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A Living Review of Machine Learning for Particle Physics

Modern machine learning techniques, including deep learning, is rapidly being applied, adapted, and developed for high energy physics. The goal of this document is to provide a nearly comprehensive list of citations for those developing and applying these approaches to experimental, phenomenological, or theoretical analyses. As a living document, it will be updated as often as possible to incorporate the latest developments. A list of proper (unchanging) reviews can be found within. Papers are grouped into a small set of topics to be as useful as possible. Suggestions are most welcome.

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Publications per Year

The purpose of this note is to collect references for modern machine learning as applied to particle physics. A minimal number of categories is chosen in order to be as useful as possible. Note that papers may be referenced in more than one category. The fact that a paper is listed in this document does not endorse or validate its content - that is for the community (and for peer-review) to decide. Furthermore, the classification here is a best attempt and may have flaws - please let us know if (a) we have missed a paper you think should be included, (b) a paper has been misclassified, or (c) a citation for a paper is not correct or if the journal information is now available. In order to be as useful as possible, this document will continue to evolve so please check back before you write your next paper. If you find this review helpful, please consider citing it using \cite{hepmllivingreview} in HEPML.bib.

This review was built with the help of the HEP-ML community, the INSPIRE REST API, and the moderators Benjamin Nachman, Matthew Feickert, Claudius Krause, and Ramon Winterhalder.

Reviews

Modern reviews

Specialized reviews

Classical papers

Datasets

Classification

Parameterized classifiers

Representations

Jet images

Event images

Sequences

Trees

Graphs

Sets (point clouds)

Physics-inspired basis

Targets

$W/Z$ tagging

$H\rightarrow b\bar{b}$

quarks and gluons

top quark tagging

strange jets

$b$-tagging

Flavor physics

BSM particles and models

Particle identification

Neutrino Detectors

Direct Dark Matter Detectors

Cosmology, Astro Particle, and Cosmic Ray physics

Tracking

Heavy Ions / Nuclear Physics

Learning strategies

Hyperparameters

Weak/Semi supervision

Unsupervised

Reinforcement Learning

Quantum Machine Learning

Feature ranking

Attention

Regularization

Optimal Transport

Fast inference / deployment

Software

Hardware/firmware

Deployment

Regression

Pileup

Calibration

Recasting

Matrix elements

Parameter estimation

Parton Distribution Functions (and related)

Lattice Gauge Theory

Function Approximation

Symbolic Regression

Monitoring

Equivariant networks.

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs).

Decorrelation methods.

Generative models / density estimation

GANs

(Variational) Autoencoders

(Continuous) Normalizing flows

Diffusion Models

Transformer Models

Physics-inspired

Mixture Models

Phase space generation

Gaussian processes

Other/hybrid

Anomaly detection.

Foundation Models, LLMs.

Simulation-based (`likelihood-free') Inference

Parameter estimation

Unfolding

Domain adaptation

BSM

Differentiable Simulation

Uncertainty Quantification

Interpretability

Estimation

Mitigation

Uncertainty- and inference-aware learning

Formal Theory and ML

Theory and physics for ML

ML for theory

Experimental results.

This section is incomplete as there are many results that directly and indirectly (e.g. via flavor tagging) use modern machine learning techniques. We will try to highlight experimental results that use deep learning in a critical way for the final analysis sensitivity.

Performance studies

Searches and measurements where ML reconstruction is a core component

Final analysis discriminate for searches

Measurements using deep learning directly (not through object reconstruction)