diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 83fa32fb..a463a491 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -20,47 +20,42 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Clone repo
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.11'
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+
+      # install & configure poetry
+      - name: Cache Poetry Installation
+        id: cached-poetry
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
         with:
-          path: ~/.cache/pip
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-3.11
-          restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-3.11
-      #----------------------------------------------
-      #  -----  install & configure poetry  -----
-      #----------------------------------------------
+          path: ~/.local
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-poetry-${{ github.event.pull_request.id || github.event.after }}
       - name: Install Poetry
         uses: snok/install-poetry@v1
+        if: steps.cached-poetry.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         with:
           virtualenvs-create: true
           virtualenvs-in-project: true
-      #----------------------------------------------
-      #       load cached venv if cache exists
-      #----------------------------------------------
-      - name: Load cached venv
-        id: cached-poetry-dependencies
+
+      - name: Setup Python
+        id: setup-python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.11'
+          cache: 'poetry'
+      - name: Store Pip Cache
         uses: actions/cache@v3
         with:
-          path: .venv
-          key: venv-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('**/poetry.lock') }}-3.11
-      #----------------------------------------------
-      # install dependencies if cache does not exist
-      #----------------------------------------------
+          path: ~/.cache/pip
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}
+          restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}
+
+      # install dependencies
       - name: Install dependencies
-        if: steps.cached-poetry-dependencies.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        if: steps.setup-python.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: poetry install --no-interaction --no-ansi --no-root
-      #----------------------------------------------
-      # install your root project, if required
-      #----------------------------------------------
       - name: Install library
         run: poetry install --no-interaction --no-ansi
 
-      #----------------------------------------------
-      #       run python style checks
-      #----------------------------------------------
+      # run python style checks
       - name: Poetry Lock Check
         run: poetry check --lock
       - name: isort
@@ -72,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: ruff
         run: poetry run ruff snakebids
 
-  test:
+  build-cache-env:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [ 'quality'  ]
     strategy:
@@ -80,49 +75,94 @@ jobs:
         python-version: ['3.8', '3.9', '3.10', '3.11']
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    # install & configure poetry
+    - name: Cache Poetry Installation
+      id: cached-poetry
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        path: ~/.local
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-poetry-${{ github.event.pull_request.id || github.event.after }}
+    - name: Install Poetry
+      if: steps.cached-poetry.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      uses: snok/install-poetry@v1
+      with:
+        virtualenvs-create: true
+        virtualenvs-in-project: true
+
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      id: setup-python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v4
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-
-    - uses: actions/cache@v3
+        cache: 'poetry'
+    - name: Store pip cache
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
         path: ~/.cache/pip
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ matrix.python-version }}
-    #----------------------------------------------
-    #  -----  install & configure poetry  -----
-    #----------------------------------------------
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}
+          ${{ runner.os }}-pip-
+
+    # install dependencies if cache does not exist
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      if: steps.setup-python.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      run: poetry install --no-interaction --no-root --no-ansi
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [ 'build-cache-env'  ]
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ['3.8', '3.9', '3.10', '3.11']
+        split: ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
+      fail-fast: false
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+    # install & configure poetry
+    - name: Cache Poetry Installation
+      id: cached-poetry
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        path: ~/.local
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-poetry-${{ github.event.pull_request.id || github.event.after }}
     - name: Install Poetry
       uses: snok/install-poetry@v1
+      if: steps.cached-poetry.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
       with:
         virtualenvs-create: true
         virtualenvs-in-project: true
-    #----------------------------------------------
-    #       load cached venv if cache exists
-    #----------------------------------------------
-    - name: Load cached venv
-      id: cached-poetry-dependencies
-      uses: actions/cache@v3
+
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      id: setup-python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
       with:
-        path: .venv
-        key: venv-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('**/poetry.lock') }}-${{ matrix.python-version }}
-    #----------------------------------------------
-    # install dependencies if cache does not exist
-    #----------------------------------------------
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache: poetry
+    - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        path: ~/.cache/pip
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}
+        restore-keys: |
+          ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}
+          ${{ runner.os }}-pip-
+
+    # install dependencies
     - name: Install dependencies
-      if: steps.cached-poetry-dependencies.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      if: steps.setup-python.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
       run: poetry install --no-interaction --no-root --no-ansi
-    #----------------------------------------------
-    # install your root project, if required
-    #----------------------------------------------
     - name: Install library
       run: poetry install --no-interaction --no-ansi
+
     - name: Test with pytest
       env:
         HYPOTHESIS_PROFILE: pr
-      run: |
-        poetry run pytest --doctest-modules --ignore=docs --ignore=snakebids/project_template --benchmark-disable
+      run: >-
+        poetry run pytest -n auto --splits 5 --group ${{ matrix.split }}
+        --doctest-modules --ignore=docs
+        --ignore=snakebids/project_template --benchmark-disable
 
   deployment_on_base:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.test_durations b/.test_durations
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a98ea45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.test_durations
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+{
+    "snakebids/tests/test_admin.py::TestAdminCli::test_boutiques_succeeds": 0.0015647239997633733,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_admin.py::TestAdminCli::test_create_succeeds": 0.001522717000625562,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_admin.py::TestAdminCli::test_fails_if_invalid_subcommand": 0.0014955139995436184,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_admin.py::TestAdminCli::test_fails_if_no_subcommand": 0.002441448000354285,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestGenBoutiques::test_boutiques_descriptor": 0.004023776000394719,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestRunSnakemake::test_get_app_version_no_package": 0.0024552509985369397,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestRunSnakemake::test_get_app_version_package": 0.003638418999798887,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestRunSnakemake::test_plugin_args": 0.008125161999487318,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestRunSnakemake::test_plugins": 0.007193429999460932,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestRunSnakemake::test_pybidsdb_path_resolved": 0.007840721999855305,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestRunSnakemake::test_runs_in_correct_mode": 1.209062509999967,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestUpdateConfig::test_magic_args": 1.9807073669999227,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_app.py::TestUpdateConfig::test_magic_optional_filter": 4.38338571300028,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_converts_type_path_into_pathlike": 0.0012509789994510356,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_dynamic_inputs": 4.1436772939996445,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_fails_if_missing_arguments": 0.0017907569999806583,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_fails_if_undefined_type_given": 0.0008545220007363241,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_none_filters": 3.1218875509994177,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_optional_filters": 2.8542928840006425,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_required_filters": 3.946335863999593,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_resolves_paths": 0.001395799999954761,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestAddDynamicArgs::test_succeeds_if_given_positional_args": 0.001279684001019632,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestResolvePath::test_does_not_change_dict_without_paths": 0.0005607799994322704,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestResolvePath::test_filter_dict": 0.0005654810001942678,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::TestResolvePath::test_resolves_all_paths": 0.0007531089995609364,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_cli.py::test_dash_syntax_in_config_cli_args": 0.0015748249998068786,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentAliases::test_bids_component_aliases_are_correctly_set": 3.585065563000171,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentAliases::test_bids_dataset_aliases_are_correctly_set": 4.607701994999843,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_copies_are_equal": 4.0703872690000935,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_empty_BidsInput_are_equal": 0.00060508599926834,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_extra_entities_makes_unequal": 6.028903563999847,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_mutation_makes_unequal": 5.820107650999489,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_order_doesnt_affect_equality": 5.59472612799982,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_other_types_are_unequal": 4.327248975000657,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentEq::test_paths_must_be_identical": 3.898123308000322,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentExpand::test_expand_with_no_args_returns_initial_paths": 6.234262529999796,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentExpand::test_not_expand_over_internal_path_when_novel_given": 5.527677684999617,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_all_requested_items_received_and_no_others": 5.666300365000097,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_multiple_missing_key_raises_error": 6.689564611001515,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_multiple_selection_returns_BidsPartialComponent": 4.894498756000758,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_order_of_selectors_is_preserved": 4.502908108999691,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_selected_items_in_original": 6.173588208000183,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_single_missing_key_raises_error": 6.944297463998737,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentIndexing::test_single_selection_returns_BidsComponentRow": 4.878274323000369,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentProperties::test_input_lists_derives_from_zip_lists": 2.6722491609989447,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentProperties::test_input_wildcards_derives_from_zip_lists": 0.567857134001315,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentValidation::test_path_cannot_have_extra_entities": 2.5555411189989172,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentValidation::test_path_cannot_have_missing_entities": 3.534925416999613,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsComponentValidation::test_zip_lists_must_be_same_length": 3.5091521859994828,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsDatasetLegacyAccess::test_accessing_legacy_names_leads_to_informative_error": 17.540724161999606,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsDatasetLegacyAccess::test_accessing_ordinary_missing_names_leads_to_regular_error": 9.727966432999892,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestBidsDatasetLegacyAccess::test_legacy_names_can_be_accessed_if_component_name": 5.696896455000569,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestExpandables::test_expand_deduplicates_paths": 7.500194562000615,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestExpandables::test_expand_over_multiple_paths": 4.444507289000285,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestExpandables::test_expand_with_extra_args_returns_all_paths": 11.22675696999977,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestExpandables::test_partial_expansion": 8.347661129000699,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestExpandables::test_prevent_partial_expansion": 7.544019992999893,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFiltering::test_all_columns_found_in_original_zip_list": 4.8862109629999395,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFiltering::test_all_entities_remain_after_filtering": 6.365838602000622,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFiltering::test_no_columns_that_should_be_present_are_missing": 4.458120583000891,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFiltering::test_only_filter_values_in_output": 5.26837103500111,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFiltering::test_zip_lists_rows_remain_of_equal_length": 4.467788828999801,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFilteringBidsComponentRowWithSpec::test_all_columns_found_in_original_zip_list": 1.1291200990008292,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFilteringBidsComponentRowWithSpec::test_all_entities_remain_after_filtering": 1.0580987409985028,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFilteringBidsComponentRowWithSpec::test_all_valid_values_in_spec_in_result": 1.248238534999473,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFilteringBidsComponentRowWithSpec::test_only_filter_values_in_output": 1.0173590180002066,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::TestFilteringBidsComponentRowWithSpec::test_providing_both_spec_and_filters_gives_error": 1.288486692999868,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_datasets.py::test_multiple_components_cannot_have_same_name": 0.000496370001201285,
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+    "snakebids/tests/test_filtering.py::test_filter_list[zip_list2-filters2-output2]": 0.0006152880005174666,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_filtering.py::test_filter_list[zip_list3-filters3-output3]": 0.00061978900066606,
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+    "snakebids/tests/test_generate_inputs.py::test_nonstandard_custom_pybids_config": 0.0562525410005037,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_generate_inputs.py::test_t1w": 0.24037436399976286,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_generate_inputs.py::test_t1w_with_dict": 0.11780284200085589,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_generate_inputs.py::test_when_all_custom_paths_no_layout_indexed": 0.18553174199951172,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestGetSnakebidsFile::test_raises_error_if_contents_but_no_snakebids_file": 0.0013753959992754972,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestGetSnakebidsFile::test_raises_error_if_malformed_snakebids_file_found": 0.0011450630008766893,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestGetSnakebidsFile::test_returns_contents_of_snakebids_file_if_valid": 0.0012528779998319806,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestGetSnakebidsFile::test_returns_none_if_directory_empty": 0.0010329480001018965,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestGetSnakebidsFile::test_returns_none_if_directory_nonexistant": 0.001008843999443343,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestPrepareBidsappOutput::test_creates_new_empty_bidsapp": 0.0027530939996722736,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestPrepareBidsappOutput::test_fails_when_directory_has_contents": 0.0023012290002952795,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_output.py::TestPrepareBidsappOutput::test_success_on_directory_with_contents_when_forced": 0.0028609089995370596,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_beginning_of_name_always_prefix": 1.567793565998727,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_beginning_of_path_always_root": 1.831682914999874,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_benchmark_bids": 0.4198331239995241,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_bids_with_no_args_gives_empty_path": 0.00042796200068551116,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_bottom_directory_always_datatype": 2.0822916439992696,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_datatype_not_in_path_name": 1.614058890000706,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_dir_entities_each_own_dir": 1.116841174000001,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_directories_in_correct_order": 0.8718303449995801,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_end_of_path_always_suffix_extension": 2.2432539530000213,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_entities_all_in_path_as_tags": 1.657014531000641,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_entities_found_in_name_in_correct_order": 3.1585444169995753,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_full_entity_names_not_in_path": 0.48001803700117307,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_long_and_short_names_cannot_be_used_simultaneously": 0.48433865399965725,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_missing_essential_entities_gives_error": 0.219051018000755,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_no_underscore_at_end_if_no_suffix": 1.4327360689994748,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_nondir_entities_dont_have_dirs": 2.1030832759997793,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_number_of_dashes_corresponds_to_number_entities": 1.121891880999101,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_number_of_underscore_corresponds_to_number_entities": 1.5914777530006177,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_underscore_does_not_precede_extension": 1.6791530060008881,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_underscore_precedes_suffix": 1.7751927379995323,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_bids.py::test_values_paired_with_entities": 2.000123156999507,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_specs.py::test_all_entries_define_entity": 0.003393484999833163,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_specs.py::test_session_dir_can_be_excluded": 0.004217202999825531,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_paths/test_specs.py::test_subject_dir_can_be_excluded": 0.003142449999359087,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestCorrectNumberOfLinesCreated::test_in_component": 9.629228948999298,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestCorrectNumberOfLinesCreated::test_in_dataset": 13.436842013999922,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestCorrectNumberOfLinesCreated::test_in_zip_list": 3.884400208000443,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestIndentLengthMultipleOfTabStop::test_in_component": 9.769521872999576,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestIndentLengthMultipleOfTabStop::test_in_dataset": 17.117199166998944,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestIndentLengthMultipleOfTabStop::test_in_zip_list": 4.451645713999824,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestIsValidPython::test_in_component": 8.59832459899826,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestIsValidPython::test_in_dataset": 19.468040342999302,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestIsValidPython::test_in_zip_list": 6.283397254999727,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestMultipleLevelsOfIndentationUsed::test_in_component": 10.59685330999946,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::TestMultipleLevelsOfIndentationUsed::test_in_dataset": 17.170289044999663,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::test_ellipses_appears_when_maxwidth_too_short": 1.6554146170001331,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::test_line_never_longer_than_max_width": 3.1382278920000317,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_printing.py::test_values_balanced_around_elision_correctly": 3.8712674559992593,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_snakemake_io.py::test_glob_wildcards": 0.001319388999036164,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_template.py::test_template_dry_runs_successfully": 0.7241960929995912,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_bool": 1.8436534800002846,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_cannot_be_mutated": 0.9749702349990912,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_contains_items": 0.859012729000824,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_equal_items_are_equal": 1.0922983569998905,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_has_length": 1.0503948940004193,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_is_hashable": 1.0240762319999703,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_is_iterable": 1.4604384260001098,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_is_reversable": 0.869134975999259,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_repr": 0.4380282000001898,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_addition": 0.6370974809988184,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_comparisons": 0.2215375710002263,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_count": 3.221306003000791,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_equality": 1.5537622290012223,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_getting": 4.248907180999595,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_index": 3.0816749079995134,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_multiplication": 0.6437870369982193,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_supports_slicing": 0.6651558920002572,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestImmutableListsAreEquivalentToTuples::test_they_are_not_tuples": 3.090197783999429,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMatchesAny::test_with_email": 1.1653163060000225,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMatchesAny::test_with_eq_operator": 0.4310189959996933,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMatchesAny::test_with_re_match": 0.504306515999815,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_all_requested_items_received_and_no_others": 3.2263401339996562,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_multiple_missing_key_raises_error": 3.7488097069990545,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_multiple_selection_returns_same_type": 2.652810520001367,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_order_of_selectors_is_preserved": 3.208085850000316,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_selected_items_in_original": 3.0269306469990624,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_single_key_gives_single_item": 1.8614134979998198,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestMultiselectDict::test_single_missing_key_raises_error": 2.4325211349996607,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestRegexContainer::test_bytes_matching_regex_are_contained": 0.17801416400016024,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestRegexContainer::test_container_specific_to_type": 0.1314744060000521,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestRegexContainer::test_str_matching_regex_are_contained": 0.20552259999931266,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::TestRegexContainer::test_str_not_matching_regex_excluded": 0.1824607990001823,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_utils.py::test_get_wildcard_dict": 0.6484821629992439,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_validate_plugin.py::TestBidsValidator::test_ignore_validation_error": 0.002800000000206637,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_validate_plugin.py::TestBidsValidator::test_missing_bids_validator": 0.0030920420003894833,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_validate_plugin.py::TestBidsValidator::test_raise_validation_error": 0.0026461770003152196,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_validate_plugin.py::TestBidsValidator::test_skip_validation": 0.0019650819995149504,
+    "snakebids/tests/test_validate_plugin.py::TestBidsValidator::test_validation_successful": 0.0032324629992217524
+}
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index e6023b80..f03ed824 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -448,6 +448,20 @@ files = [
 [package.extras]
 test = ["pytest (>=6)"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "execnet"
+version = "2.0.2"
+description = "execnet: rapid multi-Python deployment"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "execnet-2.0.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:88256416ae766bc9e8895c76a87928c0012183da3cc4fc18016e6f050e025f41"},
+    {file = "execnet-2.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:cc59bc4423742fd71ad227122eb0dd44db51efb3dc4095b45ac9a08c770096af"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+testing = ["hatch", "pre-commit", "pytest", "tox"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fastjsonschema"
 version = "2.18.0"
@@ -1814,6 +1828,40 @@ pytest = ">=5.0"
 [package.extras]
 dev = ["pre-commit", "pytest-asyncio", "tox"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pytest-split"
+version = "0.8.1"
+description = "Pytest plugin which splits the test suite to equally sized sub suites based on test execution time."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7.1,<4.0"
+files = [
+    {file = "pytest_split-0.8.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:74b110ea091bd147cc1c5f9665a59506e5cedfa66f96a89fb03e4ab447c2c168"},
+    {file = "pytest_split-0.8.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2d88bd3dc528689a7a3f58fc12ea165c3aa62e90795e420dfad920afe5612d6d"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+pytest = ">=5,<8"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pytest-xdist"
+version = "3.3.1"
+description = "pytest xdist plugin for distributed testing, most importantly across multiple CPUs"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "pytest-xdist-3.3.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d5ee0520eb1b7bcca50a60a518ab7a7707992812c578198f8b44fdfac78e8c93"},
+    {file = "pytest_xdist-3.3.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ff9daa7793569e6a68544850fd3927cd257cc03a7ef76c95e86915355e82b5f2"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+execnet = ">=1.1"
+pytest = ">=6.2.0"
+
+[package.extras]
+psutil = ["psutil (>=3.0)"]
+setproctitle = ["setproctitle"]
+testing = ["filelock"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "python-dateutil"
 version = "2.8.2"
@@ -2807,4 +2855,4 @@ testing = ["big-O", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "p
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = ">=3.8,<3.12"
-content-hash = "d6bc4ca4c26ff0f36a6535221686ef48b8a064e2f1077dfe1fba51232a1b3e99"
+content-hash = "48195b8d03dd2392cc9356c9784345bcd1e65105b6e8bc4c21a14db5045deab1"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 96f090b8..8bf4bd04 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@ pyparsing = "^3.0.9"
 pathvalidate = "^3.0.0"
 pyright = ">=1.1.324"
 ruff = "^0.0.285"
+pytest-xdist = "^3.3.1"
+pytest-split = "^0.8.1"
 
 [tool.poetry.scripts]
 snakebids = "snakebids.admin:main"
diff --git a/snakebids/tests/conftest.py b/snakebids/tests/conftest.py
index d748890d..b9fcedc3 100644
--- a/snakebids/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/snakebids/tests/conftest.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 from hypothesis import settings
 from pyfakefs.fake_filesystem import FakeFilesystem
 
+import snakebids.paths.resources as specs
 from snakebids import resources
 
 ## Hypothesis profiles
@@ -66,4 +67,5 @@ def bids_fs(fakefs: FakeFilesystem | None) -> FakeFilesystem | None:
         fakefs.add_real_file(f / "bids.json")
         fakefs.add_real_file(f / "derivatives.json")
         fakefs.add_real_file(Path(*resources.__path__) / "bids_tags.json")
+        fakefs.add_real_directory(Path(*specs.__path__))
     return fakefs
diff --git a/snakebids/tests/test_printing.py b/snakebids/tests/test_printing.py
index 3402f9e2..1df0b887 100644
--- a/snakebids/tests/test_printing.py
+++ b/snakebids/tests/test_printing.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # ruff: noqa: PLR2004
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from math import inf
+
 import pyparsing as pp
 from hypothesis import assume, given
 from hypothesis import strategies as st
@@ -91,15 +93,15 @@ def test_in_dataset(self, dataset: BidsDataset):
 class TestIsValidPython:
     @given(zip_list=sb_st.zip_lists(restrict_patterns=True))
     def test_in_zip_list(self, zip_list: ZipList):
-        assert eval(format_zip_lists(zip_list)) == zip_list
+        assert eval(format_zip_lists(zip_list, inf)) == zip_list
 
     @given(component=sb_st.bids_components(restrict_patterns=True))
     def test_in_component(self, component: BidsComponent):
-        assert eval(component.pformat()) == component
+        assert eval(component.pformat(inf)) == component
 
     @given(dataset=sb_st.datasets())
     def test_in_dataset(self, dataset: BidsDataset):
-        assert eval(dataset.pformat()) == dataset
+        assert eval(dataset.pformat(inf)) == dataset
 
 
 # this could also be tested for components and datasets, however, in those objects the
diff --git a/typings/pyfakefs/fake_filesystem.pyi b/typings/pyfakefs/fake_filesystem.pyi
index 1d406fea..162b3a0e 100644
--- a/typings/pyfakefs/fake_filesystem.pyi
+++ b/typings/pyfakefs/fake_filesystem.pyi
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 This type stub file was generated by pyright.
 """
 
-import os
 import sys
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Dict, List, NoReturn, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, NoReturn
 
 from pyfakefs.fake_file import AnyFile, AnyFileWrapper, FakeFile
 from pyfakefs.helpers import AnyPath, AnyString
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
     def __init__(
         self,
         path_separator: str = ...,
-        total_size: Optional[int] = ...,
+        total_size: int | None = ...,
         patcher: Any = ...,
     ) -> None:
         """
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         """Set the simulated type of operating system underlying the fake
         file system."""
         ...
-    def reset(self, total_size: Optional[int] = ...):  # -> None:
+    def reset(self, total_size: int | None = ...):  # -> None:
         """Remove all file system contents and reset the root."""
         ...
     def pause(self) -> None:
@@ -217,8 +216,8 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
     def raise_os_error(
         self,
         err_no: int,
-        filename: Optional[AnyString] = ...,
-        winerror: Optional[int] = ...,
+        filename: AnyString | None = ...,
+        winerror: int | None = ...,
     ) -> NoReturn:
         """Raises OSError.
         The error message is constructed from the given error code and shall
@@ -240,8 +239,8 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         """Return True if path starts with a path separator."""
         ...
     def add_mount_point(
-        self, path: AnyStr, total_size: Optional[int] = ..., can_exist: bool = ...
-    ) -> Dict:
+        self, path: AnyStr, total_size: int | None = ..., can_exist: bool = ...
+    ) -> dict:
         """Add a new mount point for a filesystem device.
         The mount point gets a new unique device number.
 
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
                 and `can_exist` is False.
         """
         ...
-    def get_disk_usage(self, path: Optional[AnyStr] = ...) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
+    def get_disk_usage(self, path: AnyStr | None = ...) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
         """Return the total, used and free disk space in bytes as named tuple,
         or placeholder values simulating unlimited space if not set.
 
@@ -274,7 +273,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
                 Defaults to the root path (e.g. '/' on Unix systems).
         """
         ...
-    def set_disk_usage(self, total_size: int, path: Optional[AnyStr] = ...) -> None:
+    def set_disk_usage(self, total_size: int, path: AnyStr | None = ...) -> None:
         """Changes the total size of the file system, preserving the
         used space.
         Example usage: set the size of an auto-mounted Windows drive.
@@ -350,9 +349,9 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
     def utime(
         self,
         path: AnyStr,
-        times: Optional[Tuple[Union[int, float], Union[int, float]]] = ...,
+        times: tuple[int | float, int | float] | None = ...,
         *,
-        ns: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = ...,
+        ns: tuple[int, int] | None = ...,
         follow_symlinks: bool = ...
     ) -> None:
         """Change the access and modified times of a file.
@@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
             or the root directory if path is empty.
         """
         ...
-    def splitpath(self, path: AnyStr) -> Tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]:
+    def splitpath(self, path: AnyStr) -> tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]:
         """Mimic os.path.split using the specified path_separator.
 
         Mimics os.path.split using the path_separator that was specified
@@ -463,7 +462,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
             end with a slash, and basename does not contain a slash.
         """
         ...
-    def splitdrive(self, path: AnyStr) -> Tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]:
+    def splitdrive(self, path: AnyStr) -> tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]:
         """Splits the path into the drive part and the rest of the path.
 
         Taken from Windows specific implementation in Python 3.5
@@ -478,9 +477,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
             not supported or no drive is present.
         """
         ...
-    def splitroot(
-        self, path: AnyStr
-    ):  # -> tuple[bytes* | str*, Literal[b"", ''], Literal[b"", '']] | tuple[bytes* | str*, bytes* | str*, bytes* | str*] | tuple[Literal[b"", ''], bytes* | str*, bytes* | str*] | tuple[bytes* | str*, Literal[b"", ''], bytes* | str*] | tuple[Literal[b"", ''], Literal[b"", ''], bytes* | str*] | tuple[Literal[b"", ''], bytes | str, bytes* | str*]:
+    def splitroot(self, path: AnyStr):
         """Split a pathname into drive, root and tail.
         Implementation taken from ntpath and posixpath.
         """
@@ -516,7 +513,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
     def is_mount_point(self, file_path: AnyStr) -> bool:
         """Return `True` if `file_path` points to a mount point."""
         ...
-    def ends_with_path_separator(self, path: Union[int, AnyPath]) -> bool:
+    def ends_with_path_separator(self, path: int | AnyPath) -> bool:
         """Return True if ``file_path`` ends with a valid path separator."""
         ...
     def is_filepath_ending_with_separator(self, path: AnyStr) -> bool: ...
@@ -730,12 +727,12 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         file_path: AnyPath,
         st_mode: int = ...,
         contents: AnyString = ...,
-        st_size: Optional[int] = ...,
+        st_size: int | None = ...,
         create_missing_dirs: bool = ...,
         apply_umask: bool = ...,
-        encoding: Optional[str] = ...,
-        errors: Optional[str] = ...,
-        side_effect: Optional[Callable] = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+        side_effect: Callable | None = ...,
     ) -> FakeFile:
         """Create `file_path`, including all the parent directories along
         the way.
@@ -769,9 +766,9 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         ...
     def add_real_file(
         self,
-        source_path: AnyPath[str],
+        source_path: AnyPath[AnyStr],
         read_only: bool = ...,
-        target_path: Optional[AnyPath[str]] = ...,
+        target_path: AnyPath[AnyStr] | None = ...,
     ) -> FakeFile:
         """Create `file_path`, including all the parent directories along the
         way, for an existing real file. The contents of the real file are read
@@ -799,7 +796,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         """
         ...
     def add_real_symlink(
-        self, source_path: AnyPath, target_path: Optional[AnyPath] = ...
+        self, source_path: AnyPath, target_path: AnyPath | None = ...
     ) -> FakeFile:
         """Create a symlink at source_path (or target_path, if given).  It will
         point to the same path as the symlink on the real filesystem.  Relative
@@ -823,10 +820,10 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         ...
     def add_real_directory(
         self,
-        source_path: AnyPath,
+        source_path: AnyPath[AnyStr],
         read_only: bool = ...,
         lazy_read: bool = ...,
-        target_path: Optional[AnyPath] = ...,
+        target_path: AnyPath[AnyStr] | None = ...,
     ) -> FakeDirectory:
         """Create a fake directory corresponding to the real directory at the
         specified path.  Add entries in the fake directory corresponding to
@@ -857,7 +854,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         """
         ...
     def add_real_paths(
-        self, path_list: List[AnyStr], read_only: bool = ..., lazy_dir_read: bool = ...
+        self, path_list: list[AnyStr], read_only: bool = ..., lazy_dir_read: bool = ...
     ) -> None:
         """This convenience method adds multiple files and/or directories from
         the real file system to the fake file system. See `add_real_file()` and
@@ -885,13 +882,13 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         file_path: AnyPath,
         st_mode: int = ...,
         contents: AnyString = ...,
-        st_size: Optional[int] = ...,
+        st_size: int | None = ...,
         create_missing_dirs: bool = ...,
         apply_umask: bool = ...,
-        encoding: Optional[str] = ...,
-        errors: Optional[str] = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
         read_from_real_fs: bool = ...,
-        side_effect: Optional[Callable] = ...,
+        side_effect: Callable | None = ...,
     ) -> FakeFile:
         """Internal fake file creator that supports both normal fake files
         and fake files based on real files.
@@ -1067,7 +1064,6 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
             TypeError: if path is None.
         """
         ...
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12): ...
     def confirmdir(
         self, target_directory: AnyStr, check_owner: bool = ...
     ) -> FakeDirectory:
@@ -1114,7 +1110,7 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
                 Cannot remove '.'.
         """
         ...
-    def listdir(self, target_directory: AnyStr) -> List[AnyStr]:
+    def listdir(self, target_directory: AnyStr) -> list[AnyStr]:
         """Return a list of file names in target_directory.
 
         Args:
@@ -1131,5 +1127,3 @@ class FakeFilesystem:
         """
         ...
     def __str__(self) -> str: ...
-
-if __name__ == "__main__": ...