Python-01.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python as a calculator\n",
    "-------\n",
    "Python can be used as calculator + - * / () ** // % abs min max, int and float"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "7"
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     "execution_count": 4,
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   "source": [
    "3 + 4 "
   ]
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    {
     "data": {
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       "15"
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     "execution_count": 5,
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   ],
   "source": [
    "3 * 5"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.3333333333333333"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "4 / 3"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
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    {
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       "1"
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     "execution_count": 8,
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   ],
   "source": [
    "4 // 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
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    {
     "data": {
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       "1"
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     "execution_count": 9,
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   ],
   "source": [
    "4 % 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abs(-3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1926243667084634739203147690812942502525097290856569053657671536655703493289225750756096924038107005577607033307665468424208137938409502571528443836358087248839788279968559509024035796546319252657655336760524962441730035462535605201830750366358528761302330842735547127895806782933537114179584526963468396756083778358107373922047409633064454473315599577916694901323931602865652624151417362745960219248296691741851020105901018627157708447211456231129323308989070886896430232091441485389750399668045623162044977567958935598020804175978152088930386334762931471726004347063865758145989982814611023235984738255634432"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 13,
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   ],
   "source": [
    "2**2024+2**1024"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "OverflowError",
     "evalue": "(34, 'Numerical result out of range')",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mOverflowError\u001b[0m                             Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-15-2664e7a9cb23>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;36m2.0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m**\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1024\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mOverflowError\u001b[0m: (34, 'Numerical result out of range')"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2.0**1024"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "1.0+2"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9.313225746154785e-10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2**-30"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1e-10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
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   "source": [
    "1.0e-10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "Boolean\n",
    "-------\n",
    "True False ==, <, >, <=, >=, !=, and, or"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
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   "source": [
    "True"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "2 == 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "3<5"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
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    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 24,
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     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "3 < 6 and 2 == 3"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "True + 2"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "True * 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "Variable names\n",
    "----------------\n",
    "good practice: temp_var, tempVar, TempVar, unicode, = , a,b = b,a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a,b = 3,4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a,b = b,a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "حسین = 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "حسین + b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "can't assign to literal (<ipython-input-40-7338ef2f1e4d>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-40-7338ef2f1e4d>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    3 = a\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m         ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m can't assign to literal\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 = a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "String\n",
    "------\n",
    "in, not in, +, *, [i], len()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = 'This is a python string'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"is\" in s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'is' not in s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'i'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "23"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'String one, String tow'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'String one, ' + 'String tow'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A A A '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 * 'A '"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "List\n",
    "----\n",
    "in, not in, +, *, [], len(), min(), max(), sum(), help()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l = ['akbar', 'mamad', 'mahmoud', 'hasan']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['akbar', 'mamad', 'mahmoud', 'hasan']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'mahmoud'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l[2]=['mahmoud', 'ahmad']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['akbar', 'mamad', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'hasan']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(l)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hasan'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ln = [2,5,6,1,3,5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "max(ln)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "22"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(ln)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ln1 = [1,2,4,5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 4, 5, 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ln1+ln"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['akbar', 'mamad', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'hasan', 2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l+ln+ln1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "List\n",
    "----\n",
    " .append(), .count(), .index(), .pop(), .remove(), .reverse(), help()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ll = []"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ll.append(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ll"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l.reverse()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['hasan', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad', 'akbar']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'akbar'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l.pop()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['hasan', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "Math\n",
    "-----"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'sqrt' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-80-40e415486bd6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0msqrt\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'sqrt' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sqrt(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4142135623730951"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.sqrt(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from math import sqrt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4142135623730951"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sqrt(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on built-in module math:\n",
      "\n",
      "NAME\n",
      "    math\n",
      "\n",
      "DESCRIPTION\n",
      "    This module is always available.  It provides access to the\n",
      "    mathematical functions defined by the C standard.\n",
      "\n",
      "FUNCTIONS\n",
      "    acos(...)\n",
      "        acos(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    acosh(...)\n",
      "        acosh(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    asin(...)\n",
      "        asin(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    asinh(...)\n",
      "        asinh(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    atan(...)\n",
      "        atan(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    atan2(...)\n",
      "        atan2(y, x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x.\n",
      "        Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    atanh(...)\n",
      "        atanh(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    ceil(...)\n",
      "        ceil(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the ceiling of x as an int.\n",
      "        This is the smallest integral value >= x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    copysign(...)\n",
      "        copysign(x, y)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign \n",
      "        of y. On platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0) \n",
      "        returns -1.0.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    cos(...)\n",
      "        cos(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the cosine of x (measured in radians).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    cosh(...)\n",
      "        cosh(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    degrees(...)\n",
      "        degrees(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Convert angle x from radians to degrees.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    erf(...)\n",
      "        erf(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Error function at x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    erfc(...)\n",
      "        erfc(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Complementary error function at x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    exp(...)\n",
      "        exp(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return e raised to the power of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    expm1(...)\n",
      "        expm1(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return exp(x)-1.\n",
      "        This function avoids the loss of precision involved in the direct evaluation of exp(x)-1 for small x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    fabs(...)\n",
      "        fabs(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the absolute value of the float x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    factorial(...)\n",
      "        factorial(x) -> Integral\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Find x!. Raise a ValueError if x is negative or non-integral.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    floor(...)\n",
      "        floor(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the floor of x as an int.\n",
      "        This is the largest integral value <= x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    fmod(...)\n",
      "        fmod(x, y)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return fmod(x, y), according to platform C.  x % y may differ.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    frexp(...)\n",
      "        frexp(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the mantissa and exponent of x, as pair (m, e).\n",
      "        m is a float and e is an int, such that x = m * 2.**e.\n",
      "        If x is 0, m and e are both 0.  Else 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    fsum(...)\n",
      "        fsum(iterable)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable.\n",
      "        Assumes IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    gamma(...)\n",
      "        gamma(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Gamma function at x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    hypot(...)\n",
      "        hypot(x, y)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the Euclidean distance, sqrt(x*x + y*y).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    isfinite(...)\n",
      "        isfinite(x) -> bool\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    isinf(...)\n",
      "        isinf(x) -> bool\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    isnan(...)\n",
      "        isnan(x) -> bool\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    ldexp(...)\n",
      "        ldexp(x, i)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return x * (2**i).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    lgamma(...)\n",
      "        lgamma(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Natural logarithm of absolute value of Gamma function at x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    log(...)\n",
      "        log(x[, base])\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n",
      "        If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    log10(...)\n",
      "        log10(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the base 10 logarithm of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    log1p(...)\n",
      "        log1p(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e).\n",
      "        The result is computed in a way which is accurate for x near zero.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    log2(...)\n",
      "        log2(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the base 2 logarithm of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    modf(...)\n",
      "        modf(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the fractional and integer parts of x.  Both results carry the sign\n",
      "        of x and are floats.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    pow(...)\n",
      "        pow(x, y)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return x**y (x to the power of y).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    radians(...)\n",
      "        radians(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Convert angle x from degrees to radians.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    sin(...)\n",
      "        sin(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the sine of x (measured in radians).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    sinh(...)\n",
      "        sinh(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the hyperbolic sine of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    sqrt(...)\n",
      "        sqrt(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the square root of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    tan(...)\n",
      "        tan(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the tangent of x (measured in radians).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    tanh(...)\n",
      "        tanh(x)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    trunc(...)\n",
      "        trunc(x:Real) -> Integral\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Truncates x to the nearest Integral toward 0. Uses the __trunc__ magic method.\n",
      "\n",
      "DATA\n",
      "    e = 2.718281828459045\n",
      "    pi = 3.141592653589793\n",
      "\n",
      "FILE\n",
      "    (built-in)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(math)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Input and outputs\n",
    "-------------------\n",
    "print(), '{0:8.4}'.format(), input(), eval()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['hasan', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(l)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['hasan', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad'] [2, 5, 6, 1, 3, 5] [1, 2, 4, 5]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(l,ln,ln1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'b is 3 and a is 4, 0.333.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'b is {1} and a is {0}, {2:5.3}.'.format(a,b, 0.3333333333)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Engter somthing:2*3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = input(\"Engter somthing:\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2*3'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 103,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eval(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4142135623730951"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eval('math.sqrt(2)')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Flow Controls\n",
    "---------------\n",
    "if else, for"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "that\n",
      "that\n",
      "end\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if 2>3:\n",
    "    # This is inside of loop\n",
    "    print('this')\n",
    "    print('this')\n",
    "    print('this')\n",
    "    if 2<5:\n",
    "        print('2<5')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('that')\n",
    "    print('that')    \n",
    "print(\"end\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 5, 7, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(range(3,10,2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hasan\n",
      "['mahmoud', 'ahmad']\n",
      "mamad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in l:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "0.1\n",
      "0.2\n",
      "0.3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3]:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0.0\n",
      "0.1\n",
      "0.2\n",
      "0.30000000000000004\n",
      "0.4\n",
      "0.5\n",
      "0.6000000000000001\n",
      "0.7000000000000001\n",
      "0.8\n",
      "0.9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    print(i*0.1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "function\n",
    "---------\n",
    "comments, docstrings, numbers and lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 135,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def f(x):\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    Add one to x and return it. \n",
    "    This is a simple function to demonstrate a concept.\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    x+=1\n",
    "    return x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 136,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function f in module __main__:\n",
      "\n",
      "f(x)\n",
      "    Add one to x and return it. \n",
      "    This is a simple function to demonstrate a concept.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 121,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def g(l):\n",
    "    l[0] = 'saeed'\n",
    "    return l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['hasan', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 131,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['saeed', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 132,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "g(l)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 133,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['saeed', ['mahmoud', 'ahmad'], 'mamad']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 133,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function g in module __main__:\n",
      "\n",
      "g(l)\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(g)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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