50c2fcf1bcbe03a1a1ed2eb120f94ad4fcea34a59607ea595bc2b37cb92f87641191b65d4b5d57f5491ce6576a670000000000000000000000000000000000e177361e09975c98849faf8e24086f75a48df0f257ea47b659cc2a142a57ad1f64416f6dee5cbc4e57f780dadd1cf2",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_95",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000010416da7cfbed2768c77b80957053030d49d535b21a8a3297ab257dee0463c91b87a9e571b86bd874522149d9af0c29",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000dcce000aae744f8b3b6754af57a36786d887d7f9857654f93edbcb6c4416ccfea5e859acc82860b5f706087e87cdc07000000000000000000000000000000001847c32c839668a38669fdbabb512df15cde2b28ca336b0e158d1fd57f74638d86ba40ff68f0a50cead7021e86c5271d",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_96",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000197ef97f6d02a51b80e6f5629e88a3c60399bcc4a358ab103dac3a55a5877482558abed922585a1ce3228ffb507679b4",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000062a58846d39dd1fdbd34a7117797f2200d814b2a8eac9479885762565a979e93b5313575bff5ada3211eeed0a3f4ddc000000000000000000000000000000000548a24e7af2b38c4d16d8dfc8fb2d7e7669051e2643c44aee113f20d31f4853cef84e2dec20095c273680cca278331c",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_97",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000025f1ac90f5b0748d57d8f7a928be875c5712801f70af0d057546228c1bf83d3a207884c0d66d0b5dbcaa736bfe0aa1",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000107f01e4fb6430e34128e3335872cf40df2b498a63e048d46158190cb627e37833d2238dd72681037ce376384736b43e0000000000000000000000000000000000e1812299403efe0f8d111d97a4b7e7b8aa1f4ec58f9935b1367d81a847fb42cf756154448f9172118123679a41a280",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_98",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f66b472b36717ee0902d685c808bb5f190bbcb2c51d067f1cbec64669f10199a5868d7181dcec0498fcc71f5acaf79",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000188dc9e5ddf48977f33aeb6e505518269bf67fb624fa86b79741d842e75a6fa1be0911c2caa9e55571b6e55a3c0c0b9e00000000000000000000000000000000193e8b7c7e78daf104a59d7b39401a65355fa874bd34e91688580941e99a863367efc68fe871e38e07423090e93919c9",
+    "Name": "matter_fp_to_g1_99",
+    "Gas": 5500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsMapG2.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsMapG2.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f30eef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsMapG2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000014406e5bfb9209256a3820879a29ac2f62d6aca82324bf3ae2aa7d3c54792043bd8c791fccdb080c1a52dc68b8b69350000000000000000000000000000000000e885bb33996e12f07da69073e2c0cc880bc8eff26d2a724299eb12d54f4bcf26f4748bb020e80a7e3794a7b0e47a641",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000d029393d3a13ff5b26fe52bd8953768946c5510f9441f1136f1e938957882db6adbd7504177ee49281ecccba596f2bf000000000000000000000000000000001993f668fb1ae603aefbb1323000033fcb3b65d8ed3bf09c84c61e27704b745f540299a1872cd697ae45a5afd780f1d600000000000000000000000000000000079cb41060ef7a128d286c9ef8638689a49ca19da8672ea5c47b6ba6dbde193ee835d3b87a76a689966037c07159c10d0000000000000000000000000000000017c688ae9a8b59a7069c27f2d58dd2196cb414f4fb89da8510518a1142ab19d158badd1c3bad03408fafb1669903cd6c",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_0",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000ba1b6d79150bdc368a14157ebfe8b5f691cf657a6bbe30e79b6654691136577d2ef1b36bfb232e3336e7e4c9352a8ed000000000000000000000000000000000f12847f7787f439575031bcdb1f03cfb79f942f3a9709306e4bd5afc73d3f78fd1c1fef913f503c8cbab58453fb7df2",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_1",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001632336631a3c666159b6e5e1fb62ffa21488e571cffb7bc3d75d55a837f242e789a75f0f583ce2b3a969c64c2b46de200000000000000000000000000000000184f1db9ac0fdd6b5ac0307e203d0b4237a50554eb7af37bb1894d9769609c96c8437e9d6d3679ebd5f979eb04035799",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_2",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000732f171d8f6e283dd40a0324dae42ef0209c4caa0bd8ce2b12b206b6a9704f2c6015c918c79f0625fa791051b05c55c000000000000000000000000000000001139e8d932fc0ab10d6d4f6874c757c545b15be27cdb88056ed7c690aa6d924226d83e66b3e2484b2fc3dcd14418ee60",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_3",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000019a9630cce5181fd0ad80677ed5ad8cd8bce3f284cd529175902b78ad4915f0df56f0d8b37c87c9ddb23d0342005f1570000000000000000000000000000000002cdd00b7662569c9f74553a7d0585312a776c8638e54ad016f8d9d25df98651789470b12ce2626fb3ad1373744387ac",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_4",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e63c4d12a38837354bbcdf4f844e5dfe727ebe292016748007d162e74c1f849787767f7e77fc57a42783fe0b06c24c80000000000000000000000000000000008d879e4891a891f2e7d27eb95aef70d5b785b796620ec43dfbb6ae550b4effb9f24210dc20f401d54420445e21cfdd3",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_5",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000028d6de947a3958af5b53578b0ceacc7ef89d36526d8f3b6fbe787af69fed2c85cad3001643b81c575a741c4566e617e00000000000000000000000000000000182b56202f0494bd8baf5c03969288a1288b8ed8e6c7f49ec9f7493ee3369eeb42fa8f5fb7b243fb2bcee6be244f02be",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_6",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000016adb5935f32bafcccb81cf4d177dd8826013d85e11a4aad66e3aa596e1183aeb9d68eb8cf5b716a8a9445ea81b40d7a0000000000000000000000000000000018bee24b0c97af8aec210f15bbb6acbb76168dabe16e669d5558d8d32f00fdf5146471922fa98a28f238974d327996a3",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_7",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000114285411713eafd395ee43bf1728f52d17ac512b9d0cddd38c904a9a3a1b30283a3918cd2cc3da6a7d6b4ff923cbb6e0000000000000000000000000000000018a067f91f94b2904c5bb6900f427ec4e93374b5079c84707feabeabde20b5e49801f1f3c7504dd27da94d5e754df4ad",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000002d28025f4b798083aec3ca9a91a051ce27a374b115c944932026b4fe0dcf68b335d5e47212f800c241c2d42fd219635000000000000000000000000000000001742fb6ef8e9a5a7572b0d3fa4ae8ae56c9c6f4daa20d0b88212c40511c6f6b5ee98314a2d1cbe4bbbec907495a1ade8000000000000000000000000000000000d700a511a58c1b8f11153669cb21d88512dfdacbabe38e402431b4f7ba374b5f9a88614da2d56799d39324e9d19e27a000000000000000000000000000000000c6068bc7a43d614b8f1132b13e04f66d2fb5ac0c5bc8501b754a0bcf4f382db92b0994c4999e104c9d1111ef91d5edc",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_8",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000dafa9fa843879038fd1566c319c24119989090c5fd34f6514e57f633d3709f0aa9954dfb289843a6990588e337b63e6000000000000000000000000000000001742a98dd7d3671c2c64aa71023a0040e936fd726c062d520626113bed471e53ff3e85737e5abf9ee8821bae53135f20",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_9",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000019cda532e5d94f3b193b3f286a038637a736c2b87b804efd4779359db5bd95320e06d6d28da3c229ae48ffc02303fab10000000000000000000000000000000018df89e4a545bfb825bcce2f4c25f2416a72e32633b3dead5205c8b7d69c78f119d0e940e5bde9ae1cf91574e5d6c175",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_10",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008ad60829ff001404da40923806e496640a90c5c258a41ef5912f8a1a20eab84ce43b2b5aa4aa7dc4d8b281591d235020000000000000000000000000000000000f13dfef4b3b83aa7f9525eae9913e10502e77c03c55a7aa2de083dc5102c098b6f8e36cb5247b827e30fbcded9e2d3",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001062c97c214b86518660c5e1c33a4e48923ae89ab7d8bc5c798e631de16fc1f104aa957d3e7915aee8551e24aaafc8e6000000000000000000000000000000000e42b785f17f25b87a0dc558a8d57b19d8f41767c3b4fd70c147e95443aff2d9a743003da41d578a2b56d7dc748cf59500000000000000000000000000000000111fd38cd2f5f681bb37f6239a5eea820ce3f01023c685f8e7e244fe9aa9dcbd18f0e50705faa5d8d66b28af9f371c630000000000000000000000000000000004726d3e452f6fcb180ce1d50bbee3a23f7949b635a058f12de1cf5abda19c042168feea53211dbed0bfca489a020930",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_11",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010468e5421a72ec85b63f7f3070a949223105763868111424fd151c8365eb0307dbc9cbc92e5dfb296d06ddfb58d99000000000000000000000000000000000008149ce856d489050ea834452bc66f7f3478c2056969354dca8652f3d0a349e40fae0c4c57ff0f5e022aa93c61f8c844",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_12",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000006295de7bfec61f06a56fe09afbb74be968329e88ba2e87afffe9ea9bf646ff5b4a03d6088e87644958ced95eceeea08000000000000000000000000000000001443e61dbf14b6c6ed99e1917ecfbe5a4a23ab9bdd3bb089fbba76d795d715d9d2e3c7d8db0b7a9434ad691b68bad3b2",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_13",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b14b12ecaa94f9656be54772be9b22a2495d4ff873b0bb971c27ab1d8b940c84cabcf921f6f75e93942c38cddeb87500000000000000000000000000000000019eca0daafbfdcd3b56be863dceb21e624b22c0d376fb92ba606456ce3825981713b88e40b7fd801e915f97d5c29ba75",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_14",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000104a452343a4098e9bf07380a8e52050259da95f5fc88f31511a08090bda85f0a08d49cef95bd26c7181aa3eb0be122200000000000000000000000000000000012400aaec3d2f4a1a8cf3f28fd396133c3999c074a565c110354472ae29479b9b62ab67128521c2c6ec4869811ba760",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_15",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000093e04bfcbd77bc6bafeb77f02d0f794a20b155435ee3af1d667c025e7645d9387abe0ef281386339f461352da93fbe2000000000000000000000000000000000481ffec570d4e155ec10e0cc58effe7a5651795d604cfda6cdbf011676772fdce2c25227e7d5a1a26748d15b1668091",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_16",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013a3c5dd40f7d7fbba7563331917fe19a093d5d25ae7993200c39460e0c46d839e3958b672b4ed195300f398137faa18000000000000000000000000000000000255bc4d313fbd61a270dce8c851f1fa09e6ac5dff9b9e8dfc8a236a1d44548cb079023ee9b8f0f5756b39e44489c3f1",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_17",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000ab7b4dec955de92224b234c2d8bb2e3881806c2d36a9a21036e9412f0a8d3946027cbb65b5dd9c975e01b3f235b883f000000000000000000000000000000000ffbb55002d9e926b3d8e7d963ece82c14afaca8b4d8415df8f964a39db606ac99f9e442ff69f7ddbbc4ae563b836192",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_18",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000103469c08562f6f72152db58b48811b0098b68af8de00e652bd5a67246459664cc8c54e15705d702d51e3f1d8ff76a7700000000000000000000000000000000059b326dd567fb2f8a6ae87f41fb22b3edc25122138a5f6732edb48ed7fa1949eda6144297f54faf406d873a016a1510",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_19",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000bd594d2f5e1472f85bfd550df3eb948085781459eb3037fab34186ad9a0204a0767c8fba571af858a054dc231931b8000000000000000000000000000000000087b8398406c1e707fe87a16118e2448d6a5f4fd1d6c9d7174c4d8a4314fc7b2c21f04178533480976dd20e28b278ad5",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_20",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000673dface7041c3d7503ce4a50af946d344ad48327b515740b45276403d91bf1ef9deba79c8ffa0126be990b62bf3072000000000000000000000000000000000adb42b7eb0f6759a04da7b933bbc2b6aedde47da8571d6fa32268c606dbafcbc810844017eb6377493a12d76ca56c03",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_21",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f554e52c4a6c5a94fd09c617f57e8f87af57e73ceaee8997fc62c8ddcb2f875ee805e6594a0fb72738abd3cd4748ddb000000000000000000000000000000001876dd03316ff007a2efb4c5f452d8418edacc2881b20e8340895f6fc768d14fd89bd9db3dcfb53fa98a1e96055fa83e",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_22",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e8b2369fc2c584d78d52037b109aecc87dea0eefc2da46948b5535ad19c9abdb31aee66739f4852a2d3c51f2e7f74e900000000000000000000000000000000168b2d3e4b67390cb8ba5e48a7a823db08edee7d8eff41b88cd653cec1fc0df7a55303d3c91e92a2dc8ebdb327b225fe",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_23",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000016cf7b1a9ebafbd20c078948fc974bcca9b8069edc1ca5e8f364f8ca2a52e56e1a424ea6bcc4240f46dc7f262760bf480000000000000000000000000000000011a6a67d4501a8d9b3ab985be59ffc41e79c453bb5548299abff3b83ba9ff951025a68fe6a8ad3eef3c02d39fca8f909",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000001932acb1fd0708edf13c293007a035991bdfbfe0089b61c261258e8c5c10d82a5318b2af221b372f0f3f43c391421582000000000000000000000000000000000973650743f0ec8e2acca33f2ef230ee7a05635d14099cdce913ad8678458ec0dde5c5a941097af2ee0c8ffb937d09fd000000000000000000000000000000000bdaf319044101ee9aa27b3accd36a5ecaf8b80deda4548377ddeb97283537be3f7199ad3c190ed23cdb44abb8786a080000000000000000000000000000000006c448827e3fe4f274bfa55a66bc76c5b01e29ac6a8dbebd801855ba4e93bcbd03292ccf804f07f21481260c135b827b",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_24",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_25",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000194612afb777e39d0308a290bf823fe706487c3473412d1410dcb2c0016a70706e70e3a009c0bd61e755b1e4c65bcad0000000000000000000000000000000000ade016d06179faa8d44a9ee2542058bb81724d6af2954c0c09a897703d364ec25e62a3a917c5cecce5c96a7cfba924a",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_26",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000005aaeba19cb0baff9a8e46b901f15735a0c1f45116fe1f41c22fbe1aba22c0a7678bd4799db5cd9141f3112877e2c5f80000000000000000000000000000000003f54664746a5bc6f64021e2f18d8c175d96b1c8ce895809c0e6fcfbe896b3e8c1ac7f7556b9ef953371bb143bfbdafa",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ef415dfc1e47f39e9632ed21c9c2bfcc1959299710dcd7935a757e3756a42c8f6c627c720fd62f9c486a8e88a64c76d00000000000000000000000000000000088079108fe7d9ac93590c045be0d41396f3204d83793c4e862c5360ddb3268a63f704a9d14323943fc85874cdadaff1000000000000000000000000000000000cce908e8dbb7ec35820f2db5ae1174e0f675b21ae416fc89a7f242df3ee98764022744842999f65132229156d2627370000000000000000000000000000000011e0e2f8513d0a71b48599139a9a29c8eca090c5b02292baba58e07b1d3898fe158cdeb3bbe8edb4a805e695e896984a",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_27",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010ca243fcabbdb219c5b30092d9d4595a4b8ad1cbed267229eb79a99aef9c5df03d8f24b71db77a5a76917c2fd960ffe00000000000000000000000000000000135d8d92f075c219f8012ce6aebc8e48443b2f33382479a4ca8db0a4f92041d5b6b1e5818b7a3de77a5d30be0e461d13",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_28",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013e042ccfe0cbb7fa3b045a1fa1a86f199ae91721aaed488b96cc4f6de1899402f81842da2ab55c5bfa63f5b19ddce7300000000000000000000000000000000063cee89d1981f27a4f4d4f23c4d1229fd3333fc8f371ebd85c588e751307ccc75d71d151f7481ecba1ef0cffbfdea5b",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_29",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e07265d2762e8e398c83efe1c43452d91b90b7a4271c09ff693c83745a6c01b73561ffe3da9300c8e7e1602dbaab0bc000000000000000000000000000000000375579c16a167fd9f9f61d5177705f157aa0df3451971029a9444432db119fb33b8c07de33fc822eab46ed4ae47cf82",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000a06ea8e644d2d762520ad956d41ac2086a588450bc34f6d070b86fdfd73cd0734341a751d823935a009b7517770f86e00000000000000000000000000000000140ef0d6a0482537da7db8d775ac3c4a93b16c15fbe4602b5b1843ce757aada5f7776a74151d0bcf760f7284d4ffe56c000000000000000000000000000000000873c90f56a2b99da2f0a1528b8e376a5912f9cd81a159379ad70b7c10e6ebb7fea0a90d65543d968a34ebd539372e89000000000000000000000000000000000b05ff57079386e4e18e73cbff5f7b0efa329ef7355f083e8be258922203240dbb8926f7d11c22ab4c16d1df4bcbb600",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_30",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000aaa37576af2101d090139f562edc2a6e7169b0150af831d053a3a87a3a5518889a51871e02deb3ec154ccbe9dda46df00000000000000000000000000000000158edaeb58b99d9442d608bc8e6024365e9a81e0aa23bbbd466c9ccc8d29415352a153e1f852666505ef097122592ecb",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_31",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000012bfaf34a8111a01d213f9a9fc90846335cda978b3df23de99cb7b764cf5db1a816f66adad1319aa7e25c0ab89e7de740000000000000000000000000000000000fed118654a128735fd39ffd3b381ad2d71479054b6bccc04dd58fbeed9b255ce2b925e2141a96a12edc3a19188d1f5",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000cd234fcc729a4206233e46875a557027cb52c96322386b56d6e50d95dd9d23b6f8936ddc6f8475b1076a855c1ae23510000000000000000000000000000000010a774120f607bf9ad2d7bc498536cc9d35cefe384f88a2439a75f1a4f6a9e4b4253daff0d2c91b5915ee0e9a99b4582000000000000000000000000000000001496e7181495114abc0314f580c16038a04a8dab43b5564d518dba5f5e48112ce9daca4b16b6ad51c3af54ec9ce915d20000000000000000000000000000000002c61691a96a2120663c726d7fba3ed37524b58c92a024c15fccc659d1d2cdce077ba233a0d4419a6f237ee4e09abf52",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_32",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b693fe53cbcd6f8d8c98900be1f9c85966cc644f0a900c70826c6573ee801ce7863a0b170ce0ef168fb1f0ea484b276000000000000000000000000000000000c6bd688fb883f3097f8b6fd6fd0bc5acef9341f21d62a0706fb3625a70459c45a5200ee36a3802d4bb4912030bfcfc7",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000011cd454f16209b0b7040c744291f2df465ebc786946ce3cde77fe4d4bcc4b60a51573c45b8bb2d209da69107613764b0000000000000000000000000000000018a026f29fc2f81e82015ef8610b4396f2e3514ab1a213356953804d585c5cd6a3c5cffbf70d63d9dfca50129021f0e60000000000000000000000000000000015bdcc8c139e636b05ba7376c1ced4a183eb465df53b1996f4ddc8cbf42cdff4ae2bbc2d24831a8ec8b1134cff4444ee0000000000000000000000000000000017671fc3995babcd2c0a1d2a71c417fea84e29df67fa1096fe6d3ec77c45b64fb8da6ed08a57726ab314fb860899961d",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_33",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000ba7f82549ebfdc7f4959dc67cebde4720d76d5d4742af730d45d614133f0a7b0ae7b61ba5b914a997d9dde83b77b031000000000000000000000000000000000b4acd8c203ebd8e3ce12b10cc791b9a4183440309f24bbd60cb2991712c792ecac64d3f878cbe407fa8ca0d09548acb",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_34",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000145f6f774d943a1bb753d5d4876b1a88a4021cb6a6607c0efb07eef2f90ba2a90a6e9dc94586de35f6047332553ce7b5000000000000000000000000000000000b892f1c8d001c8aeddf845c3845c51f2e06c3c77e543e9721d797951b6211a869da97325b569e0de35cf3beda853ac2",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_35",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001878e791993186ab76f785b2c6b0fe08588b048007c66fc00c695b55bd17b37bdba71f34ddf75ac441a0c2687711b2990000000000000000000000000000000016598f630f72a0e1f39678e1d0ec6530c4795d7565c5d026fea2389ec0ceb51b434b532466fbb1c92c1c958041283baf",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000ee446310185ce76e31c13e4ca6c43166d971d9b9c539c7d0e8dd8ebbbdd9249922cb674bf6ad6840c203a5e208911fc00000000000000000000000000000000037344752896cff03bc39a9d09757a83c15fbd90f8bc1d8d58dca9b23bc00fa2b0f3f0bd7c9ed857d285825d40afde450000000000000000000000000000000003ef77f0220d1caa7538ecaef1ae2924ac1a180f11004034fc118aeac464fe1ce684b5fc90dae3370e3f79619889f3d7000000000000000000000000000000000fdfa434e7bedec071a1a333088d06299f55735f085a1e907a1c71c312bbb8d27ffa7de7ac69d421ebd675c4afd37594",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_36",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000134725b4d43cb87d2e4d3c43ca98b8df257acfa612ccd61dc0aa1ca749f20bd42c38d933d39f8c3c1a14dd8fec43329200000000000000000000000000000000070ad61a7f5ff9f0b4e7483f5d56b0f315b5f6545b194565ebcf8f0b8d78519ec113af6d70550888be4d661a8403a036",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000ac465de3832452edcead434729be73be90785158617b5ec3ad53b12653e43721eda7de6742dc51d4d4bb58a291999f00000000000000000000000000000000147c39a5c162afa1f8eef400cfa1bdbe5436bc59d93973f50384022962f828ac934a4f88ab7c3d505b0bc3bb002f5efe00000000000000000000000000000000141bcdad53845a7eb2ec08189a55445059dad24ae5d39fedce869791aa28459f05a6cdf9575676cc6f3dd7d6faf077240000000000000000000000000000000010e9f539a9ced860661472f53147d0347927f065ec09bc32e00c5bc157b07f8b41b05aa4e0eedd1f73c7a287b2d0e5ab",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_37",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000179bc843fecfe713f6e3ccdc8ca0f48759459b675c8b96f5403e1f6da92c2d60449638f564ce179373bce473669965d700000000000000000000000000000000082bd89b49aa62c94ecd4244b3077421569c71efccc62aed3d4bd492bdfe57c0d2cced568df5992a196a7b71bcbe5e3e",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_38",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000fb118c86e974734fc434c3bcb783e4a7f9251d9fcfb9f4419529354c8a7a3d9f2215de2d1b9f0927b185c5b4db838b60000000000000000000000000000000004da0ce78f3068bebd0a59bc2e41e7ade737375f07d6c9ce962be022856c569a33e8bd6ae60c4bb1b53b3ffc2dcc2aee",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_39",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001f43b86ec24ad40552dc4874a632b4ff4663eeefe1a8c613a19a798a0ebe321a3d543e2df28277944a941b4586ac770000000000000000000000000000000000baaca6bc34feac790807b5eb5fd173c86c12803b76b50be59b2707df765bd10eb467effe34f8dc3e1e79df8a54fde38",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_40",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000005e4751707f3ea7bc7a74d80eff27a0d65cea0c3d2e793425e79cdb0c41e6ad0cfcdbb4de604637c41dbaf30a1e816e60000000000000000000000000000000008f69021794d93826f8207b96d49214b46dfb1778603634a9f5194e92481465702a8be1bc49a7bb57527fe6f963ae04d",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_41",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000116988a869cf552b2440e16569d8b6e30c6b15430855c4d6bbf80683c5497291bac7999c1f8f08f494fcb4a989451c3b000000000000000000000000000000000e26058d72875fd3d852aa4139f71d35e1edb58242a4939da7986645117d027d20baf85770fc909d537524244da59ce7",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_42",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000078c6cf89561533810b583a88149586b29da5228ced10a75257b2587904217f63499d8b9ad2d536617247e12f8d1657d0000000000000000000000000000000005b016ede9d892fbd7aea4e8ed0f1eab70713557311481735a91308fabf76fe71e44a06dc23ea66ac5d831e982f401b1",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_43",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000007160f36f0e5c4ccbcc7900c6504cd86fd6fd700bfa79af69841e4a6127eaad467ccc93c66baf7d767c3fdb1f31c527a00000000000000000000000000000000043fe62b0b9be76a375f3be0d6ec891d5bf5f2982cb2390125ff8d5db57b6b18c5616c526102e4f615963d601d13f122",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_44",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b9590b1d0d292d9967d759060a551f4e8e4c1c0066a9a3c0be515085847fa26b77462e3bae9e2621f28e01f897df0be0000000000000000000000000000000006ee7c459bb4da96e87eb1d39bd7368de5f60104f85b7b4bcdd7761ce08d48babe1bf5e765282779803bfa972d0e668f",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_45",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000044612b42a2baa9d3e1d187b2a4e048773b4851bbd7d4025e0f7f61abee703b5a563397da4515c7379397dcde698228a00000000000000000000000000000000014cbff1000bc0f9b394b18e81124dc81f80e291e841dae6e96e0c86a6f618b9f6aa6103e0e7582e5136319a4dac92fb",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_46",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013da827dd718d3736cfcec53f034d34bce253bc91f7cfd6cd2666819bdebbfc43a9363f82bf4b580a7739b5dda9c94360000000000000000000000000000000010e94039f37d218ad393e88a226dd324a37e8d5352dedf6d84fa2ed2cab2f874ccc5ce94599950f91b8dd6d6c8b84aba",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_47",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000010416da7cfbed2768c77b80957053030d49d535b21a8a3297ab257dee0463c91b87a9e571b86bd874522149d9af0c2900000000000000000000000000000000197ef97f6d02a51b80e6f5629e88a3c60399bcc4a358ab103dac3a55a5877482558abed922585a1ce3228ffb507679b4",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_48",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000025f1ac90f5b0748d57d8f7a928be875c5712801f70af0d057546228c1bf83d3a207884c0d66d0b5dbcaa736bfe0aa10000000000000000000000000000000017f66b472b36717ee0902d685c808bb5f190bbcb2c51d067f1cbec64669f10199a5868d7181dcec0498fcc71f5acaf79",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_49",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003f2dd27e3f0ab503a8752c0802ee14c655271e8cfbc734905b4331fb4e70cdfe291ff71053fbaf91680b1dd108f458f000000000000000000000000000000000c62014b7694a3e81370761e0adcc32430547a1bbe33746637e7762dc24f8d04b4bb955f17ca901659482c622d777642",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_50",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000014d1491a45b4b0914a6cb2e4dc7de9d0962f5c175cd571057cae1e17d2c943954d119690ea14f5815f858d277a9ad828000000000000000000000000000000001650771e0f7b33d235f229b7d49a7a5a0f00f78e5f4abaa70f39ec452370198a8532b5873e41f17c449f9c565e6adea5",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_51",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000aeb244909654b3e1df7cbeccf297223be57c2f514474edf0740dff48dcd5898b6e49eb65c787aa56ef79778249f4e07000000000000000000000000000000001007c89a66dab07f54313db8682f9e829baea229b030b4514d9c93686747207939c50a198e83ac2cf50315e02642a24f",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_52",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000398d86b5206bae4ceef0bcc6335b1f6bf5d17863ef3a5e8463aaa69d9f73f8227263964659d4b770d6d9813f9399b9d00000000000000000000000000000000096bd18be1176e16a0d80e60f7d7ec9d3b6162f683440e3cde70082a73605da3783c8a058bf76d7e25056f5cd95c31ed",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_53",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000004ca5cb60c32edfa385baa911ccb7fd1f383824c22b945944b0f3f7011db8c123efd8fa70e4fe699d40c6716021f0151000000000000000000000000000000001339adb0dd8d83574c2008f0a7ed001b0808d2fb639b5e57e1d293884247d5c66c948ecc60caeea7bf440a3a44ed296d",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_54",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000089211892a61202b1ad3a85aab9f08f8d028f3e3deb16c1de4d62c1a403fa63c6dbbdf8cec37f0a9d6f346b1c7ee179d0000000000000000000000000000000012a9fc2070b326f4d7e64804b3a2e977f4bb36b6a4afcf27252af757d8535e8172a99dc909fad5a3ff8df23d6d6c5948",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_55",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b37365748fdb21fcb46f94edf86c586f17d0e042c4683e68c6cb83e7c0ed2c30ed260c15af2c9dce77bb705debfa7590000000000000000000000000000000010d7c02c6c1ba3cf6ac09a05dfe043905e1a7eb32b67f2e8a5dfe82eaca66ef46cce43aaadeff58ca85345dd0d3bf3cb",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_56",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000aeee59421c8ee65f8070b9d036e6bacb39dd2537d02960a3a57da4f0985cc7b27784d60fc1613f5a83c34d2250395c1000000000000000000000000000000001715ddcbaed0a05b38b1c820724405a713cc0215a4c497892f00746c0f9af28b440a3686178d9bfcd41944a224311306",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_57",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000ca4b3e1a8351057ba4a2ffaf0cdf1c3c0717ccfe26433f6c40e2cc29e32ed884f63d25979580fb555a5a86c9147bcb00000000000000000000000000000000010c1db593af38aa14ca9dd588f54b219ff1fc9edd25b3d16c595662ffa7939879244326b14d978e0dfdd25e37776964c",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_58",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017cd94e7e672f0dba9a3c1db742d87cb18b9401e8311c4badc24f811a8f40c27942da6485807701c1a12da58076c756b0000000000000000000000000000000012f6de4ac9883e78f9d658cede4c70b44bac6b4c9734cbf24298ddf0df0cf54164aca245d8e313be4aca66ba3cab5d70",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_59",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001b2843d9852feae3145b242cd0999877c07785bc72cc2626f388dca32edfb112bb90f9aefd6953eb15a0babe748573d000000000000000000000000000000000a69bfe809a67ee853cb96b5a7a72798748cda56936e5664d509001544539730f57a7541ecd2396c9225818b9dbfa3c6",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_60",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002479a989dbf27141bd9f467447218dfa6ef60781a7231f089d5f1f1d8dca2ce9606a75c09f63f37f9cc1ee61dceb32500000000000000000000000000000000037c2f1b96170f6847138232bac663e4940bca602717c877f58ff7f5259778246085d499ec6bbeaade18f738df333cc7",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_61",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e6fcc48312831b910e52aebbf19869b3b32f05db8310b68905bb244ab784df5732db2e72183de5d231d803d92aacff9000000000000000000000000000000000f61f9e52fe3afc2a6bf12e420cebf83bc55a449d6a167779e5b6ba3281c51d790a045643aa75f2516eaf6ae2a816ac4",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_62",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000018efc6d366d79a09b7d56c81c17c2eec2ef7395fdb5991f41273329cdcf4537d342bddd83c3994a40d5c18f6afa054c600000000000000000000000000000000127021ce28627a9d6a492720f728acef3b38c12b951f70a932c7fc0ce3f5b6c80783351cec55d7d1bc4ab964bb4913b2",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_63",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000a0277228ab4e880c12f957a6fcdfe49e2155083f3f93d3f00c68622415cd1f5bae183b7df9e08328a8139392772cdc6000000000000000000000000000000000de0ab426e56029790a5ff72f34da97e11c028dc5d31e448c49ede004102804d2bcc36d509640247a4c8bfdf5104a781",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_64",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000170b243c5aa49a0134bf3d6494cc1e55a1c6ebefc6117eca3b343a48ef0a2b077c443ec5b9201b198df015a38e66b7910000000000000000000000000000000019a8ac8a3be1d45318801bb0a654963b312540d24aafec46bb7661cebeec27b0b345275fd53c041d02b1ebfa27fc3854",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_65",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000fbbd5a10eeb2f358f2b167f1985d4084c4b12accb1520d780ef1c52f6fa80e97aaf190e7a7b241ef96fe8289fc0a9600000000000000000000000000000000155687114e7aa786ba27aeada830fc705aed069c4e3a07e88d7f33923319f416ff3caf6533cbb36e5bbb1b93a191bfd0",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_66",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000115edef357ccc3432226d9bad796a42b1a278d9c8adfdddc5a0f8a36d32ea1787183877f8b7dfab71424cdd10b63441a0000000000000000000000000000000014b369ce61abe60d942346e049644b95a0fda96316446b2fe7ee427641af52fdd2a654bf125ff6c8c7f3dec98f6cbfb9",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_67",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000d22b7b36ac66b10adb4570f8e7521ed76de2df2a7b94b2d0b9ee4514cdff6fa7c74854d16e7e70f054a91df93c7ebaf0000000000000000000000000000000016867c9cba66dd9f1d0332d31c4e46f8e393eeeeb19af7e6e01effb29ad999b3086b599ee4b371de557d4fafd5da3794",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_68",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000db9258e1257e659e60bf8569ea90c8247a53a1d1eb958481623447a38d0f1f1686c3e40c8f15bd06cf5be9c02485452000000000000000000000000000000000517c87f3df032ff08d960f524939e66f7fa69b4168b0f2507baf7d7231a70dc5690a02d317b26f219365ac3255bee78",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_69",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000b6573c743989fc8613d4ea09c2e500ce965b50cf0c8975ff703116464082efff4b42828c8337809f6938d7cdd3f66e000000000000000000000000000000000896d316629c80ce6e5f240535863b9e064728665c0815f39b21675c236f6995e7dfff1e4aec9ad05861e2122469ea56",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_70",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000011fd2ccf6883b78fe19cfe7beded503cdbe1cd5dc9ee452aa6b329d2237c2529df6774334b132cfeaa616f20335f88680000000000000000000000000000000009eacceef036ec500e7676f54af703016fac93d69ed19c8943b64ffed2db498b19cd255a0a3437b568eade0f497c7b17",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_71",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000004a851380536054f6b69ef7581b57dfd753d1e6201069bd1218ae5766aada087b4b08f65d43b3ce0215640e8d34633310000000000000000000000000000000013579671b64f2d9a2c3ac2737cf95c2148acce3dcecb3db6d019730010c50d1c0504ba4ed42d93771ba296b0b07487d7",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_72",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000021dc1dedded9b0dd90afa9ab7fa8f9c33930fe4ae68185ea4cce9ed97ce4cc9ff93f96377b11f8d42b02e759a10b06200000000000000000000000000000000034c963fda3bb80043d6d7887661ad59b3c31c88c958b451a8e11684770c132205db6655ad7cbd604ecc3225b0c128b0",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_73",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003e8d1be04f8dbe5c7e1c7553cde8355ae16d26c819dea92fb543cbd9fe9e726359e1e4be0483a7720343f34c6a3fb9200000000000000000000000000000000062bc5fdae812802bdea09e4130c3d9bf80c7518138b116a4b6a302c155b97226a6ccc8a3ace18744e7adece08781f72",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_74",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000014b922157b19ed9debd9ae95cd9435f7980b8d4ea33fd29f99d5e7fb1a96f6d99ae13f7f86239c4bc286c3927d3522a000000000000000000000000000000000f6d4badf78d9115d93783a59ec9576fcfd87a2c29e1c506b6f7e313e71723811a36d64b37650fb6f7b460105a7e13f1",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_75",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000005a54ee5e3dc05c38ade7a42c71baf5a1467938f97c0cdf0742441cd339f22542b1ca6cd215d385b3fd6ba74ec996a4d00000000000000000000000000000000051c6f0ce621e8e27e5017628690fb68f0fea27d67726a0a77b0caf9f524936e123ff096168ff2079b9990c07fa80354",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_76",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000094e958d9b7dac39fa4f0143a333b2ccee09046cd23e6a1c0712470a3c2e61d2f8b85aeca37350f71d7ec75aea2b3b6b00000000000000000000000000000000080743cdb5e359e8b8ad3485d53ea286669ad66d841945296edf80dde77b20a158e2c1529dfc33a1fbecf177d75a0c69",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_77",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000dec04526dbf7666d2c29db5de1ef0b3da85380a171d871a57ae3df364d2754fceabf9d4d2a3da1ecd94e377abc78430000000000000000000000000000000000d19875fe988ffbd0cf1e9bfefc7019579962ffa3a585ee232615e4a5fce0a07bce0537b203ea00010a90ec05d5b8de7",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_78",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000016dd03f0df71b183e42cc29c665f18d57637b65f05df85aed9a0f7b8aa37f7913f6606c10f24a7a8c570f485905583a00000000000000000000000000000000161e62d8be678a114fd4a99a6caeb9481f5eaef145571152fe8a6ed77a34c06a1b6ff66044102d19a94abcaaeb254e73",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_79",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000036efffcb0c6f42109bf9b8b7421e32fa3f855373345341e6000eccaca135ef3b2e1c0151bddbd46ae92185acb847d74000000000000000000000000000000000edbd7a40f3e688eaff5e29800159b8d799df07e81f65d59011e84329b4689a28a15ce11537fb560df705be26bf14b1e",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_80",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000974c7d17cbf91947ad435b30ad2b639671a43d67da6a4edc7f8bdc11fe817d4d42f687dd642a2be89c81bc36e8df592000000000000000000000000000000000efeeb85860877abdabae35672a77ca9d2cf0ed18ed209fb905b591a841c900ed06d2c32c56bed5f7efd469d369b05b8",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_81",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000015333364f4d0d173ef35e447fc189b9d65ef71b9fc4ecba25fb6c8c1bfe8467f26bb9c55ef10bb34125d714b94aa1df1000000000000000000000000000000000cbba9d8ac191032f03c0746f13108962130c9e2c01d47f01174a4c4d3daa7631268f7dcc08dfda317bd249fb6e73e8a",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_82",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000781e980c167c982c2fc8d0baa3907bc5499eafca675ae20a10b25063c9088fd06f6769df505e5900bcaf99e266c052c00000000000000000000000000000000183c12798438ea92db75d5bf76cf29d320fab3653e4131989205f2817aebcb1b13f161864c084fd13a11459d7d5ccd92",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_83",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000879133a3c0e50c90abf1a6ac75bbeca1121c865ef39e9224ddb160eb725e0850a34aaf9014e42174966773e40e4c99a0000000000000000000000000000000004c66f8f5bd462cb27e9f5e1d93e322bd97582b9e81d07b2877103420262e4cfe6d0e3bc07f9f160701fd754793eae33",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000003c0d6b721cee4e5fdc6a02095674a58075f81b1d28163f81d5b258c82634297009e6bfc8193969e23e196cf7a99ad6c0000000000000000000000000000000013229818411c8e55e50a63df6983150c1d5ead828711131d9c81841850ed76e4712954d3225eb6d7fffd3cb9924f7497000000000000000000000000000000000f42d6e4d5a28dbfda87c806cb0b1bbabb745e63e655c3c6be50411da4dcdc745ae50f71d56e88db8454d40375e325810000000000000000000000000000000000f663ab791b48f76d358e66e8cd8fa40848dff2bbec758ce1d7b3fe02d1f6b3f123cef644d4fd86d6a77b8155feae58",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_84",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000a7e855324ef471b8fefb31967cec84d57953407ba555b672fa59364b303030cb02b6c77933cc63fcd1b8c107b263554000000000000000000000000000000000b50c3f7cebdcf538820113acdb017fcd5d41a4fd679af8dfde7b0c330e3576ca79d09eedc724a93a3f5c90d141e7524",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_85",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001706830efca18d3e75ea0f1ca8af23a816017ceeb045694cdbad6d3d9aa5a9ddb123f5097a226a217166de3a82038393000000000000000000000000000000000402132ac383a2fcb17fe73398273ef0c2f2d0d6edabc78f31080d3ecbf7c249ffeef28bb8b37a6ef2a7d726c070dc41",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_86",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000024beda2b950efcee233435f0c748e33aa928f54ff29d3db217d7e32b1aac5f4ed11705da4fb8fd38481382486e4aef7000000000000000000000000000000000c85283ad6e35a72d07b74775df1a4660113d50b51426451f454a575adf9cbf9d7be3f521649f6c367c4f4c74b67ff6b",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_87",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000cb18f477abe58af92116101c3f52ad4f6074ed92a08c3adcc6660b555df9cff09dd8b34e032ed81e868a62bda50378d0000000000000000000000000000000013c4ab1558dc250c3b5d0f0fae3db62b8df969bb41e9ecc24c10e1e51cb399f1368bed7375a9b9ad9c7653c868eecfe3",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_88",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000188f650fdc51b970d16c0637ad5e97aade93c7f1398751439484ec6cc56613814908e51cfa7f68da9d980bb9dac47a400000000000000000000000000000000081834f86f1310135a2cb03265f37d9b7c9459bb149bc54b5a61319a7cde36c6a2a0fb49f8f1fb9d80f07b84f799119f",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_89",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000006f66eb49f95f51ec90df86254580f0ae57862bdd8b5f2759ace63c5f14f8c5a762207f744bb82a8962f8c4fa410dfdb0000000000000000000000000000000004e02a80628c30ce336eab890fa37a227f77357a60be72cb87cc2b7442d2163d395fdc59350624ca1322bfe8619a2efd",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000006bc2ae646a603a1f4524b445cdeb99914e4ed19cd0676d511764b828bfe126e81cad2cb566655f04de1a302c14d70bc00000000000000000000000000000000023bd509aabfa41385e90cd4b1cbbfa45d066c4defab56993aaa386dc5b7707b1a3a7d444b8bd295a30d0b8f4bdc572e0000000000000000000000000000000006f82e60e18cc958375cce6f465db461ff46ed9d15cfcc01a3aff455d54c77ebba5a654c2ec788b6ed8ac53c39defdd3000000000000000000000000000000000896fbe6492c4c297f8b6d60295a7f2565734d69eea67b2675211a203fec043f0d181b1348bea425a068b7bc12676ed0",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_90",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001451bcd19495cea3a19393b77760f688fbf17b107dc131c88cbb503eee2a804e2978d6e8a4720d144083d28be73371d70000000000000000000000000000000017db715e8680a0e82e18b513f2c9c7ea136cefe8add71aac6baba146e3e33a498d025c7e0808ced306c915eb02900c61",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000008604a06a198c3e11458de920176842221667d024f9c155892485a37ff56252be1dc629a6fd580fa41f5e598a23f3651000000000000000000000000000000000e008eed25eafeaa67f27e89e1f81b469724a4b00f08dc4ae672aa1587b19dc615330e3fce0fbd98d7526bc2c4afe69e0000000000000000000000000000000015bc1e4ea5ae2a7fde6d5e5c3e58f6ff5df5bcb125ab402f10edd09087bde39fa27dfcdce7d04fd18ce399729e155fae0000000000000000000000000000000006684e9be8bf9fa4badda842a1d8840f0820d9a797e482c64f4004a18cd63986f19abfc93f6bf068d38eb1e491cabbe6",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_91",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013a6e129d4dd4aa93cff5489ee879763e2a2231939e609d2d72f07e630b37d09f3057a36fd5cdfc9c81675c996f8ba0f000000000000000000000000000000000e8d7ad082e8f9a718fc2ea712853ed9ab4e8b1a8ca9988f77c70fc759f1fe2d4bd73696e539f130be13b2862efbdf77",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_92",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003379bc10acda5ed1014e2bba1e30cf83b72fe69259eb35476a031b8a898e0183bc32ee853a85fb3d738424208fc880900000000000000000000000000000000175a2e5a44ed62744fbbab9581ea7283470bff12436dfc414ad80b4070f895de3786022cbaed55bdbbc4f68db7460548",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_93",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000b384a9db472c38a5d246da56059b7630f002b5f4663abce7c5f6e896222a1ca1ac02883a1ec95a4ef09bcfab7d0652a000000000000000000000000000000000de09ef45aafa56936e446e18ef9ff97ca8b81c295d35cf7b72416ebd80586d0fc479d86c23295ac54a23489af045ebc",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_94",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000014df33e7d3ef2c339b958fee667097ccf146556261f7db4b0b0a3c29897b73a0ca249866cff1461488012bc16df43b0d00000000000000000000000000000000099dda253a43b8cfac580306267d9dfeb2c129ac1818fee43c6df5e582f5fa726ba73e1a2ef6a9e011a387c393529678",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_95",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000011c89c8d7e83155a308b2e517a23f05a4a55353332292b44b0a891b6f730fd126bd0b97eb87f0fbdb6c82779791d022f000000000000000000000000000000000da6f02450955bf26e236ec63aaf80a018ac34fd8784bb24a22a1fc5e8bd686244a923009a10cb38b1422534d0997afd",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_96",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000015bb227b5c9ccfb8390edcd158b04a69a88a3b99a10ae90e548182751a16448df25493061afde2c9790a0e75e6f409a20000000000000000000000000000000001d7b609155bf3939192eee9642032e6fb10f57d53916674c60211a37b4a7662759899a9569e2dc730febd23f747a7a3",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_97",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000017599d71686e817cf58b78dd7586d5b359999b32b0dec2d67e33fb6388411418ecfaa2670a2cc9dce3dadaed0fb3364000000000000000000000000000000001773995b540be9ffbfd276a92c0494e4eae296d094f9f7eca975cf4f73ae05e92bd64ea71ac47bba534044f4072a6591",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_98",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000f470603a402bc134db1b389fd187460f9eb2dd001a2e99f730af386508c62f0e911d831a2562da84bce11d39f2ff13f000000000000000000000000000000000d8c45f4ab20642d0cba9764126e0818b7d731a6ba29ed234d9d6309a5e8ddfbd85193f1fa8b7cfeed3d31b23b904ee9",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "matter_fp2_to_g2_99",
+    "Gas": 110000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsPairing.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsPairing.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..138b139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/blsPairing.json
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+[
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_e(2*G1,3*G2)=e(6*G1,G2)",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_e(2*G1,3*G2)=e(5*G1,G2)",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_10paircheckstrue",
+    "Gas": 345000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_10pairchecksfalse",
+    "Gas": 345000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_0",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_1",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_2",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_3",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_4",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_5",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_6",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_7",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_8",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000002d1cdb93191d1f9f0308c2c55d0208a071f5520faca7c52ab0311dbc9ba563bd33b5dd6baa77bf45ac2c3269e945f4800000000000000000000000000000000072a52106e6d7b92c594c4dacd20ef5fab7141e45c231457cd7e71463b2254ee6e72689e516fa6a8f29f2a173ce0a1900000000000000000000000000000000000b36d8fb9bd156f618ab8049d41dfe0698218764c0abb10e12fae43c8810b8e2a5201364e2778f6f433b199bb8f9a6800000000000000000000000000000000000707eb15411b63722b4308c0ed4288320078d2463ae659ad4fb3f9ef8124f379df92d64e077403e50727388adb59ac00000000000000000000000000000000158e1249d5b91614924acb23899c6bae408697dec0982c10d0459746499f4e6739afb9d5129568106ed1a1caefeaa9640000000000000000000000000000000019e841562e4aa75321143f8ce1e5ec6158fa5cb8b98c839a486188260c18ee8a7600930f23aa39eac2eb520d6a0fba90",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_9",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_10",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_11",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_12",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_13",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_14",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_15",
+    "Gas": 138000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_16",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_17",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000009f9a78a70b9973c43182ba54bb6e363c6984d5f7920c1d347c5ff82e6093e73f4fb5e3cd985c9ddf9af936b16200e880000000000000000000000000000000008d7489c2d78f17b2b9b1d535f21588d8761b8fb323b08fa9af8a60f39b26e98af76aa883522f21e083c8a14c2e7edb6000000000000000000000000000000000818e567aea83eaf3142984bb736b443743659626c407987b604a30c79756081fa6ae6beeb2e6c652dbfe9cf62d44e3900000000000000000000000000000000193f0317305fde1046acda2c9491e376aa67244f68ef6495845d049e1293082af91f880be935d9d8ad0e25ad918caae200000000000000000000000000000000109224b8178be58ea4e4a194ca66bef9d14f6fc2c625d25feaa4f32e0f4d72d91024d96839bc96e6a624c5ad6221bd94000000000000000000000000000000000e42decf8a987efaeb4ede37236b637e61249bf6245679be7fd4d633e2d814ed4748b73890ad3c4fcbcfb4960cb67ae70000000000000000000000000000000009f9a78a70b9973c43182ba54bb6e363c6984d5f7920c1d347c5ff82e6093e73f4fb5e3cd985c9ddf9af936b16200e88000000000000000000000000000000001129c94e0c06f51f1f808a62e42a5449dd159289c14a09c4cc382c91bcfe878b6f3555767c310de1b1c275eb3d17bcf5000000000000000000000000000000000818e567aea83eaf3142984bb736b443743659626c407987b604a30c79756081fa6ae6beeb2e6c652dbfe9cf62d44e3900000000000000000000000000000000193f0317305fde1046acda2c9491e376aa67244f68ef6495845d049e1293082af91f880be935d9d8ad0e25ad918caae200000000000000000000000000000000109224b8178be58ea4e4a194ca66bef9d14f6fc2c625d25feaa4f32e0f4d72d91024d96839bc96e6a624c5ad6221bd94000000000000000000000000000000000e42decf8a987efaeb4ede37236b637e61249bf6245679be7fd4d633e2d814ed4748b73890ad3c4fcbcfb4960cb67ae7",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_18",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_19",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000013c5ebfb853f0c8741f12057b6b845c4cdbf72aecbeafc8f5b5978f186eead8685f2f3f125e536c465ade1a00f212b0900000000000000000000000000000000082543b58a13354d0cce5dc3fb1d91d1de6d5927290b2ff51e4e48f40cdf2d490730843b53a92865140153888d73d4af0000000000000000000000000000000002b51851ef3b44481d13f42e5111fa4fec04be0bf6acc7e59dec3a8c8113e5bb7b604c6dbdc5e8eddc2a1ffb81bc2baf0000000000000000000000000000000018ddb483ae75402852b7f285277ff7308ff78a3364cca8b0e0e1fa9182de275fd55c1e8ec3dbde180379c4280787ba8000000000000000000000000000000000170539890c89a4f91acd59efd413b5d1059f0c8fd8718e8f722e865dd106a4eb02e6fb0cd71b34ebc4b94375b52e4dd60000000000000000000000000000000001c2e9392f5d4b75efc5ff10fe97f37e2671cad7e4710765866e92aec99b0130e6ff1314502d069fb7b5f86bfce4300e0000000000000000000000000000000013c5ebfb853f0c8741f12057b6b845c4cdbf72aecbeafc8f5b5978f186eead8685f2f3f125e536c465ade1a00f212b090000000000000000000000000000000011dbce34af6cb14d3e4d49f2482e1b058609f25dca79e2ca48e289ace9d1c8db177b7bc35daad79aa5fdac77728bd5fc0000000000000000000000000000000002b51851ef3b44481d13f42e5111fa4fec04be0bf6acc7e59dec3a8c8113e5bb7b604c6dbdc5e8eddc2a1ffb81bc2baf0000000000000000000000000000000018ddb483ae75402852b7f285277ff7308ff78a3364cca8b0e0e1fa9182de275fd55c1e8ec3dbde180379c4280787ba8000000000000000000000000000000000170539890c89a4f91acd59efd413b5d1059f0c8fd8718e8f722e865dd106a4eb02e6fb0cd71b34ebc4b94375b52e4dd60000000000000000000000000000000001c2e9392f5d4b75efc5ff10fe97f37e2671cad7e4710765866e92aec99b0130e6ff1314502d069fb7b5f86bfce4300e",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_20",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_21",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_22",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_23",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_24",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_25",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_26",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_27",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000010cde0dbf4e18009c94ba648477624bbfb3732481d21663dd13cea914d6c54ec060557010ebe333d5e4b266e1563c631000000000000000000000000000000000fb24d3d4063fd054cd5b7288498f107114ff323226aca58d3336444fc79c010db15094ceda6eb99770c168d459f0da0000000000000000000000000000000000224cbea61c5136987d8dbc8deafa78ae002255c031bb54335bcf99e56a57768aa127506fca1761e8b835e67e88bb4dd0000000000000000000000000000000018cbf072b544df760c051d394ff68ad2dd5a8c731377fa2a5f61e61481ad5b42645704a2d083c7d45ed4774e5448141e000000000000000000000000000000000740b8b7d7bce78a51809713656c94cf98de72887676050f65f74c57cbe574278dd3634c44e057ea95babcc3d230e3c40000000000000000000000000000000006696058a191c7012a4ee7c973c2005ac51af02a85cbb60e3164809a583b4431dda2b59e1c9ceeb652b3ac7021d116a60000000000000000000000000000000010cde0dbf4e18009c94ba648477624bbfb3732481d21663dd13cea914d6c54ec060557010ebe333d5e4b266e1563c631000000000000000000000000000000000a4ec4acf91be994fe45f08dbeb2bbd053275861d11a486693fd6e5bfa3736134396f6b1c3ad146642f2e972ba609d0b000000000000000000000000000000000224cbea61c5136987d8dbc8deafa78ae002255c031bb54335bcf99e56a57768aa127506fca1761e8b835e67e88bb4dd0000000000000000000000000000000018cbf072b544df760c051d394ff68ad2dd5a8c731377fa2a5f61e61481ad5b42645704a2d083c7d45ed4774e5448141e000000000000000000000000000000000740b8b7d7bce78a51809713656c94cf98de72887676050f65f74c57cbe574278dd3634c44e057ea95babcc3d230e3c40000000000000000000000000000000006696058a191c7012a4ee7c973c2005ac51af02a85cbb60e3164809a583b4431dda2b59e1c9ceeb652b3ac7021d116a6",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_28",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_29",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_30",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_31",
+    "Gas": 161000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6000000000000000000000000000000000d4441801d287ba8de0e2fb6b77f766dbff07b4027098ce463cab80e01eb31d9f5dbd7ac935703d68c7032fa5128ff170000000000000000000000000000000011798ea9c137acf6ef9483b489c0273d4f69296959922a352b079857953263372b8d339115f0576cfabedc185abf2086000000000000000000000000000000001498b1412f52b07a0e4f91cbf5e1852ea38fc111613523f1e61b97ebf1fd7fd2cdf36d7f73f1e33719c0b63d7bf66b8f0000000000000000000000000000000004c56d3ee9931f7582d7eebeb598d1be208e3b333ab976dc7bb271969fa1d6caf8f467eb7cbee4af5d30e5c66d00a4e2000000000000000000000000000000000de29857dae126c0acbe966da6f50342837ef5dd9994ad929d75814f6f33f77e5b33690945bf6e980031ddd90ebc76ce00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6000000000000000000000000000000000cbcd06a1c576af16d0d77ff8bcc3669a486d044cc7b85db03661a92f4c5c44a28d028521dfcfc292d8ecd05aed6ab940000000000000000000000000000000011798ea9c137acf6ef9483b489c0273d4f69296959922a352b079857953263372b8d339115f0576cfabedc185abf2086000000000000000000000000000000001498b1412f52b07a0e4f91cbf5e1852ea38fc111613523f1e61b97ebf1fd7fd2cdf36d7f73f1e33719c0b63d7bf66b8f0000000000000000000000000000000004c56d3ee9931f7582d7eebeb598d1be208e3b333ab976dc7bb271969fa1d6caf8f467eb7cbee4af5d30e5c66d00a4e2000000000000000000000000000000000de29857dae126c0acbe966da6f50342837ef5dd9994ad929d75814f6f33f77e5b33690945bf6e980031ddd90ebc76ce00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6000000000000000000000000000000000d4441801d287ba8de0e2fb6b77f766dbff07b4027098ce463cab80e01eb31d9f5dbd7ac935703d68c7032fa5128ff170000000000000000000000000000000011798ea9c137acf6ef9483b489c0273d4f69296959922a352b079857953263372b8d339115f0576cfabedc185abf2086000000000000000000000000000000001498b1412f52b07a0e4f91cbf5e1852ea38fc111613523f1e61b97ebf1fd7fd2cdf36d7f73f1e33719c0b63d7bf66b8f00000000000000000000000000000000153ba4ab4fecc724c843b8f78db2db1943e91051b8cb9be2eb7e610a570f1f5925b7981334951b505cce1a3992ff05c9000000000000000000000000000000000c1e79925e9ebfd99e5d11489c56a994e0f855a759f0652cc9bb5151877cfea5c37896f56b949167b9cd2226f14333dd",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_32",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000003299542a0c40efbb55d169a92ad11b4d6d7a6ed949cb0d6477803fbedcf74e4bd74de854c4c8b7f200c85c8129292540000000000000000000000000000000013a3d49e58274c2b4a534b95b7071b6d2f42b17b887bf128627c0f8894c19d3d69c1a419373ca4bd1bb6d4efc78e1d3f000000000000000000000000000000001755d8a095e087ca66f8a118e0d2c7d5e4d8427dda8fe3049080f4aff12a8746f8c2679c310f4be0d94c5bef0414a7a600000000000000000000000000000000069c84c6419ed5c0441975ee8410065a56c65f07a4b545ff596b657dc4620c7405fd4d092b281e272773d2281a6359a8000000000000000000000000000000000e751ccbd475fe7eda1c62df626c1d37e8ae6853cc9b2109beef3e8c6f26d41a5e4e0a91bbc3371c7ab6ba780b5db41600000000000000000000000000000000184097644c9b44d543ebc0934825610590cc9f8b17ed08e9c06592bf85591d2702b18cf48a70b378926057e541eb8ac50000000000000000000000000000000003299542a0c40efbb55d169a92ad11b4d6d7a6ed949cb0d6477803fbedcf74e4bd74de854c4c8b7f200c85c81292925400000000000000000000000000000000065d3d4be1589a6f00c85c208c44916a35349a096b09219704b4c31861ef58e6b4ea5be57a175b429e482b1038718d6c000000000000000000000000000000001755d8a095e087ca66f8a118e0d2c7d5e4d8427dda8fe3049080f4aff12a8746f8c2679c310f4be0d94c5bef0414a7a600000000000000000000000000000000069c84c6419ed5c0441975ee8410065a56c65f07a4b545ff596b657dc4620c7405fd4d092b281e272773d2281a6359a8000000000000000000000000000000000e751ccbd475fe7eda1c62df626c1d37e8ae6853cc9b2109beef3e8c6f26d41a5e4e0a91bbc3371c7ab6ba780b5db41600000000000000000000000000000000184097644c9b44d543ebc0934825610590cc9f8b17ed08e9c06592bf85591d2702b18cf48a70b378926057e541eb8ac50000000000000000000000000000000003299542a0c40efbb55d169a92ad11b4d6d7a6ed949cb0d6477803fbedcf74e4bd74de854c4c8b7f200c85c8129292540000000000000000000000000000000013a3d49e58274c2b4a534b95b7071b6d2f42b17b887bf128627c0f8894c19d3d69c1a419373ca4bd1bb6d4efc78e1d3f000000000000000000000000000000001755d8a095e087ca66f8a118e0d2c7d5e4d8427dda8fe3049080f4aff12a8746f8c2679c310f4be0d94c5bef0414a7a600000000000000000000000000000000069c84c6419ed5c0441975ee8410065a56c65f07a4b545ff596b657dc4620c7405fd4d092b281e272773d2281a6359a8000000000000000000000000000000000b8bf51e6509e81b70ff44d6e0df8f9f7bc8e33126e9f1b5a8419414878a2209c05df56cf590c8e33f484587f4a1f6950000000000000000000000000000000001c07a85ece4a1c5072fe722fb264bd1d3aaabf9db9809d5a6cb3fe17157d8fd1bfa730a26e34c87279ea81abe141fe6",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_33",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_34",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_35",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_36",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_37",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_38",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_39",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_40",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_41",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_42",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_43",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_44",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_45",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_46",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_47",
+    "Gas": 184000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000008d8c4a16fb9d8800cce987c0eadbb6b3b005c213d44ecb5adeed713bae79d606041406df26169c35df63cf972c94be10000000000000000000000000000000011bc8afe71676e6730702a46ef817060249cd06cd82e6981085012ff6d013aa4470ba3a2c71e13ef653e1e223d1ccfe90000000000000000000000000000000013a3de1d25380c44ca06321151e89ca22210926c1cd4e3c1a9c3aa6c709ab5fdd00f8df19243ce058bc753ccf03424ed000000000000000000000000000000001657dbebf712cbda6f15d1d387c87b3fb9b386d5d754135049728a2a856ba2944c741024131a93c78655fdb7bfe3c80300000000000000000000000000000000068edef3169c58920509ed4e7069229bd8038a45d2ce5773451cc18b396d2838c9539ecb52298a27eebd714afacb907c0000000000000000000000000000000004c5346765a62f2d2e700aadccf747acb3322c250435ce2cf358c08f1e286427cabace052327c4b30135c8482c5c0eb90000000000000000000000000000000008d8c4a16fb9d8800cce987c0eadbb6b3b005c213d44ecb5adeed713bae79d606041406df26169c35df63cf972c94be100000000000000000000000000000000084486ebc81878331aab7d6f53ca3c773fda7b181b56a93e5ee0bfa189afbb7fd7a05c5bea35ec1054c0e1ddc2e2dac20000000000000000000000000000000013a3de1d25380c44ca06321151e89ca22210926c1cd4e3c1a9c3aa6c709ab5fdd00f8df19243ce058bc753ccf03424ed000000000000000000000000000000001657dbebf712cbda6f15d1d387c87b3fb9b386d5d754135049728a2a856ba2944c741024131a93c78655fdb7bfe3c80300000000000000000000000000000000068edef3169c58920509ed4e7069229bd8038a45d2ce5773451cc18b396d2838c9539ecb52298a27eebd714afacb907c0000000000000000000000000000000004c5346765a62f2d2e700aadccf747acb3322c250435ce2cf358c08f1e286427cabace052327c4b30135c8482c5c0eb90000000000000000000000000000000008d8c4a16fb9d8800cce987c0eadbb6b3b005c213d44ecb5adeed713bae79d606041406df26169c35df63cf972c94be10000000000000000000000000000000011bc8afe71676e6730702a46ef817060249cd06cd82e6981085012ff6d013aa4470ba3a2c71e13ef653e1e223d1ccfe90000000000000000000000000000000013a3de1d25380c44ca06321151e89ca22210926c1cd4e3c1a9c3aa6c709ab5fdd00f8df19243ce058bc753ccf03424ed000000000000000000000000000000001657dbebf712cbda6f15d1d387c87b3fb9b386d5d754135049728a2a856ba2944c741024131a93c78655fdb7bfe3c80300000000000000000000000000000000137232f722e38e084611ba67d2e28a3b8c73c13f20b6bb4c22141115bd43cdeb555861335f2a75d7cb418eb505341a2f00000000000000000000000000000000153bdd82d3d9b76d1cab9d087654652ab1451f5fef4f449273d81211d88891fc53f131f98e2c3b4cb8c937b7d3a39bf20000000000000000000000000000000008d8c4a16fb9d8800cce987c0eadbb6b3b005c213d44ecb5adeed713bae79d606041406df26169c35df63cf972c94be100000000000000000000000000000000084486ebc81878331aab7d6f53ca3c773fda7b181b56a93e5ee0bfa189afbb7fd7a05c5bea35ec1054c0e1ddc2e2dac20000000000000000000000000000000013a3de1d25380c44ca06321151e89ca22210926c1cd4e3c1a9c3aa6c709ab5fdd00f8df19243ce058bc753ccf03424ed000000000000000000000000000000001657dbebf712cbda6f15d1d387c87b3fb9b386d5d754135049728a2a856ba2944c741024131a93c78655fdb7bfe3c80300000000000000000000000000000000137232f722e38e084611ba67d2e28a3b8c73c13f20b6bb4c22141115bd43cdeb555861335f2a75d7cb418eb505341a2f00000000000000000000000000000000153bdd82d3d9b76d1cab9d087654652ab1451f5fef4f449273d81211d88891fc53f131f98e2c3b4cb8c937b7d3a39bf2",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_48",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_49",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000e3ccaa4fa358a5a885094cbb0b8baa106fbcca66edbe31511ac2f6f3d14edbd8701979d6e4690853555c625091392b600000000000000000000000000000000175bdd42583cbbf733242510c152380525aff7649273acef1ec20569804ffba7f029ca06878dbafde84540cece173822000000000000000000000000000000000057bbf62cdf3c56e146f60f8ce6b6bdebe7aae7d9410c6902c7a505b589ae26ce3ab67d9b8da047185f9d37ab27595e000000000000000000000000000000000843e55c07bba3573592d3f649938654a5c51f9ced0f92bcb3e4f431141fe91a1de3695324b21e31dd2ae0a328055cc500000000000000000000000000000000192f3e8ae2588f9223de77f5e872115f1edec96d6a0f403a47879410c2562e79853c9a706e423b83fbf3154234edb6f80000000000000000000000000000000015084258d58fd1a07bbdb2e90df5a56ae15a787037eff4fe55f660e45f04820c6fc8982303b5e82074cf0cdcbde61307000000000000000000000000000000000e3ccaa4fa358a5a885094cbb0b8baa106fbcca66edbe31511ac2f6f3d14edbd8701979d6e4690853555c625091392b60000000000000000000000000000000002a534a7e1432aa317f782a581f974d23ec75420611165d0486ecd377660fa7c2e8235f829c64501d1b9bf3131e87289000000000000000000000000000000000057bbf62cdf3c56e146f60f8ce6b6bdebe7aae7d9410c6902c7a505b589ae26ce3ab67d9b8da047185f9d37ab27595e000000000000000000000000000000000843e55c07bba3573592d3f649938654a5c51f9ced0f92bcb3e4f431141fe91a1de3695324b21e31dd2ae0a328055cc500000000000000000000000000000000192f3e8ae2588f9223de77f5e872115f1edec96d6a0f403a47879410c2562e79853c9a706e423b83fbf3154234edb6f80000000000000000000000000000000015084258d58fd1a07bbdb2e90df5a56ae15a787037eff4fe55f660e45f04820c6fc8982303b5e82074cf0cdcbde61307000000000000000000000000000000000e3ccaa4fa358a5a885094cbb0b8baa106fbcca66edbe31511ac2f6f3d14edbd8701979d6e4690853555c625091392b600000000000000000000000000000000175bdd42583cbbf733242510c152380525aff7649273acef1ec20569804ffba7f029ca06878dbafde84540cece173822000000000000000000000000000000000057bbf62cdf3c56e146f60f8ce6b6bdebe7aae7d9410c6902c7a505b589ae26ce3ab67d9b8da047185f9d37ab27595e000000000000000000000000000000000843e55c07bba3573592d3f649938654a5c51f9ced0f92bcb3e4f431141fe91a1de3695324b21e31dd2ae0a328055cc50000000000000000000000000000000000d1d35f57275708273d2fc05ad99b78459882178975d2851fa93e90345ac7aa996f658e4311c47bbe0beabdcb11f3b30000000000000000000000000000000004f8cf9163f014f9cf5df4cd3556076c831cd314bb951dc1113a71bc97ac7417aee367dbad9e17df452ff323421997a4000000000000000000000000000000000e3ccaa4fa358a5a885094cbb0b8baa106fbcca66edbe31511ac2f6f3d14edbd8701979d6e4690853555c625091392b60000000000000000000000000000000002a534a7e1432aa317f782a581f974d23ec75420611165d0486ecd377660fa7c2e8235f829c64501d1b9bf3131e87289000000000000000000000000000000000057bbf62cdf3c56e146f60f8ce6b6bdebe7aae7d9410c6902c7a505b589ae26ce3ab67d9b8da047185f9d37ab27595e000000000000000000000000000000000843e55c07bba3573592d3f649938654a5c51f9ced0f92bcb3e4f431141fe91a1de3695324b21e31dd2ae0a328055cc50000000000000000000000000000000000d1d35f57275708273d2fc05ad99b78459882178975d2851fa93e90345ac7aa996f658e4311c47bbe0beabdcb11f3b30000000000000000000000000000000004f8cf9163f014f9cf5df4cd3556076c831cd314bb951dc1113a71bc97ac7417aee367dbad9e17df452ff323421997a4",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_50",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000001bc359baeac07a93aca770174ea6444aac9f04affdaa77c8a47b30c60ee2b527c061a4344139264e541d4134f42bfd0000000000000000000000000000000000cbf7a31e6fef4f4664bca4bc87ec7c0b12ced7224300aa4e1a6a7cbdedfcef07482b5d20fa607e3f03fdd6dd03fd10c000000000000000000000000000000000bcec23e092111b38a2f7dc957cf455312ffd33528d084204314492440d29248cb5719346a4f7a490d17ba149e30de5200000000000000000000000000000000194605e5680cc80bd2685949efa3cce90d345b9151ba72f3adf226dd299c23464c4344a42b8834131a51a4156038585f000000000000000000000000000000000477b55bd7fff14e0d1807bfc21edb9481be01c12abb1460d78b1aafe42953730167e32e694c2ddfb0d442e8cea57d460000000000000000000000000000000004b884c6ea36f189dbc3c0e9cf88f08baf5d868579998f63b752e61fcce3cf2c901bb9b51959d3597c4ef53cff41fc260000000000000000000000000000000001bc359baeac07a93aca770174ea6444aac9f04affdaa77c8a47b30c60ee2b527c061a4344139264e541d4134f42bfd0000000000000000000000000000000000d4197b85280f1a5e4cfdd6a7acce516b34a5e12cf55081a858a2ad517d12733aa294a2ca1adf81bc9bf22922fbfd99f000000000000000000000000000000000bcec23e092111b38a2f7dc957cf455312ffd33528d084204314492440d29248cb5719346a4f7a490d17ba149e30de5200000000000000000000000000000000194605e5680cc80bd2685949efa3cce90d345b9151ba72f3adf226dd299c23464c4344a42b8834131a51a4156038585f000000000000000000000000000000000477b55bd7fff14e0d1807bfc21edb9481be01c12abb1460d78b1aafe42953730167e32e694c2ddfb0d442e8cea57d460000000000000000000000000000000004b884c6ea36f189dbc3c0e9cf88f08baf5d868579998f63b752e61fcce3cf2c901bb9b51959d3597c4ef53cff41fc260000000000000000000000000000000001bc359baeac07a93aca770174ea6444aac9f04affdaa77c8a47b30c60ee2b527c061a4344139264e541d4134f42bfd0000000000000000000000000000000000cbf7a31e6fef4f4664bca4bc87ec7c0b12ced7224300aa4e1a6a7cbdedfcef07482b5d20fa607e3f03fdd6dd03fd10c000000000000000000000000000000000bcec23e092111b38a2f7dc957cf455312ffd33528d084204314492440d29248cb5719346a4f7a490d17ba149e30de5200000000000000000000000000000000194605e5680cc80bd2685949efa3cce90d345b9151ba72f3adf226dd299c23464c4344a42b8834131a51a4156038585f0000000000000000000000000000000015895c8e617ff54c3e039ff6812cd142e2b949c3c8c9fe5e8fa5b7f11287a2b11d441cd04807d220092abd17315a2d650000000000000000000000000000000015488d234f48f5106f57e6cc73c2bc4bb519c4ff79eb835bafddec8129cd26f78e90464997fa2ca63db00ac300bdae850000000000000000000000000000000001bc359baeac07a93aca770174ea6444aac9f04affdaa77c8a47b30c60ee2b527c061a4344139264e541d4134f42bfd0000000000000000000000000000000000d4197b85280f1a5e4cfdd6a7acce516b34a5e12cf55081a858a2ad517d12733aa294a2ca1adf81bc9bf22922fbfd99f000000000000000000000000000000000bcec23e092111b38a2f7dc957cf455312ffd33528d084204314492440d29248cb5719346a4f7a490d17ba149e30de5200000000000000000000000000000000194605e5680cc80bd2685949efa3cce90d345b9151ba72f3adf226dd299c23464c4344a42b8834131a51a4156038585f0000000000000000000000000000000015895c8e617ff54c3e039ff6812cd142e2b949c3c8c9fe5e8fa5b7f11287a2b11d441cd04807d220092abd17315a2d650000000000000000000000000000000015488d234f48f5106f57e6cc73c2bc4bb519c4ff79eb835bafddec8129cd26f78e90464997fa2ca63db00ac300bdae85",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_51",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_52",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_53",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_54",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_55",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_56",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_57",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_58",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_59",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_60",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_61",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_62",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_63",
+    "Gas": 207000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_64",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_65",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_66",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_67",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_68",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_69",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_70",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_71",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_72",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_73",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_74",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_75",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_76",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_77",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_78",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_79",
+    "Gas": 230000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_80",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_81",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_82",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_83",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_84",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_85",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_86",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_87",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_88",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_89",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_90",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_91",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_92",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_93",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": 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+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_94",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "matter_pairing_95",
+    "Gas": 299000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256Add.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256Add.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6fcd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256Add.json
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "18b18acfb4c2c30276db5411368e7185b311dd124691610c5d3b74034e093dc9063c909c4720840cb5134cb9f59fa749755796819658d32efc0d288198f3726607c2b7f58a84bd6145f00c9c2bc0bb1a187f20ff2c92963a88019e7c6a014eed06614e20c147e940f2d70da3f74c9a17df361706a4485c742bd6788478fa17d7",
+    "Expected": "2243525c5efd4b9c3d3c45ac0ca3fe4dd85e830a4ce6b65fa1eeaee202839703301d1d33be6da8e509df21cc35964723180eed7532537db9ae5e7d48f195c915",
+    "Name": "chfast1",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "2243525c5efd4b9c3d3c45ac0ca3fe4dd85e830a4ce6b65fa1eeaee202839703301d1d33be6da8e509df21cc35964723180eed7532537db9ae5e7d48f195c91518b18acfb4c2c30276db5411368e7185b311dd124691610c5d3b74034e093dc9063c909c4720840cb5134cb9f59fa749755796819658d32efc0d288198f37266",
+    "Expected": "2bd3e6d0f3b142924f5ca7b49ce5b9d54c4703d7ae5648e61d02268b1a0a9fb721611ce0a6af85915e2f1d70300909ce2e49dfad4a4619c8390cae66cefdb204",
+    "Name": "chfast2",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "cdetrio1",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "cdetrio2",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "cdetrio3",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "cdetrio4",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "cdetrio5",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Name": "cdetrio6",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Name": "cdetrio7",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Name": "cdetrio8",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "Name": "cdetrio9",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "Name": "cdetrio10",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "Expected": "030644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d97816a916871ca8d3c208c16d87cfd315ed738c0e0a7c92e7845f96b2ae9c0a68a6a449e3538fc7ff3ebf7a5a18a2c4",
+    "Name": "cdetrio11",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "030644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d97816a916871ca8d3c208c16d87cfd315ed738c0e0a7c92e7845f96b2ae9c0a68a6a449e3538fc7ff3ebf7a5a18a2c4",
+    "Name": "cdetrio12",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d98",
+    "Expected": "15bf2bb17880144b5d1cd2b1f46eff9d617bffd1ca57c37fb5a49bd84e53cf66049c797f9ce0d17083deb32b5e36f2ea2a212ee036598dd7624c168993d1355f",
+    "Name": "cdetrio13",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa92e83f8d734803fc370eba25ed1f6b8768bd6d83887b87165fc2434fe11a830cb00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "cdetrio14",
+    "Gas": 150,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256Pairing.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256Pairing.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fbed6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256Pairing.json
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "jeff1",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "jeff2",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "jeff3",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "jeff4",
+    "Gas": 147000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "jeff5",
+    "Gas": 147000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "jeff6",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "empty_data",
+    "Gas": 45000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002198e9393920d483a7260bfb731fb5d25f1aa493335a9e71297e485b7aef312c21800deef121f1e76426a00665e5c4479674322d4f75edadd46debd5cd992f6ed090689d0585ff075ec9e99ad690c3395bc4b313370b38ef355acdadcd122975b12c85ea5db8c6deb4aab71808dcb408fe3d1e7690c43d37b4ce6cc0166fa7daa",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "one_point",
+    "Gas": 79000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "two_point_match_2",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002203e205db4f19b37b60121b83a7333706db86431c6d835849957ed8c3928ad7927dc7234fd11d3e8c36c59277c3e6f149d5cd3cfa9a62aee49f8130962b4b3b9195e8aa5b7827463722b8c153931579d3505566b4edf48d498e185f0509de15204bb53b8977e5f92a0bc372742c4830944a59b4fe6b1c0466e2a6dad122b5d2e030644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d97816a916871ca8d3c208c16d87cfd31a76dae6d3272396d0cbe61fced2bc532edac647851e3ac53ce1cc9c7e645a83198e9393920d483a7260bfb731fb5d25f1aa493335a9e71297e485b7aef312c21800deef121f1e76426a00665e5c4479674322d4f75edadd46debd5cd992f6ed090689d0585ff075ec9e99ad690c3395bc4b313370b38ef355acdadcd122975b12c85ea5db8c6deb4aab71808dcb408fe3d1e7690c43d37b4ce6cc0166fa7daa",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "two_point_match_3",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "two_point_match_4",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "ten_point_match_1",
+    "Gas": 385000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "ten_point_match_2",
+    "Gas": 385000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "ten_point_match_3",
+    "Gas": 113000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256ScalarMul.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256ScalarMul.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a28f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/bn256ScalarMul.json
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "2bd3e6d0f3b142924f5ca7b49ce5b9d54c4703d7ae5648e61d02268b1a0a9fb721611ce0a6af85915e2f1d70300909ce2e49dfad4a4619c8390cae66cefdb20400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011138ce750fa15c2",
+    "Expected": "070a8d6a982153cae4be29d434e8faef8a47b274a053f5a4ee2a6c9c13c31e5c031b8ce914eba3a9ffb989f9cdd5b0f01943074bf4f0f315690ec3cec6981afc",
+    "Name": "chfast1",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "070a8d6a982153cae4be29d434e8faef8a47b274a053f5a4ee2a6c9c13c31e5c031b8ce914eba3a9ffb989f9cdd5b0f01943074bf4f0f315690ec3cec6981afc30644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d97816a916871ca8d3c208c16d87cfd46",
+    "Expected": "025a6f4181d2b4ea8b724290ffb40156eb0adb514c688556eb79cdea0752c2bb2eff3f31dea215f1eb86023a133a996eb6300b44da664d64251d05381bb8a02e",
+    "Name": "chfast2",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "025a6f4181d2b4ea8b724290ffb40156eb0adb514c688556eb79cdea0752c2bb2eff3f31dea215f1eb86023a133a996eb6300b44da664d64251d05381bb8a02e183227397098d014dc2822db40c0ac2ecbc0b548b438e5469e10460b6c3e7ea3",
+    "Expected": "14789d0d4a730b354403b5fac948113739e276c23e0258d8596ee72f9cd9d3230af18a63153e0ec25ff9f2951dd3fa90ed0197bfef6e2a1a62b5095b9d2b4a27",
+    "Name": "chfast3",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe31a2f3c951f6dadcc7ee9007dff81504b0fcd6d7cf59996efdc33d92bf7f9f8f6ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "2cde5879ba6f13c0b5aa4ef627f159a3347df9722efce88a9afbb20b763b4c411aa7e43076f6aee272755a7f9b84832e71559ba0d2e0b17d5f9f01755e5b0d11",
+    "Name": "cdetrio1",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe31a2f3c951f6dadcc7ee9007dff81504b0fcd6d7cf59996efdc33d92bf7f9f8f630644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d2833e84879b9709143e1f593f0000000",
+    "Expected": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe3163511ddc1c3f25d396745388200081287b3fd1472d8339d5fecb2eae0830451",
+    "Name": "cdetrio2",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe31a2f3c951f6dadcc7ee9007dff81504b0fcd6d7cf59996efdc33d92bf7f9f8f60000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "1051acb0700ec6d42a88215852d582efbaef31529b6fcbc3277b5c1b300f5cf0135b2394bb45ab04b8bd7611bd2dfe1de6a4e6e2ccea1ea1955f577cd66af85b",
+    "Name": "cdetrio3",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe31a2f3c951f6dadcc7ee9007dff81504b0fcd6d7cf59996efdc33d92bf7f9f8f60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+    "Expected": "1dbad7d39dbc56379f78fac1bca147dc8e66de1b9d183c7b167351bfe0aeab742cd757d51289cd8dbd0acf9e673ad67d0f0a89f912af47ed1be53664f5692575",
+    "Name": "cdetrio4",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe31a2f3c951f6dadcc7ee9007dff81504b0fcd6d7cf59996efdc33d92bf7f9f8f60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "1a87b0584ce92f4593d161480614f2989035225609f08058ccfa3d0f940febe31a2f3c951f6dadcc7ee9007dff81504b0fcd6d7cf59996efdc33d92bf7f9f8f6",
+    "Name": "cdetrio5",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7cffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "29e587aadd7c06722aabba753017c093f70ba7eb1f1c0104ec0564e7e3e21f6022b1143f6a41008e7755c71c3d00b6b915d386de21783ef590486d8afa8453b1",
+    "Name": "cdetrio6",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c30644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d2833e84879b9709143e1f593f0000000",
+    "Expected": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa92e83f8d734803fc370eba25ed1f6b8768bd6d83887b87165fc2434fe11a830cb",
+    "Name": "cdetrio7",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c0000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "221a3577763877920d0d14a91cd59b9479f83b87a653bb41f82a3f6f120cea7c2752c7f64cdd7f0e494bff7b60419f242210f2026ed2ec70f89f78a4c56a1f15",
+    "Name": "cdetrio8",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+    "Expected": "228e687a379ba154554040f8821f4e41ee2be287c201aa9c3bc02c9dd12f1e691e0fd6ee672d04cfd924ed8fdc7ba5f2d06c53c1edc30f65f2af5a5b97f0a76a",
+    "Name": "cdetrio9",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa901e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c",
+    "Name": "cdetrio10",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d98ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "00a1a234d08efaa2616607e31eca1980128b00b415c845ff25bba3afcb81dc00242077290ed33906aeb8e42fd98c41bcb9057ba03421af3f2d08cfc441186024",
+    "Name": "cdetrio11",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d9830644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d2833e84879b9709143e1f593f0000000",
+    "Expected": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b8692929ee761a352600f54921df9bf472e66217e7bb0cee9032e00acc86b3c8bfaf",
+    "Name": "cdetrio12",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d980000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "1071b63011e8c222c5a771dfa03c2e11aac9666dd097f2c620852c3951a4376a2f46fe2f73e1cf310a168d56baa5575a8319389d7bfa6b29ee2d908305791434",
+    "Name": "cdetrio13",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d980000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+    "Expected": "19f75b9dd68c080a688774a6213f131e3052bd353a304a189d7a2ee367e3c2582612f545fb9fc89fde80fd81c68fc7dcb27fea5fc124eeda69433cf5c46d2d7f",
+    "Name": "cdetrio14",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d980000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Expected": "039730ea8dff1254c0fee9c0ea777d29a9c710b7e616683f194f18c43b43b869073a5ffcc6fc7a28c30723d6e58ce577356982d65b833a5a5c15bf9024b43d98",
+    "Name": "cdetrio15",
+    "Gas": 6000,
+    "NoBenchmark": true
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/ecRecover.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/ecRecover.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4911d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/ecRecover.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "a8b53bdf3306a35a7103ab5504a0c9b492295564b6202b1942a84ef300107281000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001b307835653165303366353363653138623737326363623030393366663731663366353366356337356237346463623331613835616138623838393262346538621122334455667788991011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132",
+    "Expected": "",
+    "Gas": 3000,
+    "Name": "CallEcrecoverUnrecoverableKey",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000a94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+    "Gas": 3000,
+    "Name": "ValidKey",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549",
+    "Expected": "",
+    "Gas": 3000,
+    "Name": "InvalidHighV-bits-1",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000001c73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549",
+    "Expected": "",
+    "Gas": 3000,
+    "Name": "InvalidHighV-bits-2",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "18c547e4f7b0f325ad1e56f57e26c745b09a3e503d86e00e5255ff7f715d3d1c000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000011c73b1693892219d736caba55bdb67216e485557ea6b6af75f37096c9aa6a5a75feeb940b1d03b21e36b0e47e79769f095fe2ab855bd91e3a38756b7d75a9c4549",
+    "Expected": "",
+    "Gas": 3000,
+    "Name": "InvalidHighV-bits-3",
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blake2f.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blake2f.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70835aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blake2f.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "vector 0: empty input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000c48c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "vector 1: less than 213 bytes input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000c48c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "vector 2: more than 213 bytes input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000c48c9bdf267e6096a3ba7ca8485ae67bb2bf894fe72f36e3cf1361d5f3af54fa5d182e6ad7f520e511f6c3e2b8c68059b6bbd41fbabd9831f79217e1319cde05b61626300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000002",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid final flag",
+    "Name": "vector 3: malformed final block indicator flag"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1Add.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1Add.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e58ec0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1Add.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_large_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_violate_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_g1add_point_not_on_curve"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1Mul.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1Mul.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acb8228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1Mul.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb00000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb000000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_large_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000108b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_violate_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb000000000000000000000000000000001a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaac0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_g1mul_point_not_on_curve"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1MultiExp.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1MultiExp.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cd28bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG1MultiExp.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb00000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb000000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_large_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb000000000000000000000000000000001a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaac0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000108b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_violate_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_g1multiexp_point_not_on_curve"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2Add.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2Add.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1fe9d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2Add.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_large_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000010606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be00000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000000606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_violate_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000000606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_g2add_point_not_on_curve"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2Mul.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2Mul.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2f0b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2Mul.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_large_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_violate_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_g2mul_point_not_on_curve"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2MultiExp.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2MultiExp.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..437f8df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsG2MultiExp.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_large_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000010606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_violate_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_g2multiexp_point_not_on_curve"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsMapG1.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsMapG1.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8550269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsMapG1.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg1_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg1_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg1_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000001a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaac",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg1_invalid_fq_element"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsMapG2.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsMapG2.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..397a608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsMapG2.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg2_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg2_short_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg2_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaac",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_mapg2_invalid_fq_element"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsPairing.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsPairing.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..084e556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/fail-blsPairing.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_empty_input"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid input length",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_extra_data"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "must be less than modulus",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_invalid_field_element"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "invalid field element top bytes",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_top_bytes"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e100000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000000606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000000606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_g1_not_on_curve"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "point is not on curve",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_g2_not_on_curve"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "g1 point is not on correct subgroup",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_g1_not_in_correct_subgroup"
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "ExpectedError": "g2 point is not on correct subgroup",
+    "Name": "bls_pairing_g2_not_in_correct_subgroup"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4550eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp.json
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002003fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2efffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "eip_example1",
+    "Gas": 13056,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2efffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "eip_example2",
+    "Gas": 13056,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb502fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b",
+    "Expected": "60008f1614cc01dcfb6bfb09c625cf90b47d4468db81b5f8b7a39d42f332eab9b2da8f2d95311648a8f243f4bb13cfb3d8f7f2a3c014122ebb3ed41b02783adc",
+    "Name": "nagydani-1-square",
+    "Gas": 204,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb503fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b",
+    "Expected": "4834a46ba565db27903b1c720c9d593e84e4cbd6ad2e64b31885d944f68cd801f92225a8961c952ddf2797fa4701b330c85c4b363798100b921a1a22a46a7fec",
+    "Name": "nagydani-1-qube",
+    "Gas": 204,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb5010001fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b",
+    "Expected": "c36d804180c35d4426b57b50c5bfcca5c01856d104564cd513b461d3c8b8409128a5573e416d0ebe38f5f736766d9dc27143e4da981dfa4d67f7dc474cbee6d2",
+    "Name": "nagydani-1-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 3276,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "981dd99c3b113fae3e3eaa9435c0dc96779a23c12a53d1084b4f67b0b053a27560f627b873e3f16ad78f28c94f14b6392def26e4d8896c5e3c984e50fa0b3aa44f1da78b913187c6128baa9340b1e9c9a0fd02cb78885e72576da4a8f7e5a113e173a7a2889fde9d407bd9f06eb05bc8fc7b4229377a32941a02bf4edcc06d70",
+    "Name": "nagydani-2-square",
+    "Gas": 665,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "d89ceb68c32da4f6364978d62aaa40d7b09b59ec61eb3c0159c87ec3a91037f7dc6967594e530a69d049b64adfa39c8fa208ea970cfe4b7bcd359d345744405afe1cbf761647e32b3184c7fbe87cee8c6c7ff3b378faba6c68b83b6889cb40f1603ee68c56b4c03d48c595c826c041112dc941878f8c5be828154afd4a16311f",
+    "Name": "nagydani-2-qube",
+    "Gas": 665,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080cad7d991a00047dd54d3399b6b0b937c718abddef7917c75b6681f40cc15e2be0003657d8d4c34167b2f0bbbca0ccaa407c2a6a07d50f1517a8f22979ce12a81dcaf707cc0cebfc0ce2ee84ee7f77c38b9281b9822a8d3de62784c089c9b18dcb9a2a5eecbede90ea788a862a9ddd9d609c2c52972d63e289e28f6a590ffbf51010001e6d893b80aeed5e6e9ce9afa8a5d5675c93a32ac05554cb20e9951b2c140e3ef4e433068cf0fb73bc9f33af1853f64aa27a0028cbf570d7ac9048eae5dc7b28c87c31e5810f1e7fa2cda6adf9f1076dbc1ec1238560071e7efc4e9565c49be9e7656951985860a558a754594115830bcdb421f741408346dd5997bb01c287087",
+    "Expected": "ad85e8ef13fd1dd46eae44af8b91ad1ccae5b7a1c92944f92a19f21b0b658139e0cabe9c1f679507c2de354bf2c91ebd965d1e633978a830d517d2f6f8dd5fd58065d58559de7e2334a878f8ec6992d9b9e77430d4764e863d77c0f87beede8f2f7f2ab2e7222f85cc9d98b8467f4bb72e87ef2882423ebdb6daf02dddac6db2",
+    "Name": "nagydani-2-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 10649,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-3-square",
+    "Gas": 1894,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-3-qube",
+    "Gas": 1894,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-3-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 30310,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-4-square",
+    "Gas": 5580,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-4-qube",
+    "Gas": 5580,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "bed8b970c4a34849fc6926b08e40e20b21c15ed68d18f228904878d4370b56322d0da5789da0318768a374758e6375bfe4641fca5285ec7171828922160f48f5ca7efbfee4d5148612c38ad683ae4e3c3a053d2b7c098cf2b34f2cb19146eadd53c86b2d7ccf3d83b2c370bfb840913ee3879b1057a6b4e07e110b6bcd5e958bc71a14798c91d518cc70abee264b0d25a4110962a764b364ac0b0dd1ee8abc8426d775ec0f22b7e47b32576afaf1b5a48f64573ed1c5c29f50ab412188d9685307323d990802b81dacc06c6e05a1e901830ba9fcc67688dc29c5e27bde0a6e845ca925f5454b6fb3747edfaa2a5820838fb759eadf57f7cb5cec57fc213ddd8a4298fa079c3c0f472b07fb15aa6a7f0a3780bd296ff6a62e58ef443870b02260bd4fd2bbc98255674b8e1f1f9f8d33c7170b0ebbea4523b695911abbf26e41885344823bd0587115fdd83b721a4e8457a31c9a84b3d3520a07e0e35df7f48e5a9d534d0ec7feef1ff74de6a11e7f93eab95175b6ce22c68d78a642ad642837897ec11349205d8593ac19300207572c38d29ca5dfa03bc14cdbc32153c80e5cc3e739403d34c75915e49beb43094cc6dcafb3665b305ddec9286934ae66ec6b777ca528728c851318eb0f207b39f1caaf96db6eeead6b55ed08f451939314577d42bcc9f97c0b52d0234f88fd07e4c1d7780fdebc025cfffcb572cb27a8c33963",
+    "Name": "nagydani-4-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 89292,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "d61fe4e3f32ac260915b5b03b78a86d11bfc41d973fce5b0cc59035cf8289a8a2e3878ea15fa46565b0d806e2f85b53873ea20ed653869b688adf83f3ef444535bf91598ff7e80f334fb782539b92f39f55310cc4b35349ab7b278346eda9bc37c0d8acd3557fae38197f412f8d9e57ce6a76b7205c23564cab06e5615be7c6f05c3d05ec690cba91da5e89d55b152ff8dd2157dc5458190025cf94b1ad98f7cbe64e9482faba95e6b33844afc640892872b44a9932096508f4a782a4805323808f23e54b6ff9b841dbfa87db3505ae4f687972c18ea0f0d0af89d36c1c2a5b14560c153c3fee406f5cf15cfd1c0bb45d767426d465f2f14c158495069d0c5955a00150707862ecaae30624ebacdd8ac33e4e6aab3ff90b6ba445a84689386b9e945d01823a65874444316e83767290fcff630d2477f49d5d8ffdd200e08ee1274270f86ed14c687895f6caf5ce528bd970c20d2408a9ba66216324c6a011ac4999098362dbd98a038129a2d40c8da6ab88318aa3046cb660327cc44236d9e5d2163bd0959062195c51ed93d0088b6f92051fc99050ece2538749165976233697ab4b610385366e5ce0b02ad6b61c168ecfbedcdf74278a38de340fd7a5fead8e588e294795f9b011e2e60377a89e25c90e145397cdeabc60fd32444a6b7642a611a83c464d8b8976666351b4865c37b02e6dc21dbcdf5f930341707b618cc0f03c3122646b3385c9df9f2ec730eec9d49e7dfc9153b6e6289da8c4f0ebea9ccc1b751948e3bb7171c9e4d57423b0eeeb79095c030cb52677b3f7e0b45c30f645391f3f9c957afa549c4e0b2465b03c67993cd200b1af01035962edbc4c9e89b31c82ac121987d6529dafdeef67a132dc04b6dc68e77f22862040b75e2ceb9ff16da0fca534e6db7bd12fa7b7f51b6c08c1e23dfcdb7acbd2da0b51c87ffbced065a612e9b1c8bba9b7e2d8d7a2f04fcc4aaf355b60d764879a76b5e16762d5f2f55d585d0c8e82df6940960cddfb72c91dfa71f6b4e1c6ca25dfc39a878e998a663c04fe29d5e83b9586d047b4d7ff70a9f0d44f127e7d741685ca75f11629128d916a0ffef4be586a30c4b70389cc746e84ebf177c01ee8a4511cfbb9d1ecf7f7b33c7dd8177896e10bbc82f838dcd6db7ac67de62bf46b6a640fb580c5d1d2708f3862e3d2b645d0d18e49ef088053e3a220adc0e033c2afcfe61c90e32151152eb3caaf746c5e377d541cafc6cbb0cc0fa48b5caf1728f2e1957f5addfc234f1a9d89e40d49356c9172d0561a695fce6dab1d412321bbf407f63766ffd7b6b3d79bcfa07991c5a9709849c1008689e3b47c50d613980bec239fb64185249d055b30375ccb4354d71fe4d05648fbf6c80634dfc3575f2f24abb714c1e4c95e8896763bf4316e954c7ad19e5780ab7a040ca6fb9271f90a8b22ae738daf6cb",
+    "Name": "nagydani-5-square",
+    "Gas": 17868,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-5-qube",
+    "Gas": 17868,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-5-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 285900,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c554414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+[
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002003fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2efffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+    "Name": "eip_example1",
+    "Gas": 1360,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2efffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "eip_example2",
+    "Gas": 1360,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb502fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b",
+    "Expected": "60008f1614cc01dcfb6bfb09c625cf90b47d4468db81b5f8b7a39d42f332eab9b2da8f2d95311648a8f243f4bb13cfb3d8f7f2a3c014122ebb3ed41b02783adc",
+    "Name": "nagydani-1-square",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb503fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b",
+    "Expected": "4834a46ba565db27903b1c720c9d593e84e4cbd6ad2e64b31885d944f68cd801f92225a8961c952ddf2797fa4701b330c85c4b363798100b921a1a22a46a7fec",
+    "Name": "nagydani-1-qube",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb5010001fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b",
+    "Expected": "c36d804180c35d4426b57b50c5bfcca5c01856d104564cd513b461d3c8b8409128a5573e416d0ebe38f5f736766d9dc27143e4da981dfa4d67f7dc474cbee6d2",
+    "Name": "nagydani-1-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 341,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "981dd99c3b113fae3e3eaa9435c0dc96779a23c12a53d1084b4f67b0b053a27560f627b873e3f16ad78f28c94f14b6392def26e4d8896c5e3c984e50fa0b3aa44f1da78b913187c6128baa9340b1e9c9a0fd02cb78885e72576da4a8f7e5a113e173a7a2889fde9d407bd9f06eb05bc8fc7b4229377a32941a02bf4edcc06d70",
+    "Name": "nagydani-2-square",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "d89ceb68c32da4f6364978d62aaa40d7b09b59ec61eb3c0159c87ec3a91037f7dc6967594e530a69d049b64adfa39c8fa208ea970cfe4b7bcd359d345744405afe1cbf761647e32b3184c7fbe87cee8c6c7ff3b378faba6c68b83b6889cb40f1603ee68c56b4c03d48c595c826c041112dc941878f8c5be828154afd4a16311f",
+    "Name": "nagydani-2-qube",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "ad85e8ef13fd1dd46eae44af8b91ad1ccae5b7a1c92944f92a19f21b0b658139e0cabe9c1f679507c2de354bf2c91ebd965d1e633978a830d517d2f6f8dd5fd58065d58559de7e2334a878f8ec6992d9b9e77430d4764e863d77c0f87beede8f2f7f2ab2e7222f85cc9d98b8467f4bb72e87ef2882423ebdb6daf02dddac6db2",
+    "Name": "nagydani-2-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 1365,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-3-square",
+    "Gas": 341,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-3-qube",
+    "Gas": 341,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-3-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 5461,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-4-square",
+    "Gas": 1365,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-4-qube",
+    "Gas": 1365,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-4-pow0x10001",
+    "Gas": 21845,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-5-square",
+    "Gas": 5461,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400c5a1611f8be90071a43db23cc2fe01871cc4c0e8ab5743f6378e4fef77f7f6db0095c0727e20225beb665645403453e325ad5f9aeb9ba99bf3c148f63f9c07cf4fe8847ad5242d6b7d4499f93bd47056ddab8f7dee878fc2314f344dbee2a7c41a5d3db91eff372c730c2fdd3a141a4b61999e36d549b9870cf2f4e632c4d5df5f024f81c028000073a0ed8847cfb0593d36a47142f578f05ccbe28c0c06aeb1b1da027794c48db880278f79ba78ae64eedfea3c07d10e0562668d839749dc95f40467d15cf65b9cfc52c7c4bcef1cda3596dd52631aac942f146c7cebd46065131699ce8385b0db1874336747ee020a5698a3d1a1082665721e769567f579830f9d259cec1a836845109c21cf6b25da572512bf3c42fd4b96e43895589042ab60dd41f497db96aec102087fe784165bb45f942859268fd2ff6c012d9d00c02ba83eace047cc5f7b2c392c2955c58a49f0338d6fc58749c9db2155522ac17914ec216ad87f12e0ee95574613942fa615898c4d9e8a3be68cd6afa4e7a003dedbdf8edfee31162b174f965b20ae752ad89c967b3068b6f722c16b354456ba8e280f987c08e0a52d40a2e8f3a59b94d590aeef01879eb7a90b3ee7d772c839c85519cbeaddc0c193ec4874a463b53fcaea3271d80ebfb39b33489365fc039ae549a17a9ff898eea2f4cb27b8dbee4c17b998438575b2b8d107e4a0d66ba7fca85b41a58a8d51f191a35c856dfbe8aef2b00048a694bbccff832d23c8ca7a7ff0b6c0b3011d00b97c86c0628444d267c951d9e4fb8f83e154b8f74fb51aa16535e498235c5597dac9606ed0be3173a3836baa4e7d756ffe1e2879b415d3846bccd538c05b847785699aefde3e305decb600cd8fb0e7d8de5efc26971a6ad4e6d7a2d91474f1023a0ac4b78dc937da0ce607a45974d2cac1c33a2631ff7fe6144a3b2e5cf98b531a9627dea92c1dc82204d09db0439b6a11dd64b484e1263aa45fd9539b6020b55e3baece3986a8bffc1003406348f5c61265099ed43a766ee4f93f5f9c5abbc32a0fd3ac2b35b87f9ec26037d88275bd7dd0a54474995ee34ed3727f3f97c48db544b1980193a4b76a8a3ddab3591ce527f16d91882e67f0103b5cda53f7da54d489fc4ac08b6ab358a5a04aa9daa16219d50bd672a7cb804ed769d218807544e5993f1c27427104b349906a0b654df0bf69328afd3013fbe430155339c39f236df5557bf92f1ded7ff609a8502f49064ec3d1dbfb6c15d3a4c11a4f8acd12278cbf68acd5709463d12e3338a6eddb8c112f199645e23154a8e60879d2a654e3ed9296aa28f134168619691cd2c6b9e2eba4438381676173fc63c2588a3c5910dc149cf3760f0aa9fa9c3f5faa9162b0bf1aac9dd32b706a60ef53cbdb394b6b40222b5bc80eea82ba8958386672564cae3794f977871ab62337cf03e30049201ec12937e7ce79d0f55d9c810e20acf52212aca1d3888949e0e4830aad88d804161230eb89d4d329cc83570fe257217d2119134048dd2ed167646975fc7d77136919a049ea74cf08ddd2b896890bb24a0ba18094a22baa351bf29ad96c66bbb1a598f2ca391749620e62d61c3561a7d3653ccc8892c7b99baaf76bf836e2991cb06d6bc0514568ff0d1ec8bb4b3d6984f5eaefb17d3ea2893722375d3ddb8e389a8eef7d7d198f8e687d6a513983df906099f9a2d23f4f9dec6f8ef2f11fc0a21fac45353b94e00486f5e17d386af42502d09db33cf0cf28310e049c07e88682aeeb00cb833c5174266e62407a57583f1f88b304b7c6e0c84bbe1c0fd423072d37a5bd0aacf764229e5c7cd02473460ba3645cd8e8ae144065bf02d0dd238593d8e230354f67e0b2f23012c23274f80e3ee31e35e2606a4a3f31d94ab755e6d163cff52cbb36b6d0cc67ffc512aeed1dce4d7a0d70ce82f2baba12e8d514dc92a056f994adfb17b5b9712bd5186f27a2fda1f7039c5df2c8587fdc62f5627580c13234b55be4df3056050e2d1ef3218f0dd66cb05265fe1acfb0989d8213f2c19d1735a7cf3fa65d88dad5af52dc2bba22b7abf46c3bc77b5091baab9e8f0ddc4d5e581037de91a9f8dcbc69309be29cc815cf19a20a7585b8b3073edf51fc9baeb3e509b97fa4ecfd621e0fd57bd61cac1b895c03248ff12bdbc57509250df3517e8a3fe1d776836b34ab352b973d932ef708b14f7418f9eceb1d87667e61e3e758649cb083f01b133d37ab2f5afa96d6c84bcacf4efc3851ad308c1e7d9113624fce29fab460ab9d2a48d92cdb281103a5250ad44cb2ff6e67ac670c02fdafb3e0f1353953d6d7d5646ca1568dea55275a050ec501b7c6250444f7219f1ba7521ba3b93d089727ca5f3bbe0d6c1300b423377004954c5628fdb65770b18ced5c9b23a4a5a6d6ef25fe01b4ce278de0bcc4ed86e28a0a68818ffa40970128cf2c38740e80037984428c1bd5113f40ff47512ee6f4e4d8f9b8e8e1b3040d2928d003bd1c1329dc885302fbce9fa81c23b4dc49c7c82d29b52957847898676c89aa5d32b5b0e1c0d5a2b79a19d67562f407f19425687971a957375879d90c5f57c857136c17106c9ab1b99d80e69c8c954ed386493368884b55c939b8d64d26f643e800c56f90c01079d7c534e3b2b7ae352cefd3016da55f6a85eb803b85e2304915fd2001f77c74e28746293c46e4f5f0fd49cf988aafd0026b8e7a3bab2da5cdce1ea26c2e29ec03f4807fac432662b2d6c060be1c7be0e5489de69d0a6e03a4b9117f9244b34a0f1ecba89884f781c6320412413a00c4980287409a2a78c2cd7e65cecebbe4ec1c28cac4dd95f6998e78fc6f1392384331c9436aa10e10e2bf8ad2c4eafbcf276aa7bae64b74428911b3269c749338b0fc5075ad",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "nagydani-5-qube",
+    "Gas": 5461,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
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+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_add.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_add.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c03ae96
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_and.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_and.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aba5f24
--- /dev/null
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index 0000000..88d7c7d
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_div.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_div.json
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index 0000000..b1f9c7f
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_eq.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_eq.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_exp.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_exp.json
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_gt.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_gt.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..637bd3f
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_lt.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_lt.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55252a4
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_mod.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_mod.json
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index 0000000..192503f
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_mul.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_mul.json
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index 0000000..dc44c25
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_or.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_or.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfa561b
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sar.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sar.json
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index 0000000..c93abbd
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sdiv.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sdiv.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18cb666
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sgt.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sgt.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa581a6
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_shl.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_shl.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65e9c07
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_shr.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_shr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a384913
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_signext.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_signext.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdadd40
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_slt.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_slt.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4369b96
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_smod.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_smod.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..980e034
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diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sub.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_sub.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3881a5
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_xor.json b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_xor.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cc2ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/vm/testdata/testcases_xor.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/BUILD.bazel b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a5a104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+load("@prysm//tools/go:def.bzl", "go_library", "go_test")
+
+go_library(
+    name = "go_default_library",
+    srcs = ["formatter.go"],
+    importpath = "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/v3/runtime/logging/logrus-prefixed-formatter",
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        "@com_github_mgutz_ansi//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_sirupsen_logrus//:go_default_library",
+        "@org_golang_x_crypto//ssh/terminal:go_default_library",
+    ],
+)
+
+go_test(
+    name = "go_default_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "formatter_test.go",
+        "logrus_prefixed_formatter_suite_test.go",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":go_default_library",
+        "//testing/require:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_onsi_ginkgo//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_onsi_gomega//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_pkg_errors//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_sirupsen_logrus//:go_default_library",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/LICENSE b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b41cb23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2017 Denis Parchenko
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/README.md b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ef88e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# Logrus Prefixed Log Formatter
+
+Originally from [github.com/x-cray/logrus-prefixed-formatter(https://github.com/x-cray/logrus-prefixed-formatter)
+
+[Logrus](https://github.com/sirupsen/logrus) formatter mainly based on original `logrus.TextFormatter` but with slightly
+modified colored output and support for log entry prefixes, e.g. message source followed by a colon. In addition, custom
+color themes are supported.
+
+![Formatter screenshot](http://cl.ly/image/1w0B3F233F3z/formatter-screenshot@2x.png)
+
+Just like with the original `logrus.TextFormatter` when a TTY is not attached, the output is compatible with the
+[logfmt](http://godoc.org/github.com/kr/logfmt) format:
+
+```text
+time="Oct 27 00:44:26" level=debug msg="Started observing beach" animal=walrus number=8
+time="Oct 27 00:44:26" level=info msg="A group of walrus emerges from the ocean" animal=walrus size=10
+time="Oct 27 00:44:26" level=warning msg="The group's number increased tremendously!" number=122 omg=true
+time="Oct 27 00:44:26" level=debug msg="Temperature changes" temperature=-4
+time="Oct 27 00:44:26" level=panic msg="It's over 9000!" animal=orca size=9009
+time="Oct 27 00:44:26" level=fatal msg="The ice breaks!" number=100 omg=true
+exit status 1
+```
+
+## Installation
+To install formatter, use `go get`:
+
+```sh
+$ go get github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/runtime/logging/logrus-prefixed-formatter
+```
+
+## Usage
+Here is how it should be used:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	prefixed "github.com/astranetworld/ast/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter"
+)
+
+var log = logrus.New()
+
+func init() {
+	log.Formatter = new(prefixed.TextFormatter)
+	log.Level = logrus.DebugLevel
+}
+
+func main() {
+	log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+		"prefix": "main",
+		"animal": "walrus",
+		"number": 8,
+	}).Debug("Started observing beach")
+
+	log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+		"prefix":      "sensor",
+		"temperature": -4,
+	}).Info("Temperature changes")
+}
+```
+
+## API
+`prefixed.TextFormatter` exposes the following fields and methods.
+
+### Fields
+
+* `ForceColors bool` — set to true to bypass checking for a TTY before outputting colors.
+* `DisableColors bool` — force disabling colors. For a TTY colors are enabled by default.
+* `DisableUppercase bool` — set to true to turn off the conversion of the log level names to uppercase.
+* `ForceFormatting bool` — force formatted layout, even for non-TTY output.
+* `DisableTimestamp bool` — disable timestamp logging. Useful when output is redirected to logging system that already adds timestamps.
+* `FullTimestamp bool` — enable logging the full timestamp when a TTY is attached instead of just the time passed since beginning of execution.
+* `TimestampFormat string` — timestamp format to use for display when a full timestamp is printed.
+* `DisableSorting bool` — the fields are sorted by default for a consistent output. For applications that log extremely frequently and don't use the JSON formatter this may not be desired.
+* `QuoteEmptyFields bool` — wrap empty fields in quotes if true.
+* `QuoteCharacter string` — can be set to the override the default quoting character `"` with something else. For example: `'`, or `` ` ``.
+* `SpacePadding int` — pad msg field with spaces on the right for display. The value for this parameter will be the size of padding. Its default value is zero, which means no padding will be applied.
+
+### Methods
+
+#### `SetColorScheme(colorScheme *prefixed.ColorScheme)`
+
+Sets an alternative color scheme for colored output. `prefixed.ColorScheme` struct supports the following fields:
+* `InfoLevelStyle string` — info level style.
+* `WarnLevelStyle string` — warn level style.
+* `ErrorLevelStyle string` — error style.
+* `FatalLevelStyle string` — fatal level style.
+* `PanicLevelStyle string` — panic level style.
+* `DebugLevelStyle string` — debug level style.
+* `PrefixStyle string` — prefix style.
+* `TimestampStyle string` — timestamp style.
+
+Color styles should be specified using [mgutz/ansi](https://github.com/mgutz/ansi#style-format) style syntax. For example, here is the default theme:
+
+```go
+InfoLevelStyle:  "green",
+WarnLevelStyle:  "yellow",
+ErrorLevelStyle: "red",
+FatalLevelStyle: "red",
+PanicLevelStyle: "red",
+DebugLevelStyle: "blue",
+PrefixStyle:     "cyan",
+TimestampStyle:  "black+h"
+```
+
+It's not necessary to specify all colors when changing color scheme if you want to change just specific ones:
+
+```go
+formatter.SetColorScheme(&prefixed.ColorScheme{
+    PrefixStyle:    "blue+b",
+    TimestampStyle: "white+h",
+})
+```
+
+# License
+MIT
diff --git a/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/formatter.go b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/formatter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f43579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/formatter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+package prefixed
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+	"unicode"
+
+	"github.com/mgutz/ansi"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/terminal"
+)
+
+const defaultTimestampFormat = time.RFC3339
+
+var (
+	baseTimestamp      time.Time    = time.Now()
+	defaultColorScheme *ColorScheme = &ColorScheme{
+		InfoLevelStyle:  "green",
+		WarnLevelStyle:  "yellow",
+		ErrorLevelStyle: "red",
+		FatalLevelStyle: "red",
+		PanicLevelStyle: "red",
+		DebugLevelStyle: "blue",
+		PrefixStyle:     "cyan",
+		TimestampStyle:  "black+h",
+	}
+	noColorsColorScheme *compiledColorScheme = &compiledColorScheme{
+		InfoLevelColor:  ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		WarnLevelColor:  ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		ErrorLevelColor: ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		FatalLevelColor: ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		PanicLevelColor: ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		DebugLevelColor: ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		PrefixColor:     ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+		TimestampColor:  ansi.ColorFunc(""),
+	}
+	defaultCompiledColorScheme *compiledColorScheme = compileColorScheme(defaultColorScheme)
+)
+
+func miniTS() int {
+	return int(time.Since(baseTimestamp) / time.Second)
+}
+
+type ColorScheme struct {
+	InfoLevelStyle  string
+	WarnLevelStyle  string
+	ErrorLevelStyle string
+	FatalLevelStyle string
+	PanicLevelStyle string
+	DebugLevelStyle string
+	PrefixStyle     string
+	TimestampStyle  string
+}
+
+type compiledColorScheme struct {
+	InfoLevelColor  func(string) string
+	WarnLevelColor  func(string) string
+	ErrorLevelColor func(string) string
+	FatalLevelColor func(string) string
+	PanicLevelColor func(string) string
+	DebugLevelColor func(string) string
+	PrefixColor     func(string) string
+	TimestampColor  func(string) string
+}
+
+type TextFormatter struct {
+	// Set to true to bypass checking for a TTY before outputting colors.
+	ForceColors bool
+
+	// Whether the logger's out is to a terminal.
+	isTerminal bool
+
+	// Force disabling colors. For a TTY colors are enabled by default.
+	DisableColors bool
+
+	// Force formatted layout, even for non-TTY output.
+	ForceFormatting bool
+
+	// Disable timestamp logging. useful when output is redirected to logging
+	// system that already adds timestamps.
+	DisableTimestamp bool
+
+	// Disable the conversion of the log levels to uppercase
+	DisableUppercase bool
+
+	// Enable logging the full timestamp when a TTY is attached instead of just
+	// the time passed since beginning of execution.
+	FullTimestamp bool
+
+	// The fields are sorted by default for a consistent output. For applications
+	// that log extremely frequently and don't use the JSON formatter this may not
+	// be desired.
+	DisableSorting bool
+
+	// Wrap empty fields in quotes if true.
+	QuoteEmptyFields bool
+
+	sync.Once
+
+	// Pad msg field with spaces on the right for display.
+	// The value for this parameter will be the size of padding.
+	// Its default value is zero, which means no padding will be applied for msg.
+	SpacePadding int
+
+	// Color scheme to use.
+	colorScheme *compiledColorScheme
+
+	// Can be set to the override the default quoting character "
+	// with something else. For example: ', or `.
+	QuoteCharacter string
+
+	// Timestamp format to use for display when a full timestamp is printed.
+	TimestampFormat string
+}
+
+func getCompiledColor(main string, fallback string) func(string) string {
+	var style string
+	if main != "" {
+		style = main
+	} else {
+		style = fallback
+	}
+	return ansi.ColorFunc(style)
+}
+
+func compileColorScheme(s *ColorScheme) *compiledColorScheme {
+	return &compiledColorScheme{
+		InfoLevelColor:  getCompiledColor(s.InfoLevelStyle, defaultColorScheme.InfoLevelStyle),
+		WarnLevelColor:  getCompiledColor(s.WarnLevelStyle, defaultColorScheme.WarnLevelStyle),
+		ErrorLevelColor: getCompiledColor(s.ErrorLevelStyle, defaultColorScheme.ErrorLevelStyle),
+		FatalLevelColor: getCompiledColor(s.FatalLevelStyle, defaultColorScheme.FatalLevelStyle),
+		PanicLevelColor: getCompiledColor(s.PanicLevelStyle, defaultColorScheme.PanicLevelStyle),
+		DebugLevelColor: getCompiledColor(s.DebugLevelStyle, defaultColorScheme.DebugLevelStyle),
+		PrefixColor:     getCompiledColor(s.PrefixStyle, defaultColorScheme.PrefixStyle),
+		TimestampColor:  getCompiledColor(s.TimestampStyle, defaultColorScheme.TimestampStyle),
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) init(entry *logrus.Entry) {
+	if len(f.QuoteCharacter) == 0 {
+		f.QuoteCharacter = "\""
+	}
+	if entry.Logger != nil {
+		f.isTerminal = f.checkIfTerminal(entry.Logger.Out)
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) checkIfTerminal(w io.Writer) bool {
+	switch v := w.(type) {
+	case *os.File:
+		return terminal.IsTerminal(int(v.Fd()))
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) SetColorScheme(colorScheme *ColorScheme) {
+	f.colorScheme = compileColorScheme(colorScheme)
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) Format(entry *logrus.Entry) ([]byte, error) {
+	var b *bytes.Buffer
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(entry.Data))
+	for k := range entry.Data {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	lastKeyIdx := len(keys) - 1
+
+	if !f.DisableSorting {
+		sort.Strings(keys)
+	}
+	if entry.Buffer != nil {
+		b = entry.Buffer
+	} else {
+		b = &bytes.Buffer{}
+	}
+
+	prefixFieldClashes(entry.Data)
+
+	f.Do(func() { f.init(entry) })
+
+	isFormatted := f.ForceFormatting || f.isTerminal
+
+	timestampFormat := f.TimestampFormat
+	if timestampFormat == "" {
+		timestampFormat = defaultTimestampFormat
+	}
+	if isFormatted {
+		isColored := (f.ForceColors || f.isTerminal) && !f.DisableColors
+		var colorScheme *compiledColorScheme
+		if isColored {
+			if f.colorScheme == nil {
+				colorScheme = defaultCompiledColorScheme
+			} else {
+				colorScheme = f.colorScheme
+			}
+		} else {
+			colorScheme = noColorsColorScheme
+		}
+		if err := f.printColored(b, entry, keys, timestampFormat, colorScheme); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if !f.DisableTimestamp {
+			if err := f.appendKeyValue(b, "time", entry.Time.Format(timestampFormat), true); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		if err := f.appendKeyValue(b, "level", entry.Level.String(), true); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if entry.Message != "" {
+			if err := f.appendKeyValue(b, "msg", entry.Message, lastKeyIdx >= 0); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		for i, key := range keys {
+			if err := f.appendKeyValue(b, key, entry.Data[key], lastKeyIdx != i); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := b.WriteByte('\n'); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return b.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) printColored(b *bytes.Buffer, entry *logrus.Entry, keys []string, timestampFormat string, colorScheme *compiledColorScheme) (err error) {
+	var levelColor func(string) string
+	var levelText string
+	switch entry.Level {
+	case logrus.InfoLevel:
+		levelColor = colorScheme.InfoLevelColor
+	case logrus.WarnLevel:
+		levelColor = colorScheme.WarnLevelColor
+	case logrus.ErrorLevel:
+		levelColor = colorScheme.ErrorLevelColor
+	case logrus.FatalLevel:
+		levelColor = colorScheme.FatalLevelColor
+	case logrus.PanicLevel:
+		levelColor = colorScheme.PanicLevelColor
+	default:
+		levelColor = colorScheme.DebugLevelColor
+	}
+
+	if entry.Level != logrus.WarnLevel {
+		levelText = entry.Level.String()
+	} else {
+		levelText = "warn"
+	}
+
+	if !f.DisableUppercase {
+		levelText = strings.ToUpper(levelText)
+	}
+
+	level := levelColor(fmt.Sprintf("%5s", levelText))
+	prefix := ""
+	message := entry.Message
+
+	if prefixValue, ok := entry.Data["prefix"]; ok {
+		prefix = colorScheme.PrefixColor(" " + prefixValue.(string) + ":")
+	} else {
+		prefixValue, trimmedMsg := extractPrefix(entry.Message)
+		if len(prefixValue) > 0 {
+			prefix = colorScheme.PrefixColor(" " + prefixValue + ":")
+			message = trimmedMsg
+		}
+	}
+
+	messageFormat := "%s"
+	if f.SpacePadding != 0 {
+		messageFormat = fmt.Sprintf("%%-%ds", f.SpacePadding)
+	}
+
+	if f.DisableTimestamp {
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s%s "+messageFormat, level, prefix, message)
+	} else {
+		var timestamp string
+		if !f.FullTimestamp {
+			timestamp = fmt.Sprintf("[%04d]", miniTS())
+		} else {
+			timestamp = fmt.Sprintf("[%s]", entry.Time.Format(timestampFormat))
+		}
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s %s%s "+messageFormat, colorScheme.TimestampColor(timestamp), level, prefix, message)
+	}
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		if k != "prefix" {
+			v := entry.Data[k]
+
+			format := "%+v"
+			if k == logrus.ErrorKey {
+				format = "%v" // To avoid printing stack traces for errors
+			}
+
+			// Sanitize field values to remove new lines and other control characters.
+			s := sanitize(fmt.Sprintf(format, v))
+			_, err = fmt.Fprintf(b, " %s=%s", levelColor(k), s)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func sanitize(s string) string {
+	return strings.Map(func(r rune) rune {
+		if unicode.IsControl(r) {
+			return -1
+		}
+		return r
+	}, s)
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) needsQuoting(text string) bool {
+	if f.QuoteEmptyFields && len(text) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, ch := range text {
+		if !((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') ||
+			(ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
+			(ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') ||
+			ch == '-' || ch == '.') {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func extractPrefix(msg string) (string, string) {
+	prefix := ""
+	regex := regexp.MustCompile(`^\\[(.*?)\\]`)
+	if regex.MatchString(msg) {
+		match := regex.FindString(msg)
+		prefix, msg = match[1:len(match)-1], strings.TrimSpace(msg[len(match):])
+	}
+	return prefix, msg
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) appendKeyValue(b *bytes.Buffer, key string, value interface{}, appendSpace bool) error {
+	b.WriteString(key)
+	b.WriteByte('=')
+	if err := f.appendValue(b, value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if appendSpace {
+		return b.WriteByte(' ')
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f *TextFormatter) appendValue(b *bytes.Buffer, value interface{}) (err error) {
+	switch value := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		if !f.needsQuoting(value) {
+			_, err = b.WriteString(value)
+		} else {
+			_, err = fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s%v%s", f.QuoteCharacter, value, f.QuoteCharacter)
+		}
+	case error:
+		errmsg := value.Error()
+		if !f.needsQuoting(errmsg) {
+			_, err = b.WriteString(errmsg)
+		} else {
+			_, err = fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s%v%s", f.QuoteCharacter, errmsg, f.QuoteCharacter)
+		}
+	default:
+		_, err = fmt.Fprint(b, value)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// This is to not silently overwrite `time`, `msg` and `level` fields when
+// dumping it. If this code wasn't there doing:
+//
+//	logrus.WithField("level", 1).Info("hello")
+//
+// would just silently drop the user provided level. Instead with this code
+// it'll be logged as:
+//
+//	{"level": "info", "fields.level": 1, "msg": "hello", "time": "..."}
+func prefixFieldClashes(data logrus.Fields) {
+	if t, ok := data["time"]; ok {
+		data["fields.time"] = t
+	}
+
+	if m, ok := data["msg"]; ok {
+		data["fields.msg"] = m
+	}
+
+	if l, ok := data["level"]; ok {
+		data["fields.level"] = l
+	}
+}
diff --git a/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/formatter_test.go b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/formatter_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9e383d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/formatter_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package prefixed_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
+	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+var _ = Describe("Formatter", func() {
+	var formatter *TextFormatter
+	var log *logrus.Logger
+	var output *LogOutput
+
+	BeforeEach(func() {
+		output = new(LogOutput)
+		formatter = new(TextFormatter)
+		log = logrus.New()
+		log.Out = output
+		log.Formatter = formatter
+		log.Level = logrus.DebugLevel
+	})
+
+	Describe("logfmt output", func() {
+		It("should output simple message", func() {
+			formatter.DisableTimestamp = true
+			log.Debug("test")
+			Ω(output.GetValue()).Should(Equal("level=debug msg=test\n"))
+		})
+
+		It("should output message with additional field", func() {
+			formatter.DisableTimestamp = true
+			log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{"animal": "walrus"}).Debug("test")
+			Ω(output.GetValue()).Should(Equal("level=debug msg=test animal=walrus\n"))
+		})
+	})
+
+	Describe("Formatted output", func() {
+		It("should output formatted message", func() {
+			formatter.DisableTimestamp = true
+			formatter.ForceFormatting = true
+			log.Debug("test")
+			Ω(output.GetValue()).Should(Equal("DEBUG test\n"))
+		})
+	})
+
+	Describe("Theming support", func() {
+
+	})
+})
+
+func TestFormatter_SuppressErrorStackTraces(t *testing.T) {
+	formatter := new(TextFormatter)
+	formatter.ForceFormatting = true
+	log := logrus.New()
+	log.Formatter = formatter
+	output := new(LogOutput)
+	log.Out = output
+
+	errFn := func() error {
+		return errors.New("inner")
+	}
+
+	log.WithError(errors.Wrap(errFn(), "outer")).Error("test")
+}
+
+func TestFormatter_EscapesControlCharacters(t *testing.T) {
+	formatter := new(TextFormatter)
+	formatter.ForceFormatting = true
+	log := logrus.New()
+	log.Formatter = formatter
+	output := new(LogOutput)
+	log.Out = output
+
+	log.WithField("test", "foo\nbar").Error("testing things")
+}
diff --git a/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/logrus_prefixed_formatter_suite_test.go b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/logrus_prefixed_formatter_suite_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c95894a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter/logrus_prefixed_formatter_suite_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package prefixed_test
+
+import (
+	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
+	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
+
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type LogOutput struct {
+	buffer string
+}
+
+func (o *LogOutput) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	o.buffer += string(p)
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
+func (o *LogOutput) GetValue() string {
+	return o.buffer
+}
+
+func TestLogrusPrefixedFormatter(t *testing.T) {
+	RegisterFailHandler(Fail)
+	RunSpecs(t, "LogrusPrefixedFormatter Suite")
+}
diff --git a/log/logrus.go b/log/logrus.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f624d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/logrus.go
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package log
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-stack/stack"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var (
+	std = logrus.StandardLogger()
+)
+
+type logger struct {
+	ctx     []interface{}
+	mapPool sync.Pool
+}
+
+func (l *logger) newMap() map[string]interface{} {
+	m, ok := l.mapPool.Get().(map[string]interface{})
+	if ok {
+		return m
+	}
+
+	return map[string]interface{}{}
+}
+
+func (l *logger) returnMap(m map[string]interface{}) {
+	maps.Clear(m)
+	l.mapPool.Put(m)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) write(msg string, lvl Lvl, ctx []interface{}, skip int) {
+	field := l.newMap()
+	defer l.returnMap(field)
+	var prepareFields = func() {
+		field["prefix"] = fmt.Sprintf("%k", stack.Caller(skip))
+		ctx = newContext(l.ctx, ctx)
+		for i := 0; i < len(ctx); i += 2 {
+			k, ok := ctx[i].(string)
+			if !ok {
+
+			}
+			if s, ok := ctx[i+1].(TerminalStringer); ok {
+				field[k] = s.TerminalString()
+			} else {
+				field[k] = ctx[i+1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if terminal.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.Level(lvl)) {
+		prepareFields()
+		terminal.WithFields(field).Log(logrus.Level(lvl), msg)
+	}
+
+	if std.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.Level(lvl)) {
+		prepareFields()
+		std.WithFields(field).Log(logrus.Level(lvl), msg)
+	}
+	//switch lvl {
+	//case LvlCrit:
+	//	terminal.WithFields(field).Panic(msg)
+	//	std.WithFields(field).Panic(msg)
+	//case LvlError:
+	//	terminal.WithFields(field).Error(msg)
+	//	std.WithFields(field).Error(msg)
+	//case LvlWarn:
+	//	terminal.WithFields(field).Warn(msg)
+	//	std.WithFields(field).Warn(msg)
+	//case LvlInfo:
+	//	terminal.WithFields(field).Info(msg)
+	//	std.WithFields(field).Info(msg)
+	//case LvlDebug:
+	//	terminal.WithFields(field).Debug(msg)
+	//	std.WithFields(field).Debug(msg)
+	//case LvlTrace:
+	//	terminal.WithFields(field).Trace(msg)
+	//	std.WithFields(field).Trace(msg)
+	//}
+}
+
+func (l *logger) New(ctx ...interface{}) Logger {
+	child := &logger{ctx: newContext(l.ctx, ctx)}
+	return child
+}
+
+func newContext(prefix []interface{}, suffix []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	normalizedSuffix := normalize(suffix)
+	newCtx := make([]interface{}, len(prefix)+len(normalizedSuffix))
+	n := copy(newCtx, prefix)
+	copy(newCtx[n:], normalizedSuffix)
+	return newCtx
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Trace(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	l.write(msg, LvlTrace, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debug(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	l.write(msg, LvlDebug, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Info(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	l.write(msg, LvlInfo, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Warn(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	l.write(msg, LvlWarn, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Error(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	l.write(msg, LvlError, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Crit(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	l.write(msg, LvlCrit, ctx, skipLevel)
+	os.Exit(1)
+}
+
+func normalize(ctx []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	// if the caller passed a Ctx object, then expand it
+	if len(ctx) == 1 {
+		if ctxMap, ok := ctx[0].(Ctx); ok {
+			ctx = ctxMap.toArray()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ctx needs to be even because it's a series of key/value pairs
+	// no one wants to check for errors on logging functions,
+	// so instead of erroring on bad input, we'll just make sure
+	// that things are the right length and users can fix bugs
+	// when they see the output looks wrong
+	if len(ctx)%2 != 0 {
+		ctx = append(ctx, nil)
+	}
+
+	return ctx
+}
+
+// Ctx is a map of key/value pairs to pass as context to a log function
+// Use this only if you really need greater safety around the arguments you pass
+// to the logging functions.
+type Ctx map[string]interface{}
+
+func (c Ctx) toArray() []interface{} {
+	arr := make([]interface{}, len(c)*2)
+
+	i := 0
+	for k, v := range c {
+		arr[i] = k
+		arr[i+1] = v
+		i += 2
+	}
+
+	return arr
+}
diff --git a/log/root.go b/log/root.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61c7d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/log/root.go
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package log
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+	prefixed "github.com/astranetworld/ast/log/logrus-prefixed-formatter"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	lumberjack "gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	root = &logger{ctx: []interface{}{}, mapPool: sync.Pool{
+		New: func() any {
+			return map[string]interface{}{}
+		},
+	}}
+	terminal = logrus.New()
+)
+
+type Lvl int
+
+const skipLevel = 3
+
+const (
+	LvlCrit Lvl = iota
+	LvlFatal
+	LvlError
+	LvlWarn
+	LvlInfo
+	LvlDebug
+	LvlTrace
+)
+
+func Init(nodeConfig conf.NodeConfig, config conf.LoggerConfig) {
+	formatter := new(prefixed.TextFormatter)
+	formatter.TimestampFormat = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
+	formatter.FullTimestamp = true
+	formatter.DisableColors = false
+	logrus.SetFormatter(formatter)
+	lvl, _ := logrus.ParseLevel(config.Level)
+	logrus.SetLevel(lvl)
+
+	jsonFormatter := new(logrus.JSONFormatter)
+	jsonFormatter.TimestampFormat = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
+	terminal.SetFormatter(jsonFormatter)
+	terminal.SetLevel(lvl)
+	terminal.SetOutput(&lumberjack.Logger{
+		Filename:   fmt.Sprintf("%s/log/%s", nodeConfig.DataDir, config.LogFile),
+		MaxSize:    config.MaxSize,
+		MaxBackups: config.MaxBackups,
+		MaxAge:     config.MaxAge,
+		Compress:   config.Compress,
+	})
+}
+
+func InitMobileLogger(filepath string, isDebug bool) {
+	if !isDebug {
+		return
+	}
+	formatter := new(prefixed.TextFormatter)
+	formatter.TimestampFormat = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
+	formatter.FullTimestamp = true
+	formatter.DisableColors = false
+	logrus.SetFormatter(formatter)
+	if isDebug {
+		terminal.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
+	} else {
+		terminal.SetLevel(logrus.InfoLevel)
+	}
+	terminal.SetOutput(&lumberjack.Logger{
+		Filename:   filepath,
+		MaxSize:    10, //10MB
+		MaxBackups: 2,
+		LocalTime:  false,
+		Compress:   false,
+	})
+}
+
+// New returns a new logger with the given context.
+// New is a convenient alias for Root().New
+func New(ctx ...interface{}) Logger {
+	return root.New(ctx...)
+}
+
+// Root returns the root logger
+func Root() Logger {
+	return root
+}
+
+// Trace is a convenient alias for Root().Trace
+func Trace(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, LvlTrace, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func Tracef(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(fmt.Sprintf(msg, ctx...), LvlTrace, []interface{}{}, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Debug is a convenient alias for Root().Debug
+func Debug(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, LvlDebug, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+func Debugf(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(fmt.Sprintf(msg, ctx...), LvlDebug, []interface{}{}, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Info is a convenient alias for Root().Info
+func Info(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, LvlInfo, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Infof is a convenient alias for Root().Info
+func Infof(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(fmt.Sprintf(msg, ctx...), LvlInfo, []interface{}{}, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Warn is a convenient alias for Root().Warn
+func Warn(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, LvlWarn, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Warnf is a convenient alias for Root().Warn
+func Warnf(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(fmt.Sprintf(msg, ctx...), LvlWarn, []interface{}{}, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Error is a convenient alias for Root().Error
+func Error(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, LvlError, ctx, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Errorf is a convenient alias for Root().Error
+func Errorf(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(fmt.Sprintf(msg, ctx...), LvlError, []interface{}{}, skipLevel)
+}
+
+// Crit is a convenient alias for Root().Crit
+func Crit(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, LvlCrit, ctx, skipLevel)
+	os.Exit(1)
+}
+
+// Critf is a convenient alias for Root().Crit
+func Critf(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(fmt.Sprintf(msg, ctx...), LvlCrit, []interface{}{}, skipLevel)
+	os.Exit(1)
+}
+
+// A Logger writes key/value pairs to a Handler
+type Logger interface {
+	// New returns a new Logger that has this logger's context plus the given context
+	New(ctx ...interface{}) Logger
+
+	// Log a message at the given level with context key/value pairs
+	Trace(msg string, ctx ...interface{})
+	Debug(msg string, ctx ...interface{})
+	Info(msg string, ctx ...interface{})
+	Warn(msg string, ctx ...interface{})
+	Error(msg string, ctx ...interface{})
+	Crit(msg string, ctx ...interface{})
+}
+
+// TerminalStringer is an analogous interface to the stdlib stringer, allowing
+// own types to have custom shortened serialization formats when printed to the
+// screen.
+type TerminalStringer interface {
+	TerminalString() string
+}
diff --git a/modules/changeset/account_changeset.go b/modules/changeset/account_changeset.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff096d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/changeset/account_changeset.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package changeset
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common/length"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type Encoder func(blockN uint64, s *ChangeSet, f func(k, v []byte) error) error
+type Decoder func(dbKey, dbValue []byte) (blockN uint64, k, v []byte, err error)
+
+func NewAccountChangeSet() *ChangeSet {
+	return &ChangeSet{
+		Changes: make([]Change, 0),
+		keyLen:  length.Addr,
+	}
+}
+
+func EncodeAccounts(blockN uint64, s *ChangeSet, f func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	sort.Sort(s)
+	newK := modules.EncodeBlockNumber(blockN)
+	for _, cs := range s.Changes {
+		newV := make([]byte, len(cs.Key)+len(cs.Value))
+		copy(newV, cs.Key)
+		copy(newV[len(cs.Key):], cs.Value)
+		if err := f(newK, newV); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func DecodeAccounts(dbKey, dbValue []byte) (uint64, []byte, []byte, error) {
+	blockN := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(dbKey)
+	if len(dbValue) < length.Addr {
+		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("account changes purged for block %d", blockN)
+	}
+	k := dbValue[:length.Addr]
+	v := dbValue[length.Addr:]
+	return blockN, k, v, nil
+}
+
+func FindAccount(c kv.CursorDupSort, blockNumber uint64, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	k := modules.EncodeBlockNumber(blockNumber)
+	v, err := c.SeekBothRange(k, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	_, k, v, err = DecodeAccounts(k, v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, key) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+// GetModifiedAccounts returns a list of addresses that were modified in the block range
+// [startNum:endNum)
+func GetModifiedAccounts(db kv.Tx, startNum, endNum uint64) ([]types.Address, error) {
+	changedAddrs := make(map[types.Address]struct{})
+	if err := ForRange(db, modules.AccountChangeSet, startNum, endNum, func(blockN uint64, k, v []byte) error {
+		changedAddrs[types.BytesToAddress(k)] = struct{}{}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(changedAddrs) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	idx := 0
+	result := make([]types.Address, len(changedAddrs))
+	for addr := range changedAddrs {
+		copy(result[idx][:], addr[:])
+		idx++
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/changeset/changeset.go b/modules/changeset/changeset.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f281142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/changeset/changeset.go
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package changeset
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+func NewChangeSet() *ChangeSet {
+	return &ChangeSet{
+		Changes: make([]Change, 0),
+	}
+}
+
+type Change struct {
+	Key   []byte
+	Value []byte
+}
+
+// ChangeSet is a map with keys of the same size.
+// Both keys and values are byte strings.
+type ChangeSet struct {
+	// Invariant: all keys are of the same size.
+	Changes []Change
+	keyLen  int
+}
+
+// BEGIN sort.Interface
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) Len() int {
+	return len(s.Changes)
+}
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) Swap(i, j int) {
+	s.Changes[i], s.Changes[j] = s.Changes[j], s.Changes[i]
+}
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	cmp := bytes.Compare(s.Changes[i].Key, s.Changes[j].Key)
+	if cmp == 0 {
+		cmp = bytes.Compare(s.Changes[i].Value, s.Changes[j].Value)
+	}
+	return cmp < 0
+}
+
+// END sort.Interface
+func (s *ChangeSet) KeySize() int {
+	if s.keyLen != 0 {
+		return s.keyLen
+	}
+	for _, c := range s.Changes {
+		return len(c.Key)
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) checkKeySize(key []byte) error {
+	if (s.Len() == 0 && s.KeySize() == 0) || (len(key) == s.KeySize() && len(key) > 0) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("wrong key size in AccountChangeSet: expected %d, actual %d", s.KeySize(), len(key))
+}
+
+// Add adds a new entry to the AccountChangeSet.
+// One must not add an existing key
+// and may add keys only of the same size.
+func (s *ChangeSet) Add(key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	if err := s.checkKeySize(key); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.Changes = append(s.Changes, Change{
+		Key:   key,
+		Value: value,
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) ChangedKeys() map[string]struct{} {
+	m := make(map[string]struct{}, len(s.Changes))
+	for i := range s.Changes {
+		m[string(s.Changes[i].Key)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) Equals(s2 *ChangeSet) bool {
+	return reflect.DeepEqual(s.Changes, s2.Changes)
+}
+
+func (s *ChangeSet) String() string {
+	str := ""
+	for _, v := range s.Changes {
+		str += fmt.Sprintf("%v %s : %s\n", len(v.Key), types.Bytes2Hex(v.Key), string(v.Value))
+	}
+	return str
+}
+
+// Encoded Method
+func FromDBFormat(dbKey, dbValue []byte) (uint64, []byte, []byte, error) {
+	if len(dbKey) == 8 {
+		return DecodeAccounts(dbKey, dbValue)
+	} else {
+		return DecodeStorage(dbKey, dbValue)
+	}
+}
+
+func AvailableFrom(tx kv.Tx) (uint64, error) {
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(modules.AccountChangeSet)
+	if err != nil {
+		return math.MaxUint64, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	k, _, err := c.First()
+	if err != nil {
+		return math.MaxUint64, err
+	}
+	if len(k) == 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64, nil
+	}
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k), nil
+}
+func AvailableStorageFrom(tx kv.Tx) (uint64, error) {
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(modules.StorageChangeSet)
+	if err != nil {
+		return math.MaxUint64, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	k, _, err := c.First()
+	if err != nil {
+		return math.MaxUint64, err
+	}
+	if len(k) == 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64, nil
+	}
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k), nil
+}
+
+// [from:to)
+func ForRange(db kv.Tx, bucket string, from, to uint64, walker func(blockN uint64, k, v []byte) error) error {
+	var blockN uint64
+	c, err := db.Cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	return ethdb.Walk(c, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(from), 0, func(k, v []byte) (bool, error) {
+		var err error
+		blockN, k, v, err = FromDBFormat(k, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		if blockN >= to {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if err = walker(blockN, k, v); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		return true, nil
+	})
+}
+func ForEach(db kv.Tx, bucket string, startkey []byte, walker func(blockN uint64, k, v []byte) error) error {
+	var blockN uint64
+	return db.ForEach(bucket, startkey, func(k, v []byte) error {
+		var err error
+		blockN, k, v, err = FromDBFormat(k, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return walker(blockN, k, v)
+	})
+}
+func ForPrefix(db kv.Tx, bucket string, startkey []byte, walker func(blockN uint64, k, v []byte) error) error {
+	var blockN uint64
+	return db.ForPrefix(bucket, startkey, func(k, v []byte) error {
+		var err error
+		blockN, k, v, err = FromDBFormat(k, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return walker(blockN, k, v)
+	})
+}
+
+func Truncate(tx kv.RwTx, from uint64) error {
+	keyStart := modules.EncodeBlockNumber(from)
+
+	{
+		c, err := tx.RwCursorDupSort(modules.AccountChangeSet)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer c.Close()
+		for k, _, err := c.Seek(keyStart); k != nil; k, _, err = c.NextNoDup() {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			err = c.DeleteCurrentDuplicates()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		c, err := tx.RwCursorDupSort(modules.StorageChangeSet)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer c.Close()
+		for k, _, err := c.Seek(keyStart); k != nil; k, _, err = c.NextNoDup() {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			err = c.DeleteCurrentDuplicates()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var Mapper = map[string]struct {
+	IndexBucket   string
+	IndexChunkKey func([]byte, uint64) []byte
+	Find          func(cursor kv.CursorDupSort, blockNumber uint64, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
+	New           func() *ChangeSet
+	Encode        Encoder
+	Decode        Decoder
+}{
+	modules.AccountChangeSet: {
+		IndexBucket:   modules.AccountsHistory,
+		IndexChunkKey: modules.AccountIndexChunkKey,
+		New:           NewAccountChangeSet,
+		Find:          FindAccount,
+		Encode:        EncodeAccounts,
+		Decode:        DecodeAccounts,
+	},
+	modules.StorageChangeSet: {
+		IndexBucket:   modules.StorageHistory,
+		IndexChunkKey: modules.StorageIndexChunkKey,
+		Find:          FindStorage,
+		New:           NewStorageChangeSet,
+		Encode:        EncodeStorage,
+		Decode:        DecodeStorage,
+	},
+}
diff --git a/modules/changeset/readme.md b/modules/changeset/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be447b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/changeset/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#Changesets encoding
+## Storage changeset encoding 
+Storage encoding contains several blocks: Address hashes, Incarnations, Length of values, Values. AccountChangeSet is serialized in the following manner in order to facilitate binary search
+### Address hashes
+There are a lot of address hashes duplication in storage changeset when we have multiple changes in one contract. To avoid it we can store only unique address hashes.
+First 4 bytes contains number or unique contract hashes in one changeset.
+Then we store address hashes with sum of key hashes from first element.
+
+For example: for `addrHash1Inc1Key1, addrHash1Inc1Key2, addrHash2Inc1Key1, addrHash2Inc1Key3` it stores
+`2,addrHash1,2,addrHash2,4`  
+### Incarnations
+Currently, there are a few not default incarnations(!=1) in current state. That was the reason why we store incarnation only if it's not equal to fffffffe(inverted 1).
+First part is 4 byte that contains number of not default incarnations
+Then we store array of id of address hash(4 byte) plus incarnation(8 byte)
+For example: for `addrHash1fffffffe..., addrHash1fffffffd...` it stores
+`1,1,fffffffd`
+
+### Values lengths
+The default value length is 32(types.Hash), but if we remove leading 0 then average size became ~7. Because a length of value could be from 0 to 32 we need this section to be able to find quite fast value by key.
+It is contiguous array of accumulating value indexes like `len(val0), len(val0)+len(val1), ..., len(val0)+len(val1)+...+len(val_{N-1})`
+To reduce cost of it we have three numbers: numOfUint8, numOfUint16, numOfUint32. They can answer to the question: How many lengths of values we can put to uint8, uint16, uint32.
+This number could be huge if one of the contracts was suicided during block execution. Then we could have thousands of empty values, and we are able to store them in uint8(but it depends).
+For example for values: "ffa","","faa" it stores `3,0,0,3,3,6`
+
+### Values
+Contiguous array of values.
+
+### Finally
+Value | Type | Comment
+------------ | ------------- | -------------
+numOfUniqueElements | uint32 |
+Address hashes | [numOfUniqueElements]{[32]byte+[4]byte}  | [numOfUniqueElements](types.Hash + uint32) 
+numOfNotDefaultIncarnations | uint32 | mostly - 0
+Incarnations |  [numOfNotDefaultIncarnations]{[4]byte + [8]byte}  | []{idOfAddrHash(uint32) + incarnation(uint64)}
+Keys | [][32]byte | []types.Hash
+numOfUint8 | uint32 | 
+numOfUint16 | uint32 |  
+numOfUint32 | uint32 | 
+Values lengths in uint8 | [numOfUint8]uint8 | 
+Values lengths in uint16 | [numOfUint16]uint16 | 
+Values lengths in uint32 | [numOfUint32]uint32 | 
+Values | [][]byte | 
+
+
+
+
+## Account changeset encoding
+AccountChangeSet is serialized in the following manner in order to facilitate binary search. Account changeset encoding contains several blocks: Keys, Length of values, Values. Key is address hash of account. Value is CBOR encoded account without storage root and code hash.
+
+### Keys
+The number of keys N (uint32, 4 bytes)
+Contiguous array of keys (N*32 bytes)
+### Values lengthes
+ Contiguous array of accumulating value indexes:
+len(val0), len(val0)+len(val1), ..., len(val0)+len(val1)+...+len(val_{N-1})
+(4*N bytes since the lengths are treated as uint32).
+### Values
+Contiguous array of values.
+### Finally
+Value | Type | Comment
+------------ | ------------- | -------------
+num of keys | uint32 |
+address hashes | [num of keys][32]byte | [num of keys]types.Hash
+values lengthes | [num of keys]uint32
+values | [num of keys][]byte
diff --git a/modules/changeset/storage_changeset.go b/modules/changeset/storage_changeset.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fcba16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/changeset/storage_changeset.go
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package changeset
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"sort"
+
+	libcommon "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common/length"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/etl"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+const (
+	DefaultIncarnation = uint64(1)
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
+)
+
+func NewStorageChangeSet() *ChangeSet {
+	return &ChangeSet{
+		Changes: make([]Change, 0),
+		keyLen:  length.Addr + length.Hash + modules.Incarnation,
+	}
+}
+
+func EncodeStorage(blockN uint64, s *ChangeSet, f func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	sort.Sort(s)
+	keyPart := length.Addr + modules.Incarnation
+	for _, cs := range s.Changes {
+		newK := make([]byte, length.BlockNum+keyPart)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(newK, blockN)
+		copy(newK[8:], cs.Key[:keyPart])
+		newV := make([]byte, 0, length.Hash+len(cs.Value))
+		newV = append(append(newV, cs.Key[keyPart:]...), cs.Value...)
+		if err := f(newK, newV); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func DecodeStorage(dbKey, dbValue []byte) (uint64, []byte, []byte, error) {
+	blockN := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(dbKey)
+	if len(dbValue) < length.Hash {
+		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("storage changes purged for block %d", blockN)
+	}
+	k := make([]byte, length.Addr+modules.Incarnation+length.Hash)
+	dbKey = dbKey[length.BlockNum:] // remove BlockN bytes
+	copy(k, dbKey)
+	copy(k[len(dbKey):], dbValue[:length.Hash])
+	v := dbValue[length.Hash:]
+	if len(v) == 0 {
+		v = nil
+	}
+
+	return blockN, k, v, nil
+}
+
+func FindStorage(c kv.CursorDupSort, blockNumber uint64, k []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	addWithInc, loc := k[:length.Addr+modules.Incarnation], k[length.Addr+modules.Incarnation:]
+	seek := make([]byte, length.BlockNum+length.Addr+modules.Incarnation)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(seek, blockNumber)
+	copy(seek[8:], addWithInc)
+	v, err := c.SeekBothRange(seek, loc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !bytes.HasPrefix(v, loc) {
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	return v[length.Hash:], nil
+}
+
+// RewindDataPlain generates rewind data for all plain buckets between the timestamp
+// timestapSrc is the current timestamp, and timestamp Dst is where we rewind
+func RewindData(db kv.Tx, timestampSrc, timestampDst uint64, changes *etl.Collector, quit <-chan struct{}) error {
+	if err := walkAndCollect(
+		changes.Collect,
+		db, modules.AccountChangeSet,
+		timestampDst+1, timestampSrc,
+		quit,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := walkAndCollect(
+		changes.Collect,
+		db, modules.StorageChangeSet,
+		timestampDst+1, timestampSrc,
+		quit,
+	); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func walkAndCollect(collectorFunc func([]byte, []byte) error, db kv.Tx, bucket string, timestampDst, timestampSrc uint64, quit <-chan struct{}) error {
+	return ForRange(db, bucket, timestampDst, timestampSrc+1, func(bl uint64, k, v []byte) error {
+		if err := libcommon.Stopped(quit); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if innerErr := collectorFunc(libcommon.Copy(k), libcommon.Copy(v)); innerErr != nil {
+			return innerErr
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/bitmapdb/dbutils.go b/modules/ethdb/bitmapdb/dbutils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41e8cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/bitmapdb/dbutils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bitmapdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"math"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring"
+	"github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring/roaring64"
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	libcommon "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+var roaringPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return roaring.New()
+	},
+}
+
+func NewBitmap() *roaring.Bitmap {
+	a := roaringPool.Get().(*roaring.Bitmap)
+	a.Clear()
+	return a
+}
+func ReturnToPool(a *roaring.Bitmap) {
+	roaringPool.Put(a)
+}
+
+var roaring64Pool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return roaring64.New()
+	},
+}
+
+func NewBitmap64() *roaring64.Bitmap {
+	a := roaring64Pool.Get().(*roaring64.Bitmap)
+	a.Clear()
+	return a
+}
+func ReturnToPool64(a *roaring64.Bitmap) {
+	roaring64Pool.Put(a)
+}
+
+const ChunkLimit = uint64(1950 * datasize.B) // threshold beyond which MDBX overflow pages appear: 4096 / 2 - (keySize + 8)
+
+// CutLeft - cut from bitmap `targetSize` bytes from left
+// removing lft part from `bm`
+// returns nil on zero cardinality
+func CutLeft(bm *roaring.Bitmap, sizeLimit uint64) *roaring.Bitmap {
+	if bm.GetCardinality() == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	sz := bm.GetSerializedSizeInBytes()
+	if sz <= sizeLimit {
+		lft := roaring.New()
+		lft.AddRange(uint64(bm.Minimum()), uint64(bm.Maximum())+1)
+		lft.And(bm)
+		lft.RunOptimize()
+		bm.Clear()
+		return lft
+	}
+
+	from := uint64(bm.Minimum())
+	minMax := bm.Maximum() - bm.Minimum()
+	to := sort.Search(int(minMax), func(i int) bool { // can be optimized to avoid "too small steps", but let's leave it for readability
+		lft := roaring.New() // bitmap.Clear() method intentionally not used here, because then serialized size of bitmap getting bigger
+		lft.AddRange(from, from+uint64(i)+1)
+		lft.And(bm)
+		lft.RunOptimize()
+		return lft.GetSerializedSizeInBytes() > sizeLimit
+	})
+
+	lft := roaring.New()
+	lft.AddRange(from, from+uint64(to)) // no +1 because sort.Search returns element which is just higher threshold - but we need lower
+	lft.And(bm)
+	bm.RemoveRange(from, from+uint64(to))
+	lft.RunOptimize()
+	return lft
+}
+
+func WalkChunks(bm *roaring.Bitmap, sizeLimit uint64, f func(chunk *roaring.Bitmap, isLast bool) error) error {
+	for bm.GetCardinality() > 0 {
+		if err := f(CutLeft(bm, sizeLimit), bm.GetCardinality() == 0); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func WalkChunkWithKeys(k []byte, m *roaring.Bitmap, sizeLimit uint64, f func(chunkKey []byte, chunk *roaring.Bitmap) error) error {
+	return WalkChunks(m, sizeLimit, func(chunk *roaring.Bitmap, isLast bool) error {
+		chunkKey := make([]byte, len(k)+4)
+		copy(chunkKey, k)
+		if isLast {
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(chunkKey[len(k):], ^uint32(0))
+		} else {
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(chunkKey[len(k):], chunk.Maximum())
+		}
+		return f(chunkKey, chunk)
+	})
+}
+
+// TruncateRange - gets existing bitmap in db and call RemoveRange operator on it.
+// starts from hot shard, stops when shard not overlap with [from-to)
+// !Important: [from, to)
+func TruncateRange(db kv.RwTx, bucket string, key []byte, to uint32) error {
+	chunkKey := make([]byte, len(key)+4)
+	copy(chunkKey, key)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(chunkKey[len(chunkKey)-4:], to)
+	bm, err := Get(db, bucket, key, to, math.MaxUint32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if bm.GetCardinality() > 0 && to <= bm.Maximum() {
+		bm.RemoveRange(uint64(to), uint64(bm.Maximum())+1)
+	}
+
+	c, err := db.Cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	if err := ethdb.Walk(c, chunkKey, 0, func(k, v []byte) (bool, error) {
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, key) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if err := db.Delete(bucket, k); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		return true, nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	return WalkChunkWithKeys(key, bm, ChunkLimit, func(chunkKey []byte, chunk *roaring.Bitmap) error {
+		buf.Reset()
+		if _, err := chunk.WriteTo(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return db.Put(bucket, chunkKey, libcommon.Copy(buf.Bytes()))
+	})
+}
+
+// Get - reading as much chunks as needed to satisfy [from, to] condition
+// join all chunks to 1 bitmap by Or operator
+func Get(db kv.Tx, bucket string, key []byte, from, to uint32) (*roaring.Bitmap, error) {
+	var chunks []*roaring.Bitmap
+
+	fromKey := make([]byte, len(key)+4)
+	copy(fromKey, key)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(fromKey[len(fromKey)-4:], from)
+	c, err := db.Cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	for k, v, err := c.Seek(fromKey); k != nil; k, v, err = c.Next() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, key) {
+			break
+		}
+		bm := NewBitmap()
+		defer ReturnToPool(bm)
+		if _, err := bm.ReadFrom(bytes.NewReader(v)); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		chunks = append(chunks, bm)
+		if binary.BigEndian.Uint32(k[len(k)-4:]) >= to {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if len(chunks) == 0 {
+		return roaring.New(), nil
+	}
+	return roaring.FastOr(chunks...), nil
+}
+
+// SeekInBitmap - returns value in bitmap which is >= n
+//
+//nolint:deadcode
+func SeekInBitmap(m *roaring.Bitmap, n uint32) (found uint32, ok bool) {
+	i := m.Iterator()
+	i.AdvanceIfNeeded(n)
+	ok = i.HasNext()
+	if ok {
+		found = i.Next()
+	}
+	return found, ok
+}
+
+// CutLeft - cut from bitmap `targetSize` bytes from left
+// removing lft part from `bm`
+// returns nil on zero cardinality
+func CutLeft64(bm *roaring64.Bitmap, sizeLimit uint64) *roaring64.Bitmap {
+	if bm.GetCardinality() == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	sz := bm.GetSerializedSizeInBytes()
+	if sz <= sizeLimit {
+		lft := roaring64.New()
+		lft.AddRange(bm.Minimum(), bm.Maximum()+1)
+		lft.And(bm)
+		lft.RunOptimize()
+		bm.Clear()
+		return lft
+	}
+
+	from := bm.Minimum()
+	minMax := bm.Maximum() - bm.Minimum()
+	to := sort.Search(int(minMax), func(i int) bool { // can be optimized to avoid "too small steps", but let's leave it for readability
+		lft := roaring64.New() // bitmap.Clear() method intentionally not used here, because then serialized size of bitmap getting bigger
+		lft.AddRange(from, from+uint64(i)+1)
+		lft.And(bm)
+		lft.RunOptimize()
+		return lft.GetSerializedSizeInBytes() > sizeLimit
+	})
+
+	lft := roaring64.New()
+	lft.AddRange(from, from+uint64(to)) // no +1 because sort.Search returns element which is just higher threshold - but we need lower
+	lft.And(bm)
+	bm.RemoveRange(from, from+uint64(to))
+	lft.RunOptimize()
+	return lft
+}
+
+func WalkChunks64(bm *roaring64.Bitmap, sizeLimit uint64, f func(chunk *roaring64.Bitmap, isLast bool) error) error {
+	for bm.GetCardinality() > 0 {
+		if err := f(CutLeft64(bm, sizeLimit), bm.GetCardinality() == 0); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func WalkChunkWithKeys64(k []byte, m *roaring64.Bitmap, sizeLimit uint64, f func(chunkKey []byte, chunk *roaring64.Bitmap) error) error {
+	return WalkChunks64(m, sizeLimit, func(chunk *roaring64.Bitmap, isLast bool) error {
+		chunkKey := make([]byte, len(k)+8)
+		copy(chunkKey, k)
+		if isLast {
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(chunkKey[len(k):], ^uint64(0))
+		} else {
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(chunkKey[len(k):], chunk.Maximum())
+		}
+		return f(chunkKey, chunk)
+	})
+}
+
+// TruncateRange - gets existing bitmap in db and call RemoveRange operator on it.
+// starts from hot shard, stops when shard not overlap with [from-to)
+// !Important: [from, to)
+func TruncateRange64(db kv.RwTx, bucket string, key []byte, to uint64) error {
+	chunkKey := make([]byte, len(key)+8)
+	copy(chunkKey, key)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(chunkKey[len(chunkKey)-8:], to)
+	bm, err := Get64(db, bucket, key, to, math.MaxUint64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if bm.GetCardinality() > 0 && to <= bm.Maximum() {
+		bm.RemoveRange(to, bm.Maximum()+1)
+	}
+
+	c, err := db.Cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	cDel, err := db.RwCursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer cDel.Close()
+	if err := ethdb.Walk(c, chunkKey, 0, func(k, v []byte) (bool, error) {
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, key) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if err := cDel.Delete(k); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		return true, nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	return WalkChunkWithKeys64(key, bm, ChunkLimit, func(chunkKey []byte, chunk *roaring64.Bitmap) error {
+		buf.Reset()
+		if _, err := chunk.WriteTo(buf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return db.Put(bucket, chunkKey, libcommon.Copy(buf.Bytes()))
+	})
+}
+
+// Get - reading as much chunks as needed to satisfy [from, to] condition
+// join all chunks to 1 bitmap by Or operator
+func Get64(db kv.Tx, bucket string, key []byte, from, to uint64) (*roaring64.Bitmap, error) {
+	var chunks []*roaring64.Bitmap
+
+	fromKey := make([]byte, len(key)+8)
+	copy(fromKey, key)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(fromKey[len(fromKey)-8:], from)
+
+	c, err := db.Cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	for k, v, err := c.Seek(fromKey); k != nil; k, v, err = c.Next() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, key) {
+			break
+		}
+		bm := NewBitmap64()
+		defer ReturnToPool64(bm)
+		_, err := bm.ReadFrom(bytes.NewReader(v))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		chunks = append(chunks, bm)
+		if binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k[len(k)-8:]) >= to {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(chunks) == 0 {
+		return roaring64.New(), nil
+	}
+	return roaring64.FastOr(chunks...), nil
+}
+
+// SeekInBitmap - returns value in bitmap which is >= n
+func SeekInBitmap64(m *roaring64.Bitmap, n uint64) (found uint64, ok bool) {
+	if m.IsEmpty() {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return m.Minimum(), true
+	}
+	searchRank := m.Rank(n - 1)
+	if searchRank >= m.GetCardinality() {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	found, _ = m.Select(searchRank)
+	return found, true
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/db_interface.go b/modules/ethdb/db_interface.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d5afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/db_interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethdb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// DESCRIBED: For info on database buckets see docs/programmers_guide/db_walkthrough.MD
+
+// ErrKeyNotFound is returned when key isn't found in the database.
+var ErrKeyNotFound = errors.New("db: key not found")
+
+type TxFlags uint
+
+const (
+	RW TxFlags = 0x00 // default
+	RO TxFlags = 0x02
+)
+
+// DBGetter wraps the database read operations.
+type DBGetter interface {
+	kv.Getter
+
+	// Get returns the value for a given key if it's present.
+	Get(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// Database wraps all database operations. All methods are safe for concurrent use.
+type Database interface {
+	DBGetter
+	kv.Putter
+	kv.Deleter
+	kv.Closer
+
+	Begin(ctx context.Context, flags TxFlags) (DbWithPendingMutations, error) // starts db transaction
+	Last(bucket string) ([]byte, []byte, error)
+
+	IncrementSequence(bucket string, amount uint64) (uint64, error)
+	ReadSequence(bucket string) (uint64, error)
+	RwKV() kv.RwDB
+}
+
+// MinDatabase is a minimalistic version of the Database interface.
+type MinDatabase interface {
+	Get(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
+	Put(table string, k, v []byte) error
+	Delete(table string, k []byte) error
+}
+
+// DbWithPendingMutations is an extended version of the Database,
+// where all changes are first made in memory.
+// Later they can either be committed to the database or rolled back.
+type DbWithPendingMutations interface {
+	Database
+
+	// Commit - commits transaction (or flush data into underlying db object in case of `mutation`)
+	//
+	// Common pattern:
+	//
+	// tx := db.Begin()
+	// defer tx.Rollback()
+	// ... some calculations on `tx`
+	// tx.Commit()
+	//
+	Commit() error
+
+	Rollback()
+	BatchSize() int
+}
+
+type HasRwKV interface {
+	RwKV() kv.RwDB
+	SetRwKV(kv kv.RwDB)
+}
+
+type HasTx interface {
+	Tx() kv.Tx
+}
+
+type BucketsMigrator interface {
+	BucketExists(bucket string) (bool, error) // makes them empty
+	ClearBuckets(buckets ...string) error     // makes them empty
+	DropBuckets(buckets ...string) error      // drops them, use of them after drop will panic
+}
+
+func GetOneWrapper(dat []byte, err error) ([]byte, error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if dat == nil {
+		return nil, ErrKeyNotFound
+	}
+	return dat, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/kv_util.go b/modules/ethdb/kv_util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37637d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/kv_util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+func Walk(c kv.Cursor, startkey []byte, fixedbits int, walker func(k, v []byte) (bool, error)) error {
+	fixedbytes, mask := Bytesmask(fixedbits)
+	k, v, err := c.Seek(startkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for k != nil && len(k) >= fixedbytes && (fixedbits == 0 || bytes.Equal(k[:fixedbytes-1], startkey[:fixedbytes-1]) && (k[fixedbytes-1]&mask) == (startkey[fixedbytes-1]&mask)) {
+		goOn, err := walker(k, v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !goOn {
+			break
+		}
+		k, v, err = c.Next()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func Bytesmask(fixedbits int) (fixedbytes int, mask byte) {
+	fixedbytes = (fixedbits + 7) / 8
+	shiftbits := fixedbits & 7
+	mask = byte(0xff)
+	if shiftbits != 0 {
+		mask = 0xff << (8 - shiftbits)
+	}
+	return fixedbytes, mask
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/olddb/mapmutation.go b/modules/ethdb/olddb/mapmutation.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..098dcdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/olddb/mapmutation.go
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+package olddb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/etl"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type mapmutation struct {
+	puts   map[string]map[string][]byte // table -> key -> value ie. blocks -> hash -> blockBod
+	db     kv.RwTx
+	quit   <-chan struct{}
+	clean  func()
+	mu     sync.RWMutex
+	size   int
+	count  uint64
+	tmpdir string
+}
+
+// NewBatch - starts in-mem batch
+//
+// Common pattern:
+//
+// batch := db.NewBatch()
+// defer batch.Rollback()
+// ... some calculations on `batch`
+// batch.Commit()
+func NewHashBatch(tx kv.RwTx, quit <-chan struct{}, tmpdir string) *mapmutation {
+	clean := func() {}
+	if quit == nil {
+		ch := make(chan struct{})
+		clean = func() { close(ch) }
+		quit = ch
+	}
+
+	return &mapmutation{
+		db:     tx,
+		puts:   make(map[string]map[string][]byte),
+		quit:   quit,
+		clean:  clean,
+		tmpdir: tmpdir,
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) RwKV() kv.RwDB {
+	if casted, ok := m.db.(ethdb.HasRwKV); ok {
+		return casted.RwKV()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) getMem(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, bool) {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+	if _, ok := m.puts[table]; !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if value, ok := m.puts[table][*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&key))]; ok {
+		return value, ok
+	}
+
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) IncrementSequence(bucket string, amount uint64) (res uint64, err error) {
+	v, ok := m.getMem(modules.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+	if !ok && m.db != nil {
+		v, err = m.db.GetOne(modules.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var currentV uint64 = 0
+	if len(v) > 0 {
+		currentV = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(v)
+	}
+
+	newVBytes := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(newVBytes, currentV+amount)
+	if err = m.Put(modules.Sequence, []byte(bucket), newVBytes); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	return currentV, nil
+}
+func (m *mapmutation) ReadSequence(bucket string) (res uint64, err error) {
+	v, ok := m.getMem(modules.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+	if !ok && m.db != nil {
+		v, err = m.db.GetOne(modules.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+	var currentV uint64 = 0
+	if len(v) > 0 {
+		currentV = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(v)
+	}
+
+	return currentV, nil
+}
+
+// Can only be called from the worker thread
+func (m *mapmutation) GetOne(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if value, ok := m.getMem(table, key); ok {
+		return value, nil
+	}
+	if m.db != nil {
+		// TODO: simplify when tx can no longer be parent of mutation
+		value, err := m.db.GetOne(table, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return value, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// Can only be called from the worker thread
+func (m *mapmutation) Get(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	value, err := m.GetOne(table, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if value == nil {
+		return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+	}
+
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Last(table string) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
+	c, err := m.db.Cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	return c.Last()
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Has(table string, key []byte) (bool, error) {
+	if _, ok := m.getMem(table, key); ok {
+		return ok, nil
+	}
+	if m.db != nil {
+		return m.db.Has(table, key)
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// puts a table key with a value and if the table is not found then it appends a table
+func (m *mapmutation) Put(table string, k, v []byte) error {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, ok := m.puts[table]; !ok {
+		m.puts[table] = make(map[string][]byte)
+	}
+
+	stringKey := string(k)
+
+	var ok bool
+	if _, ok = m.puts[table][stringKey]; !ok {
+		m.size += len(v) - len(m.puts[table][stringKey])
+		m.puts[table][stringKey] = v
+		return nil
+	}
+	m.puts[table][stringKey] = v
+	m.size += len(k) + len(v)
+	m.count++
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Append(table string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	return m.Put(table, key, value)
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) AppendDup(table string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	return m.Put(table, key, value)
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) BatchSize() int {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+	return m.size
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) ForEach(bucket string, fromPrefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	m.panicOnEmptyDB()
+	return m.db.ForEach(bucket, fromPrefix, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) ForPrefix(bucket string, prefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	m.panicOnEmptyDB()
+	return m.db.ForPrefix(bucket, prefix, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) ForAmount(bucket string, prefix []byte, amount uint32, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	m.panicOnEmptyDB()
+	return m.db.ForAmount(bucket, prefix, amount, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Delete(table string, k []byte) error {
+	return m.Put(table, k, nil)
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) doCommit(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+	logEvery := time.NewTicker(30 * time.Second)
+	defer logEvery.Stop()
+	count := 0
+	total := float64(m.count)
+	for table, bucket := range m.puts {
+		logger := log.New()
+		collector := etl.NewCollector("", m.tmpdir, etl.NewSortableBuffer(etl.BufferOptimalSize), logger)
+		defer collector.Close()
+		for key, value := range bucket {
+			collector.Collect([]byte(key), value)
+			count++
+			select {
+			default:
+			case <-logEvery.C:
+				progress := fmt.Sprintf("%.1fM/%.1fM", float64(count)/1_000_000, total/1_000_000)
+				log.Info("Write to db", "progress", progress, "current table", table)
+				tx.CollectMetrics()
+			}
+		}
+		if err := collector.Load(m.db, table, etl.IdentityLoadFunc, etl.TransformArgs{Quit: m.quit}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	tx.CollectMetrics()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Commit() error {
+	if m.db == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if err := m.doCommit(m.db); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	m.puts = map[string]map[string][]byte{}
+	m.size = 0
+	m.count = 0
+	m.clean()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Rollback() {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.puts = map[string]map[string][]byte{}
+	m.size = 0
+	m.count = 0
+	m.size = 0
+	m.clean()
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Close() {
+	m.Rollback()
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) Begin(ctx context.Context, flags ethdb.TxFlags) (ethdb.DbWithPendingMutations, error) {
+	panic("mutation can't start transaction, because doesn't own it")
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) panicOnEmptyDB() {
+	if m.db == nil {
+		panic("Not implemented")
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mapmutation) SetRwKV(kv kv.RwDB) {
+	hasRwKV, ok := m.db.(ethdb.HasRwKV)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Warn("Failed to convert mapmutation type to HasRwKV interface")
+	}
+	hasRwKV.SetRwKV(kv)
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/olddb/mutation.go b/modules/ethdb/olddb/mutation.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acde6c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/olddb/mutation.go
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+package olddb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"github.com/google/btree"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type mutation struct {
+	puts       *btree.BTree
+	db         kv.RwTx
+	quit       <-chan struct{}
+	clean      func()
+	searchItem MutationItem
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
+	size       int
+}
+
+type MutationItem struct {
+	table string
+	key   []byte
+	value []byte
+}
+
+// NewBatch - starts in-mem batch
+//
+// Common pattern:
+//
+// batch := db.NewBatch()
+// defer batch.Rollback()
+// ... some calculations on `batch`
+// batch.Commit()
+func NewBatch(tx kv.RwTx, quit <-chan struct{}) *mutation {
+	clean := func() {}
+	if quit == nil {
+		ch := make(chan struct{})
+		clean = func() { close(ch) }
+		quit = ch
+	}
+	return &mutation{
+		db:    tx,
+		puts:  btree.New(32),
+		quit:  quit,
+		clean: clean,
+	}
+}
+
+func (mi *MutationItem) Less(than btree.Item) bool {
+	i, ok := than.(*MutationItem)
+	if !ok {
+		log.Warn("Failed to convert btree.Item to MutationItem pointer")
+	}
+	c := strings.Compare(mi.table, i.table)
+	if c != 0 {
+		return c < 0
+	}
+	return bytes.Compare(mi.key, i.key) < 0
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) RwKV() kv.RwDB {
+	if casted, ok := m.db.(ethdb.HasRwKV); ok {
+		return casted.RwKV()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) getMem(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, bool) {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+	m.searchItem.table = table
+	m.searchItem.key = key
+	i := m.puts.Get(&m.searchItem)
+	if i == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return i.(*MutationItem).value, true
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) IncrementSequence(bucket string, amount uint64) (res uint64, err error) {
+	v, ok := m.getMem(kv.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+	if !ok && m.db != nil {
+		v, err = m.db.GetOne(kv.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var currentV uint64 = 0
+	if len(v) > 0 {
+		currentV = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(v)
+	}
+
+	newVBytes := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(newVBytes, currentV+amount)
+	if err = m.Put(kv.Sequence, []byte(bucket), newVBytes); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	return currentV, nil
+}
+func (m *mutation) ReadSequence(bucket string) (res uint64, err error) {
+	v, ok := m.getMem(kv.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+	if !ok && m.db != nil {
+		v, err = m.db.GetOne(kv.Sequence, []byte(bucket))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+	var currentV uint64 = 0
+	if len(v) > 0 {
+		currentV = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(v)
+	}
+
+	return currentV, nil
+}
+
+// Can only be called from the worker thread
+func (m *mutation) GetOne(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if value, ok := m.getMem(table, key); ok {
+		if value == nil {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return value, nil
+	}
+	if m.db != nil {
+		// TODO: simplify when tx can no longer be parent of mutation
+		value, err := m.db.GetOne(table, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return value, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// Can only be called from the worker thread
+func (m *mutation) Get(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	value, err := m.GetOne(table, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if value == nil {
+		return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+	}
+
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Last(table string) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
+	c, err := m.db.Cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	return c.Last()
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) hasMem(table string, key []byte) bool {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+	m.searchItem.table = table
+	m.searchItem.key = key
+	return m.puts.Has(&m.searchItem)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Has(table string, key []byte) (bool, error) {
+	if m.hasMem(table, key) {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	if m.db != nil {
+		return m.db.Has(table, key)
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Put(table string, k, v []byte) error {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	newMi := &MutationItem{table: table, key: k, value: v}
+	i := m.puts.ReplaceOrInsert(newMi)
+	m.size += int(unsafe.Sizeof(newMi)) + len(k) + len(v)
+	if i != nil {
+		oldMi := i.(*MutationItem)
+		m.size -= int(unsafe.Sizeof(oldMi)) + len(oldMi.key) + len(oldMi.value)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Append(table string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	return m.Put(table, key, value)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) AppendDup(table string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	return m.Put(table, key, value)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) BatchSize() int {
+	m.mu.RLock()
+	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
+	return m.size
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) ForEach(bucket string, fromPrefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	m.panicOnEmptyDB()
+	return m.db.ForEach(bucket, fromPrefix, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) ForPrefix(bucket string, prefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	m.panicOnEmptyDB()
+	return m.db.ForPrefix(bucket, prefix, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) ForAmount(bucket string, prefix []byte, amount uint32, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	m.panicOnEmptyDB()
+	return m.db.ForAmount(bucket, prefix, amount, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Delete(table string, k []byte) error {
+	//m.puts.Delete(table, k)
+	return m.Put(table, k, nil)
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) doCommit(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+	var prevTable string
+	var c kv.RwCursor
+	var innerErr error
+	var isEndOfBucket bool
+	logEvery := time.NewTicker(30 * time.Second)
+	defer logEvery.Stop()
+	count := 0
+	total := float64(m.puts.Len())
+
+	m.puts.Ascend(func(i btree.Item) bool {
+		mi := i.(*MutationItem)
+		if mi.table != prevTable {
+			if c != nil {
+				c.Close()
+			}
+			var err error
+			c, err = tx.RwCursor(mi.table)
+			if err != nil {
+				innerErr = err
+				return false
+			}
+			prevTable = mi.table
+			firstKey, _, err := c.Seek(mi.key)
+			if err != nil {
+				innerErr = err
+				return false
+			}
+			isEndOfBucket = firstKey == nil
+		}
+		if isEndOfBucket {
+			if len(mi.value) > 0 {
+				if err := c.Append(mi.key, mi.value); err != nil {
+					innerErr = err
+					return false
+				}
+			}
+		} else if len(mi.value) == 0 {
+			if err := c.Delete(mi.key); err != nil {
+				innerErr = err
+				return false
+			}
+		} else {
+			if err := c.Put(mi.key, mi.value); err != nil {
+				innerErr = err
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+
+		count++
+
+		select {
+		default:
+		case <-logEvery.C:
+			progress := fmt.Sprintf("%.1fM/%.1fM", float64(count)/1_000_000, total/1_000_000)
+			log.Info("Write to db", "progress", progress, "current table", mi.table)
+			tx.CollectMetrics()
+		case <-m.quit:
+			innerErr = common.ErrStopped
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	tx.CollectMetrics()
+	return innerErr
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Commit() error {
+	if m.db == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	if err := m.doCommit(m.db); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	m.puts.Clear(false /* addNodesToFreelist */)
+	m.size = 0
+	m.clean()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Rollback() {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.puts.Clear(false /* addNodesToFreelist */)
+	m.size = 0
+	m.clean()
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Close() {
+	m.Rollback()
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) Begin(ctx context.Context, flags ethdb.TxFlags) (ethdb.DbWithPendingMutations, error) {
+	panic("mutation can't start transaction, because doesn't own it")
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) panicOnEmptyDB() {
+	if m.db == nil {
+		panic("Not implemented")
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *mutation) SetRwKV(kv kv.RwDB) {
+	m.db.(ethdb.HasRwKV).SetRwKV(kv)
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/olddb/object_db.go b/modules/ethdb/olddb/object_db.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f874e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/olddb/object_db.go
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// Package ethdb defines the interfaces for an Ethereum data store.
+package olddb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// ObjectDatabase - is an object-style interface of DB accessing
+type ObjectDatabase struct {
+	kv kv.RwDB
+}
+
+// NewObjectDatabase returns a AbstractDB wrapper.
+// Deprecated
+func NewObjectDatabase(kv kv.RwDB) *ObjectDatabase {
+	return &ObjectDatabase{
+		kv: kv,
+	}
+}
+
+// Put inserts or updates a single entry.
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Put(table string, k, v []byte) error {
+	err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		return tx.Put(table, k, v)
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+// Append appends a single entry to the end of the bucket.
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Append(bucket string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		c, err := tx.RwCursor(bucket)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return c.Append(key, value)
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+// AppendDup appends a single entry to the end of the bucket.
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) AppendDup(bucket string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		c, err := tx.RwCursorDupSort(bucket)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return c.AppendDup(key, value)
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Has(bucket string, key []byte) (bool, error) {
+	var has bool
+	err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		v, err := tx.GetOne(bucket, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		has = v != nil
+		return nil
+	})
+	return has, err
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) IncrementSequence(bucket string, amount uint64) (res uint64, err error) {
+	err = db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		res, err = tx.IncrementSequence(bucket, amount)
+		return err
+	})
+	return res, err
+}
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) ReadSequence(bucket string) (res uint64, err error) {
+	err = db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		res, err = tx.ReadSequence(bucket)
+		return err
+	})
+	return res, err
+}
+
+// Get returns the value for a given key if it's present.
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) GetOne(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var dat []byte
+	err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		v, err := tx.GetOne(bucket, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if v != nil {
+			dat = make([]byte, len(v))
+			copy(dat, v)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return dat, err
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Get(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	dat, err := db.GetOne(bucket, key)
+	return ethdb.GetOneWrapper(dat, err)
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Last(bucket string) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
+	var key, value []byte
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		c, err := tx.Cursor(bucket)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		k, v, err := c.Last()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if k != nil {
+			key, value = types.CopyBytes(k), types.CopyBytes(v)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return key, value, nil
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) ForEach(bucket string, fromPrefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	return db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		return tx.ForEach(bucket, fromPrefix, walker)
+	})
+}
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) ForAmount(bucket string, fromPrefix []byte, amount uint32, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	return db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		return tx.ForAmount(bucket, fromPrefix, amount, walker)
+	})
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) ForPrefix(bucket string, prefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	return db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		return tx.ForPrefix(bucket, prefix, walker)
+	})
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the key from the queue and database
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Delete(table string, k []byte) error {
+	// Execute the actual operation
+	err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+		return tx.Delete(table, k)
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) BucketExists(name string) (bool, error) {
+	exists := false
+	if err := db.kv.View(context.Background(), func(tx kv.Tx) (err error) {
+		migrator, ok := tx.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%T doesn't implement ethdb.TxMigrator interface", db.kv)
+		}
+		exists, err = migrator.ExistsBucket(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return exists, nil
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) ClearBuckets(buckets ...string) error {
+	for i := range buckets {
+		name := buckets[i]
+		if err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			migrator, ok := tx.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%T doesn't implement ethdb.TxMigrator interface", db.kv)
+			}
+			if err := migrator.ClearBucket(name); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) DropBuckets(buckets ...string) error {
+	for i := range buckets {
+		name := buckets[i]
+		log.Info("Dropping bucket", "name", name)
+		if err := db.kv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) error {
+			migrator, ok := tx.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%T doesn't implement ethdb.TxMigrator interface", db.kv)
+			}
+			if err := migrator.DropBucket(name); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Close() {
+	db.kv.Close()
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) RwKV() kv.RwDB {
+	return db.kv
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) SetRwKV(kv kv.RwDB) {
+	db.kv = kv
+}
+
+func (db *ObjectDatabase) Begin(ctx context.Context, flags ethdb.TxFlags) (ethdb.DbWithPendingMutations, error) {
+	batch := &TxDb{db: db}
+	if err := batch.begin(ctx, flags); err != nil {
+		return batch, err
+	}
+	return batch, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/olddb/reader.go b/modules/ethdb/olddb/reader.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf8539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/olddb/reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package olddb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type StateReader struct {
+	accHistoryC, storageHistoryC kv.Cursor
+	accChangesC, storageChangesC kv.CursorDupSort
+	blockNr                      uint64
+	readCodeF                    func(types.Hash) ([]byte, error)
+	data                         map[string][]byte
+	codes                        map[types.Hash][]byte
+	db                           kv.Getter
+}
+
+func NewStateReader(data map[string][]byte, codes map[types.Hash][]byte, db kv.Getter, blockNr uint64) *StateReader {
+	return &StateReader{
+		codes:   codes,
+		data:    data,
+		blockNr: blockNr,
+		db:      db,
+	}
+}
+
+func (dbr *StateReader) SetBlockNumber(blockNr uint64) {
+	dbr.blockNr = blockNr
+}
+
+func (dbr *StateReader) SetReadCodeF(readCodeF func(types.Hash) ([]byte, error)) {
+	dbr.readCodeF = readCodeF
+}
+
+func (dbr *StateReader) GetOne(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(bucket) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	b, err := dbr.db.GetOne(bucket, key[:])
+	if err == nil && len(b) > 0 {
+		return b, err
+	}
+	v, ok := dbr.data[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&key))]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return v, nil
+}
+
+func (r *StateReader) ReadAccountData(address types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error) {
+	v, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Account, address[:])
+	if err == nil && len(v) > 0 {
+		var acc account.StateAccount
+		if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(v); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &acc, nil
+	}
+	b := address.Bytes()
+	v, ok := r.data[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if ok && len(v) > 0 {
+		var acc account.StateAccount
+		if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(v); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &acc, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (r *StateReader) ReadAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+	v, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Storage, compositeKey)
+	if err == nil && len(v) > 0 {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	vv, ok := r.data[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&compositeKey))]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return vv, nil
+}
+
+func (r *StateReader) ReadAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	if bytes.Equal(codeHash[:], crypto.Keccak256(nil)) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if r.readCodeF != nil {
+		return r.readCodeF(codeHash)
+	}
+	return r.codes[codeHash], nil
+}
+
+func (r *StateReader) ReadAccountCodeSize(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) (int, error) {
+	code, err := r.ReadAccountCode(address, incarnation, codeHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return len(code), nil
+}
+
+func (r *StateReader) ReadAccountIncarnation(address types.Address) (uint16, error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/olddb/tx_db.go b/modules/ethdb/olddb/tx_db.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..149852f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/olddb/tx_db.go
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+package olddb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// TxDb - provides Database interface around ethdb.Tx
+// It's not thread-safe!
+// TxDb not usable after .Commit()/.Rollback() call, but usable after .CommitAndBegin() call
+// you can put unlimited amount of data into this class
+// Walk and MultiWalk methods - work outside of Tx object yet, will implement it later
+// Deprecated
+// nolint
+type TxDb struct {
+	db      ethdb.Database
+	tx      kv.Tx
+	cursors map[string]kv.Cursor
+	txFlags ethdb.TxFlags
+	len     uint64
+}
+
+// nolint
+func WrapIntoTxDB(tx kv.RwTx) *TxDb {
+	return &TxDb{tx: tx, cursors: map[string]kv.Cursor{}}
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Close() {
+	panic("don't call me")
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Begin(ctx context.Context, flags ethdb.TxFlags) (ethdb.DbWithPendingMutations, error) {
+	batch := m
+	if m.tx != nil {
+		panic("nested transactions not supported")
+	}
+
+	if err := batch.begin(ctx, flags); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return batch, nil
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) cursor(bucket string) (kv.Cursor, error) {
+	c, ok := m.cursors[bucket]
+	if !ok {
+		var err error
+		c, err = m.tx.Cursor(bucket)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		m.cursors[bucket] = c
+	}
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) IncrementSequence(bucket string, amount uint64) (res uint64, err error) {
+	return m.tx.(kv.RwTx).IncrementSequence(bucket, amount)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) ReadSequence(bucket string) (res uint64, err error) {
+	return m.tx.ReadSequence(bucket)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Put(table string, k, v []byte) error {
+	m.len += uint64(len(k) + len(v))
+	c, err := m.cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.(kv.RwCursor).Put(k, v)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Append(bucket string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	m.len += uint64(len(key) + len(value))
+	c, err := m.cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.(kv.RwCursor).Append(key, value)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) AppendDup(bucket string, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	m.len += uint64(len(key) + len(value))
+	c, err := m.cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.(kv.RwCursorDupSort).AppendDup(key, value)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Delete(table string, k []byte) error {
+	m.len += uint64(len(k))
+	c, err := m.cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.(kv.RwCursor).Delete(k)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) begin(ctx context.Context, flags ethdb.TxFlags) error {
+	db := m.db.(ethdb.HasRwKV).RwKV()
+
+	var tx kv.Tx
+	var err error
+	if flags&ethdb.RO != 0 {
+		tx, err = db.BeginRo(ctx)
+	} else {
+		tx, err = db.BeginRw(ctx)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	m.tx = tx
+	m.cursors = make(map[string]kv.Cursor, 16)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) RwKV() kv.RwDB {
+	panic("not allowed to get KV interface because you will loose transaction, please use .Tx() method")
+}
+
+// Last can only be called from the transaction thread
+func (m *TxDb) Last(bucket string) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
+	c, err := m.cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return []byte{}, nil, err
+	}
+	return c.Last()
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) GetOne(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	c, err := m.cursor(bucket)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	_, v, err := c.SeekExact(key)
+	return v, err
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Get(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	dat, err := m.GetOne(bucket, key)
+	return ethdb.GetOneWrapper(dat, err)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Has(bucket string, key []byte) (bool, error) {
+	v, err := m.Get(bucket, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return v != nil, nil
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) BatchSize() int {
+	return int(m.len)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) ForEach(bucket string, fromPrefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	return m.tx.ForEach(bucket, fromPrefix, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) ForPrefix(bucket string, prefix []byte, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	return m.tx.ForPrefix(bucket, prefix, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) ForAmount(bucket string, prefix []byte, amount uint32, walker func(k, v []byte) error) error {
+	return m.tx.ForAmount(bucket, prefix, amount, walker)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Commit() error {
+	if m.tx == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("second call .Commit() on same transaction")
+	}
+	if err := m.tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	m.tx = nil
+	m.cursors = nil
+	m.len = 0
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Rollback() {
+	if m.tx == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.tx.Rollback()
+	m.cursors = nil
+	m.tx = nil
+	m.len = 0
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) Tx() kv.Tx {
+	return m.tx
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) BucketExists(name string) (bool, error) {
+	migrator, ok := m.tx.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+	if !ok {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("%T doesn't implement ethdb.TxMigrator interface", m.tx)
+	}
+	return migrator.ExistsBucket(name)
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) ClearBuckets(buckets ...string) error {
+	for i := range buckets {
+		name := buckets[i]
+
+		migrator, ok := m.tx.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%T doesn't implement ethdb.TxMigrator interface", m.tx)
+		}
+		if err := migrator.ClearBucket(name); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *TxDb) DropBuckets(buckets ...string) error {
+	for i := range buckets {
+		name := buckets[i]
+		log.Info("Dropping bucket", "name", name)
+		migrator, ok := m.tx.(kv.BucketMigrator)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%T doesn't implement ethdb.TxMigrator interface", m.tx)
+		}
+		if err := migrator.DropBucket(name); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/ethdb/walk.go b/modules/ethdb/walk.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..929695a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/ethdb/walk.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// splitCursor implements cursor with two keys
+// it is used to ignore incarnations in the middle
+// of composite storage key, but without
+// reconstructing the key
+// Instead, the key is split into two parts and
+// functions `Seek` and `Next` deliver both
+// parts as well as the corresponding value
+type splitCursor struct {
+	c          kv.Cursor // Unlerlying cursor
+	startkey   []byte    // Starting key (also contains bits that need to be preserved)
+	matchBytes int
+	mask       uint8
+	part1end   int // Position in the key where the first part ends
+	part2start int // Position in the key where the second part starts
+	part3start int // Position in the key where the third part starts
+}
+
+func NewSplitCursor(c kv.Cursor, startkey []byte, matchBits int, part1end, part2start, part3start int) *splitCursor {
+	var sc splitCursor
+	sc.c = c
+	sc.startkey = startkey
+	sc.part1end = part1end
+	sc.part2start = part2start
+	sc.part3start = part3start
+	sc.matchBytes, sc.mask = Bytesmask(matchBits)
+	return &sc
+}
+
+func (sc *splitCursor) matchKey(k []byte) bool {
+	if k == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if sc.matchBytes == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	if len(k) < sc.matchBytes {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(k[:sc.matchBytes-1], sc.startkey[:sc.matchBytes-1]) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return (k[sc.matchBytes-1] & sc.mask) == (sc.startkey[sc.matchBytes-1] & sc.mask)
+}
+
+func (sc *splitCursor) Seek() (key1, key2, key3, val []byte, err error) {
+	k, v, err1 := sc.c.Seek(sc.startkey)
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, err1
+	}
+	if !sc.matchKey(k) {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	return k[:sc.part1end], k[sc.part2start:sc.part3start], k[sc.part3start:], v, nil
+}
+
+func (sc *splitCursor) Next() (key1, key2, key3, val []byte, err error) {
+	k, v, err1 := sc.c.Next()
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, err1
+	}
+	if !sc.matchKey(k) {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	return k[:sc.part1end], k[sc.part2start:sc.part3start], k[sc.part3start:], v, nil
+}
+
+var EndSuffix = []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}
diff --git a/modules/event/v2/event.go b/modules/event/v2/event.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86fcc57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/event/v2/event.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v2
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var GlobalEvent Event
+
+type Event struct {
+	once sync.Once
+
+	feeds      map[string]*Feed
+	feedsLock  sync.RWMutex
+	feedsScope map[string]*SubscriptionScope
+}
+
+func (e *Event) init() {
+	e.feeds = make(map[string]*Feed)
+	e.feedsScope = make(map[string]*SubscriptionScope)
+
+}
+
+func (e *Event) initKey(key string) {
+	e.feedsLock.Lock()
+	defer e.feedsLock.Unlock()
+	if _, ok := e.feeds[key]; !ok {
+		e.feeds[key] = new(Feed)
+		e.feedsScope[key] = new(SubscriptionScope)
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *Event) Subscribe(channel interface{}) Subscription {
+	e.once.Do(e.init)
+
+	key := reflect.TypeOf(channel).Elem().String()
+	e.initKey(key)
+
+	e.feedsLock.RLock()
+	defer e.feedsLock.RUnlock()
+	sub := e.feedsScope[key].Track(e.feeds[key].Subscribe(channel))
+
+	return sub
+}
+
+func (e *Event) Send(value interface{}) int {
+
+	e.once.Do(e.init)
+
+	key := reflect.TypeOf(value).String()
+	e.initKey(key)
+
+	nsent := 0
+
+	e.feedsLock.RLock()
+	defer e.feedsLock.RUnlock()
+
+	log.Trace("GlobalEvent Send", "key", key)
+	if e.feedsScope[key].Count() == 0 {
+		return nsent
+	}
+	nsent = e.feeds[key].Send(value)
+
+	return nsent
+}
+
+func (e *Event) Close() {
+	e.feedsLock.Lock()
+	defer e.feedsLock.Unlock()
+
+	for _, scope := range e.feedsScope {
+		scope.Close()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/event/v2/event_test.go b/modules/event/v2/event_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63d4941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/event/v2/event_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v2
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type A struct {
+	A string
+}
+
+func TestEvent_Subscribe(t *testing.T) {
+	var feed Event
+
+	c1 := make(chan *int, 10)
+	c2 := make(chan *A, 10)
+
+	feed.Subscribe(c1)
+	feed.Subscribe(c2)
+}
+
+func TestEvent_Send2(t *testing.T) {
+	c := make(chan int, 1)
+	vc := reflect.ValueOf(c)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		a := <-c
+		t.Log("a value ", a)
+	}()
+
+	// use of TrySend() method
+	succeeded := vc.TrySend(reflect.ValueOf(123))
+
+	fmt.Println(succeeded, vc.Len(), vc.Cap())
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestEvent_Send(t *testing.T) {
+	var feed Event
+	ch1 := make(chan int, 1)
+	ch2 := make(chan A, 1)
+
+	sub1 := feed.Subscribe(ch1)
+	sub2 := feed.Subscribe(ch2)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		a := <-ch1
+		t.Log("ch1 Value", a)
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		a := <-ch2
+		t.Log("ch2 Value", a)
+	}()
+	a := 2
+	feed.Send(a)
+	feed.Send(A{
+		A: "123",
+	})
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	sub1.Unsubscribe()
+	sub2.Unsubscribe()
+}
diff --git a/modules/event/v2/feed.go b/modules/event/v2/feed.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f1eaa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/event/v2/feed.go
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v2
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var errBadChannel = errors.New("event: Subscribe argument does not have sendable channel type")
+
+// Feed implements one-to-many subscriptions where the carrier of events is a channel.
+// Values sent to a Feed are delivered to all subscribed channels simultaneously.
+//
+// Feeds can only be used with a single type. The type is determined by the first Send or
+// Subscribe operation. Subsequent calls to these methods panic if the type does not
+// match.
+//
+// The zero value is ready to use.
+type Feed struct {
+	once      sync.Once        // ensures that init only runs once
+	sendLock  chan struct{}    // sendLock has a one-element buffer and is empty when held.It protects sendCases.
+	removeSub chan interface{} // interrupts Send
+	sendCases caseList         // the active set of select cases used by Send
+
+	// The inbox holds newly subscribed channels until they are added to sendCases.
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	inbox caseList
+	etype reflect.Type
+}
+
+// This is the index of the first actual subscription channel in sendCases.
+// sendCases[0] is a SelectRecv case for the removeSub channel.
+const firstSubSendCase = 1
+
+type feedTypeError struct {
+	got, want reflect.Type
+	op        string
+}
+
+func (e feedTypeError) Error() string {
+	return "event: wrong type in " + e.op + " got " + e.got.String() + ", want " + e.want.String()
+}
+
+func (f *Feed) init(etype reflect.Type) {
+	f.etype = etype
+	f.removeSub = make(chan interface{})
+	f.sendLock = make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	f.sendLock <- struct{}{}
+	f.sendCases = caseList{{Chan: reflect.ValueOf(f.removeSub), Dir: reflect.SelectRecv}}
+}
+
+// Subscribe adds a channel to the feed. Future sends will be delivered on the channel
+// until the subscription is canceled. All channels added must have the same element type.
+//
+// The channel should have ample buffer space to avoid blocking other subscribers.
+// Slow subscribers are not dropped.
+func (f *Feed) Subscribe(channel interface{}) Subscription {
+	chanval := reflect.ValueOf(channel)
+	chantyp := chanval.Type()
+	if chantyp.Kind() != reflect.Chan || chantyp.ChanDir()&reflect.SendDir == 0 {
+		panic(errBadChannel)
+	}
+	sub := &feedSub{feed: f, channel: chanval, err: make(chan error, 1)}
+
+	f.once.Do(func() { f.init(chantyp.Elem()) })
+	if f.etype != chantyp.Elem() {
+		panic(feedTypeError{op: "Subscribe", got: chantyp, want: reflect.ChanOf(reflect.SendDir, f.etype)})
+	}
+
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+	// Add the select case to the inbox.
+	// The next Send will add it to f.sendCases.
+	cas := reflect.SelectCase{Dir: reflect.SelectSend, Chan: chanval}
+	f.inbox = append(f.inbox, cas)
+	return sub
+}
+
+func (f *Feed) remove(sub *feedSub) {
+	// Delete from inbox first, which covers channels
+	// that have not been added to f.sendCases yet.
+	ch := sub.channel.Interface()
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	index := f.inbox.find(ch)
+	if index != -1 {
+		f.inbox = f.inbox.delete(index)
+		f.mu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	select {
+	case f.removeSub <- ch:
+		// Send will remove the channel from f.sendCases.
+	case <-f.sendLock:
+		// No Send is in progress, delete the channel now that we have the send lock.
+		f.sendCases = f.sendCases.delete(f.sendCases.find(ch))
+		f.sendLock <- struct{}{}
+	}
+}
+
+// Send delivers to all subscribed channels simultaneously.
+// It returns the number of subscribers that the value was sent to.
+func (f *Feed) Send(value interface{}) (nsent int) {
+	rvalue := reflect.ValueOf(value)
+
+	f.once.Do(func() { f.init(rvalue.Type()) })
+	if f.etype != rvalue.Type() {
+		panic(feedTypeError{op: "Send", got: rvalue.Type(), want: f.etype})
+	}
+
+	<-f.sendLock
+
+	// Add new cases from the inbox after taking the send lock.
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	f.sendCases = append(f.sendCases, f.inbox...)
+	f.inbox = nil
+	f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Set the sent value on all channels.
+	for i := firstSubSendCase; i < len(f.sendCases); i++ {
+		f.sendCases[i].Send = rvalue
+	}
+
+	// Send until all channels except removeSub have been chosen. 'cases' tracks a prefix
+	// of sendCases. When a send succeeds, the corresponding case moves to the end of
+	// 'cases' and it shrinks by one element.
+	cases := f.sendCases
+	for {
+		// Fast path: try sending without blocking before adding to the select set.
+		// This should usually succeed if subscribers are fast enough and have free
+		// buffer space.
+		for i := firstSubSendCase; i < len(cases); i++ {
+			if cases[i].Chan.TrySend(rvalue) {
+				nsent++
+				cases = cases.deactivate(i)
+				i--
+			}
+		}
+		if len(cases) == firstSubSendCase {
+			break
+		}
+		// Select on all the receivers, waiting for them to unblock.
+		chosen, recv, _ := reflect.Select(cases)
+		if chosen == 0 /* <-f.removeSub */ {
+			index := f.sendCases.find(recv.Interface())
+			f.sendCases = f.sendCases.delete(index)
+			if index >= 0 && index < len(cases) {
+				// Shrink 'cases' too because the removed case was still active.
+				cases = f.sendCases[:len(cases)-1]
+			}
+		} else {
+			cases = cases.deactivate(chosen)
+			nsent++
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Forget about the sent value and hand off the send lock.
+	for i := firstSubSendCase; i < len(f.sendCases); i++ {
+		f.sendCases[i].Send = reflect.Value{}
+	}
+	f.sendLock <- struct{}{}
+	return nsent
+}
+
+type feedSub struct {
+	feed    *Feed
+	channel reflect.Value
+	errOnce sync.Once
+	err     chan error
+}
+
+func (sub *feedSub) Unsubscribe() {
+	sub.errOnce.Do(func() {
+		sub.feed.remove(sub)
+		close(sub.err)
+	})
+}
+
+func (sub *feedSub) Err() <-chan error {
+	return sub.err
+}
+
+type caseList []reflect.SelectCase
+
+// find returns the index of a case containing the given channel.
+func (cs caseList) find(channel interface{}) int {
+	for i, cas := range cs {
+		if cas.Chan.Interface() == channel {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// delete removes the given case from cs.
+func (cs caseList) delete(index int) caseList {
+	return append(cs[:index], cs[index+1:]...)
+}
+
+// deactivate moves the case at index into the non-accessible portion of the cs slice.
+func (cs caseList) deactivate(index int) caseList {
+	last := len(cs) - 1
+	cs[index], cs[last] = cs[last], cs[index]
+	return cs[:last]
+}
+
+// func (cs caseList) String() string {
+//     s := "["
+//     for i, cas := range cs {
+//             if i != 0 {
+//                     s += ", "
+//             }
+//             switch cas.Dir {
+//             case reflect.SelectSend:
+//                     s += fmt.Sprintf("%v<-", cas.Chan.Interface())
+//             case reflect.SelectRecv:
+//                     s += fmt.Sprintf("<-%v", cas.Chan.Interface())
+//             }
+//     }
+//     return s + "]"
+// }
diff --git a/modules/event/v2/subscription.go b/modules/event/v2/subscription.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6c897b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/event/v2/subscription.go
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package v2
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/mclock"
+)
+
+// Subscription represents a stream of events. The carrier of the events is typically a
+// channel, but isn't part of the interface.
+//
+// Subscriptions can fail while established. Failures are reported through an error
+// channel. It receives a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the
+// network connection delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be
+// sent.
+//
+// The error channel is closed when the subscription ends successfully (i.e. when the
+// source of events is closed). It is also closed when Unsubscribe is called.
+//
+// The Unsubscribe method cancels the sending of events. You must call Unsubscribe in all
+// cases to ensure that resources related to the subscription are released. It can be
+// called any number of times.
+type Subscription interface {
+	Err() <-chan error // returns the error channel
+	Unsubscribe()      // cancels sending of events, closing the error channel
+}
+
+// NewSubscription runs a producer function as a subscription in a new goroutine. The
+// channel given to the producer is closed when Unsubscribe is called. If fn returns an
+// error, it is sent on the subscription's error channel.
+func NewSubscription(producer func(<-chan struct{}) error) Subscription {
+	s := &funcSub{unsub: make(chan struct{}), err: make(chan error, 1)}
+	go func() {
+		defer close(s.err)
+		err := producer(s.unsub)
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		defer s.mu.Unlock()
+		if !s.unsubscribed {
+			if err != nil {
+				s.err <- err
+			}
+			s.unsubscribed = true
+		}
+	}()
+	return s
+}
+
+type funcSub struct {
+	unsub        chan struct{}
+	err          chan error
+	mu           sync.Mutex
+	unsubscribed bool
+}
+
+func (s *funcSub) Unsubscribe() {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	if s.unsubscribed {
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	s.unsubscribed = true
+	close(s.unsub)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	// Wait for producer shutdown.
+	<-s.err
+}
+
+func (s *funcSub) Err() <-chan error {
+	return s.err
+}
+
+// Resubscribe calls fn repeatedly to keep a subscription established. When the
+// subscription is established, Resubscribe waits for it to fail and calls fn again. This
+// process repeats until Unsubscribe is called or the active subscription ends
+// successfully.
+//
+// Resubscribe applies backoff between calls to fn. The time between calls is adapted
+// based on the error rate, but will never exceed backoffMax.
+func Resubscribe(backoffMax time.Duration, fn ResubscribeFunc) Subscription {
+	return ResubscribeErr(backoffMax, func(ctx context.Context, _ error) (Subscription, error) {
+		return fn(ctx)
+	})
+}
+
+// A ResubscribeFunc attempts to establish a subscription.
+type ResubscribeFunc func(context.Context) (Subscription, error)
+
+// ResubscribeErr calls fn repeatedly to keep a subscription established. When the
+// subscription is established, ResubscribeErr waits for it to fail and calls fn again. This
+// process repeats until Unsubscribe is called or the active subscription ends
+// successfully.
+//
+// The difference between Resubscribe and ResubscribeErr is that with ResubscribeErr,
+// the error of the failing subscription is available to the callback for logging
+// purposes.
+//
+// ResubscribeErr applies backoff between calls to fn. The time between calls is adapted
+// based on the error rate, but will never exceed backoffMax.
+func ResubscribeErr(backoffMax time.Duration, fn ResubscribeErrFunc) Subscription {
+	s := &resubscribeSub{
+		waitTime:   backoffMax / 10,
+		backoffMax: backoffMax,
+		fn:         fn,
+		err:        make(chan error),
+		unsub:      make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	go s.loop()
+	return s
+}
+
+// A ResubscribeErrFunc attempts to establish a subscription.
+// For every call but the first, the second argument to this function is
+// the error that occurred with the previous subscription.
+type ResubscribeErrFunc func(context.Context, error) (Subscription, error)
+
+type resubscribeSub struct {
+	fn                   ResubscribeErrFunc
+	err                  chan error
+	unsub                chan struct{}
+	unsubOnce            sync.Once
+	lastTry              mclock.AbsTime
+	lastSubErr           error
+	waitTime, backoffMax time.Duration
+}
+
+func (s *resubscribeSub) Unsubscribe() {
+	s.unsubOnce.Do(func() {
+		s.unsub <- struct{}{}
+		<-s.err
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *resubscribeSub) Err() <-chan error {
+	return s.err
+}
+
+func (s *resubscribeSub) loop() {
+	defer close(s.err)
+	var done bool
+	for !done {
+		sub := s.subscribe()
+		if sub == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		done = s.waitForError(sub)
+		sub.Unsubscribe()
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *resubscribeSub) subscribe() Subscription {
+	subscribed := make(chan error)
+	var sub Subscription
+	for {
+		s.lastTry = mclock.Now()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		go func() {
+			rsub, err := s.fn(ctx, s.lastSubErr)
+			sub = rsub
+			subscribed <- err
+		}()
+		select {
+		case err := <-subscribed:
+			cancel()
+			if err == nil {
+				if sub == nil {
+					panic("event: ResubscribeFunc returned nil subscription and no error")
+				}
+				return sub
+			}
+			// Subscribing failed, wait before launching the next try.
+			if s.backoffWait() {
+				return nil // unsubscribed during wait
+			}
+		case <-s.unsub:
+			cancel()
+			<-subscribed // avoid leaking the s.fn goroutine.
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *resubscribeSub) waitForError(sub Subscription) bool {
+	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+	select {
+	case err := <-sub.Err():
+		s.lastSubErr = err
+		return err == nil
+	case <-s.unsub:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *resubscribeSub) backoffWait() bool {
+	if time.Duration(mclock.Now()-s.lastTry) > s.backoffMax {
+		s.waitTime = s.backoffMax / 10
+	} else {
+		s.waitTime *= 2
+		if s.waitTime > s.backoffMax {
+			s.waitTime = s.backoffMax
+		}
+	}
+
+	t := time.NewTimer(s.waitTime)
+	defer t.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-t.C:
+		return false
+	case <-s.unsub:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// SubscriptionScope provides a facility to unsubscribe multiple subscriptions at once.
+//
+// For code that handle more than one subscription, a scope can be used to conveniently
+// unsubscribe all of them with a single call. The example demonstrates a typical use in a
+// larger program.
+//
+// The zero value is ready to use.
+type SubscriptionScope struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	subs   map[*scopeSub]struct{}
+	closed bool
+}
+
+type scopeSub struct {
+	sc *SubscriptionScope
+	s  Subscription
+}
+
+// Track starts tracking a subscription. If the scope is closed, Track returns nil. The
+// returned subscription is a wrapper. Unsubscribing the wrapper removes it from the
+// scope.
+func (sc *SubscriptionScope) Track(s Subscription) Subscription {
+	sc.mu.Lock()
+	defer sc.mu.Unlock()
+	if sc.closed {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if sc.subs == nil {
+		sc.subs = make(map[*scopeSub]struct{})
+	}
+	ss := &scopeSub{sc, s}
+	sc.subs[ss] = struct{}{}
+	return ss
+}
+
+// Close calls Unsubscribe on all tracked subscriptions and prevents further additions to
+// the tracked set. Calls to Track after Close return nil.
+func (sc *SubscriptionScope) Close() {
+	sc.mu.Lock()
+	defer sc.mu.Unlock()
+	if sc.closed {
+		return
+	}
+	sc.closed = true
+	for s := range sc.subs {
+		s.s.Unsubscribe()
+	}
+	sc.subs = nil
+}
+
+// Count returns the number of tracked subscriptions.
+// It is meant to be used for debugging.
+func (sc *SubscriptionScope) Count() int {
+	sc.mu.Lock()
+	defer sc.mu.Unlock()
+	return len(sc.subs)
+}
+
+func (s *scopeSub) Unsubscribe() {
+	s.s.Unsubscribe()
+	s.sc.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.sc.mu.Unlock()
+	delete(s.sc.subs, s)
+}
+
+func (s *scopeSub) Err() <-chan error {
+	return s.s.Err()
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_account.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_account.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d30a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_account.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+func GetAccount(db kv.Tx, addr types.Address, acc *account.StateAccount) (bool, error) {
+	enc, err := db.GetOne(modules.Account, addr[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	if err = acc.DecodeForStorage(enc); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_chain.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..296c94b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1350 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	common2 "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// ReadCanonicalHash retrieves the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
+func ReadCanonicalHash(db kv.Getter, number uint64) (types.Hash, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.HeaderCanonical, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number))
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w, number=%d", err, number)
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return types.Hash{}, nil
+	}
+	return types.BytesToHash(data), nil
+}
+
+// WriteCanonicalHash stores the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
+func WriteCanonicalHash(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) error {
+	if err := db.Put(modules.HeaderCanonical, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store number to hash mapping: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TruncateCanonicalHash removes all the number to hash canonical mapping from block number N
+func TruncateCanonicalHash(tx kv.RwTx, blockFrom uint64, deleteHeaders bool) error {
+	if err := tx.ForEach(modules.HeaderCanonical, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(blockFrom), func(k, v []byte) error {
+		if deleteHeaders {
+			deleteHeader(tx, types.BytesToHash(v), blockFrom)
+		}
+		return tx.Delete(modules.HeaderCanonical, k)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("TruncateCanonicalHash: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// IsCanonicalHash determines whether a header with the given hash is on the canonical chain.
+func IsCanonicalHash(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) (bool, error) {
+	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
+	if number == nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, *number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return canonicalHash != (types.Hash{}) && canonicalHash == hash, nil
+}
+
+// ReadHeaderNumber returns the header number assigned to a hash.
+func ReadHeaderNumber(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) *uint64 {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.HeaderNumber, hash.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadHeaderNumber failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if len(data) != 8 {
+		log.Error("ReadHeaderNumber got wrong data len", "len", len(data))
+		return nil
+	}
+	number := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data)
+	return &number
+}
+
+// WriteHeaderNumber stores the hash->number mapping.
+func WriteHeaderNumber(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) error {
+	if err := db.Put(modules.HeaderNumber, hash[:], modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DeleteHeaderNumber removes hash->number mapping.
+func DeleteHeaderNumber(db kv.Deleter, hash types.Hash) {
+	if err := db.Delete(modules.HeaderNumber, hash[:]); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash mapping", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// ReadHeaderRAW retrieves a block header in its raw database encoding.
+func ReadHeaderRAW(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) []byte {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.Headers, modules.HeaderKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadHeaderRAW failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	return data
+}
+
+// HasHeader verifies the existence of a block header corresponding to the hash.
+func HasHeader(db kv.Has, hash types.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	if has, err := db.Has(modules.Headers, modules.HeaderKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// ReadHeader retrieves the block header corresponding to the hash.
+func ReadHeader(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block.Header {
+	data := ReadHeaderRAW(db, hash, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	header := new(block.Header)
+	pbHeader := new(types_pb.Header)
+
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(data, pbHeader); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Invalid block header RAW", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := header.FromProtoMessage(pbHeader); err != nil {
+		log.Error("header FromProtoMessage failed", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return header
+}
+
+//func ReadCurrentBlockNumber(db kv.Getter) *uint64 {
+//	headHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
+//	return ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
+//}
+//
+//func ReadCurrentHeader(db kv.Getter) *types.Header {
+//	headHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
+//	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
+//	if headNumber == nil {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//	return ReadHeader(db, headHash, *headNumber)
+//}
+
+//func ReadCurrentBlock(db kv.Tx) *types.Block {
+//	headHash := ReadHeadBlockHash(db)
+//	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
+//	if headNumber == nil {
+//		return nil
+//	}
+//	return ReadBlock(db, headHash, *headNumber)
+//}
+
+//func ReadLastBlockSynced(db kv.Tx) (*types.Block, error) {
+//	headNumber, err := stages.GetStageProgress(db, stages.Execution)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	headHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, headNumber)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return nil, err
+//	}
+//	return ReadBlock(db, headHash, headNumber), nil
+//}
+
+func ReadHeadersByNumber(db kv.Tx, number uint64) ([]*block.Header, error) {
+	var res []*block.Header
+	c, err := db.Cursor(modules.Headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	prefix := modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number)
+	for k, v, err := c.Seek(prefix); k != nil; k, v, err = c.Next() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, prefix) {
+			break
+		}
+
+		header := new(block.Header)
+		pbHeader := new(types_pb.Header)
+		if err := proto.Unmarshal(v, pbHeader); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid block header RAW: hash=%x, err=%w", k[8:], err)
+		}
+		if err := header.FromProtoMessage(pbHeader); nil != err {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid block pbHeader: hash=%x, err =%w", k[8:], err)
+		}
+		res = append(res, header)
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+// WriteHeader stores a block header into the database and also stores the hash-
+// to-number mapping.
+func WriteHeader(db kv.Putter, header *block.Header) {
+	var (
+		hash   = header.Hash()
+		number = header.Number.Uint64()
+	)
+
+	if err := WriteHeaderNumber(db, hash, number); nil != err {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store hash to number mapping", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the encoded header
+	data, err := header.Marshal()
+	if nil != err {
+		log.Crit("failed to Marshal header", "err", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.Put(modules.Headers, modules.HeaderKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store header", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteHeader - dangerous, use DeleteAncientBlocks/TruncateBlocks methods
+func deleteHeader(db kv.Deleter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) {
+	if err := db.Delete(modules.Headers, modules.HeaderKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete header", "err", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.Delete(modules.HeaderNumber, hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash to number mapping", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// ReadBodyRAW retrieves the block body (transactions and uncles) in encoding.
+func ReadBodyRAW(db kv.Tx, hash types.Hash, number uint64) []byte {
+	body := ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, hash, number)
+	pbBody := body.ToProtoMessage()
+
+	bodyRaw, err := proto.Marshal(pbBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadBodyRAW failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	return bodyRaw
+}
+
+func ReadStorageBodyRAW(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) []byte {
+	bodyRaw, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockBody, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadBodyRAW failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	return bodyRaw
+}
+
+func ReadStorageBody(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) (block.BodyForStorage, error) {
+	bodyRaw, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockBody, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadBodyRAW failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	if len(bodyRaw) != 8+4 {
+		return block.BodyForStorage{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid body raw")
+	}
+	bodyForStorage := new(block.BodyForStorage)
+	bodyForStorage.BaseTxId = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(bodyRaw[:8])
+	bodyForStorage.TxAmount = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(bodyRaw[8:])
+	return *bodyForStorage, nil
+}
+
+func CanonicalTxnByID(db kv.Getter, id uint64) (*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, id)
+	v, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockTx, txIdKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	tx := new(transaction.Transaction)
+	if err := tx.Unmarshal(v); nil != err {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return tx, nil
+}
+
+func CanonicalTransactions(db kv.Getter, baseTxId uint64, amount uint32) ([]*transaction.Transaction, error) {
+	if amount == 0 {
+		return []*transaction.Transaction{}, nil
+	}
+	txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
+	txs := make([]*transaction.Transaction, amount)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, baseTxId)
+	i := uint32(0)
+
+	if err := db.ForAmount(modules.BlockTx, txIdKey, amount, func(k, v []byte) error {
+		var decodeErr error
+		tx := new(transaction.Transaction)
+		if decodeErr = tx.Unmarshal(v); nil != decodeErr {
+			return decodeErr
+		}
+		txs[i] = tx
+		i++
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	txs = txs[:i] // user may request big "amount", but db can return small "amount". Return as much as we found.
+	return txs, nil
+}
+
+func WriteTransactions(db kv.RwTx, txs []*transaction.Transaction, baseTxId uint64) error {
+	txId := baseTxId
+	for _, tx := range txs {
+		txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, txId)
+		txId++
+		var data []byte
+
+		data, err := tx.Marshal()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		//if _, err := tx.MarshalTo(data); nil != err {
+		//	return fmt.Errorf("broken tx marshal: %w", err)
+		//}
+
+		// If next Append returns KeyExists error - it means you need to open transaction in App code before calling this func. Batch is also fine.
+		if err := db.Append(modules.BlockTx, txIdKey, types.CopyBytes(data)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func WriteRawTransactions(tx kv.RwTx, txs [][]byte, baseTxId uint64) error {
+	txId := baseTxId
+	for _, txn := range txs {
+		txIdKey := make([]byte, 8)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIdKey, txId)
+		// If next Append returns KeyExists error - it means you need to open transaction in App code before calling this func. Batch is also fine.
+		if err := tx.Append(modules.BlockTx, txIdKey, txn); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("txId=%d, baseTxId=%d, %w", txId, baseTxId, err)
+		}
+		txId++
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WriteBodyForStorage stores an encoded block body into the database.
+func WriteBodyForStorage(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, number uint64, body *block.BodyForStorage) error {
+	v := modules.BodyStorageValue(body.BaseTxId, body.TxAmount)
+	return db.Put(modules.BlockBody, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash), v)
+}
+
+// ReadBodyByNumber - returns canonical block body
+func ReadBodyByNumber(db kv.Tx, number uint64) (*block.Body, uint64, uint32, error) {
+	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w", err)
+	}
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	body, baseTxId, txAmount := ReadBody(db, hash, number)
+	return body, baseTxId, txAmount, nil
+}
+
+func ReadBodyWithTransactions(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) (*block.Body, error) {
+	canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read canonical hash failed: %d, %w", number, err)
+	}
+	if canonicalHash == hash {
+		return ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, hash, number), nil
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("mismatch hash: %v", hash)
+}
+
+func ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block.Body {
+	body, baseTxId, txAmount := ReadBody(db, hash, number)
+	if body == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var err error
+	body.Txs, err = CanonicalTransactions(db, baseTxId, txAmount)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed ReadTransactionByHash", "hash", hash, "block", number, "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	verifies, err := ReadVerifies(db, hash, number)
+	if nil != err {
+		log.Error("read verifier failed", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	body.Verifiers = verifies
+
+	rewards, err := ReadRewards(db, hash, number)
+	if nil != err {
+		log.Error("read reward failed", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	body.Rewards = rewards
+	return body
+}
+
+func RawTransactionsRange(db kv.Getter, from, to uint64) (res [][]byte, err error) {
+	blockKey := make([]byte, modules.NumberLength+types.HashLength)
+	encNum := make([]byte, 8)
+	for i := from; i < to+1; i++ {
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(encNum, i)
+		hash, err := db.GetOne(modules.HeaderCanonical, encNum)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(hash) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(blockKey, i)
+		copy(blockKey[modules.NumberLength:], hash)
+		bodyRaw, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockBody, blockKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(bodyRaw) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		baseTxId := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(bodyRaw[:8])
+		txAmount := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(bodyRaw[8:])
+
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(encNum, baseTxId)
+		if err = db.ForAmount(modules.BlockTx, encNum, txAmount, func(k, v []byte) error {
+			res = append(res, v)
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func ReadBodyForStorageByKey(db kv.Getter, k []byte) (*block.BodyForStorage, error) {
+	bodyRaw, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockBody, k)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(bodyRaw) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	bodyForStorage := new(block.BodyForStorage)
+	bodyForStorage.BaseTxId = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(bodyRaw[:8])
+	bodyForStorage.TxAmount = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(bodyRaw[8:])
+	return bodyForStorage, nil
+}
+
+func ReadBody(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) (*block.Body, uint64, uint32) {
+	data := ReadStorageBodyRAW(db, hash, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil, 0, 0
+	}
+	bodyForStorage := new(block.BodyForStorage)
+	bodyForStorage.BaseTxId = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[:8])
+	bodyForStorage.TxAmount = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(data[8:])
+
+	body := new(block.Body)
+	if bodyForStorage.TxAmount < 2 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("block body hash too few txs amount: %d, %d", number, bodyForStorage.TxAmount))
+	}
+	return body, bodyForStorage.BaseTxId + 1, bodyForStorage.TxAmount - 2 // 1 system txn in the begining of block, and 1 at the end
+}
+
+func ReadSenders(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) ([]types.Address, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.Senders, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("readSenders failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	senders := make([]types.Address, len(data)/types.AddressLength)
+	for i := 0; i < len(senders); i++ {
+		copy(senders[i][:], data[i*types.AddressLength:])
+	}
+	return senders, nil
+}
+
+func WriteRawBodyIfNotExists(db kv.RwTx, hash types.Hash, number uint64, body *block.RawBody) (ok bool, lastTxnNum uint64, err error) {
+	exists, err := db.Has(modules.BlockBody, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, 0, err
+	}
+	if exists {
+		return false, 0, nil
+	}
+	return WriteRawBody(db, hash, number, body)
+}
+
+func WriteRawBody(db kv.RwTx, hash types.Hash, number uint64, body *block.RawBody) (ok bool, lastTxnNum uint64, err error) {
+	baseTxId, err := db.IncrementSequence(modules.BlockTx, uint64(len(body.Transactions))+2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, 0, err
+	}
+	data := block.BodyForStorage{
+		BaseTxId: baseTxId,
+		TxAmount: uint32(len(body.Transactions)) + 2,
+	}
+	if err = WriteBodyForStorage(db, hash, number, &data); err != nil {
+		return false, 0, fmt.Errorf("WriteBodyForStorage: %w", err)
+	}
+	lastTxnNum = baseTxId + uint64(len(body.Transactions)) + 2
+	if err = WriteRawTransactions(db, body.Transactions, baseTxId+1); err != nil {
+		return false, 0, fmt.Errorf("WriteRawTransactions: %w", err)
+	}
+	return true, lastTxnNum, nil
+}
+
+func WriteBody(db kv.RwTx, hash types.Hash, number uint64, body *block.Body) error {
+	// Pre-processing
+	body.SendersFromTxs()
+	baseTxId, err := db.IncrementSequence(modules.BlockTx, uint64(len(body.Txs))+2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	data := block.BodyForStorage{
+		BaseTxId: baseTxId,
+		TxAmount: uint32(len(body.Txs)) + 2,
+	}
+	if err := WriteBodyForStorage(db, hash, number, &data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write body: %w", err)
+	}
+	err = WriteTransactions(db, body.Transactions(), baseTxId+1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to WriteTransactions: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(body.Verifiers) > 0 {
+		if err := WriteVerifies(db, hash, number, body.Verifiers); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if len(body.Rewards) > 0 {
+		if err := WriteRewards(db, hash, number, body.Rewards); nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ReadVerifies(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) ([]*block.Verify, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockVerify, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ReadVerifies failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	verifies := make([]*block.Verify, len(data)/(types.PublicKeyLength+types.AddressLength))
+	for i := 0; i < len(verifies); i++ {
+		verifies[i] = &block.Verify{
+			Address:   types.Address{},
+			PublicKey: types.PublicKey{},
+		}
+		copy(verifies[i].PublicKey[:], data[i*(types.PublicKeyLength+types.AddressLength):])
+		copy(verifies[i].Address[:], data[i*(types.PublicKeyLength+types.AddressLength)+types.PublicKeyLength:])
+	}
+	return verifies, nil
+}
+
+func WriteVerifies(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, number uint64, verifies []*block.Verify) error {
+	data := make([]byte, (types.AddressLength+types.PublicKeyLength)*len(verifies))
+	for i, v := range verifies {
+		copy(data[i*(types.AddressLength+types.PublicKeyLength):], v.PublicKey[:])
+		copy(data[i*(types.AddressLength+types.PublicKeyLength)+types.PublicKeyLength:], v.Address[:])
+	}
+	if err := db.Put(modules.BlockVerify, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store block senders: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ReadRewards(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) ([]*block.Reward, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.BlockRewards, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ReadBlockRewards failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	reward := make([]*block.Reward, len(data)/(32+types.AddressLength))
+	for i := 0; i < len(reward); i++ {
+		reward[i] = &block.Reward{
+			Address: *new(types.Address).SetBytes(data[i*(32+types.AddressLength) : i*(32+types.AddressLength)+types.AddressLength]),
+			Amount:  new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(data[i*(32+types.AddressLength)+types.AddressLength : i*(32+types.AddressLength)+types.AddressLength+32]),
+		}
+	}
+	return reward, nil
+}
+
+func WriteRewards(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, number uint64, rewards []*block.Reward) error {
+
+	data := make([]byte, (types.AddressLength+32)*len(rewards))
+	for i, reward := range rewards {
+		byte32 := reward.Amount.Bytes32()
+		copy(data[i*(types.AddressLength+32):], reward.Address[:])
+		copy(data[i*(types.AddressLength+32)+types.AddressLength:], byte32[:])
+	}
+	if err := db.Put(modules.BlockRewards, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store block rewards: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// deleteBody removes all block body data associated with a hash.
+func deleteBody(db kv.Deleter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) {
+	if err := db.Delete(modules.BlockBody, modules.BlockBodyKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete block body", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// ReadTd retrieves a block's total difficulty corresponding to the hash.
+func ReadTd(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.HeaderTD, modules.HeaderKey(number, hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadTd: %w", err)
+	}
+	if data == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	td := uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(data)
+	log.Trace("readTD", "hash", hash, "number", number, "td", td.Uint64())
+	return td, nil
+}
+
+func ReadTdByHash(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
+	if headNumber == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return ReadTd(db, hash, *headNumber)
+}
+
+// WriteTd stores the total difficulty of a block into the database.
+func WriteTd(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, number uint64, td *uint256.Int) error {
+	data := td.Bytes()
+	if err := db.Put(modules.HeaderTD, modules.HeaderKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store block total difficulty: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TruncateTd removes all block total difficulty from block number N
+func TruncateTd(tx kv.RwTx, blockFrom uint64) error {
+	if err := tx.ForEach(modules.HeaderTD, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(blockFrom), func(k, _ []byte) error {
+		return tx.Delete(modules.HeaderTD, k)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("TruncateTd: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// HasReceipts verifies the existence of all the transaction receipts belonging
+// to a block.
+func HasReceipts(db kv.Has, number uint64) bool {
+	if has, err := db.Has(modules.Receipts, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number)); !has || err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// ReadRawReceipts retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
+// The receipt metadata fields are not guaranteed to be populated, so they
+// should not be used. Use ReadReceipts instead if the metadata is needed.
+func ReadRawReceipts(db kv.Tx, blockNum uint64) block.Receipts {
+	// Retrieve the flattened receipt slice
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.Receipts, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(blockNum))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadRawReceipts failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var receipts block.Receipts
+
+	if err := receipts.Unmarshal(data); nil != err {
+		log.Error("ReadRawReceipts failed", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	//prefix := make([]byte, 8)
+	//binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(prefix, blockNum)
+	//if err := db.ForPrefix(Log, prefix, func(k, v []byte) error {
+	//	var logs block.Logs
+	//	if err := logs.Unmarshal(v); err != nil {
+	//		return fmt.Errorf("receipt unmarshal failed:  %w", err)
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	receipts[binary.BigEndian.Uint32(k[8:])].Logs = logs
+	//	return nil
+	//}); err != nil {
+	//	log.Error("logs fetching failed", "err", err)
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+
+	return receipts
+}
+
+// ReadReceipts retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block, including
+// its corresponding metadata fields. If it is unable to populate these metadata
+// fields then nil is returned.
+//
+// The current implementation populates these metadata fields by reading the receipts'
+// corresponding block body, so if the block body is not found it will return nil even
+// if the receipt itself is stored.
+func ReadReceipts(db kv.Tx, block *block.Block, senders []types.Address) block.Receipts {
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// We're deriving many fields from the block body, retrieve beside the receipt
+	receipts := ReadRawReceipts(db, block.Number64().Uint64())
+	if receipts == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if len(senders) > 0 {
+		block.SendersToTxs(senders)
+	}
+	//if err := receipts.DeriveFields(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Transactions(), senders); err != nil {
+	//	log.Error("Failed to derive block receipts fields", "hash", block.Hash(), "number", block.NumberU64(), "err", err, "stack", dbg.Stack())
+	//	return nil
+	//}
+	return receipts
+}
+
+func ReadReceiptsByHash(db kv.Tx, hash types.Hash) (block.Receipts, error) {
+	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
+	if number == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, *number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested non-canonical hash %x. canonical=%x", hash, canonicalHash)
+	}
+	b, s, err := ReadBlockWithSenders(db, hash, *number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if b == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	receipts := ReadReceipts(db, b, s)
+	if receipts == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return receipts, nil
+}
+
+// WriteReceipts stores all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
+func WriteReceipts(tx kv.Putter, number uint64, receipts block.Receipts) error {
+	for txId, r := range receipts {
+		if len(r.Logs) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		var logs block.Logs
+		logs = r.Logs
+		v, err := logs.Marshal()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("encode block logs for block %d: %w", number, err)
+		}
+
+		if err = tx.Put(modules.Log, modules.LogKey(number, uint32(txId)), v); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("writing logs for block %d: %w", number, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	v, err := receipts.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode block receipts for block %d: %w", number, err)
+	}
+
+	if err = tx.Put(modules.Receipts, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number), v); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing receipts for block %d: %w", number, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AppendReceipts stores all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
+func AppendReceipts(tx kv.StatelessWriteTx, blockNumber uint64, receipts block.Receipts) error {
+	for txId, r := range receipts {
+		if len(r.Logs) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var logs block.Logs
+		logs = r.Logs
+		v, err := logs.Marshal()
+		if nil != err {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err = tx.Append(modules.Log, modules.LogKey(blockNumber, uint32(txId)), v); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("writing receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	rv, err := receipts.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode block receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
+	}
+
+	if err = tx.Append(modules.Receipts, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(blockNumber), rv); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("writing receipts for block %d: %w", blockNumber, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TruncateReceipts removes all receipt for given block number or newer
+func TruncateReceipts(db kv.RwTx, number uint64) error {
+	if err := db.ForEach(modules.Receipts, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(number), func(k, _ []byte) error {
+		return db.Delete(modules.Receipts, k)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	from := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(from, number)
+	if err := db.ForEach(modules.Log, from, func(k, _ []byte) error {
+		return db.Delete(modules.Log, k)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ReceiptsAvailableFrom(tx kv.Tx) (uint64, error) {
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(modules.Receipts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return math.MaxUint64, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	k, _, err := c.First()
+	if err != nil {
+		return math.MaxUint64, err
+	}
+	if len(k) == 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64, nil
+	}
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k), nil
+}
+
+// ReadBlock retrieves an entire block corresponding to the hash, assembling it
+// back from the stored header and body. If either the header or body could not
+// be retrieved nil is returned.
+//
+// Note, due to concurrent download of header and block body the header and thus
+// canonical hash can be stored in the database but the body data not (yet).
+func ReadBlock(tx kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) *block.Block {
+	header := ReadHeader(tx, hash, number)
+	if header == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	body := ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(tx, hash, number)
+	if body == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return block.NewBlockFromStorage(hash, header, body)
+}
+
+// HasBlock - is more efficient than ReadBlock because doesn't read transactions.
+// It's is not equivalent of HasHeader because headers and bodies written by different stages
+func HasBlock(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	body := ReadStorageBodyRAW(db, hash, number)
+	return len(body) > 0
+}
+
+func ReadBlockWithSenders(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number uint64) (*block.Block, []types.Address, error) {
+	block := ReadBlock(db, hash, number)
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	senders, err := ReadSenders(db, hash, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(senders) != len(block.Transactions()) {
+		return block, senders, nil // no senders is fine - will recover them on the fly
+	}
+	block.SendersToTxs(senders)
+	return block, senders, nil
+}
+
+// WriteBlock serializes a block into the database, header and body separately.
+func WriteBlock(db kv.RwTx, b *block.Block) error {
+	iBody := b.Body()
+	if err := WriteBody(db, b.Hash(), b.Number64().Uint64(), iBody.(*block.Body)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	iHeader := b.Header()
+	header, ok := iHeader.(*block.Header)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("illegal: assert header")
+	}
+	WriteHeader(db, header)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DeleteAncientBlocks - delete [1, to) old blocks after moving it to snapshots.
+// keeps genesis in db: [1, to)
+// doesn't change sequences of kv.EthTx and kv.NonCanonicalTxs
+// doesn't delete Receipts, Senders, Canonical markers, TotalDifficulty
+// returns [deletedFrom, deletedTo)
+//func DeleteAncientBlocks(tx kv.RwTx, blockTo uint64, blocksDeleteLimit int) (deletedFrom, deletedTo uint64, err error) {
+//	c, err := tx.Cursor(Headers)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return
+//	}
+//	defer c.Close()
+//
+//	// find first non-genesis block
+//	firstK, _, err := c.Seek(dbutils.EncodeBlockNumber(1))
+//	if err != nil {
+//		return
+//	}
+//	if firstK == nil { //nothing to delete
+//		return
+//	}
+//	blockFrom := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(firstK)
+//	stopAtBlock := libcommon.Min(blockTo, blockFrom+uint64(blocksDeleteLimit))
+//	k, _, _ := c.Current()
+//	deletedFrom = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
+//
+//	var canonicalHash types.Hash
+//	var b *types.BodyForStorage
+//
+//	for k, _, err = c.Current(); k != nil; k, _, err = c.Next() {
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return
+//		}
+//
+//		n := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
+//		if n >= stopAtBlock { // [from, to)
+//			break
+//		}
+//
+//		canonicalHash, err = ReadCanonicalHash(tx, n)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return
+//		}
+//		isCanonical := bytes.Equal(k[8:], canonicalHash[:])
+//
+//		b, err = ReadBodyForStorageByKey(tx, k)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			return
+//		}
+//		if b == nil {
+//			log.Debug("DeleteAncientBlocks: block body not found", "height", n)
+//		} else {
+//			txIDBytes := make([]byte, 8)
+//			for txID := b.BaseTxId; txID < b.BaseTxId+uint64(b.TxAmount); txID++ {
+//				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(txIDBytes, txID)
+//				bucket := kv.EthTx
+//				if !isCanonical {
+//					bucket = kv.NonCanonicalTxs
+//				}
+//				if err = tx.Delete(bucket, txIDBytes); err != nil {
+//					return
+//				}
+//			}
+//		}
+//		// Copying k because otherwise the same memory will be reused
+//		// for the next key and Delete below will end up deleting 1 more record than required
+//		kCopy := common.CopyBytes(k)
+//		if err = tx.Delete(kv.Headers, kCopy); err != nil {
+//			return
+//		}
+//		if err = tx.Delete(kv.BlockBody, kCopy); err != nil {
+//			return
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	k, _, _ = c.Current()
+//	deletedTo = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
+//
+//	return
+//}
+
+// LastKey - candidate on move to kv.Tx interface
+func LastKey(tx kv.Tx, table string) ([]byte, error) {
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	k, _, err := c.Last()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return k, nil
+}
+
+// FirstKey - candidate on move to kv.Tx interface
+func FirstKey(tx kv.Tx, table string) ([]byte, error) {
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	k, _, err := c.First()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return k, nil
+}
+
+// SecondKey - useful if table always has zero-key (for example genesis block)
+func SecondKey(tx kv.Tx, table string) ([]byte, error) {
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	_, _, err = c.First()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	k, _, err := c.Next()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return k, nil
+}
+
+// TruncateBlocks - delete block >= blockFrom
+// does decrement sequences of kv.EthTx and kv.NonCanonicalTxs
+// doesn't delete Receipts, Senders, Canonical markers, TotalDifficulty
+func TruncateBlocks(ctx context.Context, tx kv.RwTx, blockFrom uint64) error {
+	logEvery := time.NewTicker(20 * time.Second)
+	defer logEvery.Stop()
+
+	c, err := tx.Cursor(modules.Headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+	if blockFrom < 1 { //protect genesis
+		blockFrom = 1
+	}
+	sequenceTo := map[string]uint64{}
+	for k, _, err := c.Last(); k != nil; k, _, err = c.Prev() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		n := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
+		if n < blockFrom { // [from, to)
+			break
+		}
+		//canonicalHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(tx, n)
+		//if err != nil {
+		//	return err
+		//}
+		//isCanonical := bytes.Equal(k[8:], canonicalHash[:])
+
+		b, err := ReadBodyForStorageByKey(tx, k)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if b != nil {
+			bucket := modules.BlockTx
+			if err := tx.ForEach(bucket, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(b.BaseTxId), func(k, _ []byte) error {
+				if err := tx.Delete(bucket, k); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return nil
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sequenceTo[bucket] = b.BaseTxId
+		}
+		// Copying k because otherwise the same memory will be reused
+		// for the next key and Delete below will end up deleting 1 more record than required
+		kCopy := types.CopyBytes(k)
+		if err := tx.Delete(modules.Headers, kCopy); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Delete(modules.BlockBody, kCopy); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		case <-logEvery.C:
+			log.Info("TruncateBlocks", "block", n)
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ReadBlockByNumber(db kv.Getter, number uint64) (*block.Block, error) {
+	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w", err)
+	}
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return ReadBlock(db, hash, number), nil
+}
+
+func CanonicalBlockByNumberWithSenders(db kv.Tx, number uint64) (*block.Block, []types.Address, error) {
+	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed ReadCanonicalHash: %w", err)
+	}
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return ReadBlockWithSenders(db, hash, number)
+}
+
+func ReadBlockByHash(db kv.Tx, hash types.Hash) (*block.Block, error) {
+	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
+	if number == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return ReadBlock(db, hash, *number), nil
+}
+
+func ReadHeaderByNumber(db kv.Getter, number uint64) *block.Header {
+	hash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, number)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadCanonicalHash failed", "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	if hash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return ReadHeader(db, hash, number)
+}
+
+func ReadHeaderByHash(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) (*block.Header, error) {
+	number := ReadHeaderNumber(db, hash)
+	if number == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return ReadHeader(db, hash, *number), nil
+}
+
+//func ReadAncestor(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash, number, ancestor uint64, maxNonCanonical *uint64, blockReader services.HeaderAndCanonicalReader) (types.Hash, uint64) {
+//	if ancestor > number {
+//		return types.Hash{}, 0
+//	}
+//	if ancestor == 1 {
+//		header, err := blockReader.Header(context.Background(), db, hash, number)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			panic(err)
+//		}
+//		// in this case it is cheaper to just read the header
+//		if header != nil {
+//			return header.ParentHash, number - 1
+//		}
+//		return types.Hash{}, 0
+//	}
+//	for ancestor != 0 {
+//		h, err := blockReader.CanonicalHash(context.Background(), db, number)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			panic(err)
+//		}
+//		if h == hash {
+//			ancestorHash, err := blockReader.CanonicalHash(context.Background(), db, number-ancestor)
+//			if err != nil {
+//				panic(err)
+//			}
+//			h, err := blockReader.CanonicalHash(context.Background(), db, number)
+//			if err != nil {
+//				panic(err)
+//			}
+//			if h == hash {
+//				number -= ancestor
+//				return ancestorHash, number
+//			}
+//		}
+//		if *maxNonCanonical == 0 {
+//			return types.Hash{}, 0
+//		}
+//		*maxNonCanonical--
+//		ancestor--
+//		header, err := blockReader.Header(context.Background(), db, hash, number)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			panic(err)
+//		}
+//		if header == nil {
+//			return types.Hash{}, 0
+//		}
+//		hash = header.ParentHash
+//		number--
+//	}
+//	return hash, number
+//}
+
+// PruneTable has `limit` parameter to avoid too large data deletes per one sync cycle - better delete by small portions to reduce db.FreeList size
+func PruneTable(tx kv.RwTx, table string, pruneTo uint64, ctx context.Context, limit int) error {
+	c, err := tx.RwCursor(table)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cursor for pruning %w", err)
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+
+	i := 0
+	for k, _, err := c.First(); k != nil; k, _, err = c.Next() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i++
+		if i > limit {
+			break
+		}
+
+		blockNum := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
+		if blockNum >= pruneTo {
+			break
+		}
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return common2.ErrStopped
+		default:
+		}
+		if err = c.DeleteCurrent(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove for block %d: %w", blockNum, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func PruneTableDupSort(tx kv.RwTx, table string, logPrefix string, pruneTo uint64, logEvery *time.Ticker, ctx context.Context) error {
+	c, err := tx.RwCursorDupSort(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cursor for pruning %w", err)
+	}
+	defer c.Close()
+
+	for k, _, err := c.First(); k != nil; k, _, err = c.NextNoDup() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to move %s cleanup cursor: %w", table, err)
+		}
+		blockNum := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(k)
+		if blockNum >= pruneTo {
+			break
+		}
+		select {
+		case <-logEvery.C:
+			log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%s]", logPrefix), "table", table, "block", blockNum)
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return common2.ErrStopped
+		default:
+		}
+		if err = c.DeleteCurrentDuplicates(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove for block %d: %w", blockNum, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ReadCurrentBlockNumber(db kv.Getter) *uint64 {
+	headHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
+	return ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
+}
+
+func ReadCurrentHeader(db kv.Getter) *block.Header {
+	headHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
+	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
+	if headNumber == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return ReadHeader(db, headHash, *headNumber)
+}
+
+func ReadCurrentBlock(db kv.Tx) *block.Block {
+	headHash := ReadHeadBlockHash(db)
+	headNumber := ReadHeaderNumber(db, headHash)
+	if headNumber == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return ReadBlock(db, headHash, *headNumber)
+}
+
+// ReadHeadHeaderHash retrieves the hash of the current canonical head header.
+func ReadHeadHeaderHash(db kv.Getter) types.Hash {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.HeadHeaderKey, []byte(modules.HeadHeaderKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadHeadHeaderHash failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+	return types.BytesToHash(data)
+}
+
+// ReadHeadBlockHash retrieves the hash of the current canonical head block.
+func ReadHeadBlockHash(db kv.Getter) types.Hash {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.HeadBlockKey, []byte(modules.HeadBlockKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("ReadHeadBlockHash failed", "err", err)
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+	return types.BytesToHash(data)
+}
+
+// WriteHeadBlockHash stores the head block's hash.
+func WriteHeadBlockHash(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash) {
+	if err := db.Put(modules.HeadBlockKey, []byte(modules.HeadBlockKey), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store last block's hash", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// WriteHeadHeaderHash stores the hash of the current canonical head header.
+func WriteHeadHeaderHash(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash) error {
+	if err := db.Put(modules.HeadHeaderKey, []byte(modules.HeadHeaderKey), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store last header's hash: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func GetPoaSnapshot(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+
+	return db.GetOne(modules.PoaSnapshot, hash.Bytes())
+}
+
+func StorePoaSnapshot(db kv.Putter, hash types.Hash, data []byte) error {
+
+	return db.Put(modules.PoaSnapshot, hash.Bytes(), data)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a29ff16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/memdb"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// Tests block total difficulty storage and retrieval operations.
+func TestTdStorage(t *testing.T) {
+	_, tx := memdb.NewTestTx(t)
+
+	// Create a test TD to move around the database and make sure it's really new
+	hash, td := types.Hash{}, uint256.NewInt(314)
+	entry, err := ReadTd(tx, hash, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if entry != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Non existent TD returned: %v", entry)
+	}
+	// Write and verify the TD in the database
+	err = WriteTd(tx, hash, 0, td)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	entry, err = ReadTd(tx, hash, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if entry == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stored TD not found")
+	} else if entry.Cmp(td) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Retrieved TD mismatch: have %v, want %v", entry, td)
+	}
+	// Delete the TD and verify the execution
+	err = TruncateTd(tx, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("DeleteTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	entry, err = ReadTd(tx, hash, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if entry != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Deleted TD returned: %v", entry)
+	}
+
+	gHash, gTd := types.Hash{}, uint256.NewInt(0)
+	if err := WriteTd(tx, gHash, 100, gTd); nil != err {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	entryE, errE := ReadTd(tx, gHash, 101)
+	if nil != errE {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if entryE != nil {
+		t.Fatal("ReadTd returned nil")
+	}
+
+	entryg, errg := ReadTd(tx, gHash, 100)
+	if nil != errg {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadTd failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if entryg.Cmp(gTd) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("ReadTd returned nil")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_deposit.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_deposit.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0061e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_deposit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto/bls"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+//// PutDeposit
+//func PutDeposit(db kv.Putter, key []byte, val []byte) error {
+//	return db.Put(modules.Deposit, key, val)
+//}
+
+func PutDeposit(db kv.Putter, addr types.Address, pub types.PublicKey, amount uint256.Int) error {
+
+	data := make([]byte, types.PublicKeyLength+amount.ByteLen())
+	copy(data[:types.PublicKeyLength], pub.Bytes())
+	copy(data[types.PublicKeyLength:], amount.Bytes())
+	//
+	if err := db.Put(modules.Deposit, addr[:], data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store address Deposit: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetDeposit
+func GetDeposit(db kv.Getter, addr types.Address) (types.PublicKey, *uint256.Int, error) {
+	valBytes, err := db.GetOne(modules.Deposit, addr[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.PublicKey{}, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(valBytes) < types.PublicKeyLength {
+		return types.PublicKey{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("the data length wrong")
+	}
+	_, err = bls.PublicKeyFromBytes(valBytes[:types.PublicKeyLength])
+	if err != nil {
+		return types.PublicKey{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal pubkey from bytes")
+	}
+	pubkey := new(types.PublicKey)
+	if err = pubkey.SetBytes(valBytes[:types.PublicKeyLength]); err != nil {
+		return types.PublicKey{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot unmarshal pubkey from bytes")
+	}
+	amount := uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(valBytes[types.PublicKeyLength:])
+
+	return *pubkey, amount, nil
+}
+
+// DeleteDeposit removes Deposit data associated with an address.
+func DeleteDeposit(db kv.Deleter, addr types.Address) error {
+	return db.Delete(modules.Deposit, addr[:])
+}
+
+// IsDeposit is deposit account
+func IsDeposit(db kv.Getter, addr types.Address) bool {
+	is, _ := db.Has(modules.Deposit, addr[:])
+	return is
+}
+
+func DepositNum(tx kv.Tx) (uint64, error) {
+	cur, err := tx.Cursor(modules.Deposit)
+	if nil != err {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer cur.Close()
+	return cur.Count()
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04e458e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// TxLookupEntry is a positional metadata to help looking up the data content of
+// a transaction or receipt given only its hash.
+type TxLookupEntry struct {
+	BlockHash  types.Hash
+	BlockIndex uint64
+	Index      uint64
+}
+
+// ReadTxLookupEntry retrieves the positional metadata associated with a transaction
+// hash to allow retrieving the transaction or receipt by hash.
+func ReadTxLookupEntry(db kv.Getter, txnHash types.Hash) (*uint64, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.TxLookup, txnHash.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	// number := new(big.Int).SetBytes(data).Uint64()
+	number := uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(data).Uint64()
+	return &number, nil
+}
+
+// WriteTxLookupEntries stores a positional metadata for every transaction from
+// a block, enabling hash based transaction and receipt lookups.
+func WriteTxLookupEntries(db kv.Putter, block *block.Block) {
+	for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+		data := block.Number64().Bytes()
+		h := tx.Hash()
+		if err := db.Put(modules.TxLookup, h.Bytes(), data); err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to store transaction lookup entry", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteTxLookupEntry removes all transaction data associated with a hash.
+func DeleteTxLookupEntry(db kv.Deleter, hash types.Hash) error {
+	return db.Delete(modules.TxLookup, hash.Bytes())
+}
+
+// ReadTransactionByHash retrieves a specific transaction from the database, along with
+// its added positional metadata.
+func ReadTransactionByHash(db kv.Tx, hash types.Hash) (*transaction.Transaction, types.Hash, uint64, uint64, error) {
+	blockNumber, err := ReadTxLookupEntry(db, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if blockNumber == nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	blockHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, *blockNumber)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if blockHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	body := ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, blockHash, *blockNumber)
+	if body == nil {
+		log.Error("Transaction referenced missing", "number", blockNumber, "hash", blockHash)
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	senders, err1 := ReadSenders(db, blockHash, *blockNumber)
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err1
+	}
+	body.SendersToTxs(senders)
+	for txIndex, tx := range body.Txs {
+		h := tx.Hash()
+		if h == hash {
+			return tx, blockHash, *blockNumber, uint64(txIndex), nil
+		}
+	}
+	log.Error("Transaction not found", "number", blockNumber, "hash", blockHash, "txhash", hash)
+	return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+}
+
+// ReadTransaction retrieves a specific transaction from the database, along with
+// its added positional metadata.
+func ReadTransaction(db kv.Tx, hash types.Hash, blockNumber uint64) (*transaction.Transaction, types.Hash, uint64, uint64, error) {
+	blockHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, blockNumber)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if blockHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	body := ReadCanonicalBodyWithTransactions(db, blockHash, blockNumber)
+	if body == nil {
+		log.Error("Transaction referenced missing", "number", blockNumber, "hash", blockHash)
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	senders, err1 := ReadSenders(db, blockHash, blockNumber)
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err1
+	}
+	body.SendersToTxs(senders)
+	for txIndex, tx := range body.Txs {
+		h := tx.Hash()
+		if h == hash {
+			return tx, blockHash, blockNumber, uint64(txIndex), nil
+		}
+	}
+	log.Error("Transaction not found", "number", blockNumber, "hash", blockHash, "txhash", hash)
+	return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+}
+
+func ReadReceipt(db kv.Tx, txHash types.Hash) (*block.Receipt, types.Hash, uint64, uint64, error) {
+	// Retrieve the context of the receipt based on the transaction hash
+	blockNumber, err := ReadTxLookupEntry(db, txHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if blockNumber == nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	blockHash, err := ReadCanonicalHash(db, *blockNumber)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	if blockHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	b, senders, err := ReadBlockWithSenders(db, blockHash, *blockNumber)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	// Read all the receipts from the block and return the one with the matching hash
+	receipts := ReadReceipts(db, b, senders)
+	for receiptIndex, receipt := range receipts {
+		if receipt.TxHash == txHash {
+			return receipt, blockHash, *blockNumber, uint64(receiptIndex), nil
+		}
+	}
+	log.Error("Receipt not found", "number", blockNumber, "hash", blockHash, "txhash", txHash)
+	return nil, types.Hash{}, 0, 0, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f8d8df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// ReadChainConfig retrieves the consensus settings based on the given genesis hash.
+func ReadChainConfig(db kv.Getter, hash types.Hash) (*params.ChainConfig, error) {
+	data, err := db.GetOne(modules.ChainConfig, modules.ConfigKey(hash))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetch ChainConfig from db ,error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ChainConfig are empty")
+	}
+	var config params.ChainConfig
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &config); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid chain config JSON err: %v", err)
+	}
+	return &config, nil
+}
+
+// WriteChainConfig writes the chain config settings to the database.
+func WriteChainConfig(db kv.RwTx, hash types.Hash, cfg *params.ChainConfig) error {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid cfg")
+	}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to JSON encode chain config", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := db.Put(modules.ChainConfig, modules.ConfigKey(hash), data); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to store chain config", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_reward.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_reward.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b319503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_reward.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// PutAccountReward
+func PutAccountReward(db kv.Putter, account types.Address, val *uint256.Int) error {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("account:%s", account.String())
+	return db.Put(modules.Reward, []byte(key), val.Bytes())
+}
+
+// GetAccountReward
+func GetAccountReward(db kv.Getter, account types.Address) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("account:%s", account.String())
+	val, err := db.GetOne(modules.Reward, []byte(key))
+	if err != nil {
+		return uint256.NewInt(0), err
+	}
+	return uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(val), nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rawdb/accessors_reward_test.go b/modules/rawdb/accessors_reward_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..492f6c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rawdb/accessors_reward_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common/cmp"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/mdbx"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+	"runtime"
+
+	log2 "github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
+)
+
+//func TestPutReward(t *testing.T) {
+//	db, err := OpenDatabase()
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	tx, err := db.BeginRw(context.TODO())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	if err := tx.CreateBucket("Reward"); err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//	type args struct {
+//		key string
+//		val *RewardEntry
+//	}
+//	tests := []struct {
+//		name    string
+//		args    args
+//		wantErr bool
+//	}{{
+//		name: "t1",
+//		args: args{
+//			key: "qwe123",
+//			val: &RewardEntry{
+//				Address:   []byte("123"),
+//				Value:     uint256.NewInt(123),
+//				Sediment:  uint256.NewInt(123),
+//				Timestamp: 123,
+//			},
+//		},
+//	}, {
+//		name: "t2",
+//		args: args{
+//			key: "qwe456",
+//			val: &RewardEntry{
+//				Address:   []byte("456"),
+//				Value:     uint256.NewInt(456),
+//				Sediment:  uint256.NewInt(456),
+//				Timestamp: 456,
+//			},
+//		}}, {
+//		name: "t3",
+//		args: args{
+//			key: "qwe789",
+//			val: &RewardEntry{
+//				Address:   []byte("789"),
+//				Value:     uint256.NewInt(789),
+//				Sediment:  uint256.NewInt(789),
+//				Timestamp: 789,
+//			},
+//		},
+//	}}
+//
+//	for _, tt := range tests {
+//		if err := PutEpochReward(tx, tt.args.key, tt.args.val); (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+//			t.Errorf("PutReward() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	m, err := GetRewards(tx, "qwe")
+//	if err != nil {
+//		t.Error(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	fmt.Println(m)
+//	t.Log(m)
+//}
+
+func OpenDatabase() (kv.RwDB, error) {
+	var chainKv kv.RwDB
+	var err error
+	logger := log2.New()
+
+	dbPath := "./mdbx.db"
+
+	var openFunc = func(exclusive bool) (kv.RwDB, error) {
+		//if config.Http.DBReadConcurrency > 0 {
+		//	roTxLimit = int64(config.Http.DBReadConcurrency)
+		//}
+		roTxsLimiter := semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(cmp.Max(32, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1)*8))) // 1 less than max to allow unlocking to happen
+		opts := mdbx.NewMDBX(logger).
+			WriteMergeThreshold(4 * 8192).
+			Path(dbPath).Label(kv.ChainDB).
+			DBVerbosity(kv.DBVerbosityLvl(2)).RoTxsLimiter(roTxsLimiter)
+		if exclusive {
+			opts = opts.Exclusive()
+		}
+
+		modules.astInit()
+		kv.ChaindataTablesCfg = modules.astTableCfg
+
+		opts = opts.MapSize(8 * datasize.TB)
+		return opts.Open()
+	}
+	chainKv, err = openFunc(false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err = chainKv.Update(context.Background(), func(tx kv.RwTx) (err error) {
+		return params.SetastVersion(tx, params.VersionKeyCreated)
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return chainKv, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b0b6ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client.go
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net/url"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrClientQuit                = errors.New("client is closed")
+	ErrNoResult                  = errors.New("no result in JSON-RPC response")
+	ErrSubscriptionQueueOverflow = errors.New("subscription queue overflow")
+	errClientReconnected         = errors.New("client reconnected")
+	errDead                      = errors.New("connection lost")
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultDialTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+	subscribeTimeout   = 5 * time.Second
+)
+
+const (
+	// Subscriptions are removed when the subscriber cannot keep up.
+	//
+	// This can be worked around by supplying a channel with sufficiently sized buffer,
+	// but this can be inconvenient and hard to explain in the docs. Another issue with
+	// buffered channels is that the buffer is static even though it might not be needed
+	// most of the time.
+	//
+	// The approach taken here is to maintain a per-subscription linked list buffer
+	// shrinks on demand. If the buffer reaches the size below, the subscription is
+	// dropped.
+	maxClientSubscriptionBuffer = 20000
+)
+
+type Client struct {
+	idgen    func() ID // for subscriptions
+	isHTTP   bool
+	services *serviceRegistry
+
+	idCounter     uint32
+	reconnectFunc reconnectFunc
+
+	writeConn jsonWriter
+
+	close       chan struct{}
+	closing     chan struct{}
+	didClose    chan struct{}
+	reconnected chan ServerCodec
+	readOp      chan readOp
+	readErr     chan error
+	reqInit     chan *requestOp
+	reqSent     chan error
+	reqTimeout  chan *requestOp
+}
+
+type reconnectFunc func(ctx context.Context) (ServerCodec, error)
+
+type clientContextKey struct{}
+
+type clientConn struct {
+	codec   ServerCodec
+	handler *handler
+}
+
+func (c *Client) newClientConn(conn ServerCodec) *clientConn {
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), clientContextKey{}, c)
+	handler := newHandler(ctx, conn, c.idgen, c.services)
+	return &clientConn{conn, handler}
+}
+
+func (cc *clientConn) close(err error, inflightReq *requestOp) {
+	cc.handler.close(err, inflightReq)
+	cc.codec.close()
+}
+
+type readOp struct {
+	msgs  []*jsonrpcMessage
+	batch bool
+}
+
+type requestOp struct {
+	ids  []json.RawMessage
+	err  error
+	resp chan *jsonrpcMessage
+	sub  *ClientSubscription
+}
+
+func (op *requestOp) wait(ctx context.Context, c *Client) (*jsonrpcMessage, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		if !c.isHTTP {
+			select {
+			case c.reqTimeout <- op:
+			case <-c.closing:
+			}
+		}
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	case resp := <-op.resp:
+		return resp, op.err
+	}
+}
+
+func Dial(rawurl string) (*Client, error) {
+	return DialContext(context.Background(), rawurl)
+}
+
+func DialContext(ctx context.Context, rawurl string) (*Client, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(rawurl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	switch u.Scheme {
+	case "http", "https":
+		return DialHTTP(rawurl)
+	case "ws", "wss":
+		return DialWebsocket(ctx, rawurl, "")
+	case "":
+		return DialIPC(ctx, rawurl)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no known transport for URL scheme %q", u.Scheme)
+	}
+}
+func ClientFromContext(ctx context.Context) (*Client, bool) {
+	client, ok := ctx.Value(clientContextKey{}).(*Client)
+	return client, ok
+}
+
+func newClient(initctx context.Context, connect reconnectFunc) (*Client, error) {
+	conn, err := connect(initctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c := initClient(conn, randomIDGenerator(), new(serviceRegistry))
+	c.reconnectFunc = connect
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func initClient(conn ServerCodec, idgen func() ID, services *serviceRegistry) *Client {
+	_, isHTTP := conn.(*httpConn)
+	c := &Client{
+		isHTTP:      isHTTP,
+		idgen:       idgen,
+		services:    services,
+		writeConn:   conn,
+		close:       make(chan struct{}),
+		closing:     make(chan struct{}),
+		didClose:    make(chan struct{}),
+		reconnected: make(chan ServerCodec),
+		readOp:      make(chan readOp),
+		readErr:     make(chan error),
+		reqInit:     make(chan *requestOp),
+		reqSent:     make(chan error, 1),
+		reqTimeout:  make(chan *requestOp),
+	}
+	if !isHTTP {
+		go c.dispatch(conn)
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *Client) RegisterName(name string, receiver interface{}) error {
+	return c.services.registerName(name, receiver)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) nextID() json.RawMessage {
+	id := atomic.AddUint32(&c.idCounter, 1)
+	return strconv.AppendUint(nil, uint64(id), 10)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) SupportedModules() (map[string]string, error) {
+	var result map[string]string
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), subscribeTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	err := c.CallContext(ctx, &result, "rpc_modules")
+	return result, err
+}
+
+func (c *Client) Close() {
+	if c.isHTTP {
+		return
+	}
+	select {
+	case c.close <- struct{}{}:
+		<-c.didClose
+	case <-c.didClose:
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) SetHeader(key, value string) {
+	if !c.isHTTP {
+		return
+	}
+	conn := c.writeConn.(*httpConn)
+	conn.mu.Lock()
+	conn.headers.Set(key, value)
+	conn.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (c *Client) Call(result interface{}, method string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	return c.CallContext(ctx, result, method, args...)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) CallContext(ctx context.Context, result interface{}, method string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	if result != nil && reflect.TypeOf(result).Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		return fmt.Errorf("call result parameter must be pointer or nil interface: %v", result)
+	}
+	msg, err := c.newMessage(method, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	op := &requestOp{ids: []json.RawMessage{msg.ID}, resp: make(chan *jsonrpcMessage, 1)}
+
+	if c.isHTTP {
+		err = c.sendHTTP(ctx, op, msg)
+	} else {
+		err = c.send(ctx, op, msg)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	switch resp, err := op.wait(ctx, c); {
+	case err != nil:
+		return err
+	case resp.Error != nil:
+		return resp.Error
+	case len(resp.Result) == 0:
+		return ErrNoResult
+	default:
+		return json.Unmarshal(resp.Result, &result)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) Notify(ctx context.Context, method string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	op := new(requestOp)
+	msg, err := c.newMessage(method, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	msg.ID = nil
+
+	if c.isHTTP {
+		return c.sendHTTP(ctx, op, msg)
+	}
+	return c.send(ctx, op, msg)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) newMessage(method string, paramsIn ...interface{}) (*jsonrpcMessage, error) {
+	msg := &jsonrpcMessage{Version: vsn, ID: c.nextID(), Method: method}
+	if paramsIn != nil { // prevent sending "params":null
+		var err error
+		if msg.Params, err = json.Marshal(paramsIn); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return msg, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Client) send(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msg interface{}) error {
+	select {
+	case c.reqInit <- op:
+		err := c.write(ctx, msg, false)
+		c.reqSent <- err
+		return err
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	case <-c.closing:
+		return ErrClientQuit
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) write(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}, retry bool) error {
+	if c.writeConn == nil {
+		if err := c.reconnect(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	err := c.writeConn.writeJSON(ctx, msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.writeConn = nil
+		if !retry {
+			return c.write(ctx, msg, true)
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *Client) reconnect(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if c.reconnectFunc == nil {
+		return errDead
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := ctx.Deadline(); !ok {
+		var cancel func()
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, defaultDialTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+	}
+	newconn, err := c.reconnectFunc(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("RPC client reconnect failed", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	select {
+	case c.reconnected <- newconn:
+		c.writeConn = newconn
+		return nil
+	case <-c.didClose:
+		newconn.close()
+		return ErrClientQuit
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) dispatch(codec ServerCodec) {
+	var (
+		lastOp      *requestOp
+		reqInitLock = c.reqInit
+		conn        = c.newClientConn(codec)
+		reading     = true
+	)
+	defer func() {
+		close(c.closing)
+		if reading {
+			conn.close(ErrClientQuit, nil)
+			c.drainRead()
+		}
+		close(c.didClose)
+	}()
+
+	go c.read(codec)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.close:
+			return
+
+		case op := <-c.readOp:
+			if op.batch {
+				conn.handler.handleBatch(op.msgs)
+			} else {
+				conn.handler.handleMsg(op.msgs[0])
+			}
+
+		case err := <-c.readErr:
+			log.Debug("RPC connection read error", "err", err)
+			conn.close(err, lastOp)
+			reading = false
+
+		case newcodec := <-c.reconnected:
+			log.Debug("RPC client reconnected", "reading", reading, "conn", newcodec.remoteAddr())
+			if reading {
+				conn.close(errClientReconnected, lastOp)
+				c.drainRead()
+			}
+			go c.read(newcodec)
+			reading = true
+			conn = c.newClientConn(newcodec)
+			conn.handler.addRequestOp(lastOp)
+
+		case op := <-reqInitLock:
+			reqInitLock = nil
+			lastOp = op
+			conn.handler.addRequestOp(op)
+
+		case err := <-c.reqSent:
+			if err != nil {
+				conn.handler.removeRequestOp(lastOp)
+			}
+			reqInitLock = c.reqInit
+			lastOp = nil
+
+		case op := <-c.reqTimeout:
+			conn.handler.removeRequestOp(op)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) drainRead() {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.readOp:
+		case <-c.readErr:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) read(codec ServerCodec) {
+	for {
+		msgs, batch, err := codec.readBatch()
+		if _, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
+			codec.writeJSON(context.Background(), errorMessage(&parseError{err.Error()}))
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			c.readErr <- err
+			return
+		}
+		c.readOp <- readOp{msgs, batch}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) Subscribe(ctx context.Context, namespace string, channel interface{}, args ...interface{}) (*ClientSubscription, error) {
+	// Check type of channel first.
+	chanVal := reflect.ValueOf(channel)
+	if chanVal.Kind() != reflect.Chan || chanVal.Type().ChanDir()&reflect.SendDir == 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("channel argument of Subscribe has type %T, need writable channel", channel))
+	}
+	if chanVal.IsNil() {
+		panic("channel given to Subscribe must not be nil")
+	}
+	if c.isHTTP {
+		return nil, ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+	}
+
+	msg, err := c.newMessage(namespace+subscribeMethodSuffix, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	op := &requestOp{
+		ids:  []json.RawMessage{msg.ID},
+		resp: make(chan *jsonrpcMessage),
+		sub:  newClientSubscription(c, namespace, chanVal),
+	}
+
+	// Send the subscription request.
+	// The arrival and validity of the response is signaled on sub.quit.
+	if err := c.send(ctx, op, msg); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if _, err := op.wait(ctx, c); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return op.sub, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client_example_test.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client_example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec6704b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client_example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+)
+
+// In this example, our client wishes to track the latest 'block number'
+// known to the server. The server supports two methods:
+//
+// eth_getBlockByNumber("latest", {})
+//    returns the latest block object.
+//
+// eth_subscribe("newHeads")
+//    creates a subscription which fires block objects when new blocks arrive.
+
+type Block struct {
+	Number *hexutil.Big
+}
+
+//func TestExampleClientSubscription(t *testing.T) {
+//	// Connect the client.
+//	client, err := jsonrpc.Dial("ws://127.0.0.1:20013")
+//	if nil != err {
+//		panic(err)
+//	}
+//	subch := make(chan Block)
+//
+//	// Ensure that subch receives the latest block.
+//	//go func() {
+//	//	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+//	//		if i > 0 {
+//	//			time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+//	//		}
+//	subscribeBlocks(client, subch)
+//	//	}
+//	//}()
+//
+//	// Print events from the subscription as they arrive.
+//	for block := range subch {
+//		fmt.Println("latest block:", block.Number)
+//	}
+//}
+
+// subscribeBlocks runs in its own goroutine and maintains
+// a subscription for new blocks.
+func subscribeBlocks(client *jsonrpc.Client, subch chan Block) {
+	//ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	//defer cancel()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Subscribe to new blocks.
+	sub, err := client.Subscribe(ctx, "eth", subch, "newHeads")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("subscribe error:", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// The connection is established now.
+	// Update the channel with the current block.
+	//var lastBlock Block
+	//err = client.CallContext(ctx, &lastBlock, "eth_getBlockByNumber", "latest", false)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	fmt.Println("can't get latest block:", err)
+	//	return
+	//}
+	//subch <- lastBlock
+
+	// The subscription will deliver events to the channel. Wait for the
+	// subscription to end for any reason, then loop around to re-establish
+	// the connection.
+	fmt.Println("connection lost: ", <-sub.Err())
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client_test.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a0eda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/client_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+func init() {
+
+}
+
+//func TestHttpClient(t *testing.T) {
+//	client, _ := Dial("http://127.0.0.1:8545")
+//	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+//	defer cancel()
+//	m := make(map[string]string, 0)
+//	if err := client.CallContext(ctx, &m, "rpc_modules"); err != nil {
+//		fmt.Println("can't get rpc modules:", err)
+//		return
+//	}
+//	if len(m) == 0 {
+//		t.Fail()
+//	}
+//}
+
+//func TestIPC(t *testing.T) {
+//	client, _ := Dial("")
+//	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 100*time.Second)
+//	defer cancel()
+//	m := make(map[string]string, 0)
+//	if err := client.CallContext(ctx, &m, "rpc_modules"); err != nil {
+//		fmt.Println("can't get rpc modules:", err)
+//		return
+//	}
+//	if len(m) == 0 {
+//		t.Fail()
+//	}
+//}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/constants_unix.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/constants_unix.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0512ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/constants_unix.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build darwin || dragonfly || freebsd || linux || nacl || netbsd || openbsd || solaris
+// +build darwin dragonfly freebsd linux nacl netbsd openbsd solaris
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+/*
+#include <sys/un.h>
+
+int max_socket_path_size() {
+struct sockaddr_un s;
+return sizeof(s.sun_path);
+}
+*/
+import "C"
+
+var (
+	max_path_size = C.max_socket_path_size()
+)
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/constants_unix_nocgo.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/constants_unix_nocgo.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2848caf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/constants_unix_nocgo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !cgo && !windows
+// +build !cgo,!windows
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+var (
+	// http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/unix.7.html
+	max_path_size = 108
+)
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/endpoints.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/endpoints.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..649ff3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/endpoints.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func StartIPCEndpoint(ipcEndpoint string, apis []API) (net.Listener, *Server, error) {
+	var (
+		handler    = NewServer()
+		regMap     = make(map[string]struct{})
+		registered []string
+	)
+	for _, api := range apis {
+		if err := handler.RegisterName(api.Namespace, api.Service); err != nil {
+			log.Info("IPC registration failed", "namespace", api.Namespace, "error", err)
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if _, ok := regMap[api.Namespace]; !ok {
+			registered = append(registered, api.Namespace)
+			regMap[api.Namespace] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	log.Debug("IPCs registered", "namespaces", strings.Join(registered, ","))
+	listener, err := ipcListen(ipcEndpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	go handler.ServeListener(listener)
+	return listener, handler, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/errors.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3118615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type HTTPError struct {
+	StatusCode int
+	Status     string
+	Body       []byte
+}
+
+func (err HTTPError) Error() string {
+	if len(err.Body) == 0 {
+		return err.Status
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v: %s", err.Status, err.Body)
+}
+
+type Error interface {
+	Error() string
+	ErrorCode() int
+}
+
+type DataError interface {
+	Error() string
+	ErrorData() interface{}
+}
+
+var (
+	_ Error = new(methodNotFoundError)
+	_ Error = new(subscriptionNotFoundError)
+	_ Error = new(parseError)
+	_ Error = new(invalidRequestError)
+	_ Error = new(invalidMessageError)
+	_ Error = new(invalidParamsError)
+)
+
+const defaultErrorCode = -32000
+
+type methodNotFoundError struct{ method string }
+
+func (e *methodNotFoundError) ErrorCode() int { return -32601 }
+
+func (e *methodNotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("the method %s does not exist/is not available", e.method)
+}
+
+type subscriptionNotFoundError struct{ namespace, subscription string }
+
+func (e *subscriptionNotFoundError) ErrorCode() int { return -32601 }
+
+func (e *subscriptionNotFoundError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("no %q subscription in %s namespace", e.subscription, e.namespace)
+}
+
+type parseError struct{ message string }
+
+func (e *parseError) ErrorCode() int { return -32700 }
+
+func (e *parseError) Error() string { return e.message }
+
+type invalidRequestError struct{ message string }
+
+func (e *invalidRequestError) ErrorCode() int { return -32600 }
+
+func (e *invalidRequestError) Error() string { return e.message }
+
+type invalidMessageError struct{ message string }
+
+func (e *invalidMessageError) ErrorCode() int { return -32700 }
+
+func (e *invalidMessageError) Error() string { return e.message }
+
+type invalidParamsError struct{ message string }
+
+func (e *invalidParamsError) ErrorCode() int { return -32602 }
+
+func (e *invalidParamsError) Error() string { return e.message }
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/handler.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/handler.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1cdb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/handler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+)
+
+type handler struct {
+	reg            *serviceRegistry
+	unsubscribeCb  *callback
+	idgen          func() ID             // subscription ID generator
+	respWait       map[string]*requestOp // active client requests
+	callWG         sync.WaitGroup        // pending call goroutines
+	rootCtx        context.Context       // canceled by close()
+	cancelRoot     func()                // cancel function for rootCtx
+	conn           jsonWriter            // where responses will be sent
+	allowSubscribe bool
+
+	subLock    sync.Mutex
+	serverSubs map[ID]*Subscription
+	clientSubs map[string]*ClientSubscription // active client subscriptions
+
+	log log.Logger
+}
+
+type callProc struct {
+	ctx       context.Context
+	notifiers []*Notifier
+}
+
+func newHandler(connCtx context.Context, conn jsonWriter, idgen func() ID, reg *serviceRegistry) *handler {
+	rootCtx, cancelRoot := context.WithCancel(connCtx)
+	h := &handler{
+		reg:            reg,
+		idgen:          idgen,
+		conn:           conn,
+		respWait:       make(map[string]*requestOp),
+		rootCtx:        rootCtx,
+		cancelRoot:     cancelRoot,
+		allowSubscribe: true,
+		serverSubs:     make(map[ID]*Subscription),
+		clientSubs:     make(map[string]*ClientSubscription),
+		log:            log.Root(),
+	}
+	if conn.remoteAddr() != "" {
+		h.log = h.log.New("conn", conn.remoteAddr())
+	}
+	h.unsubscribeCb = newCallback(reflect.Value{}, reflect.ValueOf(h.unsubscribe))
+	return h
+}
+
+// handleBatch executes all messages in a batch and returns the responses.
+func (h *handler) handleBatch(msgs []*jsonrpcMessage) {
+	// Emit error response for empty batches:
+	if len(msgs) == 0 {
+		h.startCallProc(func(cp *callProc) {
+			h.conn.writeJSON(cp.ctx, errorMessage(&invalidRequestError{"empty batch"}))
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Handle non-call messages first:
+	calls := make([]*jsonrpcMessage, 0, len(msgs))
+	for _, msg := range msgs {
+		if handled := h.handleImmediate(msg); !handled {
+			calls = append(calls, msg)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(calls) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Process calls on a goroutine because they may block indefinitely:
+	h.startCallProc(func(cp *callProc) {
+		answers := make([]*jsonrpcMessage, 0, len(msgs))
+		for _, msg := range calls {
+			if answer := h.handleCallMsg(cp, msg); answer != nil {
+				answers = append(answers, answer)
+			}
+		}
+		h.addSubscriptions(cp.notifiers)
+		if len(answers) > 0 {
+			h.conn.writeJSON(cp.ctx, answers)
+		}
+		for _, n := range cp.notifiers {
+			n.activate()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (h *handler) handleMsg(msg *jsonrpcMessage) {
+	if ok := h.handleImmediate(msg); ok {
+		return
+	}
+	h.startCallProc(func(cp *callProc) {
+		answer := h.handleCallMsg(cp, msg)
+		h.addSubscriptions(cp.notifiers)
+		if answer != nil {
+			h.conn.writeJSON(cp.ctx, answer)
+		}
+		for _, n := range cp.notifiers {
+			n.activate()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (h *handler) close(err error, inflightReq *requestOp) {
+	h.cancelAllRequests(err, inflightReq)
+	h.callWG.Wait()
+	h.cancelRoot()
+	h.cancelServerSubscriptions(err)
+}
+
+func (h *handler) addRequestOp(op *requestOp) {
+	for _, id := range op.ids {
+		h.respWait[string(id)] = op
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) removeRequestOp(op *requestOp) {
+	for _, id := range op.ids {
+		delete(h.respWait, string(id))
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) cancelAllRequests(err error, inflightReq *requestOp) {
+	didClose := make(map[*requestOp]bool)
+	if inflightReq != nil {
+		didClose[inflightReq] = true
+	}
+
+	for id, op := range h.respWait {
+		// Remove the op so that later calls will not close op.resp again.
+		delete(h.respWait, id)
+
+		if !didClose[op] {
+			op.err = err
+			close(op.resp)
+			didClose[op] = true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) addSubscriptions(nn []*Notifier) {
+	h.subLock.Lock()
+	defer h.subLock.Unlock()
+
+	for _, n := range nn {
+		if sub := n.takeSubscription(); sub != nil {
+			h.serverSubs[sub.ID] = sub
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// cancelServerSubscriptions removes all subscriptions and closes their error channels.
+func (h *handler) cancelServerSubscriptions(err error) {
+	h.subLock.Lock()
+	defer h.subLock.Unlock()
+
+	for id, s := range h.serverSubs {
+		s.err <- err
+		close(s.err)
+		delete(h.serverSubs, id)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) startCallProc(fn func(*callProc)) {
+	h.callWG.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(h.rootCtx)
+		defer h.callWG.Done()
+		defer cancel()
+		fn(&callProc{ctx: ctx})
+	}()
+}
+
+func (h *handler) handleImmediate(msg *jsonrpcMessage) bool {
+	start := time.Now()
+	switch {
+	case msg.isNotification():
+		if strings.HasSuffix(msg.Method, notificationMethodSuffix) {
+			h.handleSubscriptionResult(msg)
+			return true
+		}
+		return false
+	case msg.isResponse():
+		h.handleResponse(msg)
+		h.log.Debug("Handled RPC response", "reqid", idForLog{msg.ID}, "t", time.Since(start))
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) handleSubscriptionResult(msg *jsonrpcMessage) {
+	var result subscriptionResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(msg.Params, &result); err != nil {
+		h.log.Debug("Dropping invalid subscription message")
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) handleResponse(msg *jsonrpcMessage) {
+	op := h.respWait[string(msg.ID)]
+	if op == nil {
+		h.log.Debug("Unsolicited RPC response", "reqid", idForLog{msg.ID})
+		return
+	}
+	delete(h.respWait, string(msg.ID))
+	op.resp <- msg
+}
+
+func (h *handler) handleCallMsg(ctx *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	start := time.Now()
+	switch {
+	//case msg.isNotification():
+	case msg.isCall():
+		h.log.Trace("begin "+msg.Method, "p", string(msg.Params))
+		resp := h.handleCall(ctx, msg)
+		var ctx []interface{}
+		ctx = append(ctx, "reqid", idForLog{msg.ID}, "t", time.Since(start), "p", string(msg.Params), "r", string(resp.Result))
+		if resp.Error != nil {
+			ctx = append(ctx, "err", resp.Error.Message)
+			if resp.Error.Data != nil {
+				ctx = append(ctx, "errdata", resp.Error.Data)
+			}
+			h.log.Warn("Served "+msg.Method, ctx...)
+		} else {
+			h.log.Trace("Served "+msg.Method, ctx...)
+		}
+		return resp
+	case msg.hasValidID():
+		return msg.errorResponse(&invalidRequestError{"invalid request"})
+	default:
+		return errorMessage(&invalidRequestError{"invalid request"})
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *handler) handleCall(cp *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	if msg.isSubscribe() {
+		return h.handleSubscribe(cp, msg)
+	}
+	var callb *callback
+	if msg.isUnsubscribe() {
+		callb = h.unsubscribeCb
+	} else {
+		callb = h.reg.callback(msg.Method)
+	}
+	if callb == nil {
+		return msg.errorResponse(&methodNotFoundError{method: msg.Method})
+	}
+	args, err := parsePositionalArguments(msg.Params, callb.argTypes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return msg.errorResponse(&invalidParamsError{err.Error()})
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+	answer := h.runMethod(cp.ctx, msg, callb, args)
+
+	// Collect the statistics for RPC calls if metrics is enabled.
+	// We only care about pure rpc call. Filter out subscription.
+	if callb != h.unsubscribeCb {
+		rpcRequestGauge.Inc()
+		if answer != nil && answer.Error != nil {
+			failedReqeustGauge.Inc()
+		}
+		newRPCServingTimerMS(msg.Method, answer == nil || answer.Error == nil).UpdateDuration(start)
+	}
+	return answer
+}
+
+// handleSubscribe processes *_subscribe method calls.
+func (h *handler) handleSubscribe(cp *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	if !h.allowSubscribe {
+		return msg.errorResponse(ErrNotificationsUnsupported)
+	}
+
+	// Subscription method name is first argument.
+	name, err := parseSubscriptionName(msg.Params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return msg.errorResponse(&invalidParamsError{err.Error()})
+	}
+	namespace := msg.namespace()
+	callb := h.reg.subscription(namespace, name)
+	if callb == nil {
+		return msg.errorResponse(&subscriptionNotFoundError{namespace, name})
+	}
+
+	// Parse subscription name arg too, but remove it before calling the callback.
+	argTypes := append([]reflect.Type{stringType}, callb.argTypes...)
+	args, err := parsePositionalArguments(msg.Params, argTypes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return msg.errorResponse(&invalidParamsError{err.Error()})
+	}
+	args = args[1:]
+
+	// Install notifier in context so the subscription handler can find it.
+	n := &Notifier{h: h, namespace: namespace}
+	cp.notifiers = append(cp.notifiers, n)
+	ctx := context.WithValue(cp.ctx, notifierKey{}, n)
+
+	return h.runMethod(ctx, msg, callb, args)
+}
+
+func (h *handler) runMethod(ctx context.Context, msg *jsonrpcMessage, callb *callback, args []reflect.Value) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	result, err := callb.call(ctx, msg.Method, args)
+	if err != nil {
+		return msg.errorResponse(err)
+	}
+	return msg.response(result)
+}
+
+// unsubscribe is the callback function for all *_unsubscribe calls.
+func (h *handler) unsubscribe(ctx context.Context, id ID) (bool, error) {
+	h.subLock.Lock()
+	defer h.subLock.Unlock()
+
+	s := h.serverSubs[id]
+	if s == nil {
+		return false, ErrSubscriptionNotFound
+	}
+	close(s.err)
+	delete(h.serverSubs, id)
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+type idForLog struct{ json.RawMessage }
+
+func (id idForLog) String() string {
+	if s, err := strconv.Unquote(string(id.RawMessage)); err == nil {
+		return s
+	}
+	return string(id.RawMessage)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/http.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/http.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4217580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/http.go
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"mime"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	maxRequestContentLength = 1024 * 1024 * 5
+	contentType             = "application/json"
+)
+
+var acceptedContentTypes = []string{contentType, "application/json-rpc", "application/jsonrequest"}
+
+type httpConn struct {
+	client    *http.Client
+	url       string
+	closeOnce sync.Once
+	closeCh   chan interface{}
+	mu        sync.Mutex
+	headers   http.Header
+}
+
+func (hc *httpConn) writeJSON(context.Context, interface{}) error {
+	panic("writeJSON called on httpConn")
+}
+
+func (hc *httpConn) remoteAddr() string {
+	return hc.url
+}
+
+func (hc *httpConn) readBatch() ([]*jsonrpcMessage, bool, error) {
+	<-hc.closeCh
+	return nil, false, io.EOF
+}
+
+func (hc *httpConn) close() {
+	hc.closeOnce.Do(func() { close(hc.closeCh) })
+}
+
+func (hc *httpConn) closed() <-chan interface{} {
+	return hc.closeCh
+}
+
+func DialHTTPWithClient(endpoint string, client *http.Client) (*Client, error) {
+	_, err := url.Parse(endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	initctx := context.Background()
+	headers := make(http.Header, 2)
+	headers.Set("accept", contentType)
+	headers.Set("content-type", contentType)
+	return newClient(initctx, func(context.Context) (ServerCodec, error) {
+		hc := &httpConn{
+			client:  client,
+			headers: headers,
+			url:     endpoint,
+			closeCh: make(chan interface{}),
+		}
+		return hc, nil
+	})
+}
+
+func DialHTTP(endpoint string) (*Client, error) {
+	return DialHTTPWithClient(endpoint, new(http.Client))
+}
+
+func (c *Client) sendHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msg interface{}) error {
+	hc := c.writeConn.(*httpConn)
+	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer respBody.Close()
+
+	var respmsg jsonrpcMessage
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(respBody).Decode(&respmsg); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	op.resp <- &respmsg
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Client) sendBatchHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msgs []*jsonrpcMessage) error {
+	hc := c.writeConn.(*httpConn)
+	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, msgs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer respBody.Close()
+	var respmsgs []jsonrpcMessage
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(respBody).Decode(&respmsgs); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(respmsgs); i++ {
+		op.resp <- &respmsgs[i]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (hc *httpConn) doRequest(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	body, err := json.Marshal(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", hc.url, ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(body)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req.ContentLength = int64(len(body))
+
+	hc.mu.Lock()
+	req.Header = hc.headers.Clone()
+	hc.mu.Unlock()
+
+	resp, err := hc.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		var body []byte
+		if _, err := buf.ReadFrom(resp.Body); err == nil {
+			body = buf.Bytes()
+		}
+
+		return nil, HTTPError{
+			Status:     resp.Status,
+			StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			Body:       body,
+		}
+	}
+	return resp.Body, nil
+}
+
+type httpServerConn struct {
+	io.Reader
+	io.Writer
+	r *http.Request
+}
+
+func newHTTPServerConn(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) ServerCodec {
+	body := io.LimitReader(r.Body, maxRequestContentLength)
+	conn := &httpServerConn{Reader: body, Writer: w, r: r}
+	return NewCodec(conn)
+}
+
+func (t *httpServerConn) Close() error { return nil }
+
+func (t *httpServerConn) RemoteAddr() string {
+	return t.r.RemoteAddr
+}
+
+func (t *httpServerConn) SetWriteDeadline(time.Time) error { return nil }
+
+func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if r.Method == http.MethodGet && r.ContentLength == 0 && r.URL.RawQuery == "" {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		return
+	}
+	if code, err := validateRequest(r); err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), code)
+		return
+	}
+	ctx := r.Context()
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "remote", r.RemoteAddr)
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "scheme", r.Proto)
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "local", r.Host)
+	if ua := r.Header.Get("User-Agent"); ua != "" {
+		ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "User-Agent", ua)
+	}
+	if origin := r.Header.Get("Origin"); origin != "" {
+		ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "Origin", origin)
+	}
+
+	w.Header().Set("content-type", contentType)
+	codec := newHTTPServerConn(r, w)
+	defer codec.close()
+	s.serveSingleRequest(ctx, codec)
+}
+
+func validateRequest(r *http.Request) (int, error) {
+	if r.Method == http.MethodPut || r.Method == http.MethodDelete {
+		return http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, errors.New("method not allowed")
+	}
+	if r.ContentLength > maxRequestContentLength {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("content length too large (%d>%d)", r.ContentLength, maxRequestContentLength)
+		return http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge, err
+	}
+	if r.Method == http.MethodOptions {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	if mt, _, err := mime.ParseMediaType(r.Header.Get("content-type")); err == nil {
+		for _, accepted := range acceptedContentTypes {
+			if accepted == mt {
+				return 0, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	err := fmt.Errorf("invalid content type, only %s is supported", contentType)
+	return http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, err
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/inproc.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/inproc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f49be50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/inproc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+)
+
+func DialInProc(handler *Server) *Client {
+	initctx := context.Background()
+	c, _ := newClient(initctx, func(context.Context) (ServerCodec, error) {
+		p1, p2 := net.Pipe()
+		go handler.ServeCodec(NewCodec(p1), 0)
+		return NewCodec(p2), nil
+	})
+	return c
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4168317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+)
+
+func (s *Server) ServeListener(l net.Listener) error {
+	for {
+		conn, err := l.Accept()
+		if IsTemporaryError(err) {
+			log.Warn("RPC accept error", "err", err)
+			continue
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		log.Debug("Accepted RPC connection", "conn", conn.RemoteAddr())
+		go s.ServeCodec(NewCodec(conn), 0)
+	}
+}
+
+func DialIPC(ctx context.Context, endpoint string) (*Client, error) {
+	return newClient(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) (ServerCodec, error) {
+		conn, err := newIPCConnection(ctx, endpoint)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return NewCodec(conn), err
+	})
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_js.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_js.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02fe36d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_js.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build js
+// +build js
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+var errNotSupported = errors.New("rpc: not supported")
+
+func ipcListen(endpoint string) (net.Listener, error) {
+	return nil, errNotSupported
+}
+
+func newIPCConnection(ctx context.Context, endpoint string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	return nil, errNotSupported
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_unix.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_unix.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..919eedb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_unix.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build darwin || dragonfly || freebsd || linux || nacl || netbsd || openbsd || solaris
+// +build darwin dragonfly freebsd linux nacl netbsd openbsd solaris
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+func ipcListen(endpoint string) (net.Listener, error) {
+	if len(endpoint) > int(max_path_size) {
+		log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("The ipc endpoint is longer than %d characters. ", max_path_size),
+			"endpoint", endpoint)
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(endpoint), 0751); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	os.Remove(endpoint)
+	l, err := net.Listen("unix", endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	os.Chmod(endpoint, 0600)
+	return l, nil
+}
+
+func newIPCConnection(ctx context.Context, endpoint string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	return new(net.Dialer).DialContext(ctx, "unix", endpoint)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_windows.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e434875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/ipc_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build windows
+// +build windows
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2"
+)
+
+const defaultPipeDialTimeout = 2 * time.Second
+
+func ipcListen(endpoint string) (net.Listener, error) {
+	return npipe.Listen(endpoint)
+}
+
+func newIPCConnection(ctx context.Context, endpoint string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	timeout := defaultPipeDialTimeout
+	if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok {
+		timeout = deadline.Sub(time.Now())
+		if timeout < 0 {
+			timeout = 0
+		}
+	}
+	return npipe.DialTimeout(endpoint, timeout)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/json.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bbb31c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	vsn                      = "2.0"
+	serviceMethodSeparator   = "_"
+	subscribeMethodSuffix    = "_subscribe"
+	notificationMethodSuffix = "_subscription"
+	unsubscribeMethodSuffix  = "_unsubscribe"
+
+	defaultWriteTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+)
+
+var null = json.RawMessage("null")
+
+type subscriptionResult struct {
+	ID     string          `json:"subscription"`
+	Result json.RawMessage `json:"result,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type jsonrpcMessage struct {
+	Version string          `json:"jsonrpc,omitempty"`
+	ID      json.RawMessage `json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Method  string          `json:"method,omitempty"`
+	Params  json.RawMessage `json:"params,omitempty"`
+	Error   *jsonError      `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Result  json.RawMessage `json:"result,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) isNotification() bool {
+	return msg.ID == nil && msg.Method != ""
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) isCall() bool {
+	return msg.hasValidID() && msg.Method != ""
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) isResponse() bool {
+	return msg.hasValidID() && msg.Method == "" && msg.Params == nil && (msg.Result != nil || msg.Error != nil)
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) hasValidID() bool {
+	return len(msg.ID) > 0 && msg.ID[0] != '{' && msg.ID[0] != '['
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) isSubscribe() bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(msg.Method, subscribeMethodSuffix)
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) isUnsubscribe() bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(msg.Method, unsubscribeMethodSuffix)
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) namespace() string {
+	elem := strings.SplitN(msg.Method, serviceMethodSeparator, 2)
+	return elem[0]
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) String() string {
+	b, _ := json.Marshal(msg)
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) errorResponse(err error) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	resp := errorMessage(err)
+	resp.ID = msg.ID
+	return resp
+}
+
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) response(result interface{}) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	enc, err := json.Marshal(result)
+	if err != nil {
+		// TODO: wrap with 'internal server error'
+		return msg.errorResponse(err)
+	}
+	return &jsonrpcMessage{Version: vsn, ID: msg.ID, Result: enc}
+}
+
+func errorMessage(err error) *jsonrpcMessage {
+	msg := &jsonrpcMessage{Version: vsn, ID: null, Error: &jsonError{
+		Code:    defaultErrorCode,
+		Message: err.Error(),
+	}}
+	ec, ok := err.(Error)
+	if ok {
+		msg.Error.Code = ec.ErrorCode()
+	}
+	de, ok := err.(DataError)
+	if ok {
+		msg.Error.Data = de.ErrorData()
+	}
+	return msg
+}
+
+type jsonError struct {
+	Code    int         `json:"code"`
+	Message string      `json:"message"`
+	Data    interface{} `json:"data,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (err *jsonError) Error() string {
+	if err.Message == "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("json-rpc error %d", err.Code)
+	}
+	return err.Message
+}
+
+func (err *jsonError) ErrorCode() int {
+	return err.Code
+}
+
+func (err *jsonError) ErrorData() interface{} {
+	return err.Data
+}
+
+type Conn interface {
+	io.ReadWriteCloser
+	SetWriteDeadline(time.Time) error
+}
+
+type deadlineCloser interface {
+	io.Closer
+	SetWriteDeadline(time.Time) error
+}
+
+type ConnRemoteAddr interface {
+	RemoteAddr() string
+}
+
+type jsonCodec struct {
+	remote  string
+	closer  sync.Once
+	closeCh chan interface{}
+	decode  func(v interface{}) error
+	encMu   sync.Mutex
+	encode  func(v interface{}) error
+	conn    deadlineCloser
+}
+
+func NewFuncCodec(conn deadlineCloser, encode, decode func(v interface{}) error) ServerCodec {
+	codec := &jsonCodec{
+		closeCh: make(chan interface{}),
+		encode:  encode,
+		decode:  decode,
+		conn:    conn,
+	}
+	if ra, ok := conn.(ConnRemoteAddr); ok {
+		codec.remote = ra.RemoteAddr()
+	}
+	return codec
+}
+
+func NewCodec(conn Conn) ServerCodec {
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(conn)
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(conn)
+	dec.UseNumber()
+	return NewFuncCodec(conn, enc.Encode, dec.Decode)
+}
+
+func (c *jsonCodec) remoteAddr() string {
+	return c.remote
+}
+
+func (c *jsonCodec) readBatch() (messages []*jsonrpcMessage, batch bool, err error) {
+	// Decode the next JSON object in the input stream.
+	// This verifies basic syntax, etc.
+	var rawmsg json.RawMessage
+	if err := c.decode(&rawmsg); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	messages, batch = parseMessage(rawmsg)
+	for i, msg := range messages {
+		if msg == nil {
+			// Message is JSON 'null'. Replace with zero value so it
+			// will be treated like any other invalid message.
+			messages[i] = new(jsonrpcMessage)
+		}
+	}
+	return messages, batch, nil
+}
+
+func (c *jsonCodec) writeJSON(ctx context.Context, v interface{}) error {
+	c.encMu.Lock()
+	defer c.encMu.Unlock()
+
+	deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline()
+	if !ok {
+		deadline = time.Now().Add(defaultWriteTimeout)
+	}
+	c.conn.SetWriteDeadline(deadline)
+	return c.encode(v)
+}
+
+func (c *jsonCodec) close() {
+	c.closer.Do(func() {
+		close(c.closeCh)
+		c.conn.Close()
+	})
+}
+
+// Closed returns a channel which will be closed when Close is called
+func (c *jsonCodec) closed() <-chan interface{} {
+	return c.closeCh
+}
+
+func parseMessage(raw json.RawMessage) ([]*jsonrpcMessage, bool) {
+	if !isBatch(raw) {
+		msgs := []*jsonrpcMessage{{}}
+		json.Unmarshal(raw, &msgs[0])
+		return msgs, false
+	}
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(raw))
+	dec.Token() // skip '['
+	var msgs []*jsonrpcMessage
+	for dec.More() {
+		msgs = append(msgs, new(jsonrpcMessage))
+		dec.Decode(&msgs[len(msgs)-1])
+	}
+	return msgs, true
+}
+
+// isBatch returns true when the first non-whitespace characters is '['
+func isBatch(raw json.RawMessage) bool {
+	for _, c := range raw {
+		// skip insignificant whitespace (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt)
+		if c == 0x20 || c == 0x09 || c == 0x0a || c == 0x0d {
+			continue
+		}
+		return c == '['
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func parsePositionalArguments(rawArgs json.RawMessage, types []reflect.Type) ([]reflect.Value, error) {
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(rawArgs))
+	var args []reflect.Value
+	tok, err := dec.Token()
+	switch {
+	case err == io.EOF || tok == nil && err == nil:
+	case err != nil:
+		return nil, err
+	case tok == json.Delim('['):
+		if args, err = parseArgumentArray(dec, types); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.New("non-array args")
+	}
+	for i := len(args); i < len(types); i++ {
+		if types[i].Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing value for required argument %d", i)
+		}
+		args = append(args, reflect.Zero(types[i]))
+	}
+	return args, nil
+}
+
+func parseArgumentArray(dec *json.Decoder, types []reflect.Type) ([]reflect.Value, error) {
+	args := make([]reflect.Value, 0, len(types))
+	for i := 0; dec.More(); i++ {
+		if i >= len(types) {
+			return args, fmt.Errorf("too many arguments, want at most %d", len(types))
+		}
+		argval := reflect.New(types[i])
+		if err := dec.Decode(argval.Interface()); err != nil {
+			return args, fmt.Errorf("invalid argument %d: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if argval.IsNil() && types[i].Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+			return args, fmt.Errorf("missing value for required argument %d", i)
+		}
+		args = append(args, argval.Elem())
+	}
+	_, err := dec.Token()
+	return args, err
+}
+
+func parseSubscriptionName(rawArgs json.RawMessage) (string, error) {
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(rawArgs))
+	if tok, _ := dec.Token(); tok != json.Delim('[') {
+		return "", errors.New("non-array args")
+	}
+	v, _ := dec.Token()
+	method, ok := v.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return "", errors.New("expected subscription name as first argument")
+	}
+	return method, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/metrics.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d23b5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/metrics/prometheus"
+)
+
+var (
+	rpcMetricsLabels   = map[bool]map[string]string{}
+	rpcRequestGauge    = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("rpc_total")
+	failedReqeustGauge = prometheus.GetOrCreateCounter("rpc_failure")
+)
+
+func createRPCMetricsLabel(method string, valid bool) string {
+	status := "failure"
+	if valid {
+		status = "success"
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`rpc_duration_seconds{method="%s",success="%s"}`, method, status)
+
+}
+
+func newRPCServingTimerMS(method string, valid bool) prometheus.Summary {
+	label, ok := rpcMetricsLabels[valid][method]
+	if !ok {
+		label = createRPCMetricsLabel(method, valid)
+	}
+
+	return prometheus.GetOrCreateSummary(label)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/server.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/server.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00e5e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/server.go
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set"
+	"io"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+const JSONRPCApi = "rpc"
+
+type CodecOption int
+
+type Server struct {
+	services serviceRegistry
+	idgen    func() ID
+	run      int32
+	codecs   mapset.Set
+}
+
+func NewServer() *Server {
+	server := &Server{idgen: randomIDGenerator(), codecs: mapset.NewSet(), run: 1}
+	rpcService := &RPCService{server}
+	server.RegisterName(JSONRPCApi, rpcService)
+	return server
+}
+
+func (s *Server) RegisterName(name string, receiver interface{}) error {
+	return s.services.registerName(name, receiver)
+}
+
+func (s *Server) ServeCodec(codec ServerCodec, options CodecOption) {
+	defer codec.close()
+
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&s.run) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.codecs.Add(codec)
+	defer s.codecs.Remove(codec)
+
+	c := initClient(codec, s.idgen, &s.services)
+	<-codec.closed()
+	c.Close()
+}
+
+func (s *Server) serveSingleRequest(ctx context.Context, codec ServerCodec) {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&s.run) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	h := newHandler(ctx, codec, s.idgen, &s.services)
+	h.allowSubscribe = false
+	defer h.close(io.EOF, nil)
+
+	reqs, batch, err := codec.readBatch()
+	if err != nil {
+		if err != io.EOF {
+			codec.writeJSON(ctx, errorMessage(&invalidMessageError{"parse error"}))
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	if batch {
+		h.handleBatch(reqs)
+	} else {
+		h.handleMsg(reqs[0])
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Server) Stop() {
+	if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.run, 1, 0) {
+		log.Debug("RPC server shutting down")
+		s.codecs.Each(func(c interface{}) bool {
+			c.(ServerCodec).close()
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type RPCService struct {
+	server *Server
+}
+
+func (s *RPCService) Modules() map[string]string {
+	s.server.services.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.server.services.mu.Unlock()
+
+	modules := make(map[string]string)
+	for name := range s.server.services.services {
+		modules[name] = "1.0"
+	}
+	return modules
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/service.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a4ec1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+var (
+	contextType      = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
+	errorType        = reflect.TypeOf((*error)(nil)).Elem()
+	subscriptionType = reflect.TypeOf(Subscription{})
+	stringType       = reflect.TypeOf("")
+)
+
+type serviceRegistry struct {
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	services map[string]service
+}
+
+type service struct {
+	name          string
+	callbacks     map[string]*callback
+	subscriptions map[string]*callback // available subscriptions/notifications
+}
+
+type callback struct {
+	fn          reflect.Value
+	rcvr        reflect.Value
+	argTypes    []reflect.Type
+	hasCtx      bool
+	errPos      int
+	isSubscribe bool // true if this is a subscription callback
+}
+
+func (r *serviceRegistry) registerName(name string, rcvr interface{}) error {
+	rcvrVal := reflect.ValueOf(rcvr)
+	if name == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no service name for type %s", rcvrVal.Type().String())
+	}
+	callbacks := suitableCallbacks(rcvrVal)
+	if len(callbacks) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("service %T doesn't have any suitable methods/subscriptions to expose", rcvr)
+	}
+
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	if r.services == nil {
+		r.services = make(map[string]service)
+	}
+	svc, ok := r.services[name]
+	if !ok {
+		svc = service{
+			name:          name,
+			callbacks:     make(map[string]*callback),
+			subscriptions: make(map[string]*callback),
+		}
+		r.services[name] = svc
+	}
+	for name, cb := range callbacks {
+		if cb.isSubscribe {
+			svc.subscriptions[name] = cb
+		} else {
+			svc.callbacks[name] = cb
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *serviceRegistry) callback(method string) *callback {
+	elem := strings.SplitN(method, serviceMethodSeparator, 2)
+	if len(elem) != 2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	// todo
+	//log.Info("meth %+v", r.services[elem[0]].callbacks)
+	return r.services[elem[0]].callbacks[elem[1]]
+}
+
+// subscription returns a subscription callback in the given service.
+func (r *serviceRegistry) subscription(service, name string) *callback {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	return r.services[service].subscriptions[name]
+}
+
+func suitableCallbacks(receiver reflect.Value) map[string]*callback {
+	typ := receiver.Type()
+	callbacks := make(map[string]*callback)
+	for m := 0; m < typ.NumMethod(); m++ {
+		method := typ.Method(m)
+		if method.PkgPath != "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		cb := newCallback(receiver, method.Func)
+		if cb == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := formatName(method.Name)
+		callbacks[name] = cb
+	}
+	return callbacks
+}
+
+func newCallback(receiver, fn reflect.Value) *callback {
+	fntype := fn.Type()
+	c := &callback{fn: fn, rcvr: receiver, errPos: -1, isSubscribe: isPubSub(fntype)}
+	c.makeArgTypes()
+
+	outs := make([]reflect.Type, fntype.NumOut())
+	for i := 0; i < fntype.NumOut(); i++ {
+		outs[i] = fntype.Out(i)
+	}
+	if len(outs) > 2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch {
+	case len(outs) == 1 && isErrorType(outs[0]):
+		c.errPos = 0
+	case len(outs) == 2:
+		if isErrorType(outs[0]) || !isErrorType(outs[1]) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		c.errPos = 1
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *callback) makeArgTypes() {
+	fntype := c.fn.Type()
+	firstArg := 0
+	if c.rcvr.IsValid() {
+		firstArg++
+	}
+	if fntype.NumIn() > firstArg && fntype.In(firstArg) == contextType {
+		c.hasCtx = true
+		firstArg++
+	}
+	c.argTypes = make([]reflect.Type, fntype.NumIn()-firstArg)
+	for i := firstArg; i < fntype.NumIn(); i++ {
+		c.argTypes[i-firstArg] = fntype.In(i)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *callback) call(ctx context.Context, method string, args []reflect.Value) (res interface{}, errRes error) {
+	fullargs := make([]reflect.Value, 0, 2+len(args))
+	if c.rcvr.IsValid() {
+		fullargs = append(fullargs, c.rcvr)
+	}
+	if c.hasCtx {
+		fullargs = append(fullargs, reflect.ValueOf(ctx))
+	}
+	fullargs = append(fullargs, args...)
+
+	defer func() {
+		// if err := recover(); err != nil {
+		// 	const size = 64 << 10
+		// 	buf := make([]byte, size)
+		// 	buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
+		// 	log.Error("RPC method " + method + " crashed: " + fmt.Sprintf("%v\n%s", err, buf))
+		// 	errRes = errors.New("method handler crashed")
+		// }
+	}()
+	results := c.fn.Call(fullargs)
+	if len(results) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if c.errPos >= 0 && !results[c.errPos].IsNil() {
+		err := results[c.errPos].Interface().(error)
+		return reflect.Value{}, err
+	}
+	return results[0].Interface(), nil
+}
+
+// Is t context.Context or *context.Context?
+func isContextType(t reflect.Type) bool {
+	for t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		t = t.Elem()
+	}
+	return t == contextType
+}
+
+func isErrorType(t reflect.Type) bool {
+	for t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		t = t.Elem()
+	}
+	return t.Implements(errorType)
+}
+
+// Is t Subscription or *Subscription?
+func isSubscriptionType(t reflect.Type) bool {
+	for t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		t = t.Elem()
+	}
+	return t == subscriptionType
+}
+
+// isPubSub tests whether the given method has as as first argument a context.Context and
+// returns the pair (Subscription, error).
+func isPubSub(methodType reflect.Type) bool {
+	// numIn(0) is the receiver type
+	if methodType.NumIn() < 2 || methodType.NumOut() != 2 {
+		return false
+	}
+	return isContextType(methodType.In(1)) &&
+		isSubscriptionType(methodType.Out(0)) &&
+		isErrorType(methodType.Out(1))
+}
+
+func formatName(name string) string {
+	ret := []rune(name)
+	if len(ret) > 0 {
+		ret[0] = unicode.ToLower(ret[0])
+	}
+	return string(ret)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/subscription.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/subscription.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acc33fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/subscription.go
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"container/list"
+	"context"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"math/rand"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrNotificationsUnsupported is returned when the connection doesn't support notifications
+	ErrNotificationsUnsupported = errors.New("notifications not supported")
+	// ErrSubscriptionNotFound is returned when the notification for the given id is not found
+	ErrSubscriptionNotFound = errors.New("subscription not found")
+)
+
+var globalGen = randomIDGenerator()
+
+// ID defines a pseudo random number that is used to identify RPC subscriptions.
+type ID string
+
+// NewID returns a new, random ID.
+func NewID() ID {
+	return globalGen()
+}
+
+// randomIDGenerator returns a function generates a random IDs.
+func randomIDGenerator() func() ID {
+	var buf = make([]byte, 8)
+	var seed int64
+	if _, err := crand.Read(buf); err == nil {
+		seed = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buf))
+	} else {
+		seed = int64(time.Now().Nanosecond())
+	}
+
+	var (
+		mu  sync.Mutex
+		rng = rand.New(rand.NewSource(seed))
+	)
+	return func() ID {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		id := make([]byte, 16)
+		rng.Read(id)
+		return encodeID(id)
+	}
+}
+
+func encodeID(b []byte) ID {
+	id := hex.EncodeToString(b)
+	id = strings.TrimLeft(id, "0")
+	if id == "" {
+		id = "0" // ID's are RPC quantities, no leading zero's and 0 is 0x0.
+	}
+	return ID("0x" + id)
+}
+
+type notifierKey struct{}
+
+// NotifierFromContext returns the Notifier value stored in ctx, if any.
+func NotifierFromContext(ctx context.Context) (*Notifier, bool) {
+	n, ok := ctx.Value(notifierKey{}).(*Notifier)
+	return n, ok
+}
+
+// Notifier is tied to a RPC connection that supports subscriptions.
+// Server callbacks use the notifier to send notifications.
+type Notifier struct {
+	h         *handler
+	namespace string
+
+	mu           sync.Mutex
+	sub          *Subscription
+	buffer       []json.RawMessage
+	callReturned bool
+	activated    bool
+}
+
+// CreateSubscription returns a new subscription that is coupled to the
+// RPC connection. By default subscriptions are inactive and notifications
+// are dropped until the subscription is marked as active. This is done
+// by the RPC server after the subscription ID is send to the client.
+func (n *Notifier) CreateSubscription() *Subscription {
+	n.mu.Lock()
+	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if n.sub != nil {
+		panic("can't create multiple subscriptions with Notifier")
+	} else if n.callReturned {
+		panic("can't create subscription after subscribe call has returned")
+	}
+	n.sub = &Subscription{ID: n.h.idgen(), namespace: n.namespace, err: make(chan error, 1)}
+	return n.sub
+}
+
+// Notify sends a notification to the client with the given data as payload.
+// If an error occurs the RPC connection is closed and the error is returned.
+func (n *Notifier) Notify(id ID, data interface{}) error {
+	enc, err := json.Marshal(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	n.mu.Lock()
+	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if n.sub == nil {
+		panic("can't Notify before subscription is created")
+	} else if n.sub.ID != id {
+		panic("Notify with wrong ID")
+	}
+	if n.activated {
+		return n.send(n.sub, enc)
+	}
+	n.buffer = append(n.buffer, enc)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Closed returns a channel that is closed when the RPC connection is closed.
+// Deprecated: use subscription error channel
+func (n *Notifier) Closed() <-chan interface{} {
+	return n.h.conn.closed()
+}
+
+// takeSubscription returns the subscription (if one has been created). No subscription can
+// be created after this call.
+func (n *Notifier) takeSubscription() *Subscription {
+	n.mu.Lock()
+	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+	n.callReturned = true
+	return n.sub
+}
+
+// activate is called after the subscription ID was sent to client. Notifications are
+// buffered before activation. This prevents notifications being sent to the client before
+// the subscription ID is sent to the client.
+func (n *Notifier) activate() error {
+	n.mu.Lock()
+	defer n.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, data := range n.buffer {
+		if err := n.send(n.sub, data); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	n.activated = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *Notifier) send(sub *Subscription, data json.RawMessage) error {
+	params, _ := json.Marshal(&subscriptionResult{ID: string(sub.ID), Result: data})
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	return n.h.conn.writeJSON(ctx, &jsonrpcMessage{
+		Version: vsn,
+		Method:  n.namespace + notificationMethodSuffix,
+		Params:  params,
+	})
+}
+
+// A Subscription is created by a notifier and tied to that notifier. The client can use
+// this subscription to wait for an unsubscribe request for the client, see Err().
+type Subscription struct {
+	ID        ID
+	namespace string
+	err       chan error // closed on unsubscribe
+}
+
+// Err returns a channel that is closed when the client send an unsubscribe request.
+func (s *Subscription) Err() <-chan error {
+	return s.err
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals a subscription as its ID.
+func (s *Subscription) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(s.ID)
+}
+
+// ClientSubscription is a subscription established through the Client's Subscribe or
+// EthSubscribe methods.
+type ClientSubscription struct {
+	client    *Client
+	etype     reflect.Type
+	channel   reflect.Value
+	namespace string
+	subid     string
+
+	// The in channel receives notification values from client dispatcher.
+	in chan json.RawMessage
+
+	// The error channel receives the error from the forwarding loop.
+	// It is closed by Unsubscribe.
+	err     chan error
+	errOnce sync.Once
+
+	// Closing of the subscription is requested by sending on 'quit'. This is handled by
+	// the forwarding loop, which closes 'forwardDone' when it has stopped sending to
+	// sub.channel. Finally, 'unsubDone' is closed after unsubscribing on the server side.
+	quit        chan error
+	forwardDone chan struct{}
+	unsubDone   chan struct{}
+}
+
+// This is the sentinel value sent on sub.quit when Unsubscribe is called.
+var errUnsubscribed = errors.New("unsubscribed")
+
+func newClientSubscription(c *Client, namespace string, channel reflect.Value) *ClientSubscription {
+	sub := &ClientSubscription{
+		client:      c,
+		namespace:   namespace,
+		etype:       channel.Type().Elem(),
+		channel:     channel,
+		in:          make(chan json.RawMessage),
+		quit:        make(chan error),
+		forwardDone: make(chan struct{}),
+		unsubDone:   make(chan struct{}),
+		err:         make(chan error, 1),
+	}
+	return sub
+}
+
+// Err returns the subscription error channel. The intended use of Err is to schedule
+// resubscription when the client connection is closed unexpectedly.
+//
+// The error channel receives a value when the subscription has ended due to an error. The
+// received error is nil if Close has been called on the underlying client and no other
+// error has occurred.
+//
+// The error channel is closed when Unsubscribe is called on the subscription.
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) Err() <-chan error {
+	return sub.err
+}
+
+// Unsubscribe unsubscribes the notification and closes the error channel.
+// It can safely be called more than once.
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) Unsubscribe() {
+	sub.errOnce.Do(func() {
+		select {
+		case sub.quit <- errUnsubscribed:
+			<-sub.unsubDone
+		case <-sub.unsubDone:
+		}
+		close(sub.err)
+	})
+}
+
+// deliver is called by the client's message dispatcher to send a notification value.
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) deliver(result json.RawMessage) (ok bool) {
+	select {
+	case sub.in <- result:
+		return true
+	case <-sub.forwardDone:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// close is called by the client's message dispatcher when the connection is closed.
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) close(err error) {
+	select {
+	case sub.quit <- err:
+	case <-sub.forwardDone:
+	}
+}
+
+// run is the forwarding loop of the subscription. It runs in its own goroutine and
+// is launched by the client's handler after the subscription has been created.
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) run() {
+	defer close(sub.unsubDone)
+
+	unsubscribe, err := sub.forward()
+
+	// The client's dispatch loop won't be able to execute the unsubscribe call if it is
+	// blocked in sub.deliver() or sub.close(). Closing forwardDone unblocks them.
+	close(sub.forwardDone)
+
+	// Call the unsubscribe method on the server.
+	if unsubscribe {
+		sub.requestUnsubscribe()
+	}
+
+	// Send the error.
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == ErrClientQuit {
+			// ErrClientQuit gets here when Client.Close is called. This is reported as a
+			// nil error because it's not an error, but we can't close sub.err here.
+			err = nil
+		}
+		sub.err <- err
+	}
+}
+
+// forward is the forwarding loop. It takes in RPC notifications and sends them
+// on the subscription channel.
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) forward() (unsubscribeServer bool, err error) {
+	cases := []reflect.SelectCase{
+		{Dir: reflect.SelectRecv, Chan: reflect.ValueOf(sub.quit)},
+		{Dir: reflect.SelectRecv, Chan: reflect.ValueOf(sub.in)},
+		{Dir: reflect.SelectSend, Chan: sub.channel},
+	}
+	buffer := list.New()
+
+	for {
+		var chosen int
+		var recv reflect.Value
+		if buffer.Len() == 0 {
+			// Idle, omit send case.
+			chosen, recv, _ = reflect.Select(cases[:2])
+		} else {
+			// Non-empty buffer, send the first queued item.
+			cases[2].Send = reflect.ValueOf(buffer.Front().Value)
+			chosen, recv, _ = reflect.Select(cases)
+		}
+
+		switch chosen {
+		case 0: // <-sub.quit
+			if !recv.IsNil() {
+				err = recv.Interface().(error)
+			}
+			if err == errUnsubscribed {
+				// Exiting because Unsubscribe was called, unsubscribe on server.
+				return true, nil
+			}
+			return false, err
+
+		case 1: // <-sub.in
+			val, err := sub.unmarshal(recv.Interface().(json.RawMessage))
+			if err != nil {
+				return true, err
+			}
+			if buffer.Len() == maxClientSubscriptionBuffer {
+				return true, ErrSubscriptionQueueOverflow
+			}
+			buffer.PushBack(val)
+
+		case 2: // sub.channel<-
+			cases[2].Send = reflect.Value{} // Don't hold onto the value.
+			buffer.Remove(buffer.Front())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) unmarshal(result json.RawMessage) (interface{}, error) {
+	val := reflect.New(sub.etype)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(result, val.Interface())
+	return val.Elem().Interface(), err
+}
+
+func (sub *ClientSubscription) requestUnsubscribe() error {
+	var result interface{}
+	return sub.client.Call(&result, sub.namespace+unsubscribeMethodSuffix, sub.subid)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/toobig_notwindows.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/toobig_notwindows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d62b96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/toobig_notwindows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !windows
+// +build !windows
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+func isPacketTooBig(err error) bool {
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/toobig_windows.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/toobig_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf28f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/toobig_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build windows
+// +build windows
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+const _WSAEMSGSIZE = syscall.Errno(10040)
+
+func isPacketTooBig(err error) bool {
+	if opErr, ok := err.(*net.OpError); ok {
+		if scErr, ok := opErr.Err.(*os.SyscallError); ok {
+			return scErr.Err == _WSAEMSGSIZE
+		}
+		return opErr.Err == _WSAEMSGSIZE
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/types.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b400bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+type API struct {
+	Namespace     string
+	Service       interface{}
+	Authenticated bool // whether the api should only be available behind authentication.
+}
+
+type ServerCodec interface {
+	readBatch() (msgs []*jsonrpcMessage, isBatch bool, err error)
+	close()
+	jsonWriter
+}
+type jsonWriter interface {
+	writeJSON(context.Context, interface{}) error
+	// Closed returns a channel which is closed when the connection is closed.
+	closed() <-chan interface{}
+	// RemoteAddr returns the peer address of the connection.
+	remoteAddr() string
+}
+
+type BlockNumber int64
+
+const (
+	SafeBlockNumber      = BlockNumber(-4)
+	FinalizedBlockNumber = BlockNumber(-3)
+	PendingBlockNumber   = BlockNumber(-2)
+	LatestBlockNumber    = BlockNumber(-1)
+	EarliestBlockNumber  = BlockNumber(0)
+)
+
+func (bn *BlockNumber) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	input := strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	if len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '"' && input[len(input)-1] == '"' {
+		input = input[1 : len(input)-1]
+	}
+
+	switch input {
+	case "earliest":
+		*bn = EarliestBlockNumber
+		return nil
+	case "latest":
+		*bn = LatestBlockNumber
+		return nil
+	case "pending":
+		*bn = PendingBlockNumber
+		return nil
+	case "finalized":
+		*bn = FinalizedBlockNumber
+		return nil
+	case "safe":
+		*bn = SafeBlockNumber
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	blckNum, err := DecodeUint64(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if blckNum > math.MaxInt64 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("block number larger than int64")
+	}
+	*bn = BlockNumber(blckNum)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (bn BlockNumber) Int64() int64 {
+	return (int64)(bn)
+}
+
+type BlockNumberOrHash struct {
+	BlockNumber      *BlockNumber `json:"blockNumber,omitempty"`
+	BlockHash        *types.Hash  `json:"blockHash,omitempty"`
+	RequireCanonical bool         `json:"requireCanonical,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (bnh *BlockNumberOrHash) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type erased BlockNumberOrHash
+	e := erased{}
+	err := json.Unmarshal(data, &e)
+	if err == nil {
+		if e.BlockNumber != nil && e.BlockHash != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both BlockHash and BlockNumber, choose one or the other")
+		}
+		bnh.BlockNumber = e.BlockNumber
+		bnh.BlockHash = e.BlockHash
+		bnh.RequireCanonical = e.RequireCanonical
+		return nil
+	}
+	var input string
+	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	switch input {
+	case "earliest":
+		bn := EarliestBlockNumber
+		bnh.BlockNumber = &bn
+		return nil
+	case "latest":
+		bn := LatestBlockNumber
+		bnh.BlockNumber = &bn
+		return nil
+	case "pending":
+		bn := PendingBlockNumber
+		bnh.BlockNumber = &bn
+		return nil
+	default:
+		if len(input) == 66 {
+			hash := types.Hash{}
+			err := UnmarshalText(hash, []byte(input))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			bnh.BlockHash = &hash
+			return nil
+		} else {
+			blckNum, err := DecodeUint64(input)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if blckNum > math.MaxInt64 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("blocknumber too high")
+			}
+			bn := BlockNumber(blckNum)
+			bnh.BlockNumber = &bn
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (bnh *BlockNumberOrHash) Number() (BlockNumber, bool) {
+	if bnh.BlockNumber != nil {
+		return *bnh.BlockNumber, true
+	}
+	return BlockNumber(0), false
+}
+
+func (bnh *BlockNumberOrHash) Hash() (types.Hash, bool) {
+	if bnh.BlockHash != nil {
+		return *bnh.BlockHash, true
+	}
+	return types.Hash{}, false
+}
+
+func BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(blockNr BlockNumber) BlockNumberOrHash {
+	return BlockNumberOrHash{
+		BlockNumber:      &blockNr,
+		BlockHash:        nil,
+		RequireCanonical: false,
+	}
+}
+
+func BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(hash types.Hash, canonical bool) BlockNumberOrHash {
+	return BlockNumberOrHash{
+		BlockNumber:      nil,
+		BlockHash:        &hash,
+		RequireCanonical: canonical,
+	}
+}
+
+func (bnh *BlockNumberOrHash) String() string {
+	if bnh.BlockNumber != nil {
+		return strconv.Itoa(int(*bnh.BlockNumber))
+	}
+	if bnh.BlockHash != nil {
+		return bnh.BlockHash.String()
+	}
+	return "nil"
+}
+
+// DecimalOrHex unmarshals a non-negative decimal or hex parameter into a uint64.
+type DecimalOrHex uint64
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
+func (dh *DecimalOrHex) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	input := strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	if len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '"' && input[len(input)-1] == '"' {
+		input = input[1 : len(input)-1]
+	}
+
+	value, err := strconv.ParseUint(input, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		value, err = hexutil.DecodeUint64(input)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*dh = DecimalOrHex(value)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/util.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2420f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+const uintBits = 32 << (uint64(^uint(0)) >> 63)
+
+var (
+	ErrEmptyString   = &decError{"empty hex string"}
+	ErrSyntax        = &decError{"invalid hex string"}
+	ErrMissingPrefix = &decError{"hex string without 0x prefix"}
+	ErrOddLength     = &decError{"hex string of odd length"}
+	ErrEmptyNumber   = &decError{"hex string \"0x\""}
+	ErrLeadingZero   = &decError{"hex number with leading zero digits"}
+	ErrUint64Range   = &decError{"hex number > 64 bits"}
+	ErrUintRange     = &decError{fmt.Sprintf("hex number > %d bits", uintBits)}
+	ErrBig256Range   = &decError{"hex number > 256 bits"}
+)
+
+const badNibble = ^uint64(0)
+
+type decError struct{ msg string }
+
+func (err decError) Error() string { return err.msg }
+
+func DecodeUint64(input string) (uint64, error) {
+	raw, err := checkNumber(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	dec, err := strconv.ParseUint(raw, 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = mapError(err)
+	}
+	return dec, err
+}
+
+func mapError(err error) error {
+	if err, ok := err.(*strconv.NumError); ok {
+		switch err.Err {
+		case strconv.ErrRange:
+			return ErrUint64Range
+		case strconv.ErrSyntax:
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := err.(hex.InvalidByteError); ok {
+		return ErrSyntax
+	}
+	if err == hex.ErrLength {
+		return ErrOddLength
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func has0xPrefix(input string) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '0' && (input[1] == 'x' || input[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+func checkNumber(input string) (raw string, err error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrEmptyString
+	}
+	if !has0xPrefix(input) {
+		return "", ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	input = input[2:]
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrEmptyNumber
+	}
+	if len(input) > 1 && input[0] == '0' {
+		return "", ErrLeadingZero
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func bytesHave0xPrefix(input []byte) bool {
+	return len(input) >= 2 && input[0] == '0' && (input[1] == 'x' || input[1] == 'X')
+}
+
+func checkText(input []byte, wantPrefix bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil // empty strings are allowed
+	}
+	if bytesHave0xPrefix(input) {
+		input = input[2:]
+	} else if wantPrefix {
+		return nil, ErrMissingPrefix
+	}
+	if len(input)%2 != 0 {
+		return nil, ErrOddLength
+	}
+	return input, nil
+}
+
+func UnmarshalFixedText(typname string, input, out []byte) error {
+	raw, err := checkText(input, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(raw)/2 != len(out) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("hex string has length %d, want %d for %s", len(raw), len(out)*2, typname)
+	}
+	// Pre-verify syntax before modifying out.
+	for _, b := range raw {
+		if decodeNibble(b) == badNibble {
+			return ErrSyntax
+		}
+	}
+	hex.Decode(out, raw)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeNibble(in byte) uint64 {
+	switch {
+	case in >= '0' && in <= '9':
+		return uint64(in - '0')
+	case in >= 'A' && in <= 'F':
+		return uint64(in - 'A' + 10)
+	case in >= 'a' && in <= 'f':
+		return uint64(in - 'a' + 10)
+	default:
+		return badNibble
+	}
+}
+func UnmarshalText(h types.Hash, input []byte) error {
+	return UnmarshalFixedText("Hash", input, h[:])
+}
+
+func IsTemporaryError(err error) bool {
+	tempErr, ok := err.(interface {
+		Temporary() bool
+	})
+	return ok && tempErr.Temporary() || isPacketTooBig(err)
+}
diff --git a/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/websocket.go b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/websocket.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5988520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/rpc/jsonrpc/websocket.go
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jsonrpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set"
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
+)
+
+const (
+	wsReadBuffer       = 1024
+	wsWriteBuffer      = 1024
+	wsPingInterval     = 60 * time.Second
+	wsPingWriteTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	wsPongTimeout      = 30 * time.Second
+	wsMessageSizeLimit = 15 * 1024 * 1024
+)
+
+var wsBufferPool = new(sync.Pool)
+
+// WebsocketHandler returns a handler that serves JSON-RPC to WebSocket connections.
+//
+// allowedOrigins should be a comma-separated list of allowed origin URLs.
+// To allow connections with any origin, pass "*".
+func (s *Server) WebsocketHandler(allowedOrigins []string) http.Handler {
+	var upgrader = websocket.Upgrader{
+		ReadBufferSize:  wsReadBuffer,
+		WriteBufferSize: wsWriteBuffer,
+		WriteBufferPool: wsBufferPool,
+		CheckOrigin:     wsHandshakeValidator(allowedOrigins),
+	}
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		conn, err := upgrader.Upgrade(w, r, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debug("WebSocket upgrade failed", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+		codec := newWebsocketCodec(conn, r.Host, r.Header)
+		s.ServeCodec(codec, 0)
+	})
+}
+
+// wsHandshakeValidator returns a handler that verifies the origin during the
+// websocket upgrade process. When a '*' is specified as an allowed origins all
+// connections are accepted.
+func wsHandshakeValidator(allowedOrigins []string) func(*http.Request) bool {
+	origins := mapset.NewSet()
+	allowAllOrigins := false
+
+	for _, origin := range allowedOrigins {
+		if origin == "*" {
+			allowAllOrigins = true
+		}
+		if origin != "" {
+			origins.Add(origin)
+		}
+	}
+	// allow localhost if no allowedOrigins are specified.
+	if len(origins.ToSlice()) == 0 {
+		origins.Add("http://localhost")
+		if hostname, err := os.Hostname(); err == nil {
+			origins.Add("http://" + hostname)
+		}
+	}
+	log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Allowed origin(s) for WS RPC interface %v", origins.ToSlice()))
+
+	f := func(req *http.Request) bool {
+		// Skip origin verification if no Origin header is present. The origin check
+		// is supposed to protect against browser based attacks. Browsers always set
+		// Origin. Non-browser software can put anything in origin and checking it doesn't
+		// provide additional security.
+		if _, ok := req.Header["Origin"]; !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		// Verify origin against allow list.
+		origin := strings.ToLower(req.Header.Get("Origin"))
+		if allowAllOrigins || originIsAllowed(origins, origin) {
+			return true
+		}
+		log.Warn("Rejected WebSocket connection", "origin", origin)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return f
+}
+
+type wsHandshakeError struct {
+	err    error
+	status string
+}
+
+func (e wsHandshakeError) Error() string {
+	s := e.err.Error()
+	if e.status != "" {
+		s += " (HTTP status " + e.status + ")"
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func originIsAllowed(allowedOrigins mapset.Set, browserOrigin string) bool {
+	it := allowedOrigins.Iterator()
+	for origin := range it.C {
+		if ruleAllowsOrigin(origin.(string), browserOrigin) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func ruleAllowsOrigin(allowedOrigin string, browserOrigin string) bool {
+	var (
+		allowedScheme, allowedHostname, allowedPort string
+		browserScheme, browserHostname, browserPort string
+		err                                         error
+	)
+	allowedScheme, allowedHostname, allowedPort, err = parseOriginURL(allowedOrigin)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("Error parsing allowed origin specification", "spec", allowedOrigin, "error", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	browserScheme, browserHostname, browserPort, err = parseOriginURL(browserOrigin)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warn("Error parsing browser 'Origin' field", "Origin", browserOrigin, "error", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	if allowedScheme != "" && allowedScheme != browserScheme {
+		return false
+	}
+	if allowedHostname != "" && allowedHostname != browserHostname {
+		return false
+	}
+	if allowedPort != "" && allowedPort != browserPort {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func parseOriginURL(origin string) (string, string, string, error) {
+	parsedURL, err := url.Parse(strings.ToLower(origin))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", err
+	}
+	var scheme, hostname, port string
+	if strings.Contains(origin, "://") {
+		scheme = parsedURL.Scheme
+		hostname = parsedURL.Hostname()
+		port = parsedURL.Port()
+	} else {
+		scheme = ""
+		hostname = parsedURL.Scheme
+		port = parsedURL.Opaque
+		if hostname == "" {
+			hostname = origin
+		}
+	}
+	return scheme, hostname, port, nil
+}
+
+// DialWebsocketWithDialer creates a new RPC client that communicates with a JSON-RPC server
+// that is listening on the given endpoint using the provided dialer.
+func DialWebsocketWithDialer(ctx context.Context, endpoint, origin string, dialer websocket.Dialer) (*Client, error) {
+	endpoint, header, err := wsClientHeaders(endpoint, origin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return newClient(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) (ServerCodec, error) {
+		conn, resp, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, endpoint, header)
+		if err != nil {
+			hErr := wsHandshakeError{err: err}
+			if resp != nil {
+				hErr.status = resp.Status
+			}
+			return nil, hErr
+		}
+		return newWebsocketCodec(conn, endpoint, header), nil
+	})
+}
+
+// DialWebsocket creates a new RPC client that communicates with a JSON-RPC server
+// that is listening on the given endpoint.
+//
+// The context is used for the initial connection establishment. It does not
+// affect subsequent interactions with the client.
+func DialWebsocket(ctx context.Context, endpoint, origin string) (*Client, error) {
+	dialer := websocket.Dialer{
+		ReadBufferSize:  wsReadBuffer,
+		WriteBufferSize: wsWriteBuffer,
+		WriteBufferPool: wsBufferPool,
+	}
+	return DialWebsocketWithDialer(ctx, endpoint, origin, dialer)
+}
+
+func wsClientHeaders(endpoint, origin string) (string, http.Header, error) {
+	endpointURL, err := url.Parse(endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return endpoint, nil, err
+	}
+	header := make(http.Header)
+	if origin != "" {
+		header.Add("origin", origin)
+	}
+	if endpointURL.User != nil {
+		b64auth := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(endpointURL.User.String()))
+		header.Add("authorization", "Basic "+b64auth)
+		endpointURL.User = nil
+	}
+	return endpointURL.String(), header, nil
+}
+
+type websocketCodec struct {
+	*jsonCodec
+	conn *websocket.Conn
+	//info PeerInfo
+
+	wg        sync.WaitGroup
+	pingReset chan struct{}
+}
+
+func newWebsocketCodec(conn *websocket.Conn, host string, req http.Header) ServerCodec {
+	conn.SetReadLimit(wsMessageSizeLimit)
+	conn.SetPongHandler(func(appData string) error {
+		conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
+		return nil
+	})
+	wc := &websocketCodec{
+		jsonCodec: NewFuncCodec(conn, conn.WriteJSON, conn.ReadJSON).(*jsonCodec),
+		conn:      conn,
+		pingReset: make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		//info: PeerInfo{
+		//	Transport:  "ws",
+		//	RemoteAddr: conn.RemoteAddr().String(),
+		//},
+	}
+	// Fill in connection details.
+	//wc.info.HTTP.Host = host
+	//wc.info.HTTP.Origin = req.Get("Origin")
+	//wc.info.HTTP.UserAgent = req.Get("User-Agent")
+	// Start pinger.
+	wc.wg.Add(1)
+	go wc.pingLoop()
+	return wc
+}
+
+func (wc *websocketCodec) close() {
+	wc.jsonCodec.close()
+	wc.wg.Wait()
+}
+
+//func (wc *websocketCodec) peerInfo() PeerInfo {
+//	return wc.info
+//}
+
+func (wc *websocketCodec) writeJSON(ctx context.Context, v interface{}) error {
+	err := wc.jsonCodec.writeJSON(ctx, v)
+	if err == nil {
+		// Notify pingLoop to delay the next idle ping.
+		select {
+		case wc.pingReset <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// pingLoop sends periodic ping frames when the connection is idle.
+func (wc *websocketCodec) pingLoop() {
+	var timer = time.NewTimer(wsPingInterval)
+	defer wc.wg.Done()
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-wc.closed():
+			return
+		case <-wc.pingReset:
+			if !timer.Stop() {
+				<-timer.C
+			}
+			timer.Reset(wsPingInterval)
+		case <-timer.C:
+			wc.jsonCodec.encMu.Lock()
+			wc.conn.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(wsPingWriteTimeout))
+			wc.conn.WriteMessage(websocket.PingMessage, nil)
+			wc.conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(wsPongTimeout))
+			wc.jsonCodec.encMu.Unlock()
+			timer.Reset(wsPingInterval)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/access_list.go b/modules/state/access_list.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76d75f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/access_list.go
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+type accessList struct {
+	addresses map[types.Address]int
+	slots     []map[types.Hash]struct{}
+}
+
+// ContainsAddress returns true if the address is in the access list.
+func (al *accessList) ContainsAddress(address types.Address) bool {
+	_, ok := al.addresses[address]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// Contains checks if a slot within an account is present in the access list, returning
+// separate flags for the presence of the account and the slot respectively.
+func (al *accessList) Contains(address types.Address, slot types.Hash) (addressPresent bool, slotPresent bool) {
+	idx, ok := al.addresses[address]
+	if !ok {
+		// no such address (and hence zero slots)
+		return false, false
+	}
+	if idx == -1 {
+		// address yes, but no slots
+		return true, false
+	}
+	_, slotPresent = al.slots[idx][slot]
+	return true, slotPresent
+}
+
+// newAccessList creates a new accessList.
+func newAccessList() *accessList {
+	return &accessList{
+		addresses: make(map[types.Address]int),
+	}
+}
+
+// Copy creates an independent copy of an accessList.
+func (al *accessList) Copy() *accessList {
+	cp := newAccessList()
+	for k, v := range al.addresses {
+		cp.addresses[k] = v
+	}
+	cp.slots = make([]map[types.Hash]struct{}, len(al.slots))
+	for i, slotMap := range al.slots {
+		newSlotmap := make(map[types.Hash]struct{}, len(slotMap))
+		for k := range slotMap {
+			newSlotmap[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+		cp.slots[i] = newSlotmap
+	}
+	return cp
+}
+
+// AddAddress adds an address to the access list, and returns 'true' if the operation
+// caused a change (addr was not previously in the list).
+func (al *accessList) AddAddress(address types.Address) bool {
+	if _, present := al.addresses[address]; present {
+		return false
+	}
+	al.addresses[address] = -1
+	return true
+}
+
+// AddSlot adds the specified (addr, slot) combo to the access list.
+// Return values are:
+// - address added
+// - slot added
+// For any 'true' value returned, a corresponding journal entry must be made.
+func (al *accessList) AddSlot(address types.Address, slot types.Hash) (addrChange bool, slotChange bool) {
+	idx, addrPresent := al.addresses[address]
+	if !addrPresent || idx == -1 {
+		// Address not present, or addr present but no slots there
+		al.addresses[address] = len(al.slots)
+		slotmap := map[types.Hash]struct{}{slot: {}}
+		al.slots = append(al.slots, slotmap)
+		return !addrPresent, true
+	}
+	// There is already an (address,slot) mapping
+	slotmap := al.slots[idx]
+	if _, ok := slotmap[slot]; !ok {
+		slotmap[slot] = struct{}{}
+		// Journal add slot change
+		return false, true
+	}
+	// No changes required
+	return false, false
+}
+
+// DeleteSlot removes an (address, slot)-tuple from the access list.
+// This operation needs to be performed in the same order as the addition happened.
+// This method is meant to be used  by the journal, which maintains ordering of
+// operations.
+func (al *accessList) DeleteSlot(address types.Address, slot types.Hash) {
+	idx, addrOk := al.addresses[address]
+	// There are two ways this can fail
+	if !addrOk {
+		panic("reverting slot change, address not present in list")
+	}
+	slotmap := al.slots[idx]
+	delete(slotmap, slot)
+	// If that was the last (first) slot, remove it
+	// Since additions and rollbacks are always performed in order,
+	// we can delete the item without worrying about screwing up later indices
+	if len(slotmap) == 0 {
+		al.slots = al.slots[:idx]
+		al.addresses[address] = -1
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteAddress removes an address from the access list. This operation
+// needs to be performed in the same order as the addition happened.
+// This method is meant to be used  by the journal, which maintains ordering of
+// operations.
+func (al *accessList) DeleteAddress(address types.Address) {
+	delete(al.addresses, address)
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/change_set_writer.go b/modules/state/change_set_writer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbe4488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/change_set_writer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/changeset"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// ChangeSetWriter is a mock StateWriter that accumulates changes in-memory into ChangeSets.
+type ChangeSetWriter struct {
+	db             kv.RwTx
+	accountChanges map[types.Address][]byte
+	storageChanged map[types.Address]bool
+	storageChanges map[string][]byte
+	blockNumber    uint64
+}
+
+func NewChangeSetWriter() *ChangeSetWriter {
+	return &ChangeSetWriter{
+		accountChanges: make(map[types.Address][]byte),
+		storageChanged: make(map[types.Address]bool),
+		storageChanges: make(map[string][]byte),
+	}
+}
+func NewChangeSetWriterPlain(db kv.RwTx, blockNumber uint64) *ChangeSetWriter {
+	return &ChangeSetWriter{
+		db:             db,
+		accountChanges: make(map[types.Address][]byte),
+		storageChanged: make(map[types.Address]bool),
+		storageChanges: make(map[string][]byte),
+		blockNumber:    blockNumber,
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) GetAccountChanges() (*changeset.ChangeSet, error) {
+	cs := changeset.NewAccountChangeSet()
+	for address, val := range w.accountChanges {
+		if err := cs.Add(common.CopyBytes(address[:]), val); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return cs, nil
+}
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) GetStorageChanges() (*changeset.ChangeSet, error) {
+	cs := changeset.NewStorageChangeSet()
+	for key, val := range w.storageChanges {
+		if err := cs.Add([]byte(key), val); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return cs, nil
+}
+
+func accountsEqual(a1, a2 *account.StateAccount) bool {
+	if a1.Nonce != a2.Nonce {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !a1.Initialised {
+		if a2.Initialised {
+			return false
+		}
+	} else if !a2.Initialised {
+		return false
+	} else if a1.Balance.Cmp(&a2.Balance) != 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	if a1.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+		if !a2.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+			return false
+		}
+	} else if a2.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+		return false
+	} else if a1.CodeHash != a2.CodeHash {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) UpdateAccountData(address types.Address, original, account *account.StateAccount) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("balance,%x,%d\n", address, &account.Balance)
+	if !accountsEqual(original, account) || w.storageChanged[address] {
+		w.accountChanges[address] = originalAccountData(original, true /*omitHashes*/)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) UpdateAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("code,%x,%x\n", address, code)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) DeleteAccount(address types.Address, original *account.StateAccount) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("delete,%x\n", address)
+	if original == nil || !original.Initialised {
+		return nil
+	}
+	w.accountChanges[address] = originalAccountData(original, false)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) WriteAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash, original, value *uint256.Int) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("storage,%x,%x,%x\n", address, *key, value.Bytes())
+	if *original == *value {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+
+	w.storageChanges[string(compositeKey)] = original.Bytes()
+	w.storageChanged[address] = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) CreateContract(address types.Address) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) WriteChangeSets() error {
+	//if w.blockNumber == 547600 {
+	//	changeset.Truncate(w.db, 547600)
+	//}
+	accountChanges, err := w.GetAccountChanges()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = changeset.Mapper[modules.AccountChangeSet].Encode(w.blockNumber, accountChanges, func(k, v []byte) error {
+		if err = w.db.AppendDup(modules.AccountChangeSet, k, v); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	storageChanges, err := w.GetStorageChanges()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if storageChanges.Len() == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err = changeset.Mapper[modules.StorageChangeSet].Encode(w.blockNumber, storageChanges, func(k, v []byte) error {
+		if err = w.db.AppendDup(modules.StorageChangeSet, k, v); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) WriteHistory() error {
+	accountChanges, err := w.GetAccountChanges()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	err = writeIndex(w.blockNumber, accountChanges, modules.AccountsHistory, w.db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	storageChanges, err := w.GetStorageChanges()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	err = writeIndex(w.blockNumber, storageChanges, modules.StorageHistory, w.db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *ChangeSetWriter) PrintChangedAccounts() {
+	fmt.Println("Account Changes")
+	for k := range w.accountChanges {
+		fmt.Println(hexutil.Encode(k.Bytes()))
+	}
+	fmt.Println("------------------------------------------")
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/database.go b/modules/state/database.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a23c754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//nolint:scopelint
+package state
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+const (
+	//FirstContractIncarnation - first incarnation for contract accounts. After 1 it increases by 1.
+	FirstContractIncarnation = 1
+	//NonContractIncarnation incarnation for non contracts
+	NonContractIncarnation = 0
+)
+
+type StateReader interface {
+	ReadAccountData(address types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error)
+	ReadAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash) ([]byte, error)
+	ReadAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) ([]byte, error)
+	ReadAccountCodeSize(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) (int, error)
+	ReadAccountIncarnation(address types.Address) (uint16, error)
+}
+
+type StateWriter interface {
+	UpdateAccountData(address types.Address, original, account *account.StateAccount) error
+	UpdateAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) error
+	DeleteAccount(address types.Address, original *account.StateAccount) error
+	WriteAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash, original, value *uint256.Int) error
+	CreateContract(address types.Address) error
+}
+
+type WriterWithChangeSets interface {
+	StateWriter
+	WriteChangeSets() error
+	WriteHistory() error
+}
+
+type NoopWriter struct {
+}
+
+var noopWriter = &NoopWriter{}
+
+func NewNoopWriter() *NoopWriter {
+	return noopWriter
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) UpdateAccountData(address types.Address, original, account *account.StateAccount) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) DeleteAccount(address types.Address, original *account.StateAccount) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) UpdateAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) WriteAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash, original, value *uint256.Int) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) CreateContract(address types.Address) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) WriteChangeSets() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (nw *NoopWriter) WriteHistory() error {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/db_state_writer.go b/modules/state/db_state_writer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eb68fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/db_state_writer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/changeset"
+
+	"github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring/roaring64"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb/bitmapdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+func originalAccountData(original *account.StateAccount, omitHashes bool) []byte {
+	var originalData []byte
+	if !original.Initialised {
+		originalData = []byte{}
+	} else if omitHashes {
+		testAcc := original.SelfCopy()
+		copy(testAcc.CodeHash[:], emptyCodeHash)
+		testAcc.Root = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)
+		originalDataLen := testAcc.EncodingLengthForStorage()
+		originalData = make([]byte, originalDataLen)
+		testAcc.EncodeForStorage(originalData)
+	} else {
+		originalDataLen := original.EncodingLengthForStorage()
+		originalData = make([]byte, originalDataLen)
+		original.EncodeForStorage(originalData)
+	}
+	return originalData
+}
+
+func writeIndex(blocknum uint64, changes *changeset.ChangeSet, bucket string, changeDb kv.RwTx) error {
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	for _, change := range changes.Changes {
+		k := modules.CompositeKeyWithoutIncarnation(change.Key)
+
+		index, err := bitmapdb.Get64(changeDb, bucket, k, math.MaxUint32, math.MaxUint32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("find chunk failed: %w", err)
+		}
+		index.Add(blocknum)
+		if err = bitmapdb.WalkChunkWithKeys64(k, index, bitmapdb.ChunkLimit, func(chunkKey []byte, chunk *roaring64.Bitmap) error {
+			buf.Reset()
+			if _, err = chunk.WriteTo(buf); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return changeDb.Put(bucket, chunkKey, types.CopyBytes(buf.Bytes()))
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/entire.go b/modules/state/entire.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7be85cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/entire.go
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	types2 "github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"io"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+type GetOneFun func(table string, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+type EntireCode struct {
+	CoinBase types.Address   `json:"coinBase"`
+	Entire   Entire          `json:"entire"`
+	Codes    []*HashCode     `json:"codes"`
+	Headers  []*block.Header `json:"headers"`
+	Rewards  []*block.Reward `json:"rewards"`
+}
+
+type HashCode struct {
+	Hash types.Hash `json:"hash"`
+	Code []byte     `json:"code"`
+}
+
+type HashCodes []*HashCode
+
+func (s HashCodes) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s HashCodes) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(s[i].Hash[:], s[j].Hash[:]) < 0 }
+func (s HashCodes) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+type Entire struct {
+	Header       *block.Header    `json:"header"`
+	Uncles       []*types2.Header `json:"uncles"`
+	Transactions [][]byte         `json:"transactions"`
+	Snap         *Snapshot        `json:"snap"`
+	Proof        types.Hash       `json:"proof"`
+	Senders      []types.Address  `json:"senders"`
+}
+
+func (e Entire) Clone() Entire {
+	var c Entire
+	//c.Header = &types2.Header{
+	//	ParentHash:  e.Header.ParentHash,
+	//	UncleHash:   e.Header.UncleHash,
+	//	Coinbase:    e.Header.Coinbase,
+	//	Root:        e.Header.Root,
+	//	TxHash:      e.Header.TxHash,
+	//	ReceiptHash: e.Header.ReceiptHash,
+	//	Bloom:       e.Header.Bloom,
+	//	Difficulty:  e.Header.Difficulty,
+	//	Number:      e.Header.Number,
+	//	GasLimit:    e.Header.GasLimit,
+	//	GasUsed:     e.Header.GasUsed,
+	//	Time:        e.Header.Time,
+	//	Extra:       e.Header.Extra,
+	//	MixDigest:   e.Header.MixDigest,
+	//	Nonce:       e.Header.Nonce,
+	//	BaseFee:     e.Header.BaseFee,
+	//}
+	copyHeader := *e.Header
+	c.Header = &copyHeader
+	c.Uncles = e.Uncles
+	c.Transactions = e.Transactions
+	c.Proof = e.Proof
+	c.Senders = e.Senders
+	c.Snap = &Snapshot{
+		Items:     e.Snap.Items,
+		OutHash:   e.Snap.OutHash,
+		accounts:  e.Snap.accounts,
+		storage:   e.Snap.storage,
+		written:   e.Snap.written,
+		getOneFun: e.Snap.getOneFun,
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+type Items []*Item
+
+func (s Items) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s Items) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(s[i].Key, s[j].Key) < 0 }
+func (s Items) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+
+type Item struct {
+	Key   []byte `json:"key"`
+	Value []byte `json:"value"`
+}
+
+type Snapshot struct {
+	Items     Items          `json:"items"`
+	OutHash   types.Hash     `json:"outHash"`
+	accounts  map[string]int `json:"accounts"`
+	storage   map[string]int `json:"storage"`
+	written   bool           `json:"written"`
+	getOneFun GetOneFun      `json:"getOneFun"`
+}
+
+func NewWritableSnapshot() *Snapshot {
+	return &Snapshot{Items: make([]*Item, 0), written: true, OutHash: emptyCodeHashH, accounts: make(map[string]int), storage: make(map[string]int)}
+}
+
+func NewReadableSnapshot() *Snapshot {
+	return &Snapshot{Items: make([]*Item, 0), written: false, OutHash: emptyCodeHashH, accounts: make(map[string]int), storage: make(map[string]int)}
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) SetGetFun(f GetOneFun) {
+	s.getOneFun = f
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) ReadAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	if s.written {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+	index, ok := s.storage[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&compositeKey))]
+	if !ok {
+		if s.getOneFun != nil {
+			return s.getOneFun(modules.Storage, compositeKey)
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if s.Items[index] == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return s.Items[index].Value, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) CanWrite() bool {
+	return s.written
+}
+
+func ReadSnapshotData(data []byte) (*Snapshot, error) {
+	snap := NewReadableSnapshot()
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return snap, nil
+	}
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, &snap); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for k, v := range snap.Items {
+		if len(v.Key) == types.AddressLength {
+			snap.accounts[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&v.Key))] = k
+		} else {
+			snap.storage[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&v.Key))] = k
+		}
+	}
+	return snap, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) SetHash(hash types.Hash) {
+	if s.written {
+		return
+	}
+	s.OutHash = hash
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) ReadAccountData(address types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error) {
+	if s.written {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	addr := address[:]
+	index, ok := s.accounts[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))]
+	if !ok {
+		if s.getOneFun != nil {
+			v, err := s.getOneFun(modules.Account, address[:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if v == nil {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+			var acc account.StateAccount
+			if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(v); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return &acc, nil
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if s.Items[index] == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var acc account.StateAccount
+	if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(s.Items[index].Value); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &acc, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) AddAccount(address types.Address, account *account.StateAccount) {
+	if !s.written || account == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	value := make([]byte, account.EncodingLengthForStorage())
+	account.EncodeForStorage(value)
+	s.Items = append(s.Items, &Item{Key: address[:], Value: value})
+	ss := address[:]
+	//fmt.Println("address", address.Hex())
+	s.accounts[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&ss))] = len(s.Items)
+}
+
+func (s *Snapshot) AddStorage(address types.Address, key *types.Hash, incarnation uint16, value []byte) {
+	if !s.written || len(value) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+	s.Items = append(s.Items, &Item{Key: compositeKey, Value: value})
+	//fmt.Println("address", address.Hex(), key.Hex())
+	s.storage[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&compositeKey))] = len(s.storage)
+}
+
+func EncodeBeforeState(w io.Writer, list Items, codeHash HashCodes) {
+	enc := make([]interface{}, 0, len(list)*2+len(codeHash)*2)
+	for _, i := range list {
+		enc = append(enc, i.Key, i.Value)
+	}
+
+	for _, h := range codeHash {
+		enc = append(enc, h.Hash, h.Code)
+	}
+	if err := rlp.Encode(w, enc); nil != err {
+		panic("before state encode failed:" + err.Error())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/history.go b/modules/state/history.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..706bb2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/history.go
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring/roaring64"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/changeset"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/ethdb/bitmapdb"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+func GetAsOf(tx kv.Tx, indexC kv.Cursor, changesC kv.CursorDupSort, storage bool, key []byte, timestamp uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	v, err := FindByHistory(tx, indexC, changesC, storage, key, timestamp)
+	if err == nil {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound) {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if storage {
+		return tx.GetOne(modules.Storage, key)
+	}
+	return tx.GetOne(modules.Account, key)
+}
+
+func FindByHistory(tx kv.Tx, indexC kv.Cursor, changesC kv.CursorDupSort, storage bool, key []byte, timestamp uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	var csBucket string
+	if storage {
+		csBucket = modules.StorageChangeSet
+	} else {
+		csBucket = modules.AccountChangeSet
+	}
+
+	k, v, seekErr := indexC.Seek(changeset.Mapper[csBucket].IndexChunkKey(key, timestamp))
+	if seekErr != nil {
+		return nil, seekErr
+	}
+
+	if k == nil {
+		return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+	}
+	if storage {
+		if !bytes.Equal(k[:types.AddressLength], key[:types.AddressLength]) ||
+			!bytes.Equal(k[types.AddressLength:types.AddressLength+types.HashLength], key[types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength:]) {
+			return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+		}
+	} else {
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(k, key) {
+			return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+		}
+	}
+	index := roaring64.New()
+	if _, err := index.ReadFrom(bytes.NewReader(v)); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	found, ok := bitmapdb.SeekInBitmap64(index, timestamp)
+	changeSetBlock := found
+
+	var data []byte
+	var err error
+	if ok {
+		data, err = changeset.Mapper[csBucket].Find(changesC, changeSetBlock, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, changeset.ErrNotFound) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("finding %x in the changeset %d: %w", key, changeSetBlock, err)
+			}
+			return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+		}
+	} else {
+		return nil, ethdb.ErrKeyNotFound
+	}
+
+	//restore codehash
+	if !storage {
+		var acc account.StateAccount
+		if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(data); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if acc.Incarnation > 0 && acc.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+			var codeHash []byte
+			var err error
+			codeHash, err = tx.GetOne(modules.PlainContractCode, modules.PlainGenerateStoragePrefix(key, acc.Incarnation))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if len(codeHash) > 0 {
+				acc.CodeHash.SetBytes(codeHash)
+			}
+			data = make([]byte, acc.EncodingLengthForStorage())
+			acc.EncodeForStorage(data)
+		}
+		return data, nil
+	}
+
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+// startKey is the concatenation of address and incarnation (BigEndian 8 byte)
+func WalkAsOfStorage(tx kv.Tx, address types.Address, incarnation uint16, startLocation types.Hash, timestamp uint64, walker func(k1, k2, v []byte) (bool, error)) error {
+	var startkey = make([]byte, types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength+types.HashLength)
+	copy(startkey, address.Bytes())
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(startkey[types.AddressLength:], incarnation)
+	copy(startkey[types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength:], startLocation.Bytes())
+
+	var startkeyNoInc = make([]byte, types.AddressLength+types.HashLength)
+	copy(startkeyNoInc, address.Bytes())
+	copy(startkeyNoInc[types.AddressLength:], startLocation.Bytes())
+
+	//for storage
+	mCursor, err := tx.Cursor(modules.Storage)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer mCursor.Close()
+	mainCursor := ethdb.NewSplitCursor(
+		mCursor,
+		startkey,
+		8*(types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength),
+		types.AddressLength,                                          /* part1end */
+		types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength,                  /* part2start */
+		types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength+types.HashLength, /* part3start */
+	)
+
+	//for historic data
+	shCursor, err := tx.Cursor(modules.StorageHistory)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer shCursor.Close()
+	var hCursor = ethdb.NewSplitCursor(
+		shCursor,
+		startkeyNoInc,
+		8*types.AddressLength,
+		types.AddressLength,                  /* part1end */
+		types.AddressLength,                  /* part2start */
+		types.AddressLength+types.HashLength, /* part3start */
+	)
+	csCursor, err := tx.CursorDupSort(modules.StorageChangeSet)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer csCursor.Close()
+
+	addr, loc, _, v, err1 := mainCursor.Seek()
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return err1
+	}
+
+	hAddr, hLoc, tsEnc, hV, err2 := hCursor.Seek()
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return err2
+	}
+	for hLoc != nil && binary.BigEndian.Uint64(tsEnc) < timestamp {
+		if hAddr, hLoc, tsEnc, hV, err2 = hCursor.Next(); err2 != nil {
+			return err2
+		}
+	}
+	goOn := true
+	for goOn {
+		cmp, br := types.KeyCmp(addr, hAddr)
+		if br {
+			break
+		}
+		if cmp == 0 {
+			cmp, br = types.KeyCmp(loc, hLoc)
+		}
+		if br {
+			break
+		}
+
+		//next key in state
+		if cmp < 0 {
+			goOn, err = walker(addr, loc, v)
+		} else {
+			index := roaring64.New()
+			if _, err = index.ReadFrom(bytes.NewReader(hV)); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			found, ok := bitmapdb.SeekInBitmap64(index, timestamp)
+			changeSetBlock := found
+
+			if ok {
+				// Extract value from the changeSet
+				csKey := make([]byte, 8+types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength)
+				copy(csKey, modules.EncodeBlockNumber(changeSetBlock))
+				copy(csKey[8:], address[:]) // address + incarnation
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(csKey[8+types.AddressLength:], incarnation)
+				kData := csKey
+				data, err3 := csCursor.SeekBothRange(csKey, hLoc)
+				if err3 != nil {
+					return err3
+				}
+				if !bytes.Equal(kData, csKey) || !bytes.HasPrefix(data, hLoc) {
+					return fmt.Errorf("inconsistent storage changeset and history kData %x, csKey %x, data %x, hLoc %x", kData, csKey, data, hLoc)
+				}
+				data = data[types.HashLength:]
+				if len(data) > 0 { // Skip deleted entries
+					goOn, err = walker(hAddr, hLoc, data)
+				}
+			} else if cmp == 0 {
+				goOn, err = walker(addr, loc, v)
+			}
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if goOn {
+			if cmp <= 0 {
+				if addr, loc, _, v, err1 = mainCursor.Next(); err1 != nil {
+					return err1
+				}
+			}
+			if cmp >= 0 {
+				hLoc0 := hLoc
+				for hLoc != nil && (bytes.Equal(hLoc0, hLoc) || binary.BigEndian.Uint64(tsEnc) < timestamp) {
+					if hAddr, hLoc, tsEnc, hV, err2 = hCursor.Next(); err2 != nil {
+						return err2
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func WalkAsOfAccounts(tx kv.Tx, startAddress types.Address, timestamp uint64, walker func(k []byte, v []byte) (bool, error)) error {
+	mainCursor, err := tx.Cursor(modules.Account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer mainCursor.Close()
+	ahCursor, err := tx.Cursor(modules.AccountsHistory)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer ahCursor.Close()
+	var hCursor = ethdb.NewSplitCursor(
+		ahCursor,
+		startAddress.Bytes(),
+		0,                     /* fixedBits */
+		types.AddressLength,   /* part1end */
+		types.AddressLength,   /* part2start */
+		types.AddressLength+8, /* part3start */
+	)
+	csCursor, err := tx.CursorDupSort(modules.AccountChangeSet)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer csCursor.Close()
+
+	k, v, err1 := mainCursor.Seek(startAddress.Bytes())
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return err1
+	}
+	for k != nil && len(k) > types.AddressLength {
+		k, v, err1 = mainCursor.Next()
+		if err1 != nil {
+			return err1
+		}
+	}
+	hK, tsEnc, _, hV, err2 := hCursor.Seek()
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return err2
+	}
+	for hK != nil && binary.BigEndian.Uint64(tsEnc) < timestamp {
+		hK, tsEnc, _, hV, err2 = hCursor.Next()
+		if err2 != nil {
+			return err2
+		}
+	}
+
+	goOn := true
+	for goOn {
+		//exit or next conditions
+		cmp, br := types.KeyCmp(k, hK)
+		if br {
+			break
+		}
+		if cmp < 0 {
+			goOn, err = walker(k, v)
+		} else {
+			index := roaring64.New()
+			_, err = index.ReadFrom(bytes.NewReader(hV))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			found, ok := bitmapdb.SeekInBitmap64(index, timestamp)
+			changeSetBlock := found
+			if ok {
+				// Extract value from the changeSet
+				csKey := modules.EncodeBlockNumber(changeSetBlock)
+				kData := csKey
+				data, err3 := csCursor.SeekBothRange(csKey, hK)
+				if err3 != nil {
+					return err3
+				}
+				if !bytes.Equal(kData, csKey) || !bytes.HasPrefix(data, hK) {
+					return fmt.Errorf("inconsistent account history and changesets, kData %x, csKey %x, data %x, hK %x", kData, csKey, data, hK)
+				}
+				data = data[types.AddressLength:]
+				if len(data) > 0 { // Skip accounts did not exist
+					goOn, err = walker(hK, data)
+				}
+			} else if cmp == 0 {
+				goOn, err = walker(k, v)
+			}
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if goOn {
+			if cmp <= 0 {
+				k, v, err1 = mainCursor.Next()
+				if err1 != nil {
+					return err1
+				}
+				for k != nil && len(k) > types.AddressLength {
+					k, v, err1 = mainCursor.Next()
+					if err1 != nil {
+						return err1
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if cmp >= 0 {
+				hK0 := hK
+				for hK != nil && (bytes.Equal(hK0, hK) || binary.BigEndian.Uint64(tsEnc) < timestamp) {
+					hK, tsEnc, _, hV, err1 = hCursor.Next()
+					if err1 != nil {
+						return err1
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/intra_block_state.go b/modules/state/intra_block_state.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d68c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/intra_block_state.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie.
+package state
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/block"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/hash"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/transaction"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	"sort"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params"
+)
+
+type revision struct {
+	id           int
+	journalIndex int
+}
+
+type StateTracer interface {
+	CaptureAccountRead(account types.Address) error
+	CaptureAccountWrite(account types.Address) error
+}
+
+// SystemAddress - sender address for internal state updates.
+var SystemAddress = types.HexToAddress("0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe")
+
+// BalanceIncrease represents the increase of balance of an account that did not require
+// reading the account first
+type BalanceIncrease struct {
+	increase    uint256.Int
+	transferred bool // Set to true when the corresponding stateObject is created and balance increase is transferred to the stateObject
+	count       int  // Number of increases - this needs tracking for proper reversion
+}
+
+// IntraBlockState is responsible for caching and managing state changes
+// that occur during block's execution.
+// NOT THREAD SAFE!
+type IntraBlockState struct {
+	stateReader StateReader
+
+	// This map holds 'live' objects, which will get modified while processing a state transition.
+	stateObjects      map[types.Address]*stateObject
+	stateObjectsDirty map[types.Address]struct{}
+
+	nilAccounts map[types.Address]struct{} // Remember non-existent account to avoid reading them again
+
+	// DB error.
+	// State objects are used by the consensus core and VM which are
+	// unable to deal with database-level errors. Any error that occurs
+	// during a database read is memoized here and will eventually be returned
+	// by IntraBlockState.Commit.
+	savedErr error
+
+	// The refund counter, also used by state transitioning.
+	refund uint64
+
+	thash, bhash types.Hash
+	txIndex      int
+	logs         map[types.Hash][]*block.Log
+	logSize      uint
+
+	// Journal of state modifications. This is the backbone of
+	// Snapshot and RevertToSnapshot.
+	journal        *journal
+	validRevisions []revision
+	nextRevisionID int
+	tracer         StateTracer
+	trace          bool
+	accessList     *accessList
+	balanceInc     map[types.Address]*BalanceIncrease // Map of balance increases (without first reading the account)
+
+	snap    *Snapshot
+	codeMap map[types.Hash][]byte
+	height  uint64
+}
+
+// Create a new state from a given trie
+func New(stateReader StateReader) *IntraBlockState {
+	return &IntraBlockState{
+		stateReader:       stateReader,
+		stateObjects:      map[types.Address]*stateObject{},
+		stateObjectsDirty: map[types.Address]struct{}{},
+		nilAccounts:       map[types.Address]struct{}{},
+		logs:              map[types.Hash][]*block.Log{},
+		journal:           newJournal(),
+		accessList:        newAccessList(),
+		balanceInc:        map[types.Address]*BalanceIncrease{},
+	}
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) BeginWriteSnapshot() {
+	sdb.snap = NewWritableSnapshot()
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) BeginWriteCodes() {
+	sdb.codeMap = make(map[types.Hash][]byte, 0)
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) CodeHashes() map[types.Hash][]byte {
+	// it should be called end of block execute
+	for addr, stateObject := range sdb.stateObjects {
+		_, isDirty := sdb.stateObjectsDirty[addr]
+		if isDirty && (stateObject.created || !stateObject.selfdestructed) && stateObject.code != nil && stateObject.dirtyCode {
+			h := types.Hash{}
+			h.SetBytes(stateObject.CodeHash())
+			sdb.codeMap[h] = stateObject.code
+		}
+	}
+	return sdb.codeMap
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetHeight(height uint64) {
+	sdb.height = height
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Snap() *Snapshot {
+	return sdb.snap
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetOutHash(hash types.Hash) {
+	if sdb.snap == nil || !sdb.snap.CanWrite() {
+		return
+	}
+	sdb.snap.OutHash = hash
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) WrittenSnapshot(hash types.Hash) []byte {
+	if sdb.snap == nil || !sdb.snap.CanWrite() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if sdb.snap.Items != nil {
+		sort.Sort(sdb.snap.Items)
+	}
+	sdb.snap.OutHash = hash
+	b, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(sdb.snap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	sdb.snap = nil
+	return b
+}
+
+func (s *IntraBlockState) SetGetOneFun(f1 GetOneFun) {
+	s.snap.SetGetFun(f1)
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) PrepareReadableSnapshot(data []byte) error {
+	snap, err := ReadSnapshotData(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	sdb.snap = snap
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetSnapshot(snap *Snapshot) {
+	snap.accounts = make(map[string]int, len(snap.Items))
+	snap.storage = make(map[string]int, len(snap.Items))
+	for k, v := range snap.Items {
+		if len(v.Key) == types.AddressLength {
+			snap.accounts[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&v.Key))] = k
+		} else {
+			snap.storage[*(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&v.Key))] = k
+		}
+	}
+	sdb.snap = snap
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetTracer(tracer StateTracer) {
+	sdb.tracer = tracer
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetTrace(trace bool) {
+	sdb.trace = trace
+}
+
+// setErrorUnsafe sets error but should be called in medhods that already have locks
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) setErrorUnsafe(err error) {
+	if sdb.savedErr == nil {
+		sdb.savedErr = err
+	}
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Error() error {
+	return sdb.savedErr
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetStateReader(reader StateReader) {
+	sdb.stateReader = reader
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetStateReader() StateReader {
+	return sdb.stateReader
+}
+
+// Reset clears out all ephemeral state objects from the state db, but keeps
+// the underlying state trie to avoid reloading data for the next operations.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Reset() {
+	sdb.stateObjects = make(map[types.Address]*stateObject)
+	sdb.stateObjectsDirty = make(map[types.Address]struct{})
+	sdb.thash = types.Hash{}
+	sdb.bhash = types.Hash{}
+	sdb.txIndex = 0
+	sdb.logs = make(map[types.Hash][]*block.Log)
+	sdb.logSize = 0
+	sdb.clearJournalAndRefund()
+	sdb.accessList = newAccessList()
+	sdb.balanceInc = make(map[types.Address]*BalanceIncrease)
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) AddLog(log2 *block.Log) {
+	sdb.journal.append(addLogChange{txhash: sdb.thash})
+	log2.TxHash = sdb.thash
+	log2.BlockHash = sdb.bhash
+	log2.TxIndex = uint(sdb.txIndex)
+	log2.Index = sdb.logSize
+	sdb.logs[sdb.thash] = append(sdb.logs[sdb.thash], log2)
+	sdb.logSize++
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetLogs(hash types.Hash) []*block.Log {
+	return sdb.logs[hash]
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Logs() []*block.Log {
+	var logs []*block.Log
+	for _, lgs := range sdb.logs {
+		logs = append(logs, lgs...)
+	}
+	return logs
+}
+
+// AddRefund adds gas to the refund counter
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) AddRefund(gas uint64) {
+	sdb.journal.append(refundChange{prev: sdb.refund})
+	sdb.refund += gas
+}
+
+// SubRefund removes gas from the refund counter.
+// This method will panic if the refund counter goes below zero
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SubRefund(gas uint64) {
+	sdb.journal.append(refundChange{prev: sdb.refund})
+	if gas > sdb.refund {
+		sdb.setErrorUnsafe(fmt.Errorf("refund counter below zero"))
+	}
+	sdb.refund -= gas
+}
+
+// Exist reports whether the given account address exists in the state.
+// Notably this also returns true for suicided accounts.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Exist(addr types.Address) bool {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	s := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	return s != nil && !s.deleted
+}
+
+// Empty returns whether the state object is either non-existent
+// or empty according to the EIP161 specification (balance = nonce = code = 0)
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Empty(addr types.Address) bool {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	so := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	return so == nil || so.deleted || so.empty()
+}
+
+// GetBalance retrieves the balance from the given address or 0 if object not found
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetBalance(addr types.Address) *uint256.Int {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil && !stateObject.deleted {
+		return stateObject.Balance()
+	}
+	return uint256.NewInt(0)
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetNonce(addr types.Address) uint64 {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil && !stateObject.deleted {
+		return stateObject.Nonce()
+	}
+
+	return 0
+}
+
+// TxIndex returns the current transaction index set by Prepare.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) TxIndex() int {
+	return sdb.txIndex
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetCode(addr types.Address) []byte {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil && !stateObject.deleted {
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Printf("GetCode %x, returned %d\n", addr, len(stateObject.Code()))
+		}
+		code := stateObject.Code()
+		if len(code) > 0 && sdb.codeMap != nil {
+			sdb.codeMap[types.BytesToHash(stateObject.CodeHash())] = code
+		}
+		return code
+	}
+	if sdb.trace {
+		fmt.Printf("GetCode %x, returned nil\n", addr)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetCodeSize(addr types.Address) int {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil || stateObject.deleted {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if stateObject.code != nil {
+		return len(stateObject.code)
+	}
+	len, err := sdb.stateReader.ReadAccountCodeSize(addr, stateObject.data.Incarnation, stateObject.data.CodeHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		sdb.setErrorUnsafe(err)
+	}
+	if len > 0 && sdb.codeMap != nil {
+		code, _ := sdb.stateReader.ReadAccountCode(addr, stateObject.data.Incarnation, types.BytesToHash(stateObject.CodeHash()))
+		sdb.codeMap[types.BytesToHash(stateObject.CodeHash())] = code
+	}
+	return len
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetCodeHash(addr types.Address) types.Hash {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil || stateObject.deleted {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+	return types.BytesToHash(stateObject.CodeHash())
+}
+
+// GetState retrieves a value from the given account's storage trie.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetState(addr types.Address, key *types.Hash, value *uint256.Int) {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil && !stateObject.deleted {
+		stateObject.GetState(key, value)
+	} else {
+		value.Clear()
+	}
+}
+
+// GetCommittedState retrieves a value from the given account's committed storage trie.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetCommittedState(addr types.Address, key *types.Hash, value *uint256.Int) {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil && !stateObject.deleted {
+		stateObject.GetCommittedState(key, value)
+	} else {
+		value.Clear()
+	}
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) HasSuicided(addr types.Address) bool {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if stateObject.deleted {
+		return false
+	}
+	if stateObject.created {
+		return false
+	}
+	return stateObject.selfdestructed
+}
+
+/*
+ * SETTERS
+ */
+
+// AddBalance adds amount to the account associated with addr.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) AddBalance(addr types.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
+	if sdb.trace {
+		fmt.Printf("AddBalance %x, %d\n", addr, amount)
+	}
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountWrite err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	// If this account has not been read, add to the balance increment map
+	_, needAccount := sdb.stateObjects[addr]
+	if !needAccount && addr == ripemd && amount.IsZero() {
+		needAccount = true
+	}
+	if !needAccount {
+		sdb.journal.append(balanceIncrease{
+			account:  &addr,
+			increase: *amount,
+		})
+		bi, ok := sdb.balanceInc[addr]
+		if !ok {
+			bi = &BalanceIncrease{}
+			sdb.balanceInc[addr] = bi
+		}
+		bi.increase.Add(&bi.increase, amount)
+		bi.count++
+		return
+	}
+
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	stateObject.AddBalance(amount)
+}
+
+// SubBalance subtracts amount from the account associated with addr.
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SubBalance(addr types.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
+	if sdb.trace {
+		fmt.Printf("SubBalance %x, %d\n", addr, amount)
+	}
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountWrite err", err)
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.SubBalance(amount)
+	}
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetBalance(addr types.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountWrite err", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.SetBalance(amount)
+	}
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetNonce(addr types.Address, nonce uint64) {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountWrite err", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.SetNonce(nonce)
+	}
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#code-hash
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetCode(addr types.Address, code []byte) {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountWrite err", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.SetCode(crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code)
+	}
+}
+
+// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#address---identifier-of-an-account
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetState(addr types.Address, key *types.Hash, value uint256.Int) {
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.SetState(key, value)
+	}
+}
+
+// SetStorage replaces the entire storage for the specified account with given
+// storage. This function should only be used for debugging.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetStorage(addr types.Address, storage Storage) {
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.SetStorage(storage)
+	}
+}
+
+// SetIncarnation sets incarnation for account if account exists
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SetIncarnation(addr types.Address, incarnation uint16) {
+	stateObject := sdb.GetOrNewStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		stateObject.setIncarnation(incarnation)
+	}
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetIncarnation(addr types.Address) uint16 {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject != nil {
+		return stateObject.data.Incarnation
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// Suicide marks the given account as suicided.
+// This clears the account balance.
+//
+// The account's state object is still available until the state is committed,
+// getStateObject will return a non-nil account after Suicide.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Suicide(addr types.Address) bool {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountRead err", err)
+		}
+		err = sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace {
+			fmt.Println("CaptureAccountWrite err", err)
+		}
+	}
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil || stateObject.deleted {
+		return false
+	}
+	sdb.journal.append(selfdestructChange{
+		account:     &addr,
+		prev:        stateObject.selfdestructed,
+		prevbalance: *stateObject.Balance(),
+	})
+	stateObject.markSelfdestructed()
+	stateObject.created = false
+	stateObject.data.Balance.Clear()
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) getStateObject(addr types.Address) (stateObject *stateObject) {
+	// Prefer 'live' objects.
+	if obj := sdb.stateObjects[addr]; obj != nil {
+		return obj
+	}
+
+	// Load the object from the database.
+	if _, ok := sdb.nilAccounts[addr]; ok {
+		if bi, ok := sdb.balanceInc[addr]; ok && !bi.transferred {
+			return sdb.createObject(addr, nil)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	account, err := sdb.stateReader.ReadAccountData(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		sdb.setErrorUnsafe(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	if account == nil {
+		sdb.nilAccounts[addr] = struct{}{}
+		if bi, ok := sdb.balanceInc[addr]; ok && !bi.transferred {
+			return sdb.createObject(addr, nil)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// snap write
+	if sdb.snap != nil && sdb.snap.CanWrite() {
+		sdb.snap.AddAccount(addr, account)
+	}
+
+	// Insert into the live set.
+	obj := newObject(sdb, addr, account, account)
+	sdb.setStateObject(addr, obj)
+	return obj
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) setStateObject(addr types.Address, object *stateObject) {
+	if bi, ok := sdb.balanceInc[addr]; ok && !bi.transferred {
+		object.data.Balance.Add(&object.data.Balance, &bi.increase)
+		bi.transferred = true
+		sdb.journal.append(balanceIncreaseTransfer{bi: bi})
+	}
+	sdb.stateObjects[addr] = object
+}
+
+// Retrieve a state object or create a new state object if nil.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetOrNewStateObject(addr types.Address) *stateObject {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil || stateObject.deleted {
+		stateObject = sdb.createObject(addr, stateObject /* previous */)
+	}
+	return stateObject
+}
+
+// createObject creates a new state object. If there is an existing account with
+// the given address, it is overwritten.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) createObject(addr types.Address, previous *stateObject) (newobj *stateObject) {
+	ac := new(account.StateAccount)
+	var original *account.StateAccount
+	if previous == nil {
+		original = &account.StateAccount{}
+	} else {
+		original = &previous.original
+	}
+	newobj = newObject(sdb, addr, ac, original)
+	newobj.setNonce(0) // sets the object to dirty
+	if previous == nil {
+		sdb.journal.append(createObjectChange{account: &addr})
+	} else {
+		sdb.journal.append(resetObjectChange{account: &addr, prev: previous})
+	}
+	sdb.setStateObject(addr, newobj)
+	return newobj
+}
+
+// CreateAccount explicitly creates a state object. If a state object with the address
+// already exists the balance is carried over to the new account.
+//
+// CreateAccount is called during the EVM CREATE operation. The situation might arise that
+// a contract does the following:
+//
+//  1. sends funds to sha(account ++ (nonce + 1))
+//  2. tx_create(sha(account ++ nonce)) (note that this gets the address of 1)
+//
+// Carrying over the balance ensures that AMT doesn't disappear.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) CreateAccount(addr types.Address, contractCreation bool) {
+	if sdb.tracer != nil {
+		err := sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountRead(addr)
+		if sdb.trace && err != nil {
+			log.Error("error while CaptureAccountRead", "err", err)
+		}
+
+		err = sdb.tracer.CaptureAccountWrite(addr)
+		if sdb.trace && err != nil {
+			log.Error("error while CaptureAccountWrite", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var prevInc uint16
+	previous := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if contractCreation {
+		if previous != nil && previous.selfdestructed {
+			prevInc = previous.data.Incarnation
+		} else {
+			inc, err := sdb.stateReader.ReadAccountIncarnation(addr)
+			if sdb.trace && err != nil {
+				log.Error("error while ReadAccountIncarnation", "err", err)
+			}
+			if err == nil {
+				prevInc = inc
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	newObj := sdb.createObject(addr, previous)
+	if previous != nil {
+		newObj.data.Balance.Set(&previous.data.Balance)
+		newObj.data.Initialised = true
+	}
+
+	if contractCreation {
+		newObj.created = true
+		newObj.data.Incarnation = prevInc + 1
+	} else {
+		newObj.selfdestructed = false
+	}
+}
+
+// Snapshot returns an identifier for the current revision of the state.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Snapshot() int {
+	id := sdb.nextRevisionID
+	sdb.nextRevisionID++
+	sdb.validRevisions = append(sdb.validRevisions, revision{id, sdb.journal.length()})
+	return id
+}
+
+// RevertToSnapshot reverts all state changes made since the given revision.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) RevertToSnapshot(revid int) {
+	// Find the snapshot in the stack of valid snapshots.
+	idx := sort.Search(len(sdb.validRevisions), func(i int) bool {
+		return sdb.validRevisions[i].id >= revid
+	})
+	if idx == len(sdb.validRevisions) || sdb.validRevisions[idx].id != revid {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("revision id %v cannot be reverted", revid))
+	}
+	snapshot := sdb.validRevisions[idx].journalIndex
+
+	// Replay the journal to undo changes and remove invalidated snapshots
+	sdb.journal.revert(sdb, snapshot)
+	sdb.validRevisions = sdb.validRevisions[:idx]
+}
+
+// GetRefund returns the current value of the refund counter.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) GetRefund() uint64 {
+	return sdb.refund
+}
+
+func updateAccount(EIP161Enabled bool, isAura bool, stateWriter StateWriter, addr types.Address, stateObject *stateObject, isDirty bool) error {
+	emptyRemoval := EIP161Enabled && stateObject.empty() && (!isAura || addr != SystemAddress)
+	if stateObject.selfdestructed || (isDirty && emptyRemoval) {
+		if err := stateWriter.DeleteAccount(addr, &stateObject.original); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		stateObject.deleted = true
+	}
+	if isDirty && (stateObject.created || !stateObject.selfdestructed) && !emptyRemoval {
+		stateObject.deleted = false
+		// Write any contract code associated with the state object
+		if stateObject.code != nil && stateObject.dirtyCode {
+			if err := stateWriter.UpdateAccountCode(addr, stateObject.data.Incarnation, stateObject.data.CodeHash, stateObject.code); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if stateObject.created {
+			if err := stateWriter.CreateContract(addr); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if err := stateObject.updateTrie(stateWriter); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := stateWriter.UpdateAccountData(addr, &stateObject.original, &stateObject.data); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func printAccount(addr types.Address, stateObject *stateObject, isDirty bool) {
+	emptyRemoval := stateObject.empty()
+	if stateObject.selfdestructed || (isDirty && emptyRemoval) {
+		fmt.Printf("delete: %x\n", addr)
+	}
+	if isDirty && (stateObject.created || !stateObject.selfdestructed) && !emptyRemoval {
+		// Write any contract code associated with the state object
+		if stateObject.code != nil && stateObject.dirtyCode {
+			fmt.Printf("UpdateCode: %x,%x\n", addr, stateObject.CodeHash())
+		}
+		if stateObject.created {
+			fmt.Printf("CreateContract: %x\n", addr)
+		}
+		stateObject.printTrie()
+		if stateObject.data.Balance.IsUint64() {
+			fmt.Printf("UpdateAccountData: %x, balance=%d, nonce=%d\n", addr, stateObject.data.Balance.Uint64(), stateObject.data.Nonce)
+		} else {
+			div := uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000)
+			fmt.Printf("UpdateAccountData: %x, balance=%d*%d, nonce=%d\n", addr, uint256.NewInt(0).Div(&stateObject.data.Balance, div).Uint64(), div.Uint64(), stateObject.data.Nonce)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// FinalizeTx should be called after every transaction.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) FinalizeTx(chainRules *params.Rules, stateWriter StateWriter) error {
+	for addr, bi := range sdb.balanceInc {
+		if !bi.transferred {
+			sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+		}
+	}
+	for addr := range sdb.journal.dirties {
+		so, exist := sdb.stateObjects[addr]
+		if !exist {
+			// ripeMD is 'touched' at block 1714175, in tx 0x1237f737031e40bcde4a8b7e717b2d15e3ecadfe49bb1bbc71ee9deb09c6fcf2
+			// That tx goes out of gas, and although the notion of 'touched' does not exist there, the
+			// touch-event will still be recorded in the journal. Since ripeMD is a special snowflake,
+			// it will persist in the journal even though the journal is reverted. In this special circumstance,
+			// it may exist in `sdb.journal.dirties` but not in `sdb.stateObjects`.
+			// Thus, we can safely ignore it here
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := updateAccount(chainRules.IsSpuriousDragon, chainRules.IsAura, stateWriter, addr, so, true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		sdb.stateObjectsDirty[addr] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	// Invalidate journal because reverting across transactions is not allowed.
+	sdb.clearJournalAndRefund()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SoftFinalise() {
+	for addr := range sdb.journal.dirties {
+		_, exist := sdb.stateObjects[addr]
+		if !exist {
+			// ripeMD is 'touched' at block 1714175, in tx 0x1237f737031e40bcde4a8b7e717b2d15e3ecadfe49bb1bbc71ee9deb09c6fcf2
+			// That tx goes out of gas, and although the notion of 'touched' does not exist there, the
+			// touch-event will still be recorded in the journal. Since ripeMD is a special snowflake,
+			// it will persist in the journal even though the journal is reverted. In this special circumstance,
+			// it may exist in `sdb.journal.dirties` but not in `sdb.stateObjects`.
+			// Thus, we can safely ignore it here
+			continue
+		}
+		sdb.stateObjectsDirty[addr] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	// Invalidate journal because reverting across transactions is not allowed.
+	sdb.clearJournalAndRefund()
+}
+
+// CommitBlock finalizes the state by removing the self destructed objects
+// and clears the journal as well as the refunds.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) CommitBlock(chainRules *params.Rules, stateWriter StateWriter) error {
+	for addr, bi := range sdb.balanceInc {
+		if !bi.transferred {
+			sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+		}
+	}
+	return sdb.MakeWriteSet(chainRules, stateWriter)
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) BalanceIncreaseSet() map[types.Address]uint256.Int {
+	s := map[types.Address]uint256.Int{}
+	for addr, bi := range sdb.balanceInc {
+		if !bi.transferred {
+			s[addr] = bi.increase
+		}
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) MakeWriteSet(chainRules *params.Rules, stateWriter StateWriter) error {
+	for addr := range sdb.journal.dirties {
+		sdb.stateObjectsDirty[addr] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for addr, stateObject := range sdb.stateObjects {
+		_, isDirty := sdb.stateObjectsDirty[addr]
+		if err := updateAccount(chainRules.IsSpuriousDragon, chainRules.IsAura, stateWriter, addr, stateObject, isDirty); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// Invalidate journal because reverting across transactions is not allowed.
+	sdb.clearJournalAndRefund()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Print() {
+	for addr, stateObject := range sdb.stateObjects {
+		_, isDirty := sdb.stateObjectsDirty[addr]
+		_, isDirty2 := sdb.journal.dirties[addr]
+
+		printAccount(addr, stateObject, isDirty || isDirty2)
+	}
+}
+
+// Prepare sets the current transaction hash and index and block hash which is
+// used when the EVM emits new state logs.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Prepare(thash, bhash types.Hash, ti int) {
+	sdb.thash = thash
+	sdb.bhash = bhash
+	sdb.txIndex = ti
+	sdb.accessList = newAccessList()
+}
+
+// no not lock
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) clearJournalAndRefund() {
+	sdb.journal = newJournal()
+	sdb.validRevisions = sdb.validRevisions[:0]
+	sdb.refund = 0
+}
+
+// PrepareAccessList handles the preparatory steps for executing a state transition with
+// regards to both EIP-2929 and EIP-2930:
+//
+// - Add sender to access list (2929)
+// - Add destination to access list (2929)
+// - Add precompiles to access list (2929)
+// - Add the contents of the optional tx access list (2930)
+//
+// This method should only be called if Yolov3/Berlin/2929+2930 is applicable at the current number.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) PrepareAccessList(sender types.Address, dst *types.Address, precompiles []types.Address, list transaction.AccessList) {
+	sdb.AddAddressToAccessList(sender)
+	if dst != nil {
+		sdb.AddAddressToAccessList(*dst)
+		// If it's a create-tx, the destination will be added inside evm.create
+	}
+	for _, addr := range precompiles {
+		sdb.AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
+	}
+	for _, el := range list {
+		sdb.AddAddressToAccessList(el.Address)
+		for _, key := range el.StorageKeys {
+			sdb.AddSlotToAccessList(el.Address, key)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// AddAddressToAccessList adds the given address to the access list
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) AddAddressToAccessList(addr types.Address) {
+	if sdb.accessList.AddAddress(addr) {
+		sdb.journal.append(accessListAddAccountChange{&addr})
+	}
+}
+
+// AddSlotToAccessList adds the given (address, slot)-tuple to the access list
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) AddSlotToAccessList(addr types.Address, slot types.Hash) {
+	addrMod, slotMod := sdb.accessList.AddSlot(addr, slot)
+	if addrMod {
+		// In practice, this should not happen, since there is no way to enter the
+		// scope of 'address' without having the 'address' become already added
+		// to the access list (via call-variant, create, etc).
+		// Better safe than sorry, though
+		sdb.journal.append(accessListAddAccountChange{&addr})
+	}
+	if slotMod {
+		sdb.journal.append(accessListAddSlotChange{
+			address: &addr,
+			slot:    &slot,
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// AddressInAccessList returns true if the given address is in the access list.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) AddressInAccessList(addr types.Address) bool {
+	return sdb.accessList.ContainsAddress(addr)
+}
+
+// SlotInAccessList returns true if the given (address, slot)-tuple is in the access list.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) SlotInAccessList(addr types.Address, slot types.Hash) (addressPresent bool, slotPresent bool) {
+	return sdb.accessList.Contains(addr, slot)
+}
+
+// GenerateRootHash calculate root hash
+func (s *IntraBlockState) GenerateRootHash() types.Hash {
+	if len(s.stateObjectsDirty) == 0 {
+		return hash.NilHash
+	}
+
+	sortAds := make(types.Addresses, 0, len(s.stateObjectsDirty))
+	for a := range s.stateObjectsDirty {
+		sortAds = append(sortAds, a)
+	}
+	sort.Sort(sortAds)
+	//
+	sha := hash.HasherPool.Get().(crypto.KeccakState)
+	defer hash.HasherPool.Put(sha)
+	sha.Reset()
+
+	for _, address := range sortAds {
+		stateObject := s.getStateObject(address).data
+		err := rlp.Encode(sha, []interface{}{
+			stateObject.Incarnation,
+			stateObject.Balance,
+			stateObject.Nonce,
+			stateObject.Initialised,
+			stateObject.CodeHash,
+			stateObject.Root,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			panic("can't encode: " + err.Error())
+		}
+		//log.Info("GenerateRootHash", "address", address)
+	}
+
+	var root types.Hash
+	sha.Read(root[:])
+
+	//log.Info("GenerateRootHash ", "root", root.Hex())
+
+	return root
+}
+
+// IntermediateRoot root
+func (s *IntraBlockState) IntermediateRoot() types.Hash {
+	return s.GenerateRootHash()
+}
+
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) HasSelfdestructed(addr types.Address) bool {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if stateObject.deleted {
+		return false
+	}
+	if stateObject.created {
+		return false
+	}
+	return stateObject.selfdestructed
+}
+
+// Selfdestruct marks the given account as suicided.
+// This clears the account balance.
+//
+// The account's state object is still available until the state is committed,
+// getStateObject will return a non-nil account after Suicide.
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) Selfdestruct(addr types.Address) bool {
+	stateObject := sdb.getStateObject(addr)
+	if stateObject == nil || stateObject.deleted {
+		return false
+	}
+	sdb.journal.append(selfdestructChange{
+		account:     &addr,
+		prev:        stateObject.selfdestructed,
+		prevbalance: *stateObject.Balance(),
+	})
+	stateObject.markSelfdestructed()
+	stateObject.created = false
+	stateObject.data.Balance.Clear()
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// BeforeStateRoot calculate used state hash
+//
+// it should be invoked after all txs exec
+func (sdb *IntraBlockState) BeforeStateRoot() (hash types.Hash) {
+	if sdb.snap == nil {
+		return types.Hash{}
+	}
+	sort.Sort(sdb.snap.Items)
+	ch := sdb.CodeHashes()
+	hs := make(HashCodes, 0, len(ch))
+	for k, v := range ch {
+		hs = append(hs, &HashCode{Hash: k, Code: v})
+	}
+	sort.Sort(hs)
+	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	EncodeBeforeState(hasher, sdb.snap.Items, hs)
+	hasher.(crypto.KeccakState).Read(hash[:])
+	return
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/intra_block_state_test.go b/modules/state/intra_block_state_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38d4094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/intra_block_state_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build integration
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/quick"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/memdb"
+)
+
+func TestSnapshotRandom(t *testing.T) {
+	config := &quick.Config{MaxCount: 1000}
+	err := quick.Check((*snapshotTest).run, config)
+	if cerr, ok := err.(*quick.CheckError); ok {
+		test := cerr.In[0].(*snapshotTest)
+		t.Errorf("%v:\n%s", test.err, test)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A snapshotTest checks that reverting IntraBlockState snapshots properly undoes all changes
+// captured by the snapshot. Instances of this test with pseudorandom content are created
+// by Generate.
+//
+// The test works as follows:
+//
+// A new state is created and all actions are applied to it. Several snapshots are taken
+// in between actions. The test then reverts each snapshot. For each snapshot the actions
+// leading up to it are replayed on a fresh, empty state. The behaviour of all public
+// accessor methods on the reverted state must match the return value of the equivalent
+// methods on the replayed state.
+type snapshotTest struct {
+	addrs     []types.Address // all account addresses
+	actions   []testAction    // modifications to the state
+	snapshots []int           // actions indexes at which snapshot is taken
+	err       error           // failure details are reported through this field
+}
+
+type testAction struct {
+	name   string
+	fn     func(testAction, *IntraBlockState)
+	args   []int64
+	noAddr bool
+}
+
+// newTestAction creates a random action that changes state.
+func newTestAction(addr types.Address, r *rand.Rand) testAction {
+	actions := []testAction{
+		{
+			name: "SetBalance",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(uint64(a.args[0])))
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 1),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AddBalance",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(uint64(a.args[0])))
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 1),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "SetNonce",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.SetNonce(addr, uint64(a.args[0]))
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 1),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "SetState",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				var key types.Hash
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[:], uint16(a.args[0]))
+				val := uint256.NewInt(uint64(a.args[1]))
+				s.SetState(addr, &key, *val)
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 2),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "SetCode",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				code := make([]byte, 16)
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(code, uint64(a.args[0]))
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(code[8:], uint64(a.args[1]))
+				s.SetCode(addr, code)
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 2),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "CreateAccount",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.CreateAccount(addr, true)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Suicide",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.Suicide(addr)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AddRefund",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.AddRefund(uint64(a.args[0]))
+			},
+			args:   make([]int64, 1),
+			noAddr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AddLog",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				data := make([]byte, 2)
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(data, uint16(a.args[0]))
+				s.AddLog(&types.Log{Address: addr, Data: data})
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 1),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AddAddressToAccessList",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AddSlotToAccessList",
+			fn: func(a testAction, s *IntraBlockState) {
+				s.AddSlotToAccessList(addr,
+					types.Hash{byte(a.args[0])})
+			},
+			args: make([]int64, 1),
+		},
+	}
+	action := actions[r.Intn(len(actions))]
+	var nameargs []string
+	if !action.noAddr {
+		nameargs = append(nameargs, addr.Hex())
+	}
+	for i := range action.args {
+		action.args[i] = rand.Int63n(100)
+		nameargs = append(nameargs, fmt.Sprint(action.args[i]))
+	}
+	action.name += strings.Join(nameargs, ", ")
+	return action
+}
+
+// Generate returns a new snapshot test of the given size. All randomness is
+// derived from r.
+func (*snapshotTest) Generate(r *rand.Rand, size int) reflect.Value {
+	// Generate random actions.
+	addrs := make([]types.Address, 50)
+	for i := range addrs {
+		addrs[i][0] = byte(i)
+	}
+	actions := make([]testAction, size)
+	for i := range actions {
+		addr := addrs[r.Intn(len(addrs))]
+		actions[i] = newTestAction(addr, r)
+	}
+	// Generate snapshot indexes.
+	nsnapshots := int(math.Sqrt(float64(size)))
+	if size > 0 && nsnapshots == 0 {
+		nsnapshots = 1
+	}
+	snapshots := make([]int, nsnapshots)
+	snaplen := len(actions) / nsnapshots
+	for i := range snapshots {
+		// Try to place the snapshots some number of actions apart from each other.
+		snapshots[i] = (i * snaplen) + r.Intn(snaplen)
+	}
+	return reflect.ValueOf(&snapshotTest{addrs, actions, snapshots, nil})
+}
+
+func (test *snapshotTest) String() string {
+	out := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	sindex := 0
+	for i, action := range test.actions {
+		if len(test.snapshots) > sindex && i == test.snapshots[sindex] {
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "---- snapshot %d ----\n", sindex)
+			sindex++
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "%4d: %s\n", i, action.name)
+	}
+	return out.String()
+}
+
+func (test *snapshotTest) run() bool {
+	// Run all actions and create snapshots.
+	db := memdb.New()
+	defer db.Close()
+	tx, err := db.BeginRw(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		test.err = err
+		return false
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	var (
+		ds           = NewPlainState(tx, 1)
+		state        = New(ds)
+		snapshotRevs = make([]int, len(test.snapshots))
+		sindex       = 0
+	)
+	for i, action := range test.actions {
+		if len(test.snapshots) > sindex && i == test.snapshots[sindex] {
+			snapshotRevs[sindex] = state.Snapshot()
+			sindex++
+		}
+		action.fn(action, state)
+	}
+	// Revert all snapshots in reverse order. Each revert must yield a state
+	// that is equivalent to fresh state with all actions up the snapshot applied.
+	for sindex--; sindex >= 0; sindex-- {
+		checkds := NewPlainState(tx, 1)
+		checkstate := New(checkds)
+		for _, action := range test.actions[:test.snapshots[sindex]] {
+			action.fn(action, checkstate)
+		}
+		state.RevertToSnapshot(snapshotRevs[sindex])
+		if err := test.checkEqual(state, checkstate); err != nil {
+			test.err = fmt.Errorf("state mismatch after revert to snapshot %d\n%w", sindex, err)
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// checkEqual checks that methods of state and checkstate return the same values.
+func (test *snapshotTest) checkEqual(state, checkstate *IntraBlockState) error {
+	for _, addr := range test.addrs {
+		addr := addr // pin
+		var err error
+		checkeq := func(op string, a, b interface{}) bool {
+			if err == nil && !reflect.DeepEqual(a, b) {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("got %s(%s) == %v, want %v", op, addr.Hex(), a, b)
+				return false
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+		checkeqBigInt := func(op string, a, b *big.Int) bool {
+			if err == nil && a.Cmp(b) != 0 {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("got %s(%s) == %d, want %d", op, addr.Hex(), a, b)
+				return false
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+		// Check basic accessor methods.
+		if !checkeq("Exist", state.Exist(addr), checkstate.Exist(addr)) {
+			return err
+		}
+		checkeq("HasSuicided", state.HasSuicided(addr), checkstate.HasSuicided(addr))
+		checkeqBigInt("GetBalance", state.GetBalance(addr).ToBig(), checkstate.GetBalance(addr).ToBig())
+		checkeq("GetNonce", state.GetNonce(addr), checkstate.GetNonce(addr))
+		checkeq("GetCode", state.GetCode(addr), checkstate.GetCode(addr))
+		checkeq("GetCodeHash", state.GetCodeHash(addr), checkstate.GetCodeHash(addr))
+		checkeq("GetCodeSize", state.GetCodeSize(addr), checkstate.GetCodeSize(addr))
+		// Check storage.
+		if obj := state.getStateObject(addr); obj != nil {
+			for key, value := range obj.dirtyStorage {
+				var out uint256.Int
+				checkstate.GetState(addr, &key, &out)
+				if !checkeq("GetState("+key.Hex()+")", out, value) {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if obj := checkstate.getStateObject(addr); obj != nil {
+			for key, value := range obj.dirtyStorage {
+				var out uint256.Int
+				state.GetState(addr, &key, &out)
+				if !checkeq("GetState("+key.Hex()+")", out, value) {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if state.GetRefund() != checkstate.GetRefund() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("got GetRefund() == %d, want GetRefund() == %d",
+			state.GetRefund(), checkstate.GetRefund())
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(state.GetLogs(types.Hash{}), checkstate.GetLogs(types.Hash{})) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("got GetLogs(types.Hash{}) == %v, want GetLogs(types.Hash{}) == %v",
+			state.GetLogs(types.Hash{}), checkstate.GetLogs(types.Hash{}))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/journal.go b/modules/state/journal.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c12952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/journal.go
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// journalEntry is a modification entry in the state change journal that can be
+// reverted on demand.
+type journalEntry interface {
+	// revert undoes the changes introduced by this journal entry.
+	revert(*IntraBlockState)
+
+	// dirtied returns the Ethereum address modified by this journal entry.
+	dirtied() *types.Address
+}
+
+// journal contains the list of state modifications applied since the last state
+// commit. These are tracked to be able to be reverted in case of an execution
+// exception or revertal request.
+type journal struct {
+	entries []journalEntry        // Current changes tracked by the journal
+	dirties map[types.Address]int // Dirty accounts and the number of changes
+}
+
+// newJournal create a new initialized journal.
+func newJournal() *journal {
+	return &journal{
+		dirties: make(map[types.Address]int),
+	}
+}
+
+// append inserts a new modification entry to the end of the change journal.
+func (j *journal) append(entry journalEntry) {
+	j.entries = append(j.entries, entry)
+	if addr := entry.dirtied(); addr != nil {
+		j.dirties[*addr]++
+	}
+}
+
+// revert undoes a batch of journalled modifications along with any reverted
+// dirty handling too.
+func (j *journal) revert(statedb *IntraBlockState, snapshot int) {
+	for i := len(j.entries) - 1; i >= snapshot; i-- {
+		// Undo the changes made by the operation
+		j.entries[i].revert(statedb)
+
+		// Drop any dirty tracking induced by the change
+		if addr := j.entries[i].dirtied(); addr != nil {
+			if j.dirties[*addr]--; j.dirties[*addr] == 0 {
+				delete(j.dirties, *addr)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	j.entries = j.entries[:snapshot]
+}
+
+// dirty explicitly sets an address to dirty, even if the change entries would
+// otherwise suggest it as clean. This method is an ugly hack to handle the RIPEMD
+// precompile consensus exception.
+func (j *journal) dirty(addr types.Address) {
+	j.dirties[addr]++
+}
+
+// length returns the current number of entries in the journal.
+func (j *journal) length() int {
+	n := len(j.entries)
+	return n
+}
+
+type (
+	// Changes to the account trie.
+	createObjectChange struct {
+		account *types.Address
+	}
+	resetObjectChange struct {
+		account *types.Address
+		prev    *stateObject
+	}
+	selfdestructChange struct {
+		account     *types.Address
+		prev        bool // whether account had already selfdestructed
+		prevbalance uint256.Int
+	}
+
+	// Changes to individual accounts.
+	balanceChange struct {
+		account *types.Address
+		prev    uint256.Int
+	}
+	balanceIncrease struct {
+		account  *types.Address
+		increase uint256.Int
+	}
+	balanceIncreaseTransfer struct {
+		bi *BalanceIncrease
+	}
+	nonceChange struct {
+		account *types.Address
+		prev    uint64
+	}
+	storageChange struct {
+		account  *types.Address
+		key      types.Hash
+		prevalue uint256.Int
+	}
+	fakeStorageChange struct {
+		account  *types.Address
+		key      types.Hash
+		prevalue uint256.Int
+	}
+	codeChange struct {
+		account  *types.Address
+		prevcode []byte
+		prevhash types.Hash
+	}
+
+	// Changes to other state values.
+	refundChange struct {
+		prev uint64
+	}
+	addLogChange struct {
+		txhash types.Hash
+	}
+	touchChange struct {
+		account *types.Address
+	}
+	// Changes to the access list
+	accessListAddAccountChange struct {
+		address *types.Address
+	}
+	accessListAddSlotChange struct {
+		address *types.Address
+		slot    *types.Hash
+	}
+)
+
+func (ch createObjectChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	delete(s.stateObjects, *ch.account)
+	delete(s.stateObjectsDirty, *ch.account)
+}
+
+func (ch createObjectChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch resetObjectChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.setStateObject(*ch.account, ch.prev)
+}
+
+func (ch resetObjectChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ch selfdestructChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	obj := s.getStateObject(*ch.account)
+	if obj != nil {
+		obj.selfdestructed = ch.prev
+		obj.setBalance(&ch.prevbalance)
+	}
+}
+
+func (ch selfdestructChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+var ripemd = types.HexToAddress("0000000000000000000000000000000000000003")
+
+func (ch touchChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+}
+
+func (ch touchChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch balanceChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.getStateObject(*ch.account).setBalance(&ch.prev)
+}
+
+func (ch balanceChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch balanceIncrease) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	if bi, ok := s.balanceInc[*ch.account]; ok {
+		bi.increase.Sub(&bi.increase, &ch.increase)
+		bi.count--
+		if bi.count == 0 {
+			delete(s.balanceInc, *ch.account)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (ch balanceIncrease) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch balanceIncreaseTransfer) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ch balanceIncreaseTransfer) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	ch.bi.transferred = false
+}
+func (ch nonceChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.getStateObject(*ch.account).setNonce(ch.prev)
+}
+
+func (ch nonceChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch codeChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.getStateObject(*ch.account).setCode(ch.prevhash, ch.prevcode)
+}
+
+func (ch codeChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch storageChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.getStateObject(*ch.account).setState(&ch.key, ch.prevalue)
+}
+
+func (ch storageChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch fakeStorageChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.getStateObject(*ch.account).fakeStorage[ch.key] = ch.prevalue
+}
+
+func (ch fakeStorageChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return ch.account
+}
+
+func (ch refundChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.refund = ch.prev
+}
+
+func (ch refundChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ch addLogChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	logs := s.logs[ch.txhash]
+	if len(logs) == 1 {
+		delete(s.logs, ch.txhash)
+	} else {
+		s.logs[ch.txhash] = logs[:len(logs)-1]
+	}
+	s.logSize--
+}
+
+func (ch addLogChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ch accessListAddAccountChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	/*
+		One important invariant here, is that whenever a (addr, slot) is added, if the
+		addr is not already present, the add causes two journal entries:
+		- one for the address,
+		- one for the (address,slot)
+		Therefore, when unrolling the change, we can always blindly delete the
+		(addr) at this point, since no storage adds can remain when come upon
+		a single (addr) change.
+	*/
+	s.accessList.DeleteAddress(*ch.address)
+}
+
+func (ch accessListAddAccountChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ch accessListAddSlotChange) revert(s *IntraBlockState) {
+	s.accessList.DeleteSlot(*ch.address, *ch.slot)
+}
+
+func (ch accessListAddSlotChange) dirtied() *types.Address {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/plain_readonly.go b/modules/state/plain_readonly.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfb0948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/plain_readonly.go
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/google/btree"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type storageItem struct {
+	key, seckey types.Hash
+	value       uint256.Int
+}
+
+func (a *storageItem) Less(b btree.Item) bool {
+	bi := b.(*storageItem)
+	return bytes.Compare(a.key[:], bi.key[:]) < 0
+}
+
+// State at the beginning of blockNr
+type PlainState struct {
+	accHistoryC, storageHistoryC kv.Cursor
+	accChangesC, storageChangesC kv.CursorDupSort
+	tx                           kv.Tx
+	blockNr                      uint64
+	storage                      map[types.Address]*btree.BTree
+	trace                        bool
+}
+
+func NewPlainState(tx kv.Tx, blockNr uint64) *PlainState {
+	c1, _ := tx.Cursor(modules.AccountsHistory)
+	c2, _ := tx.Cursor(modules.StorageHistory)
+	c3, _ := tx.CursorDupSort(modules.AccountChangeSet)
+	c4, _ := tx.CursorDupSort(modules.StorageChangeSet)
+
+	return &PlainState{
+		tx:          tx,
+		blockNr:     blockNr,
+		storage:     make(map[types.Address]*btree.BTree),
+		accHistoryC: c1, storageHistoryC: c2, accChangesC: c3, storageChangesC: c4,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) SetTrace(trace bool) {
+	s.trace = trace
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) SetBlockNr(blockNr uint64) {
+	s.blockNr = blockNr
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) GetBlockNr() uint64 {
+	return s.blockNr
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) ForEachStorage(addr types.Address, startLocation types.Hash, cb func(key, seckey types.Hash, value uint256.Int) bool, maxResults int) error {
+	st := btree.New(16)
+	var k [types.AddressLength + types.IncarnationLength + types.HashLength]byte
+	copy(k[:], addr[:])
+	accData, err := GetAsOf(s.tx, s.accHistoryC, s.accChangesC, false /* storage */, addr[:], s.blockNr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var acc account.StateAccount
+	if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(accData); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Error decoding account", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(k[types.AddressLength:], acc.Incarnation)
+	copy(k[types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength:], startLocation[:])
+	var lastKey types.Hash
+	overrideCounter := 0
+	min := &storageItem{key: startLocation}
+	if t, ok := s.storage[addr]; ok {
+		t.AscendGreaterOrEqual(min, func(i btree.Item) bool {
+			item := i.(*storageItem)
+			st.ReplaceOrInsert(item)
+			if !item.value.IsZero() {
+				copy(lastKey[:], item.key[:])
+				// Only count non-zero items
+				overrideCounter++
+			}
+			return overrideCounter < maxResults
+		})
+	}
+	numDeletes := st.Len() - overrideCounter
+	if err := WalkAsOfStorage(s.tx, addr, acc.Incarnation, startLocation, s.blockNr, func(kAddr, kLoc, vs []byte) (bool, error) {
+		if !bytes.Equal(kAddr, addr[:]) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if len(vs) == 0 {
+			// Skip deleted entries
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		keyHash, err1 := types.HashData(kLoc)
+		if err1 != nil {
+			return false, err1
+		}
+		//fmt.Printf("seckey: %x\n", seckey)
+		si := storageItem{}
+		copy(si.key[:], kLoc)
+		copy(si.seckey[:], keyHash[:])
+		if st.Has(&si) {
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		si.value.SetBytes(vs)
+		st.ReplaceOrInsert(&si)
+		if bytes.Compare(kLoc, lastKey[:]) > 0 {
+			// Beyond overrides
+			return st.Len() < maxResults+numDeletes, nil
+		}
+		return st.Len() < maxResults+overrideCounter+numDeletes, nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		log.Error("ForEachStorage walk error", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	results := 0
+	var innerErr error
+	st.AscendGreaterOrEqual(min, func(i btree.Item) bool {
+		item := i.(*storageItem)
+		if !item.value.IsZero() {
+			// Skip if value == 0
+			cb(item.key, item.seckey, item.value)
+			results++
+		}
+		return results < maxResults
+	})
+	return innerErr
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) ReadAccountData(address types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error) {
+	enc, err := GetAsOf(s.tx, s.accHistoryC, s.accChangesC, false /* storage */, address[:], s.blockNr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		if s.trace {
+			fmt.Printf("ReadAccountData [%x] => []\n", address)
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var a account.StateAccount
+	if err = a.DecodeForStorage(enc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	//restore codehash
+	if a.Incarnation > 0 && a.IsEmptyCodeHash() {
+		if codeHash, err1 := s.tx.GetOne(modules.PlainContractCode, modules.PlainGenerateStoragePrefix(address[:], a.Incarnation)); err1 == nil {
+			if len(codeHash) > 0 {
+				a.CodeHash = types.BytesToHash(codeHash)
+			}
+		} else {
+			return nil, err1
+		}
+	}
+	if s.trace {
+		fmt.Printf("ReadAccountData [%x] => [nonce: %d, balance: %d, codeHash: %x]\n", address, a.Nonce, &a.Balance, a.CodeHash)
+	}
+	return &a, nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) ReadAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+	enc, err := GetAsOf(s.tx, s.storageHistoryC, s.storageChangesC, true /* storage */, compositeKey, s.blockNr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s.trace {
+		fmt.Printf("ReadAccountStorage [%x] [%x] => [%x]\n", address, *key, enc)
+	}
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return enc, nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) ReadAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	if bytes.Equal(codeHash[:], emptyCodeHash) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	code, err := s.tx.GetOne(modules.Code, codeHash[:])
+	if s.trace {
+		fmt.Printf("ReadAccountCode [%x %x] => [%x]\n", address, codeHash, code)
+	}
+	if len(code) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return code, err
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) ReadAccountCodeSize(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) (int, error) {
+	code, err := s.ReadAccountCode(address, incarnation, codeHash)
+	return len(code), err
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) ReadAccountIncarnation(address types.Address) (uint16, error) {
+	enc, err := GetAsOf(s.tx, s.accHistoryC, s.accChangesC, false /* storage */, address[:], s.blockNr+1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	var acc account.StateAccount
+	if err = acc.DecodeForStorage(enc); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if acc.Incarnation == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return acc.Incarnation - 1, nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) UpdateAccountData(address types.Address, original, account *account.StateAccount) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) DeleteAccount(address types.Address, original *account.StateAccount) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) UpdateAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) WriteAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash, original, value *uint256.Int) error {
+	t, ok := s.storage[address]
+	if !ok {
+		t = btree.New(16)
+		s.storage[address] = t
+	}
+	h := types.NewHasher()
+	defer types.ReturnHasherToPool(h)
+	h.Sha.Reset()
+	_, err := h.Sha.Write(key[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	i := &storageItem{key: *key, value: *value}
+	_, err = h.Sha.Read(i.seckey[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	t.ReplaceOrInsert(i)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *PlainState) CreateContract(address types.Address) error {
+	delete(s.storage, address)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/plain_state_reader.go b/modules/state/plain_state_reader.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dc3972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/plain_state_reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+var _ StateReader = (*PlainStateReader)(nil)
+
+// PlainStateReader reads data from so called "plain state".
+// Data in the plain state is stored using un-hashed account/storage items
+// as opposed to the "normal" state that uses hashes of merkle paths to store items.
+type PlainStateReader struct {
+	db kv.Getter
+}
+
+func NewPlainStateReader(db kv.Getter) *PlainStateReader {
+	return &PlainStateReader{
+		db: db,
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *PlainStateReader) ReadAccountData(address types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error) {
+	enc, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Account, address.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var a account.StateAccount
+	if err = a.DecodeForStorage(enc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &a, nil
+}
+
+func (r *PlainStateReader) ReadAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+	enc, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Storage, compositeKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return enc, nil
+}
+
+func (r *PlainStateReader) ReadAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	if bytes.Equal(codeHash.Bytes(), emptyCodeHash) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	code, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Code, codeHash.Bytes())
+	if len(code) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return code, err
+}
+
+func (r *PlainStateReader) ReadAccountCodeSize(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) (int, error) {
+	code, err := r.ReadAccountCode(address, incarnation, codeHash)
+	return len(code), err
+}
+
+func (r *PlainStateReader) ReadAccountIncarnation(address types.Address) (uint16, error) {
+	b, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.IncarnationMap, address.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b), nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/plain_state_writer.go b/modules/state/plain_state_writer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..085dc80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/plain_state_writer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+var _ WriterWithChangeSets = (*PlainStateWriter)(nil)
+
+type putDel interface {
+	kv.Putter
+	kv.Deleter
+}
+type PlainStateWriter struct {
+	db  putDel
+	csw *ChangeSetWriter
+	//accumulator *shards.Accumulator
+}
+
+func NewPlainStateWriter(db putDel, changeSetsDB kv.RwTx, blockNumber uint64) *PlainStateWriter {
+	return &PlainStateWriter{
+		db:  db,
+		csw: NewChangeSetWriterPlain(changeSetsDB, blockNumber),
+	}
+}
+
+func NewPlainStateWriterNoHistory(db putDel) *PlainStateWriter {
+	return &PlainStateWriter{
+		db: db,
+	}
+}
+
+//func (w *PlainStateWriter) SetAccumulator(accumulator *shards.Accumulator) *PlainStateWriter {
+//	w.accumulator = accumulator
+//	return w
+//}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) UpdateAccountData(address types.Address, original, account *account.StateAccount) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("balance,%x,%d\n", address, &account.Balance)
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		if err := w.csw.UpdateAccountData(address, original, account); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	//var value []byte
+	//account.EncodeForStorage(value)
+	pb := account.ToProtoMessage()
+	data, _ := proto.Marshal(pb)
+	//if w.accumulator != nil {
+	//	w.accumulator.ChangeAccount(address, account.Incarnation, value)
+	//}
+	// defer fmt.Printf("Write Account   address: %s, balance: %d \n", address, data)
+	return w.db.Put(modules.Account, address[:], data)
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) UpdateAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("code,%x,%x\n", address, code)
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		if err := w.csw.UpdateAccountCode(address, incarnation, codeHash, code); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	//if w.accumulator != nil {
+	//	w.accumulator.ChangeCode(address, incarnation, code)
+	//}
+	if err := w.db.Put(modules.Code, codeHash[:], code); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return w.db.Put(modules.PlainContractCode, modules.PlainGenerateStoragePrefix(address[:], incarnation), codeHash[:])
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) DeleteAccount(address types.Address, original *account.StateAccount) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("delete,%x\n", address)
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		if err := w.csw.DeleteAccount(address, original); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	//if w.accumulator != nil {
+	//	w.accumulator.DeleteAccount(address)
+	//}
+	if err := w.db.Delete(modules.Account, address[:]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if original.Incarnation > 0 {
+		var b [8]byte
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(b[:], original.Incarnation)
+		if err := w.db.Put(modules.IncarnationMap, address[:], b[:]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) WriteAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash, original, value *uint256.Int) error {
+	//fmt.Printf("storage,%x,%x,%x\n", address, *key, value.Bytes())
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		if err := w.csw.WriteAccountStorage(address, incarnation, key, original, value); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if *original == *value {
+		return nil
+	}
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+
+	v := value.Bytes()
+	//if w.accumulator != nil {
+	//	w.accumulator.ChangeStorage(address, incarnation, *key, v)
+	//}
+	if len(v) == 0 {
+		return w.db.Delete(modules.Storage, compositeKey)
+	}
+	return w.db.Put(modules.Storage, compositeKey, v)
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) CreateContract(address types.Address) error {
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		if err := w.csw.CreateContract(address); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) WriteChangeSets() error {
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		return w.csw.WriteChangeSets()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) WriteHistory() error {
+	if w.csw != nil {
+		return w.csw.WriteHistory()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *PlainStateWriter) ChangeSetWriter() *ChangeSetWriter {
+	return w.csw
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/reader.go b/modules/state/reader.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00b673e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+type HistoryStateReader struct {
+	accHistoryC, storageHistoryC kv.Cursor
+	accChangesC, storageChangesC kv.CursorDupSort
+	blockNr                      uint64
+	tx                           kv.Tx
+	db                           kv.Getter
+}
+
+func NewStateHistoryReader(tx kv.Tx, db kv.Getter, blockNr uint64) *HistoryStateReader {
+	c1, _ := tx.Cursor(modules.AccountsHistory)
+	c2, _ := tx.Cursor(modules.StorageHistory)
+	c3, _ := tx.CursorDupSort(modules.AccountChangeSet)
+	c4, _ := tx.CursorDupSort(modules.StorageChangeSet)
+	return &HistoryStateReader{
+		tx:          tx,
+		blockNr:     blockNr,
+		db:          db,
+		accHistoryC: c1, storageHistoryC: c2, accChangesC: c3, storageChangesC: c4,
+	}
+}
+
+func (dbr *HistoryStateReader) Rollback() {
+	dbr.tx.Rollback()
+}
+
+func (dbr *HistoryStateReader) SetBlockNumber(blockNr uint64) {
+	dbr.blockNr = blockNr
+}
+
+func (dbr *HistoryStateReader) GetOne(bucket string, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(bucket) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return dbr.db.GetOne(bucket, key[:])
+}
+
+func (r *HistoryStateReader) ReadAccountData(address types.Address) (*account.StateAccount, error) {
+	acc := new(account.StateAccount)
+	// defer fmt.Printf("ReadAccount address: %s, account: %+v \n", address, acc)
+	v, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Account, address[:])
+	if err == nil && len(v) > 0 {
+		//var acc account.StateAccount
+		if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(v); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return acc, nil
+	}
+	enc, err := GetAsOf(r.tx, r.accHistoryC, r.accChangesC, false /* storage */, address[:], r.blockNr)
+	if err != nil || enc == nil || len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	//var acc account.StateAccount
+	if err := acc.DecodeForStorage(enc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return acc, nil
+}
+
+func (r *HistoryStateReader) ReadAccountStorage(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, key *types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	compositeKey := modules.PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address.Bytes(), incarnation, key.Bytes())
+	v, err := r.db.GetOne(modules.Storage, compositeKey)
+	if err == nil && len(v) > 0 {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	return GetAsOf(r.tx, r.storageHistoryC, r.storageChangesC, true /* storage */, compositeKey, r.blockNr)
+}
+
+func (r *HistoryStateReader) ReadAccountCode(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	if bytes.Equal(codeHash[:], crypto.Keccak256(nil)) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var val []byte
+	v, err := r.tx.GetOne(modules.Code, codeHash[:])
+	if err != nil || len(v) == 0 {
+		panic(err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	val = types.CopyBytes(v)
+	return val, nil
+}
+
+func (r *HistoryStateReader) ReadAccountCodeSize(address types.Address, incarnation uint16, codeHash types.Hash) (int, error) {
+	code, err := r.ReadAccountCode(address, incarnation, codeHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return len(code), nil
+}
+
+func (r *HistoryStateReader) ReadAccountIncarnation(address types.Address) (uint16, error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/state/state_object.go b/modules/state/state_object.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25079f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/state/state_object.go
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/account"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/rlp"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256(nil)
+var emptyCodeHash = utils.Keccak256(nil)
+var emptyCodeHashH = types.BytesToHash(emptyCodeHash)
+
+type Code []byte
+
+func (c Code) String() string {
+	return string(c) //strings.Join(Disassemble(c), " ")
+}
+
+type Storage map[types.Hash]uint256.Int
+
+func (s Storage) String() (str string) {
+	for key, value := range s {
+		str += fmt.Sprintf("%X : %X\n", key, value)
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (s Storage) Copy() Storage {
+	cpy := make(Storage)
+	for key, value := range s {
+		cpy[key] = value
+	}
+
+	return cpy
+}
+
+// stateObject represents an Ethereum account which is being modified.
+//
+// The usage pattern is as follows:
+// First you need to obtain a state object.
+// Account values can be accessed and modified through the object.
+type stateObject struct {
+	address  types.Address
+	data     account.StateAccount
+	original account.StateAccount
+	db       *IntraBlockState
+
+	// Write caches.
+	//trie Trie // storage trie, which becomes non-nil on first access
+	code Code // contract bytecode, which gets set when code is loaded
+
+	originStorage Storage // Storage cache of original entries to dedup rewrites
+	// blockOriginStorage keeps the values of storage items at the beginning of the block
+	// Used to make decision on whether to make a write to the
+	// database (value != origin) or not (value == origin)
+	blockOriginStorage Storage
+	dirtyStorage       Storage // Storage entries that need to be flushed to disk
+	fakeStorage        Storage // Fake storage which constructed by caller for debugging purpose.
+
+	// Cache flags.
+	// When an object is marked suicided it will be delete from the trie
+	// during the "update" phase of the state transition.
+	dirtyCode      bool // true if the code was updated
+	selfdestructed bool
+	deleted        bool // true if account was deleted during the lifetime of this object
+	created        bool // true if this object represents a newly created contract
+}
+
+// empty returns whether the account is considered empty.
+func (so *stateObject) empty() bool {
+	return so.data.Nonce == 0 && so.data.Balance.IsZero() && bytes.Equal(so.data.CodeHash[:], emptyCodeHash)
+}
+
+// newObject creates a state object.
+func newObject(db *IntraBlockState, address types.Address, data, original *account.StateAccount) *stateObject {
+	var so = stateObject{
+		db:                 db,
+		address:            address,
+		originStorage:      make(Storage),
+		blockOriginStorage: make(Storage),
+		dirtyStorage:       make(Storage),
+	}
+	so.data.Copy(data)
+	if !so.data.Initialised {
+		so.data.Balance.SetUint64(0)
+		so.data.Initialised = true
+	}
+	if so.data.CodeHash == (types.Hash{}) {
+		so.data.CodeHash = emptyCodeHashH
+	}
+	if so.data.Root == (types.Hash{}) {
+		// todo
+		//so.data.Root = trie.EmptyRoot
+	}
+	so.original.Copy(original)
+
+	return &so
+}
+
+// EncodeRLP implements rlp.Encoder.
+func (so *stateObject) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	return rlp.Encode(w, so.data)
+}
+
+// setError remembers the first non-nil error it is called with.
+func (so *stateObject) setError(err error) {
+	if so.db.savedErr == nil {
+		so.db.savedErr = err
+	}
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) markSelfdestructed() {
+	so.selfdestructed = true
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) touch() {
+	so.db.journal.append(touchChange{
+		account: &so.address,
+	})
+	if so.address == ripemd {
+		// Explicitly put it in the dirty-cache, which is otherwise generated from
+		// flattened journals.
+		so.db.journal.dirty(so.address)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetState returns a value from account storage.
+func (so *stateObject) GetState(key *types.Hash, out *uint256.Int) {
+	// If the fake storage is set, only lookup the state here(in the debugging mode)
+	if so.fakeStorage != nil {
+		*out = so.fakeStorage[*key]
+		return
+	}
+	value, dirty := so.dirtyStorage[*key]
+	if dirty {
+		*out = value
+		return
+	}
+	// Otherwise return the entry's original value
+	so.GetCommittedState(key, out)
+}
+
+// GetCommittedState retrieves a value from the committed account storage trie.
+func (so *stateObject) GetCommittedState(key *types.Hash, out *uint256.Int) {
+	// If the fake storage is set, only lookup the state here(in the debugging mode)
+	if so.fakeStorage != nil {
+		*out = so.fakeStorage[*key]
+		return
+	}
+	// If we have the original value cached, return that
+	{
+		value, cached := so.originStorage[*key]
+		if cached {
+			*out = value
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if so.created {
+		out.Clear()
+		return
+	}
+
+	if so.db != nil && so.db.snap != nil && !so.db.snap.CanWrite() {
+		// Load from DB in case it is missing.
+		enc, err := so.db.snap.ReadAccountStorage(so.address, so.data.GetIncarnation(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			so.setError(err)
+			out.Clear()
+			return
+		}
+		if enc != nil {
+			out.SetBytes(enc)
+		} else {
+			out.Clear()
+		}
+		//enc1, err1 := so.db.stateReader.ReadAccountStorage(so.address, so.data.GetIncarnation(), key)
+		//if !bytes.Equal(enc1, enc) {
+		//	fmt.Println(err1)
+		//}
+		so.originStorage[*key] = *out
+		so.blockOriginStorage[*key] = *out
+		return
+	}
+	// Load from DB in case it is missing.
+	enc, err := so.db.stateReader.ReadAccountStorage(so.address, so.data.GetIncarnation(), key)
+	if err != nil {
+		so.setError(err)
+		out.Clear()
+		return
+	}
+	if enc != nil {
+		if so.db.snap != nil && so.db.snap.CanWrite() {
+			so.db.snap.AddStorage(so.address, key, so.data.GetIncarnation(), enc)
+		}
+		out.SetBytes(enc)
+	} else {
+		out.Clear()
+	}
+	so.originStorage[*key] = *out
+	so.blockOriginStorage[*key] = *out
+}
+
+// SetState updates a value in account storage.
+func (so *stateObject) SetState(key *types.Hash, value uint256.Int) {
+	// If the fake storage is set, put the temporary state update here.
+	if so.fakeStorage != nil {
+		so.db.journal.append(fakeStorageChange{
+			account:  &so.address,
+			key:      *key,
+			prevalue: so.fakeStorage[*key],
+		})
+		so.fakeStorage[*key] = value
+		return
+	}
+	// If the new value is the same as old, don't set
+	var prev uint256.Int
+	so.GetState(key, &prev)
+	if prev == value {
+		return
+	}
+	// New value is different, update and journal the change
+	so.db.journal.append(storageChange{
+		account:  &so.address,
+		key:      *key,
+		prevalue: prev,
+	})
+	so.setState(key, value)
+}
+
+// SetStorage replaces the entire state storage with the given one.
+//
+// After this function is called, all original state will be ignored and state
+// lookup only happens in the fake state storage.
+//
+// Note this function should only be used for debugging purpose.
+func (so *stateObject) SetStorage(storage Storage) {
+	// Allocate fake storage if it's nil.
+	if so.fakeStorage == nil {
+		so.fakeStorage = make(Storage)
+	}
+	for key, value := range storage {
+		so.fakeStorage[key] = value
+	}
+	// Don't bother journal since this function should only be used for
+	// debugging and the `fake` storage won't be committed to database.
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) setState(key *types.Hash, value uint256.Int) {
+	so.dirtyStorage[*key] = value
+}
+
+// updateTrie writes cached storage modifications into the object's storage trie.
+func (so *stateObject) updateTrie(stateWriter StateWriter) error {
+	for key, value := range so.dirtyStorage {
+		value := value
+		original := so.blockOriginStorage[key]
+		so.originStorage[key] = value
+		if err := stateWriter.WriteAccountStorage(so.address, so.data.GetIncarnation(), &key, &original, &value); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+func (so *stateObject) printTrie() {
+	for key, value := range so.dirtyStorage {
+		fmt.Printf("WriteAccountStorage: %x,%x,%s\n", so.address, key, value.Hex())
+	}
+}
+
+// AddBalance adds amount to so's balance.
+// It is used to add funds to the destination account of a transfer.
+func (so *stateObject) AddBalance(amount *uint256.Int) {
+	// EIP161: We must check emptiness for the objects such that the account
+	// clearing (0,0,0 objects) can take effect.
+	if amount.IsZero() {
+		if so.empty() {
+			so.touch()
+		}
+
+		return
+	}
+
+	so.SetBalance(new(uint256.Int).Add(so.Balance(), amount))
+}
+
+// SubBalance removes amount from so's balance.
+// It is used to remove funds from the origin account of a transfer.
+func (so *stateObject) SubBalance(amount *uint256.Int) {
+	if amount.IsZero() {
+		return
+	}
+	so.SetBalance(new(uint256.Int).Sub(so.Balance(), amount))
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) SetBalance(amount *uint256.Int) {
+	so.db.journal.append(balanceChange{
+		account: &so.address,
+		prev:    so.data.Balance,
+	})
+	so.setBalance(amount)
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) setBalance(amount *uint256.Int) {
+	so.data.Balance.Set(amount)
+	so.data.Initialised = true
+}
+
+// Return the gas back to the origin. Used by the Virtual machine or Closures
+func (so *stateObject) ReturnGas(gas *big.Int) {}
+
+func (so *stateObject) setIncarnation(incarnation uint16) {
+	so.data.SetIncarnation(incarnation)
+}
+
+//
+// Attribute accessors
+//
+
+// Returns the address of the contract/account
+func (so *stateObject) Address() types.Address {
+	return so.address
+}
+
+// Code returns the contract code associated with this object, if any.
+func (so *stateObject) Code() []byte {
+	if so.code != nil {
+		return so.code
+	}
+	if bytes.Equal(so.CodeHash(), emptyCodeHash) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	code, err := so.db.stateReader.ReadAccountCode(so.Address(), so.data.Incarnation, types.BytesToHash(so.CodeHash()))
+	if err != nil {
+		so.setError(fmt.Errorf("can't load code hash %x: %w", so.CodeHash(), err))
+	}
+	so.code = code
+	return code
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) SetCode(codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) {
+	prevcode := so.Code()
+	so.db.journal.append(codeChange{
+		account:  &so.address,
+		prevhash: so.data.CodeHash,
+		prevcode: prevcode,
+	})
+	so.setCode(codeHash, code)
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) setCode(codeHash types.Hash, code []byte) {
+	so.code = code
+	so.data.CodeHash = codeHash
+	so.dirtyCode = true
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) SetNonce(nonce uint64) {
+	so.db.journal.append(nonceChange{
+		account: &so.address,
+		prev:    so.data.Nonce,
+	})
+	so.setNonce(nonce)
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) setNonce(nonce uint64) {
+	so.data.Nonce = nonce
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) CodeHash() []byte {
+	return so.data.CodeHash[:]
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) Balance() *uint256.Int {
+	return &so.data.Balance
+}
+
+func (so *stateObject) Nonce() uint64 {
+	return so.data.Nonce
+}
+
+// Never called, but must be present to allow stateObject to be used
+// as a vm.Account interface that also satisfies the vm.ContractRef
+// interface. Interfaces are awesome.
+func (so *stateObject) Value() *big.Int {
+	panic("Value on stateObject should never be called")
+}
diff --git a/modules/table.go b/modules/table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2c7e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package modules
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+//const PlainState = "PlainState"
+
+// StateInfo
+const (
+	// DatabaseInfo is used to store information about data layout.
+	DatabaseInfo = "DbInfo"
+	ChainConfig  = "ChainConfig"
+)
+
+// PlainState
+const (
+	//key - contract code hash
+	//value - contract code
+	Code    = "Code"    // contract code hash -> contract code
+	Account = "Account" // address(un hashed) -> account encoded
+	Storage = "Storage" // address (un hashed) + incarnation + storage key (un hashed) -> storage value(types.Hash)
+	Reward  = "Reward"  // ...
+	Deposit = "Deposit" // Deposit info
+
+	//key - addressHash+incarnation
+	//value - code hash
+	ContractCode = "HashedCodeHash"
+
+	PlainContractCode = "PlainCodeHash" // address+incarnation -> code hash
+
+	// IncarnationMap "incarnation" - uint16 number - how much times given account was SelfDestruct'ed
+	IncarnationMap = "IncarnationMap" // address -> incarnation of account when it was last deleted
+)
+
+// HistoryState
+const (
+	AccountChangeSet = "AccountChangeSet" // blockNum_u64 ->  address + account(encoded)
+	AccountsHistory  = "AccountHistory"   // address + shard_id_u64 -> roaring bitmap  - list of block where it changed
+
+	StorageChangeSet = "StorageChangeSet" // blockNum_u64 + address + incarnation_u64 ->  plain_storage_key + value
+	StorageHistory   = "StorageHistory"   // address + storage_key + shard_id_u64 -> roaring bitmap - list of block where it changed
+)
+
+// Block
+const (
+	Headers         = "Header"                 // block_num_u64 + hash -> header
+	HeaderNumber    = "HeaderNumber"           // header_hash -> num_u64
+	HeaderTD        = "HeadersTotalDifficulty" // block_num_u64 + hash -> td
+	HeaderCanonical = "CanonicalHeader"        // block_num_u64 -> header hash
+
+	// headBlockKey tracks the latest know full block's hash.
+	HeadBlockKey = "LastBlock"
+
+	HeadHeaderKey = "LastHeader"
+
+	BlockBody       = "BlockBody"               // block_num_u64 + hash -> block body
+	BlockTx         = "BlockTransaction"        // tbl_sequence_u64 -> (tx)
+	NonCanonicalTxs = "NonCanonicalTransaction" // tbl_sequence_u64 -> rlp(tx)
+	MaxTxNum        = "MaxTxNum"                // block_number_u64 -> max_tx_num_in_block_u64
+	TxLookup        = "BlockTransactionLookup"  // hash -> transaction/receipt lookup metadata
+
+	BlockVerify  = "BlockVerify"
+	BlockRewards = "BlockRewards"
+
+	// Transaction senders - stored separately from the block bodies
+	Senders = "TxSender" // block_num_u64 + blockHash -> sendersList (no serialization format, every 20 bytes is new sender)
+
+	Receipts = "Receipt"        // block_num_u64 -> canonical block receipts (non-canonical are not stored)
+	Log      = "TransactionLog" // block_num_u64 + txId -> logs of transaction
+
+	// Stores bitmap indices - in which block numbers saw logs of given 'address' or 'topic'
+	// [addr or topic] + [2 bytes inverted shard number] -> bitmap(blockN)
+	// indices are sharded - because some bitmaps are >1Mb and when new incoming blocks process it
+	//	 updates ~300 of bitmaps - by append small amount new values. It cause much big writes (MDBX does copy-on-write).
+	//
+	// if last existing shard size merge it with delta
+	// if serialized size of delta > ShardLimit - break down to multiple shards
+	// shard number - it's biggest value in bitmap
+	LogTopicIndex   = "LogTopicIndex"
+	LogAddressIndex = "LogAddressIndex"
+
+	// CallTraceSet is the name of the table that contain the mapping of block number to the set (sorted) of all accounts
+	// touched by call traces. It is DupSort-ed table
+	// 8-byte BE block number -> account address -> two bits (one for "from", another for "to")
+	CallTraceSet = "CallTraceSet"
+	// Indices for call traces - have the same format as LogTopicIndex and LogAddressIndex
+	// Store bitmap indices - in which block number we saw calls from (CallFromIndex) or to (CallToIndex) some addresses
+	CallFromIndex = "CallFromIndex"
+	CallToIndex   = "CallToIndex"
+
+	Sequence = "Sequence" // tbl_name -> seq_u64
+
+	Stake = "Stake" // stakes   ast_stake -> bytes
+
+)
+
+const (
+	SignersDB   = "signersDB"
+	PoaSnapshot = "poaSnapshot"
+)
+
+var astTables = []string{
+	Code,
+	Account,
+	Storage,
+	PlainContractCode,
+	IncarnationMap,
+
+	DatabaseInfo,
+	ChainConfig,
+
+	AccountsHistory,
+	AccountChangeSet,
+	StorageHistory,
+	StorageChangeSet,
+
+	Headers,
+	HeaderTD,
+	HeaderCanonical,
+	HeaderNumber,
+
+	HeadBlockKey,
+	HeadHeaderKey,
+
+	BlockBody,
+	BlockTx,
+
+	TxLookup,
+	Senders,
+	Receipts,
+	Log,
+
+	SignersDB,
+	PoaSnapshot,
+	Sequence,
+
+	Reward,
+	Deposit,
+	BlockVerify,
+	BlockRewards,
+}
+
+var AstTableCfg = kv.TableCfg{
+	AccountChangeSet: {Flags: kv.DupSort},
+	StorageChangeSet: {Flags: kv.DupSort},
+	Storage: {
+		Flags:                     kv.DupSort,
+		AutoDupSortKeysConversion: true,
+		DupFromLen:                54,
+		DupToLen:                  34,
+	},
+}
+
+func AstInit() {
+	sort.SliceStable(astTables, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return strings.Compare(astTables[i], astTables[j]) < 0
+	})
+	for _, name := range astTables {
+		_, ok := AstTableCfg[name]
+		if !ok {
+			AstTableCfg[name] = kv.TableCfgItem{}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/modules/utils.go b/modules/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c59490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package modules
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+const NumberLength = 8
+const Incarnation = 2
+
+var configPrefix = []byte("chainConfig-")
+
+// EncodeBlockNumber encodes a block number as big endian uint64
+func EncodeBlockNumber(number uint64) []byte {
+	enc := make([]byte, NumberLength)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(enc, number)
+	return enc
+}
+
+var ErrInvalidSize = errors.New("bit endian number has an invalid size")
+
+func DecodeBlockNumber(number []byte) (uint64, error) {
+	if len(number) != NumberLength {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %d", ErrInvalidSize, len(number))
+	}
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(number), nil
+}
+
+// HeaderKey = num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func HeaderKey(number uint64, hash types.Hash) []byte {
+	k := make([]byte, NumberLength+types.HashLength)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k, number)
+	copy(k[NumberLength:], hash[:])
+	return k
+}
+
+// BlockBodyKey = num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func BlockBodyKey(number uint64, hash types.Hash) []byte {
+	k := make([]byte, NumberLength+types.HashLength)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(k, number)
+	copy(k[NumberLength:], hash[:])
+	return k
+}
+
+func BodyStorageValue(baseTx uint64, txAmount uint32) []byte {
+	v := make([]byte, 8+4)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(v, baseTx)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(v[8:], txAmount)
+	return v
+}
+
+// LogKey = blockN (uint64 big endian) + txId (uint32 big endian)
+func LogKey(blockNumber uint64, txId uint32) []byte {
+	newK := make([]byte, 8+4)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(newK, blockNumber)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(newK[8:], txId)
+	return newK
+}
+
+func PlainParseCompositeStorageKey(compositeKey []byte) (types.Address, uint16, types.Hash) {
+	prefixLen := types.AddressLength + types.IncarnationLength
+	addr, inc := PlainParseStoragePrefix(compositeKey[:prefixLen])
+	var key types.Hash
+	copy(key[:], compositeKey[prefixLen:prefixLen+types.HashLength])
+	return addr, inc, key
+}
+
+// AddrHash + incarnation + StorageHashPrefix
+func GenerateCompositeStoragePrefix(addressHash []byte, incarnation uint16, storageHashPrefix []byte) []byte {
+	key := make([]byte, types.HashLength+types.IncarnationLength+len(storageHashPrefix))
+	copy(key, addressHash)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[types.HashLength:], incarnation)
+	copy(key[types.HashLength+types.IncarnationLength:], storageHashPrefix)
+	return key
+}
+
+// address hash + incarnation prefix
+func GenerateStoragePrefix(addressHash []byte, incarnation uint16) []byte {
+	prefix := make([]byte, types.HashLength+NumberLength)
+	copy(prefix, addressHash)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(prefix[types.HashLength:], incarnation)
+	return prefix
+}
+
+// address hash + incarnation prefix (for plain state)
+func PlainGenerateStoragePrefix(address []byte, incarnation uint16) []byte {
+	prefix := make([]byte, types.AddressLength+NumberLength)
+	copy(prefix, address)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(prefix[types.AddressLength:], incarnation)
+	return prefix
+}
+
+// AddrHash + incarnation + KeyHash
+// For contract storage (for plain state)
+func PlainGenerateCompositeStorageKey(address []byte, incarnation uint16, key []byte) []byte {
+	compositeKey := make([]byte, types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength+types.HashLength)
+	copy(compositeKey, address)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(compositeKey[types.AddressLength:], incarnation)
+	copy(compositeKey[types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength:], key)
+	return compositeKey
+}
+
+func StorageIndexChunkKey(key []byte, blockNumber uint64) []byte {
+	//remove incarnation and add block number
+	blockNumBytes := make([]byte, types.AddressLength+types.HashLength+8)
+	copy(blockNumBytes, key[:types.AddressLength])
+	copy(blockNumBytes[types.AddressLength:], key[types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength:])
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(blockNumBytes[types.AddressLength+types.HashLength:], blockNumber)
+
+	return blockNumBytes
+}
+
+func AccountIndexChunkKey(key []byte, blockNumber uint64) []byte {
+	blockNumBytes := make([]byte, types.AddressLength+8)
+	copy(blockNumBytes, key)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(blockNumBytes[types.AddressLength:], blockNumber)
+
+	return blockNumBytes
+}
+
+func PlainParseStoragePrefix(prefix []byte) (types.Address, uint16) {
+	var addr types.Address
+	copy(addr[:], prefix[:types.AddressLength])
+	inc := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(prefix[types.AddressLength : types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength])
+	return addr, inc
+}
+
+func CompositeKeyWithoutIncarnation(key []byte) []byte {
+	if len(key) == types.HashLength*2+types.IncarnationLength {
+		kk := make([]byte, types.HashLength*2)
+		copy(kk, key[:types.HashLength])
+		copy(kk[types.HashLength:], key[types.HashLength+types.IncarnationLength:])
+		return kk
+	}
+	if len(key) == types.AddressLength+types.HashLength+types.IncarnationLength {
+		kk := make([]byte, types.AddressLength+types.HashLength)
+		copy(kk, key[:types.AddressLength])
+		copy(kk[types.AddressLength:], key[types.AddressLength+types.IncarnationLength:])
+		return kk
+	}
+	return key
+}
+
+// ConfigKey = configPrefix + hash
+func ConfigKey(hash types.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(configPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
diff --git a/params/bootnodes.go b/params/bootnodes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c86f813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/bootnodes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+// MainnetBootnodes are the enode URLs of the P2P bootstrap nodes running on
+// the main astranet network.
+var MainnetBootnodes = []string{
+	// United States, Georgia, Atlanta
+	"enr:-JG4QDY9EdRvdnU2Pzf46fC5XLwTvJgoAMmyPUOOw44KQ8frJsiXQb6L-i0S2hlIvVirz6ihkw4IjPZp5NLbehor596GAYnxxVXsgmlkgnY0gmlwhBKqbE6Jc2VjcDI1NmsxoQIX6BYmB9BHfiWcXOO7Z4lAQDcR3WrjXzhS4Xj9Y387coN0Y3CCJ2aDdWRwgidl", // bootnode-aws-us-east-1-001
+}
+
+// TestnetBootnodes are the enode URLs of the P2P bootstrap nodes running on
+// the testnet astranet network.
+var TestnetBootnodes = []string{
+	// United States, Ashburn, Virginia
+	"enr:-Iu4QHueEtPvrAPTBugWBDmI06cow_TZueImElCeweCFY7v1XJTqio-maM5A34Oak7nSbMIwewU_FkE5Io2h7XFtb3YFgmlkgnY0gmlwhDbzU5iJc2VjcDI1NmsxoQMe8my_5ApPL7TVv5D_0JDbKBqJLSvDGUWA3q2TEVM1jIN0Y3CCJ2aDdWRwgidl", //
+}
diff --git a/params/chainspecs/mainnet.json b/params/chainspecs/mainnet.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e312ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/chainspecs/mainnet.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "chainId": 94,
+  "homesteadBlock": 0,
+  "daoForkBlock": null,
+  "daoForkSupport": false,
+  "eip150Block": 0,
+  "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  "eip155Block": 0,
+  "eip158Block": 0,
+  "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+  "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+  "petersburgBlock": 0,
+  "istanbulBlock": 0,
+  "muirGlacierBlock": 0,
+  "berlinBlock": 0,
+  "londonBlock": 0,
+  "arrowGlacierBlock": 0,
+  "beijingBlock": 770000,
+  "consensus": "apos",
+  "apos": {
+    "period": 8,
+    "epoch": 3000,
+    "rewardEpoch": 10800,
+    "rewardLimit": 500000000000000000,
+    "depositContract": "ast85A5E24ef94fe5bDD5055133E6bd00DcEA25F37D",
+    "depositNFTContract": "astF762E4Aa8Da0B9FC8113ECBFf6c84B3a6B7B5544",
+    "depositFUJIContract": "ast8018c0ba6717FE077cB37Db5D6187B400ee76Eeb"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/params/chainspecs/testnet.json b/params/chainspecs/testnet.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4014c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/chainspecs/testnet.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "chainId": 100100100,
+  "homesteadBlock": 0,
+  "daoForkBlock": null,
+  "daoForkSupport": false,
+  "eip150Block": 0,
+  "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  "eip155Block": 0,
+  "eip158Block": 0,
+  "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+  "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+  "petersburgBlock": 0,
+  "istanbulBlock": 0,
+  "muirGlacierBlock": 0,
+  "berlinBlock": 0,
+  "londonBlock": 0,
+  "arrowGlacierBlock": 0,
+  "beijingBlock": 40000,
+  "consensus": "apos",
+  "apos": {
+    "epoch": 3000,
+    "period": 8,
+    "rewardEpoch": 10800,
+    "rewardLimit": 500000000000000000,
+    "depositContract": "astE78629fCEb0aB8Fb4901AE67d373C061fbd8AA14",
+    "depositNFTContract": "ast0D06061B9C9F0ccd3dfCdeF943e0F9ae506a8398",
+    "depositFUJIContract": "ast9E8E6378fb11EC1ABB92A893ad17eC2178Cb4F1D"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab7b797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,883 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/paths"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/internal/avm/common"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/params/networkname"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	"math/big"
+	"path"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+//go:embed chainspecs
+var chainspecs embed.FS
+
+func readChainSpec(filename string) *ChainConfig {
+	f, err := chainspecs.Open(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Could not open chainspec for %s: %v", filename, err))
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	spec := &ChainConfig{}
+	err = decoder.Decode(&spec)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Could not parse chainspec for %s: %v", filename, err))
+	}
+	return spec
+}
+
+type ConsensusType string
+
+const (
+	AuRaConsensus   ConsensusType = "aura"
+	EtHashConsensus ConsensusType = "ethash"
+	CliqueConsensus ConsensusType = "clique"
+	ParliaConsensus ConsensusType = "parlia"
+	BorConsensus    ConsensusType = "bor"
+	AposConsensu    ConsensusType = "apos"
+	Faker           ConsensusType = "faker" // faker consensus
+)
+
+// Genesis hashes to enforce below configs on.
+var (
+	MainnetGenesisHash = types.HexToHash("0x138734b7044254e5ecbabf8056f5c2b73cd0847aaa5acac7345507cbeab387b8")
+	TestnetGenesisHash = types.HexToHash("0x5c0555d9ec963f58c63112862294e7e4836b12802304c23f2ec480a8f55cc5bb")
+)
+
+var (
+	// MainnetChainConfig is the chain parameters to run a node on the main network.
+	MainnetChainConfig = readChainSpec("chainspecs/mainnet.json")
+
+	// TestnetChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the Test network.
+	TestnetChainConfig = readChainSpec("chainspecs/testnet.json")
+
+	TestChainConfig = &ChainConfig{
+		ChainID:               big.NewInt(1),
+		Consensus:             EtHashConsensus,
+		HomesteadBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		DAOForkBlock:          nil,
+		DAOForkSupport:        false,
+		TangerineWhistleBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+		TangerineWhistleHash:  types.Hash{},
+		SpuriousDragonBlock:   big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:   big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:           nil,
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:     nil,
+		Ethash:                new(EthashConfig),
+		Clique:                nil,
+	}
+)
+
+// ChainConfig is the core config which determines the blockchain settings.
+//
+// ChainConfig is stored in the database on a per block basis. This means
+// that any network, identified by its genesis block, can have its own
+// set of configuration options.
+type ChainConfig struct {
+	ChainName string
+	ChainID   *big.Int `json:"chainId"` // chainId identifies the current chain and is used for replay protection
+
+	Consensus ConsensusType `json:"consensus,omitempty"` // aura, ethash or clique
+
+	HomesteadBlock *big.Int `json:"homesteadBlock,omitempty"` // Homestead switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already homestead)
+
+	DAOForkBlock   *big.Int `json:"daoForkBlock,omitempty"`   // TheDAO hard-fork switch block (nil = no fork)
+	DAOForkSupport bool     `json:"daoForkSupport,omitempty"` // Whether the nodes supports or opposes the DAO hard-fork
+
+	// Tangerine Whistle (EIP150) implements the Gas price changes (https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/150)
+	TangerineWhistleBlock *big.Int   `json:"eip150Block,omitempty"` // EIP150 HF block (nil = no fork)
+	TangerineWhistleHash  types.Hash `json:"eip150Hash,omitempty"`  // EIP150 HF hash (needed for header only clients as only gas pricing changed)
+
+	SpuriousDragonBlock *big.Int `json:"eip155Block,omitempty"` // Spurious Dragon HF block
+
+	ByzantiumBlock      *big.Int `json:"byzantiumBlock,omitempty"`      // Byzantium switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on byzantium)
+	ConstantinopleBlock *big.Int `json:"constantinopleBlock,omitempty"` // Constantinople switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	PetersburgBlock     *big.Int `json:"petersburgBlock,omitempty"`     // Petersburg switch block (nil = same as Constantinople)
+	IstanbulBlock       *big.Int `json:"istanbulBlock,omitempty"`       // Istanbul switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on istanbul)
+	MuirGlacierBlock    *big.Int `json:"muirGlacierBlock,omitempty"`    // EIP-2384 (bomb delay) switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	BerlinBlock         *big.Int `json:"berlinBlock,omitempty"`         // Berlin switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on berlin)
+	LondonBlock         *big.Int `json:"londonBlock,omitempty"`         // London switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on london)
+	ArrowGlacierBlock   *big.Int `json:"arrowGlacierBlock,omitempty"`   // EIP-4345 (bomb delay) switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	GrayGlacierBlock    *big.Int `json:"grayGlacierBlock,omitempty"`    // EIP-5133 (bomb delay) switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+
+	// EIP-3675: Upgrade consensus to Proof-of-Stake
+	TerminalTotalDifficulty       *big.Int `json:"terminalTotalDifficulty,omitempty"`       // The merge happens when terminal total difficulty is reached
+	TerminalTotalDifficultyPassed bool     `json:"terminalTotalDifficultyPassed,omitempty"` // Disable PoW sync for networks that have already passed through the Merge
+	MergeNetsplitBlock            *big.Int `json:"mergeNetsplitBlock,omitempty"`            // Virtual fork after The Merge to use as a network splitter; see FORK_NEXT_VALUE in EIP-3675
+
+	ShanghaiBlock    *big.Int `json:"shanghaiBlock,omitempty"` // Shanghai switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	CancunBlock      *big.Int `json:"cancunTime,omitempty"`
+	ShardingForkTime *big.Int `json:"shardingForkTime,omitempty"`
+	PragueTime       *big.Int `json:"pragueTime,omitempty"`
+
+	// Parlia fork blocks
+	//RamanujanBlock  *big.Int    `json:"ramanujanBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`  // ramanujanBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	//NielsBlock      *big.Int    `json:"nielsBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`      // nielsBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	//MirrorSyncBlock *big.Int    `json:"mirrorSyncBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"` // mirrorSyncBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	//BrunoBlock      *big.Int    `json:"brunoBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`      // brunoBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	//EulerBlock      *big.Int    `json:"eulerBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`      // eulerBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	//GibbsBlock      *big.Int    `json:"gibbsBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`      // gibbsBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	NanoBlock    *big.Int `json:"nanoBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`    // nanoBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	MoranBlock   *big.Int `json:"moranBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`   // moranBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	BeijingBlock *big.Int `json:"beijingBlock,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"` // beijingBlock switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already activated)
+	//Apos         *AposConfig `json:"apos,omitempty"`
+
+	// Gnosis Chain fork blocks
+	//PosdaoBlock *big.Int `json:"posdaoBlock,omitempty"`
+	//
+	Eip1559FeeCollector           *types.Address `json:"eip1559FeeCollector,omitempty"`           // (Optional) Address where burnt EIP-1559 fees go to
+	Eip1559FeeCollectorTransition *big.Int       `json:"eip1559FeeCollectorTransition,omitempty"` // (Optional) Block from which burnt EIP-1559 fees go to the Eip1559FeeCollector
+
+	// Various consensus engines
+	Ethash *EthashConfig `json:"ethash,omitempty"`
+	Clique *CliqueConfig `json:"clique,omitempty"`
+	Aura   *AuRaConfig   `json:"aura,omitempty"`
+	Parlia *ParliaConfig `json:"parlia,omitempty" toml:",omitempty"`
+	Bor    *BorConfig    `json:"bor,omitempty"`
+	Apos   *APosConfig   `json:"apos,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// EthashConfig is the consensus engine configs for proof-of-work based sealing.
+type EthashConfig struct{}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
+func (c *EthashConfig) String() string {
+	return "ethash"
+}
+
+// CliqueConfig is the consensus engine configs for proof-of-authority based sealing.
+type CliqueConfig struct {
+	Period uint64 `json:"period"` // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
+	Epoch  uint64 `json:"epoch"`  // Epoch length to reset votes and checkpoint
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
+func (c *CliqueConfig) String() string {
+	return "clique"
+}
+
+type APosConfig struct {
+	Period uint64 `json:"period"` // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
+	Epoch  uint64 `json:"epoch"`  // Epoch length to reset votes and checkpoint
+
+	RewardEpoch uint64   `json:"rewardEpoch"`
+	RewardLimit *big.Int `json:"rewardLimit"`
+
+	DepositContract     string `json:"depositContract"`     // Deposit contract
+	DepositNFTContract  string `json:"depositNFTContract"`  // Deposit NFT contract
+	DepositFUJIContract string `json:"depositFUJIContract"` // Deposit NFT contract
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
+func (b *APosConfig) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{DepositContract: %v, NFTDepositContract:%v, Period: %v, Epoch: %v, RewardEpoch: %v, RewardLimit: %v}",
+		b.DepositContract,
+		b.DepositNFTContract,
+		b.Period,
+		b.Epoch,
+		b.RewardEpoch,
+		b.RewardLimit,
+	)
+}
+
+// AuRaConfig is the consensus engine configs for proof-of-authority based sealing.
+type AuRaConfig struct {
+	DBPath    string
+	InMemory  bool
+	Etherbase common.Address // same as miner etherbase
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
+func (c *AuRaConfig) String() string {
+	return "aura"
+}
+
+type ParliaConfig struct {
+	DBPath   string
+	InMemory bool
+	Period   uint64 `json:"period"` // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
+	Epoch    uint64 `json:"epoch"`  // Epoch length to update validatorSet
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
+func (b *ParliaConfig) String() string {
+	return "parlia"
+}
+
+//type AposConfig struct {
+//	DepositContract string `json:"depositContract"` // Deposit contract
+//	Period          uint64 `json:"period"`          // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
+//	Epoch           uint64 `json:"epoch"`           // Epoch length to reset votes and checkpoint
+//
+//	RewardEpoch uint64 `json:"rewardEpoch"`
+//	RewardLimit uint64 `json:"rewardLimit"`
+//}
+
+// BorConfig is the consensus engine configs for Matic bor based sealing.
+type BorConfig struct {
+	Period                map[string]uint64 `json:"period"`                // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
+	ProducerDelay         uint64            `json:"producerDelay"`         // Number of seconds delay between two producer interval
+	Sprint                uint64            `json:"sprint"`                // Epoch length to proposer
+	BackupMultiplier      map[string]uint64 `json:"backupMultiplier"`      // Backup multiplier to determine the wiggle time
+	ValidatorContract     string            `json:"validatorContract"`     // Validator set contract
+	StateReceiverContract string            `json:"stateReceiverContract"` // State receiver contract
+
+	OverrideStateSyncRecords map[string]int         `json:"overrideStateSyncRecords"` // override state records count
+	BlockAlloc               map[string]interface{} `json:"blockAlloc"`
+	JaipurBlock              uint64                 `json:"jaipurBlock"` // Jaipur switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already on jaipur)
+}
+
+// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
+func (b *BorConfig) String() string {
+	return "bor"
+}
+
+func (c *BorConfig) CalculateBackupMultiplier(number uint64) uint64 {
+	return c.calculateBorConfigHelper(c.BackupMultiplier, number)
+}
+
+func (c *BorConfig) CalculatePeriod(number uint64) uint64 {
+	return c.calculateBorConfigHelper(c.Period, number)
+}
+
+func (c *BorConfig) IsJaipur(number uint64) bool {
+	return number >= c.JaipurBlock
+}
+
+func (c *BorConfig) calculateBorConfigHelper(field map[string]uint64, number uint64) uint64 {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(field))
+	for k := range field {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	for i := 0; i < len(keys)-1; i++ {
+		valUint, _ := strconv.ParseUint(keys[i], 10, 64)
+		valUintNext, _ := strconv.ParseUint(keys[i+1], 10, 64)
+		if number > valUint && number < valUintNext {
+			return field[keys[i]]
+		}
+	}
+	return field[keys[len(keys)-1]]
+}
+
+// String implements the fmt.Stringer interface.
+func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{ChainID: %v, Homestead: %v, DAO: %v, DAO Support: %v, Tangerine Whistle: %v, Spurious Dragon: %v, Byzantium: %v, Constantinople: %v, Petersburg: %v, Istanbul: %v, Muir Glacier: %v, Berlin: %v, London: %v, Arrow Glacier: %v, Gray Glacier: %v, Terminal Total Difficulty: %v, Merge Netsplit: %v, Shanghai: %v, Cancun: %v}",
+		c.ChainID,
+		c.HomesteadBlock,
+		c.DAOForkBlock,
+		c.DAOForkSupport,
+		c.TangerineWhistleBlock,
+		c.SpuriousDragonBlock,
+		c.ByzantiumBlock,
+		c.ConstantinopleBlock,
+		c.PetersburgBlock,
+		c.IstanbulBlock,
+		c.MuirGlacierBlock,
+		c.BerlinBlock,
+		c.LondonBlock,
+		c.ArrowGlacierBlock,
+		c.GrayGlacierBlock,
+		c.TerminalTotalDifficulty,
+		c.MergeNetsplitBlock,
+		c.ShanghaiBlock,
+		c.CancunBlock,
+	)
+}
+
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsHeaderWithSeal() bool {
+	return c.Consensus == AuRaConsensus
+}
+
+type ConsensusSnapshotConfig struct {
+	CheckpointInterval uint64 // Number of blocks after which to save the vote snapshot to the database
+	InmemorySnapshots  int    // Number of recent vote snapshots to keep in memory
+	InmemorySignatures int    // Number of recent block signatures to keep in memory
+	DBPath             string
+	InMemory           bool
+}
+
+const cliquePath = "clique"
+
+func NewSnapshotConfig(checkpointInterval uint64, inmemorySnapshots int, inmemorySignatures int, inmemory bool, dbPath string) *ConsensusSnapshotConfig {
+	if len(dbPath) == 0 {
+		dbPath = paths.DefaultDataDir()
+	}
+
+	return &ConsensusSnapshotConfig{
+		checkpointInterval,
+		inmemorySnapshots,
+		inmemorySignatures,
+		path.Join(dbPath, cliquePath),
+		inmemory,
+	}
+}
+
+// NetworkNames are user friendly names to use in the chain spec banner.
+var NetworkNames = map[string]string{
+	"100100100": "testnet",
+	"94":        "mainnet",
+	//"131":       "testnet",
+}
+
+// Description returns a human-readable description of ChainConfig.
+func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
+	var banner string
+
+	// Create some basinc network config output
+	network := NetworkNames[c.ChainID.String()]
+	if network == "" {
+		network = "unknown"
+	}
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf("Chain ID:  %v (%s)\n", c.ChainID, network)
+
+	// Create a list of forks with a short description of them. Forks that only
+	// makes sense for mainnet should be optional at printing to avoid bloating
+	// the output for testnets and private networks.
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Homestead:                   #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/homestead.md)\n", c.HomesteadBlock)
+	//if c.DAOForkBlock != nil {
+	//	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - DAO Fork:                    #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/dao-fork.md)\n", c.DAOForkBlock)
+	//}
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/tangerine-whistle.md)\n", c.TangerineWhistleBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/spurious-dragon.md)\n", c.SpuriousDragonBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/spurious-dragon.md)\n", c.SpuriousDragonBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Byzantium:                   #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/byzantium.md)\n", c.ByzantiumBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Constantinople:              #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/constantinople.md)\n", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Petersburg:                  #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/petersburg.md)\n", c.PetersburgBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Istanbul:                    #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/istanbul.md)\n", c.IstanbulBlock)
+	//if c.MuirGlacierBlock != nil {
+	//	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Muir Glacier:                #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/muir-glacier.md)\n", c.MuirGlacierBlock)
+	//}
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Berlin:                      #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/berlin.md)\n", c.BerlinBlock)
+	//banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - London:                      #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/london.md)\n", c.LondonBlock)
+	//if c.ArrowGlacierBlock != nil {
+	//	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Arrow Glacier:               #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/arrow-glacier.md)\n", c.ArrowGlacierBlock)
+	//}
+	//if c.GrayGlacierBlock != nil {
+	//	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Gray Glacier:                #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/gray-glacier.md)\n", c.GrayGlacierBlock)
+	//}
+	banner += "\n"
+
+	// Add a special section for the merge as it's non-obvious
+	//if c.TerminalTotalDifficulty == nil {
+	//	banner += "The Merge is not yet available for this network!\n"
+	//	banner += " - Hard-fork specification: https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/paris.md\n"
+	//} else {
+	//	banner += "Merge configured:\n"
+	//	banner += " - Hard-fork specification:    https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/paris.md\n"
+	//	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Network known to be merged: %v\n", c.TerminalTotalDifficultyPassed)
+	//	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Total terminal difficulty:  %v\n", c.TerminalTotalDifficulty)
+	//	if c.MergeNetsplitBlock != nil {
+	//		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Merge netsplit block:       #%-8v\n", c.MergeNetsplitBlock)
+	//	}
+	//}
+	banner += "\n"
+
+	return banner
+}
+
+// IsHomestead returns whether num is either equal to the homestead block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsHomestead(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.HomesteadBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsDAOFork returns whether num is either equal to the DAO fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsDAOFork(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.DAOForkBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsTangerineWhistle returns whether num is either equal to the Tangerine Whistle (EIP150) fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsTangerineWhistle(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.TangerineWhistleBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsSpuriousDragon returns whether num is either equal to the Spurious Dragon fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsSpuriousDragon(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.SpuriousDragonBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsByzantium returns whether num is either equal to the Byzantium fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsByzantium(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.ByzantiumBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsConstantinople returns whether num is either equal to the Constantinople fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsConstantinople(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.ConstantinopleBlock, num)
+}
+
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsMoran(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.MoranBlock, num)
+}
+
+//	func (c *ChainConfig) IsOnMoran(num *big.Int) bool {
+//		return configNumEqual(c.MoranBlock, num)
+//	}
+//
+// IsNano returns whether num is either equal to the euler fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsNano(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.NanoBlock, num)
+}
+
+//
+//func (c *ChainConfig) IsOnNano(num *big.Int) bool {
+//	return configNumEqual(c.NanoBlock, num)
+//}
+
+// IsMuirGlacier returns whether num is either equal to the Muir Glacier (EIP-2384) fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsMuirGlacier(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.MuirGlacierBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsPetersburg returns whether num is either
+// - equal to or greater than the PetersburgBlock fork block,
+// - OR is nil, and Constantinople is active
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsPetersburg(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.PetersburgBlock, num) || c.PetersburgBlock == nil && isForked(c.ConstantinopleBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsIstanbul returns whether num is either equal to the Istanbul fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsIstanbul(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.IstanbulBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsBerlin returns whether num is either equal to the Berlin fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsBerlin(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.BerlinBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsLondon returns whether num is either equal to the London fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsLondon(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.LondonBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsArrowGlacier returns whether num is either equal to the Arrow Glacier (EIP-4345) fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsArrowGlacier(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.ArrowGlacierBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsGrayGlacier returns whether num is either equal to the Gray Glacier (EIP-5133) fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsGrayGlacier(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.GrayGlacierBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsShanghai returns whether num is either equal to the Shanghai fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsShanghai(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.ShanghaiBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsCancun returns whether num is either equal to the Cancun fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsCancun(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.CancunBlock, num)
+}
+
+// IsPrague returns whether time is either equal to the Prague fork time or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsPrague(time uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.PragueTime, time)
+}
+
+// IsBeijing returns whether num is either equal to the IsBeijing fork block or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsBeijing(num uint64) bool {
+	return isForked(c.BeijingBlock, num)
+}
+
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsEip1559FeeCollector(num uint64) bool {
+	return c.Eip1559FeeCollector != nil && isForked(c.Eip1559FeeCollectorTransition, num)
+}
+
+//func (c *ChainConfig) IsMoran(num uint64) bool {
+//	return isForked(c.MoranBlock, num)
+//}
+//
+//func (c *ChainConfig) IsOnMoran(num *big.Int) bool {
+//	return numEqual(c.MoranBlock, num)
+//}
+//
+//// IsNano returns whether num is either equal to the euler fork block or greater.
+//func (c *ChainConfig) IsNano(num uint64) bool {
+//	return isForked(c.NanoBlock, num)
+//}
+
+// CheckCompatible checks whether scheduled fork transitions have been imported
+// with a mismatching chain configuration.
+func (c *ChainConfig) CheckCompatible(newcfg *ChainConfig, height uint64) *ConfigCompatError {
+	bhead := height
+
+	// Iterate checkCompatible to find the lowest conflict.
+	var lasterr *ConfigCompatError
+	for {
+		err := c.checkCompatible(newcfg, bhead)
+		if err == nil || (lasterr != nil && err.RewindTo == lasterr.RewindTo) {
+			break
+		}
+		lasterr = err
+		bhead = err.RewindTo
+	}
+	return lasterr
+}
+
+// CheckConfigForkOrder checks that we don't "skip" any forks, geth isn't pluggable enough
+// to guarantee that forks can be implemented in a different order than on official networks
+func (c *ChainConfig) CheckConfigForkOrder() error {
+	if c != nil && c.ChainID != nil && c.ChainID.Uint64() == 77 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	type fork struct {
+		name     string
+		block    *big.Int
+		optional bool // if true, the fork may be nil and next fork is still allowed
+	}
+	var lastFork fork
+	for _, cur := range []fork{
+		{name: "homesteadBlock", block: c.HomesteadBlock},
+		{name: "daoForkBlock", block: c.DAOForkBlock, optional: true},
+		{name: "eip150Block", block: c.TangerineWhistleBlock},
+		{name: "eip155Block", block: c.SpuriousDragonBlock},
+		{name: "byzantiumBlock", block: c.ByzantiumBlock},
+		{name: "constantinopleBlock", block: c.ConstantinopleBlock},
+		{name: "petersburgBlock", block: c.PetersburgBlock},
+		{name: "istanbulBlock", block: c.IstanbulBlock},
+		{name: "muirGlacierBlock", block: c.MuirGlacierBlock, optional: true},
+		//{name: "eulerBlock", block: c.EulerBlock, optional: true},
+		//{name: "gibbsBlock", block: c.GibbsBlock, optional: true},
+		{name: "berlinBlock", block: c.BerlinBlock},
+		{name: "londonBlock", block: c.LondonBlock},
+		{name: "arrowGlacierBlock", block: c.ArrowGlacierBlock, optional: true},
+		{name: "grayGlacierBlock", block: c.GrayGlacierBlock, optional: true},
+		{name: "mergeNetsplitBlock", block: c.MergeNetsplitBlock, optional: true},
+		{name: "shanghaiBlock", block: c.ShanghaiBlock},
+		{name: "cancunBlock", block: c.CancunBlock},
+	} {
+		if lastFork.name != "" {
+			// Next one must be higher number
+			if lastFork.block == nil && cur.block != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork ordering: %v not enabled, but %v enabled at %v",
+					lastFork.name, cur.name, cur.block)
+			}
+			if lastFork.block != nil && cur.block != nil {
+				if lastFork.block.Cmp(cur.block) > 0 {
+					return fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork ordering: %v enabled at %v, but %v enabled at %v",
+						lastFork.name, lastFork.block, cur.name, cur.block)
+				}
+			}
+			// If it was optional and not set, then ignore it
+		}
+		if !cur.optional || cur.block != nil {
+			lastFork = cur
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *ChainConfig) checkCompatible(newcfg *ChainConfig, head uint64) *ConfigCompatError {
+	// Ethereum mainnet forks
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.HomesteadBlock, newcfg.HomesteadBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Homestead fork block", c.HomesteadBlock, newcfg.HomesteadBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.DAOForkBlock, newcfg.DAOForkBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("DAO fork block", c.DAOForkBlock, newcfg.DAOForkBlock)
+	}
+	if c.IsDAOFork(head) && c.DAOForkSupport != newcfg.DAOForkSupport {
+		return newCompatError("DAO fork support flag", c.DAOForkBlock, newcfg.DAOForkBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.TangerineWhistleBlock, newcfg.TangerineWhistleBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Tangerine Whistle fork block", c.TangerineWhistleBlock, newcfg.TangerineWhistleBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.SpuriousDragonBlock, newcfg.SpuriousDragonBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Spurious Dragon fork block", c.SpuriousDragonBlock, newcfg.SpuriousDragonBlock)
+	}
+	if c.IsSpuriousDragon(head) && !configNumEqual(c.ChainID, newcfg.ChainID) {
+		return newCompatError("EIP155 chain ID", c.SpuriousDragonBlock, newcfg.SpuriousDragonBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.ByzantiumBlock, newcfg.ByzantiumBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Byzantium fork block", c.ByzantiumBlock, newcfg.ByzantiumBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.ConstantinopleBlock, newcfg.ConstantinopleBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Constantinople fork block", c.ConstantinopleBlock, newcfg.ConstantinopleBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.PetersburgBlock, newcfg.PetersburgBlock, head) {
+		// the only case where we allow Petersburg to be set in the past is if it is equal to Constantinople
+		// mainly to satisfy fork ordering requirements which state that Petersburg fork be set if Constantinople fork is set
+		if isForkIncompatible(c.ConstantinopleBlock, newcfg.PetersburgBlock, head) {
+			return newCompatError("Petersburg fork block", c.PetersburgBlock, newcfg.PetersburgBlock)
+		}
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.IstanbulBlock, newcfg.IstanbulBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Istanbul fork block", c.IstanbulBlock, newcfg.IstanbulBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.MuirGlacierBlock, newcfg.MuirGlacierBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Muir Glacier fork block", c.MuirGlacierBlock, newcfg.MuirGlacierBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.BerlinBlock, newcfg.BerlinBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Berlin fork block", c.BerlinBlock, newcfg.BerlinBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.LondonBlock, newcfg.LondonBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("London fork block", c.LondonBlock, newcfg.LondonBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.ArrowGlacierBlock, newcfg.ArrowGlacierBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Arrow Glacier fork block", c.ArrowGlacierBlock, newcfg.ArrowGlacierBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.GrayGlacierBlock, newcfg.GrayGlacierBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Gray Glacier fork block", c.GrayGlacierBlock, newcfg.GrayGlacierBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.MergeNetsplitBlock, newcfg.MergeNetsplitBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Merge netsplit block", c.MergeNetsplitBlock, newcfg.MergeNetsplitBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.ShanghaiBlock, newcfg.ShanghaiBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Shanghai fork block", c.ShanghaiBlock, newcfg.ShanghaiBlock)
+	}
+	if isForkIncompatible(c.CancunBlock, newcfg.CancunBlock, head) {
+		return newCompatError("Cancun fork block", c.CancunBlock, newcfg.CancunBlock)
+	}
+
+	// Parlia forks
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.RamanujanBlock, newcfg.RamanujanBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("Ramanujan fork block", c.RamanujanBlock, newcfg.RamanujanBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.NielsBlock, newcfg.NielsBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("Niels fork block", c.NielsBlock, newcfg.NielsBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.MirrorSyncBlock, newcfg.MirrorSyncBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("MirrorSync fork block", c.MirrorSyncBlock, newcfg.MirrorSyncBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.BrunoBlock, newcfg.BrunoBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("Bruno fork block", c.BrunoBlock, newcfg.BrunoBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.EulerBlock, newcfg.EulerBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("Euler fork block", c.EulerBlock, newcfg.EulerBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.GibbsBlock, newcfg.GibbsBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("Gibbs fork block", c.GibbsBlock, newcfg.GibbsBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.NanoBlock, newcfg.NanoBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("Nano fork block", c.NanoBlock, newcfg.NanoBlock)
+	//}
+	//if isForkIncompatible(c.MoranBlock, newcfg.MoranBlock, head) {
+	//	return newCompatError("moran fork block", c.MoranBlock, newcfg.MoranBlock)
+	//}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isForkIncompatible returns true if a fork scheduled at s1 cannot be rescheduled to
+// block s2 because head is already past the fork.
+func isForkIncompatible(s1, s2 *big.Int, head uint64) bool {
+	return (isForked(s1, head) || isForked(s2, head)) && !configNumEqual(s1, s2)
+}
+
+// isForked returns whether a fork scheduled at block s is active at the given head block.
+func isForked(s *big.Int, head uint64) bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.Uint64() <= head
+}
+
+func configNumEqual(x, y *big.Int) bool {
+	if x == nil {
+		return y == nil
+	}
+	if y == nil {
+		return x == nil
+	}
+	return x.Cmp(y) == 0
+}
+
+// ConfigCompatError is raised if the locally-stored blockchain is initialised with a
+// ChainConfig that would alter the past.
+type ConfigCompatError struct {
+	What string
+	// block numbers of the stored and new configurations
+	StoredConfig, NewConfig *big.Int
+	// the block number to which the local chain must be rewound to correct the error
+	RewindTo uint64
+}
+
+func newCompatError(what string, storedblock, newblock *big.Int) *ConfigCompatError {
+	var rew *big.Int
+	switch {
+	case storedblock == nil:
+		rew = newblock
+	case newblock == nil || storedblock.Cmp(newblock) < 0:
+		rew = storedblock
+	default:
+		rew = newblock
+	}
+	err := &ConfigCompatError{what, storedblock, newblock, 0}
+	if rew != nil && rew.Sign() > 0 {
+		err.RewindTo = rew.Uint64() - 1
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (err *ConfigCompatError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("mismatching %s in database (have %d, want %d, rewindto %d)", err.What, err.StoredConfig, err.NewConfig, err.RewindTo)
+}
+
+// Rules wraps ChainConfig and is merely syntactic sugar or can be used for functions
+// that do not have or require information about the block.
+//
+// Rules is a one time interface meaning that it shouldn't be used in between transition
+// phases.
+type Rules struct {
+	ChainID                                                 *big.Int
+	IsHomestead, IsTangerineWhistle, IsSpuriousDragon       bool
+	IsByzantium, IsConstantinople, IsPetersburg, IsIstanbul bool
+	IsBerlin, IsLondon, IsShanghai, IsCancun, IsPrague      bool
+	IsNano, IsMoran                                         bool
+	IsEip1559FeeCollector                                   bool
+	IsParlia, IsStarknet, IsAura, IsBeijing                 bool
+}
+
+// Rules ensures c's ChainID is not nil.
+func (c *ChainConfig) Rules(num uint64) *Rules {
+	chainID := c.ChainID
+	if chainID == nil {
+		chainID = new(big.Int)
+	}
+	return &Rules{
+		ChainID:               new(big.Int).Set(chainID),
+		IsHomestead:           c.IsHomestead(num),
+		IsTangerineWhistle:    c.IsTangerineWhistle(num),
+		IsSpuriousDragon:      c.IsSpuriousDragon(num),
+		IsByzantium:           c.IsByzantium(num),
+		IsConstantinople:      c.IsConstantinople(num),
+		IsPetersburg:          c.IsPetersburg(num),
+		IsIstanbul:            c.IsIstanbul(num),
+		IsBerlin:              c.IsBerlin(num),
+		IsLondon:              c.IsLondon(num),
+		IsShanghai:            c.IsShanghai(num),
+		IsCancun:              c.IsCancun(num),
+		IsPrague:              c.IsPrague(num),
+		IsNano:                c.IsNano(num),
+		IsMoran:               c.IsMoran(num),
+		IsEip1559FeeCollector: c.IsEip1559FeeCollector(num),
+		IsParlia:              c.Parlia != nil,
+		IsAura:                c.Aura != nil,
+		IsBeijing:             c.IsBeijing(num),
+	}
+}
+
+func ChainConfigByChainName(chain string) *ChainConfig {
+	switch chain {
+	case networkname.MainnetChainName:
+		return MainnetChainConfig
+	case networkname.TestnetChainName:
+		return TestnetChainConfig
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func GenesisHashByChainName(chain string) *types.Hash {
+	switch chain {
+	case networkname.MainnetChainName:
+		return &MainnetGenesisHash
+	case networkname.TestnetChainName:
+		return &TestnetGenesisHash
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func ChainConfigByGenesisHash(genesisHash types.Hash) *ChainConfig {
+	switch {
+	case genesisHash == MainnetGenesisHash:
+		return MainnetChainConfig
+	case genesisHash == TestnetGenesisHash:
+		return TestnetChainConfig
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func NetworkIDByChainName(chain string) uint64 {
+	switch chain {
+	case networkname.MainnetChainName:
+		return 97
+	case networkname.TestnetChainName:
+		return 100100100
+	default:
+		config := ChainConfigByChainName(chain)
+		if config == nil {
+			return 0
+		}
+		return config.ChainID.Uint64()
+	}
+}
+
+// TrustedCheckpoint represents a set of post-processed trie roots (CHT and
+// BloomTrie) associated with the appropriate section index and head hash. It is
+// used to start light syncing from this checkpoint and avoid downloading the
+// entire header chain while still being able to securely access old headers/logs.
+type TrustedCheckpoint struct {
+	SectionIndex uint64     `json:"sectionIndex"`
+	SectionHead  types.Hash `json:"sectionHead"`
+	CHTRoot      types.Hash `json:"chtRoot"`
+	BloomRoot    types.Hash `json:"bloomRoot"`
+}
+
+// HashEqual returns an indicator comparing the itself hash with given one.
+func (c *TrustedCheckpoint) HashEqual(hash types.Hash) bool {
+	if c.Empty() {
+		return hash == types.Hash{}
+	}
+	return c.Hash() == hash
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash of checkpoint's four key fields(index, sectionHead, chtRoot and bloomTrieRoot).
+func (c *TrustedCheckpoint) Hash() types.Hash {
+	var sectionIndex [8]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(sectionIndex[:], c.SectionIndex)
+
+	w := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	w.Write(sectionIndex[:])
+	w.Write(c.SectionHead[:])
+	w.Write(c.CHTRoot[:])
+	w.Write(c.BloomRoot[:])
+
+	var h types.Hash
+	w.Sum(h[:0])
+	return h
+}
+
+// Empty returns an indicator whether the checkpoint is regarded as empty.
+func (c *TrustedCheckpoint) Empty() bool {
+	return c.SectionHead == (types.Hash{}) || c.CHTRoot == (types.Hash{}) || c.BloomRoot == (types.Hash{})
+}
+
+// CheckpointOracleConfig represents a set of checkpoint contract(which acts as an oracle)
+// blockchain which used for light client checkpoint syncing.
+type CheckpointOracleConfig struct {
+	Address   types.Address   `json:"address"`
+	Signers   []types.Address `json:"signers"`
+	Threshold uint64          `json:"threshold"`
+}
diff --git a/params/dao.go b/params/dao.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3c17ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/dao.go
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+)
+
+// DAOForkBlockExtra is the block header extra-data field to set for the DAO fork
+// point and a number of consecutive blocks to allow fast/light syncers to correctly
+// pick the side they want  ("dao-hard-fork").
+var DAOForkBlockExtra = types.FromHex1("0x64616f2d686172642d666f726b")
+
+// DAOForkExtraRange is the number of consecutive blocks from the DAO fork point
+// to override the extra-data in to prevent no-fork attacks.
+var DAOForkExtraRange = big.NewInt(10)
+
+// DAORefundContract is the address of the refund contract to send DAO balances to.
+var DAORefundContract = types.HexToAddress("0xbf4ed7b27f1d666546e30d74d50d173d20bca754")
+
+// DAODrainList is the list of accounts whose full balances will be moved into a
+// refund contract at the beginning of the dao-fork block.
+func DAODrainList() []types.Address {
+	return []types.Address{
+		types.HexToAddress("0xd4fe7bc31cedb7bfb8a345f31e668033056b2728"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xb3fb0e5aba0e20e5c49d252dfd30e102b171a425"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x2c19c7f9ae8b751e37aeb2d93a699722395ae18f"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xecd135fa4f61a655311e86238c92adcd779555d2"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x1975bd06d486162d5dc297798dfc41edd5d160a7"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xa3acf3a1e16b1d7c315e23510fdd7847b48234f6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x319f70bab6845585f412ec7724b744fec6095c85"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x06706dd3f2c9abf0a21ddcc6941d9b86f0596936"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x5c8536898fbb74fc7445814902fd08422eac56d0"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x6966ab0d485353095148a2155858910e0965b6f9"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x779543a0491a837ca36ce8c635d6154e3c4911a6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x2a5ed960395e2a49b1c758cef4aa15213cfd874c"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x5c6e67ccd5849c0d29219c4f95f1a7a93b3f5dc5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9c50426be05db97f5d64fc54bf89eff947f0a321"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x200450f06520bdd6c527622a273333384d870efb"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xbe8539bfe837b67d1282b2b1d61c3f723966f049"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x6b0c4d41ba9ab8d8cfb5d379c69a612f2ced8ecb"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xf1385fb24aad0cd7432824085e42aff90886fef5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xd1ac8b1ef1b69ff51d1d401a476e7e612414f091"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x8163e7fb499e90f8544ea62bbf80d21cd26d9efd"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x51e0ddd9998364a2eb38588679f0d2c42653e4a6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x627a0a960c079c21c34f7612d5d230e01b4ad4c7"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xf0b1aa0eb660754448a7937c022e30aa692fe0c5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x24c4d950dfd4dd1902bbed3508144a54542bba94"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9f27daea7aca0aa0446220b98d028715e3bc803d"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xa5dc5acd6a7968a4554d89d65e59b7fd3bff0f90"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xd9aef3a1e38a39c16b31d1ace71bca8ef58d315b"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x63ed5a272de2f6d968408b4acb9024f4cc208ebf"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x6f6704e5a10332af6672e50b3d9754dc460dfa4d"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x77ca7b50b6cd7e2f3fa008e24ab793fd56cb15f6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x492ea3bb0f3315521c31f273e565b868fc090f17"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x0ff30d6de14a8224aa97b78aea5388d1c51c1f00"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9ea779f907f0b315b364b0cfc39a0fde5b02a416"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xceaeb481747ca6c540a000c1f3641f8cef161fa7"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xcc34673c6c40e791051898567a1222daf90be287"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x579a80d909f346fbfb1189493f521d7f48d52238"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xe308bd1ac5fda103967359b2712dd89deffb7973"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4cb31628079fb14e4bc3cd5e30c2f7489b00960c"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xac1ecab32727358dba8962a0f3b261731aad9723"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4fd6ace747f06ece9c49699c7cabc62d02211f75"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x440c59b325d2997a134c2c7c60a8c61611212bad"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4486a3d68fac6967006d7a517b889fd3f98c102b"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9c15b54878ba618f494b38f0ae7443db6af648ba"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x27b137a85656544b1ccb5a0f2e561a5703c6a68f"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x21c7fdb9ed8d291d79ffd82eb2c4356ec0d81241"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x23b75c2f6791eef49c69684db4c6c1f93bf49a50"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x1ca6abd14d30affe533b24d7a21bff4c2d5e1f3b"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xb9637156d330c0d605a791f1c31ba5890582fe1c"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x6131c42fa982e56929107413a9d526fd99405560"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x1591fc0f688c81fbeb17f5426a162a7024d430c2"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x542a9515200d14b68e934e9830d91645a980dd7a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xc4bbd073882dd2add2424cf47d35213405b01324"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x782495b7b3355efb2833d56ecb34dc22ad7dfcc4"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x58b95c9a9d5d26825e70a82b6adb139d3fd829eb"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x3ba4d81db016dc2890c81f3acec2454bff5aada5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xb52042c8ca3f8aa246fa79c3feaa3d959347c0ab"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xe4ae1efdfc53b73893af49113d8694a057b9c0d1"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x3c02a7bc0391e86d91b7d144e61c2c01a25a79c5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x0737a6b837f97f46ebade41b9bc3e1c509c85c53"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x97f43a37f595ab5dd318fb46e7a155eae057317a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x52c5317c848ba20c7504cb2c8052abd1fde29d03"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4863226780fe7c0356454236d3b1c8792785748d"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x5d2b2e6fcbe3b11d26b525e085ff818dae332479"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x5f9f3392e9f62f63b8eac0beb55541fc8627f42c"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x057b56736d32b86616a10f619859c6cd6f59092a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9aa008f65de0b923a2a4f02012ad034a5e2e2192"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x304a554a310c7e546dfe434669c62820b7d83490"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x914d1b8b43e92723e64fd0a06f5bdb8dd9b10c79"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4deb0033bb26bc534b197e61d19e0733e5679784"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x07f5c1e1bc2c93e0402f23341973a0e043f7bf8a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x35a051a0010aba705c9008d7a7eff6fb88f6ea7b"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4fa802324e929786dbda3b8820dc7834e9134a2a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9da397b9e80755301a3b32173283a91c0ef6c87e"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x8d9edb3054ce5c5774a420ac37ebae0ac02343c6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x0101f3be8ebb4bbd39a2e3b9a3639d4259832fd9"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x5dc28b15dffed94048d73806ce4b7a4612a1d48f"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xbcf899e6c7d9d5a215ab1e3444c86806fa854c76"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x12e626b0eebfe86a56d633b9864e389b45dcb260"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xa2f1ccba9395d7fcb155bba8bc92db9bafaeade7"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xec8e57756626fdc07c63ad2eafbd28d08e7b0ca5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xd164b088bd9108b60d0ca3751da4bceb207b0782"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x6231b6d0d5e77fe001c2a460bd9584fee60d409b"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x1cba23d343a983e9b5cfd19496b9a9701ada385f"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xa82f360a8d3455c5c41366975bde739c37bfeb8a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x9fcd2deaff372a39cc679d5c5e4de7bafb0b1339"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x005f5cee7a43331d5a3d3eec71305925a62f34b6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x0e0da70933f4c7849fc0d203f5d1d43b9ae4532d"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xd131637d5275fd1a68a3200f4ad25c71a2a9522e"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xbc07118b9ac290e4622f5e77a0853539789effbe"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x47e7aa56d6bdf3f36be34619660de61275420af8"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xacd87e28b0c9d1254e868b81cba4cc20d9a32225"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xadf80daec7ba8dcf15392f1ac611fff65d94f880"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x5524c55fb03cf21f549444ccbecb664d0acad706"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x40b803a9abce16f50f36a77ba41180eb90023925"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xfe24cdd8648121a43a7c86d289be4dd2951ed49f"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x17802f43a0137c506ba92291391a8a8f207f487d"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x253488078a4edf4d6f42f113d1e62836a942cf1a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x86af3e9626fce1957c82e88cbf04ddf3a2ed7915"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xb136707642a4ea12fb4bae820f03d2562ebff487"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xdbe9b615a3ae8709af8b93336ce9b477e4ac0940"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xf14c14075d6c4ed84b86798af0956deef67365b5"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xca544e5c4687d109611d0f8f928b53a25af72448"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xaeeb8ff27288bdabc0fa5ebb731b6f409507516c"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xcbb9d3703e651b0d496cdefb8b92c25aeb2171f7"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x6d87578288b6cb5549d5076a207456a1f6a63dc0"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xb2c6f0dfbb716ac562e2d85d6cb2f8d5ee87603e"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xaccc230e8a6e5be9160b8cdf2864dd2a001c28b6"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x2b3455ec7fedf16e646268bf88846bd7a2319bb2"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x4613f3bca5c44ea06337a9e439fbc6d42e501d0a"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xd343b217de44030afaa275f54d31a9317c7f441e"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x84ef4b2357079cd7a7c69fd7a37cd0609a679106"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xda2fef9e4a3230988ff17df2165440f37e8b1708"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xf4c64518ea10f995918a454158c6b61407ea345c"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x7602b46df5390e432ef1c307d4f2c9ff6d65cc97"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413"),
+		types.HexToAddress("0x807640a13483f8ac783c557fcdf27be11ea4ac7a"),
+	}
+}
diff --git a/params/denomination.go b/params/denomination.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57f32eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/denomination.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+// These are the multipliers for ether denominations.
+// Example: To get the wei value of an amount in 'gwei', use
+//
+//	new(big.Int).Mul(value, big.NewInt(params.GWei))
+const (
+	Wei  = 1
+	GWei = 1e9
+	AMT  = 1e18
+)
diff --git a/params/network_params.go b/params/network_params.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1110cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/network_params.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+// These are network parameters that need to be constant between clients, but
+// aren't necessarily consensus related.
+
+const (
+	// BloomBitsBlocks is the number of blocks a single bloom bit section vector
+	// contains on the server side.
+	BloomBitsBlocks uint64 = 4096
+
+	// BloomBitsBlocksClient is the number of blocks a single bloom bit section vector
+	// contains on the light client side
+	BloomBitsBlocksClient uint64 = 32768
+
+	// BloomConfirms is the number of confirmation blocks before a bloom section is
+	// considered probably final and its rotated bits are calculated.
+	BloomConfirms = 256
+
+	// CHTFrequency is the block frequency for creating CHTs
+	CHTFrequency = 32768
+
+	// BloomTrieFrequency is the block frequency for creating BloomTrie on both
+	// server/client sides.
+	BloomTrieFrequency = 32768
+
+	// HelperTrieConfirmations is the number of confirmations before a client is expected
+	// to have the given HelperTrie available.
+	HelperTrieConfirmations = 2048
+
+	// HelperTrieProcessConfirmations is the number of confirmations before a HelperTrie
+	// is generated
+	HelperTrieProcessConfirmations = 256
+
+	// CheckpointFrequency is the block frequency for creating checkpoint
+	CheckpointFrequency = 32768
+
+	// CheckpointProcessConfirmations is the number before a checkpoint is generated
+	CheckpointProcessConfirmations = 256
+
+	// FullImmutabilityThreshold is the number of blocks after which a chain segment is
+	// considered immutable (i.e. soft finality). It is used by the downloader as a
+	// hard limit against deep ancestors, by the blockchain against deep reorgs, by
+	// the freezer as the cutoff threshold and by clique as the snapshot trust limit.
+	FullImmutabilityThreshold = 90000
+)
diff --git a/params/networkname/network_name.go b/params/networkname/network_name.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6e6e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/networkname/network_name.go
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package networkname
+
+const (
+	MainnetChainName = "mainnet"
+	TestnetChainName = "testnet"
+)
+
+var All = []string{
+	MainnetChainName,
+	TestnetChainName,
+}
diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2c7d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+import (
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"math/big"
+)
+
+// GasLimitBoundDivisor it can be changed by BSC
+var (
+	GasLimitBoundDivisor uint64 = 1024 // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
+)
+
+const (
+	MinGasLimit     uint64 = 5000               // Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
+	MaxGasLimit     uint64 = 0x7fffffffffffffff // Maximum the gas limit may ever be.
+	GenesisGasLimit uint64 = 4712388            // Gas limit of the Genesis block.
+
+	MaximumExtraDataSize  uint64 = 32    // Maximum size extra data may be after Genesis.
+	CallValueTransferGas  uint64 = 9000  // Paid for CALL when the value transfer is non-zero.
+	CallNewAccountGas     uint64 = 25000 // Paid for CALL when the destination address didn't exist prior.
+	TxGas                 uint64 = 21000 // Per transaction not creating a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxGasContractCreation uint64 = 53000 // Per transaction that creates a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxDataZeroGas         uint64 = 4     // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that equals zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	QuadCoeffDiv          uint64 = 512   // Divisor for the quadratic particle of the memory cost equation.
+	LogDataGas            uint64 = 8     // Per byte in a LOG* operation's data.
+	CallStipend           uint64 = 2300  // Free gas given at beginning of call.
+
+	SstoreSetGas    uint64 = 20000 // Once per SLOAD operation.
+	SstoreResetGas  uint64 = 5000  // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes from zero.
+	SstoreClearGas  uint64 = 5000  // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness doesn't change.
+	SstoreRefundGas uint64 = 15000 // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
+
+	NetSstoreNoopGas  uint64 = 200   // Once per SSTORE operation if the value doesn't change.
+	NetSstoreInitGas  uint64 = 20000 // Once per SSTORE operation from clean zero.
+	NetSstoreCleanGas uint64 = 5000  // Once per SSTORE operation from clean non-zero.
+	NetSstoreDirtyGas uint64 = 200   // Once per SSTORE operation from dirty.
+
+	NetSstoreClearRefund      uint64 = 15000 // Once per SSTORE operation for clearing an originally existing storage slot
+	NetSstoreResetRefund      uint64 = 4800  // Once per SSTORE operation for resetting to the original non-zero value
+	NetSstoreResetClearRefund uint64 = 19800 // Once per SSTORE operation for resetting to the original zero value
+
+	Keccak256Gas     uint64 = 30 // Once per KECCAK256 operation.
+	Keccak256WordGas uint64 = 6  // Once per word of the KECCAK256 operation's data.
+	InitCodeWordGas  uint64 = 2  // Once per word of the init code when creating a contract.
+
+	SstoreSentryGasEIP2200            uint64 = 2300  // Minimum gas required to be present for an SSTORE call, not consumed
+	SstoreSetGasEIP2200               uint64 = 20000 // Once per SSTORE operation from clean zero to non-zero
+	SstoreResetGasEIP2200             uint64 = 5000  // Once per SSTORE operation from clean non-zero to something else
+	SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP2200 uint64 = 15000 // Once per SSTORE operation for clearing an originally existing storage slot
+
+	ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929 = uint64(2600) // COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS_COST
+	ColdSloadCostEIP2929         = uint64(2100) // COLD_SLOAD_COST
+	WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929   = uint64(100)  // WARM_STORAGE_READ_COST
+
+	// In EIP-2200: SstoreResetGas was 5000.
+	// In EIP-2929: SstoreResetGas was changed to '5000 - COLD_SLOAD_COST'.
+	// In EIP-3529: SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE is defined as SSTORE_RESET_GAS + ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY_COST
+	// Which becomes: 5000 - 2100 + 1900 = 4800
+	SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP3529 = SstoreResetGasEIP2200 - ColdSloadCostEIP2929 + TxAccessListStorageKeyGas
+
+	JumpdestGas   uint64 = 1     // Once per JUMPDEST operation.
+	EpochDuration uint64 = 30000 // Duration between proof-of-work epochs.
+
+	CreateDataGas         uint64 = 200   //
+	CallCreateDepth       uint64 = 1024  // Maximum depth of call/create stack.
+	ExpGas                uint64 = 10    // Once per EXP instruction
+	LogGas                uint64 = 375   // Per LOG* operation.
+	CopyGas               uint64 = 3     //
+	StackLimit            uint64 = 1024  // Maximum size of VM stack allowed.
+	TierStepGas           uint64 = 0     // Once per operation, for a selection of them.
+	LogTopicGas           uint64 = 375   // Multiplied by the * of the LOG*, per LOG transaction. e.g. LOG0 incurs 0 * c_txLogTopicGas, LOG4 incurs 4 * c_txLogTopicGas.
+	CreateGas             uint64 = 32000 // Once per CREATE operation & contract-creation transaction.
+	Create2Gas            uint64 = 32000 // Once per CREATE2 operation
+	SelfdestructRefundGas uint64 = 24000 // Refunded following a selfdestruct operation.
+	MemoryGas             uint64 = 3     // Times the address of the (highest referenced byte in memory + 1). NOTE: referencing happens on read, write and in instructions such as RETURN and CALL.
+
+	TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier  uint64 = 68   // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that is not equal to zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028   uint64 = 16   // Per byte of non zero data attached to a transaction after EIP 2028 (part in Istanbul)
+	TxAccessListAddressGas    uint64 = 2400 // Per address specified in EIP 2930 access list
+	TxAccessListStorageKeyGas uint64 = 1900 // Per storage key specified in EIP 2930 access list
+
+	// These have been changed during the course of the chain
+	CallGasFrontier              uint64 = 40  // Once per CALL operation & message call transaction.
+	CallGasEIP150                uint64 = 700 // Static portion of gas for CALL-derivatives after EIP 150 (Tangerine)
+	BalanceGasFrontier           uint64 = 20  // The cost of a BALANCE operation
+	BalanceGasEIP150             uint64 = 400 // The cost of a BALANCE operation after Tangerine
+	BalanceGasEIP1884            uint64 = 700 // The cost of a BALANCE operation after EIP 1884 (part of Istanbul)
+	ExtcodeSizeGasFrontier       uint64 = 20  // Cost of EXTCODESIZE before EIP 150 (Tangerine)
+	ExtcodeSizeGasEIP150         uint64 = 700 // Cost of EXTCODESIZE after EIP 150 (Tangerine)
+	SloadGasFrontier             uint64 = 50
+	SloadGasEIP150               uint64 = 200
+	SloadGasEIP1884              uint64 = 800  // Cost of SLOAD after EIP 1884 (part of Istanbul)
+	SloadGasEIP2200              uint64 = 800  // Cost of SLOAD after EIP 2200 (part of Istanbul)
+	ExtcodeHashGasConstantinople uint64 = 400  // Cost of EXTCODEHASH (introduced in Constantinople)
+	ExtcodeHashGasEIP1884        uint64 = 700  // Cost of EXTCODEHASH after EIP 1884 (part in Istanbul)
+	SelfdestructGasEIP150        uint64 = 5000 // Cost of SELFDESTRUCT post EIP 150 (Tangerine)
+
+	// EXP has a dynamic portion depending on the size of the exponent
+	ExpByteFrontier uint64 = 10 // was set to 10 in Frontier
+	ExpByteEIP160   uint64 = 50 // was raised to 50 during EIP 160 (Spurious Dragon)
+
+	// Extcodecopy has a dynamic AND a static cost. This represents only the
+	// static portion of the gas. It was changed during EIP 150 (Tangerine)
+	ExtcodeCopyBaseFrontier uint64 = 20
+	ExtcodeCopyBaseEIP150   uint64 = 700
+
+	// CreateBySelfdestructGas is used when the refunded account is one that does
+	// not exist. This logic is similar to call.
+	// Introduced in Tangerine Whistle (Eip 150)
+	CreateBySelfdestructGas uint64 = 25000
+
+	BaseFeeChangeDenominator          = 8          // Bounds the amount the base fee can change between blocks.
+	BaseFeeChangeDenominatorPostDelhi = 16         // Bounds the amount the base fee can change between blocks post delhi hard fork for polygon networks.
+	ElasticityMultiplier              = 2          // Bounds the maximum gas limit an EIP-1559 block may have.
+	InitialBaseFee                    = 1000000000 // Initial base fee for EIP-1559 blocks.
+
+	MaxCodeSize     = 24576           // Maximum bytecode to permit for a contract
+	MaxInitCodeSize = 2 * MaxCodeSize // Maximum initcode to permit in a creation transaction and create instructions
+
+	// Precompiled contract gas prices
+
+	TendermintHeaderValidateGas uint64 = 3000 // Gas for validate tendermiint consensus state
+	IAVLMerkleProofValidateGas  uint64 = 3000 // Gas for validate merkle proof
+
+	EcrecoverGas        uint64 = 3000 // Elliptic curve sender recovery gas price
+	Sha256BaseGas       uint64 = 60   // Base price for a SHA256 operation
+	Sha256PerWordGas    uint64 = 12   // Per-word price for a SHA256 operation
+	Ripemd160BaseGas    uint64 = 600  // Base price for a RIPEMD160 operation
+	Ripemd160PerWordGas uint64 = 120  // Per-word price for a RIPEMD160 operation
+	IdentityBaseGas     uint64 = 15   // Base price for a data copy operation
+	IdentityPerWordGas  uint64 = 3    // Per-work price for a data copy operation
+
+	Bn256AddGasByzantium             uint64 = 500    // Byzantium gas needed for an elliptic curve addition
+	Bn256AddGasIstanbul              uint64 = 150    // Gas needed for an elliptic curve addition
+	Bn256ScalarMulGasByzantium       uint64 = 40000  // Byzantium gas needed for an elliptic curve scalar multiplication
+	Bn256ScalarMulGasIstanbul        uint64 = 6000   // Gas needed for an elliptic curve scalar multiplication
+	Bn256PairingBaseGasByzantium     uint64 = 100000 // Byzantium base price for an elliptic curve pairing check
+	Bn256PairingBaseGasIstanbul      uint64 = 45000  // Base price for an elliptic curve pairing check
+	Bn256PairingPerPointGasByzantium uint64 = 80000  // Byzantium per-point price for an elliptic curve pairing check
+	Bn256PairingPerPointGasIstanbul  uint64 = 34000  // Per-point price for an elliptic curve pairing check
+
+	Bls12381G1AddGas          uint64 = 600    // Price for BLS12-381 elliptic curve G1 point addition
+	Bls12381G1MulGas          uint64 = 12000  // Price for BLS12-381 elliptic curve G1 point scalar multiplication
+	Bls12381G2AddGas          uint64 = 4500   // Price for BLS12-381 elliptic curve G2 point addition
+	Bls12381G2MulGas          uint64 = 55000  // Price for BLS12-381 elliptic curve G2 point scalar multiplication
+	Bls12381PairingBaseGas    uint64 = 115000 // Base gas price for BLS12-381 elliptic curve pairing check
+	Bls12381PairingPerPairGas uint64 = 23000  // Per-point pair gas price for BLS12-381 elliptic curve pairing check
+	Bls12381MapG1Gas          uint64 = 5500   // Gas price for BLS12-381 mapping field element to G1 operation
+	Bls12381MapG2Gas          uint64 = 110000 // Gas price for BLS12-381 mapping field element to G2 operation
+
+	// The Refund Quotient is the cap on how much of the used gas can be refunded. Before EIP-3529,
+	// up to half the consumed gas could be refunded. Redefined as 1/5th in EIP-3529
+	RefundQuotient        uint64 = 2
+	RefundQuotientEIP3529 uint64 = 5
+)
+
+// Gas discount table for BLS12-381 G1 and G2 multi exponentiation operations
+var Bls12381MultiExpDiscountTable = [128]uint64{1200, 888, 764, 641, 594, 547, 500, 453, 438, 423, 408, 394, 379, 364, 349, 334, 330, 326, 322, 318, 314, 310, 306, 302, 298, 294, 289, 285, 281, 277, 273, 269, 268, 266, 265, 263, 262, 260, 259, 257, 256, 254, 253, 251, 250, 248, 247, 245, 244, 242, 241, 239, 238, 236, 235, 233, 232, 231, 229, 228, 226, 225, 223, 222, 221, 220, 219, 219, 218, 217, 216, 216, 215, 214, 213, 213, 212, 211, 211, 210, 209, 208, 208, 207, 206, 205, 205, 204, 203, 202, 202, 201, 200, 199, 199, 198, 197, 196, 196, 195, 194, 193, 193, 192, 191, 191, 190, 189, 188, 188, 187, 186, 185, 185, 184, 183, 182, 182, 181, 180, 179, 179, 178, 177, 176, 176, 175, 174}
+
+var (
+	DifficultyBoundDivisor = big.NewInt(2048)       // The bound divisor of the difficulty, used in the update calculations.
+	GenesisDifficulty      = uint256.NewInt(131072) // Difficulty of the Genesis block.
+	MinimumDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072)     // The minimum that the difficulty may ever be.
+	DurationLimit          = big.NewInt(13)         // The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine whether difficulty should go up or not.
+)
+
+func ApplyBinanceSmartChainParams() {
+	GasLimitBoundDivisor = 256
+}
diff --git a/params/version.go b/params/version.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a95a343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/params/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package params
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+var (
+	// Following vars are injected through the build flags (see Makefile)
+	GitCommit string
+	GitBranch string
+	GitTag    string
+)
+
+// see https://calver.org
+const (
+	VersionMajor       = 0  // Major version component of the current release
+	VersionMinor       = 1  // Minor version component of the current release
+	VersionMicro       = 1  // Patch version component of the current release
+	VersionModifier    = "" // Modifier component of the current release
+	VersionKeyCreated  = "astVersionCreated"
+	VersionKeyFinished = "astVersionFinished"
+)
+
+func withModifier(vsn string) string {
+	if !isStable() {
+		vsn += "-" + VersionModifier
+	}
+	return vsn
+}
+
+func isStable() bool {
+	return VersionModifier == "stable"
+}
+
+func isRelease() bool {
+	return isStable() || VersionModifier == "alpha" || VersionModifier == "beta"
+}
+
+// Version holds the textual version string.
+var Version = func() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d.%02d.%d", VersionMajor, VersionMinor, VersionMicro)
+}()
+
+// VersionWithMeta holds the textual version string including the metadata.
+var VersionWithMeta = func() string {
+	v := Version
+	if VersionModifier != "" {
+		v += "-" + VersionModifier
+	}
+	return v
+}()
+
+// ArchiveVersion holds the textual version string used for Geth archives.
+// e.g. "1.8.11-dea1ce05" for stable releases, or
+//
+//	"1.8.13-unstable-21c059b6" for unstable releases
+func ArchiveVersion(gitCommit string) string {
+	vsn := withModifier(Version)
+	if len(gitCommit) >= 8 {
+		vsn += "-" + gitCommit[:8]
+	}
+	return vsn
+}
+
+func VersionWithCommit(gitCommit, gitDate string) string {
+	vsn := VersionWithMeta
+	if len(gitCommit) >= 8 {
+		vsn += "-" + gitCommit[:8]
+	}
+	return vsn
+}
+
+func SetastVersion(tx kv.RwTx, versionKey string) error {
+	versionKeyByte := []byte(versionKey)
+	hasVersion, err := tx.Has(modules.DatabaseInfo, versionKeyByte)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if hasVersion {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Save version if it does not exist
+	if err := tx.Put(modules.DatabaseInfo, versionKeyByte, []byte(Version)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/qodana.yaml b/qodana.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..215d808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qodana.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+#               Qodana analysis is configured by qodana.yaml file               #
+#             https://www.jetbrains.com/help/qodana/qodana-yaml.html            #
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+version: "1.0"
+
+#Specify inspection profile for code analysis
+profile:
+  name: qodana.starter
+
+#Enable inspections
+#include:
+#  - name: <SomeEnabledInspectionId>
+
+#Disable inspections
+#exclude:
+#  - name: <SomeDisabledInspectionId>
+#    paths:
+#      - <path/where/not/run/inspection>
+
+#Execute shell command before Qodana execution (Applied in CI/CD pipeline)
+#bootstrap: sh ./prepare-qodana.sh
+
+#Install IDE plugins before Qodana execution (Applied in CI/CD pipeline)
+#plugins:
+#  - id: <plugin.id> #(plugin id can be found at https://plugins.jetbrains.com)
+
+#Specify Qodana linter for analysis (Applied in CI/CD pipeline)
+linter: jetbrains/qodana-go:latest
diff --git a/tests/allocs/amc.json b/tests/allocs/amc.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf2035a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/allocs/amc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+[
+  {
+    "address": "ast5679AAcA8BC5A1ba9281B1da5a2288A6eC439149",
+    "balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  {
+    "address": "astdD983ceE9ce4fa065361F130ECd9B41103b46035",
+    "balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  {
+    "address": "astA2142AB3F25EAA9985F22C3F5B1FF9FA378DAC21",
+    "balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  {
+    "address": "astEb8aE6c1A31CeA7B4AfdD247211C863A1e7FB6D6",
+    "balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  {
+    "address": "astf13d680bA12717fE27d33caB983c5C755Ff74358",
+    "balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  {
+    "address": "ast588639773bc6f163aa262245cda746c120676431",
+    "balance": "100000000000000000000000000"
+  },
+  {
+    "address": "astd1ff88affe38dfb65c621706dff6468ecd418bff",
+    "balance": "9000000000000000000000000"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/state_test.go b/tests/state_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5024d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/state_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/conf"
+)
+
+//go:embed  allocs
+var allocs embed.FS
+
+func ReadGenesis(filename string) *conf.Genesis {
+	f, err := allocs.Open(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("%s not found, use default genesis")
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	gc := new(conf.Genesis)
+	err = decoder.Decode(gc)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Could not parse genesis preallocation for %s: %v", filename, err))
+	}
+	return gc
+}
+
+//func TestStateRoot(t *testing.T) {
+//
+//	tmpDB := mdbx.NewMDBX(nil).InMem("").MapSize(2 * datasize.GB).MustOpen()
+//	defer tmpDB.Close()
+//	tx, err := tmpDB.BeginRw(context.Background())
+//	if err != nil {
+//		panic(err)
+//	}
+//	defer tx.Rollback()
+//
+//	r, roop := state.NewPlainStateReader(tx), state.NewNoopWriter()
+//	statedb := state.New(r)
+//
+//	Genesis := ReadGenesis("allocs/genesis_inline.json")
+//	for _, a := range Genesis.Alloc {
+//		addr, err := types.HexToString(a.Address)
+//		if err != nil {
+//			panic(err)
+//		}
+//
+//		b, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(a.Balance, 10)
+//		balance, _ := uint256.FromBig(b)
+//		if !ok {
+//			panic("overflow at genesis allocs")
+//		}
+//
+//		statedb.AddBalance(addr, balance)
+//		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
+//		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce)
+//		for key, value := range a.Storage {
+//			k := key
+//			val := uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes(value.Bytes())
+//			statedb.SetState(addr, &k, *val)
+//		}
+//		if len(a.Code) > 0 || len(a.Storage) > 0 {
+//			statedb.SetIncarnation(addr, state.FirstContractIncarnation)
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	if err := statedb.FinalizeTx(Genesis.Config.Rules(0), roop); err != nil {
+//		panic(err)
+//	}
+//
+//	//for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+//	//	root := statedb.GenerateRootHash().Hex()
+//	//	if root != "0x1995d438cfe70662e278ed8b0d92c154f152e418b7d86c616fc538d969ba5eca" {
+//	//		t.Error("not same", root)
+//	//	}
+//	//}
+//}
diff --git a/turbo/backup/backup.go b/turbo/backup/backup.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fd91e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/turbo/backup/backup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+package backup
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/utils"
+	"github.com/erigontech/mdbx-go/mdbx"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/c2h5oh/datasize"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common/dbg"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+	mdbx2 "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv/mdbx"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+)
+
+func OpenPair(from, to string, label kv.Label, targetPageSize datasize.ByteSize) (kv.RoDB, kv.RwDB) {
+	const ThreadsHardLimit = 9_000
+	src := mdbx2.NewMDBX(log.New()).Path(from).
+		Label(label).
+		RoTxsLimiter(semaphore.NewWeighted(ThreadsHardLimit)).
+		WithTableCfg(func(_ kv.TableCfg) kv.TableCfg { return kv.TablesCfgByLabel(label) }).
+		Flags(func(flags uint) uint { return flags | mdbx.Readonly | mdbx.Accede }).
+		MustOpen()
+	if targetPageSize <= 0 {
+		targetPageSize = datasize.ByteSize(src.PageSize())
+	}
+	info, err := src.(*mdbx2.MdbxKV).Env().Info(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	dst := mdbx2.NewMDBX(log.New()).Path(to).
+		Label(label).
+		PageSize(targetPageSize.Bytes()).
+		MapSize(datasize.ByteSize(info.Geo.Upper)).
+		Flags(func(flags uint) uint { return flags | mdbx.NoMemInit | mdbx.WriteMap }).
+		WithTableCfg(func(_ kv.TableCfg) kv.TableCfg { return kv.TablesCfgByLabel(label) }).
+		MustOpen()
+	return src, dst
+}
+
+func Kv2kv(ctx context.Context, src kv.RoDB, dst kv.RwDB, tables []string, readAheadThreads int) error {
+	srcTx, err1 := src.BeginRo(ctx)
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return err1
+	}
+	defer srcTx.Rollback()
+
+	commitEvery := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
+	defer commitEvery.Stop()
+	logEvery := time.NewTicker(20 * time.Second)
+	defer logEvery.Stop()
+
+	tablesMap := src.AllTables()
+	if len(tables) > 0 {
+		tablesMapCopy := maps.Clone(tablesMap)
+		tablesMap = kv.TableCfg{}
+		for _, name := range tables {
+			tablesMap[name] = tablesMapCopy[name]
+		}
+	}
+
+	for name, b := range tablesMap {
+		if b.IsDeprecated {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := backupTable(ctx, src, srcTx, dst, name, readAheadThreads, logEvery); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	log.Info("done")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func backupTable(ctx context.Context, src kv.RoDB, srcTx kv.Tx, dst kv.RwDB, table string, readAheadThreads int, logEvery *time.Ticker) error {
+	var total uint64
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	defer wg.Wait()
+	warmupCtx, warmupCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer warmupCancel()
+
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		WarmupTable(warmupCtx, src, table, log.LvlTrace, readAheadThreads)
+	}()
+	srcC, err := srcTx.Cursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	total, _ = srcC.Count()
+
+	dstTx, err1 := dst.BeginRw(ctx)
+	if err1 != nil {
+		return err1
+	}
+	defer dstTx.Rollback()
+	_ = dstTx.ClearBucket(table)
+
+	c, err := dstTx.RwCursor(table)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	casted, isDupsort := c.(kv.RwCursorDupSort)
+	i := uint64(0)
+
+	for k, v, err := srcC.First(); k != nil; k, v, err = srcC.Next() {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if isDupsort {
+			if err = casted.AppendDup(k, v); err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if err = c.Append(k, v); err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		i++
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		case <-logEvery.C:
+			var m runtime.MemStats
+			dbg.ReadMemStats(&m)
+			log.Info("Progress", "table", table, "progress", fmt.Sprintf("%.1fm/%.1fm", float64(i)/1_000_000, float64(total)/1_000_000), "key", hex.EncodeToString(k),
+				"alloc", utils.ByteCount(m.Alloc), "sys", utils.ByteCount(m.Sys))
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+	// migrate bucket sequences to native mdbx implementation
+	//currentID, err := srcTx.Sequence(name, 0)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	//_, err = dstTx.Sequence(name, currentID)
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return err
+	//}
+	if err2 := dstTx.Commit(); err2 != nil {
+		return err2
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+const ReadAheadThreads = 128
+
+func WarmupTable(ctx context.Context, db kv.RoDB, bucket string, lvl log.Lvl, readAheadThreads int) {
+	var ThreadsLimit = readAheadThreads
+	var total uint64
+	db.View(ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+		c, _ := tx.Cursor(bucket)
+		total, _ = c.Count()
+		return nil
+	})
+	if total < 10_000 {
+		return
+	}
+	progress := atomic.Int64{}
+
+	logEvery := time.NewTicker(20 * time.Second)
+	defer logEvery.Stop()
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	g.SetLimit(ThreadsLimit)
+	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < 256; j++ {
+			i := i
+			j := j
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				return db.View(ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+					it, err := tx.Prefix(bucket, []byte{byte(i), byte(j)})
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					for it.HasNext() {
+						_, _, err = it.Next()
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+						progress.Add(1)
+						select {
+						case <-ctx.Done():
+							return ctx.Err()
+						case <-logEvery.C:
+							log.Log(lvl, fmt.Sprintf("Progress: %s %.2f%%", bucket, 100*float64(progress.Load())/float64(total)))
+						default:
+						}
+					}
+					return nil
+				})
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 1_000; i++ {
+		i := i
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return db.View(ctx, func(tx kv.Tx) error {
+				seek := make([]byte, 8)
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(seek, uint64(i*100_000))
+				it, err := tx.Prefix(bucket, seek)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				for it.HasNext() {
+					_, _, err = it.Next()
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					select {
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					case <-logEvery.C:
+						log.Log(lvl, fmt.Sprintf("Progress: %s %.2f%%", bucket, 100*float64(progress.Load())/float64(total)))
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		})
+	}
+	_ = g.Wait()
+}
+
+func ClearTables(ctx context.Context, db kv.RoDB, tx kv.RwTx, tables ...string) error {
+	for _, tbl := range tables {
+		if err := ClearTable(ctx, db, tx, tbl); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ClearTable(ctx context.Context, db kv.RoDB, tx kv.RwTx, table string) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	clean := warmup(ctx, db, table)
+	defer func() {
+		cancel()
+		clean()
+	}()
+	log.Info("Clear", "table", table)
+	return tx.ClearBucket(table)
+}
+
+func warmup(ctx context.Context, db kv.RoDB, bucket string) func() {
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		WarmupTable(ctx, db, bucket, log.LvlInfo, ReadAheadThreads)
+	}()
+	return func() { wg.Wait() }
+}
diff --git a/turbo/rpchelper/helper.go b/turbo/rpchelper/helper.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d126573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/turbo/rpchelper/helper.go
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rpchelper
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rpc/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+// unable to decode supplied params, or an invalid number of parameters
+type nonCanonocalHashError struct{ hash types.Hash }
+
+func (e nonCanonocalHashError) ErrorCode() int { return -32603 }
+
+func (e nonCanonocalHashError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("hash %x is not currently canonical", e.hash)
+}
+
+func GetBlockNumber(blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, tx kv.Tx) (*uint256.Int, types.Hash, error) {
+	if tx == nil {
+
+	}
+	return _GetBlockNumber(blockNrOrHash.RequireCanonical, blockNrOrHash, tx)
+}
+
+func GetCanonicalBlockNumber(blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, tx kv.Tx) (*uint256.Int, types.Hash, error) {
+	return _GetBlockNumber(true, blockNrOrHash, tx)
+}
+
+func _GetBlockNumber(requireCanonical bool, blockNrOrHash jsonrpc.BlockNumberOrHash, tx kv.Tx) (blockNumber *uint256.Int, hash types.Hash, err error) {
+
+	var ok bool
+	hash, ok = blockNrOrHash.Hash()
+	if !ok {
+		number := *blockNrOrHash.BlockNumber
+		switch number {
+		case jsonrpc.LatestBlockNumber:
+			if blockNumber, err = GetLatestBlockNumber(tx); err != nil {
+				return nil, types.Hash{}, err
+			}
+		case jsonrpc.EarliestBlockNumber:
+			blockNumber = uint256.NewInt(0)
+		case jsonrpc.FinalizedBlockNumber:
+			blockNumber, err = GetFinalizedBlockNumber(tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, types.Hash{}, err
+			}
+		case jsonrpc.SafeBlockNumber:
+			blockNumber, err = GetSafeBlockNumber(tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, types.Hash{}, err
+			}
+		case jsonrpc.PendingBlockNumber:
+			//todo
+			if blockNumber, err = GetLatestBlockNumber(tx); err != nil {
+				return nil, types.Hash{}, err
+			}
+		default:
+			blockNumber = uint256.NewInt(uint64(number.Int64()))
+		}
+		hash, err = rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, blockNumber.Uint64())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, types.Hash{}, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		number := rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(tx, hash)
+		if number == nil {
+			return nil, types.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("block %x not found", hash)
+		}
+		blockNumber = uint256.NewInt(*number)
+
+		ch, err := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(tx, blockNumber.Uint64())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, types.Hash{}, err
+		}
+		if requireCanonical && ch != hash {
+			return nil, types.Hash{}, nonCanonocalHashError{hash}
+		}
+	}
+	return blockNumber, hash, nil
+}
diff --git a/turbo/rpchelper/rpc_block.go b/turbo/rpchelper/rpc_block.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cb9c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/turbo/rpchelper/rpc_block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rpchelper
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/modules/rawdb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/kv"
+)
+
+func GetLatestBlockNumber(tx kv.Tx) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	current := rawdb.ReadCurrentBlock(tx)
+	if current == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get current block")
+	}
+	return current.Number64(), nil
+}
+
+func GetFinalizedBlockNumber(tx kv.Tx) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	//todo
+	return GetLatestBlockNumber(tx)
+}
+
+func GetSafeBlockNumber(tx kv.Tx) (*uint256.Int, error) {
+	//todo
+	return GetLatestBlockNumber(tx)
+}
diff --git a/utils/async.go b/utils/async.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a9a8f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/async.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/log"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// RunEvery runs the provided command periodically.
+// It runs in a goroutine, and can be cancelled by finishing the supplied context.
+func RunEvery(ctx context.Context, period time.Duration, f func()) {
+	funcName := runtime.FuncForPC(reflect.ValueOf(f).Pointer()).Name()
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(period)
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				log.Trace("running", "function", funcName)
+				f()
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				log.Debug("context is closed, exiting", "function", funcName)
+				ticker.Stop()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
diff --git a/utils/bytes.go b/utils/bytes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e33ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/bytes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package utils
+
+// These methods use copy() to convert a byte slice to a fixed size array.
+// This approach is used for go1.19 and below.
+
+// ToBytes4 is a convenience method for converting a byte slice to a fix
+// sized 4 byte array. This method will truncate the input if it is larger
+// than 4 bytes.
+func ToBytes4(x []byte) [4]byte {
+	var y [4]byte
+	copy(y[:], x)
+	return y
+}
+
+// ToBytes20 is a convenience method for converting a byte slice to a fix
+// sized 20 byte array. This method will truncate the input if it is larger
+// than 20 bytes.
+func ToBytes20(x []byte) [20]byte {
+	var y [20]byte
+	copy(y[:], x)
+	return y
+}
+
+// ToBytes32 is a convenience method for converting a byte slice to a fix
+// sized 32 byte array. This method will truncate the input if it is larger
+// than 32 bytes.
+func ToBytes32(x []byte) [32]byte {
+	var y [32]byte
+	copy(y[:], x)
+	return y
+}
+
+// ToBytes48 is a convenience method for converting a byte slice to a fix
+// sized 48 byte array. This method will truncate the input if it is larger
+// than 48 bytes.
+func ToBytes48(x []byte) [48]byte {
+	var y [48]byte
+	copy(y[:], x)
+	return y
+}
+
+// ToBytes64 is a convenience method for converting a byte slice to a fix
+// sized 64 byte array. This method will truncate the input if it is larger
+// than 64 bytes.
+func ToBytes64(x []byte) [64]byte {
+	var y [64]byte
+	copy(y[:], x)
+	return y
+}
+
+// ToBytes96 is a convenience method for converting a byte slice to a fix
+// sized 96 byte array. This method will truncate the input if it is larger
+// than 96 bytes.
+func ToBytes96(x []byte) [96]byte {
+	var y [96]byte
+	copy(y[:], x)
+	return y
+}
diff --git a/utils/crypto.go b/utils/crypto.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50e208d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/crypto.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"math/big"
+
+	ast_crypto "github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/crypto"
+)
+
+func ConvertFromInterfacePrivKey(privkey crypto.PrivKey) (*ecdsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	secpKey, ok := privkey.(*crypto.Secp256k1PrivateKey)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("could not cast to Secp256k1PrivateKey")
+	}
+	rawKey, err := secpKey.Raw()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	privKey := new(ecdsa.PrivateKey)
+	k := new(big.Int).SetBytes(rawKey)
+	privKey.D = k
+	privKey.Curve = ast_crypto.S256() // Temporary hack, so libp2p Secp256k1 is recognized as geth Secp256k1 in disc v5.1.
+	privKey.X, privKey.Y = ast_crypto.S256().ScalarBaseMult(rawKey)
+	return privKey, nil
+}
+
+func ConvertToInterfacePrivkey(privkey *ecdsa.PrivateKey) (crypto.PrivKey, error) {
+	privBytes := privkey.D.Bytes()
+	// In the event the number of bytes outputted by the big-int are less than 32,
+	// we append bytes to the start of the sequence for the missing most significant
+	// bytes.
+	if len(privBytes) < 32 {
+		privBytes = append(make([]byte, 32-len(privBytes)), privBytes...)
+	}
+	return crypto.UnmarshalSecp256k1PrivateKey(privBytes)
+}
+
+func ConvertToInterfacePubkey(pubkey *ecdsa.PublicKey) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	xVal, yVal := new(btcec.FieldVal), new(btcec.FieldVal)
+	if xVal.SetByteSlice(pubkey.X.Bytes()) {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("X value overflows")
+	}
+	if yVal.SetByteSlice(pubkey.Y.Bytes()) {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("Y value overflows")
+	}
+	newKey := crypto.PubKey((*crypto.Secp256k1PublicKey)(btcec.NewPublicKey(xVal, yVal)))
+	// Zero out temporary values.
+	xVal.Zero()
+	yVal.Zero()
+	return newKey, nil
+}
diff --git a/utils/forks.go b/utils/forks.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0131f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/forks.go
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// CreateForkDigest creates a fork digest from a genesis time and genesis
+// validators root, utilizing the current slot to determine
+// the active fork version in the node.
+func CreateForkDigest(currentBlockNr *uint256.Int, genesisValidatorsRoot types.Hash) ([4]byte, error) {
+	//todo currentBlockNr
+	return ToBytes4(genesisValidatorsRoot[:]), nil
+}
diff --git a/utils/lock.go b/utils/lock.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e43f695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/lock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+var locks = struct {
+	lock chan byte
+	list map[string]chan byte
+}{
+	lock: make(chan byte, 1),
+	list: make(map[string]chan byte),
+}
+
+type Lock struct {
+	keys   []string
+	chans  []chan byte
+	lock   chan byte
+	unlock chan byte
+}
+
+func (lk *Lock) Lock() {
+	lk.lock <- 1
+
+	// get the channels and attempt to acquire them
+	lk.chans = make([]chan byte, 0, len(lk.keys))
+	for i := 0; i < len(lk.keys); {
+		ch := getChan(lk.keys[i])
+		_, ok := <-ch
+		if ok {
+			lk.chans = append(lk.chans, ch)
+			i++
+		}
+	}
+
+	lk.unlock <- 1
+}
+
+// Unlock unlocks this lock. Must be called after Lock.
+// Can only be invoked if there is a previous call to Lock.
+func (lk *Lock) Unlock() {
+	<-lk.unlock
+
+	if lk.chans != nil {
+		for _, ch := range lk.chans {
+			ch <- 1
+		}
+		lk.chans = nil
+	}
+	// Clean unused channels after the unlock.
+	Clean()
+	<-lk.lock
+}
+
+// Yield temporarily unlocks, gives up the cpu time to other goroutine, and attempts to lock again.
+func (lk *Lock) Yield() {
+	lk.Unlock()
+	runtime.Gosched()
+	lk.Lock()
+}
+
+// NewMultilock creates a new multilock for the specified keys
+func NewMultilock(locks ...string) *Lock {
+	if len(locks) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	locks = unique(locks)
+	sort.Strings(locks)
+	return &Lock{
+		keys:   locks,
+		lock:   make(chan byte, 1),
+		unlock: make(chan byte, 1),
+	}
+}
+
+// Clean cleans old unused locks. Returns removed keys.
+func Clean() []string {
+	locks.lock <- 1
+	defer func() { <-locks.lock }()
+
+	toDelete := make([]string, 0, len(locks.list))
+	for key, ch := range locks.list {
+		select {
+		case <-ch:
+			close(ch)
+			toDelete = append(toDelete, key)
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, del := range toDelete {
+		delete(locks.list, del)
+	}
+
+	return toDelete
+}
+
+// Create and get the channel for the specified key.
+func getChan(key string) chan byte {
+	locks.lock <- 1
+	defer func() { <-locks.lock }()
+
+	if locks.list[key] == nil {
+		locks.list[key] = make(chan byte, 1)
+		locks.list[key] <- 1
+	}
+	return locks.list[key]
+}
+
+// Return a new string with unique elements.
+func unique(arr []string) []string {
+	if arr == nil || len(arr) <= 1 {
+		return arr
+	}
+
+	found := map[string]bool{}
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(arr))
+	for _, v := range arr {
+		if !found[v] {
+			found[v] = true
+			result = append(result, v)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
diff --git a/utils/network.go b/utils/network.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..149a5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/network.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// IPAddr gets the external ipv4 address and converts into a libp2p formatted value.
+func IPAddr() net.IP {
+	ip, err := ExternalIP()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return net.ParseIP(ip)
+}
+
+// ExternalIPv4 returns the first IPv4 available.
+func ExternalIPv4() (string, error) {
+	ips, err := ipAddrs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if len(ips) == 0 {
+		return "127.0.0.1", nil
+	}
+	for _, ip := range ips {
+		ip = ip.To4()
+		if ip == nil {
+			continue // not an ipv4 address
+		}
+		return ip.String(), nil
+	}
+	return "127.0.0.1", nil
+}
+
+// ExternalIP returns the first IPv4/IPv6 available.
+func ExternalIP() (string, error) {
+	ips, err := ipAddrs()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if len(ips) == 0 {
+		return "127.0.0.1", nil
+	}
+	return ips[0].String(), nil
+}
+
+// ipAddrs returns all the valid IPs available.
+func ipAddrs() ([]net.IP, error) {
+	ifaces, err := net.Interfaces()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var ipAddrs []net.IP
+	for _, iface := range ifaces {
+		if iface.Flags&net.FlagUp == 0 {
+			continue // interface down
+		}
+		if iface.Flags&net.FlagLoopback != 0 {
+			continue // loopback interface
+		}
+		addrs, err := iface.Addrs()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, addr := range addrs {
+			var ip net.IP
+			switch v := addr.(type) {
+			case *net.IPNet:
+				ip = v.IP
+			case *net.IPAddr:
+				ip = v.IP
+			}
+			if ip == nil || ip.IsLoopback() || ip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() {
+				continue
+			}
+			ipAddrs = append(ipAddrs, ip)
+		}
+	}
+	return SortAddresses(ipAddrs), nil
+}
+
+// SortAddresses sorts a set of addresses in the order of
+// ipv4 -> ipv6.
+func SortAddresses(ipAddrs []net.IP) []net.IP {
+	sort.Slice(ipAddrs, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return ipAddrs[i].To4() != nil && ipAddrs[j].To4() == nil
+	})
+	return ipAddrs
+}
diff --git a/utils/util.go b/utils/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..362ceb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/api/protocol/types_pb"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func Hash256toS(data []byte) string {
+	h := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	h.Write(data)
+	hash := h.Sum(nil)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash)
+}
+
+func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
+	d := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+
+	return d.Sum(nil)
+}
+
+// Keccak256Hash calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data,
+// converting it to an internal Hash data structure.
+func Keccak256Hash(data ...[]byte) (h types.Hash) {
+	d := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+	d.Sum(h[:])
+	return h
+}
+
+func StringToPrivate(s string) (crypto.PrivKey, error) {
+	bKey, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.UnmarshalPrivateKey(bKey)
+}
+
+func PrivateToString(key crypto.PrivKey) (string, error) {
+	priv, err := crypto.MarshalPrivateKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.ConfigEncodeKey(priv), nil
+}
+
+func PublicToString(key crypto.PubKey) (string, error) {
+	pub, err := crypto.MarshalPublicKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return crypto.ConfigEncodeKey(pub), nil
+}
+
+func StringToPublic(s string) (crypto.PubKey, error) {
+	b, err := crypto.ConfigDecodeKey(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return crypto.UnmarshalPublicKey(b)
+}
+
+func Exists(path string) bool {
+	_, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsExist(err) {
+			return true
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+func MkdirAll(path string, perm os.FileMode) error {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(path, perm); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func HexPrefix(a, b []byte) ([]byte, int) {
+	var i, length = 0, len(a)
+	if len(b) < length {
+		length = len(b)
+	}
+
+	for ; i < length; i++ {
+		if a[i] != b[i] {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return a[:i], i
+}
+
+type appKey struct{}
+
+type AppInfo interface {
+	ID() string
+	Name() string
+	Version() string
+	astdata() map[string]string
+	Endpoint() []string
+}
+
+// NewContext returns a new Context that carries value.
+func NewContext(ctx context.Context, s AppInfo) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, appKey{}, s)
+}
+
+// FromContext returns the Transport value stored in ctx, if any.
+func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (s AppInfo, ok bool) {
+	s, ok = ctx.Value(appKey{}).(AppInfo)
+	return
+}
+
+func ByteCount(b uint64) string {
+	const unit = 1024
+	if b < unit {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%dB", b)
+	}
+	bGb, exp := MBToGB(b)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f%cB", bGb, "KMGTPE"[exp])
+}
+
+func MBToGB(b uint64) (float64, int) {
+	const unit = 1024
+	if b < unit {
+		return float64(b), 0
+	}
+
+	div, exp := uint64(unit), 0
+	for n := b / unit; n >= unit; n /= unit {
+		div *= unit
+		exp++
+	}
+
+	return float64(b) / float64(div), exp
+}
+
+func EnsureEnoughSize(in []byte, size int) []byte {
+	if cap(in) < size {
+		newBuf := make([]byte, size)
+		copy(newBuf, in)
+		return newBuf
+	}
+	return in[:size] // Reuse the space if it has enough capacity
+}
+
+func Copy(b []byte) []byte {
+	if b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	c := make([]byte, len(b))
+	copy(c, b)
+	return c
+}
+
+// SplitAndTrim splits input separated by a comma
+// and trims excessive white space from the substrings.
+func SplitAndTrim(input string) (ret []string) {
+	l := strings.Split(input, ",")
+	for _, r := range l {
+		if r = strings.TrimSpace(r); r != "" {
+			ret = append(ret, r)
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func ConvertH256ToUint256Int(h256 *types_pb.H256) *uint256.Int {
+	// Note: uint256.Int is an array of 4 uint64 in little-endian order, i.e. most significant word is [3]
+	var i uint256.Int
+	i[3] = h256.Hi.Hi
+	i[2] = h256.Hi.Lo
+	i[1] = h256.Lo.Hi
+	i[0] = h256.Lo.Lo
+	return &i
+}
+
+func ConvertUint256IntToH256(i *uint256.Int) *types_pb.H256 {
+	// Note: uint256.Int is an array of 4 uint64 in little-endian order, i.e. most significant word is [3]
+	return &types_pb.H256{
+		Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: i[0], Hi: i[1]},
+		Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: i[2], Hi: i[3]},
+	}
+}
+
+func ConvertH256ToHash(h256 *types_pb.H256) [32]byte {
+	var hash [32]byte
+	if nil == h256 {
+		return hash
+	}
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(hash[0:], h256.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(hash[8:], h256.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(hash[16:], h256.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(hash[24:], h256.Lo.Lo)
+	return hash
+}
+
+func ConvertH512ToHash(h512 *types_pb.H512) [64]byte {
+	var b [64]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[0:], h512.Hi.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[8:], h512.Hi.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[16:], h512.Hi.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[24:], h512.Hi.Lo.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[32:], h512.Lo.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[40:], h512.Lo.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[48:], h512.Lo.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[56:], h512.Lo.Lo.Lo)
+	return b
+}
+
+func ConvertHashesToH256(hashes []types.Hash) []*types_pb.H256 {
+	res := make([]*types_pb.H256, len(hashes))
+	for i := range hashes {
+		res[i] = ConvertHashToH256(hashes[i])
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func Uint256sToH256(u256s []uint256.Int) []*types_pb.H256 {
+	p := make([]*types_pb.H256, len(u256s))
+	for i, u := range u256s {
+		p[i] = ConvertUint256IntToH256(&u)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func H256sToHashes(h256s []*types_pb.H256) []types.Hash {
+	p := make([]types.Hash, len(h256s))
+	for i, h := range h256s {
+		p[i] = ConvertH256ToHash(h)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func ConvertHashToH256(hash [32]byte) *types_pb.H256 {
+	return &types_pb.H256{
+		Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(hash[24:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(hash[16:])},
+		Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(hash[8:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(hash[0:])},
+	}
+}
+
+func ConvertHashToH512(hash [64]byte) *types_pb.H512 {
+	return ConvertBytesToH512(hash[:])
+}
+
+func ConvertH160toAddress(h160 *types_pb.H160) [20]byte {
+	var addr [20]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(addr[0:], h160.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(addr[8:], h160.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(addr[16:], h160.Lo)
+	return addr
+}
+
+func ConvertH160ToPAddress(h160 *types_pb.H160) *types.Address {
+	p := new(types.Address)
+	addr := ConvertH160toAddress(h160)
+	p.SetBytes(addr[:])
+	return p
+}
+
+func ConvertAddressToH160(addr [20]byte) *types_pb.H160 {
+	return &types_pb.H160{
+		Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint32(addr[16:]),
+		Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(addr[8:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(addr[0:])},
+	}
+}
+
+func ConvertAddrsToH160(ps []types.Address) []*types_pb.H160 {
+	b := make([]*types_pb.H160, len(ps))
+	for i, p := range ps {
+		b[i] = ConvertAddressToH160(p)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func H160sToAddress(ps []*types_pb.H160) []types.Address {
+	b := make([]types.Address, len(ps))
+	for i, p := range ps {
+		b[i] = ConvertH160toAddress(p)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func ConvertH512ToBytes(h512 *types_pb.H512) []byte {
+	b := ConvertH512ToHash(h512)
+	return b[:]
+}
+
+func ConvertBytesToH512(b []byte) *types_pb.H512 {
+	if len(b) < 64 {
+		var b1 [64]byte
+		copy(b1[:], b)
+		b = b1[:]
+	}
+	return &types_pb.H512{
+		Lo: &types_pb.H256{
+			Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[56:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[48:])},
+			Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[40:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[32:])},
+		},
+		Hi: &types_pb.H256{
+			Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[24:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[16:])},
+			Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[8:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[0:])},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func ConvertH384ToPublicKey(h384 *types_pb.H384) [48]byte {
+	var pub [48]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(pub[0:], h384.Hi.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(pub[8:], h384.Hi.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(pub[16:], h384.Hi.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(pub[24:], h384.Hi.Lo.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(pub[32:], h384.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(pub[40:], h384.Lo.Lo)
+	return pub
+}
+
+func ConvertPublicKeyToH384(p [48]byte) *types_pb.H384 {
+	return &types_pb.H384{
+		Lo: &types_pb.H128{
+			Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[40:]),
+			Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[32:]),
+		},
+		Hi: &types_pb.H256{
+			Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[24:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[16:])},
+			Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[8:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[0:])},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func ConvertPubsToH384(ps []types.PublicKey) []*types_pb.H384 {
+	b := make([]*types_pb.H384, len(ps))
+	for i, p := range ps {
+		b[i] = ConvertPublicKeyToH384(p)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func H384sToPubs(ps []*types_pb.H384) []types.PublicKey {
+	b := make([]types.PublicKey, len(ps))
+	for i, p := range ps {
+		b[i] = ConvertH384ToPublicKey(p)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+func ConvertH768ToSignature(h768 *types_pb.H768) [96]byte {
+	var b [96]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[0:], h768.Hi.Hi.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[8:], h768.Hi.Hi.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[16:], h768.Hi.Hi.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[24:], h768.Hi.Hi.Lo.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[32:], h768.Hi.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[40:], h768.Hi.Lo.Lo)
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[48:], h768.Lo.Hi.Hi.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[56:], h768.Lo.Hi.Hi.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[64:], h768.Lo.Hi.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[72:], h768.Lo.Hi.Lo.Lo)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[80:], h768.Lo.Lo.Hi)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b[88:], h768.Lo.Lo.Lo)
+	return b
+}
+
+func ConvertSignatureToH768(p [96]byte) *types_pb.H768 {
+	return &types_pb.H768{
+		Lo: &types_pb.H384{
+			Lo: &types_pb.H128{
+				Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[88:]),
+				Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[80:]),
+			},
+			Hi: &types_pb.H256{
+				Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[72:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[64:])},
+				Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[56:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[48:])},
+			},
+		},
+		Hi: &types_pb.H384{
+			Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[40:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[32:])},
+			Hi: &types_pb.H256{
+				Lo: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[24:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[16:])},
+				Hi: &types_pb.H128{Lo: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[8:]), Hi: binary.BigEndian.Uint64(p[0:])},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func ConvertH2048ToBloom(h2048 *types_pb.H2048) [256]byte {
+	var bloom [256]byte
+	copy(bloom[:], ConvertH512ToBytes(h2048.Hi.Hi))
+	copy(bloom[64:], ConvertH512ToBytes(h2048.Hi.Lo))
+	copy(bloom[128:], ConvertH512ToBytes(h2048.Lo.Hi))
+	copy(bloom[192:], ConvertH512ToBytes(h2048.Lo.Lo))
+	return bloom
+}
+
+func ConvertBytesToH2048(data []byte) *types_pb.H2048 {
+	return &types_pb.H2048{
+		Hi: &types_pb.H1024{
+			Hi: ConvertBytesToH512(data),
+			Lo: ConvertBytesToH512(data[64:]),
+		},
+		Lo: &types_pb.H1024{
+			Hi: ConvertBytesToH512(data[128:]),
+			Lo: ConvertBytesToH512(data[192:]),
+		},
+	}
+}
diff --git a/utils/util_test.go b/utils/util_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b92782b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/util_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The astranet Authors
+// This file is part of the astranet library.
+//
+// The astranet library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The astranet library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the astranet library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"github.com/astranetworld/ast/common/types"
+	"github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/crypto"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestHash256toS(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []byte("123aaaaa")
+	s := Hash256toS(data)
+	t.Log(s)
+	s1 := Hash256toS(data)
+	t.Log(s1)
+	s2 := Hash256toS(data)
+	t.Log(s2)
+	s3 := Hash256toS(data)
+	t.Log(s3)
+
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []byte("123aaaaa")
+	s := Keccak256(data)
+	t.Log(hex.EncodeToString(s))
+}
+
+func TestPrivate(t *testing.T) {
+	privstr := "CAMSeTB3AgEBBCCpK8butBo2fq28tb1zdfeIZBZRcXcbcxmAJcd+h+nrjKAKBggqhkjOPQMBB6FEA0IABFYoS6MEcv5opOrOmC6dNsu9tW/isw6e5Qymx7p5mO3CvgR1WiKzbuT3FJ5N9Kn6kUNY3mzmeo04Rj/wihxVEh8="
+	priv, err := StringToPrivate(privstr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	public := priv.GetPublic()
+
+	s, err := PublicToString(public)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("public: %s", s)
+
+	a := types.PrivateToAddress(priv)
+	t.Logf("address: %s", a.String())
+}
+
+func TestStringToPublic(t *testing.T) {
+	priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateEd25519Key(rand.Reader)
+	//priv, pub, err := crypto.GenerateECDSAKeyPair(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	s, err := PublicToString(pub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("public: %s", s)
+
+	pub2, err := StringToPublic(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if pub2.Equals(pub) {
+		t.Log("success")
+	} else {
+		t.Logf("failed")
+	}
+
+	ps, err := PrivateToString(priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("private :%s", ps)
+	t.Log(len(ps))
+}