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<section id="kubernetes-docker-and-containerd-installation">
<h1>Kubernetes, Docker, and containerd Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#kubernetes-docker-and-containerd-installation" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h1>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-kernel-modules-and-kernel-settings">Set Up Kernel Modules and Kernel Settings</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#install-configure-and-run-docker">Install, Configure, and Run Docker</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#install-configure-and-run-containerd">Install, Configure and Run Containerd</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#install-kubernetes-components">Install Kubernetes Components</a></p></li>
</ul>
<section id="prerequisites">
<h2>Prerequisites<a class="headerlink" href="#prerequisites" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Kubernetes is known to not work well with Linux swapping; as a result, swapping
should be turned off.</p>
<p>Before installing Kubernetes, do the following:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Disable swapping on all devices:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>swapoff<span class="w"> </span>-a
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>If swapoff doesn’t completely turn off the swapping after
a reboot. Remove the following package:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>dnf<span class="w"> </span>remove<span class="w"> </span>zram-generator-defaults
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Check if swapping is off:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>swapon<span class="w"> </span>--show
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Verify that no zram device is listed:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lsblk
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Remove any swap-specific entries from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/fstab</span></code>.</p></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="set-up-kernel-modules-and-kernel-settings">
<h2>Set Up Kernel Modules and Kernel Settings<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-kernel-modules-and-kernel-settings" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Load the following kernel modules and add them to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modules-load</span></code> so they
get automatically loaded during the reboot:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>modprobe<span class="w"> </span>overlay
modprobe<span class="w"> </span>br_netfilter
cat<span class="w"> </span><span class="s"><<EOF | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf</span>
<span class="s">br_netfilter</span>
<span class="s">EOF</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Enable IPvX forwarding:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>/etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf<span class="s"><<EOF</span>
<span class="s">net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1</span>
<span class="s">net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1</span>
<span class="s">net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1</span>
<span class="s">EOF</span>
sysctl<span class="w"> </span>-p
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELinux</span></code> in permissive mode and verify:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>sed<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'s/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=permissive/'</span><span class="w"> </span>/etc/selinux/config
getenforce
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="install-configure-and-run-docker">
<h2>Install, Configure, and Run Docker*<a class="headerlink" href="#install-configure-and-run-docker" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Install Docker*, configure associated settings, and start it. Docker is
required if CRI is containerd. Please follow the overview and install
sections in the link<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/">Docker Install</a></p></li>
<li><p>Create or edit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/http-proxy.conf</span></code> with
proxies, if your setup is behind a proxy. It should have contents like the
following:</p>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[Service]
Environment="HTTPS_PROXY=<proxy-url>"
Environment="HTTP_PROXY=<proxy-url>"
Environment="NO_PROXY=localhost,127.0.0.1,::1"
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Steps 3-7 may be not be required if already configured.
These are mentioned for added clarity. Set the storage driver as overlay2
and use cgroupdriver:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>mkdir<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>/etc/docker
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Create <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/edit</span> <span class="pre">/etc/docker/daemon.json</span></code> to have contents as shown below.
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">registry-mirrors</span></code> setting in this file is needed when a user is limited
by Docker pull cap limits on free user accounts.</p>
<div class="highlight-json notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"exec-opts"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"native.cgroupdriver=systemd"</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">"log-driver"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"json-file"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"log-opts"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">"max-size"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"50m"</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="nt">"data-root"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"/mnt/docker-data"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"storage-driver"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"overlay2"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">"registry-mirrors"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"https://mirror.gcr.io"</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Create <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.docker/config.json</span></code> with the following contents:</p>
<div class="highlight-json notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"proxies"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"default"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"httpProxy"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"<proxy-url>"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"httpsProxy"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"<proxy-url>"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"noProxy"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"localhost,127.0.0.1"</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Start the Docker daemon:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>start<span class="w"> </span>docker
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Create a local registry and verify that it is running. Note that this
requires Docker login credentials to set up an authentication token on
a local node.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>docker<span class="w"> </span>login
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Authenticating with existing credentials...
WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /root/.docker/config.json.
Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credentials-store
Login Succeeded
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5000</span>:5000<span class="w"> </span>--restart<span class="o">=</span>always<span class="w"> </span>--name<span class="w"> </span>registry<span class="w"> </span>registry:2
docker<span class="w"> </span>ps
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
99d9b2ede2ea registry:2 "/entrypoint.sh /etc…" 36 seconds ago Up 35 seconds 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp registry
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="install-configure-and-run-containerd">
<h2>Install, Configure, and Run Containerd<a class="headerlink" href="#install-configure-and-run-containerd" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Create <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/crictl.yaml</span></code> with following contents:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>cat<span class="w"> </span>/etc/crictl.yaml
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>runtime-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
image-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
timeout: 10
debug: true
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Enable containerd services and configure default settings and proxies:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">enable</span><span class="w"> </span>containerd.service
mkdir<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>/etc/containerd
containerd<span class="w"> </span>config<span class="w"> </span>default<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>/etc/containerd/config.toml
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>In the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/containerd/config.toml</span></code> file, under
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]</span></code>,
set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemCgroup</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code>. The file would look as below:</p>
<div class="highlight-toml notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">...</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">runtime_type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"io.containerd.runc.v2"</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">runtime_engine</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">""</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">runtime_root</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">""</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">privileged_without_host_devices</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">base_runtime_spec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">""</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SystemdCgroup</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Create the following directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>mkdir<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service.d
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Create a proxy file as shown below. In this example, the pod network is
10.244.0.0/16, service network is 10.96.0.0/16, and API server, local API
endpoint, control plane endpoint is 192.168.110.5.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>cat<span class="w"> </span>/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service.d/proxy.conf
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[Service]
Environment="HTTP_PROXY=<proxy-url>"
Environment="HTTPS_PROXY=<proxy-url>"
Environment="NO_PROXY=localhost,127.0.0.1,::1,10.244.0.0/16,10.96.0.0/16,192.168.0.0/16,<node-ip>"
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Configure the following environment variables for proxy settings for
containerd. Include the host IP address, pod subnet, and service subnet in
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">no_proxy</span></code> setting.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">no_proxy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">127</span>.0.0.1,localhost,192.168.0.0/16,<pod-cidr>,<service-cidr>,<host-ip>
<span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">https_proxy</span><span class="o">=</span><proxy-url>
<span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">http_proxy</span><span class="o">=</span><proxy-url>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Start the containerd services:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>start<span class="w"> </span>containerd.service
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Check the status. It should show it running as below:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>status<span class="w"> </span>containerd.service
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> containerd.service - containerd container runtime
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Drop-In: /usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service.d
└─proxy.conf
Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-07-14 13:29:25 IST; 9min ago
Docs: https://containerd.io
Process: 100768 ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 100769 (containerd)
Tasks: 37
Memory: 19.8M
CPU: 663ms
CGroup: /system.slice/containerd.service
└─100769 /usr/bin/containerd
<...> level=info msg="Start subscribing containerd event"
<...> level=info msg="Start recovering state"
<...> level=info msg=serving... address=/run/containerd/container>
<...> level=info msg=serving... address=/run/containerd/container>
<...> level=info msg="containerd successfully booted in 0.039112s"
<...> systemd[1]: Started containerd container runtime.
<...> level=info msg="Start event monitor"
<...> level=info msg="Start snapshots syncer"
<...> level=info msg="Start cni network conf syncer"
<...> level=info msg="Start streaming server"
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="install-kubernetes-components">
<h2>Install Kubernetes Components<a class="headerlink" href="#install-kubernetes-components" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Set up the Kubernetes repo manager. Please follow the
link<a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl-linux/#install-using-native-package-management">Install K8S</a>
Below is just a sample example to install version 1.25.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>cat<span class="w"> </span><span class="s"><<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo</span>
<span class="s">[kubernetes]</span>
<span class="s">name=Kubernetes</span>
<span class="s">baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-\$basearch</span>
<span class="s">enabled=1</span>
<span class="s">gpgcheck=1</span>
<span class="s">repo_gpgcheck=1</span>
<span class="s">gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg</span>
<span class="s">EOF</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>dnf<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-y<span class="w"> </span>kubelet-1.25.1<span class="w"> </span>kubeadm-1.25.1<span class="w"> </span>kubectl-1.25.1<span class="w"> </span>containernetworking-plugins<span class="w"> </span>cri-tools-1.25.0<span class="w"> </span>--disableexcludes<span class="o">=</span>kubernetes
dnf<span class="w"> </span>list<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span>kube
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>cri-tools.x86_64<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>.25.0-0<span class="w"> </span>@kubernetes
kubeadm.x86_64<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>.25.8-0<span class="w"> </span>@kubernetes
kubectl.x86_64<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>.25.8-0<span class="w"> </span>@kubernetes
kubelet.x86_64<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>.25.8-0<span class="w"> </span>@kubernetes
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Pull Kubernetes images and verify the downloaded images:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kubeadm<span class="w"> </span>config<span class="w"> </span>images<span class="w"> </span>pull
crictl<span class="w"> </span>images<span class="w"> </span>ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>IMAGE TAG IMAGE ID SIZE
registry.k8s.io/coredns/coredns v1.9.3 5185b96f0becf 14.8MB
registry.k8s.io/etcd 3.5.6-0 fce326961ae2d 103MB
registry.k8s.io/kube-apiserver v1.25.16 1f1beb7697603 35.1MB
registry.k8s.io/kube-controller-manager v1.25.16 008d3c66b06c6 31.9MB
registry.k8s.io/kube-proxy v1.25.16 8bcccb40c8da7 20.5MB
registry.k8s.io/kube-scheduler v1.25.16 37380a8f21afe 16.3MB
registry.k8s.io/pause 3.8 4873874c08efc 311kB
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>kubeadm<span class="w"> </span>config<span class="w"> </span>images<span class="w"> </span>list
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>registry.k8s.io/kube-apiserver:v1.25.0
registry.k8s.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.25.0
registry.k8s.io/kube-scheduler:v1.25.0
registry.k8s.io/kube-proxy:v1.25.0
registry.k8s.io/pause:3.8
registry.k8s.io/etcd:3.5.4-0
registry.k8s.io/coredns/coredns:v1.9.3
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Enable the kubelet services:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">enable</span><span class="w"> </span>kubelet.service
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</div>
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