references_zotero.bib

@article{witte_electronic_2018,
	title = {On the Electronic Structure of Cu Chlorophyllin and Its Breakdown Products: A Carbon K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {1520-6106},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12108},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12108},
	shorttitle = {On the Electronic Structure of Cu Chlorophyllin and Its Breakdown Products},
	abstract = {Using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure ({NEXAFS}) spectroscopy, the carbon backbone of sodium copper chlorophyllin ({SCC}), a widely used chlorophyll derivative, and its breakdown products are analyzed to elucidate their electronic structure and physicochemical properties. Using various sample preparation methods and complementary spectroscopic methods (including {UV}/Vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), a comprehensive insight into the {SCC} breakdown process is presented. The experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations, allowing a detailed assignment of characteristic {NEXAFS} features to specific C bonds. {SCC} can be seen as a model system for the large group of porphyrins; thus, this work provides a novel and detailed description of the electronic structure of the carbon backbone of those molecules and their breakdown products. The achieved results also promise prospective optical pump/X-ray probe investigations of dynamic processes in chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic complexes to be analyzed more precisely.},
	pages = {1846--1851},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	shortjournal = {J. Phys. Chem. B},
	author = {Witte, Katharina and Mantouvalou, Ioanna and Sánchez-de-Armas, Rocío and Lokstein, Heiko and Lebendig-Kuhla, Janina and Jonas, Adrian and Roth, Friedrich and Kanngießer, Birgit and Stiel, Holger},
	urldate = {2022-07-31},
	date = {2018-02-15},
	note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society},
}

@article{jonas_transient_2020,
	title = {Transient Sub-nanosecond Soft X-ray {NEXAFS} Spectroscopy on Organic Thin Films},
	volume = {92},
	issn = {0003-2700},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03845},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03845},
	abstract = {We demonstrate visible pump soft X-ray probe near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure ({NEXAFS}) spectroscopy measurements at the carbon K edge on thin molecular films in the laboratory. This opens new opportunities through the use of laboratory equipment for chemical speciation. We investigate the metal-free porphyrin derivative tetra(tert-butyl)porphyrazine as an ideal model system to elucidate electronic properties of tetrapyrroles like chlorophyll or heme. In contrast to measurements in gas or liquid state, the investigation of thin films is of high interest in the field of optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices though challenging due to the low damage thresholds of the samples upon excitation. With a careful pre-characterization using optical techniques, successful measurements were performed using a {NEXAFS} spectrometer based on a laser-produced plasma source and reflection zone plates with a resolving power of 1000 and a time resolution of 0.5 ns. In combination with density functional theory calculations, first insights into a long-lived excitonic state are gained and discussed.},
	pages = {15611--15615},
	number = {23},
	journaltitle = {Analytical Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Anal. Chem.},
	author = {Jonas, Adrian and Dammer, Katharina and Stiel, Holger and Kanngiesser, Birgit and Sánchez-de-Armas, Rocío and Mantouvalou, Ioanna},
	urldate = {2022-07-31},
	date = {2020-12-01},
	note = {Publisher: American Chemical Society},
}

@article{stiel_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards Understanding Excited-State Properties of Organic Molecules Using Time-Resolved Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy},
	volume = {22},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1422-0067},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13463},
	doi = {10.3390/ijms222413463},
	abstract = {The extension of the pump-probe approach known from {UV}/{VIS} spectroscopy to very short wavelengths together with advanced simulation techniques allows a detailed analysis of excited-state dynamics in organic molecules or biomolecular structures on a nanosecond to femtosecond time level. Optical pump soft X-ray probe spectroscopy is a relatively new approach to detect and characterize optically dark states in organic molecules, exciton dynamics or transient ligand-to-metal charge transfer states. In this paper, we describe two experimental setups for transient soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy based on an {LPP} emitting picosecond and sub-nanosecond soft X-ray pulses in the photon energy range between 50 and 1500 {eV}. We apply these setups for near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure ({NEXAFS}) investigations of thin films of a metal-free porphyrin, an aggregate forming carbocyanine and a nickel oxide molecule. {NEXAFS} investigations have been carried out at the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen K-edge as well as on the Ni L-edge. From time-resolved {NEXAFS} carbon, K-edge measurements of the metal-free porphyrin first insights into a long-lived trap state are gained. Our findings are discussed and compared with density functional theory calculations.},
	pages = {13463},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
	author = {Stiel, Holger and Braenzel, Julia and Jonas, Adrian and Gnewkow, Richard and Glöggler, Lisa Theresa and Sommer, Denny and Krist, Thomas and Erko, Alexei and Tümmler, Johannes and Mantouvalou, Ioanna},
	urldate = {2022-07-31},
	date = {2021-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 24
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {{NEXAFS}, {TD}-{DFT}, porphyrin, pseudoisocyanine, pump-probe, ultrafast X-ray absorption},
}

@article{scholze_mean_1998,
	title = {Mean energy required to produce an electron-hole pair in silicon for photons of energies between 50 and 1500 {eV}},
	volume = {84},
	rights = {© 1998 American Institute of Physics.},
	issn = {0021-8979},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.368398},
	doi = {10.1063/1.368398},
	abstract = {The photon energy dependence of the mean energy W required to produce an electron-hole pair in silicon for photons with energies between 50 and 1500 {eV} was determined from the spectral responsivity of selected silicon photodiodes. The spectral responsivity was measured with a relative uncertainty of less than 0.3\% using monochromatized synchrotron radiation whose radiant power was measured with a cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer. In order to deduce W from the spectral responsivity of photodiodes with a relative uncertainty of about 1\%, a method for the calculation of photon and electron escape losses from silicon photodiodes was developed and the model for the charge carrier recombination losses was improved. In contrast to recent theoretical and experimental results, a constant value W=(3.66±0.03) {eV} was obtained in the photon energy range from 50 to 1500 {eV}. The present experimental results are confirmed by calculation of the pair creation energy in silicon from data from the literature for the relevant material properties. The difference from previous theoretical work is due to different assumptions about the influence of the band structure of silicon.},
	pages = {2926},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Scholze, F. and Rabus, H. and Ulm, G.},
	urldate = {2022-07-29},
	date = {1998-11-10},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of {PhysicsAIP}},
}

@article{buttner_observation_2021,
	title = {Observation of fluctuation-mediated picosecond nucleation of a topological phase},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1476-1122, 1476-4660},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-020-00807-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41563-020-00807-1},
	pages = {30--37},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Materials},
	shortjournal = {Nat. Mater.},
	author = {Büttner, Felix and Pfau, Bastian and Böttcher, Marie and Schneider, Michael and Mercurio, Giuseppe and Günther, Christian M. and Hessing, Piet and Klose, Christopher and Wittmann, Angela and Gerlinger, Kathinka and Kern, Lisa-Marie and Strüber, Christian and von Korff Schmising, Clemens and Fuchs, Josefin and Engel, Dieter and Churikova, Alexandra and Huang, Siying and Suzuki, Daniel and Lemesh, Ivan and Huang, Mantao and Caretta, Lucas and Weder, David and Gaida, John H. and Möller, Marcel and Harvey, Tyler R. and Zayko, Sergey and Bagschik, Kai and Carley, Robert and Mercadier, Laurent and Schlappa, Justine and Yaroslavtsev, Alexander and Le Guyarder, Loïc and Gerasimova, Natalia and Scherz, Andreas and Deiter, Carsten and Gort, Rafael and Hickin, David and Zhu, Jun and Turcato, Monica and Lomidze, David and Erdinger, Florian and Castoldi, Andrea and Maffessanti, Stefano and Porro, Matteo and Samartsev, Andrey and Sinova, Jairo and Ropers, Claus and Mentink, Johan H. and Dupé, Bertrand and Beach, Geoffrey S. D. and Eisebitt, Stefan},
	urldate = {2022-07-22},
	date = {2021-01},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{hintermayr_structure_2021,
	title = {Structure and magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic [Gd/Fe] $_{\textrm{ \textit{n} }}$ multilayer and Gd $_{\textrm{ \textit{x} }}$ Fe $_{\textrm{ 100− \textit{x} }}$ thin films},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2158-3226},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0057667},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0057667},
	abstract = {The structural and magnetic properties of two series of [Gd(2, 4 nm)/Fe(t)]n multilayer films with varying Fe thickness were investigated and compared to those of amorphous ferrimagnetic {GdFe} alloys of the same corresponding composition. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the high interface quality of both multilayer series. Furthermore, the microstructure was analyzed, revealing polycrystallinity in both Gd and Fe layers with strong (101¯0)-oriented textured growth of Gd particularly for the multilayer series with 2 nm Gd. Magnetic measurements confirm an out-of-plane magnetic easy axis in the alloy samples and an in-plane magnetic easy axis in all multilayer samples. Twisted spin states in samples with a low remanent magnetization were identified. Magnetic compensation points of both multilayer series are compared to those of the alloy samples. It was found that the dependence of the magnetic compensation point on effective Gd concentration in the series with 2 nm Gd closely resembles the strong dependence observed in the alloy counterparts. In contrast, a weaker dependence is revealed for the multilayer series with 4 nm Gd, which makes this system more robust against variations in composition required for applications.},
	pages = {095214},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {{AIP} Advances},
	shortjournal = {{AIP} Advances},
	author = {Hintermayr, Julian and Ullrich, Aladin and Albrecht, Manfred},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	date = {2021-09-01},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{hintermayr_structure_2021-1,
	title = {Structure and magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic [Gd/Fe]n multilayer and {GdxFe}100−x thin films},
	volume = {11},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0057667},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0057667},
	abstract = {The structural and magnetic properties of two series of [Gd(2, 4 nm)/Fe(t)]n multilayer films with varying Fe thickness were investigated and compared to those of amorphous ferrimagnetic {GdFe} alloys of the same corresponding composition. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the high interface quality of both multilayer series. Furthermore, the microstructure was analyzed, revealing polycrystallinity in both Gd and Fe layers with strong (10
1
̄ 
1̄
0)-oriented textured growth of Gd particularly for the multilayer series with 2 nm Gd. Magnetic measurements confirm an out-of-plane magnetic easy axis in the alloy samples and an in-plane magnetic easy axis in all multilayer samples. Twisted spin states in samples with a low remanent magnetization were identified. Magnetic compensation points of both multilayer series are compared to those of the alloy samples. It was found that the dependence of the magnetic compensation point on effective Gd concentration in the series with 2 nm Gd closely resembles the strong dependence observed in the alloy counterparts. In contrast, a weaker dependence is revealed for the multilayer series with 4 nm Gd, which makes this system more robust against variations in composition required for applications.},
	pages = {095214},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {{AIP} Advances},
	author = {Hintermayr, Julian and Ullrich, Aladin and Albrecht, Manfred},
	urldate = {2022-07-21},
	date = {2021-09},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
}

@article{tschentscher_photon_2017,
	title = {Photon Beam Transport and Scientific Instruments at the European {XFEL}},
	volume = {7},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2076-3417},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/7/6/592},
	doi = {10.3390/app7060592},
	abstract = {European {XFEL} is a free-electron laser ({FEL}) user facility providing soft and hard X-ray {FEL} radiation to initially six scientific instruments. Starting user operation in fall 2017 European {XFEL} will provide new research opportunities to users from science domains as diverse as physics, chemistry, geo- and planetary sciences, materials sciences or biology. The unique feature of European {XFEL} is the provision of high average brilliance in the soft and hard X-ray regime, combined with the pulse properties of {FEL} radiation of extreme peak intensities, femtosecond pulse duration and high degree of coherence. The high average brilliance is achieved through acceleration of up to 27,000 electron bunches per second by the super-conducting electron accelerator. Enabling the usage of this high average brilliance in user experiments is one of the major instrumentation drivers for European {XFEL}. The radiation generated by three {FEL} sources is distributed via long beam transport systems to the experiment hall where the scientific instruments are located side-by-side. The X-ray beam transport systems have been optimized to maintain the unique features of the {FEL} radiation which will be monitored using build-in photon diagnostics. The six scientific instruments are optimized for specific applications using soft or hard X-ray techniques and include integrated lasers, dedicated sample environment, large area high frame rate detector(s) and computing systems capable of processing large quantities of data.},
	pages = {592},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Applied Sciences},
	author = {Tschentscher, Thomas and Bressler, Christian and Grünert, Jan and Madsen, Anders and Mancuso, Adrian P. and Meyer, Michael and Scherz, Andreas and Sinn, Harald and Zastrau, Ulf},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	date = {2017-06},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 6
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {X-ray optics, average brilliance, coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, femtosecond time resolution, free-electron lasers, non-linear X-ray processes, peak brilliance, photon diagnostics, ultrafast absorption and emission spectroscopy, ultrafast diffraction},
}

@article{scherz_scientific_2013,
	title = {Scientific Instrument Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering ({SCS})},
	pages = {147},
	author = {Scherz, A and Krupin, O},
	date = {2013},
}

@article{geloni_coherence_2010,
	title = {Coherence properties of the European {XFEL}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1367-2630},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035021},
	doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035021},
	abstract = {The European x-ray free-electron laser ({XFEL}) provides x-ray self-amplified spontaneous emission ({SASE}) {FEL} radiation in the wavelength range from 0.1 to 3 nm using three undulator systems. The {SASE} mode of operation at the European {XFEL} defines specific behavior of longitudinal and transverse coherence properties. In this paper, we describe the evolution of the temporal and transverse correlation functions along the undulator length, and we extract the corresponding evolution of coherence time and degree of transverse coherence as typical figures of merit. Generation of coherent radiation inside the {FEL} undulators is followed by beam transport to the experiments. During transport, the total number of coherent modes is preserved, but the wavefront can be disturbed, and we analyze the conditions under which this occurs. It is emphasized that the development of experimental observables for the degree of coherence and wavefront properties will be important for experiments using coherent x-ray radiation.},
	pages = {035021},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {New Journal of Physics},
	shortjournal = {New J. Phys.},
	author = {Geloni, G and Saldin, E and Samoylova, L and Schneidmiller, E and Sinn, H and Tschentscher, Th and Yurkov, M},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	date = {2010-03-31},
	langid = {english},
}

@collection{altarelli_xfel_2006,
	location = {Hamburg},
	title = {{XFEL}, the European X-ray free-electron laser: technical design report},
	isbn = {978-3-935702-17-1},
	shorttitle = {{XFEL}, the European X-ray free-electron laser},
	pagetotal = {630},
	publisher = {{DESY} {XFEL} Project Group [u.a.]},
	editor = {Altarelli, Massimo},
	date = {2006},
}

@article{tiedtke_soft_2009,
	title = {The soft x-ray free-electron laser {FLASH} at {DESY}: beamlines, diagnostics and end-stations},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1367-2630},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/2/023029},
	doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/11/2/023029},
	shorttitle = {The soft x-ray free-electron laser {FLASH} at {DESY}},
	abstract = {{FLASH}, the Free-electron {LASer} in Hamburg, is a worldwide unique source for extremely bright ultra-short laser-like pulses tunable in a wide spectral range in the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray region (Ackermann et al 2007 Nat. Photonics 1 336–42). To fully exploit the features of this new generation of light sources, a user facility with efficient radiation transport to the experimental area and novel online photon diagnostics capable of characterizing the unique parameters of the {FLASH} radiation has been built. It serves a broad user community active in many scientific fields ranging from atomic and molecular physics to plasma and solid state physics as well as chemistry and biology. A special focus is placed on the exploitation of the ultra-short {FLASH} pulses using pump–probe techniques. Thus, the facility is equipped with optical and {THz} sources synchronized to {FLASH}. This paper gives a detailed overview of the {FLASH} user facility.},
	pages = {023029},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {New Journal of Physics},
	shortjournal = {New J. Phys.},
	author = {Tiedtke, K. and Azima, A. and Bargen, N. von and Bittner, L. and Bonfigt, S. and Düsterer, S. and Faatz, B. and Frühling, U. and Gensch, M. and Gerth, Ch and Guerassimova, N. and Hahn, U. and Hans, T. and Hesse, M. and Honkavaar, K. and Jastrow, U. and Juranic, P. and Kapitzki, S. and Keitel, B. and Kracht, T. and Kuhlmann, M. and Li, W. B. and Martins, M. and Núñez, T. and Plönjes, E. and Redlin, H. and Saldin, E. L. and Schneidmiller, E. A. and Schneider, J. R. and Schreiber, S. and Stojanovic, N. and Tavella, F. and Toleikis, S. and Treusch, R. and Weigelt, H. and Wellhöfer, M. and Wabnitz, H. and Yurkov, M. V. and Feldhaus, J.},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	date = {2009-02},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
}

@online{noauthor_machine_nodate,
	title = {Machine Parameters {PETRA} {III} (Design Values)},
	url = {https://photon-science.desy.de/facilities/petra_iii/machine/parameters/index_eng.html},
	urldate = {2022-07-04},
}

@misc{zusin_ultrafast_2022,
	title = {Ultrafast perturbation of magnetic domains by optical pumping in a ferromagnetic multilayer},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11719},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2001.11719},
	abstract = {Ultrafast optical pumping of spatially nonuniform magnetic textures is known to induce far-from-equilibrium spin transport effects. Here, we use ultrafast x-ray diffraction with unprecedented dynamic range to study the laser-induced dynamics of labyrinth domain networks in ferromagnetic {CoFe}/Ni multilayers. We detected azimuthally isotropic, odd order, magnetic diffraction rings up to 5th order. The amplitudes of all three diffraction rings quench to different degrees within 1.6 ps. In addition, all three of the detected diffraction rings both broaden by 15\% and radially contract by 6\% during the quench process. We are able to rigorously quantify a 31\% ultrafast broadening of the domain walls via Fourier analysis of the order-dependent quenching of the three detected diffraction rings. The broadening of the diffraction rings is interpreted as a reduction in the domain coherence length, but the shift in the ring radius, while unambiguous in its occurrence, remains unexplained. In particular, we demonstrate that a radial shift explained by domain wall broadening can be ruled out. With the unprecedented dynamic range of our data, our results provide convincing evidence that labyrinth domain structures are spatially perturbed at ultrafast speeds under far-from-equilibrium conditions, albeit the mechanism inducing the perturbations remains yet to be clarified.},
	author = {Zusin, Dmitriy and Iacocca, Ezio and Guyader, Loïc Le and Reid, Alexander H. and Schlotter, William F. and Liu, Tian-Min and Higley, Daniel J. and Coslovich, Giacomo and Wandel, Scott F. and Tengdin, Phoebe M. and Patel, Sheena K. K. and Shabalin, Anatoly and Hua, Nelson and Hrkac, Stjepan B. and Nembach, Hans T. and Shaw, Justin M. and Montoya, Sergio A. and Blonsky, Adam and Gentry, Christian and Hoefer, Mark A. and Murnane, Margaret M. and Kapteyn, Henry C. and Fullerton, Eric E. and Shpyrko, Oleg and Dürr, Hermann A. and Silva, T. J.},
	urldate = {2022-06-30},
	date = {2022-06-09},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2001.11719 [cond-mat]},
	keywords = {Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics},
}

@article{vodungbo_laser-induced_2012,
	title = {Laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization in the presence of a nanoscale magnetic domain network},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2007},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms2007},
	abstract = {Femtosecond magnetization phenomena have been challenging our understanding for over a decade. Most experiments have relied on infrared femtosecond lasers, limiting the spatial resolution to a few micrometres. With the advent of femtosecond X-ray sources, nanometric resolution can now be reached, which matches key length scales in femtomagnetism such as the travelling length of excited 'hot' electrons on a femtosecond timescale. Here we study laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization in [Co/Pd]30 multilayer films, which, for the first time, achieves a spatial resolution better than 100 nm by using femtosecond soft X-ray pulses. This allows us to follow the femtosecond demagnetization process in a magnetic system consisting of alternating nanometric domains of opposite magnetization. No modification of the magnetic structure is observed, but, in comparison with uniformly magnetized systems of similar composition, we find a significantly faster demagnetization time. We argue that this may be caused by direct transfer of spin angular momentum between neighbouring domains.},
	pages = {999},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Vodungbo, Boris and Gautier, Julien and Lambert, Guillaume and Sardinha, Anna Barszczak and Lozano, Magali and Sebban, Stéphane and Ducousso, Mathieu and Boutu, Willem and Li, Kaigong and Tudu, Bharati and Tortarolo, Marina and Hawaldar, Ranjit and Delaunay, Renaud and López-Flores, Victor and Arabski, Jacek and Boeglin, Christine and Merdji, Hamed and Zeitoun, Philippe and Lüning, Jan},
	urldate = {2022-06-30},
	date = {2012-08-14},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Magnetic properties and materials, Nanoscale materials, Ultrafast lasers, X-rays},
}

@article{pfau_ultrafast_2012,
	title = {Ultrafast optical demagnetization manipulates nanoscale spin structure in domain walls},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {2012 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2108},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms2108},
	abstract = {During ultrafast demagnetization of a magnetically ordered solid, angular momentum has to be transferred between the spins, electrons, and phonons in the system on femto- and picosecond timescales. Although the intrinsic spin-transfer mechanisms are intensely debated, additional extrinsic mechanisms arising due to nanoscale heterogeneity have only recently entered the discussion. Here we use femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser to study thin film samples with magnetic domain patterns. We observe an infrared-pump-induced change of the spin structure within the domain walls on the sub-picosecond timescale. This domain-topography-dependent contribution connects the intrinsic demagnetization process in each domain with spin-transport processes across the domain walls, demonstrating the importance of spin-dependent electron transport between differently magnetized regions as an ultrafast demagnetization channel. This pathway exists independent from structural inhomogeneities such as chemical interfaces, and gives rise to an ultrafast spatially varying response to optical pump pulses.},
	pages = {1100},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Pfau, B. and Schaffert, S. and Müller, L. and Gutt, C. and Al-Shemmary, A. and Büttner, F. and Delaunay, R. and Düsterer, S. and Flewett, S. and Frömter, R. and Geilhufe, J. and Guehrs, E. and Günther, C. M. and Hawaldar, R. and Hille, M. and Jaouen, N. and Kobs, A. and Li, K. and Mohanty, J. and Redlin, H. and Schlotter, W. F. and Stickler, D. and Treusch, R. and Vodungbo, B. and Kläui, M. and Oepen, H. P. and Lüning, J. and Grübel, G. and Eisebitt, S.},
	urldate = {2022-06-30},
	date = {2012-10-02},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical physics, Spintronics},
}

@article{seaberg_spontaneous_2021,
	title = {Spontaneous fluctuations in a magnetic Fe/Gd skyrmion lattice},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2643-1564},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.033249},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.033249},
	pages = {033249},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review Research},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. Research},
	author = {Seaberg, M. H. and Holladay, B. and Montoya, S. A. and Zheng, X. Y. and Lee, J. C. T. and Reid, A. H. and Koralek, J. D. and Shen, L. and Esposito, V. and Coslovich, G. and Walter, P. and Zohar, S. and Thampy, V. and Lin, M. F. and Hart, P. and Nakahara, K. and Streubel, R. and Kevan, S. D. and Fischer, P. and Colocho, W. and Lutman, A. and Decker, F.-J. and Fullerton, E. E. and Dunne, M. and Roy, S. and Sinha, S. K. and Turner, J. J.},
	urldate = {2022-06-30},
	date = {2021-09-15},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{bergeard_irreversible_2015,
	title = {Irreversible transformation of ferromagnetic ordered stripe domains in single-shot infrared-pump/resonant-x-ray-scattering-probe experiments},
	volume = {91},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.054416},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.91.054416},
	abstract = {The evolution of a magnetic domain structure upon excitation by an intense, femtosecond infrared ({IR}) laser pulse has been investigated using single-shot based time-resolved resonant x-ray scattering at the x-ray free electron laser {LCLS}. A well-ordered stripe domain pattern as present in a thin {CoPd} alloy film has been used as a prototype magnetic domain structure for this study. The fluence of the {IR} laser pump pulse was sufficient to lead to an almost complete quenching of the magnetization within the ultrafast demagnetization process taking place within the first few hundreds of femtoseconds following the {IR} laser pump pulse excitation. On longer time scales this excitation gave rise to subsequent irreversible transformations of the magnetic domain structure. Under our specific experimental conditions, it took about 2 ns before the magnetization started to recover. After about 5 ns the previously ordered stripe domain structure had evolved into a disordered labyrinth domain structure. Surprisingly, we observe after about 7 ns the occurrence of a partially ordered stripe domain structure reoriented into a novel direction. It is this domain structure in which the sample's magnetization stabilizes as revealed by scattering patterns recorded long after the initial pump-probe cycle. Using micromagnetic simulations we can explain this observation based on changes of the magnetic anisotropy going along with heat dissipation in the film.},
	pages = {054416},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Bergeard, Nicolas and Schaffert, Stefan and López-Flores, Víctor and Jaouen, Nicolas and Geilhufe, Jan and Günther, Christian M. and Schneider, Michael and Graves, Catherine and Wang, Tianhan and Wu, Benny and Scherz, Andreas and Baumier, Cédric and Delaunay, Renaud and Fortuna, Franck and Tortarolo, Marina and Tudu, Bharati and Krupin, Oleg and Minitti, Michael P. and Robinson, Joe and Schlotter, William F. and Turner, Joshua J. and Lüning, Jan and Eisebitt, Stefan and Boeglin, Christine},
	urldate = {2022-06-30},
	date = {2015-02-23},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
}

@article{iacocca_spin-current-mediated_2019,
	title = {Spin-current-mediated rapid magnon localisation and coalescence after ultrafast optical pumping of ferrimagnetic alloys},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {2019 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09577-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-09577-0},
	abstract = {Sub-picosecond magnetisation manipulation via femtosecond optical pumping has attracted wide attention ever since its original discovery in 1996. However, the spatial evolution of the magnetisation is not yet well understood, in part due to the difficulty in experimentally probing such rapid dynamics. Here, we find evidence of a universal rapid magnetic order recovery in ferrimagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy via nonlinear magnon processes. We identify magnon localisation and coalescence processes, whereby localised magnetic textures nucleate and subsequently interact and grow in accordance with a power law formalism. A hydrodynamic representation of the numerical simulations indicates that the appearance of noncollinear magnetisation via optical pumping establishes exchange-mediated spin currents with an equivalent 100\% spin polarised charge current density of 107 A cm−2. Such large spin currents precipitate rapid recovery of magnetic order after optical pumping. The magnon processes discussed here provide new insights for the stabilization of desired meta-stable states.},
	pages = {1756},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Iacocca, E. and Liu, T.-M. and Reid, A. H. and Fu, Z. and Ruta, S. and Granitzka, P. W. and Jal, E. and Bonetti, S. and Gray, A. X. and Graves, C. E. and Kukreja, R. and Chen, Z. and Higley, D. J. and Chase, T. and Le Guyader, L. and Hirsch, K. and Ohldag, H. and Schlotter, W. F. and Dakovski, G. L. and Coslovich, G. and Hoffmann, M. C. and Carron, S. and Tsukamoto, A. and Kirilyuk, A. and Kimel, A. V. and Rasing, Th and Stöhr, J. and Evans, R. F. L. and Ostler, T. and Chantrell, R. W. and Hoefer, M. A. and Silva, T. J. and Dürr, H. A.},
	urldate = {2022-06-30},
	date = {2019-04-15},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Magnetic properties and materials, Phase transitions and critical phenomena},
}

@article{bagschik_employing_2016,
	title = {Employing soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering to study domain sizes and anisotropy in Co/Pd multilayers},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {2469-9950, 2469-9969},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.134413},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.94.134413},
	pages = {134413},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Bagschik, Kai and Frömter, Robert and Bach, Judith and Beyersdorff, Björn and Müller, Leonard and Schleitzer, Stefan and Berntsen, Magnus Hårdensson and Weier, Christian and Adam, Roman and Viefhaus, Jens and Schneider, Claus Michael and Grübel, Gerhard and Oepen, Hans Peter},
	urldate = {2022-05-20},
	date = {2016-10-12},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{pfau_ultrafast_nodate,
	title = {Ultrafast Optical Demagnetization manipulates Nanoscale Spin Structure in Domain Walls: Supplementary Information},
	pages = {6},
	author = {Pfau, B and Schaffert, S and Muller, L and Gutt, C and Al-Shemmary, A and Buttner, F and Delaunay, R and Dusterer, S and Flewett, S and Fromter, R and Geilhufe, J and Guehrs, E and Gunther, C M and Hawaldar, R and Hille, M and Jaouen, N and Kobs, A and Li, K and Mohanty, J and Redlin, H and Schlotter, W F and Stickler, D and Treusch, R and Vodungbo, B and Klaui, M and Oepen, H P and Luning, J and Grubel, G and Eisebitt, S},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{pfau_ultrafast_2012-1,
	title = {Ultrafast optical demagnetization manipulates nanoscale spin structure in domain walls},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {2012 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2108},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms2108},
	abstract = {During ultrafast demagnetization of a magnetically ordered solid, angular momentum has to be transferred between the spins, electrons, and phonons in the system on femto- and picosecond timescales. Although the intrinsic spin-transfer mechanisms are intensely debated, additional extrinsic mechanisms arising due to nanoscale heterogeneity have only recently entered the discussion. Here we use femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser to study thin film samples with magnetic domain patterns. We observe an infrared-pump-induced change of the spin structure within the domain walls on the sub-picosecond timescale. This domain-topography-dependent contribution connects the intrinsic demagnetization process in each domain with spin-transport processes across the domain walls, demonstrating the importance of spin-dependent electron transport between differently magnetized regions as an ultrafast demagnetization channel. This pathway exists independent from structural inhomogeneities such as chemical interfaces, and gives rise to an ultrafast spatially varying response to optical pump pulses.},
	pages = {1100},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Pfau, B. and Schaffert, S. and Müller, L. and Gutt, C. and Al-Shemmary, A. and Büttner, F. and Delaunay, R. and Düsterer, S. and Flewett, S. and Frömter, R. and Geilhufe, J. and Guehrs, E. and Günther, C. M. and Hawaldar, R. and Hille, M. and Jaouen, N. and Kobs, A. and Li, K. and Mohanty, J. and Redlin, H. and Schlotter, W. F. and Stickler, D. and Treusch, R. and Vodungbo, B. and Kläui, M. and Oepen, H. P. and Lüning, J. and Grübel, G. and Eisebitt, S.},
	urldate = {2022-04-03},
	date = {2012-10-02},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical physics, Spintronics},
}

@article{peters_soft_2004,
	title = {Soft x-ray resonant magneto-optical constants at the Gd M4,5 and Fe L2,3 edges},
	volume = {70},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.224417},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.70.224417},
	abstract = {We present absolute values for the complete set of magneto-optical constants around the Gd4,5 and Fe L2,3 dipole resonances as obtained from measurement of the polarization dependent photoabsorption cross sections and Kramers-Kronig transformation. The results are verified by comparing the resulting resonant scattering factors with the resonant magnetic scattering from a stripe domain lattice, showing an excellent agreement for both the circular and linear dichroic contributions.},
	pages = {224417},
	number = {22},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Peters, J. F. and Miguel, J. and de Vries, M. A and Toulemonde, O. M. and Goedkoop, J. B. and Dhesi, S. S. and Brookes, N. B.},
	urldate = {2022-03-10},
	date = {2004-12-15},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
}

@article{amaladass_magnetism_2008,
	title = {Magnetism of amorphous and highly anisotropic multilayer systems on flat substrates and nanospheres},
	rights = {info:eu-repo/semantics/{openAccess}},
	url = {http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/6705},
	doi = {10.18419/opus-6688},
	abstract = {Fe/Gd multilayers with monolayer and submonolayer thicknesses have been systematically studied on flat substrates and on self-assembled nanospheres with high spatial resolution. A series of Fe/Gd multilayers consisting of 75 bilayers have been prepared on flat silicon substrate with sublayer thicknesses from 0.36 to 0.60 nm. A thickness dependent spin reorientation transition ({SRT}) from an in-plane to a perpendicularly magnetized state is observed by decreasing the sublayer thickness. These results are quantitatively explained by the contribution of the stray field and by the dipolar pair ordering model. From transmission electron microscopy ({TEM}) analysis it has been seen that inhomogeneous interfaces cause an in-plane magnetization, whereas almost homogeneous interfaces lead to a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy ({PMA}). The layer thickness (total thickness), preparation techniques, and the choice of the substrate also have a strong influence on magnetic properties of the system.

    The domain configuration during a temperature driven {SRT} is studied by photoemission electron microscopy ({PEEM}). A sample with the composition 75×[Fe (0.36 nm)/Gd (0.36 nm)]  initially shows an in-plane magnetization at room temperature and upon heating the sample, the in-plane domains change to a maze like, perpendicular domains. Between these transformations, a coexistence of in-plane and out-of-plane domain configurations is seen in a broad temperature range of 57° - 81° C. Micromagnetic simulations reproduced a similar coexistence phase. The presence of two local minima in the total energy, due to the different temperature behaviors of the surface anisotropy ({KS}) and the volume anisotropy ({KV} ) is believed to cause this coexistence phase. After several {SRT} cycles the perpendicular state of the sample became more prominent at room temperature. {TEM} images recorded before and after annealing show significant changes in the layered structure. This infers that the chemical and structural changes in the sample upon annealing are responsible for the appearance of {PMA}.

Upon depositing Fe/Gd multilayers on self-assembled silica or polystyrene nanospheres a new class of magnetic nanostructures with a crescent shaped cross section is produced. The influence of the thickness gradient and the curved nature of the substrate on the properties of the magnetic multilayers are studied with respect to the diameter of the spheres and the thickness of the films. A 36 nm Fe/Gd film with a composition of 50×[Fe (0.36 nm)/Gd (0.36 nm)] has been deposited on nanospheres with diameters of 800, 330, and 160 nm. Upon increasing the diameter of the spheres to 800 nm a dramatic change in the spin structure and the reversal mechanism is observed. Local hysteresis loops of the spherules, deduced from scanning transmission x-ray microscopy ({STXM}) images reveal an S-shaped loop for 800 nm spherules, while for the 330 and 160 nm spherules a squared loop with a sharp switching field accompanied by a change in the magnetic anisotropy from radial to uniaxial is observed. The exchange energy that favors the parallel alignment of the spins overcomes the radial anisotropy and leads to such parallel orientation of the moments upon decreasing the diameter of the sphere. The hysteresis loops and the reversal mechanism obtained by simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, element selective hysteresis loops on 330 and 160 nm spherules show an asymmetric behavior at Fe and Gd edges. At the maximum field of about 400 Oe Gd moments align with the field direction, whereas Fe moments tilt away from the field direction. These changes suggest a twisted magnetic state due to the increase in the curvature and the magnetic field.

   Furthermore, the thickness dependence of the magnetic properties is addressed. Spherules with a 36 nm thick Fe/Gd film, i.e. 50 bilayers, show an S-shaped loop. Spherules of same diameter of 800 nm but with 75 bilayers system show a squared loop with prominent steps and a strong increase in the coercive field by a factor of four. Magnetization reversal takes place through an intermediate flower state that shows up as a step in the hysteresis loop. This thickness dependent reversal mechanism is explained by the interplay between the different anisotropy terms and the thickness dependent switching field. Similar changes are not observed for the films deposited on a flat substrate. 

  A shape induced {SRT} is observed for an in-plane magnetized Fe/Gd film deposited on nanospheres. A hard axis loop is observed on a flat substrate, whereas the film on spherules with a diameter of 800 nm showed a rectangular easy axis loop. This is explained by the change in the shape anisotropy. 

 In addition to Fe/Gd system, Co/Pt multilayer system is also studied with high spatial resolution. The thickness gradient on the spheres is used to induce a thickness dependent {SRT} locally on every nanospheres. {STXM} images measured in an in-plane and an out-of-plane geometry reveal two different magnetic states at the rim and at the center of the spherules. Local hysteresis loops deduced on a \&\#8776; 50 nm scale show a transformation of the magnetization curve from an easy axis loop to a hard axis loop with increasing the elevation angle on the spheres. The {SRT} from perpendicular to in-plane magnetization has been seen in the interval 56° {\textless} \&\#952; {\textless} 70° within a distance of less than 90 nm. These results are in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.},
	author = {Amaladass, Edward Prabu},
	urldate = {2022-03-25},
	date = {2008},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Accepted: 2009-07-06},
}

@article{baczewski_magnetization_1998,
	title = {Magnetization and anisotropy in Fe/Gd multilayers},
	volume = {177-181},
	issn = {0304-8853},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885397006434},
	doi = {10.1016/S0304-8853(97)00643-4},
	series = {International Conference on Magnetism (Part {II})},
	abstract = {Magnetization measurements of Fe/Gd multilayers were performed. Easy-plane anisotropy was found in all samples. A spin-flop-like transition from the aligned Gd state to the twisted state was observed for 35/35 Å Fe/Gd multilayers at the critical field Hcr = 4.8 {kOe}. The results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions of the Fe/Gd spin arrangement.},
	pages = {1305--1307},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	author = {Baczewski, L. T. and Kalinowski, R. and Wawro, A.},
	urldate = {2022-03-25},
	date = {1998-01-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Anisotropy — magnetization processes, Magnetic moments — distribution, Thin films — rare earth},
}

@article{johnson_magnetic_1996,
	title = {Magnetic anisotropy in metallic multilayers},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0034-4885},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/59/11/002},
	doi = {10.1088/0034-4885/59/11/002},
	abstract = {Ferromagnetic materials exhibit intrinsic `easy' and `hard' directions of the magnetization. This magnetic anisotropy is, from both a technological and fundamental viewpoint one of the most important properties of magnetic materials. The magnetic anisotropy in metallic magnetic multilayers forms the subject of this review article. As individual layers in a multilayer stack become thinner, the role of interfaces and surfaces may dominate that of the bulk: this is the case in many magnetic multilayers, where a perpendicular interface contribution to the magnetic anisotropy is capable of rotating the easy magnetization direction from in the film plane to perpendicular to the film plane. In this review, we show that the (in-plane) volume and (perpendicular) interface contribution to the magnetic anisotropy have been separated into terms related to mechanical stresses, crystallographic structure and the planar shape of the films. In addition, the effect of roughness, often inherent to the deposition techniques used, has been addressed theoretically. Several techniques to prepare multilayers and to characterize their growth as well as methods to determine the magnetic anisotropy are discussed. A comprehensive survey of experimental studies on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in metallic multilayers containing Fe, Co or Ni is presented and commented on. Two major subjects of this review are the extrinsic effects of strain, roughness and interdiffusion and the intrinsic effect of the crystallographic orientation on the magnetic anisotropy. Both effects are investigated with the help of some dedicated experimental studies. The results of the orientational dependence studies are compared with ab initio calculations. Finally, the perpendicular surface anisotropy and the in-plane step anisotropy are discussed.},
	pages = {1409--1458},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Reports on Progress in Physics},
	shortjournal = {Rep. Prog. Phys.},
	author = {Johnson, M. T. and Bloemen, P. J. H. and Broeder, F. J. A. den and Vries, J. J. de},
	urldate = {2022-03-25},
	date = {1996-11},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
}

@inproceedings{koch_fundamental_2015,
	location = {San Diego, California, United States},
	title = {Fundamental performance differences of {CMOS} and {CCD} imagers: part {VI}},
	url = {http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.2189941},
	doi = {10.1117/12.2189941},
	shorttitle = {Fundamental performance differences of {CMOS} and {CCD} imagers},
	abstract = {Past papers demonstrated advancements made on developing scientific {PMOS}/{NMOS} {CMOS} imagers that match or exceed {CCD} performance. New data and discussions presented in this paper present further progress on subject matters that include: 1). subcarrier read noise performance with understandings for how the noise floor can be reduced further, 2). comprehensive correlated double sampling ({CDS}) signal processing noise fundamentals in response to random telegraph and flicker noise sources, 3). high energy radiation damage test data from {NASA}'s {BSI} {SoloHi}/{WISPR} {CMOS} imager and 4). update on a new scientific {BSI} {PMOS}/{NMOS} stitched Mk x Nk x 10 um 5TPPD pixel imager being fabricated for Lawrence Livermore National Lab ({LLNL}) and {NASA}'s Europa Clipper mission.},
	eventtitle = {{SPIE} Optical Engineering + Applications},
	pages = {959102},
	author = {Janesick, James and Elliott, Tom and Andrews, James and Tower, John},
	editor = {Koch, Jeffrey A. and Grim, Gary P.},
	urldate = {2022-03-21},
	date = {2015-08-31},
	langid = {english},
}

@incollection{huber_ccd_2013,
	location = {New York, {NY}},
	title = {{CCD} and {CMOS} sensors},
	isbn = {978-1-4614-7803-4 978-1-4614-7804-1},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-7804-1_23},
	abstract = {The charge-coupled device ({CCD}) has been developed primarily as a compact image sensor for consumer and industrial markets, but is now also the preeminent visible and ultraviolet wavelength image sensor in many fields of scientific research including space-science and both Earth and planetary remote sensing. Today’s scientific or science-grade {CCD} will strive to maximise pixel count, focal plane coverage, photon detection efficiency over the broadest spectral range and signal dynamic range whilst maintaining the lowest possible readout noise. The relatively recent emergence of complementary metal oxide semiconductor ({CMOS}) image sensor technology is arguably the most important development in solid-state imaging since the invention of the {CCD}. {CMOS} technology enables the integration on a single silicon chip of a large array of photodiode pixels alongside all of the ancillary electronics needed to address the array and digitise the resulting analogue video signal. Compared to the {CCD}, {CMOS} promises a more compact, lower mass, lower power and potentially more radiation tolerant camera.},
	pages = {423--442},
	booktitle = {Observing Photons in Space},
	publisher = {Springer New York},
	author = {Waltham, Nick},
	editor = {Huber, Martin C. E. and Pauluhn, Anuschka and Culhane, J. Len and Timothy, J. Gethyn and Wilhelm, Klaus and Zehnder, Alex},
	urldate = {2022-03-21},
	date = {2013},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-7804-1_23},
}

@article{eisebitt_vorgelegt_nodate,
	title = {vorgelegt von Leonid Lunin geboren am 16.01.1999 Matrikelnummer: 402920},
	pages = {24},
	author = {Eisebitt, Dr Stefan},
	langid = {german},
}

@thesis{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
	type = {phdthesis},
}

@misc{eisebitt_vorgelegt_nodate-1,
	title = {vorgelegt von Leonid Lunin geboren am 16.01.1999 Matrikelnummer: 402920},
	author = {Eisebitt, Dr Stefan},
	langid = {german},
}

@thesis{eisebitt_vorgelegt_nodate-2,
	title = {vorgelegt von Leonid Lunin geboren am 16.01.1999 Matrikelnummer: 402920},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Eisebitt, Dr Stefan},
	langid = {german},
}

@article{noauthor_vorgelegt_nodate,
	title = {vorgelegt von Leonid Lunin geboren am 16.01.1999 Matrikelnummer: 402920},
	pages = {24},
	langid = {german},
}

@article{cartier_micrometer-resolution_2016,
	title = {Micrometer-resolution imaging using {MÖNCH}: towards G2-less grating interferometry},
	volume = {23},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk},
	issn = {1600-5775},
	url = {http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?yn5011},
	doi = {10.1107/S1600577516014788},
	shorttitle = {Micrometer-resolution imaging using {MÖNCH}},
	abstract = {{MÖNCH} is a 25 µm-pitch charge-integrating detector aimed at exploring the limits of current hybrid silicon detector technology. The small pixel size makes it ideal for high-resolution imaging. With an electronic noise of about 110 {eV} r.m.s., it opens new perspectives for many synchrotron applications where currently the detector is the limiting factor, e.g. inelastic X-ray scattering, Laue diffraction and soft X-ray or high-resolution color imaging. Due to the small pixel pitch, the charge cloud generated by absorbed X-rays is shared between neighboring pixels for most of the photons. Therefore, at low photon fluxes, interpolation algorithms can be applied to determine the absorption position of each photon with a resolution of the order of 1 µm. In this work, the characterization results of one of the {MÖNCH} prototypes are presented under low-flux conditions. A custom interpolation algorithm is described and applied to the data to obtain high-resolution images. Images obtained in grating interferometry experiments without the use of the absorption grating G2 are shown and discussed. Perspectives for the future developments of the {MÖNCH} detector are also presented.},
	pages = {1462--1473},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Synchrotron Radiation},
	shortjournal = {J Synchrotron Rad},
	author = {Cartier, S. and Kagias, M. and Bergamaschi, A. and Wang, Z. and Dinapoli, R. and Mozzanica, A. and Ramilli, M. and Schmitt, B. and Brückner, M. and Fröjdh, E. and Greiffenberg, D. and Mayilyan, D. and Mezza, D. and Redford, S. and Ruder, C. and Schädler, L. and Shi, X. and Thattil, D. and Tinti, G. and Zhang, J. and Stampanoni, M.},
	urldate = {2022-03-20},
	date = {2016-11-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 6
Publisher: International Union of Crystallography},
}

@article{viefhaus_variable_2013,
	title = {The Variable Polarization {XUV} Beamline P04 at {PETRA} {III}: Optics, mechanics and their performance},
	volume = {710},
	issn = {01689002},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168900212012831},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2012.10.110},
	shorttitle = {The Variable Polarization {XUV} Beamline P04 at {PETRA} {III}},
	abstract = {The layout of the Variable Polarization {XUV} Beamline P04 at {PETRA} {III} is described with emphasis on selected examples of optics, mirrors and gratings. A precise characterization of the optics, their performance inside the holder and of the surrounding mechanics is presented. This also includes a detailed characterization of the different beamline mechanics as a whole (grating unit, exit slit unit, re-focusing unit) including the environment.},
	pages = {151--154},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
	author = {Viefhaus, Jens and Scholz, Frank and Deinert, Sascha and Glaser, Leif and Ilchen, Markus and Seltmann, Jörn and Walter, Peter and Siewert, Frank},
	urldate = {2022-03-18},
	date = {2013-05},
	langid = {english},
}

@inproceedings{weckert_petra_2004,
	location = {San Francisco, California ({USA})},
	title = {{PETRA} {III}: A New High Brilliance Synchrotron Radiation Source at {DESY}},
	volume = {705},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1757737},
	doi = {10.1063/1.1757737},
	shorttitle = {{PETRA} {III}},
	abstract = {{DESY} has decided to rebuild its 2304 m long accelerator {PETRA} {II} into a dedicated light source called {PETRA} {III}. The reconstruction is planned to start mid 2007. The new light source will operate at an energy of 6 {GeV}, a current of 100 {mA}, a horizontal emittance of 1 nmrad and an emittance coupling of 1\%. In the first phase thirteen insertion devices are foreseen. In this paper the principle layout of the machine will be presented. The structure of the new machine combines properties of conventional storage rings and light sources and is therefore quite unconventional. One of the major challenges of the project is to achieve the small emittances. The basic idea is to use so called damping wigglers with a total length of 80 m to reduce the horizontal emittance to the desired level. To obtain and maintain the small emittances imposes tight tolerances on spurious dispersion and orbit quality and stability. These limits will be given and discussed.},
	eventtitle = {{SYNCHROTRON} {RADIATION} {INSTRUMENTATION}: Eighth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation},
	pages = {73--76},
	booktitle = {{AIP} Conference Proceedings},
	publisher = {{AIP}},
	author = {Weckert, E.},
	urldate = {2022-03-18},
	date = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	note = {{ISSN}: 0094243X},
}

@article{franz_technical_2006,
	title = {Technical Report: {PETRA} {III}: {DESY}'s New High Brilliance Third Generation Synchrotron Radiation Source},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0894-0886, 1931-7344},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08940880601064984},
	doi = {10.1080/08940880601064984},
	shorttitle = {Technical Report},
	pages = {25--29},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Synchrotron Radiation News},
	shortjournal = {Synchrotron Radiation News},
	author = {Franz, H. and Leupold, O. and Röhlsberger, R. and Roth, S.V. and Seeck, O.H. and Spengler, J. and Strempfer, J. and Tischer, M. and Viefhaus, J. and Weckert, E. and Wroblewski, T.},
	urldate = {2022-03-18},
	date = {2006-12},
	langid = {english},
}

@book{hubert_magnetic_1998,
	location = {Berlin ; New York},
	title = {Magnetic domains: the analysis of magnetic microstructures},
	isbn = {978-3-540-64108-7},
	shorttitle = {Magnetic domains},
	pagetotal = {696},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Hubert, Alex and Schäfer, Rudolf},
	date = {1998},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Domain structure, Magnetic materials},
}

@article{miguel_x-ray_2006,
	title = {X-ray resonant magnetic scattering study of magnetic stripe domains in \$a{\textbackslash}text\{{\textbackslash}ensuremath\{-\}\}{\textbackslash}mathrm\{Gd\}{\textbackslash}mathrm\{Fe\}\$ thin films},
	volume = {74},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.74.094437},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.74.094437},
	abstract = {X-ray resonant magnetic scattering ({XRMS}) has been used to investigate the structure of magnetic stripe domain patterns in thin amorphous {GdFe} films. Under the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field, the scattered intensity displays a smooth transition from a structure factor of correlated stripes to the form factor of isolated domains. We derive a quite general expression that relates the total scattered intensity of {XRMS} to the absolute value of the magnetization. Furthermore, we compare our results for the domain period with domain theory. We obtain good agreement for prealigned stripes, but disorder tends to lead to an overestimation of the period measured with {XRMS}.},
	pages = {094437},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Miguel, J. and Peters, J. F. and Toulemonde, O. M. and Dhesi, S. S. and Brookes, N. B. and Goedkoop, J. B.},
	urldate = {2022-03-11},
	date = {2006-09-29},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
}

@article{hellwig_domain_2007,
	title = {Domain structure and magnetization reversal of antiferromagnetically coupled perpendicular anisotropy films},
	volume = {319},
	issn = {03048853},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030488530700649X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.04.035},
	abstract = {We describe experimental and theoretical investigations of the magnetic domain formation and the field reversal behavior in antiferromagnetically coupled perpendicular anisotropy multilayers that mimic A-type antiferromagnet ({AF}) structures. The samples are sputter deposited Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy that are periodically interleaved with Ru to mediate an antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. This structure allows precise tuning of the different magnetic energy terms involved. Using various magnetometry and magnetic imaging techniques as well as resonant soft X-ray scattering we provide a comprehensive study of the remanent and demagnetized configurations as well as the corresponding reversal mechanisms. We find that adding {AF} exchange to perpendicular anisotropy system alters the typical energy balance that controls magnetic stripe domain formation, thus resulting in two competing reversal modes for the composite system. In the {AF}-exchange dominated regime the magnetization is ferromagnetically ordered within the film plane with the magnetization of adjacent layers anti-parallel thus minimizing the interlayer {AF} exchange energy. In the dipolar dominated regime the magnetization pattern forms ferromagnetic ({FM}) stripe domains where adjacent layers are vertically correlated, but laterally anti-correlated thus minimizing the dipolar energy at the expense of the {AF} interlayer coupling. By tuning the layer thickness or applying a magnetic field, we observed the co-existence of {AF} domains and {FM} stripe domains. We find that a {FM} phase exists at {AF} domain boundaries, causing complex mesoscopic domain patterns with surprising reversibility during minor loop field cycling.},
	pages = {13--55},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	author = {Hellwig, Olav and Berger, Andreas and Kortright, Jeffrey B. and Fullerton, Eric E.},
	urldate = {2022-03-11},
	date = {2007-12},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{camley_phase_1988,
	title = {Phase transitions in magnetic superlattices},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0163-1829},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.37.3413},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.37.3413},
	pages = {3413--3421},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Camley, R. E. and Tilley, D. R.},
	urldate = {2022-03-11},
	date = {1988-03-01},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{drovosekov_twisted_2019,
	title = {Twisted magnetization states and inhomogeneous resonance modes in a Fe/Gd ferrimagnetic multilayer},
	volume = {475},
	issn = {03048853},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.08466},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.12.022},
	abstract = {Static and dynamic magnetic properties of a ferrimagnetic [Fe(35Å)/Gd(50Å)]12 superlattice were investigated in a wide 4 − 300 K temperature range using magneto-optical Kerr effect ({MOKE}) and ferromagnetic resonance ({FMR}) techniques. The multilayer structure was sputtered on a transparent glass substrate which made it possible to perform {MOKE} measurements on both Fe and Gd terminated sides of the superlattice. These experiments allowed us to detect a transition between field-aligned and canted magnetic states on both sides of the film and to distinguish between the bulk and surface twisted phases of the superlattice. As a result, the experimental H − T magnetic phase diagram of the system was obtained. {FMR} studies at frequencies 7 − 36 {GHz} demonstrated a complex evolution of absorption spectra as temperature decreased from room down to 4 K. Two spectral branches were detected in the sample. Theoretical simulations show that the observed spectral branches correspond to different types of inhomogeneous resonance modes in the multilayer with non-uniform magnetization precession inside Gd layers.},
	pages = {668--674},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	author = {Drovosekov, A. B. and Savitsky, A. O. and Kholin, D. I. and Kreines, N. M. and Proglyado, V. V. and Ryabukhina, M. V. and Kravtsov, E. A. and Ustinov, V. V.},
	urldate = {2022-03-11},
	date = {2019-04},
	langid = {english},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {1808.08466},
	keywords = {Condensed Matter - Materials Science},
}

@online{noauthor_vyk90e3tmp_nodate,
	title = {vyk90e3.tmp {\textbar} Elsevier Enhanced Reader},
	url = {https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0092640X83710132?token=03B7DA0B6E08358440B056FC61EC34A8AEB97FBFEF1DA5A33FD3F43D8BD2A6FE2B60AD27B19C235829E7EA0FEB536BE0&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20220310192355},
	urldate = {2022-03-10},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1006/adnd.1993.1013},
}

@book{stohr_magnetism_2006,
	location = {Berlin ; New York},
	title = {Magnetism: from fundamentals to nanoscale dynamics},
	isbn = {978-3-540-30282-7},
	series = {Springer series in solid-state sciences},
	shorttitle = {Magnetism},
	pagetotal = {820},
	number = {152},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Stöhr, Joachim and Siegmann, Hans Christoph},
	date = {2006},
	langid = {english},
	note = {{OCLC}: ocm72867752},
	keywords = {Magnetism},
}

@article{schick_udkm1dsim_2021,
	title = {udkm1Dsim – a Python toolbox for simulating 1D ultrafast dynamics in condensed matter},
	volume = {266},
	issn = {0010-4655},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010465521001430},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108031},
	abstract = {The udkm1Dsim toolbox is a collection of Python classes and routines to simulate the thermal, structural, and magnetic dynamics after laser excitation as well as the corresponding X-ray scattering response in one-dimensional samples, such as multilayers. The toolbox provides the capabilities to define arbitrary layered structures on the atomic level including a rich database of element-specific physical properties. The excitation of dynamics is represented by an N-temperature-model which is commonly applied in ultrafast physics. Structural dynamics due to thermal stresses are calculated by a linear-chain model of masses and springs. The implementation of specific magnetic dynamics can be easily accomplished by the user employing a generalized magnetization interface class. The resulting X-ray diffraction response is computed by kinematical or dynamical X-ray theory which can also include polarization-dependent magnetic scattering. The udkm1Dsim toolbox is highly modular and allows for injecting user-defined inputs at any step within the simulation procedure.
New version program summary
Program Title: udkm1Dsim {CPC} Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/bnzw823v6y.1 Developer's repository link: https://github.com/dschick/udkm1Dsim Code Ocean capsule: https://codeocean.com/capsule/8131941 Licensing provisions: {MIT} Programming language: Python Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2) (February 2014) 651–660 Does the new version supersede the previous version?: Yes Reasons for the new version: The toolbox has been ported from {MATLAB} ({MathWorks} Inc.) to Python and is based exclusively on free and open-source components. Moreover, new features have been added that allow for a broader applicability of the toolbox. Summary of revisions: Porting to Python. Introduction of amorphous layers in the sample structures. Add magnetization property to atoms and layers. Multilayer formalism to calculate laser absorption. New magnetization class to allow for user-defined magnetization dynamics. New resonant magnetic X-ray scattering employing dynamical X-ray theory. Calculation of X-ray scattering as function of photon energy and scattering vector. Nature of problem: Simulate the thermal, structural, and magnetic dynamics of 1D layered sample structures due to an ultrafast laser excitation and compute the corresponding transient (magnetic) X-ray scattering response. Solution method: The program provides an object-oriented toolbox for building arbitrary layered 1D crystalline/amorphous sample structures including a rich database of element-specific parameters. The excitation, thermal transport, and lattice dynamics are simulated utilizing {SciPy}'s {ODE} solver. Magnetization dynamics can be introduced by the user employing a magnetization interface class. The dynamical (magnetic) X-ray scattering is computed by a matrix formalism that can be parallelized. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The program is restricted to 1D layered sample structures. Phonon dynamics only include longitudinal acoustic phonons (sound waves). Magnetization dynamics have to be defined by the user. X-ray scattering only allows for symmetrical and co-planar geometries due to the 1D nature of the toolbox. The program is highly modular and allows the inclusion of user-defined inputs at any time of the simulation procedure.},
	pages = {108031},
	journaltitle = {Computer Physics Communications},
	shortjournal = {Computer Physics Communications},
	author = {Schick, Daniel},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-09-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {-temperature model, Coherent phonons, Dynamical magnetic X-ray scattering, Heat diffusion, Magnetization dynamics, Multilayer absorption, Thermoelasticity, Ultrafast dynamics},
}

@article{pfau_chapter_nodate,
	title = {Chapter 8 X-ray resonant scattering and hologra- phy with application to magnetization dy- namics},
	abstract = {Each chapter should be preceded by an abstract (10–15 lines long) that summarizes the content. The abstract will appear online on Scitation and be available with unrestricted access. This allows unregistered users to read the abstract as a teaser for the complete chapter.},
	pages = {43},
	author = {Pfau, Bastian and Eisebitt, Stefan},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{hellwig_x-ray_2003,
	title = {X-ray studies of aligned magnetic stripe domains in perpendicular multilayers},
	volume = {336},
	issn = {09214526},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921452603002825},
	doi = {10.1016/S0921-4526(03)00282-5},
	abstract = {We have investigated the stripe domain structure and the magnetic reversal of perpendicular Co/Pt-based multilayers at room temperature using magnetometry, magnetic imaging and magnetic X-ray scattering. In-plane field cycling aligns the stripe domains along the field direction. In magnetic X-ray scattering the parallel stripe domains act as a magnetic grating resulting in observed Bragg reflections up to fifth order. We model the scattering profile to extract and quantify the domain as well as domain wall widths. Applying fields up to B1.2 {kOe} perpendicular to the film reversibly changes the relative width of up versus down domains while maintaining the overall stripe periodicity. Fields above 1.2 {kOe} introduce irreversible changes into the domain structure by contracting and finally annihilating individual stripe domains. We compare the current results with modeling and previous measurements of films with perpendicular anisotropy.},
	pages = {136--144},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Physica B: Condensed Matter},
	shortjournal = {Physica B: Condensed Matter},
	author = {Hellwig, O. and Denbeaux, G.P. and Kortright, J.B. and Fullerton, Eric E.},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2003-08},
	langid = {english},
}

@collection{coey_handbook_2021,
	location = {Cham},
	title = {Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials},
	isbn = {978-3-030-63208-3 978-3-030-63210-6},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	editor = {Coey, J. M. D. and Parkin, Stuart S.P.},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2021},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6},
}

@article{bergamaschi_monch_2018,
	title = {The {MÖNCH} Detector for Soft X-ray, High-Resolution, and Energy Resolved Applications},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0894-0886, 1931-7344},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08940886.2018.1528428},
	doi = {10.1080/08940886.2018.1528428},
	pages = {11--15},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Synchrotron Radiation News},
	shortjournal = {Synchrotron Radiation News},
	author = {Bergamaschi, A. and Andrä, M. and Barten, R. and Borca, C. and Brückner, M. and Chiriotti, S. and Dinapoli, R. and Fröjdh, E. and Greiffenberg, D. and Huthwelker, T. and Kleibert, A. and Langer, M. and Lebugle, M. and Lopez-Cuenca, C. and Mezza, D. and Mozzanica, A. and Raabe, J. and Redford, S. and Ruder, C. and Scagnoli, V. and Schmitt, B. and Shi, X. and Staub, U. and Thattil, D. and Tinti, G. and Vaz, C. F. and Vetter, S. and Vila-Comamala, J. and Zhang, J.},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2018-11-02},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{schick_laser-driven_2021,
	title = {Laser-driven resonant magnetic soft-x-ray scattering for probing ultrafast antiferromagnetic and structural dynamics},
	volume = {8},
	rights = {\&\#169; 2021 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {2334-2536},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?uri=optica-8-9-1237},
	doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.435522},
	abstract = {Time-resolved resonant magnetic scattering in the soft-x-ray range is a powerful tool for accessing the spatially resolved and element-specific spin dynamics in magnetic materials. So far, the application of this photon-demanding technique was limited to large-scale facilities. However, upgrades to diffraction-limited storage rings supporting only x-ray pulses beyond 100 ps, and the shift of x-ray free-electron lasers toward attosecond pulses aggravate the competition for beamtime in the picosecond time window, which is of utmost relevance for magnetism research. Here we present the development of a lab-based instrument providing sufficient photon flux up to 1.5 {keV} photon energy covering the soft-x-ray resonances of transition and rare-earth metal atoms. Our setup features the mandatory tunability in energy and reciprocal space in combination with sub-10 ps temporal resolution, exploiting the broadband emission of a laser-driven plasma x-ray source, which is monochromatized to about 1 {eV} bandwidth by a reflection zone plate. We benchmark our approach against accelerator-based soft-x-ray sources by simultaneously probing the laser-induced magnetic and structural dynamics from an antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Cr superlattice. Our development lays the foundation for laser-driven resonant scattering experiments to study ultrafast ordering phenomena of charges, spins, and orbitals.},
	pages = {1237--1242},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Optica},
	shortjournal = {Optica, {OPTICA}},
	author = {Schick, Daniel and Borchert, Martin and Braenzel, Julia and Stiel, Holger and Tümmler, Johannes and Bürgler, Daniel E. and Firsov, Alexander and Schmising, Clemens von Korff and Pfau, Bastian and Eisebitt, Stefan and Eisebitt, Stefan},
	urldate = {2022-02-21},
	date = {2021-09-20},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
}

@article{sun_contrast_2021,
	title = {A Contrast Calibration Protocol for X-ray Speckle Visibility Spectroscopy},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2076-3417},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10041},
	doi = {10.3390/app112110041},
	abstract = {X-ray free electron lasers, with their ultrashort highly coherent pulses, opened up the opportunity of probing ultrafast nano- and atomic-scale dynamics in amorphous and disordered material systems via speckle visibility spectroscopy. However, the anticipated count rate in a typical experiment is usually low. Therefore, visibility needs to be extracted via photon statistics analysis, i.e., by estimating the probabilities of multiple photons per pixel events using pixelated detectors. Considering the realistic X-ray detector responses including charge cloud sharing between pixels, pixel readout noise, and gain non-uniformity, speckle visibility extraction relying on photon assignment algorithms are often computationally demanding and suffer from systematic errors. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the commonly-used algorithms by applying them to an experimental data set containing small-angle coherent scattering with visibility levels ranging from below 1\% to ∼60\%. We also propose a contrast calibration protocol and show that a computationally lightweight algorithm can be implemented for high-speed correlation evaluation.},
	pages = {10041},
	number = {21},
	journaltitle = {Applied Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Applied Sciences},
	author = {Sun, Yanwen and Esposito, Vincent and Hart, Philip Adam and Hansson, Conny and Li, Haoyuan and Nakahara, Kazutaka and {MacArthur}, James Paton and Nelson, Silke and Sato, Takahiro and Song, Sanghoon and Sun, Peihao and Fuoss, Paul and Sutton, Mark and Zhu, Diling},
	urldate = {2021-12-01},
	date = {2021-10-27},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{sun_accurate_2020,
	title = {Accurate contrast determination for X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1600-5775},
	url = {http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S1600577520006773},
	doi = {10.1107/S1600577520006773},
	abstract = {X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy using X-ray free-electron lasers has long been proposed as a probe of fast dynamics in noncrystalline materials. In this paper, numerical modeling is presented to show how the data interpretation of visibility spectroscopy can be impacted by the nonidealities of real-life X-ray detectors. Using simulated detector data, this work provides a detailed analysis of the systematic errors of several contrast extraction algorithms in the context of low-count-rate X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy and their origins are discussed. Here, it was found that the finite detector charge cloud and pixel size lead to an unavoidable `degeneracy' in photon position determination, and that the contrasts extracted using different algorithms can all be corrected by a simple linear model. The results suggest that experimental calibration of the correction coefficient at the count rate of interest is possible and essential. This allows computationally lightweight algorithms to be implemented for on-the-fly analysis.},
	pages = {999--1007},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Synchrotron Radiation},
	shortjournal = {J Synchrotron Rad},
	author = {Sun, Yanwen and Montana-Lopez, Jordi and Fuoss, Paul and Sutton, Mark and Zhu, Diling},
	urldate = {2021-12-01},
	date = {2020-07-01},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{perakis_coherent_2018,
	title = {Coherent X-rays reveal the influence of cage effects on ultrafast water dynamics},
	volume = {9},
	rights = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04330-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-04330-5},
	abstract = {The dynamics of liquid water feature a variety of time scales, ranging from extremely fast ballistic-like thermal motion, to slower molecular diffusion and hydrogen-bond rearrangements. Here, we utilize coherent X-ray pulses to investigate the sub-100 fs equilibrium dynamics of water from ambient conditions down to supercooled temperatures. This novel approach utilizes the inherent capability of X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy to measure equilibrium intermolecular dynamics with lengthscale selectivity, by measuring oxygen motion in momentum space. The observed decay of the speckle contrast at the first diffraction peak, which reflects tetrahedral coordination, is attributed to motion on a molecular scale within the first 120 fs. Through comparison with molecular dynamics simulations, we conclude that the slowing down upon cooling from 328 K down to 253 K is not due to simple thermal ballistic-like motion, but that cage effects play an important role even on timescales over 25 fs due to hydrogen-bonding.},
	pages = {1917},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Perakis, Fivos and Camisasca, Gaia and Lane, Thomas J. and Späh, Alexander and Wikfeldt, Kjartan Thor and Sellberg, Jonas A. and Lehmkühler, Felix and Pathak, Harshad and Kim, Kyung Hwan and Amann-Winkel, Katrin and Schreck, Simon and Song, Sanghoon and Sato, Takahiro and Sikorski, Marcin and Eilert, Andre and {McQueen}, Trevor and Ogasawara, Hirohito and Nordlund, Dennis and Roseker, Wojciech and Koralek, Jake and Nelson, Silke and Hart, Philip and Alonso-Mori, Roberto and Feng, Yiping and Zhu, Diling and Robert, Aymeric and Grübel, Gerhard and Pettersson, Lars G. M. and Nilsson, Anders},
	urldate = {2021-12-01},
	date = {2018-05-15},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a
Cc\_license\_type: cc\_by
Cg\_type: Nature Research Journals
Number: 1
Primary\_atype: Research
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Subject\_term: Chemical physics;Imaging techniques
Subject\_term\_id: chemical-physics;imaging-techniques},
	keywords = {Chemical physics, Imaging techniques},
}

@article{burdet_absolute_2021,
	title = {Absolute contrast estimation for soft X-ray photon fluctuation spectroscopy using a variational droplet model},
	volume = {11},
	rights = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98774-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-98774-3},
	abstract = {X-ray photon fluctuation spectroscopy using a two-pulse mode at the Linac Coherent Light Source has great potential for the study of quantum fluctuations in materials as it allows for exploration of low-energy physics. However, the complexity of the data analysis and interpretation still prevent recovering real-time results during an experiment, and can even complicate post-analysis processes. This is particularly true for high-spatial resolution applications using {CCDs} with small pixels, which can decrease the photon mapping accuracy resulting from the large electron cloud generation at the detector. Droplet algorithms endeavor to restore accurate photon maps, but the results can be altered by their hyper-parameters. We present numerical modeling tools through extensive simulations that mimic previous x-ray photon fluctuation spectroscopy experiments. By modification of a fast droplet algorithm, our results demonstrate how to optimize the precise parameters that lift the intrinsic counting degeneracy impeding accuracy in extracting the speckle contrast. These results allow for an absolute determination of the summed contrast from multi-pulse x-ray speckle diffraction, the modus operandi by which the correlation time for spontaneous fluctuations can be measured.},
	pages = {19455},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Burdet, N. G. and Esposito, V. and Seaberg, M. H. and Yoon, C. H. and Turner, J. J.},
	urldate = {2021-12-01},
	date = {2021-09-30},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a
Cc\_license\_type: cc\_by
Cg\_type: Nature Research Journals
Number: 1
Primary\_atype: Research
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Subject\_term: Characterization and analytical techniques;Scientific data
Subject\_term\_id: characterization-and-analytical-techniques;scientific-data},
	keywords = {Characterization and analytical techniques, Scientific data},
}

@article{kortright_resonant_2013,
	title = {Resonant soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet magnetic scattering in nanostructured magnetic materials: Fundamentals and directions},
	volume = {189},
	issn = {03682048},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0368204813000212},
	doi = {10.1016/j.elspec.2013.01.019},
	shorttitle = {Resonant soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet magnetic scattering in nanostructured magnetic materials},
	pages = {178--186},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena},
	author = {Kortright, Jeffrey B.},
	urldate = {2021-10-29},
	date = {2013-08},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{kortright_resonant_2000,
	title = {Resonant magneto-optical properties of Fe near its 2 p levels: Measurement and applications},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0163-1829, 1095-3795},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.62.12216},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.62.12216},
	shorttitle = {Resonant magneto-optical properties of Fe near its 2 p levels},
	pages = {12216--12228},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Kortright, J. B. and Kim, Sang-Koog},
	urldate = {2021-10-29},
	date = {2000-11-01},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{prieto_x-ray_2005,
	title = {X-ray magneto-optics of lanthanide materials: principles and applications},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0947-8396, 1432-0630},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00339-004-3130-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s00339-004-3130-z},
	shorttitle = {X-ray magneto-optics of lanthanide materials},
	abstract = {Lanthanide metals are a particular class of magnetic materials in which the magnetic moments are carried mainly by the localized electrons of the 4 f shell. They are frequently found in technically relevant systems, to achieve, e.g., high magnetic anisotropy. Magneto-optical methods in the X-ray range are well suited to study complex magnetic materials in an element-specific way. In this work, we report on recent progress on the quantitative determination of magneto-optical constants of several lanthanides in the soft X-ray region and we show some examples of applications of magneto-optics to hardmagnetic interfaces and exchange-coupled layered structures containing lanthanide elements.},
	pages = {1021--1027},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Applied Physics A},
	shortjournal = {Appl. Phys. A},
	author = {Prieto, J.E. and Krupin, O. and Döbrich, K. and Heigl, F. and Kaindl, G. and Starke, K.},
	urldate = {2021-10-27},
	date = {2005-02},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{prieto_magneto-optics_2003,
	title = {Magneto-optics of Gd and Tb in the soft x-ray resonance regions},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0163-1829, 1095-3795},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134453},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134453},
	pages = {134453},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review B},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. B},
	author = {Prieto, J. E. and Heigl, F. and Krupin, O. and Kaindl, G. and Starke, K.},
	urldate = {2021-10-27},
	date = {2003-10-29},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{tripathi_dichroic_2011,
	title = {Dichroic coherent diffractive imaging},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/108/33/13393},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1104304108},
	abstract = {Understanding electronic structure at the nanoscale is crucial to untangling fundamental physics puzzles such as phase separation and emergent behavior in complex magnetic oxides. Probes with the ability to see beyond surfaces on nanometer length and subpicosecond time scales can greatly enhance our understanding of these systems and will undoubtedly impact development of future information technologies. Polarized X-rays are an appealing choice of probe due to their penetrating power, elemental and magnetic specificity, and high spatial resolution. The resolution of traditional X-ray microscopes is limited by the nanometer precision required to fabricate X-ray optics. Here we present a novel approach to lensless imaging of an extended magnetic nanostructure, in which a scanned series of dichroic coherent diffraction patterns is recorded and numerically inverted to map its magnetic domain configuration. Unlike holographic methods, it does not require a reference wave or precision optics. In addition, it enables the imaging of samples with arbitrarily large spatial dimensions, at a spatial resolution limited solely by the coherent X-ray flux, wavelength, and stability of the sample with respect to the beam. It can readily be extended to nonmagnetic systems that exhibit circular or linear dichroism. We demonstrate this approach by imaging ferrimagnetic labyrinthine domains in a Gd/Fe multilayer with perpendicular anisotropy and follow the evolution of the domain structure through part of its magnetization hysteresis loop. This approach is scalable to imaging with diffraction-limited resolution, a prospect rapidly becoming a reality in view of the new generation of phenomenally brilliant X-ray sources.},
	pages = {13393--13398},
	number = {33},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	shortjournal = {{PNAS}},
	author = {Tripathi, Ashish and Mohanty, Jyoti and Dietze, Sebastian H. and Shpyrko, Oleg G. and Shipton, Erik and Fullerton, Eric E. and Kim, Sang Soo and {McNulty}, Ian},
	urldate = {2021-10-25},
	date = {2011-08-16},
	langid = {english},
	pmid = {21825152},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Physical Sciences},
	keywords = {X-ray microscopy, lensless imaging, magnetism, phase retrieval, ptychography},
}

@article{mantouvalou_high_2015,
	title = {High average power, highly brilliant laser-produced plasma source for soft X-ray spectroscopy},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0034-6748, 1089-7623},
	url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4916193},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4916193},
	pages = {035116},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
	shortjournal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
	author = {Mantouvalou, Ioanna and Witte, Katharina and Grötzsch, Daniel and Neitzel, Michael and Günther, Sabrina and Baumann, Jonas and Jung, Robert and Stiel, Holger and Kanngießer, Birgit and Sandner, Wolfgang},
	urldate = {2021-10-24},
	date = {2015-03},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{cartier_micron_2014,
	title = {Micron resolution of {MÖNCH} and {GOTTHARD}, small pitch charge integrating detectors with single photon sensitivity},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1748-0221},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/c05027},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05027},
	abstract = {{MÖNCH}, a charge integrating readout {ASIC} (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) prototype with a pixel pitch of 25 μm developed at {PSI}, allows new imaging applications in the field of micron resolution and spectral imaging. The small pixel size of this system facilitates charge sharing between pixels, which then can be exploited to gain additional information about the photon absorption position and photon energy. However, for reconstructing complete images from this information, sufficient hits need to be recorded and therefore acquisition times are potentially long. We present a fast read-out system, that is capable of acquiring enough statistics for an image in a few hours in combination with a position reconstruction algorithm, which has the potential to run in a similar amount of time on a fast computing node. We further present results of experiments with a comparable strip detector (small-pitch {GOTTHARD} system) showing that with the aid of single photon interpolation algorithms micron resolution is achievable. Additionally, we show that a similar position reconstruction algorithm works in the two dimensional case for {MÖNCH}.},
	pages = {C05027--C05027},
	number = {5},
	author = {Cartier, S. and Bergamaschi, A. and Dinapoli, R. and Greiffenberg, D. and Johnson, I. and Jungmann, J. H. and Mezza, D. and Mozzanica, A. and Schmitt, B. and Shi, X. and Stampanoni, M. and Sun, J. and Tinti, G.},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	date = {2014-05},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
}

@article{dreier_tracking_2020,
	title = {Tracking based, high-resolution single-shot multimodal x-ray imaging in the laboratory enabled by the sub-pixel resolution capabilities of the {MÖNCH} detector},
	volume = {117},
	issn = {0003-6951},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0027763},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0027763},
	abstract = {The simultaneous retrieval of x-ray attenuation, phase, and scattering using multimodal imaging techniques is finding increasing use in a range of applications, from medicine to materials science. Most techniques rely on the mechanical movement of an optical element (e.g., a grating or a mask) to obtain the multimodal images. While single-shot approaches exist, they typically employ detector pixels smaller than the grating period, often with low detection efficiency, and are limited in resolution unless either the sample or the optical element is displaced in various positions and multiple frames are collected. In this paper, we replace mechanical motion with the {MÖNCH} detector's capability to reach sub-pixel resolutions by interpolating between neighboring pixels collecting the charge generated by a single x-ray event. This enabled us to obtain the pilot demonstration of a laboratory-based high-resolution, single-shot multimodal imaging technique capable of simultaneously retrieving attenuation, directional differential phase, and scatter images, without any mechanical movement. We show that our proof-of-concept setup enables a single-shot resolution of 19.5 
𝜇m
μm
 and that the resulting images provide sufficient information to produce a reliable sample thickness map. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the setup is capable of producing single-shot directional scattering images, while leaving open the option to further increase the resolution by using sample dithering.},
	pages = {264101},
	number = {26},
	journaltitle = {Applied Physics Letters},
	shortjournal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
	author = {Dreier, E. S. and Bergamaschi, A. and Kallon, G. K. and Brönnimann, R. and Olsen, U. L. and Olivo, A. and Endrizzi, M.},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	date = {2020-12-28},
	note = {Publisher: American Institute of Physics},
}

@article{dullin_monch_2018,
	title = {{MÖNCH} detector enables fast and low-dose free-propagation phase-contrast computed tomography of in situ mouse lungs},
	volume = {25},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk},
	issn = {1600-5775},
	url = {http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?mo5171},
	doi = {10.1107/S160057751701668X},
	abstract = {Due to the complexity of the underlying pathomechanism, in vivo mouse lung-disease models continue to be of great importance in preclinical respiratory research. Longitudinal studies following the cause of a disease or evaluating treatment efficacy are of particular interest but challenging due to the small size of the mouse lung and the fast breathing rate. Synchrotron-based in-line phase-contrast computed tomography imaging has been successfully applied in lung research in various applications, but mostly at dose levels that forbid longitudinal in vivo studies. Here, the novel charge-integrating hybrid detector {MÖNCH} is presented, which enables imaging of mouse lungs at a pixel size of 25 µm, in less than 10 s and with an entrance dose of about 70 {mGy}, which therefore will allow longitudinal lung disease studies to be performed in mouse models.},
	pages = {565--569},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Synchrotron Radiation},
	shortjournal = {J Synchrotron Rad},
	author = {Dullin, C. and Albers, J. and Tromba, G. and Andrä, M. and Ramilli, M. and Bergamaschi, A.},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	date = {2018-03-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 2
Publisher: International Union of Crystallography},
}

@article{ramilli_measurements_2017,
	title = {Measurements with {MÖNCH}, a 25 \${\textbackslash}upmu\$m pixel pitch hybrid pixel detector},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1748-0221},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/c01071},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/C01071},
	abstract = {{MÖNCH} is a hybrid silicon pixel detector based on charge integration and with analog readout, featuring a pixel size of 25×25 μm2. The latest working prototype consists of an array of 400×400 identical pixels for a total active area of 1×1 cm2. Its design is optimized for the single photon regime. An exhaustive characterization of this large area prototype has been carried out in the past months, and it confirms an {ENC} in the order of 35 electrons {RMS} and a dynamic range of ∼4×12 {keV} photons in high gain mode, which increases to ∼100×12 {keV} photons with the lowest gain setting. The low noise levels of {MÖNCH} make it a suitable candidate for X-ray detection at energies around 1 {keV} and below. Imaging applications in particular can benefit significantly from the use of {MÖNCH}: due to its extremely small pixel pitch, the detector intrinsically offers excellent position resolution. Moreover, in low flux conditions, charge sharing between neighboring pixels allows the use of position interpolation algorithms which grant a resolution at the micrometer-level. Its energy reconstruction and imaging capabilities have been tested for the first time at a low energy beamline at {PSI}, with photon energies between 1.75 {keV} and 3.5 {keV}, and results will be shown.},
	pages = {C01071--C01071},
	number = {1},
	author = {Ramilli, M. and Bergamaschi, A. and Andrae, M. and Brückner, M. and Cartier, S. and Dinapoli, R. and Fröjdh, E. and Greiffenberg, D. and Hutwelker, T. and Lopez-Cuenca, C. and Mezza, D. and Mozzanica, A. and Ruat, M. and Redford, S. and Schmitt, B. and Shi, X. and Tinti, G. and Zhang, J.},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	date = {2017-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
}

@article{dinapoli_monch_2014,
	title = {{MÖNCH}, a small pitch, integrating hybrid pixel detector for X-ray applications},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1748-0221},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/c05015},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05015},
	abstract = {{PSI} is developing several new detector families based on charge integration and analog readout ({CI}) to respond to the needs of X-ray free electron lasers ({XFELs}), where a signal up to ∼ 104 photons impinging simultaneously on a pixel make single photon counting detectors unusable. {MÖNCH} is a novel hybrid silicon pixel detector where {CI} is combined with a challengingly small pixel size of 25 × 25 μm2. {CI} enables the detector to process several incoming photon simultaneously in {XFEL} applications. Moreover, due to the small pixel size, the charge produced by an impinging photon is often shared. In low flux experiments the analog information provided by single photons can be used either to obtain spectral information or to improve the position resolution by interpolation. Possible applications are resonant and non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering or X-ray tomography with X-ray tubes. Two prototype {ASICs} were designed in {UMC} 110 nm technology. {MÖNCH}01 contains only some test cells used to assess technology performance and make basic design choices. {MÖNCH}02 is a fully functional, small scale prototype of 4 × 4 mm2, containing an array of 160 × 160 pixels. This array is subdivided in five blocks, each featuring a different pixel architecture. Two blocks have statically selectable preamplifier gains and target synchrotron applications. In low gain mode they should provide single photon sensitivity (at 6-12 {keV}) as well as a reasonable dynamic range for such a small area ( {\textgreater} 120 photons). In high gain they target high resolution, low flux experiments where charge sharing can be exploited to reach μm resolution. Three other architectures address possible uses at {XFELs} and implement automatic switching between two gains to increase the dynamic range, as well as input overvoltage control. The paper presents the {MÖNCH} project and first results obtained with the {MÖNCH}02 prototype.},
	pages = {C05015--C05015},
	number = {5},
	author = {Dinapoli, R. and Bergamaschi, A. and Cartier, S. and Greiffenberg, D. and Johnson, I. and Jungmann, J. H. and Mezza, D. and Mozzanica, A. and Schmitt, B. and Shi, X. and Tinti, G.},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	date = {2014-05},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
}

@article{cartier_micrometer-resolution_2016-1,
	title = {Micrometer-resolution imaging using {MÖNCH}: towards G2-less grating interferometry},
	volume = {23},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk},
	issn = {1600-5775},
	url = {http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?yn5011},
	doi = {10.1107/S1600577516014788},
	shorttitle = {Micrometer-resolution imaging using {MÖNCH}},
	abstract = {{MÖNCH} is a 25 µm-pitch charge-integrating detector aimed at exploring the limits of current hybrid silicon detector technology. The small pixel size makes it ideal for high-resolution imaging. With an electronic noise of about 110 {eV} r.m.s., it opens new perspectives for many synchrotron applications where currently the detector is the limiting factor, e.g. inelastic X-ray scattering, Laue diffraction and soft X-ray or high-resolution color imaging. Due to the small pixel pitch, the charge cloud generated by absorbed X-rays is shared between neighboring pixels for most of the photons. Therefore, at low photon fluxes, interpolation algorithms can be applied to determine the absorption position of each photon with a resolution of the order of 1 µm. In this work, the characterization results of one of the {MÖNCH} prototypes are presented under low-flux conditions. A custom interpolation algorithm is described and applied to the data to obtain high-resolution images. Images obtained in grating interferometry experiments without the use of the absorption grating G2 are shown and discussed. Perspectives for the future developments of the {MÖNCH} detector are also presented.},
	pages = {1462--1473},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Synchrotron Radiation},
	shortjournal = {J Synchrotron Rad},
	author = {Cartier, S. and Kagias, M. and Bergamaschi, A. and Wang, Z. and Dinapoli, R. and Mozzanica, A. and Ramilli, M. and Schmitt, B. and Brückner, M. and Fröjdh, E. and Greiffenberg, D. and Mayilyan, D. and Mezza, D. and Redford, S. and Ruder, C. and Schädler, L. and Shi, X. and Thattil, D. and Tinti, G. and Zhang, J. and Stampanoni, M.},
	urldate = {2021-10-15},
	date = {2016-11-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 6
Publisher: International Union of Crystallography},
}