From d0915be31582efdd8a586f0e0fecff6996983681 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: EwDa291 Date: Wed, 14 Aug 2024 15:16:48 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] reformatted to use markdown --- mkdocs/docs/HPC/linux-tutorial/navigating.md | 249 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-) diff --git a/mkdocs/docs/HPC/linux-tutorial/navigating.md b/mkdocs/docs/HPC/linux-tutorial/navigating.md index bd882acafbb..030f7b5da54 100644 --- a/mkdocs/docs/HPC/linux-tutorial/navigating.md +++ b/mkdocs/docs/HPC/linux-tutorial/navigating.md @@ -1,210 +1,195 @@ -Navigating -========== +# Navigating -This chapter serves as a guide to navigating within a Linux shell, giving users essential techniques to traverse directories. -A very important skill. +This chapter serves as a guide to navigating within a Linux shell, +giving users essential techniques to traverse directories. A very +important skill. -Current directory: "pwd" and "\$PWD" ------------------------------------- +## Current directory: "pwd" and "$PWD" -To print the current directory, use `pwd` or `$PWD`: -
$ cd $HOME
+To print the current directory, use `pwd` or `\$PWD`:
+
$ cd $HOME 
 $ pwd
-/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000
-$ echo "The current directory is: $PWD"
+/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000 
+$ echo "The current directory is: $PWD" 
 The current directory is: /user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000
 

 
-Listing files and directories: "ls"
------------------------------------
+## Listing files and directories: "ls"
 
-A very basic and commonly used command is `ls`, which can be used to
-list files and directories.
+A very basic and commonly used command is `ls`, which can be
+used to list files and directories.
 
-In its basic usage, it just prints the names of files and directories
-in the current directory. For example:
-
$ ls
-afile.txt some_directory
-

+In its basic usage, it just prints the names of files and directories in
+the current directory. For example: 
$ ls
+afile.txt some_directory 

 
 When provided an argument, it can be used to list the contents of a
-directory:
-
$ ls some_directory
-one.txt two.txt
-

-
+directory: 
$ ls some_directory 
+one.txt two.txt 

 
 A couple of commonly used options include:
 
--   detailed listing using `ls -l`:
-    
$ ls -l
-total 4224
--rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 2157404 Apr 12 13:17 afile.txt
-drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory

-
--   To print the size information in human-readable form, use the `-h`
-    flag:
-    
$ ls -lh
-total 4.1M
--rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 2.1M Apr 12 13:16 afile.txt
-drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory

-
--   also listing hidden files using the `-a` flag:
-
-    
$ ls -lah
-total 3.9M
-drwxrwxr-x 3 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 13:11 .
-drwx------ 188 vsc40000 vsc40000 128K Apr 12 12:41 ..
--rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 1.8M Apr 12 13:12 afile.txt
--rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 0 Apr 12 13:11 .hidden_file.txt
-drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory

-
--   ordering files by the most recent change using `-rt`:
-
-    
$ ls -lrth
-total 4.0M
-drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory
--rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 2.0M Apr 12 13:15 afile.txt

-
-If you try to use `ls` on a file that doesn't exist, you will get a
-clear error message:
-
$ ls nosuchfile
+- detailed listing using `ls -l`:
+
+:   
$ ls -l
+	total 4224 
+	-rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 2157404 Apr 12 13:17 afile.txt 
+	drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory

+
+- To print the size information in human-readable form, use the `-h` flag:
+
+:   
$ ls -lh
+	total 4.1M 
+	-rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 2.1M Apr 12 13:16 afile.txt
+	drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory

+
+- also listing hidden files using the `-a` flag:
+
+:   
$ ls -lah
+	total 3.9M 
+	drwxrwxr-x 3 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 13:11 .
+	drwx------ 188 vsc40000 vsc40000 128K Apr 12 12:41 .. 
+	-rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 1.8M Apr 12 13:12 afile.txt 
+	-rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 0 Apr 12 13:11 .hidden_file.txt 
+	drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory

+
+- ordering files by the most recent change using `-rt`:
+
+:   
$ ls -lrth
+	total 4.0M 
+	drwxrwxr-x 2 vsc40000 vsc40000 512 Apr 12 12:51 some_directory 
+	-rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 vsc40000 2.0M Apr 12 13:15 afile.txt

+
+If you try to use `ls` on a file that doesn't exist, you
+will get a clear error message: 
+
$ ls nosuchfile 
 ls: cannot access nosuchfile: No such file or directory
 

 
-Changing directory: "cd"
-------------------------
+## Changing directory: "cd"
 
-To change to a different directory, you can use the `cd` command:
+To change to a different directory, you can use the `cd`
+command: 
 
$ cd some_directory

+
 To change back to the previous directory you were in, there's a
 shortcut: `cd -`
 
-Using `cd` without an argument results in returning back to your home
-directory:
-
$ cd
+Using `cd` without an argument results in returning back to
+your home directory: 
+
$ cd 
 $ pwd
-/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000
-

+/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000 

 
+## Inspecting file type: "file"
 
-Inspecting file type: "file"
-----------------------------
+The `file` command can be used to inspect what type of file
+you're dealing with: 
 
-The `file` command can be used to inspect what type of file you're
-dealing with:
 
$ file afile.txt
 afile.txt: ASCII text
 
-$ file some_directory
+$ file some_directory 
 some_directory: directory
 

 
-Absolute vs relative file paths
--------------------------------
+## Absolute vs relative file paths
 
-An *absolute* filepath starts with `/` (or a variable which value starts
-with `/`), which is also called the *root* of the filesystem.
+An *absolute* filepath starts with `/` (or a variable which
+value starts with `/`), which is also called the *root* of
+the filesystem.
 
-Example: absolute path to your home directory: `/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000`.
+Example: absolute path to your home directory:
+`/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000`.
 
 A *relative* path starts from the current directory, and points to
 another location up or down the filesystem hierarchy.
 
-Example: `some_directory/one.txt` points to the file `one.txt` that is
-located in the subdirectory named `some_directory` of the current
-directory.
+Example: `some_directory/one.txt` points to the file
+`one.txt` that is located in the subdirectory named
+`some_directory` of the current directory.
 
 There are two special relative paths worth mentioning:
 
 -   `.` is a shorthand for the current directory
+-   `..` is a shorthand for the parent of the current
+    directory
 
--   `..` is a shorthand for the parent of the current directory
+You can also use `..` when constructing relative paths, for
+example: 
 
-You can also use `..` when constructing relative paths, for example:
-
$ cd $HOME/some_directory
-$ ls ../afile.txt
-../afile.txt
-

+
$ cd $HOME/some_directory 
+$ ls ../afile.txt 
+../afile.txt 

 
-Permissions
------------
+## Permissions
 
 [//]: # (sec:permissions)
 
 Each file and directory has particular *permissions* set on it, which
 can be queried using `ls -l`.
 
-For example:
-
$ ls -l afile.txt
--rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 agroup 2929176 Apr 12 13:29 afile.txt
-

-
-The `-rwxrw-r--` specifies both the type of file (`-` for files, `d` for
-directories (see first character)), and the permissions for
-user/group/others:
+For example: 
+
$ ls -l afile.txt 
+-rw-rw-r-- 1 vsc40000 agroup 2929176 Apr 12 13:29 afile.txt 

 
-1.  each triple of characters indicates whether the read (`r`), write
-    (`w`), execute (`x`) permission bits are set or not
+The `-rwxrw-r--` specifies both the type of file
+(`-` for files, `d` for directories (see first
+character)), and the permissions for user/group/others:
 
-2.  the 1st part `rwx` indicates that the *owner* "vsc40000" of the file has all
-    the rights
-
-3.  the 2nd part `rw-` indicates the members of the *group* "agroup"
-    only have read/write permissions (not execute)
-
-4.  the 3rd part `r--` indicates that *other* users only have read
-    permissions
+1.  each triple of characters indicates whether the read
+    (`r`), write (`w`), execute
+    (`x`) permission bits are set or not
+2.  the 1st part `rwx` indicates that the *owner*
+    "vsc40000" of the file has all the rights
+3.  the 2nd part `rw-` indicates the members of the *group*
+    "agroup" only have read/write permissions (not execute)
+4.  the 3rd part `r--` indicates that *other* users only
+    have read permissions
 
 The default permission settings for new files/directories are determined
 by the so-called *umask* setting, and are by default:
 
 1.  read-write permission on files for user/group (no execute),
     read-only for others (no write/execute)
-
 2.  read-write-execute permission for directories on user/group,
     read/execute-only for others (no write)
 
-See also [the chmod command](manipulating_files_and_directories.md#changing-permissions---chmod--sec--chmod) 
+See also [the chmod command](manipulating_files_and_directories.md#changing-permissions---chmod--sec--chmod)
 later in this manual.
 
-Finding files/directories: "find"
----------------------------------
+## Finding files/directories: "find"
 
-`find` will crawl a series of directories and lists files matching given
-criteria.
+`find` will crawl a series of directories and lists files
+matching given criteria.
 
-For example, to look for the file named `one.txt`:
-
$ cd $HOME
+For example, to look for the file named `one.txt`: 
+
$ cd $HOME 
 $ find . -name one.txt
-./some_directory/one.txt
-

+./some_directory/one.txt 

 
-To look for files using incomplete names, you can use a wildcard `*`;
-note that you need to escape the `*` to avoid that Bash *expands* it
-into `afile.txt` by adding double quotes:
+To look for files using incomplete names, you can use a wildcard
+`*`; note that you need to escape the `*` to
+avoid that Bash *expands* it into `afile.txt` by adding
+double quotes: 
 
$ find . -name "*.txt"
-./.hidden_file.txt
-./afile.txt
+./.hidden_file.txt 
+./afile.txt 
 ./some_directory/one.txt
-./some_directory/two.txt
-

+./some_directory/two.txt 

 
-A more advanced use of the `find` command is to use the `-exec` flag to
-perform actions on the found file(s), rather than just printing their
-paths (see `man find`).
+A more advanced use of the `find` command is to use the
+`-exec` flag to perform actions on the found file(s), rather
+than just printing their paths (see `man find`).
 
-Exercises
----------
-
--   Go to `/tmp`, then back to your home directory. How many different
-    ways to do this can you come up with?
+## Exercises
 
+-   Go to `/tmp`, then back to your home directory. How many
+    different ways to do this can you come up with?
 -   When was your home directory created or last changed?
-
 -   Determine the name of the last changed file in `/tmp`.
-
 -   See how home directories are organised. Can you access the home
     directory of other users?
 
-The [next](manipulating_files_and_directories.md) chapter will teach you how to interact with files and directories.
+The [next](manipulating_files_and_directories.md) chapter will teach
+you how to interact with files and directories.