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author title
Malte Neuss
NixOS

NixOS

"... reproducible, declarative and reliable systems."

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By Tim Cuthbertson CC BY 4.0, https://nixos.org

Content

:::::::::::::: columns ::: {.column width="50%"} { width=60% }

::: ::: {.column width="50%"} Nix

  • Language
  • Package Manager
  • OS

::: ::::::::::::::

::: notes manager installable on windows, mac, linux several copies of app in different versions deployable like Ansible, Terraform about as many packages as Arch Linux AUR

Nix lang = Json + functions reproducible development environments =>faster onboarding switching between projects is easy, effortless, fast containerizsable into docker :::

Use Cases

  • Reproducible artifacts (apps, environments ...)

    mkDerivation {
  name = "myProject-1.0.0";
  src = ./src; 
  buildInputs = [ python311 poetry ...];
}

  • Adhoc environments

    $ nix shell nixpkgs#poetry nixpkgs#python311 
$ nix run   nixpkgs#poetry

::: notes

  • >60k packages
  • many ecosystems
    Java, JS, Python, Rust, Haskell...
  • reproducible :::

::: notes

Demo Demo show nix shell nix run nixpkgs#cowsay Hi

  • Find Nix Store Path of app readlink -f $(which java)

:::

Nix Language

Derivation

{
  "/nix/store/dvmidxj5...-myProject-1.0.0.drv": {
    "inputSrcs": [
      "/nix/store/9krlzvn...-default-builder.sh"
    ],
    "inputDrvs": {
      "/nix/store/1psqjc0l1..-bash-4.4-p23.drv": [
        "out"
      ],
      "/nix/store/8fbvqyxl9y...-myProject-1.0.0.tar.gz.drv": [
        "out"
      ],
      "/nix/store/m15naxf2...-stdenv-linux.drv": [
      ...

Nix Language

:::::::::::::: columns ::: {.column width="70%"}

≈Json + Functions

mkDerivation {
  name = "myProject-1.0.0";
  src = ./src; 
  buildInputs = [ python311 poetry ...];
}

::: ::: {.column width="30%"} Benefits

  • Functional
  • Pure (almost)
  • Declarative

::: ::::::::::::::

Nix Language

  • Numbers 42{.nix}

  • Strings "hello"{.nix}

  • List [1 2 3]{.nix}

  • Expressions 1+2+3{.nix}

  • Attribute Sets { key = value; ... }{.nix}

  • Let Bindings let x = ... in ...{.nix}

  • Functions f x{.nix}

::: notes pure = no side effects, no variables = declarative functional = first-class support lazy = expression is not evaluated until value is needed

  • Let-Expressions
  • Pattern-Matching not-general purpose language dynamically types = no type signatures/compile time :::

Attribute Set

{
  myNumber   = 3;
  myAttrSet  = { name = "myProject-1.0.0"; src = ... };
  myString   = otherAttrSet.nestedSet.name;
  myFunction = x: 2*x;
}
{
  name        = "myProject-1.0.0";
  src         = ./src; 
  buildInputs = [ python311 poetry ...];
  ...
}

::: notes adhoc variable declaration think like const myDerivation :::

Let-Binding

Factor out common expression:

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{
  name = otherAttrSet.a.b.c;
  src  = otherAttrSet.a.b.d; 
  ...
}

::: ::: {.column width="50%"}

let common = otherAttrSet.a.b;
in
  {
    name = common.c;
    src  = common.d; 
    ...
  }

::: ::::::::::::::

::: notes Plain assignment is not an expression, so not supported on its own, just as let... :::

Functions

:::::::::::::: columns ::: {.column width="50%"}

Typescript

const f = x => 2x
f(3)

::: ::: {.column width="50%"} Nix

f = x: 2*x        # definition
f 3               # usage

::: ::::::::::::::

::: notes Math

f: ℝ ⟶ ℝ
f: x ↦ 2x

:::

Functions

Currying

g: (ℝ,ℝ) ⟶ ℝ                      g: ℝ ⟶ (ℝ ⟶ ℝ)
g: (x,y) ↦ x+y                    g: x ↦ (y ↦ x+y)

Usage

g(3,4)                            g(3)(4)

Functions

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Typescript

const g = (x,y) => x+y
g(3,4)

::: ::: {.column width="50%"} Nix

  g = x: y: x+y   # definition
  g 3 4           # usage
((g 3) 4)

::: ::::::::::::::

Functions

# Definition
mkDerivation = overrideAttrs: ...

# Usage
mkDerivation {
  name = "myProject-1.0.0";
  src = ./src; 
}

Resulting Derivation

{
  "/nix/store/dvmidxj5...-myProject-1.0.0.drv": {
    "inputSrcs": [
      "/nix/store/9krlzvn...-default-builder.sh"
    ],
    ...

::: notes nix derivation show nixpkgs#hello functions allow shorter code (code reuse) and strong customization :::

Derivation

let 
 pkgs = ...
in
pkgs.stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "myProject-1.0.0";
  src = ./src; 
  buildInputs = [ pkgs.python311 pkgs.poetry ];
  buildPhase = "poetry build";
}

::: notes :::

Nixpkgs

Just a huge attribute set:

# pkgs =
{
  stdenv = { mkDerivation = .. ; ... }
  ...
  poetry = stdenv.mkDerivation {... python311 ...}
  python39 = ..
  python311 = ..
  ...
  git = ....
  ...
  firefox = ...
  ...
}
https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs

::: notes huge package set ca 1.5GB quite fast because lazy and mkDerivation functions aren't called if not used :::

Search Packages

{ width=70% } https://search.nixos.org

Reproducible Builds

Store

/nix/store/fdffffkdfj23j45r2102jfd-myProject-1.0.0.drv
/nix/store/9234jfkdfj23j45r2102jfd-myProject-1.0.0
/nix/store/34234sdfjskdfj32j4kjdsf-python311-3.11.0
..
/nix/store/fsdkf234jdfdsfjkj0111df-poetry-1.6.1
/nix/store/sdf34dfkjlkj09u123123ss-poetry-1.6.1
..
$ nix build <derivation>   # build artifact, put into store
$ nix develop flake.nix    # load environment with buildInputs

Demo

::: notes demo switching between two environments

NixOS

{
  boot.kernelPackages = pkgs.linuxPackages_6_5; 
  users.users.mneuss = { home = "/home/mneuss"; ...};

  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    jetbrains.idea-ultimate
    python311
  ];

  services.xserver.desktopManager.gnome3.enable = true;
  networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 80 ];
  ...
}
nixos-rebuild switch ...

::: notes Declarative Linux operating system atomic new generation installation atomic rollback :::

Further Study

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::: ::::::::::::::

::: notes used by Mozilla for Firefox, Target, Atlassian for Marketplace, Klarna EU commision :::