diff --git a/.mockery.yaml b/.mockery.yaml
index 65ae33e6..2bf08c74 100644
--- a/.mockery.yaml
+++ b/.mockery.yaml
@@ -6,3 +6,6 @@ packages:
     config:
       all: true
       recursive: true
+  io:
+    interfaces:
+      Closer:
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 6372261e..2a017650 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ module github.com/int128/kubelogin
 go 1.22.2
 
 require (
-	github.com/alexflint/go-filemutex v1.3.0
 	github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.10.0
 	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.11.0
+	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
 	github.com/google/wire v0.6.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 87b42aa5..3368cf62 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
-github.com/alexflint/go-filemutex v1.3.0 h1:LgE+nTUWnQCyRKbpoceKZsPQbs84LivvgwUymZXdOcM=
-github.com/alexflint/go-filemutex v1.3.0/go.mod h1:U0+VA/i30mGBlLCrFPGtTe9y6wGQfNAWPBTekHQ+c8A=
 github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
 github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20240801214329-3f85d328b335 h1:bATMoZLH2QGct1kzDxfmeBUQI/QhQvB0mBrOTct+YlQ=
 github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20240801214329-3f85d328b335/go.mod h1:GKljq0VrfU4D5yc+2qA6OVr8pmO/MBbPEWqWQ/oqGEs=
@@ -81,6 +79,8 @@ github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1 h1:xfeeEhW7pwmX8nuLVlqbzVc7udMDrwetjEv+TZIz1og=
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1/go.mod h1:q8bcK0KcYlCgd9e7WYLm9LpyS+YeLd8JVDW6WezmKEw=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.4.0 h1:CTaoG1tojrh4ucGPcoJFiAQUAsEWekEWvLy7GsVNqGs=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.4.0/go.mod h1:G3gNqMNtPppf5XUz7O4shetPpcZ1VJ7zt18dlUeakrc=
+github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 h1:MTLVXXHf8ekldpJk3AKicLij9MdwOWkZ+a/jHHZby9E=
+github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1/go.mod h1:9zxTsyu5xtJ9DK+1tFZyibEV7y3uwDxPPfbxeeHCoD0=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1 h1:OuVbFODueb089Lh128TAcimifWaLhJwVflnrgM17wHk=
@@ -514,8 +514,9 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlba
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2/go.mod h1:qYOHts0dSfpeUzUFpOMr/WGzszTmLH+DiWniOlNbLDw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127 h1:qIbj1fsPNlZgppZ+VLlY7N33q108Sa+fhmuc+sWQYwY=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 h1:73M5CoZyi3ZLMOyDlQh031Cx6N9NDJ2Vvfl76EDAgDc=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1/go.mod h1:cWUDdTG/fYaXco+Dcufb5Vnc6Gp2YChqWtbxRZE0mXw=
diff --git a/main.go b/main.go
index 89488bbb..ee373097 100644
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package main
 import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
 
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/di"
 )
@@ -10,5 +12,8 @@ import (
 var version = "HEAD"
 
 func main() {
-	os.Exit(di.NewCmd().Run(context.Background(), os.Args, version))
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(ctx, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	defer stop()
+	os.Exit(di.NewCmd().Run(ctx, os.Args, version))
 }
diff --git a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex_mock/mock_Interface.go b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex_mock/mock_Interface.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b251c7e5..00000000
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
-
-package mutex_mock
-
-import (
-	context "context"
-
-	mutex "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex"
-	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
-)
-
-// MockInterface is an autogenerated mock type for the Interface type
-type MockInterface struct {
-	mock.Mock
-}
-
-type MockInterface_Expecter struct {
-	mock *mock.Mock
-}
-
-func (_m *MockInterface) EXPECT() *MockInterface_Expecter {
-	return &MockInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
-}
-
-// Acquire provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, name
-func (_m *MockInterface) Acquire(ctx context.Context, name string) (*mutex.Lock, error) {
-	ret := _m.Called(ctx, name)
-
-	if len(ret) == 0 {
-		panic("no return value specified for Acquire")
-	}
-
-	var r0 *mutex.Lock
-	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, string) (*mutex.Lock, error)); ok {
-		return rf(ctx, name)
-	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, string) *mutex.Lock); ok {
-		r0 = rf(ctx, name)
-	} else {
-		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*mutex.Lock)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(context.Context, string) error); ok {
-		r1 = rf(ctx, name)
-	} else {
-		r1 = ret.Error(1)
-	}
-
-	return r0, r1
-}
-
-// MockInterface_Acquire_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Acquire'
-type MockInterface_Acquire_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// Acquire is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - ctx context.Context
-//   - name string
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Acquire(ctx interface{}, name interface{}) *MockInterface_Acquire_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_Acquire_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Acquire", ctx, name)}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_Acquire_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, name string)) *MockInterface_Acquire_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(context.Context), args[1].(string))
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_Acquire_Call) Return(_a0 *mutex.Lock, _a1 error) *MockInterface_Acquire_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_Acquire_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, string) (*mutex.Lock, error)) *MockInterface_Acquire_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
-// Release provides a mock function with given fields: lock
-func (_m *MockInterface) Release(lock *mutex.Lock) error {
-	ret := _m.Called(lock)
-
-	if len(ret) == 0 {
-		panic("no return value specified for Release")
-	}
-
-	var r0 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(*mutex.Lock) error); ok {
-		r0 = rf(lock)
-	} else {
-		r0 = ret.Error(0)
-	}
-
-	return r0
-}
-
-// MockInterface_Release_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Release'
-type MockInterface_Release_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// Release is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - lock *mutex.Lock
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Release(lock interface{}) *MockInterface_Release_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_Release_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Release", lock)}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_Release_Call) Run(run func(lock *mutex.Lock)) *MockInterface_Release_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(*mutex.Lock))
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_Release_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockInterface_Release_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_Release_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(*mutex.Lock) error) *MockInterface_Release_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
-// NewMockInterface creates a new instance of MockInterface. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
-// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
-func NewMockInterface(t interface {
-	mock.TestingT
-	Cleanup(func())
-}) *MockInterface {
-	mock := &MockInterface{}
-	mock.Mock.Test(t)
-
-	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
-
-	return mock
-}
diff --git a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock/mock_Interface.go b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock/mock_Interface.go
index 5941b224..582b8d3d 100644
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 package repository_mock
 
 import (
+	io "io"
+
 	oidc "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 
@@ -81,6 +83,65 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, tokencache
 	return _c
 }
 
+// Lock provides a mock function with given fields: dir, key
+func (_m *MockInterface) Lock(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(dir, key)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Lock")
+	}
+
+	var r0 io.Closer
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)); ok {
+		return rf(dir, key)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key) io.Closer); ok {
+		r0 = rf(dir, key)
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(io.Closer)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(string, tokencache.Key) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(dir, key)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockInterface_Lock_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Lock'
+type MockInterface_Lock_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Lock is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - dir string
+//   - key tokencache.Key
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Lock(dir interface{}, key interface{}) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_Lock_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Lock", dir, key)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) Run(run func(dir string, key tokencache.Key)) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(string), args[1].(tokencache.Key))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) Return(_a0 io.Closer, _a1 error) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
 // Save provides a mock function with given fields: dir, key, tokenSet
 func (_m *MockInterface) Save(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
 	ret := _m.Called(dir, key, tokenSet)
diff --git a/mocks/io_mock/mock_Closer.go b/mocks/io_mock/mock_Closer.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91f17db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mocks/io_mock/mock_Closer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package io_mock
+
+import mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+
+// MockCloser is an autogenerated mock type for the Closer type
+type MockCloser struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockCloser_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockCloser) EXPECT() *MockCloser_Expecter {
+	return &MockCloser_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Close provides a mock function with given fields:
+func (_m *MockCloser) Close() error {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Close")
+	}
+
+	var r0 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() error); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Error(0)
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockCloser_Close_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Close'
+type MockCloser_Close_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Close is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockCloser_Expecter) Close() *MockCloser_Close_Call {
+	return &MockCloser_Close_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Close")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCloser_Close_Call) Run(run func()) *MockCloser_Close_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCloser_Close_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockCloser_Close_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCloser_Close_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() error) *MockCloser_Close_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// NewMockCloser creates a new instance of MockCloser. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockCloser(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockCloser {
+	mock := &MockCloser{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
diff --git a/pkg/di/di.go b/pkg/di/di.go
index 2f3c524b..e928a7ca 100644
--- a/pkg/di/di.go
+++ b/pkg/di/di.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/reader"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio"
 	kubeconfigLoader "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/loader"
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clock.Interface, stdio.Stdin, stdio.Stdout, logger.Interf
 		client.Set,
 		loader.Set,
 		writer.Set,
-		mutex.Set,
 	)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/di/wire_gen.go b/pkg/di/wire_gen.go
index 4fccd4b5..f78caeeb 100644
--- a/pkg/di/wire_gen.go
+++ b/pkg/di/wire_gen.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/reader"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio"
 	loader2 "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/loader"
@@ -78,7 +77,6 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clockInterface clock.Interface, stdin stdio.Stdin, stdout
 	authenticationAuthentication := &authentication.Authentication{
 		ClientFactory:    factory,
 		Logger:           loggerInterface,
-		Clock:            clockInterface,
 		AuthCodeBrowser:  authcodeBrowser,
 		AuthCodeKeyboard: keyboard,
 		ROPC:             ropcROPC,
@@ -91,6 +89,7 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clockInterface clock.Interface, stdin stdio.Stdin, stdout
 		KubeconfigLoader: loader3,
 		KubeconfigWriter: writerWriter,
 		Logger:           loggerInterface,
+		Clock:            clockInterface,
 	}
 	root := &cmd.Root{
 		Standalone: standaloneStandalone,
@@ -100,15 +99,12 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clockInterface clock.Interface, stdin stdio.Stdin, stdout
 	writer3 := &writer2.Writer{
 		Stdout: stdout,
 	}
-	mutexMutex := &mutex.Mutex{
-		Logger: loggerInterface,
-	}
 	getToken := &credentialplugin.GetToken{
 		Authentication:       authenticationAuthentication,
 		TokenCacheRepository: repositoryRepository,
 		Writer:               writer3,
-		Mutex:                mutexMutex,
 		Logger:               loggerInterface,
+		Clock:                clockInterface,
 	}
 	cmdGetToken := &cmd.GetToken{
 		GetToken: getToken,
diff --git a/pkg/infrastructure/mutex/mutex.go b/pkg/infrastructure/mutex/mutex.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e45aa6b..00000000
--- a/pkg/infrastructure/mutex/mutex.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-package mutex
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-
-	"github.com/alexflint/go-filemutex"
-	"github.com/google/wire"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
-)
-
-var Set = wire.NewSet(
-	wire.Struct(new(Mutex), "*"),
-	wire.Bind(new(Interface), new(*Mutex)),
-)
-
-type Interface interface {
-	Acquire(ctx context.Context, name string) (*Lock, error)
-	Release(lock *Lock) error
-}
-
-// Lock holds the lock data.
-type Lock struct {
-	Data interface{}
-	Name string
-}
-
-type Mutex struct {
-	Logger logger.Interface
-}
-
-// internalAcquire wait for acquisition of the lock
-func internalAcquire(fm *filemutex.FileMutex) chan error {
-	result := make(chan error)
-	go func() {
-		if err := fm.Lock(); err != nil {
-			result <- err
-		}
-		close(result)
-	}()
-	return result
-}
-
-// internalRelease disposes of resources associated with a lock
-func internalRelease(fm *filemutex.FileMutex, lfn string, log logger.Interface) error {
-	err := fm.Close()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.V(1).Infof("Error closing lock file %s: %s", lfn, err)
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// LockFileName get the lock file name from the lock name.
-func LockFileName(name string) string {
-	return path.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf(".kubelogin.%s.lock", name))
-}
-
-// Acquire acquire a lock for the specified name. The context could be used to set a timeout.
-func (m *Mutex) Acquire(ctx context.Context, name string) (*Lock, error) {
-	lfn := LockFileName(name)
-	fm, err := filemutex.New(lfn)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating mutex file %s: %w", lfn, err)
-	}
-
-	lockChan := internalAcquire(fm)
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		_ = internalRelease(fm, lfn, m.Logger)
-		return nil, ctx.Err()
-	case err := <-lockChan:
-		if err != nil {
-			_ = internalRelease(fm, lfn, m.Logger)
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error acquiring lock on file %s: %w", lfn, err)
-		}
-		return &Lock{Data: fm, Name: name}, nil
-	}
-}
-
-// Release release the specified lock
-func (m *Mutex) Release(lock *Lock) error {
-	fm := lock.Data.(*filemutex.FileMutex)
-	lfn := LockFileName(lock.Name)
-	return internalRelease(fm, lfn, m.Logger)
-}
diff --git a/pkg/infrastructure/mutex/mutex_test.go b/pkg/infrastructure/mutex/mutex_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 044c82a7..00000000
--- a/pkg/infrastructure/mutex/mutex_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-package mutex
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"math/rand"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
-)
-
-func TestMutex(t *testing.T) {
-
-	t.Run("Test successful parallel acquisition with no reentry allowed", func(t *testing.T) {
-
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-		defer cancel()
-
-		nbConcurrency := 20
-		wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
-		events := make(chan int, nbConcurrency*2)
-		errors := make(chan error, nbConcurrency)
-		doLockUnlock := func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-
-			m := Mutex{
-				Logger: logger.New(),
-			}
-			if mutex, err := m.Acquire(ctx, "test"); err == nil {
-				events <- 1
-				var dur = time.Duration(rand.Intn(5000))
-				time.Sleep(dur * time.Microsecond)
-				events <- -1
-				if err := m.Release(mutex); err != nil {
-					errors <- fmt.Errorf("Release error: %w", err)
-				}
-			} else {
-				errors <- fmt.Errorf("Acquire error: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		for i := 0; i < nbConcurrency; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go doLockUnlock()
-		}
-
-		wg.Wait()
-		close(events)
-		close(errors)
-
-		countConcurrent := 0
-		for delta := range events {
-			countConcurrent += delta
-			if countConcurrent > 1 {
-				t.Errorf("The mutex did not prevented reentry: %d", countConcurrent)
-			}
-		}
-
-		for anError := range errors {
-			t.Errorf("The gorouting returned an error: %s", anError)
-		}
-	})
-}
diff --git a/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository.go b/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository.go
index 244dc4cf..70410f85 100644
--- a/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository.go
+++ b/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository.go
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
+	"github.com/gofrs/flock"
 	"github.com/google/wire"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
@@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ var Set = wire.NewSet(
 type Interface interface {
 	FindByKey(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
 	Save(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error
+	Lock(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)
 }
 
 type entity struct {
@@ -80,6 +83,22 @@ func (r *Repository) Save(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (r *Repository) Lock(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error) {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not create directory %s: %w", dir, err)
+	}
+	filename, err := computeFilename(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not compute the key: %w", err)
+	}
+	p := filepath.Join(dir, filename)
+	f := flock.New(p)
+	if err := f.Lock(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not lock the cache file %s: %w", p, err)
+	}
+	return f, nil
+}
+
 func computeFilename(key tokencache.Key) (string, error) {
 	s := sha256.New()
 	e := gob.NewEncoder(s)
diff --git a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication.go b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication.go
index 060de4e3..76aee8a7 100644
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/google/wire"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client"
@@ -48,8 +47,7 @@ type GrantOptionSet struct {
 
 // Output represents an output DTO of the Authentication use-case.
 type Output struct {
-	AlreadyHasValidIDToken bool
-	TokenSet               oidc.TokenSet
+	TokenSet oidc.TokenSet
 }
 
 // Authentication provides the internal use-case of authentication.
@@ -67,7 +65,6 @@ type Output struct {
 type Authentication struct {
 	ClientFactory    client.FactoryInterface
 	Logger           logger.Interface
-	Clock            clock.Interface
 	AuthCodeBrowser  *authcode.Browser
 	AuthCodeKeyboard *authcode.Keyboard
 	ROPC             *ropc.ROPC
@@ -75,29 +72,6 @@ type Authentication struct {
 }
 
 func (u *Authentication) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) (*Output, error) {
-	if in.CachedTokenSet != nil {
-		if in.ForceRefresh {
-			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("forcing refresh of the existing token")
-		} else {
-			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("checking expiration of the existing token")
-			// Skip verification of the token to reduce time of a discovery request.
-			// Here it trusts the signature and claims and checks only expiration,
-			// because the token has been verified before caching.
-			claims, err := in.CachedTokenSet.DecodeWithoutVerify()
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid token cache (you may need to remove): %w", err)
-			}
-			if !claims.IsExpired(u.Clock) {
-				u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you already have a valid token until %s", claims.Expiry)
-				return &Output{
-					AlreadyHasValidIDToken: true,
-					TokenSet:               *in.CachedTokenSet,
-				}, nil
-			}
-			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you have an expired token at %s", claims.Expiry)
-		}
-	}
-
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("initializing an OpenID Connect client")
 	oidcClient, err := u.ClientFactory.New(ctx, in.Provider, in.TLSClientConfig, in.UseAccessToken)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication_test.go b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication_test.go
index d092429b..5e4fada0 100644
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/clock"
 	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
 	testingLogger "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
@@ -37,35 +36,6 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(expiryTime)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("HasValidIDToken", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
-		defer cancel()
-		in := Input{
-			Provider:        dummyProvider,
-			TLSClientConfig: dummyTLSClientConfig,
-			CachedTokenSet: &oidc.TokenSet{
-				IDToken: issuedIDToken,
-			},
-		}
-		u := Authentication{
-			Logger: testingLogger.New(t),
-			Clock:  clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
-		}
-		got, err := u.Do(ctx, in)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
-		}
-		want := &Output{
-			AlreadyHasValidIDToken: true,
-			TokenSet: oidc.TokenSet{
-				IDToken: issuedIDToken,
-			},
-		}
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-			t.Errorf("mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-		}
-	})
-
 	t.Run("HasValidRefreshToken", func(t *testing.T) {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
@@ -91,7 +61,6 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		u := Authentication{
 			ClientFactory: mockClientFactory,
 			Logger:        testingLogger.New(t),
-			Clock:         clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(+time.Hour)),
 		}
 		got, err := u.Do(ctx, in)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -149,7 +118,6 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		u := Authentication{
 			ClientFactory: mockClientFactory,
 			Logger:        testingLogger.New(t),
-			Clock:         clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(+time.Hour)),
 			AuthCodeBrowser: &authcode.Browser{
 				Logger: testingLogger.New(t),
 			},
diff --git a/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token.go b/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token.go
index 979238b0..0a230cd4 100644
--- a/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token.go
@@ -6,20 +6,18 @@ package credentialplugin
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/wire"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode"
 )
 
 var Set = wire.NewSet(
@@ -45,30 +43,13 @@ type GetToken struct {
 	Authentication       authentication.Interface
 	TokenCacheRepository repository.Interface
 	Writer               writer.Interface
-	Mutex                mutex.Interface
 	Logger               logger.Interface
+	Clock                clock.Interface
 }
 
 func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("WARNING: log may contain your secrets such as token or password")
 
-	// Prevent multiple concurrent port binding using a file mutex.
-	// See https://github.com/int128/kubelogin/issues/389
-	bindPorts := extractBindAddressPorts(in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption)
-	if bindPorts != nil {
-		key := fmt.Sprintf("get-token-%s", strings.Join(bindPorts, "-"))
-		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("acquiring a lock %s", key)
-		lock, err := u.Mutex.Acquire(ctx, key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("could not acquire a lock: %w", err)
-		}
-		defer func() {
-			if err := u.Mutex.Release(lock); err != nil {
-				u.Logger.V(1).Infof("could not release the lock: %s", err)
-			}
-		}()
-	}
-
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("finding a token from cache directory %s", in.TokenCacheDir)
 	tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
 		IssuerURL:      in.Provider.IssuerURL,
@@ -82,10 +63,49 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 	if in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption != nil {
 		tokenCacheKey.Username = in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption.Username
 	}
+
+	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("acquiring the lock of token cache")
+	lock, err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Lock(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not lock the token cache: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("releasing the lock of token cache")
+		if err := lock.Close(); err != nil {
+			u.Logger.Printf("could not unlock the token cache: %s", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	cachedTokenSet, err := u.TokenCacheRepository.FindByKey(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("could not find a token cache: %s", err)
 	}
+	if cachedTokenSet != nil {
+		if in.ForceRefresh {
+			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("forcing refresh of the existing token")
+		} else {
+			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("checking expiration of the existing token")
+			// Skip verification of the token to reduce time of a discovery request.
+			// Here it trusts the signature and claims and checks only expiration,
+			// because the token has been verified before caching.
+			claims, err := cachedTokenSet.DecodeWithoutVerify()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid token cache (you may need to remove): %w", err)
+			}
+			if !claims.IsExpired(u.Clock) {
+				u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you already have a valid token until %s", claims.Expiry)
+				out := credentialplugin.Output{
+					Token:  cachedTokenSet.IDToken,
+					Expiry: claims.Expiry,
+				}
+				if err := u.Writer.Write(out); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not write the token to client-go: %w", err)
+				}
+				return nil
+			}
+			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you have an expired token at %s", claims.Expiry)
+		}
+	}
 
 	authenticationInput := authentication.Input{
 		Provider:        in.Provider,
@@ -104,14 +124,9 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("you got an invalid token: %w", err)
 	}
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you got a token: %s", idTokenClaims.Pretty)
-
-	if authenticationOutput.AlreadyHasValidIDToken {
-		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you already have a valid token until %s", idTokenClaims.Expiry)
-	} else {
-		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you got a valid token until %s", idTokenClaims.Expiry)
-		if err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Save(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey, authenticationOutput.TokenSet); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("could not write the token cache: %w", err)
-		}
+	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you got a valid token until %s", idTokenClaims.Expiry)
+	if err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Save(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey, authenticationOutput.TokenSet); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not write the token cache: %w", err)
 	}
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("writing the token to client-go")
 	out := credentialplugin.Output{
@@ -123,21 +138,3 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-
-func extractBindAddressPorts(o *authcode.BrowserOption) []string {
-	if o == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var ports []string
-	for _, addr := range o.BindAddress {
-		_, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil // invalid address
-		}
-		if port == "0" {
-			return nil // any port
-		}
-		ports = append(ports, port)
-	}
-	return ports
-}
diff --git a/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token_test.go b/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token_test.go
index 46b96103..9b82fc51 100644
--- a/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token_test.go
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer_mock"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/io_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/mutex"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode"
 
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 		ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
 	}
-	issuedIDTokenExpiration := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour).Round(time.Second)
+	expiryTime := time.Date(2020, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC).Local()
 	issuedIDToken := testingJWT.EncodeF(t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
 		claims.Issuer = "https://accounts.google.com"
 		claims.Subject = "YOUR_SUBJECT"
-		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(issuedIDTokenExpiration)
+		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(expiryTime)
 	})
 	issuedTokenSet := oidc.TokenSet{
 		IDToken:      issuedIDToken,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	issuedOutput := credentialplugin.Output{
 		Token:  issuedIDToken,
-		Expiry: issuedIDTokenExpiration,
+		Expiry: expiryTime,
 	}
 	grantOptionSet := authentication.GrantOptionSet{
 		AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
@@ -68,7 +68,14 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 				GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 			}).
 			Return(&authentication.Output{TokenSet: issuedTokenSet}, nil)
+		mockCloser := io_mock.NewMockCloser(t)
+		mockCloser.EXPECT().
+			Close().
+			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockRepository.EXPECT().
+			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
 			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(nil, errors.New("file not found"))
@@ -83,24 +90,23 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
 			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
 			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Mutex:                mutex_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
 			Logger:               logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("NeedBindPortMutex", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ROPC", func(t *testing.T) {
 		grantOptionSet := authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-			AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-				BindAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:8080"},
-			},
+			ROPCOption: &ropc.Option{Username: "YOUR_USERNAME"},
 		}
 		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
 			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
 			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			Username:     "YOUR_USERNAME",
 		}
 
 		ctx := context.TODO()
@@ -116,7 +122,14 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 				GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 			}).
 			Return(&authentication.Output{TokenSet: issuedTokenSet}, nil)
+		mockCloser := io_mock.NewMockCloser(t)
+		mockCloser.EXPECT().
+			Close().
+			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockRepository.EXPECT().
+			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
 			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(nil, errors.New("file not found"))
@@ -127,34 +140,23 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		mockWriter.EXPECT().
 			Write(issuedOutput).
 			Return(nil)
-		mockMutex := mutex_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockMutex.EXPECT().
-			Acquire(ctx, "get-token-8080").
-			Return(&mutex.Lock{Data: "testData"}, nil)
-		mockMutex.EXPECT().
-			Release(&mutex.Lock{Data: "testData"}).
-			Return(nil)
 		u := GetToken{
 			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
 			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
 			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Mutex:                mockMutex,
 			Logger:               logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("ROPC", func(t *testing.T) {
-		grantOptionSet := authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-			ROPCOption: &ropc.Option{Username: "YOUR_USERNAME"},
-		}
+	t.Run("HasValidIDToken", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
 			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
 			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-			Username:     "YOUR_USERNAME",
 		}
 
 		ctx := context.TODO()
@@ -163,55 +165,14 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			TokenCacheDir:  "/path/to/token-cache",
 			GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 		}
-		mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockAuthentication.EXPECT().
-			Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
-				Provider:       dummyProvider,
-				GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
-			}).
-			Return(&authentication.Output{TokenSet: issuedTokenSet}, nil)
-		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
-			Return(nil, errors.New("file not found"))
-		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Save("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey, issuedTokenSet).
-			Return(nil)
-		mockWriter := writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockWriter.EXPECT().
-			Write(issuedOutput).
+		mockCloser := io_mock.NewMockCloser(t)
+		mockCloser.EXPECT().
+			Close().
 			Return(nil)
-		u := GetToken{
-			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
-			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
-			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Mutex:                mutex_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
-			Logger:               logger.New(t),
-		}
-		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("HasValidIDToken", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx := context.TODO()
-		in := Input{
-			Provider:       dummyProvider,
-			TokenCacheDir:  "/path/to/token-cache",
-			GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
-		}
-		mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockAuthentication.EXPECT().
-			Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
-				Provider:       dummyProvider,
-				CachedTokenSet: &issuedTokenSet,
-				GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
-			}).
-			Return(&authentication.Output{
-				AlreadyHasValidIDToken: true,
-				TokenSet:               issuedTokenSet,
-			}, nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockRepository.EXPECT().
+			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
 			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokencache.Key{
 				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
@@ -224,11 +185,11 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Write(issuedOutput).
 			Return(nil)
 		u := GetToken{
-			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
+			Authentication:       authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
 			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
 			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Mutex:                mutex_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
 			Logger:               logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
@@ -236,6 +197,11 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("AuthenticationError", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
+			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+		}
 		ctx := context.TODO()
 		in := Input{
 			Provider:       dummyProvider,
@@ -249,7 +215,14 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 				GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 			}).
 			Return(nil, errors.New("authentication error"))
+		mockCloser := io_mock.NewMockCloser(t)
+		mockCloser.EXPECT().
+			Close().
+			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockRepository.EXPECT().
+			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
 			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokencache.Key{
 				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
@@ -261,8 +234,8 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
 			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
 			Writer:               writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
-			Mutex:                mutex_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
 			Logger:               logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants non-nil but nil")
diff --git a/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone.go b/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone.go
index a78ee11c..cb2ab2b8 100644
--- a/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/google/wire"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/loader"
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ type Standalone struct {
 	KubeconfigLoader loader.Interface
 	KubeconfigWriter writer.Interface
 	Logger           logger.Interface
+	Clock            clock.Interface
 }
 
 func (u *Standalone) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
@@ -78,6 +80,18 @@ func (u *Standalone) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 			IDToken:      authProvider.IDToken,
 			RefreshToken: authProvider.RefreshToken,
 		}
+		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("checking expiration of the existing token")
+		// Skip verification of the token to reduce time of a discovery request.
+		// Here it trusts the signature and claims and checks only expiration,
+		// because the token has been verified before caching.
+		claims, err := cachedTokenSet.DecodeWithoutVerify()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid token cache (you may need to remove): %w", err)
+		}
+		if !claims.IsExpired(u.Clock) {
+			u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you already have a valid token until %s", claims.Expiry)
+			return nil
+		}
 	}
 
 	authenticationInput := authentication.Input{
@@ -101,11 +115,6 @@ func (u *Standalone) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("you got an invalid token: %w", err)
 	}
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you got a token: %s", idTokenClaims.Pretty)
-	if authenticationOutput.AlreadyHasValidIDToken {
-		u.Logger.Printf("You already have a valid token until %s", idTokenClaims.Expiry)
-		return nil
-	}
-
 	u.Logger.Printf("You got a valid token until %s", idTokenClaims.Expiry)
 	authProvider.IDToken = authenticationOutput.TokenSet.IDToken
 	authProvider.RefreshToken = authenticationOutput.TokenSet.RefreshToken
diff --git a/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone_test.go b/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone_test.go
index 03ea64dc..e2c182c2 100644
--- a/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/standalone/standalone_test.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/clock"
 	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
@@ -19,11 +20,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestStandalone_Do(t *testing.T) {
-	issuedIDTokenExpiration := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour).Round(time.Second)
+	expiryTime := time.Date(2020, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
 	issuedIDToken := testingJWT.EncodeF(t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
 		claims.Issuer = "https://accounts.google.com"
 		claims.Subject = "YOUR_SUBJECT"
-		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(issuedIDTokenExpiration)
+		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(expiryTime)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("FullOptions", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ func TestStandalone_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			KubeconfigLoader: mockLoader,
 			KubeconfigWriter: mockWriter,
 			Logger:           logger.New(t),
+			Clock:            clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
@@ -108,28 +110,11 @@ func TestStandalone_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		mockLoader.EXPECT().
 			GetCurrentAuthProvider("", kubeconfig.ContextName(""), kubeconfig.UserName("")).
 			Return(currentAuthProvider, nil)
-		mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockAuthentication.EXPECT().
-			Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
-				Provider: oidc.Provider{
-					IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-					ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-					ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-				},
-				CachedTokenSet: &oidc.TokenSet{
-					IDToken: issuedIDToken,
-				},
-			}).
-			Return(&authentication.Output{
-				AlreadyHasValidIDToken: true,
-				TokenSet: oidc.TokenSet{
-					IDToken: issuedIDToken,
-				},
-			}, nil)
 		u := Standalone{
-			Authentication:   mockAuthentication,
+			Authentication:   authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
 			KubeconfigLoader: mockLoader,
 			Logger:           logger.New(t),
+			Clock:            clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
@@ -148,6 +133,7 @@ func TestStandalone_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Authentication:   mockAuthentication,
 			KubeconfigLoader: mockLoader,
 			Logger:           logger.New(t),
+			Clock:            clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants non-nil but nil")
@@ -182,6 +168,7 @@ func TestStandalone_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Authentication:   mockAuthentication,
 			KubeconfigLoader: mockLoader,
 			Logger:           logger.New(t),
+			Clock:            clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants non-nil but nil")
@@ -234,6 +221,7 @@ func TestStandalone_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			KubeconfigLoader: mockLoader,
 			KubeconfigWriter: mockWriter,
 			Logger:           logger.New(t),
+			Clock:            clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants non-nil but nil")