- Kernel level support for threads (light weight processes) along with user land threading library as wrapper for creating threads and semaphore implementation as synchronization primitive.
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xv6 uses 2 level hierarchical paging technique for memory management. Each process is associated with page directory containing entries of page tables which contain phyical address of pages allocated to process
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xv6 allocates pages to the following part of the process in with below order
+-----------------------+ | KERNEL CODE | +-----------------------+ <----- KERNBASE | | | heap | | | +-----------------------+ <----- size | stack | +-----------------------+ | guard page | +-----------------------+ | text/code | +-----------------------+ <----- 0 -
Note xv6 assumes stack per process to be 1 PAGESIZE and guard page per proces is also 1 PAGESIZE. All the memory from size to KERNBASE is free for heap allocation. Above KERNBASE the kernel's code exits, per process table entries for the kernel code are made.
| New member | Significance |
|---|---|
| int tid; | Thread ID |
| char *tstack; | Thread execution stack virtual address |
| int tstackalloc; | if non-zero, stack allocated by kernel |
| struct spinlock tlock; | Thread spin lock for protecting above fields |
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The concept of threads being light weight process arises by the fact of shared virtual address space. The threads execute concurently and share text/code, globals and heap region of virtual address space. Note each thread has seperate stack and registers context for execution.
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The difference between processes and threads is kept by using concept of thread groups.
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Unlike multithreaded environment in single threaded environment there is no difference between the threads and processes.
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Thread group is identifed using thread group id and contains multiple threads executing concurrently all sharing the virtual address space.
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Each thread group has thread group leader (main threads / process) which holds togerther other threads. All the threads share peer to peer relationship unlike processes having parent child relationship.
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The thread group leader contains the size of the whole process and initially allocates all the memory required for the processes to execute. The peer threads created will share the memory regions created by group leader.
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This siginificantly creates changes in meaning and interpretation of other system calls
| System Call | Single threaded enviornment | Multi threaded enviornment |
|---|---|---|
| fork | creates new child process | creates new child thread group with child as thread group leader |
| exec | replaces processes execution image | replaces the all threads in group including thread leader's execution image |
| wait | waits for execution child process | waits for child thread group execution |
| kill | kills the specific process | kills the thread group with given thread group id |
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Thus we can say that process = thread group leader + peer threads
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The clone system call can be used to create new thread, on linux the clone system call is wrapper on kernel's copy_process function. The xv6 implementation of clone has the following API.
int clone(int (*func)(void *args), void *child_stack, int flags, void *args);
arguments significance function pointer argument indicates the start point for execution of thread child stack indicates the base address of the stack allocated for thread flags indicates the flags passed to clone system call args pointer to the arguments for the function -
The clone system call returns the tid of the thread which is created.
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Note the current implementation of clone can create peer thread in same thread group as well as can create thread leader in different thread group depending upon flags passed to the clone system call. Thus fork system call is accordingly modified to call clone system call.
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The stack frame for the thread is created by the xv6 kernel with return address and argument pointer being pushed on stack initially.
+-------------+ <---- STACK TOP | 0xffffffff | | void *agrs | +-------------+ <---- esp -
Example of the clone system call with thread stack being allocated.
#define TSTACK_SIZE (4096) int func(void *args); int main() { void *child_stack = malloc(TSTACK_SIZE); int tid = clone(func, child_stack, TFLAGS, 0); exit(); }
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The xv6 implementation of threads take care of allocation of stack if not explicity allocated memory for stack.
#define TSTACK_SIZE (4096) int func(void *args); int main() { int tid = clone(func, 0, TFLAGS, 0); exit(); }
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Note when kernel allocates stack from KERNEBASE towards size, also there is no new pages which are allocated gaurd page for kernel allocated stack. Guard page entry is just copied for the new thread from the thread group leader.
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The join system call blocks the currently executing thread, and waits for the thread execution for the given thread id. Note join system call is blocking system call.
int join(int tid);
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Note as threads share peer-to-peer relationship, any thread present in the thread group can join any other peer thread except the group leader thread. One cannot join group leader thread.
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join on success returns the thread id of the thread joined, else returns -1.
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The thread kill system call kills the thread with the given tid present in the same group. Note for threads being killed must be present in the same thread group and must not be thread leader.
int tkill(int tid);
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Note tkill doesn't block the calling thread, it simply sets up the killed state in the proc of the thread to be killed. Note join after tkill will wait for the killed thread to clear up the proc.
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The notion of tgkill for xv6 is different from linux tgkill system call. Here the tgkill system call kills all the threads present in the thread group. The system call only works for thread group leaders, basically for clearing up all the peer threads executing concurrently.
int tgkill(void);
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Note that this system call is written for routine which is called for exit and exece system call and provides functionality to kill all the threads.
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The thread suspends the execution of currently executing thread, basically makes the thread to sleep. Note that thread can only be waken up by other thread calling thread resume.
int tsuspend(void);
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The thread resume system call resumes the execution of suspended thread, basically makes the thread state from sleeping to runnable.
int tresume(int tid);
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Note both thread suspend and thread resume system call work together to provide even wait functionality and also in implementation of semaphore as synchronization primitive.
- Due to adding concept of threads, there arises may problems in existing system calls like fork, exec, wait, exit, etc. The problems and solutions are discussed below
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The fork system call, creates new process or basically new thread group with only thread group leader. However consider senario where peer thread does fork system call should whole thread group must be forked ? or should only the calling thread must be forked.
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The xv6 implementation selects the second approach, the peer thread calling fork system call, only the context of the calling thread is copied not of all thread group.
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NOTE code/text, heap and global is obviously copied during fork, only the execution stack of the calling thread is copied during fork.
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The exec system call replaces the whole thread group image with given new process with thread group leader only. Note exec system call kills all the peer threads executing in the group replaces the thread group image.
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However there can be race for exec system call by two or more threads concurrently calling exec system call. NOTE in such cases where two or more threads do exec system call, only one thread is successful in replacing the thread group image. This is strictly on FIFO basis and depends on scheduler which threads will be scheduled first.
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The exit system call, sets the thread state as ZOMBIE. However in senairo where thread group leader is doing exit system call with having peer threads concurrently executing, there can two options passing all active threads to init process as orphan threads or killing all the active threads.
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The xv6 implementation chooses the second approach, that the thread group leader kills all the threads in the thread group which are concurrently exeucting using the tgkill routine.
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The wait system call waits for child thread group leader and for all the peer threads in thread group to complete their exeuction.
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However any peer thread can do wait system call for child thread group leader. This is possible as peer thread is also part of process. NOTE wait cannot be done on peer thread, there is join system call for it !!.