diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.cc b/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.cc
index c9dafe84b..fbc3a010a 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.cc
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ struct SherpaOnnxDisplay {
 
 #define SHERPA_ONNX_OR(x, y) (x ? x : y)
 
-const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer *SherpaOnnxCreateOnlineRecognizer(
+static sherpa_onnx::OnlineRecognizerConfig GetOnlineRecognizerConfig(
     const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizerConfig *config) {
   sherpa_onnx::OnlineRecognizerConfig recognizer_config;
 
@@ -151,9 +151,21 @@ const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer *SherpaOnnxCreateOnlineRecognizer(
   recognizer_config.rule_fars = SHERPA_ONNX_OR(config->rule_fars, "");
 
   if (config->model_config.debug) {
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s\n", recognizer_config.ToString().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s\n", recognizer_config.ToString().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
+  return recognizer_config;
+}
+
+const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer *SherpaOnnxCreateOnlineRecognizer(
+    const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizerConfig *config) {
+  sherpa_onnx::OnlineRecognizerConfig recognizer_config =
+      GetOnlineRecognizerConfig(config);
+
   if (!recognizer_config.Validate()) {
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Errors in config!");
     return nullptr;
@@ -1876,6 +1888,20 @@ SherpaOnnxOfflineSpeakerDiarizationProcessWithCallbackNoArg(
 
 #ifdef __OHOS__
 
+const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer *SherpaOnnxCreateOnlineRecognizerOHOS(
+    const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizerConfig *config,
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr) {
+  sherpa_onnx::OnlineRecognizerConfig recognizer_config =
+      GetOnlineRecognizerConfig(config);
+
+  SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer *recognizer = new SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer;
+
+  recognizer->impl =
+      std::make_unique<sherpa_onnx::OnlineRecognizer>(mgr, recognizer_config);
+
+  return recognizer;
+}
+
 const SherpaOnnxOfflineRecognizer *SherpaOnnxCreateOfflineRecognizerOHOS(
     const SherpaOnnxOfflineRecognizerConfig *config,
     NativeResourceManager *mgr) {
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.h b/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.h
index 31e86b8e5..1feaab306 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/c-api/c-api.h
@@ -1527,6 +1527,13 @@ SHERPA_ONNX_API void SherpaOnnxOfflineSpeakerDiarizationDestroyResult(
 // It is for HarmonyOS
 typedef struct NativeResourceManager NativeResourceManager;
 
+/// @param config  Config for the recognizer.
+/// @return Return a pointer to the recognizer. The user has to invoke
+//          SherpaOnnxDestroyOnlineRecognizer() to free it to avoid memory leak.
+SHERPA_ONNX_API const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizer *
+SherpaOnnxCreateOnlineRecognizerOHOS(
+    const SherpaOnnxOnlineRecognizerConfig *config, NativeResourceManager *mgr);
+
 /// @param config  Config for the recognizer.
 /// @return Return a pointer to the recognizer. The user has to invoke
 //          SherpaOnnxDestroyOfflineRecognizer() to free it to avoid memory
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.cc
index 2a7a8dab9..b3789849c 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.cc
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.h"
 
 #include <string>
+#include <strstream>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include <strstream>
 
 #include "android/asset_manager.h"
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#elif __OHOS__
-#include <strstream>
+#endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
 #include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
 #endif
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.cc
index 2bceffc7d..519d1a935 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
@@ -50,9 +54,9 @@ OnlineConformerTransducerModel::OnlineConformerTransducerModel(
   }
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 OnlineConformerTransducerModel::OnlineConformerTransducerModel(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
       config_(config),
       sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -72,7 +76,6 @@ OnlineConformerTransducerModel::OnlineConformerTransducerModel(
     InitJoiner(buf.data(), buf.size());
   }
 }
-#endif
 
 void OnlineConformerTransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
                                                  size_t model_data_length) {
@@ -91,7 +94,11 @@ void OnlineConformerTransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
     std::ostringstream os;
     os << "---encoder---\n";
     PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
   Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -121,7 +128,11 @@ void OnlineConformerTransducerModel::InitDecoder(void *model_data,
     std::ostringstream os;
     os << "---decoder---\n";
     PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
   Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -273,4 +284,14 @@ Ort::Value OnlineConformerTransducerModel::RunJoiner(Ort::Value encoder_out,
   return std::move(logit[0]);
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineConformerTransducerModel::OnlineConformerTransducerModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineConformerTransducerModel::OnlineConformerTransducerModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.h
index bcf9e6eda..5c901b87a 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-conformer-transducer-model.h
@@ -10,11 +10,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h"
@@ -25,10 +20,8 @@ class OnlineConformerTransducerModel : public OnlineTransducerModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineConformerTransducerModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineConformerTransducerModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
-                                 const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineConformerTransducerModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> StackStates(
       const std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> &states) const override;
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.cc
index a3a071a72..649c6b507 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.cc
@@ -9,6 +9,15 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+#include "android/asset_manager.h"
+#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.h"
@@ -31,10 +40,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> OnlineCtcModel::Create(
   }
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-
+template <typename Manager>
 std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> OnlineCtcModel::Create(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config) {
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config) {
   if (!config.wenet_ctc.model.empty()) {
     return std::make_unique<OnlineWenetCtcModel>(mgr, config);
   } else if (!config.zipformer2_ctc.model.empty()) {
@@ -46,6 +54,15 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> OnlineCtcModel::Create(
     exit(-1);
   }
 }
+
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> OnlineCtcModel::Create(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> OnlineCtcModel::Create(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 #endif
 
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h
index 17721752d..bd01bc543 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 
@@ -25,10 +20,9 @@ class OnlineCtcModel {
   static std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> Create(
       const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+  template <typename Manager>
   static std::unique_ptr<OnlineCtcModel> Create(
-      AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+      Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   // Return a list of tensors containing the initial states
   virtual std::vector<Ort::Value> GetInitStates() const = 0;
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.cc
index b9ef9ca5b..91b499fdf 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
@@ -48,9 +52,9 @@ OnlineLstmTransducerModel::OnlineLstmTransducerModel(
   }
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 OnlineLstmTransducerModel::OnlineLstmTransducerModel(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
       config_(config),
       sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -70,7 +74,6 @@ OnlineLstmTransducerModel::OnlineLstmTransducerModel(
     InitJoiner(buf.data(), buf.size());
   }
 }
-#endif
 
 void OnlineLstmTransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
                                             size_t model_data_length) {
@@ -89,7 +92,11 @@ void OnlineLstmTransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
     std::ostringstream os;
     os << "---encoder---\n";
     PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
   Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -261,4 +268,14 @@ Ort::Value OnlineLstmTransducerModel::RunJoiner(Ort::Value encoder_out,
   return std::move(logit[0]);
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineLstmTransducerModel::OnlineLstmTransducerModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineLstmTransducerModel::OnlineLstmTransducerModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.h
index 24119f240..64ade36d0 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.h
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h"
@@ -24,10 +19,8 @@ class OnlineLstmTransducerModel : public OnlineTransducerModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineLstmTransducerModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineLstmTransducerModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
-                            const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineLstmTransducerModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> StackStates(
       const std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> &states) const override;
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.cc
index 172ee69f4..716c7ee7e 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
@@ -36,8 +40,8 @@ class OnlineNeMoCtcModel::Impl {
     }
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  Impl(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+  template <typename Manager>
+  Impl(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
       : config_(config),
         env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
         sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -47,7 +51,6 @@ class OnlineNeMoCtcModel::Impl {
       Init(buf.data(), buf.size());
     }
   }
-#endif
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> Forward(Ort::Value x,
                                   std::vector<Ort::Value> states) {
@@ -202,7 +205,11 @@ class OnlineNeMoCtcModel::Impl {
     if (config_.debug) {
       std::ostringstream os;
       PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
-      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s\n", os.str().c_str());
+#if __OHOS__
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
     }
 
     Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -286,11 +293,10 @@ class OnlineNeMoCtcModel::Impl {
 OnlineNeMoCtcModel::OnlineNeMoCtcModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(config)) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-OnlineNeMoCtcModel::OnlineNeMoCtcModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
+template <typename Manager>
+OnlineNeMoCtcModel::OnlineNeMoCtcModel(Manager *mgr,
                                        const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(mgr, config)) {}
-#endif
 
 OnlineNeMoCtcModel::~OnlineNeMoCtcModel() = default;
 
@@ -323,4 +329,14 @@ std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> OnlineNeMoCtcModel::UnStackStates(
   return impl_->UnStackStates(std::move(states));
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineNeMoCtcModel::OnlineNeMoCtcModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineNeMoCtcModel::OnlineNeMoCtcModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.h
index c8dd182e8..4e5f820b6 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-nemo-ctc-model.h
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
@@ -23,9 +18,8 @@ class OnlineNeMoCtcModel : public OnlineCtcModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineNeMoCtcModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineNeMoCtcModel(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineNeMoCtcModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   ~OnlineNeMoCtcModel() override;
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.cc
index d7d2e436d..b21bb9bcc 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/session.h"
@@ -38,8 +42,8 @@ class OnlineParaformerModel::Impl {
     }
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  Impl(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+  template <typename Manager>
+  Impl(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
       : config_(config),
         env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
         sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -54,7 +58,6 @@ class OnlineParaformerModel::Impl {
       InitDecoder(buf.data(), buf.size());
     }
   }
-#endif
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> ForwardEncoder(Ort::Value features,
                                          Ort::Value features_length) {
@@ -123,7 +126,11 @@ class OnlineParaformerModel::Impl {
     if (config_.debug) {
       std::ostringstream os;
       PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
-      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s\n", os.str().c_str());
+#if __OHOS__
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
     }
 
     Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -191,11 +198,10 @@ class OnlineParaformerModel::Impl {
 OnlineParaformerModel::OnlineParaformerModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(config)) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-OnlineParaformerModel::OnlineParaformerModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
+template <typename Manager>
+OnlineParaformerModel::OnlineParaformerModel(Manager *mgr,
                                              const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(mgr, config)) {}
-#endif
 
 OnlineParaformerModel::~OnlineParaformerModel() = default;
 
@@ -246,4 +252,14 @@ OrtAllocator *OnlineParaformerModel::Allocator() const {
   return impl_->Allocator();
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineParaformerModel::OnlineParaformerModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineParaformerModel::OnlineParaformerModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.h
index 3c018a72d..cbf2d7157 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-paraformer-model.h
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 
@@ -22,9 +17,8 @@ class OnlineParaformerModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineParaformerModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineParaformerModel(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineParaformerModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   ~OnlineParaformerModel();
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-ctc-impl.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-ctc-impl.h
index 76452138d..3560b1ab7 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-ctc-impl.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-ctc-impl.h
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ class OnlineRecognizerCtcImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
     InitDecoder();
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  explicit OnlineRecognizerCtcImpl(AAssetManager *mgr,
+  template <typename Manager>
+  explicit OnlineRecognizerCtcImpl(Manager *mgr,
                                    const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
       : OnlineRecognizerImpl(mgr, config),
         config_(config),
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ class OnlineRecognizerCtcImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
 
     InitDecoder();
   }
-#endif
 
   std::unique_ptr<OnlineStream> CreateStream() const override {
     auto stream = std::make_unique<OnlineStream>(config_.feat_config);
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.cc
index cf59cb539..27168b0f6 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.cc
@@ -4,15 +4,18 @@
 
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h"
 
+#include <strstream>
 #include <utility>
 
 #if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include <strstream>
-
 #include "android/asset_manager.h"
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "fst/extensions/far/far.h"
 #include "kaldifst/csrc/kaldi-fst-io.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
@@ -61,9 +64,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(
   exit(-1);
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config) {
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config) {
   if (!config.model_config.transducer.encoder.empty()) {
     Ort::Env env(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR);
 
@@ -97,7 +100,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(
   SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Please specify a model");
   exit(-1);
 }
-#endif
 
 OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
     : config_(config) {
@@ -143,8 +145,8 @@ OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
   }
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(AAssetManager *mgr,
+template <typename Manager>
+OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(Manager *mgr,
                                            const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
     : config_(config) {
   if (!config.rule_fsts.empty()) {
@@ -189,7 +191,6 @@ OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(AAssetManager *mgr,
     }    // for (const auto &f : files)
   }      // if (!config.rule_fars.empty())
 }
-#endif
 
 std::string OnlineRecognizerImpl::ApplyInverseTextNormalization(
     std::string text) const {
@@ -202,4 +203,20 @@ std::string OnlineRecognizerImpl::ApplyInverseTextNormalization(
   return text;
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+
+template std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineRecognizerImpl::OnlineRecognizerImpl(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+
+template std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h
index 8b569f3af..b7bda7862 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "kaldifst/csrc/text-normalizer.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.h"
@@ -28,13 +23,12 @@ class OnlineRecognizerImpl {
   static std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> Create(
       const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineRecognizerImpl(AAssetManager *mgr,
-                       const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineRecognizerImpl(Manager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
 
+  template <typename Manager>
   static std::unique_ptr<OnlineRecognizerImpl> Create(
-      AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
-#endif
+      Manager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
 
   virtual ~OnlineRecognizerImpl() = default;
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-paraformer-impl.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-paraformer-impl.h
index 8ef66ea74..1e02fe519 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-paraformer-impl.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-paraformer-impl.h
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ class OnlineRecognizerParaformerImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
     config_.feat_config.normalize_samples = false;
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  explicit OnlineRecognizerParaformerImpl(AAssetManager *mgr,
+  template <typename Manager>
+  explicit OnlineRecognizerParaformerImpl(Manager *mgr,
                                           const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
       : OnlineRecognizerImpl(mgr, config),
         config_(config),
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class OnlineRecognizerParaformerImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
     // [-32768, 32767], so we set normalize_samples to false
     config_.feat_config.normalize_samples = false;
   }
-#endif
+
   OnlineRecognizerParaformerImpl(const OnlineRecognizerParaformerImpl &) =
       delete;
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-impl.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-impl.h
index 475a90185..2eac3cf84 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-impl.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-impl.h
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/file-utils.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lm.h"
@@ -130,8 +125,8 @@ class OnlineRecognizerTransducerImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
     }
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  explicit OnlineRecognizerTransducerImpl(AAssetManager *mgr,
+  template <typename Manager>
+  explicit OnlineRecognizerTransducerImpl(Manager *mgr,
                                           const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
       : OnlineRecognizerImpl(mgr, config),
         config_(config),
@@ -178,7 +173,6 @@ class OnlineRecognizerTransducerImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
       exit(-1);
     }
   }
-#endif
 
   std::unique_ptr<OnlineStream> CreateStream() const override {
     auto stream =
@@ -429,8 +423,8 @@ class OnlineRecognizerTransducerImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
         hotwords_, config_.hotwords_score, boost_scores_);
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  void InitHotwords(AAssetManager *mgr) {
+  template <typename Manager>
+  void InitHotwords(Manager *mgr) {
     // each line in hotwords_file contains space-separated words
 
     auto buf = ReadFile(mgr, config_.hotwords_file);
@@ -452,7 +446,6 @@ class OnlineRecognizerTransducerImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
     hotwords_graph_ = std::make_shared<ContextGraph>(
         hotwords_, config_.hotwords_score, boost_scores_);
   }
-#endif
 
   void InitHotwordsFromBufStr() {
     // each line in hotwords_file contains space-separated words
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-nemo-impl.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-nemo-impl.h
index 0a09fdb01..a3f2756c8 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-nemo-impl.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-transducer-nemo-impl.h
@@ -16,11 +16,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.h"
@@ -65,9 +60,9 @@ class OnlineRecognizerTransducerNeMoImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
     PostInit();
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+  template <typename Manager>
   explicit OnlineRecognizerTransducerNeMoImpl(
-      AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
+      Manager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
       : OnlineRecognizerImpl(mgr, config),
         config_(config),
         symbol_table_(mgr, config.model_config.tokens),
@@ -85,7 +80,6 @@ class OnlineRecognizerTransducerNeMoImpl : public OnlineRecognizerImpl {
 
     PostInit();
   }
-#endif
 
   std::unique_ptr<OnlineStream> CreateStream() const override {
     auto stream = std::make_unique<OnlineStream>(config_.feat_config);
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.cc
index ba7cba8ec..4ccc939da 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,15 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+#include "android/asset_manager.h"
+#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/file-utils.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer-impl.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/text-utils.h"
@@ -197,11 +206,10 @@ std::string OnlineRecognizerConfig::ToString() const {
 OnlineRecognizer::OnlineRecognizer(const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
     : impl_(OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(config)) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-OnlineRecognizer::OnlineRecognizer(AAssetManager *mgr,
+template <typename Manager>
+OnlineRecognizer::OnlineRecognizer(Manager *mgr,
                                    const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config)
     : impl_(OnlineRecognizerImpl::Create(mgr, config)) {}
-#endif
 
 OnlineRecognizer::~OnlineRecognizer() = default;
 
@@ -238,4 +246,14 @@ bool OnlineRecognizer::IsEndpoint(OnlineStream *s) const {
 
 void OnlineRecognizer::Reset(OnlineStream *s) const { impl_->Reset(s); }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineRecognizer::OnlineRecognizer(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineRecognizer::OnlineRecognizer(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.h
index 45e0f4237..8854fbd22 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-recognizer.h
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/endpoint.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/features.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-fst-decoder-config.h"
@@ -149,9 +144,8 @@ class OnlineRecognizer {
  public:
   explicit OnlineRecognizer(const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineRecognizer(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineRecognizer(Manager *mgr, const OnlineRecognizerConfig &config);
 
   ~OnlineRecognizer();
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.cc
index 51a9aef3c..a38b5893f 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.cc
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -49,7 +53,11 @@ static ModelType GetModelType(char *model_data, size_t model_data_length,
   if (debug) {
     std::ostringstream os;
     PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
   Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;
@@ -155,9 +163,9 @@ Ort::Value OnlineTransducerModel::BuildDecoderInput(
   return decoder_input;
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> OnlineTransducerModel::Create(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config) {
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config) {
   if (!config.model_type.empty()) {
     const auto &model_type = config.model_type;
     if (model_type == "conformer") {
@@ -195,6 +203,15 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> OnlineTransducerModel::Create(
   // unreachable code
   return nullptr;
 }
+
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> OnlineTransducerModel::Create(
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> OnlineTransducerModel::Create(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 #endif
 
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h
index 3dacb4a50..f6404eccd 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/hypothesis.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
@@ -30,10 +25,9 @@ class OnlineTransducerModel {
   static std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> Create(
       const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+  template <typename Manager>
   static std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> Create(
-      AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+      Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   /** Stack a list of individual states into a batch.
    *
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.cc
index 264593a1c..73c23fe31 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.cc
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-decoder.h"
@@ -54,8 +58,8 @@ class OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::Impl {
     }
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  Impl(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+  template <typename Manager>
+  Impl(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
       : config_(config),
         env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
         sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -75,7 +79,6 @@ class OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::Impl {
       InitJoiner(buf.data(), buf.size());
     }
   }
-#endif
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> RunEncoder(Ort::Value features,
                                      std::vector<Ort::Value> states) {
@@ -302,7 +305,11 @@ class OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::Impl {
       std::ostringstream os;
       os << "---encoder---\n";
       PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
-      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s\n", os.str().c_str());
+#if __OHOS__
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
     }
 
     Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -460,11 +467,10 @@ OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(
     const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(config)) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(mgr, config)) {}
-#endif
 
 OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::~OnlineTransducerNeMoModel() = default;
 
@@ -528,4 +534,14 @@ std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::UnStackStates(
   return impl_->UnStackStates(std::move(states));
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineTransducerNeMoModel::OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.h
index e12814cc0..98390bb15 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-nemo-model.h
@@ -11,11 +11,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 
@@ -28,10 +23,8 @@ class OnlineTransducerNeMoModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
-                            const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineTransducerNeMoModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   ~OnlineTransducerNeMoModel();
   // A list of 3 tensors:
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.cc
index cce322aa4..bf468484c 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/session.h"
@@ -33,8 +37,8 @@ class OnlineWenetCtcModel::Impl {
     }
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  Impl(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+  template <typename Manager>
+  Impl(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
       : config_(config),
         env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
         sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -44,7 +48,6 @@ class OnlineWenetCtcModel::Impl {
       Init(buf.data(), buf.size());
     }
   }
-#endif
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> Forward(Ort::Value x,
                                   std::vector<Ort::Value> states) {
@@ -139,7 +142,11 @@ class OnlineWenetCtcModel::Impl {
     if (config_.debug) {
       std::ostringstream os;
       PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
-      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s\n", os.str().c_str());
+#if __OHOS__
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
     }
 
     Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -212,11 +219,10 @@ class OnlineWenetCtcModel::Impl {
 OnlineWenetCtcModel::OnlineWenetCtcModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(config)) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-OnlineWenetCtcModel::OnlineWenetCtcModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
+template <typename Manager>
+OnlineWenetCtcModel::OnlineWenetCtcModel(Manager *mgr,
                                          const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(mgr, config)) {}
-#endif
 
 OnlineWenetCtcModel::~OnlineWenetCtcModel() = default;
 
@@ -258,4 +264,14 @@ std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> OnlineWenetCtcModel::UnStackStates(
   return ans;
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineWenetCtcModel::OnlineWenetCtcModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineWenetCtcModel::OnlineWenetCtcModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.h
index 1be1034cc..28458b68b 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-wenet-ctc-model.h
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
@@ -23,9 +18,8 @@ class OnlineWenetCtcModel : public OnlineCtcModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineWenetCtcModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineWenetCtcModel(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineWenetCtcModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   ~OnlineWenetCtcModel() override;
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.cc
index 36e2d9dbd..437600262 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
@@ -50,9 +54,9 @@ OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(
   }
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
       config_(config),
       sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -72,7 +76,6 @@ OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(
     InitJoiner(buf.data(), buf.size());
   }
 }
-#endif
 
 void OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
                                                  size_t model_data_length) {
@@ -91,7 +94,11 @@ void OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
     std::ostringstream os;
     os << "---encoder---\n";
     PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
   Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -480,4 +487,14 @@ Ort::Value OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::RunJoiner(Ort::Value encoder_out,
   return std::move(logit[0]);
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineZipformerTransducerModel::OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.h
index b2b7da040..9e4368a69 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.h
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h"
@@ -24,10 +19,8 @@ class OnlineZipformerTransducerModel : public OnlineTransducerModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
-                                 const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineZipformerTransducerModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> StackStates(
       const std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> &states) const override;
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.cc
index 8f0708ad1..298b90522 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
@@ -37,8 +41,8 @@ class OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::Impl {
     }
   }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  Impl(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+  template <typename Manager>
+  Impl(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
       : config_(config),
         env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
         sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -48,7 +52,6 @@ class OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::Impl {
       Init(buf.data(), buf.size());
     }
   }
-#endif
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> Forward(Ort::Value features,
                                   std::vector<Ort::Value> states) {
@@ -255,7 +258,11 @@ class OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::Impl {
       std::ostringstream os;
       os << "---zipformer2_ctc---\n";
       PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
       SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
     }
 
     Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -415,11 +422,10 @@ OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(
     const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(config)) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(mgr, config)) {}
-#endif
 
 OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::~OnlineZipformer2CtcModel() = default;
 
@@ -458,4 +464,14 @@ std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::UnStackStates(
   return impl_->UnStackStates(std::move(states));
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineZipformer2CtcModel::OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.h
index 11b59e2bb..32ddf2122 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-ctc-model.h
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-ctc-model.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
@@ -23,9 +18,8 @@ class OnlineZipformer2CtcModel : public OnlineCtcModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineZipformer2CtcModel(Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
   ~OnlineZipformer2CtcModel() override;
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.cc
index 03c68474c..85a32ec3c 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
 #endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
+#include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
+#endif
+
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/cat.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
@@ -54,9 +58,9 @@ OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(
   }
 }
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template <typename Manager>
 OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(
-    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
+    Manager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config)
     : env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
       config_(config),
       encoder_sess_opts_(GetSessionOptions(config)),
@@ -78,7 +82,6 @@ OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(
     InitJoiner(buf.data(), buf.size());
   }
 }
-#endif
 
 void OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
                                                   size_t model_data_length) {
@@ -97,7 +100,11 @@ void OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::InitEncoder(void *model_data,
     std::ostringstream os;
     os << "---encoder---\n";
     PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+#if __OHOS__
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%{public}s", os.str().c_str());
+#else
     SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+#endif
   }
 
   Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
@@ -474,4 +481,14 @@ Ort::Value OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::RunJoiner(Ort::Value encoder_out,
   return std::move(logit[0]);
 }
 
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
+template OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(
+    AAssetManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
+#if __OHOS__
+template OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel::OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(
+    NativeResourceManager *mgr, const OnlineModelConfig &config);
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.h b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.h
index aa0f46f81..93b124f61 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer2-transducer-model.h
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include "android/asset_manager.h"
-#include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#endif
-
 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-model-config.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.h"
@@ -24,10 +19,9 @@ class OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel : public OnlineTransducerModel {
  public:
   explicit OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(const OnlineModelConfig &config);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-  OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(AAssetManager *mgr,
+  template <typename Manager>
+  OnlineZipformer2TransducerModel(Manager *mgr,
                                   const OnlineModelConfig &config);
-#endif
 
   std::vector<Ort::Value> StackStates(
       const std::vector<std::vector<Ort::Value>> &states) const override;
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/symbol-table.cc b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/symbol-table.cc
index 723fec68b..3455d2007 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/symbol-table.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/symbol-table.cc
@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
+#include <strstream>
 #include <utility>
 
 #if __ANDROID_API__ >= 9
-#include <strstream>
 
 #include "android/asset_manager.h"
 #include "android/asset_manager_jni.h"
-#elif __OHOS__
-#include <strstream>
+#endif
 
+#if __OHOS__
 #include "rawfile/raw_file_manager.h"
 #endif
 
diff --git a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/vad-model.cc b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/vad-model.cc
index f304fd0ae..743628d38 100644
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/vad-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/vad-model.cc
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/vad-model.h"
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/vad-model.h"
@@ -13,8 +14,10 @@ namespace sherpa_onnx {
 void PybindVadModel(py::module *m) {
   using PyClass = VadModel;
   py::class_<PyClass>(*m, "VadModel")
-      .def_static("create", &PyClass::Create, py::arg("config"),
-                  py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>())
+      .def_static("create",
+                  (std::unique_ptr<VadModel>(*)(const VadModelConfig &))(
+                      &PyClass::Create),
+                  py::arg("config"), py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>())
       .def("reset", &PyClass::Reset, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>())
       .def(
           "is_speech",