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Pretraining GPT on the Project Gutenberg Dataset

The code in this directory contains code for training a small GPT model on the free books provided by Project Gutenberg.

As the Project Gutenberg website states, "the vast majority of Project Gutenberg eBooks are in the public domain in the US."

Please read the Project Gutenberg Permissions, Licensing and other Common Requests page for more information about using the resources provided by Project Gutenberg.

 

How to Use This Code

 

1) Download the dataset

In this section, we download books from Project Gutenberg using code from the pgcorpus/gutenberg GitHub repository.

As of this writing, this will require approximately 50 GB of disk space and take about 10-15 hours, but it may be more depending on how much Project Gutenberg grew since then.

 

Download instructions for Linux and macOS users

Linux and macOS users can follow these steps to download the dataset (if you are a Windows user, please see the note below):

  1. Set the 03_bonus_pretraining_on_gutenberg folder as working directory to clone the gutenberg repository locally in this folder (this is necessary to run the provided scripts prepare_dataset.py and pretraining_simple.py). For instance, when being in the LLMs-from-scratch repository's folder, navigate into the 03_bonus_pretraining_on_gutenberg folder via:
cd ch05/03_bonus_pretraining_on_gutenberg
  1. Clone the gutenberg repository in there:
git clone https://github.com/pgcorpus/gutenberg.git
  1. Navigate into the locally cloned gutenberg repository's folder:
cd gutenberg
  1. Install the required packages defined in requirements.txt from the gutenberg repository's folder:
pip install -r requirements.txt
  1. Download the data:
python get_data.py
  1. Go back into the 03_bonus_pretraining_on_gutenberg folder
cd ..

 

Special instructions for Windows users

The pgcorpus/gutenberg code is compatible with both Linux and macOS. However, Windows users would have to make small adjustments, such as adding shell=True to the subprocess calls and replacing rsync.

Alternatively, an easier way to run this code on Windows is by using the "Windows Subsystem for Linux" (WSL) feature, which allows users to run a Linux environment using Ubuntu in Windows. For more information, please read Microsoft's official installation instruction and tutorial.

When using WSL, please make sure you have Python 3 installed (check via python3 --version, or install it for instance with sudo apt-get install -y python3.10 for Python 3.10) and install following packages there:

sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get upgrade -y && \
sudo apt-get install -y python3-pip && \
sudo apt-get install -y python-is-python3 && \
sudo apt-get install -y rsync

Note

Instructions about how to set up Python and installing packages can be found in Optional Python Setup Preferences and Installing Python Libraries.

Optionally, a Docker image running Ubuntu is provided with this repository. Instructions about how to run a container with the provided Docker image can be found in Optional Docker Environment.

 

2) Prepare the dataset

Next, run the prepare_dataset.py script, which concatenates the (as of this writing, 60,173) text files into fewer larger files so that they can be more efficiently transferred and accessed:

python prepare_dataset.py \
  --data_dir gutenberg/data/raw \
  --max_size_mb 500 \
  --output_dir gutenberg_preprocessed
...
Skipping gutenberg/data/raw/PG29836_raw.txt as it does not contain primarily English text.                                     Skipping gutenberg/data/raw/PG16527_raw.txt as it does not contain primarily English text.                                     100%|██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 57250/57250 [25:04<00:00, 38.05it/s]
42 file(s) saved in /Users/sebastian/Developer/LLMs-from-scratch/ch05/03_bonus_pretraining_on_gutenberg/gutenberg_preprocessed

Tip

Note that the produced files are stored in plaintext format and are not pre-tokenized for simplicity. However, you may want to update the codes to store the dataset in a pre-tokenized form to save computation time if you are planning to use the dataset more often or train for multiple epochs. See the Design Decisions and Improvements at the bottom of this page for more information.

Tip

You can choose smaller file sizes, for example, 50 MB. This will result in more files but might be useful for quicker pretraining runs on a small number of files for testing purposes.

 

3) Run the pretraining script

You can run the pretraining script as follows. Note that the additional command line arguments are shown with the default values for illustration purposes:

python pretraining_simple.py \
  --data_dir "gutenberg_preprocessed" \
  --n_epochs 1 \
  --batch_size 4 \
  --output_dir model_checkpoints

The output will be formatted in the following way:

Total files: 3
Tokenizing file 1 of 3: data_small/combined_1.txt
Training ...
Ep 1 (Step 0): Train loss 9.694, Val loss 9.724
Ep 1 (Step 100): Train loss 6.672, Val loss 6.683
Ep 1 (Step 200): Train loss 6.543, Val loss 6.434
Ep 1 (Step 300): Train loss 5.772, Val loss 6.313
Ep 1 (Step 400): Train loss 5.547, Val loss 6.249
Ep 1 (Step 500): Train loss 6.182, Val loss 6.155
Ep 1 (Step 600): Train loss 5.742, Val loss 6.122
Ep 1 (Step 700): Train loss 6.309, Val loss 5.984
Ep 1 (Step 800): Train loss 5.435, Val loss 5.975
Ep 1 (Step 900): Train loss 5.582, Val loss 5.935
...
Ep 1 (Step 31900): Train loss 3.664, Val loss 3.946
Ep 1 (Step 32000): Train loss 3.493, Val loss 3.939
Ep 1 (Step 32100): Train loss 3.940, Val loss 3.961
Saved model_checkpoints/model_pg_32188.pth
Book processed 3h 46m 55s
Total time elapsed 3h 46m 55s
ETA for remaining books: 7h 33m 50s
Tokenizing file 2 of 3: data_small/combined_2.txt
Training ...
Ep 1 (Step 32200): Train loss 2.982, Val loss 4.094
Ep 1 (Step 32300): Train loss 3.920, Val loss 4.097
...

 

Tip

In practice, if you are using macOS or Linux, I recommend using the tee command to save the log outputs to a log.txt file in addition to printing them on the terminal:

python -u pretraining_simple.py | tee log.txt

 

Warning

Note that training on 1 of the ~500 Mb text files in the gutenberg_preprocessed folder will take approximately 4 hours on a V100 GPU. The folder contains 47 files and will take approximately 200 hours (more than 1 week) to complete. You may want to run it on a smaller number of files.

 

Design Decisions and Improvements

Note that this code focuses on keeping things simple and minimal for educational purposes. The code could be improved in the following ways to improve modeling performance and training efficiency:

  1. Modify the prepare_dataset.py script to strip the Gutenberg boilerplate text from each book file.
  2. Update the data preparation and loading utilities to pre-tokenize the dataset and save it in a tokenized form so that it doesn't have to be re-tokenized each time when calling the pretraining script.
  3. Update the train_model_simple script by adding the features introduced in Appendix D: Adding Bells and Whistles to the Training Loop, namely, cosine decay, linear warmup, and gradient clipping.
  4. Update the pretraining script to save the optimizer state (see section 5.4 Loading and saving weights in PyTorch in chapter 5; ch05.ipynb) and add the option to load an existing model and optimizer checkpoint and continue training if the training run was interrupted.
  5. Add a more advanced logger (for example, Weights and Biases) to view the loss and validation curves live
  6. Add distributed data parallelism (DDP) and train the model on multiple GPUs (see section A.9.3 Training with multiple GPUs in appendix A; DDP-script.py).
  7. Swap the from scratch MultiheadAttention class in the previous_chapter.py script with the efficient MHAPyTorchScaledDotProduct class implemented in the Efficient Multi-Head Attention Implementations bonus section, which uses Flash Attention via PyTorch's nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention function.
  8. Speeding up the training by optimizing the model via torch.compile (model = torch.compile) or thunder (model = thunder.jit(model)).
  9. Implement Gradient Low-Rank Projection (GaLore) to further speed up the pretraining process. This can be achieved by just replacing the AdamW optimizer with the provided GaLoreAdamW provided in the GaLore Python library.