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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Below follows an example session with INDEX, an experimental system for % inductive data engineering. INDEX was implemented by Peter A. Flach. % The system is described in the paper "Predicate Invention in Inductive % Data Engineering", in Proc. ECML '93, P. Brazdil (ed.), LNAI 667, % Springer Verlag. % % INDEX runs on Quintus Prolog for Sun, and should be easily portable to % similar Prologs like Sicstus or BIM. To run INDEX, start Prolog and % consult or compile the file 'main'. After the necessary modules and % libraries have been read, INDEX is ready to receive your commands. % % Please send questions, bug reports, suggestions etc. by email to % [email protected] % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Everything following '? ' is user input. % Everything following '% ' are annotations. yoursun> prolog Quintus Prolog Release 2.5.1 (Sun-4, SunOS 4.1) Copyright (C) 1990, Quintus Computer Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1310 Villa Street, Mountain View, California (415) 965-7700 | ?- [main]. [consulting /export/home/flach/index/main...] [Undefined procedures will just fail ('fail' option)] ... ? switch all. % show all switches switches ON: cwa % Closed World Assumption for negative tuples debug % display debugging information eval % use heuristics for finding dependencies switches OFF: horn % don't display rules in Horn form ? switch eval. % no heuristics; find exact set of dependencies eval is now off. ? [train]. % get tuples from file [consulting /export/home/flach/index/train...] [train consulted 0.183 sec 2,732 bytes] ? get pos train. % read into internal database ? show all. positive tuples: train(utrecht,8,8,den-bosch) train(tilburg,8,10,tilburg) train(maastricht,8,10,weert) train(utrecht,8,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,9,8,den-bosch) train(tilburg,9,10,tilburg) train(maastricht,9,10,weert) train(utrecht,9,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,8,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,43,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,43,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht) There are no negative tuples. There are no integrity constraints. ? init ics train. % initialise integrity constraints 1. direction 2. hour 3. minutes 4. stop1 Which dependencies? all. % select all attributes as righthand-side ? show ics all. integrity constraints: train:[]-->[direction,hour,minutes,stop1] % fds train:[]->->[direction] % mvds train:[]->->[hour] train:[]->->[minutes] train:[]->->[stop1] ? find ics. % determine set of satisfied dependencies | evaluating mvd(train,[],[direction]) -train(utrecht,8,10,tilburg) % negative tuple by CWA | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[],[hour]) -train(utrecht,9,31,utrecht) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[],[minutes]) -train(tilburg,8,8,tilburg) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[],[stop1]) -train(tilburg,8,10,den-bosch) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[],[direction]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[],[hour]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[],[minutes]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[],[stop1]) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[minutes],[direction]) -train(tilburg,8,10,weert) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[stop1],[direction]) -train(utrecht,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[minutes],[hour]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[stop1],[hour]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[direction],[minutes]) -train(utrecht,8,8,eindhoven-bkln) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[stop1],[minutes]) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[direction],[stop1]) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[minutes],[stop1]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[minutes],[direction]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[stop1],[direction]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[direction],[minutes]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[stop1],[minutes]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[direction],[stop1]) | result: refine | evaluating fd(train,[minutes],[stop1]) | result: refine | evaluating mvd(train,[stop1,minutes],[direction]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[minutes,stop1],[direction]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[stop1,direction],[minutes]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[direction,stop1],[minutes]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[minutes,direction],[stop1]) | result: keep | evaluating mvd(train,[direction,minutes],[stop1]) | result: keep | evaluating fd(train,[stop1,minutes],[direction]) | result: keep | evaluating fd(train,[minutes,stop1],[direction]) | result: keep | evaluating fd(train,[minutes,direction],[stop1]) | result: keep | evaluating fd(train,[direction,minutes],[stop1]) | result: keep ? show all. positive tuples: train(utrecht,8,8,den-bosch) train(tilburg,8,10,tilburg) train(maastricht,8,10,weert) train(utrecht,8,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,9,8,den-bosch) train(tilburg,9,10,tilburg) train(maastricht,9,10,weert) train(utrecht,9,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,8,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,43,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,43,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht) negative tuples: train(utrecht,8,8,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,10,weert) train(tilburg,8,10,den-bosch) train(tilburg,8,8,tilburg) train(utrecht,9,31,utrecht) train(utrecht,8,10,tilburg) integrity constraints: % satisfied dependencies: train:[minutes]->->[hour] % mvds train:[stop1]->->[hour] train:[stop1,minutes]-->[direction] % fds train:[minutes,direction]-->[stop1] ? check ics train:[]->->[hour]. % check if mvd is satisfied train:[]->->[hour] is contradicted by: +train(utrecht,9,8,den-bosch) +train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht) -train(utrecht,9,31,utrecht) ? decomp train:[]->->[hour]. % vertical decomposition part1 --- : % regular cases train(maastricht,8,10,weert) train(maastricht,9,10,weert) train(tilburg,8,10,tilburg) train(tilburg,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,10,tilburg) train(tilburg,9,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,8,den-bosch) train(utrecht,8,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,8,43,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,8,den-bosch) train(utrecht,9,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,9,43,eindhoven-bkln) part2 --- : % exception train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht) Proceed? yes. partial relation: train(maastricht,8,10,weert) train(maastricht,9,10,weert) train(tilburg,8,10,tilburg) train(tilburg,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,10,tilburg) train(tilburg,9,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,9,47,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,8,den-bosch) train(utrecht,8,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,8,43,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,8,den-bosch) train(utrecht,9,13,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,9,25,den-bosch) train(utrecht,9,43,eindhoven-bkln) relation name? reg_train. partial relation: train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht) relation name? irreg_train. Decompose irreg_train? no. Decompose reg_train? yes. % horizontal decomposition attributes: hour relation name? hour. attributes: direction minutes stop1 relation name? reg_train1. ? show all. positive tuples: hour(8) hour(9) reg_train1(maastricht,10,weert) reg_train1(tilburg,10,tilburg) reg_train1(tilburg,17,eindhoven-bkln) reg_train1(tilburg,47,eindhoven-bkln) reg_train1(utrecht,8,den-bosch) reg_train1(utrecht,13,eindhoven-bkln) reg_train1(utrecht,25,den-bosch) reg_train1(utrecht,43,eindhoven-bkln) irreg_train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht) negative tuples: train(utrecht,8,8,eindhoven-bkln) train(utrecht,8,17,eindhoven-bkln) train(tilburg,8,10,weert) train(tilburg,8,10,den-bosch) train(tilburg,8,8,tilburg) train(utrecht,9,31,utrecht) train(utrecht,8,10,tilburg) integrity constraints: train=[irreg_train,reg_train] % vertical composition reg_train=hour><reg_train1 % horizontal composition (join) train:[minutes]->->[hour] % mvds train:[stop1]->->[hour] train:[stop1,minutes]-->[direction] % fds train:[minutes,direction]-->[stop1] ? switch horn. % display rules in Horn form horn is now on. ? show all. positive tuples: hour(8). hour(9). reg_train1(maastricht,10,weert). reg_train1(tilburg,10,tilburg). reg_train1(tilburg,17,eindhoven-bkln). reg_train1(tilburg,47,eindhoven-bkln). reg_train1(utrecht,8,den-bosch). reg_train1(utrecht,13,eindhoven-bkln). reg_train1(utrecht,25,den-bosch). reg_train1(utrecht,43,eindhoven-bkln). irreg_train(utrecht,8,31,utrecht). negative tuples: train(utrecht,8,8,eindhoven-bkln). train(utrecht,8,17,eindhoven-bkln). train(tilburg,8,10,weert). train(tilburg,8,10,den-bosch). train(tilburg,8,8,tilburg). train(utrecht,9,31,utrecht). train(utrecht,8,10,tilburg). integrity constraints: train(A,B,C,D) :- % vertical composition ( irreg_train(A,B,C,D) ; reg_train(A,B,C,D) ). reg_train(A,B,C,D) :- % horizontal composition (join) hour(B), reg_train1(A,C,D). train(A,B,C,D) :- % mvds train(E,B,C,F), train(A,G,C,D). train(A,B,C,D) :- train(E,B,F,D), train(A,G,C,D). A=B :- % fds train(A,C,D,E), train(B,F,D,E). A=B :- train(C,D,E,A), train(C,F,E,B). ? halt. % 'abort' returns to Prolog, 'run' starts INDEX from Prolog yoursun> % End of example session.