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Program Transformation Systems: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_transformation
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Source to Source compilers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler
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Language Independant Specification (LIS): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-independent_specification
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Transpilers: https://devopedia.org/transpiler
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Metaprogramming: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaprogramming
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Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) - Microsoft
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Unified Modelling Language (UML)
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2016 - Towards a Unified View of Modeling and Programming (intro)
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2016 - Concepts of Programming Languages: A Unified Approach
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2016 - Inferring Common Language Infrastructure metadata for an ambiguous dynamic language type
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2020 - Unsupervised Translation of Programming Languages [Article] [GitHub]
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Spoofax - http://www.program-transformation.org/
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Semantic designs - DMS - http://www.semanticdesigns.com/Products/DMS/DMSToolkit.html
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Javascript: https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/wiki/List-of-languages-that-compile-to-JS
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Treesitter: https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/