The particles of completed action indicate that an action has already happened and relates to the past.
These particles are:
`已` `既` `竟` `曾` `經` `曾經` `已經` `業已` `業經` `嘗` `適` `方` `纔`① 已由地方官辦妥 Has already been settled by the local officials.
② 已飭該領事官 An order has already been sent to the said consul.
③ 已完正稅 Already paid the full duty.
④ 未查者須先查已查者又須復查 The matters which have not been investigated must first be investigated; and those which have been, must be investigated again.
⑤ 既昏便息 When it is dusk, then rest.
⑥ 子既系而食之 I had cooked and eaten it.
⑦ 鷄旣嗚究朝既盈矣 The cock lhas already crowed, and the Court is already in full swing.
⑧ 既死不能復生 When one has died, one cannot live again.
⑨ 竟無一言 He did not say a single word.
⑩ 彼竟自赴 He went himself.
⑪ 此事不知會否說與木家親族 I do not know whether he has, or has not, mentioned this matter to his own family and relatives.
⑫ 所欠未曾結清 He has not cleared off his debts.
⑬ 知有人曾至焉者 He knew that someone had already been there (here is an expletive).
⑭ 曾立章程在先 The rules (音程) are already in existence.
⑮ 事非經過不知難 You do not know how difficult anything is until you have tried it (lit. have been through).
⑯ 經過之事 Events that one has been through.
⑰ 一經查出即將田地入官 As soon as (any such malpractices) are discovered, the land then (p) will be confiscated.
⑱ 曾經言過 I have already mentioned it.
⑲ 曾經照會在案 A despatch (to this effect) is already on record.
⑳ 曾經報過 Has already been reported.
㉑ 已經出示開禁 He has already issued a proclamation removing the prohibition.
㉒ 業已向其告知 They have already told it to him.
㉓ 業經飭縣照數發銀 Orders have already been given to the District Magistrate to issue money in accordance with the amount.
㉔ 子曰自行束修以上吾未嘗無誨焉 The Master said, "From (the man) bringing a bundle of dried flesh and upwards I have never refused instructions (to any one)."
㉕ 子食於有喪者之侧未嘗飽也 When the Master was eating by the side of a mourner he never ate his full.
㉖ 子曰吾嘗終日不食終夜不襄以思無益不如學也 The Master said, "I have been the whole day without eating, and the whole night without sleeping, because I was thinking. It was of no use. The better plan is to learn.
㉗ 適來此地 He had just come to this place.
㉘ 年方十歲 Just ten years old.
㉙ 纔及地急擊之 When it struck the ground, he quickly hit at it.