diff --git a/notebooks/7_ptypes.jl b/notebooks/7_ptypes.jl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28d6829 --- /dev/null +++ b/notebooks/7_ptypes.jl @@ -0,0 +1,533 @@ +### A Pluto.jl notebook ### +# v0.19.46 + +using Markdown +using InteractiveUtils + +# ╔═╡ e248ec9e-7b3c-11ef-3434-b1e6fc44ac3b +using PlutoUI + +# ╔═╡ cb79cfad-9b8c-4017-ba7c-9cebcebc84f7 +TableOfContents(title="📚 Table of Contents", indent=true, depth=4, aside=true) + +# ╔═╡ 144c7859-9880-4d8a-af4a-3f0d4e77bc46 +md""" +# 1. Views (Performance) +""" + +# ╔═╡ 2b0b302c-f474-4964-b88b-e182057cd5db +M = rand([2,3,5,7,9],3,3) + +# ╔═╡ 9d6f60eb-7af4-4986-8946-e5a08868fda4 +A = view(M, 2:3, 1:2) + +# ╔═╡ 53ffeb7e-3e60-4c2f-b34a-984a7a7fb2df +md""" +# 2. Create a type, what methods are created? +""" + +# ╔═╡ fe8b88e1-05fb-4387-8b04-c329ff4c46f3 +struct C25 + value::Float64 +end + +# ╔═╡ 484b9cd9-2820-471b-85d3-75f23bbd9b61 +C25(1.0) + +# ╔═╡ 61dbdaaa-cc20-4bc9-a80c-5f4b9be1536a +md""" +Note that this **constructor** (a function with the same name as the type that creates objects of that type) was **automatically generated** when we defined the type. We can ask Julia which of these so-called default constructors are provided: +""" + +# ╔═╡ 042e554c-59f7-4107-b958-76adcfcb8800 +display(methods(C25)) + +# ╔═╡ 4f9f2a79-98e3-4244-81c0-6ad089c1ec57 +C25(true) + +# ╔═╡ 64fc97fa-897a-4b03-81ad-e5121c3ccf00 +C25("Philip") + +# ╔═╡ 6d46a963-d316-4b95-82a0-a8c8a3f3a050 +convert(Float64, true) + +# ╔═╡ 8f6f438d-a2b7-4eb0-b527-cf75e7741418 +C25("3.1") + +# ╔═╡ ce9fcfb2-9ab0-445f-beea-907c83a5b88b +convert(Float64, "3.1") + +# ╔═╡ 9c1240da-86e8-4b27-9a49-ec56c632b725 +parse(Float64,"3.1") + +# ╔═╡ d27918d5-363a-49c7-a358-5265d35244ab +md""" +# 3. convert and Type{T} type selectors +""" + +# ╔═╡ 06df76cc-8c6f-4997-b7f0-8bd475f2fa7d +md""" +You can define your own convert +""" + + +# ╔═╡ 406b2aab-a2ea-4540-9f2a-06f2513095b5 +# Base.convert(::Type{Float64}, s::String) = parse(Float64, s) + +# ╔═╡ 77349ae4-6c57-40d5-91b1-db353c7f2ddb +md""" +::Type{Float64} +means that the second argument s is a string and the first argument is not a Float64 but is itself a type. See doc on [ Type{T} type selectors] (https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/types/#man-typet-type). +""" + +# ╔═╡ f176edcc-de5e-4cd0-b6dd-428ce3ca302c +begin + h1(::String, s::String) = s + h2(T::Type{String}, s::String) = T + h3(T::Type{Number}, s::String) = T +end + +# ╔═╡ 0d8857b7-747a-4415-b505-aaa3c9110027 +h1("abc","def") + +# ╔═╡ 5eed423a-c0fb-449c-a3cc-6ed4f4e7ae7f +h2(String,"def") + +# ╔═╡ fdc2102a-b25a-431e-ba9e-827898b0a421 +h3(Number,"def") + +# ╔═╡ c8c00b27-1467-4119-b9c5-3a4050adb047 +isa(3.0, Float64) + +# ╔═╡ 29f0fa70-715e-450b-8f24-b83d00399240 +isa(Float64,Type{Float64}) + +# ╔═╡ 67a7ac4f-89cb-4fb1-99b5-23c7efae24e8 +Type{Float64} <: DataType + +# ╔═╡ f22b8320-1751-4920-995e-3dd762f1d884 +md""" +# 4. getfield +""" + +# ╔═╡ 3049e587-c25b-4926-8aa1-cf3781a1e642 +fieldnames( C25 ) + +# ╔═╡ 55d8bbc7-5d0e-495a-b371-34cffb9d4884 +C25(3).value + +# ╔═╡ a35181c6-5040-4cbb-9cb0-643c2a5b8593 +getfield(C25(3),:value) + +# ╔═╡ 13237b9e-edc6-4288-a51f-146b3e3d5252 +getfield(C25(3),1) + +# ╔═╡ f1e944fe-e8ee-47ca-bdb8-ffff8c245cdd +md""" +# 5. constructors with conditions +""" + +# ╔═╡ 1a57c6a7-105e-4bed-acd4-0c4250d410f9 +md""" +In this example, we also illustrate [short circuit evaluation](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/control-flow/#Short-Circuit-Evaluation) + +Here we have used so-called "short-circuit" evaluation: && can be thought of as an if...then, while || is unless... (i.e. if not ... then). +""" + +# ╔═╡ ac317618-c293-41cf-a5de-a123b1674e7f +struct C25v2 + value::Float64 + + function C25v2(x) + + x < 0 && throw(ArgumentError("Negative value not allowed.")) + + new(x) + end +end + +# ╔═╡ 31fd9ece-a5c2-4072-b1ef-3d33268dc678 +C25v2(-1) + +# ╔═╡ a7d8ce7b-50db-4503-972f-0b0e17e340ee +md""" +# 6. What if we don't want to nail down the type? +""" + +# ╔═╡ 9f20ba44-658a-42d3-8baa-e25b4a4d86b0 +md""" +sometimes it's okay to do this, but one can do better +""" + +# ╔═╡ a78c8fbf-5555-4f10-9491-5f2af68c632e +struct C25v3 + v +end + +# ╔═╡ 93f6dacc-ebc8-4d0b-ab5f-10c9ec395a2d +md""" +# 7. Parametric Types +""" + +# ╔═╡ b6b34a07-ffb1-4f62-8b71-3f6fb56f11fa +struct C25v4{T} + v::T +end + +# ╔═╡ dab97bb1-aec9-4ff7-8e20-24725be751c5 +C25v4(3) + +# ╔═╡ 0720bbc9-c47a-4dcf-b43d-27c06354cdc2 +C25v4(2.54) + +# ╔═╡ b2d48852-3ec7-4e5c-8363-b7325ae895fe +C25v4( rand(3,3)) + +# ╔═╡ 3e09c429-4daf-4bc0-92fa-97ef43dbaf68 +C25v4( C25v4(7)) + +# ╔═╡ e4bb130f-9e98-4afe-85e8-38f7483b62db +md""" +# 8. Adding Conditions to types +""" + +# ╔═╡ 0d789338-f2b9-4765-a7e9-d33ee416f560 +struct C25v5{ T<:Real } + v::T +end + +# ╔═╡ af52a273-c1bc-46af-a0a3-ff826b324cd6 +C25v5(3) + +# ╔═╡ e65b158d-7c54-4b9c-895b-cdaaadde20ee +C25v5("hello") + +# ╔═╡ 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001 +PLUTO_PROJECT_TOML_CONTENTS = """ +[deps] +PlutoUI = "7f904dfe-b85e-4ff6-b463-dae2292396a8" + +[compat] +PlutoUI = "~0.7.60" +""" + +# ╔═╡ 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000002 +PLUTO_MANIFEST_TOML_CONTENTS = """ +# This file is machine-generated - editing it directly is not advised + +julia_version = "1.10.4" +manifest_format = "2.0" +project_hash = "c1674f662899f5bfc062df83020732df21a649e9" + +[[deps.AbstractPlutoDingetjes]] +deps = ["Pkg"] +git-tree-sha1 = "6e1d2a35f2f90a4bc7c2ed98079b2ba09c35b83a" +uuid = "6e696c72-6542-2067-7265-42206c756150" +version = "1.3.2" + +[[deps.ArgTools]] +uuid = "0dad84c5-d112-42e6-8d28-ef12dabb789f" +version = "1.1.1" + +[[deps.Artifacts]] +uuid = "56f22d72-fd6d-98f1-02f0-08ddc0907c33" + +[[deps.Base64]] +uuid = "2a0f44e3-6c83-55bd-87e4-b1978d98bd5f" + +[[deps.ColorTypes]] +deps = ["FixedPointNumbers", "Random"] +git-tree-sha1 = "b10d0b65641d57b8b4d5e234446582de5047050d" +uuid = "3da002f7-5984-5a60-b8a6-cbb66c0b333f" +version = "0.11.5" + +[[deps.CompilerSupportLibraries_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"] +uuid = "e66e0078-7015-5450-92f7-15fbd957f2ae" +version = "1.1.1+0" + +[[deps.Dates]] +deps = ["Printf"] +uuid = "ade2ca70-3891-5945-98fb-dc099432e06a" + +[[deps.Downloads]] +deps = ["ArgTools", "FileWatching", "LibCURL", "NetworkOptions"] +uuid = "f43a241f-c20a-4ad4-852c-f6b1247861c6" +version = "1.6.0" + +[[deps.FileWatching]] +uuid = "7b1f6079-737a-58dc-b8bc-7a2ca5c1b5ee" + +[[deps.FixedPointNumbers]] +deps = ["Statistics"] +git-tree-sha1 = "05882d6995ae5c12bb5f36dd2ed3f61c98cbb172" +uuid = "53c48c17-4a7d-5ca2-90c5-79b7896eea93" +version = "0.8.5" + +[[deps.Hyperscript]] +deps = ["Test"] +git-tree-sha1 = "179267cfa5e712760cd43dcae385d7ea90cc25a4" +uuid = "47d2ed2b-36de-50cf-bf87-49c2cf4b8b91" +version = "0.0.5" + +[[deps.HypertextLiteral]] +deps = ["Tricks"] +git-tree-sha1 = "7134810b1afce04bbc1045ca1985fbe81ce17653" +uuid = "ac1192a8-f4b3-4bfe-ba22-af5b92cd3ab2" +version = "0.9.5" + +[[deps.IOCapture]] +deps = ["Logging", "Random"] +git-tree-sha1 = "b6d6bfdd7ce25b0f9b2f6b3dd56b2673a66c8770" +uuid = "b5f81e59-6552-4d32-b1f0-c071b021bf89" +version = "0.2.5" + +[[deps.InteractiveUtils]] +deps = ["Markdown"] +uuid = "b77e0a4c-d291-57a0-90e8-8db25a27a240" + +[[deps.JSON]] +deps = ["Dates", "Mmap", "Parsers", "Unicode"] +git-tree-sha1 = "31e996f0a15c7b280ba9f76636b3ff9e2ae58c9a" +uuid = "682c06a0-de6a-54ab-a142-c8b1cf79cde6" +version = "0.21.4" + +[[deps.LibCURL]] +deps = ["LibCURL_jll", "MozillaCACerts_jll"] +uuid = "b27032c2-a3e7-50c8-80cd-2d36dbcbfd21" +version = "0.6.4" + +[[deps.LibCURL_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "LibSSH2_jll", "Libdl", "MbedTLS_jll", "Zlib_jll", "nghttp2_jll"] +uuid = "deac9b47-8bc7-5906-a0fe-35ac56dc84c0" +version = "8.4.0+0" + +[[deps.LibGit2]] +deps = ["Base64", "LibGit2_jll", "NetworkOptions", "Printf", "SHA"] +uuid = "76f85450-5226-5b5a-8eaa-529ad045b433" + +[[deps.LibGit2_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "LibSSH2_jll", "Libdl", "MbedTLS_jll"] +uuid = "e37daf67-58a4-590a-8e99-b0245dd2ffc5" +version = "1.6.4+0" + +[[deps.LibSSH2_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl", "MbedTLS_jll"] +uuid = "29816b5a-b9ab-546f-933c-edad1886dfa8" +version = "1.11.0+1" + +[[deps.Libdl]] +uuid = "8f399da3-3557-5675-b5ff-fb832c97cbdb" + +[[deps.LinearAlgebra]] +deps = ["Libdl", "OpenBLAS_jll", "libblastrampoline_jll"] +uuid = "37e2e46d-f89d-539d-b4ee-838fcccc9c8e" + +[[deps.Logging]] +uuid = "56ddb016-857b-54e1-b83d-db4d58db5568" + +[[deps.MIMEs]] +git-tree-sha1 = "65f28ad4b594aebe22157d6fac869786a255b7eb" +uuid = "6c6e2e6c-3030-632d-7369-2d6c69616d65" +version = "0.1.4" + +[[deps.Markdown]] +deps = ["Base64"] +uuid = "d6f4376e-aef5-505a-96c1-9c027394607a" + +[[deps.MbedTLS_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"] +uuid = "c8ffd9c3-330d-5841-b78e-0817d7145fa1" +version = "2.28.2+1" + +[[deps.Mmap]] +uuid = "a63ad114-7e13-5084-954f-fe012c677804" + +[[deps.MozillaCACerts_jll]] +uuid = "14a3606d-f60d-562e-9121-12d972cd8159" +version = "2023.1.10" + +[[deps.NetworkOptions]] +uuid = "ca575930-c2e3-43a9-ace4-1e988b2c1908" +version = "1.2.0" + +[[deps.OpenBLAS_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "Libdl"] +uuid = "4536629a-c528-5b80-bd46-f80d51c5b363" +version = "0.3.23+4" + +[[deps.Parsers]] +deps = ["Dates", "PrecompileTools", "UUIDs"] +git-tree-sha1 = "8489905bcdbcfac64d1daa51ca07c0d8f0283821" +uuid = "69de0a69-1ddd-5017-9359-2bf0b02dc9f0" +version = "2.8.1" + +[[deps.Pkg]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Dates", "Downloads", "FileWatching", "LibGit2", "Libdl", "Logging", "Markdown", "Printf", "REPL", "Random", "SHA", "Serialization", "TOML", "Tar", "UUIDs", "p7zip_jll"] +uuid = "44cfe95a-1eb2-52ea-b672-e2afdf69b78f" +version = "1.10.0" + +[[deps.PlutoUI]] +deps = ["AbstractPlutoDingetjes", "Base64", "ColorTypes", "Dates", "FixedPointNumbers", "Hyperscript", "HypertextLiteral", "IOCapture", "InteractiveUtils", "JSON", "Logging", "MIMEs", "Markdown", "Random", "Reexport", "URIs", "UUIDs"] +git-tree-sha1 = "eba4810d5e6a01f612b948c9fa94f905b49087b0" +uuid = "7f904dfe-b85e-4ff6-b463-dae2292396a8" +version = "0.7.60" + +[[deps.PrecompileTools]] +deps = ["Preferences"] +git-tree-sha1 = "5aa36f7049a63a1528fe8f7c3f2113413ffd4e1f" +uuid = "aea7be01-6a6a-4083-8856-8a6e6704d82a" +version = "1.2.1" + +[[deps.Preferences]] +deps = ["TOML"] +git-tree-sha1 = "9306f6085165d270f7e3db02af26a400d580f5c6" +uuid = "21216c6a-2e73-6563-6e65-726566657250" +version = "1.4.3" + +[[deps.Printf]] +deps = ["Unicode"] +uuid = "de0858da-6303-5e67-8744-51eddeeeb8d7" + +[[deps.REPL]] +deps = ["InteractiveUtils", "Markdown", "Sockets", "Unicode"] +uuid = "3fa0cd96-eef1-5676-8a61-b3b8758bbffb" + +[[deps.Random]] +deps = ["SHA"] +uuid = "9a3f8284-a2c9-5f02-9a11-845980a1fd5c" + +[[deps.Reexport]] +git-tree-sha1 = "45e428421666073eab6f2da5c9d310d99bb12f9b" +uuid = "189a3867-3050-52da-a836-e630ba90ab69" +version = "1.2.2" + +[[deps.SHA]] +uuid = "ea8e919c-243c-51af-8825-aaa63cd721ce" +version = "0.7.0" + +[[deps.Serialization]] +uuid = "9e88b42a-f829-5b0c-bbe9-9e923198166b" + +[[deps.Sockets]] +uuid = "6462fe0b-24de-5631-8697-dd941f90decc" + +[[deps.SparseArrays]] +deps = ["Libdl", "LinearAlgebra", "Random", "Serialization", "SuiteSparse_jll"] +uuid = "2f01184e-e22b-5df5-ae63-d93ebab69eaf" +version = "1.10.0" + +[[deps.Statistics]] +deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays"] +uuid = "10745b16-79ce-11e8-11f9-7d13ad32a3b2" +version = "1.10.0" + +[[deps.SuiteSparse_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl", "libblastrampoline_jll"] +uuid = "bea87d4a-7f5b-5778-9afe-8cc45184846c" +version = "7.2.1+1" + +[[deps.TOML]] +deps = ["Dates"] +uuid = "fa267f1f-6049-4f14-aa54-33bafae1ed76" +version = "1.0.3" + +[[deps.Tar]] +deps = ["ArgTools", "SHA"] +uuid = "a4e569a6-e804-4fa4-b0f3-eef7a1d5b13e" +version = "1.10.0" + +[[deps.Test]] +deps = ["InteractiveUtils", "Logging", "Random", "Serialization"] +uuid = "8dfed614-e22c-5e08-85e1-65c5234f0b40" + +[[deps.Tricks]] +git-tree-sha1 = "7822b97e99a1672bfb1b49b668a6d46d58d8cbcb" +uuid = "410a4b4d-49e4-4fbc-ab6d-cb71b17b3775" +version = "0.1.9" + +[[deps.URIs]] +git-tree-sha1 = "67db6cc7b3821e19ebe75791a9dd19c9b1188f2b" +uuid = "5c2747f8-b7ea-4ff2-ba2e-563bfd36b1d4" +version = "1.5.1" + +[[deps.UUIDs]] +deps = ["Random", "SHA"] +uuid = "cf7118a7-6976-5b1a-9a39-7adc72f591a4" + +[[deps.Unicode]] +uuid = "4ec0a83e-493e-50e2-b9ac-8f72acf5a8f5" + +[[deps.Zlib_jll]] +deps = ["Libdl"] +uuid = "83775a58-1f1d-513f-b197-d71354ab007a" +version = "1.2.13+1" + +[[deps.libblastrampoline_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"] +uuid = "8e850b90-86db-534c-a0d3-1478176c7d93" +version = "5.8.0+1" + +[[deps.nghttp2_jll]] +deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"] +uuid = 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