From c5f9e5337b44c5e4cb9e815483516bd3b5d2ecbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Willow Carretero Chavez Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2024 11:33:38 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] es: Spanish translation refresh (#2232) Fixes #2120. --- po/es.po | 26295 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 13989 insertions(+), 12306 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/es.po b/po/es.po index 4e32a4e5ab2..cc143dae529 100644 --- a/po/es.po +++ b/po/es.po @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-25T15:03:24-08:00\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-07-19T19:45:30Z\n" "PO-Revision-Date: \n" "Last-Translator: \n" "Language-Team: \n" @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" +"X-Generator: Poedit 3.4.2\n" +"X-Poedit-Bookmarks: -1,304,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1\n" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/index.md msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" @@ -51,51 +53,52 @@ msgstr "Ejecutar Cargo a nivel local" msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Día 1: mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/hello-world.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Hello, World" msgstr "Hola, Mundo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "¿Qué es Rust?" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/benefits.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Benefits of Rust" msgstr "Ventajas de Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/playground.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "Playground" msgstr "Playground" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/types-and-values.md msgid "Types and Values" msgstr "Tipos y valores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/variables.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "Variables" msgstr "Variables" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/values.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Values" msgstr "Valores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "Arithmetic" msgstr "Aritmética" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "Strings" -msgstr "Cadenas de texto (_Strings_)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/inference.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "Inferencia de tipos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" msgstr "Ejercicio: Fibonacci" @@ -106,42 +109,61 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: Fibonacci" #: src/generics/solution.md src/std-types/solution.md #: src/std-traits/solution.md src/memory-management/solution.md #: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/borrowing/solution.md -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md src/iterators/solution.md -#: src/modules/solution.md src/testing/solution.md -#: src/error-handling/solution.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md src/iterators/solution.md src/modules/solution.md +#: src/testing/solution.md src/error-handling/solution.md +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "Solution" msgstr "Solución" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "Control Flow Basics" -msgstr "Control de Flujo" +msgstr "Básicos de Control de Flujo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "Conditionals" -msgstr "Condicionales" +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "`if` Expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `if`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "Loops" -msgstr "Bucles `for`" +msgstr "Bucles" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md +msgid "`for`" +msgstr "`for`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md +msgid "`loop`" +msgstr "`loop`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "`break` and `continue`" msgstr "`break` y `continue`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md +msgid "Labels" +msgstr "Etiquetas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "Blocks and Scopes" msgstr "Bloques y ámbitos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/functions.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md +msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "Ámbitos y _Shadowing_" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "Functions" msgstr "Funciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/macros.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "Macros" msgstr "Macros" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" msgstr "Ejercicio: secuencia de Collatz" @@ -149,70 +171,90 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: secuencia de Collatz" msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "Día 1: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md msgid "Tuples and Arrays" msgstr "Tuplas y arrays" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md +msgid "Arrays" +msgstr "Arrays" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md +msgid "Tuples" +msgstr "Tuplas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "Array Iteration" msgstr "Iteración de Arreglos (_Arrays_)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md src/pattern-matching.md -msgid "Pattern Matching" -msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -msgid "Destructuring" -msgstr "Desestructuración" +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md +msgid "Patterns and Destructuring" +msgstr "Patrones y Desestructuración" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" msgstr "Ejercicio: arrays anidados" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/references.md msgid "References" msgstr "Referencias" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/shared.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/shared.md msgid "Shared References" msgstr "Enums compartidas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exclusive.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/exclusive.md msgid "Exclusive References" msgstr "Referencias exclusivas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" +msgstr "Slices: `&[T]`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/strings.md +msgid "Strings" +msgstr "Cadenas de texto (_Strings_)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Geometry" msgstr "Ejercicio: geometría" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/user-defined-types.md msgid "User-Defined Types" msgstr "Tipos definidos por el usuario" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Named Structs" msgstr "Estructuras con nombre" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "Estructuras de tuplas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "Enums" msgstr "Enumeraciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Static and Const" -msgstr "Estático y Constantes (_Static y Const_)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "Static" +msgstr "Estático" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "Const" +msgstr "Const (constantes)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "Type Aliases" -msgstr "Alias de tipo" +msgstr "Aliases de tipo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" msgstr "Ejercicio: eventos de ascensor" @@ -220,54 +262,87 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: eventos de ascensor" msgid "Day 2: Morning" msgstr "Día 2: Mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "Matching Values" +msgstr "Correspondencia de Valores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "Destructuring Structs" +msgstr "Desestructurando Structs" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "Destructuring Enums" +msgstr "Desestructurando Enums" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "Let Control Flow" -msgstr "Control de Flujo" +msgstr "Control de Flujo _Let_" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" msgstr "Ejercicio: evaluación de expresiones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "Methods and Traits" -msgstr "Read y Write" +msgstr "Métodos y Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Methods" msgstr "Métodos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "Traits" msgstr "Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md +msgid "Implementing Traits" +msgstr "Implementación de Traits" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md +msgid "Supertraits" +msgstr "Supertraits" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md +msgid "Associated Types" +msgstr "Tipos de datos asociados" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "Deriving" msgstr "Derivación de Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "Trait Objects" -msgstr "Objetos Trait" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger" msgstr "Ejercicio: registro genérico" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" +msgstr "Día 2: tarde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/generics.md msgid "Generics" msgstr "Genéricos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-functions.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "Generic Functions" msgstr "Funciones genéricas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-data.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "Generic Data Types" msgstr "Tipos de Datos Genéricos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "Generic Traits" +msgstr "Traits Genéricos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Trait Bounds" msgstr "Trait Bounds" @@ -275,23 +350,24 @@ msgstr "Trait Bounds" msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "`impl Trait`" +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "`dyn Trait`" +msgstr "`dyn Trait`" + #: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" msgstr "Ejercicio: `min` genérico" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" -msgstr "Día 2: tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/std-types.md msgid "Standard Library Types" msgstr "Tipos de la Biblioteca Estándar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/std.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md src/std-types/std.md msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "Biblioteca estándar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/docs.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md src/std-types/docs.md msgid "Documentation" msgstr "Documentación" @@ -299,11 +375,12 @@ msgstr "Documentación" msgid "`Option`" msgstr "`Option`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "`Result`" msgstr "`Result`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`String`" msgstr "`String`" @@ -315,20 +392,21 @@ msgstr "`Vec` (_Vectores_)" msgid "`HashMap`" msgstr "`HashMap`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Counter" msgstr "Ejercicio: Contador" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/std-traits.md msgid "Standard Library Traits" -msgstr "Biblioteca estándar" +msgstr "Traits de la biblioteca estándar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md src/async.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "Comparisons" msgstr "Comparaciones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/operators.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "Operators" msgstr "Operadores" @@ -336,8 +414,7 @@ msgstr "Operadores" msgid "`From` and `Into`" msgstr "`From` e `Into`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/casting.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "Casting" msgstr "Probando" @@ -349,11 +426,11 @@ msgstr "`Read` y `Write`" msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" msgstr "`Default`, sintaxis de actualización de structs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/closures.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "Closures" msgstr "Cierres" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: ROT13" msgstr "Ejercicio: ROT13" @@ -361,24 +438,24 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: ROT13" msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "Día 3: Mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/memory-management.md msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "Manejo de Memoria" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Review of Program Memory" msgstr "Revisión de la memoria de programas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/approaches.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" -msgstr "Gestión Automática de la Memoria" +msgstr "Métodos de Gestión de Memoria" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/ownership.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "Ownership" msgstr "Ownership" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/move.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "Semántica de movimiento" @@ -386,20 +463,20 @@ msgstr "Semántica de movimiento" msgid "`Clone`" msgstr "Trait `Clone`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/copy-types.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copy Types" -msgstr "Tipos compuestos" +msgstr "Tipos Copy" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "`Drop`" msgstr "Trait `Drop`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" msgstr "Ejercicio: Constructores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/smart-pointers.md msgid "Smart Pointers" msgstr "Punteros inteligentes" @@ -412,7 +489,11 @@ msgstr "`Box`" msgid "`Rc`" msgstr "`Rc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "Owned Trait Objects" +msgstr "Objetos Trait Poseídos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" msgstr "Ejercicio: Árbol binario" @@ -420,59 +501,49 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: Árbol binario" msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" msgstr "Día 3: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/borrowing.md msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/shared.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "Borrowing a Value" -msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" +msgstr "Emprestar (_borrow_) un valor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/borrowck.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "Borrow Checking" -msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)" +msgstr "Verificación de Préstamos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/examples.md +msgid "Borrow Errors" +msgstr "Errores de Préstamo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "Interior Mutability" -msgstr "Interoperabilidad" +msgstr "Mutabilidad Interior" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" msgstr "Ejercicio: Estadísticas de Salud" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" -msgstr "Tiempos de vida" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md -msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" -msgstr "Slices: `&[T]`" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "String References" -msgstr "Referencias colgantes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/lifetimes.md +msgid "Lifetimes" +msgstr "Duraciones de vida" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "Lifetime Annotations" -msgstr "Tiempos de Vida en Llamadas a Función" +msgstr "Anotaciones de duración de vida" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md msgid "Lifetime Elision" -msgstr "Tiempos de vida" +msgstr "Elisión de duración de vida" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md msgid "Struct Lifetimes" -msgstr "Tiempos de vida" +msgstr "Duraciones de vida de estructuras (_structs_)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" msgstr "Ejercicio: Análisis de Protobuf" @@ -480,7 +551,8 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: Análisis de Protobuf" msgid "Day 4: Morning" msgstr "Día 4: Mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/iterators.md msgid "Iterators" msgstr "Iteradores" @@ -493,23 +565,23 @@ msgid "`IntoIterator`" msgstr "`IntoIterator`" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`FromIterator`" -msgstr "FromIterator" +msgstr "`FromIterator`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md src/iterators/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" msgstr "Ejercicio: Encadenamiento de métodos del iterador" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/modules.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/modules.md src/modules/modules.md msgid "Modules" msgstr "Módulos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/filesystem.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "Jerarquía del sistema de archivos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/visibility.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Visibility" msgstr "Visibilidad" @@ -517,39 +589,28 @@ msgstr "Visibilidad" msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" msgstr "`use`, `super`, `self`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library" msgstr "Ejercicio: Módulos para una biblioteca GUI" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/testing.md src/chromium/testing.md msgid "Testing" msgstr "Probando" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "Módulos de Pruebas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/other.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/testing/other.md msgid "Other Types of Tests" msgstr "Otros tipos de pruebas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/useful-crates.md -msgid "Useful Crates" -msgstr "Crates útiles" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "GoogleTest" -msgstr "GoogleTest" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "Mocking" -msgstr "Simulaciones" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/lints.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/testing/lints.md msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" msgstr "Lints de compiladores y Clippy" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/exercise.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "Ejercicio: Algoritmo de Luhn" @@ -557,68 +618,65 @@ msgstr "Ejercicio: Algoritmo de Luhn" msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" msgstr "Día 4: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/error-handling.md msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "Manejo de Errores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/panics.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics" msgstr "Pánicos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/try.md msgid "Try Operator" -msgstr "Iteradores" +msgstr "Operador `Try` (Intentar)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "Try Conversions" -msgstr "Conversiones Implícitas" +msgstr "Conversiones `Try` (Intentar)" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`Error` Trait" -msgstr "`Error`" +msgstr "Trait `Error`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" -msgstr "`From` e `Into`" +msgstr "`thiserror` y `anyhow`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" msgstr "Ejercicio: Reescribir con `Result`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "Unsafe Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "Unsafe" msgstr "Unsafe" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "Dereferenciación de Punteros Sin Formato" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "Variables Estáticas Mutables" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unions.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "Unions" msgstr "Uniones" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Llamar Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" +msgstr "Funciones Inseguras (_Unsafe_)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "Unsafe Traits" msgstr "Implementación de Traits Unsafe (Inseguras)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" msgstr "Ejercicio: Envoltorio de FFI" @@ -646,19 +704,27 @@ msgstr "Biblioteca" msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDL" +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md +msgid "Birthday Service Tutorial" +msgstr "Tutorial de Servicio de Cumpleaños" + #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Interface" msgstr "Interfaz" #: src/SUMMARY.md -msgid "Implementation" -msgstr "Implementación" +msgid "Service API" +msgstr "API de Servicios" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "Service" +msgstr "Servicio" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Server" msgstr "Servidor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/deploy.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "Deploy" msgstr "Despliegue" @@ -666,10 +732,46 @@ msgstr "Despliegue" msgid "Client" msgstr "Cliente" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/changing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "Changing API" msgstr "Cambio de API" +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "Updating Implementations" +msgstr "Actualizando Implementaciones" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "AIDL Types" +msgstr "Tipos AIDL" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "Primitive Types" +msgstr "Tipos Primitivos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +msgid "Array Types" +msgstr "Tipos Array" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +msgid "Sending Objects" +msgstr "Enviando Objectos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +msgid "Parcelables" +msgstr "Variables" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "Sending Files" +msgstr "Enviando Archívos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "GoogleTest" +msgstr "GoogleTest" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/mocking.md +msgid "Mocking" +msgstr "Simulaciones" + #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/logging.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "Logging" msgstr "Almacenamiento de registros" @@ -695,13 +797,12 @@ msgid "With C++" msgstr "Con C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -#, fuzzy msgid "The Bridge Module" -msgstr "Módulos de Pruebas" +msgstr "El Modulo Puente (_Bridge_)" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Rust Bridge" -msgstr "Rust Bridge" +msgstr "Rust Bridge (_Puente_)" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "Generated C++" @@ -717,7 +818,7 @@ msgstr "Tipos de datos compartidos" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Shared Enums" -msgstr "Enums compartidas" +msgstr "Enums compartidos" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "Rust Error Handling" @@ -747,9 +848,11 @@ msgstr "Compilar en Android: Rust" msgid "With Java" msgstr "Con Java" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/android/morning.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md msgid "Exercises" msgstr "Ejercicios" @@ -766,9 +869,8 @@ msgid "Policy" msgstr "Política" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Unsafe Code" -msgstr "Unsafe Rust" +msgstr "Código inseguro" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" @@ -795,12 +897,10 @@ msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro" msgstr "Macro `chromium::import!`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Interoperability with C++" -msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C++" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Example Bindings" msgstr "Ejemplos" @@ -932,9 +1032,8 @@ msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "`embedded-hal`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" -msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" +msgstr "`probe-rs` y `cargo-embed`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "Debugging" @@ -949,7 +1048,10 @@ msgstr "Otros proyectos" msgid "Compass" msgstr "Brújula" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Solutions" msgstr "Soluciones" @@ -1001,10 +1103,14 @@ msgstr "Conductor" msgid "Using It" msgstr "Cómo usarlo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/result.md src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Excepciones" +#: src/SUMMARY.md +msgid "Useful Crates" +msgstr "Crates útiles" + #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "`zerocopy`" @@ -1026,9 +1132,8 @@ msgid "`spin`" msgstr "`spin`" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`vmbase`" -msgstr "vmbase" +msgstr "`vmbase`" #: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "RTC Driver" @@ -1038,23 +1143,36 @@ msgstr "Controlador RTC" msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Concurrencia: mañana" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Threads" msgstr "Hilos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Plain Threads" +msgstr "Hilos Simples" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Hilos con ámbito" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "Channels" msgstr "Canales" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md +msgid "Senders and Receivers" +msgstr "Transmisores y Receptores" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Canales sin límites" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Canales delimitados" @@ -1062,6 +1180,11 @@ msgstr "Canales delimitados" msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" msgstr "`Send` y `Sync`" +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md +msgid "Marker Traits" +msgstr "Traits de Marcador" + #: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "`Send`" msgstr "`Send`" @@ -1070,34 +1193,39 @@ msgstr "`Send`" msgid "`Sync`" msgstr "`Sync`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "Examples" msgstr "Ejemplos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md msgid "Shared State" msgstr "Estado compartido" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "`Arc`" msgstr "`Arc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "`Mutex`" msgstr "`Mutex`" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "Example" msgstr "Ejemplo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "La cena de los filósofos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Comprobador de enlaces multihilo" @@ -1105,69 +1233,79 @@ msgstr "Comprobador de enlaces multihilo" msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Concurrencia: tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async.md msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "Conceptos básicos de Async" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/async-await.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "`async`/`await`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/futures.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async.md src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "Futures" msgstr "Future" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async.md src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Runtimes (Tiempos de Ejecución)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/runtimes/tokio.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Tokio" msgstr "Tokio" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md src/async/tasks.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/async.md src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Tasks" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/channels.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +msgid "Channels and Control Flow" +msgstr "Canales y Control de Flujo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Canales asíncronos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -msgid "Control Flow" -msgstr "Control de Flujo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/control-flow/join.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "Join" msgstr "Unir" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/control-flow/select.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "Select" msgstr "Seleccionar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "Inconvenientes" -#: src/SUMMARY.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "Bloqueo del ejecutor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "`Pin`" msgstr "`Pin`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Traits asíncronos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Cancelación" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "Aplicación de chat de difusión" @@ -1177,8 +1315,9 @@ msgstr "Conclusiones" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/thanks.md msgid "Thanks!" -msgstr "Gracias." +msgstr "¡Gracias!" +#. Please keep { #glossary } untranslated. #: src/SUMMARY.md src/glossary.md msgid "Glossary" msgstr "Glosario" @@ -1202,14 +1341,14 @@ msgid "" "io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github." "com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" msgstr "" -"[![Crear flujo de trabajo](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/" -"status/google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?" -"query=branch%3Amain) [![Colaboradores de GitHub](https://img.shields.io/" -"github/contributors/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![Estrellas de " -"GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?" -"style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" +"[![Flujo de trabajo](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" +"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/" +"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!" +"[Colaboradores de GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/" +"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/" +"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![Estrellas de GitHub](https://img." +"shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)]" +"(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)" #: src/index.md msgid "" @@ -1217,10 +1356,10 @@ msgid "" "course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced " "topics like generics and error handling." msgstr "" -"Este es un curso de Rust que ha desarrollado el equipo de Android de Google. " -"El curso abarca todo lo relacionado con Rust, desde la sintaxis básica hasta " -"temas avanzados como los genéricos y la gestión de errores. También incluye " -"contenidos específicos de Android el último día." +"Este es un curso de Rust de tres días que ha desarrollado el equipo de " +"Android de Google. El curso abarca todo lo relacionado con Rust, desde la " +"sintaxis básica hasta temas avanzados como los genéricos y la gestión de " +"errores. También incluye contenidos específicos de Android el último día." #: src/index.md msgid "" @@ -1232,6 +1371,22 @@ msgstr "" "comprehensive-rust/>. Si lo estás leyendo en otro lugar, consulta allí para " "obtener actualizaciones." +#: src/index.md +msgid "" +"The course is available in other languages. Select your preferred language " +"in the top right corner of the page or check the [Translations](running-the-" +"course/translations.md) page for a list of all available translations." +msgstr "" +"Este curso está disponible en otros idiomas. Seleccione su idioma preferido " +"en la esquina superior a la derecha, o navega a la página de [Tradduciones]" +"(Translations](running-the-course/translations.md) para una lista de todas " +"las traducciones disponibles." + +#: src/index.md +msgid "The course is also available [as a PDF](comprehensive-rust.pdf)." +msgstr "" +"Este curso tambien está disponible [como un PDF](comprehensive-rust.pdf)." + #: src/index.md msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " @@ -1250,7 +1405,7 @@ msgstr "Permitirte modificar programas de Rust y escribir otros nuevos." #: src/index.md msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." -msgstr "Brindarte idiomática propia de Rust." +msgstr "Enseñarte idiomática propia de Rust." #: src/index.md msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals." @@ -1273,16 +1428,14 @@ msgstr "" "interoperabilidad con C, C++ y Java." #: src/index.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium " "based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include " "third-party crates in Chromium." msgstr "" -"[Rust en Chromium](../chromium.md) es una clase en profundidad de medio día " -"sobre el uso de Rust como parte del navegador Chromium. Incluye el uso de " -"Rust en el sistema de compilación `gn` de Chromium e incorpora bibliotecas " -"de terceros (\"crates\") e interoperabilidad en C++." +"[Chromium](../chromium.md): una clase de medio día sobre el uso de Rust " +"dentro del navegador Chromium. Incluye interoperabilidad con C++ y como " +"incorporar bibliotecas de tercer partido (\"crates\") en Chromium." #: src/index.md msgid "" @@ -1375,20 +1528,16 @@ msgstr "" "desarrollado el curso en Google." #: src/running-the-course.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " "in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the " "afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students " "to work on exercises." msgstr "" -"Normalmente, impartimos las clases de 10:00 a 16:00, con una pausa para " -"comer de una hora. Esto deja 2,5 horas para la clase de la mañana y 2,5 " -"horas para la clase de la tarde. Ten en cuenta que esta es solo una " -"recomendación: también puedes dedicar 3 horas a la sesión de la mañana para " -"dar a la gente más tiempo para los ejercicios. El inconveniente de las " -"sesiones más largas es que la gente puede cansarse mucho después de 6 horas " -"completas de clase por la tarde." +"Normalmente impartimos las clases de 09:00 a 16:00, con una pausa para " +"almorzar de una hora. Esto deja 3 horas para la clase de la mañana y 3 horas " +"para la clase de la tarde. Ambas sesiones incluyen varias pausas y tiempo " +"para que los estudiantes completen los ejercicios." #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" @@ -1410,18 +1559,16 @@ msgstr "" "despejada para mostrar a la clase." #: src/running-the-course.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you " "schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they " "find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all " "the information we give them." msgstr "" -"Decide bien las fechas. Dado que el curso dura al menos tres días completos, " -"te recomendamos que repartas los días a lo largo de dos semanas. Los " -"participantes del curso han dicho que les resulta útil hacer pausas durante " -"el curso, ya que les ayuda a procesar toda la información que les " -"proporcionamos." +"Decide bien las fechas. Dado que el curso dura cuatro días, te recomendamos " +"que repartas los días a lo largo de dos semanas. Los participantes del curso " +"han dicho que les resulta útil hacer pausas durante el curso, ya que les " +"ayuda a procesar toda la información que les proporcionamos." #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" @@ -1481,8 +1628,8 @@ msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" msgstr "" -"Eso es todo. ¡Buena suerte con el curso! Esperamos que te diviertas tanto " -"como nosotros." +"Eso es todo. ¡Buena suerte con el curso, y esperamos que te diviertas tanto " +"como nosotros!" #: src/running-the-course.md msgid "" @@ -1503,164 +1650,153 @@ msgid "Rust Fundamentals" msgstr "Fundamentos de Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The " "days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" -"Los primeros tres días forman los [Fundamentos de Rust](../welcome-day-1." -"md). Los días son muy intensos y cubrimos mucho terreno:" +"Los primeros cuatro días forman los [Fundamentos de Rust](../welcome-day-1." +"md). ¡Los días son muy intensos y cubrimos mucho terreno!" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Course schedule:" msgstr "Horario del curso:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 1 Morning (3 hours, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 1 por la mañana (3 horas, incluidos los descansos)" +msgid "Day 1 Morning (2 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 1 por la mañana (2 horas y 5 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutos)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1.md +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2.md +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4.md +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "Segment" +msgstr "Sección" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" -msgstr "[Hola, mundo](../hello-world.md) (20 minutos)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1.md +#: src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md +#: src/user-defined-types.md src/welcome-day-2.md src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/methods-and-traits.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/generics.md +#: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/welcome-day-3.md +#: src/memory-management.md src/smart-pointers.md +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/borrowing.md src/lifetimes.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/error-handling.md src/unsafe-rust.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/concurrency/channels.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "Duration" +msgstr "Duración" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1.md +#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/user-defined-types.md src/generics.md src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md +#: src/memory-management.md src/smart-pointers.md src/lifetimes.md +#: src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md src/error-handling.md +#: src/unsafe-rust.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "5 minutes" +msgstr "5 minutos" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1.md +#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md src/methods-and-traits.md +#: src/modules.md src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md +msgid "15 minutes" +msgstr "15 minutos" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md +msgid "40 minutes" +msgstr "40 minutos" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Tipos y valores](../types-and-values.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" +msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 35 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 1 por la tarde (2 horas y 35 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" -msgstr "" -"[Aspectos básicos del flujo de control](../control-flow-basics.md) (1 hora)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +msgid "35 minutes" +msgstr "35 minutos" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 55 minutes, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 1 por la tarde (2 horas y 55 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "55 minutes" +msgstr "55 minutos" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" -msgstr "[Tuplas y arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hora)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md +msgid "50 minutes" +msgstr "50 minutos" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[References](../references.md) (50 minutes)" -msgstr "[Referencias](../references.md) (50 minutos)" +msgid "Day 2 Morning (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 2 por la mañana (2 horas y 10 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/hello-world.md +#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/std-types.md +#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/borrowing.md src/welcome-day-4.md src/modules.md +#: src/testing.md src/error-handling.md +msgid "3 minutes" +msgstr "3 minutos" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-2.md +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md +msgid "1 hour" +msgstr "1 hora" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Tipos definidos por el usuario](../user-definition-types.md) (50 minutos)" +msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 2 por la tarde (3 horas y 15 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Day 2 Morning (3 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 4 por la mañana (3 horas y 5 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md +msgid "45 minutes" +msgstr "45 minutos" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutos)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "1 hour and 10 minutes" +msgstr "1 hora y 10 minutos" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" -msgstr "[Coincidencia de patrones](../pattern-matching.md) (50 minutos)" +msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 3 por la mañana (2 horas y 20 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" -msgstr "[Métodos y traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutos)" +msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (1 hour and 55 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 3 por la tarde (1 hora y 55 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Genéricos](../generics.md) (45 minutos)" +msgid "Day 4 Morning (2 hours and 40 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 4 por la mañana (2 horas y 40 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 2 por la tarde (3 horas, incluidos los descansos)" +msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Día 4 por la tarde (2 horas y 15 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md +msgid "1 hour and 5 minutes" +msgstr "1 hora y 5 minutos" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Tipos de bibliotecas estándar](../std-types.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" +msgid "Deep Dives" +msgstr "Información más detallada" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Traits de biblioteca estándar](../std-traits.md) (1 hora y 40 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 3 por la mañana (2 horas y 15 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Gestión de la memoria](../memory-management.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Iteradores](../iterators.md) (45 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 3 por la tarde (2 horas y 20 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (1 hour)" -msgstr "[Préstamos](../borrowing.md) (1 hora)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "" -"[Slices and Lifetimes](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Slices y tiempos de vida](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 4 Morning (3 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 4 por la mañana (3 horas y 5 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Iteradores](../iterators.md) (45 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)" -msgstr "[Módulos](../modules.md) (40 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Pruebas](../testing.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours, including breaks)" -msgstr "Día 4 por la tarde (2 horas, incluidos los descansos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Gestión de errores](../error-handling.md) (45 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Rust inseguro](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -msgid "Deep Dives" -msgstr "Información más detallada" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" -"Además de la clase de 3 días sobre los fundamentos de Rust, abordamos " +"Además de la clase de 4 días sobre los fundamentos de Rust, abordamos " "algunos temas más especializados:" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md @@ -1777,6 +1913,34 @@ msgstr "" "dependencias. A continuación, podrás copiar y pegar los ejemplos en `src/" "main.rs` para experimentar con ellos:" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "Morning (3 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Mañana (3 horas y205 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/std-traits.md src/smart-pointers.md src/lifetimes.md src/iterators.md +#: src/testing.md src/error-handling.md src/unsafe-rust.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "30 minutes" +msgstr "30 minutos" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/methods-and-traits.md +#: src/std-types.md src/memory-management.md src/borrowing.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "20 minutes" +msgstr "20 minutos" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "Send and Sync" +msgstr "Send y Sync" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "Afternoon (3 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +msgstr "Por la tarde (3 horas y 20 minutos, incluidos los descansos)" + #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Format" msgstr "Formato" @@ -1786,7 +1950,7 @@ msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" msgstr "" -"El curso está pensado para ser muy interactivo, por lo que te recomendamos " +"El curso está diseñado para ser muy interactivo, por lo que te recomendamos " "que dejes que las preguntas guíen el aprendizaje de Rust." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md @@ -1794,36 +1958,20 @@ msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "Existen varias combinaciones de teclas útiles en mdBook:" #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid "Arrow-Left" -msgstr "Flecha izquierda" - -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid ": Navigate to the previous page." -msgstr ": ir a la página anterior." - -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid "Arrow-Right" -msgstr "Flecha derecha" - -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid ": Navigate to the next page." -msgstr ": ir a la página siguiente." - -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md src/cargo/code-samples.md -msgid "Ctrl + Enter" -msgstr "Ctrl + Intro" +msgid "Arrow-Left: Navigate to the previous page." +msgstr "Arrow-Left: Navegar a la página anterior." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus." -msgstr ": ejecutar el código de ejemplo seleccionado." +msgid "Arrow-Right: Navigate to the next page." +msgstr "Arrow-Right: Navegar a la siguiente página." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid "s" -msgstr "s" +msgid "Ctrl + Enter: Execute the code sample that has focus." +msgstr "Ctrl + Enter: Ejecutar el código de ejemplo seleccionado." #: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md -msgid ": Activate the search bar." -msgstr ": activar la barra de búsqueda." +msgid "s: Activate the search bar." +msgstr "s: Activar la barra de búsqueda." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" @@ -1840,7 +1988,7 @@ msgid "" "com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" -"[Portugués de Brasil](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " +"[Portugués Brasileño](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "por [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://" "github.com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) y " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." @@ -1875,15 +2023,29 @@ msgstr "" "github.com/kuanhungchen) y [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/" "johnathan79717)." +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md +msgid "" +"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" +"(https://github.com/CoinEZ), [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" +"momotaro1105), [@HidenoriKobayashi](https://github.com/HidenoriKobayashi) " +"and [@kantasv](https://github.com/kantasv)." +msgstr "" +"[Japonés](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) por [@CoinEZ-JPN]" +"(https://github.com/CoinEZ), [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" +"momotaro1105), [@HidenoriKobayashi](https://github.com/HidenoriKobayashi) y " +"[@kantasv](https://github.com/kantasv)." + #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" -"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and " -"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." +"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), " +"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan), and [@namhyung](https://github." +"com/namhyung)." msgstr "" "[Coreano](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) por [@keispace]" -"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) y " -"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." +"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), " +"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan), y [@namhyung](https://github." +"com/namhyung)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" @@ -1893,11 +2055,21 @@ msgstr "" "[Español](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) por [@deavid]" "(https://github.com/deavid)." +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md +msgid "" +"[Ukrainian](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/uk/) by [@git-user-" +"cpp](https://github.com/git-user-cpp), [@yaremam](https://github.com/" +"yaremam) and [@reta](https://github.com/reta)." +msgstr "" +"[Ucranio](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/uk/) por [@git-user-" +"cpp](https://github.com/git-user-cpp), [@yaremam](https://github.com/" +"yaremam), y [@reta](https://github.com/reta)." + #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" -"Cambia el idioma con el selector situado en la esquina superior derecha." +"Cambia el idioma con el seleccionador situado en la esquina superior derecha." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "Incomplete Translations" @@ -1911,6 +2083,14 @@ msgstr "" "Hay muchas traducciones todavía en curso. A continuación, incluimos enlaces " "a las traducciones más actualizadas:" +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md +msgid "" +"[Arabic](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ar/) by [@younies]" +"(https://github.com/younies)" +msgstr "" +"[Árabe](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) por [@younies]" +"(https://github.com/younies)" + #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" @@ -1922,10 +2102,12 @@ msgstr "" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" -"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." +"(https://github.com/KookaS), [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen) and " +"[@AdrienBaudemont](https://github.com/AdrienBaudemont)." msgstr "" "[Francés](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) por [@KookaS]" -"(https://github.com/KookaS) y [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." +"(https://github.com/KookaS), [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen), y " +"[@AdrienBaudemont](https://github.com/AdrienBaudemont)." #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" @@ -1935,16 +2117,6 @@ msgstr "" "[Alemán](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) por [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) y [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md -msgid "" -"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" -"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" -"momotaro1105)." -msgstr "" -"[Japonés](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) por [@CoinEZ-JPN]" -"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) y [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" -"momotaro1105)." - #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Italian](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/it/) by " @@ -1955,6 +2127,19 @@ msgstr "" "[@henrythebuilder](https://github.com/henrythebuilder) y [@detro](https://" "github.com/detro)." +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md +msgid "" +"The full list of translations with their current status is also available " +"either [as of their last update](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/" +"translation-report.html) or [synced to the latest version of the course]" +"(https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/synced-translation-report.html)." +msgstr "" +"La lista completa de traducciones con su estado corriente también esta " +"disponible [a partir de su ultima actualización](https://google.github.io/" +"comprehensive-rust/translation-report.html) o [sincronizado a la versión mas " +"reciente del curso](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/synced-" +"translation-report.html)." + #: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" @@ -2031,6 +2216,16 @@ msgstr "" "`apt`. Sin embargo, solo podrás conseguir una versión de Rust obsoleta que " "podría dar lugar a comportamientos inesperados. El comando es el siguiente:" +#: src/cargo.md +msgid "" +"On macOS, you can use [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/) to install Rust, but this " +"may provide an outdated version. Therefore, it is recommended to install " +"Rust from the official site." +msgstr "" +"En macOS, puedes usar [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/) para instalar Rust, pero " +"esto podría proveer una versión anticuada. Por lo tanto, es recomendad " +"instalar Rust del sitio oficial." + #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "El ecosistema de Rust" @@ -2078,11 +2273,10 @@ msgstr "" "versiones de Rust instaladas a la vez y `rustup` te permitirá cambiar de una " "a otra según lo necesites." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md src/hello-world/hello-world.md -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references/exclusive.md -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md src/memory-management/move.md -#: src/error-handling/try.md src/android/setup.md src/concurrency/threads.md -#: src/async/async-await.md +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +#: src/references/exclusive.md src/memory-management/move.md +#: src/error-handling/try.md src/android/setup.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Puntos clave:" @@ -2170,24 +2364,23 @@ msgstr "" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "Project/package structure" -msgstr "Estructura del proyecto/package " +msgstr "Estructura del proyecto/paquete" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "" -"[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html) " +"[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" -msgstr "Manejo/Caché de Dependencias de Desarrollo y de Runtime " +msgstr "Manejo/Cache de Dependencias de Desarrollo y de Runtime" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "" -"[Instalación global](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." +"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md @@ -2246,12 +2439,12 @@ msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "\"¡Edítame!\"" #: src/cargo/code-samples.md -msgid "You can use " -msgstr "Puedes usar " - -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md -msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." -msgstr " para ejecutar el código cuando el cursor esté en el cuadro de texto." +msgid "" +"You can use Ctrl + Enter to execute the code when focus is in the " +"text box." +msgstr "" +"Puedes usar Ctrl + Enter para ejecutar el código cuando el cursor " +"esté en el cuadro de texto." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" @@ -2338,8 +2531,8 @@ msgid "" "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" "Sustituye el código de plantilla en `src/main.rs` con tu propio código. Por " -"ejemplo, si usamos el ejemplo de la página anterior, podemos hacer que `src/" -"main.rs` tenga el siguiente aspecto:" +"ejemplo, usando el ejemplo de la página anterior, haz que `src/main.rs` " +"tenga el siguiente aspecto:" #: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" @@ -2397,9 +2590,8 @@ msgstr "" "references, funciones, y métodos." #: src/welcome-day-1.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Types and type inference." -msgstr "Inferencia de tipos" +msgstr "Inferencia de tipos." #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." @@ -2415,39 +2607,18 @@ msgstr "" "Emparejamiento de Patrones: desestructuración de enums, structs y arrays." #: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3.md -#: src/welcome-day-4.md +#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/concurrency/welcome.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "Schedule" msgstr "Horario" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2.md -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4.md -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -msgid "In this session:" -msgstr "En esta sesión:" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md -msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutos)" - #: src/welcome-day-1.md -msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" -msgstr "[Hola, mundo](./hello-world.md) (20 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md -msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Tipos y valores](./types-and-values.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md -msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" -msgstr "" -"[Aspectos básicos del flujo de control](./control-flow-basics.md) (1 hora)" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md -msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours" +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 5 " +"minutes. It contains:" msgstr "" "Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " -"es de unas 3 horas." +"es de unas 2 horas y 5 minutos. Esta sesión contiene:" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Please remind the students that:" @@ -2464,11 +2635,10 @@ msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" msgstr "" -"El curso está pensado para ser muy interactivo, por lo que te recomendamos " -"que dejes que las preguntas guíen el aprendizaje de Rust." +"El curso está diseñado para ser muy interactivo, ¡las discusiones son muy " +"recomendadas!" #: src/welcome-day-1.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " "keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. " @@ -2477,8 +2647,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Como instructor, debes intentar llevar discusiones relevantes, por ejemplo, " "mantener relación de cómo Rust hace las cosas vs otros lenguajes. Puede " -"costar encontrar un balance adecuado, pero permite llevar un debate que " -"atraiga la atención de la gente por sobre un discurso unidireccional." +"costar encontrar un balance adecuado, pero generalmente permite las " +"discusiones ya que captan la atención de la gente mas que los discursos " +"unidireccionales." #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" @@ -2518,38 +2689,42 @@ msgstr "" "calendario. Debes tener en cuenta que hay un ejercicio al final de cada " "parte, seguido de una pausa. Organiza las sesiones de forma que se explique " "la solución del ejercicio después de la pausa. Las horas que se indican son " -"una sugerencia para que el curso se ciña al horario establecido. No dudes en " -"modificar el calendario y hacer los cambios que consideres necesarios." +"una sugerencia para que el curso se ciña al horario establecido. ¡No dudes " +"en modificar el calendario y hacer los cambios que consideres necesarios!" + +#: src/hello-world.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "This segment should take about 15 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 15 minutos y contiene:" #: src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md #: src/pattern-matching.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/generics.md #: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/memory-management.md -#: src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -#: src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md src/error-handling.md -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "In this segment:" -msgstr "En esta parte se abordarán los siguientes temas:" - -#: src/hello-world.md -msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[¿Qué es Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/hello-world.md -msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Hola, mundo](./hello-world/hello-world.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/hello-world.md -msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ventajas de Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/hello-world.md -msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)" -msgstr "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutos)" - -#: src/hello-world.md -msgid "This segment should take about 20 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 20 minutos." +#: src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md src/lifetimes.md src/iterators.md +#: src/modules.md src/testing.md src/error-handling.md src/unsafe-rust.md +#: src/concurrency/threads.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md src/concurrency/async.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "Slide" +msgstr "Diapositiva" + +#: src/hello-world.md src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/pattern-matching.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/generics.md +#: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/memory-management.md +#: src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md src/lifetimes.md src/modules.md +#: src/unsafe-rust.md src/concurrency/channels.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md src/concurrency/async.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "10 minutes" +msgstr "10 minutos" + +#: src/hello-world.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/memory-management.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "2 minutes" +msgstr "2 minutos" #: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" @@ -2635,100 +2810,6 @@ msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Se centra en la fiabilidad y la seguridad sin sacrificar el rendimiento." -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "" -"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " -"program:" -msgstr "Vamos a hablar del programa Rust más simple, un clásico Hola Mundo:" - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" -msgstr "\"Hola, 🌍\"" - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "What you see:" -msgstr "Lo que ves:" - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." -msgstr "Las funciones se introducen con `fn`." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." -msgstr "Los bloques se delimitan con llaves, como en C y C++." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." -msgstr "La función `main` es el punto de entrada del programa." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." -msgstr "Rust tiene macros higiénicas, como por ejemplo `println!`." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." -msgstr "" -"Las cadenas de Rust están codificadas en UTF-8 y pueden contener caracteres " -"Unicode." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " -"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " -"familiar." -msgstr "" -"Con esta diapositiva se intenta que los alumnos se sientan cómodos con el " -"código de Rust. En los próximos tres días lo verán mucho, así que " -"empezaremos con algo que ya conocemos." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "" -"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " -"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." -msgstr "" -"Rust es muy similar a otros lenguajes, como C, C++ o Java. Es imperativo y " -"no intenta reinventar las cosas a menos que sea absolutamente necesario." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." -msgstr "Rust es moderno y totalmente compatible con sistemas como Unicode." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " -"arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." -msgstr "" -"Rust utiliza macros en situaciones en las que se desea tener un número " -"variable de argumentos (sin [sobrecarga](basic-syntax/functions-interlude." -"md) de funciones)." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "" -"Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " -"from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " -"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." -"html)." -msgstr "" -"Que las macros sean 'higiénicas' significa que no capturan " -"accidentalmenteidentificadores del ámbito en el que se utilizan. En " -"realidad, las macros de Rust solo son [parcialmente higiénicas](https://" -"veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." - -#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md -msgid "" -"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " -"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " -"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional " -"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." -msgstr "" -"Rust es un lenguaje multiparadigma. Por ejemplo, cuenta con [funciones de " -"programación orientadas a objetos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-" -"oop.html) y, aunque no es un lenguaje funcional, incluye una serie de " -"[conceptos funcionales](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-" -"features.html)." - #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "Estas son algunas de las ventajas competitivas de Rust:" @@ -2799,7 +2880,7 @@ msgstr "Enumeraciones (_Enums_) y coincidencia de patrones." #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Generics." -msgstr "Genéricos" +msgstr "Genéricos." #: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No overhead FFI." @@ -2860,10 +2941,10 @@ msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " "addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage " -"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)" +"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)." msgstr "" "Experiencia con Java, Go, Python, JavaScript, etc.: Consigues la misma " -"seguridad en la memoria que en éstos lenguajes, además de una sensación " +"seguridad de memoria que en éstos lenguajes, además de una experiencia " "similar a la de un lenguaje de alto nivel. También consigues un rendimiento " "rápido y predecible como en C y C++ (sin recolector de memoria residual), " "así como acceso a hardware de bajo nivel (si lo necesitas)." @@ -2922,74 +3003,140 @@ msgstr "" "obtener más información sobre las optimizaciones o el ensamblaje generado de " "Rust." -#: src/types-and-values.md -msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutos)" +#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/modules.md +msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 40 minutos y contiene:" -#: src/types-and-values.md -msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Valores](./types-and-values/values.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "" +"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " +"program:" +msgstr "Vamos a hablar del programa Rust más simple, un clásico Hola Mundo:" -#: src/types-and-values.md -msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Aritmética](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (5 minutos)" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" +msgstr "\"Hola, 🌍\"" -#: src/types-and-values.md -msgid "[Strings](./types-and-values/strings.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Cadenas](./types-and-values/strings.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "What you see:" +msgstr "Lo que ves:" -#: src/types-and-values.md -msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Inferencia de tipos](./types-and-values/inference.md) (5 minutos)" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." +msgstr "Las funciones se introducen con `fn`." -#: src/types-and-values.md -msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." +msgstr "Los bloques se delimitan con llaves, como en C y C++." -#: src/types-and-values.md src/testing.md src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora y 5 minutos." +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." +msgstr "La función `main` es el punto de entrada del programa." -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " -"`let`:" -msgstr "" -"Rust ofrece seguridad de tipos mediante tipado estático. De forma " -"predeterminada, los enlaces a variables son inmutables:" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." +msgstr "Rust tiene macros higiénicas, como por ejemplo `println!`." -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md -msgid "\"x: {x}\"" -msgstr "\"x: {x}\"" +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." +msgstr "" +"Las cadenas de Rust están codificadas en UTF-8 y pueden contener caracteres " +"Unicode." -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" -"// x = 20;\n" -" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " +"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " +"familiar." msgstr "" -"// x = 20;\n" -" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +"Con esta diapositiva se intenta que los alumnos se sientan cómodos con el " +"código de Rust. En los próximos tres días lo verán mucho, así que " +"empezaremos con algo reconocible." -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" -"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " -"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." +"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " +"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." msgstr "" -"Elimina el comentario de `x = 20` para demostrar que las variables son " -"inmutables de forma predeterminada. Añade la palabra clave `mut` para que se " -"puedan hacer cambios." +"Rust es muy similar a otros lenguajes, como C, C++ o Java. Es imperativo y " +"no intenta reinventar las cosas a menos que sea absolutamente necesario." -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." +msgstr "Rust es moderno y totalmente compatible con sistemas como Unicode." + +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" -"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " -"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " -"many cases." +"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " +"arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." msgstr "" -"En este ejemplo, `i32` es el tipo de la variable. Se debe conocer durante el " -"tiempo de compilación, pero la inferencia de tipos (véase más adelante) " +"Rust utiliza macros en situaciones en las que se desea un número variable de " +"argumentos (sin [sobrecarga](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md) de " +"funciones)." + +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "" +"Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " +"from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " +"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene." +"html)." +msgstr "" +"Que las macros sean 'higiénicas' significa que no capturan " +"accidentalmenteidentificadores del ámbito en el que se utilizan. En " +"realidad, las macros de Rust solo son [parcialmente higiénicas](https://" +"veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." + +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +msgid "" +"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " +"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " +"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional " +"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." +msgstr "" +"Rust es un lenguaje multiparadigma. Por ejemplo, cuenta con [funciones de " +"programación orientadas a objetos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-" +"oop.html) y, aunque no es un lenguaje funcional, incluye una serie de " +"[conceptos funcionales](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-" +"features.html)." + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +msgid "" +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " +"`let`:" +msgstr "" +"Rust ofrece seguridad de tipos mediante tipado estático. Los enlaces a " +"variables son hechos con `let`:" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +msgid "\"x: {x}\"" +msgstr "\"x: {x}\"" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +msgid "" +"// x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +msgstr "" +"// x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +msgid "" +"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " +"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." +msgstr "" +"Elimina el comentario de `x = 20` para demostrar que las variables son " +"inmutables de forma predeterminada. Añade la palabra clave `mut` para que se " +"puedan hacer cambios." + +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md +msgid "" +"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " +"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " +"many cases." +msgstr "" +"En este ejemplo, `i32` es el tipo de la variable. Se debe conocer durante el " +"tiempo de compilación, pero la inferencia de tipos (véase más adelante) " "permite al programador omitirla en muchos casos." #: src/types-and-values/values.md @@ -3000,12 +3147,11 @@ msgstr "" "A continuación, se muestran algunos tipos integrados básicos, así como la " "sintaxis de los valores literales de cada tipo." -#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md +#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Types" msgstr "Tipos" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Literals" msgstr "Literales" @@ -3049,7 +3195,7 @@ msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "Valores escalares Unicode" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md +#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`char`" msgstr "`char`" @@ -3061,7 +3207,7 @@ msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgid "Booleans" msgstr "Booleanos" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md +#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`bool`" @@ -3125,12 +3271,12 @@ msgstr "" #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " -"actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or " -"compilers. In Rust, it's defined." +"actually undefined, and might do unknown things at runtime. In Rust, it's " +"defined." msgstr "" "¿Qué pasa con el desbordamiento de enteros? En C y C++, el desbordamiento de " -"números enteros _con signo_ no está definido y se pueden llevar a cabo " -"distintas acciones en diferentes plataformas o compiladores. En Rust sí está " +"números enteros _con signo_ no está definido, y podría tener diferentes " +"resultados en diferentes plataformas o compiladores. En Rust sí está " "definido." #: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md @@ -3156,104 +3302,6 @@ msgstr "" "De hecho, el compilador detectará si existe un desbordamiento de expresiones " "constantes, por ello el ejemplo requiere una función independiente." -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "" -"Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " -"more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." -msgstr "" -"En Rust hay dos tipos para representar cadenas, de los que hablaremos con " -"detenimiento más adelante. Ambos tipos _siempre_ almacenan cadenas " -"codificadas en UTF-8." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." -msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." -msgstr "" -"`&str`: es una cadena de solo lectura. Los literales de cadena son de este " -"tipo." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "\"Greetings\"" -msgstr "\"Saludos\"" - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "\"🪐\"" -msgstr "\"🪐\"" - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "\", \"" -msgstr "\", \"" - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" -msgstr "\"frase final: {}\"" - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md src/async/control-flow/join.md -msgid "\"{:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{:?}\"" - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" -msgstr "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "" -"This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth " -"later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings." -msgstr "" -"En esta diapositiva se presentan las cadenas. Más adelante hablaremos de " -"todo lo relacionado con este tema, pero esta información es suficiente para " -"que se puedan usar cadenas en las diapositivas y ejercicios que vienen a " -"continuación." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." -msgstr "" -"La codificación UTF-8 no válida en una cadena tiene comportamiento " -"indefinido y no es compatible con Rust seguro." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "" -"`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods " -"like `s.push_str(..)`." -msgstr "" -"`String` es un tipo definido por el usuario con un constructor (`::new()`) y " -"métodos como `s.push_str(..)`." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "" -"The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " -"references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-" -"only string\"." -msgstr "" -"La `&` en `&str` indica que se trata de una referencia. Más adelante " -"hablaremos de las referencias, por el momento solo es necesario saber que " -"`&str` es una unidad que significa \"cadena de solo lectura\"." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "" -"The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " -"`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust " -"it to a range that does, based on the error message." -msgstr "" -"La línea marcada como comentario se indexa en la cadena por posición de " -"byte. `12..13` no termina en el límite de un carácter, por lo que el " -"programa da error. Ajusta el intervalo en función del mensaje de error." - -#: src/types-and-values/strings.md -msgid "" -"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " -"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " -"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" -msgstr "" -"Las cadenas sin formato te permiten crear un valor `&str` con los escapes " -"inhabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Puedes insertar comillas dobles con " -"la misma cantidad de `#` a cada lado de ellas:" - #: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "Rust consultará cómo se _usa_ la variable para determinar el tipo:" @@ -3297,13 +3345,13 @@ msgstr "// ERROR: no hay implementación para `{float} == {integer}`\n" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "" -"The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, the n'th " -"Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and " -"n-2'th Fibonacci numbers." +"The Fibonacci sequence begins with `[0,1]`. For n>1, the n'th Fibonacci " +"number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and n-2'th " +"Fibonacci numbers." msgstr "" -"El primer número de Fibonacci y el segundo son `1`. Para n>2, el número de " +"La secuencie de Fibonacci empieza con `[0, 1]`. Para n>1, el número de " "Fibonacci en la posición n se calcula de forma recursiva como la suma de los " -"números de Fibonacci n-1 y n-2'" +"números de Fibonacci n-1 y n-2." #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -3326,80 +3374,27 @@ msgid "// The recursive case.\n" msgstr "// El caso recursivo.\n" #: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/types-and-values/solution.md -msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\"" -msgstr "\"fib(n) = {}\"" - -#: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "[Conditionals](./control-flow-basics/conditionals.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Condicionales](./control-flow-basics/conditionals.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bucles](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "" -"[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[break y continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "" -"[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Bloques y ámbitos (scopes)](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (10 " -"minutos)" +msgid "\"fib({n}) = {}\"" +msgstr "\"fib({n}) = {}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Funciones](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutos)" +msgid "if Expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones if" -#: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)" -msgstr "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutos)" +#: src/control-flow-basics.md src/pattern-matching.md src/concurrency/async.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +msgid "4 minutes" +msgstr "4 minutos" #: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: secuencia de Collatz](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (30 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/borrowing.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" -msgstr "" -"Gran parte de la sintaxis de Rust te resultará familiar de C, C++ o Java:" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces." -msgstr "Los bloques están delimitados por llaves." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "" -"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " -"*/`." -msgstr "" -"Los comentarios de línea empiezan por `//`, mientras que los comentarios de " -"bloque están delimitados por `/* ... */`." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." -msgstr "Palabras clave como `if` y `while` funcionan igual." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." -msgstr "" -"La asignación de variables se realiza con `=` y la comparación con `==`." +msgid "break and continue" +msgstr "`break` y `continue`" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "`if` expressions" msgstr "Expresiones `if`" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" "if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" @@ -3408,19 +3403,19 @@ msgstr "" "expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions) de la misma forma que en otros " "lenguajes:" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -msgid "\"small\"" -msgstr "\"pequeño\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md +msgid "\"zero!\"" +msgstr "\"cero!\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"biggish\"" msgstr "\"muy grande\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"huge\"" msgstr "\"enorme\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " "block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" @@ -3428,26 +3423,29 @@ msgstr "" "Además, puedes utilizar `if` como expresión. La última expresión de cada " "bloque se convierte en el valor de la expresión `if`:" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md +msgid "\"small\"" +msgstr "\"pequeño\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"large\"" msgstr "\"grande\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"number size: {}\"" msgstr "\"tamaño del número: {}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " "branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " "after `\"small\"` in the second example." msgstr "" -"Dado que `if` es una expresión y debe tener un tipo concreto, ambos bloques " -"de ramas deben tener el mismo tipo. En el segundo ejemplo, puedes mostrar lo " -"que sucede al añadir `;` después de `x / 2`." +"Dado que `if` es una expresión y debe tener un tipo concreto, ambos de sus " +"bloques de ramas deben tener el mismo tipo. En el segundo ejemplo, muestra " +"lo que sucede al añadir `;` después de `\"small\"`." -#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " "separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " @@ -3462,80 +3460,64 @@ msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" msgstr "Hay tres palabras clave de bucle en Rust: `while`, `loop` y `for`:" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`while`" msgstr "Bucles `while`" #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" "expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " "loop body as long as the condition is true." msgstr "" "La [palabra clave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) es muy similar a otros lenguajes:" +"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) es muy similar a la de otros lenguajes y " +"ejecuta el cuerpo del bucle mientras que la condición sea valida." #: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" msgstr "\"x final: {x}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "`for`" -msgstr "Bucles `for`" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " -"over ranges of values:" -msgstr "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) se usa para " -"definir destructores." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -msgid "`loop`" -msgstr "`loop`" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " -"loops forever, until a `break`." +"over ranges of values or the items in a collection:" msgstr "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) se usa para " -"definir destructores." +"El [bucle `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) itera sobre " +"rangos de valores o las entradas de una colección:" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md -msgid "\"{i}\"" -msgstr "\"{i}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md +msgid "\"elem: {elem}\"" +msgstr "\"elem: {elem}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" -"We will discuss iteration later; for now, just stick to range expressions." +"Under the hood `for` loops use a concept called \"iterators\" to handle " +"iterating over different kinds of ranges/collections. Iterators will be " +"discussed in more detail later." msgstr "" -"Hablaremos de la iteración más adelante. Por el momento, céntrate en las " -"expresiones de intervalo." +"Los bucles `for` utilizan un concepto llamado \"iteradores\" para iterar " +"sobre diferentes tipos de rangos/colecciones. Los iteradores serán " +"discutidos en mas detalle mas adelante." -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" -"Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for " -"an inclusive range." +"Note that the first `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax " +"for an inclusive range." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que el bucle `for` solo se itera en `4`. Muestra la sintaxis " +"Ten en cuenta que el bucle `for` solo se itera a `4`. Muestra la sintaxis " "`1..=5` para un intervalo inclusivo." -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md msgid "" -"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " -"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " -"`loop` expression." +"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " +"loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" -"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)." +"El [bucle `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) repite " +"hasta encontrar un `break`." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md +msgid "\"{i}\"" +msgstr "\"{i}\"" #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "" @@ -3547,10 +3529,27 @@ msgstr "" "expressions)." #: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md -msgid "\"{result}\"" -msgstr "\"{result}\"" +msgid "" +"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " +"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " +"`loop` expression." +msgstr "" +"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes de que termine, usa [`break`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). Para " +"`loop`, este puede tomar una expresión opcional que se vuelve el valor de la " +"expresión `loop`." -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md src/std-traits/exercise.md +#: src/std-traits/solution.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md src/modules/exercise.md +#: src/modules/solution.md src/android/build-rules/library.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +msgid "\"{}\"" +msgstr "\"{}\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "" "Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " "used to break out of nested loops:" @@ -3558,18 +3557,11 @@ msgstr "" "De forma opcional, tanto `continue` como `break` pueden utilizar un " "argumento de etiqueta para interrumpir los bucles anidados:" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md -msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" -msgstr "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md -msgid "" -"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." -msgstr "" -"En este caso, detenemos el bucle exterior tras tres iteraciones del bucle " -"interno." +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md +msgid "\"elements searched: {elements_searched}\"" +msgstr "\"elementos travesados: {elements_searched}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "" "Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " "value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " @@ -3584,14 +3576,13 @@ msgid "Blocks" msgstr "Bloques" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions, enclosed by braces `{}`. " "Each block has a value and a type, which are those of the last expression of " "the block:" msgstr "" -"En Rust, un bloque contiene una secuencia de expresiones. Cada bloque tiene " -"un tipo y un valor, que son los de la última expresión del bloque:" +"En Rust, un bloque contiene una secuencia de expresiones rodeados por llaves " +"`{}`. Cada bloque tiene el tipo y valor de la última expresión del bloque:" #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "\"y: {y}\"" @@ -3606,14 +3597,18 @@ msgstr "" "`()`." #: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md -msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" -msgstr "Ámbitos y _Shadowing_" +msgid "" +"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " +"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." +msgstr "" +"Puedes mostrar cómo cambia el valor del bloque cambiando su última línea. " +"Por ejemplo, añade o quita un punto y coma, o utiliza la expresión `return`." -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." msgstr "El ámbito de una variable se limita al bloque que la contiene." -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" @@ -3621,36 +3616,28 @@ msgstr "" "Puedes sombrear variables, tanto las de ámbitos externos como las del propio " "ámbito:" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"before: {a}\"" msgstr "\"antes: {a}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md src/generics/exercise.md +#: src/generics/solution.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "\"hello\"" msgstr "\"hola\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" msgstr "\"ámbito interno: {a}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" msgstr "\"sombreado en el ámbito interno: {a}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"after: {a}\"" msgstr "\"después: {a}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md -msgid "" -"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " -"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." -msgstr "" -"Puedes mostrar cómo cambia el valor del bloque cambiando su última línea. " -"Por ejemplo, añade o quita un punto y coma, o utiliza la expresión `return`." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " "in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." @@ -3659,24 +3646,22 @@ msgstr "" "el bloque interno del último ejemplo y, a continuación, intenta acceder a " "ella desde fuera de ese bloque." -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " "variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " "the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" -"Definición: _Shadowing_ (sombreado) es distinto de la mutación, ya que, " -"después de sombrear la memoria de las dos variables, las ubicaciones existen " +"Definición: _Shadowing_ (sombreado) es distinto de la mutación, ya que " +"después de sombrear las ubicaciones de memoria de las dos variables existen " "al mismo tiempo. Ambas están disponibles bajo el mismo nombre, en función de " -"dónde se utiliza en el código. " +"dónde se utiliza en el código." -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." -msgstr "Una variable sombreada puede tener un tipo diferente. " +msgstr "Una variable sombreada puede tener un tipo diferente." -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." @@ -3694,7 +3679,6 @@ msgstr "" "resultado devuelto." #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " "value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " @@ -3703,7 +3687,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "La última expresión del cuerpo de una función (o de cualquier bloque) se " "convierte en el valor devuelto. Basta con omitir el carácter `;` al final de " -"la expresión." +"la expresión. La palabra clave `return` puede ser utilizado para devolver " +"valores antes del fin de la función, pero la sintaxis de \"valor desnudo\" " +"es idiomático al fin de una función." #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" @@ -3714,10 +3700,11 @@ msgstr "" "`()`. El compilador deducirá esto si se omite el tipo de retorno `-> ()`." #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." -msgstr "Cada función tiene una única implementación:" +msgstr "" +"El sobrecargo de funciones no existe en Rust -- cada función tiene una única " +"implementación." #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" @@ -3729,11 +3716,12 @@ msgstr "" "variádicas." #: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " "which will be covered later." -msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un único conjunto de tipos de parámetros." +msgstr "" +"Siempre se utiliza un solo conjunto de tipos de parámetros. Estos tipos " +"pueden ser genéricos, lo cual discutiremos mas tarde." #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" @@ -3747,13 +3735,13 @@ msgstr "" "macros útiles." #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " "described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" -"La sobrecarga de operadores se implementa mediante _traits_ en [`std::ops`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +"`println!(format, ..)` imprime una linea a la salida estándar (\"standard " +"output\"), aplicando el formato descrito en [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." #: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" @@ -3808,279 +3796,98 @@ msgstr "" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " -"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" +"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n1 greater than zero:" msgstr "" "La [secuencia de Collatz](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" -"Conjetura_de_Collatz) se define de la siguiente manera, para n arbitrario" +"Conjetura_de_Collatz) se define de la siguiente manera, para n1 " +"arbitrario mayor que cero:" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "1" -msgstr "12" +msgid "" +"If _ni_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _ni_." +msgstr "Si _ni_es 1, la secuencia termina en _ni_." #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid " greater than zero:" -msgstr " mayor que cero:" +msgid "If _ni_ is even, then _ni+1 = ni / 2_." +msgstr "Si _ni_ es par, _ni+1 = ni / 2_." #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "If _n" -msgstr "Si _n" +msgid "" +"If _ni_ is odd, then _ni+1 = 3 * ni + 1_." +msgstr "" +"Si _ni_ es impar, _ni+1 = 3 * ni + 1_." #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "i" -msgstr "i" +msgid "For example, beginning with _n1_ = 3:" +msgstr "Por ejemplo, empezando con _n1_ = 3:" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" -msgstr "_ es 1, la secuencia termina en _n" +msgid "3 is odd, so _n2_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +msgstr "3 es impar, entonces _n2_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_." -msgstr "_." +msgid "10 is even, so _n3_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +msgstr "10 is par, entonces _n3_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ is even, then _n" -msgstr "_ es par, entonces _n" +msgid "5 is odd, so _n4_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" +msgstr "5 es impar, entonces _n4_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "i+1" -msgstr "i+1" +msgid "16 is even, so _n5_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +msgstr "16 es par, entonces _n5_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid " = n" -msgstr " = n" +msgid "8 is even, so _n6_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +msgstr "8 es par, entonces _n6_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid " / 2_." -msgstr " / 2_." +msgid "4 is even, so _n7_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +msgstr "44 es par, entonces _n7_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ is odd, then _n" -msgstr "_ es impar, entonces _n" +msgid "2 is even, so _n8_ = 1; and" +msgstr "2 es par, entonces _n8_ = 1; and" #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid " = 3 * n" -msgstr " = 3 * n" +msgid "the sequence terminates." +msgstr "la secuencia finaliza." #: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid " + 1_." -msgstr " + 1_." +msgid "" +"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " +"initial `n`." +msgstr "" +"Escribe una función para calcular la longitud de la secuencia de Collatz " +"para un número `n` inicial dado." -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "For example, beginning with _n" -msgstr "Por ejemplo, si empieza por _n" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/solution.md +msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" +msgstr "" +"/// Determina la longitud de la secuencia de Collatz que empieza por `n`.\n" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 3:" -msgstr "_ = 3:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md +msgid "\"Length: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Longitud: {}\"" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "3 is odd, so _n" -msgstr "3 es impar, por lo que _n" +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md +msgid "Welcome Back" +msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "2" -msgstr "12" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" -msgstr "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "10 is even, so _n" -msgstr "10 es par, por lo que _n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "3" -msgstr "3" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" -msgstr "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "5 is odd, so _n" -msgstr "5 es impar, por lo que _n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "4" -msgstr "4" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" -msgstr "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "16 is even, so _n" -msgstr "16 es par, por lo que _n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "5" -msgstr "5" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" -msgstr "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "8 is even, so _n" -msgstr "8 es par, por lo que _n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "6" -msgstr "6" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" -msgstr "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "4 is even, so _n" -msgstr "4 es par, por lo que _n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "7" -msgstr "7" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" -msgstr "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "2 is even, so _n" -msgstr "2 es par, por lo que _n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "8" -msgstr "8" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "_ = 1; and" -msgstr "_ = 1; y" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "the sequence terminates." -msgstr "la secuencia finaliza." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md -msgid "" -"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " -"initial `n`." -msgstr "" -"Escribe una función para calcular la longitud de la secuencia de Collatz " -"para un número `n` inicial dado." - -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/solution.md -msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" -msgstr "" -"/// Determina la longitud de la secuencia de Collatz que empieza por `n`.\n" - -#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md -msgid "\"Length: {}\"" -msgstr "\"Longitud: {}\"" - -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome Back" -msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida" - -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md -msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" -msgstr "[Tuplas y arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hora)" - -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md -msgid "[References](./references.md) (50 minutes)" -msgstr "[Referencias](./references.md) (50 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md -msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Tipos definidos por el usuario](./user-definition-types.md) (50 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md -msgid "" -"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 55 " -"minutes" -msgstr "" -"Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " -"es de unas 2 horas y 55 minutos." +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 35 " +"minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "" +"Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " +"es de unas 2 horas y 35 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "" -"[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Tuplas y arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Iteración de arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "[Pattern Matching](./tuples-and-arrays/match.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Coincidencia de patrones](./tuples-and-arrays/match.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "[Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Desestructuración](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: Arrays anidados](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "" -"Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All " -"elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate " -"different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time." -msgstr "" -"Las tuplas y los arrays son los primeros tipos \"compuestos\" que hemos " -"estudiado. Todos los elementos de un array tienen el mismo tipo, mientras " -"que las tuplas admiten distintos tipos. Ambos tipos tienen un tamaño fijo " -"durante el tiempo de compilación." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "Arrays" -msgstr "Arrays" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "`[T; N]`" -msgstr "`[T; N]`" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" -msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "Tuples" -msgstr "Tuplas" +msgid "This segment should take about 35 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 35 minutos. Contiene:" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." -msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." -msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "Array assignment and access:" -msgstr "Asignación y acceso a arrays:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" -msgstr "Asignación y acceso a tuplas:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "Arrays:" -msgstr "Arrays:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " "elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " @@ -4090,10 +3897,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Un valor del tipo array `[T; N]` contiene `N` (una constante en tiempo de " "compilación) elementos del mismo tipo `T`. Ten en cuenta que la longitud del " -"array es *parte de su tipo*, lo que significa que `[u8; 3]` y `[u8; 4]` se " -"consideran dos tipos diferentes." +"array es _parte de su tipo), lo que significa que `[u8; 3]` y `[u8; 4]` se " +"consideran dos tipos diferentes. Los slices, que tienen un tamaño " +"determinado al tiempo de ejecución, serán discutidos mas tarde." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " "runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " @@ -4103,12 +3911,11 @@ msgstr "" "arrays se comprueban en el tiempo de ejecución. Rust suele optimizar estas " "comprobaciones y se pueden evitar utilizando Rust inseguro." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." msgstr "Podemos usar literales para asignar valores a arrays." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " "parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " @@ -4116,13 +3923,13 @@ msgid "" "only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output " "here." msgstr "" -"En la función _main_, la instrucción de impresión solicita la implementación " -"de depuración con el parámetro de formato `?`: `{}` ofrece la salida " -"predeterminada y `{:?}` ofrece la salida de depuración. También se podría " -"haber usado `{a}` y `{a:?}` sin especificar el valor después de la cadena de " -"formato." +"El macro de impresión `println!` solicita la implementación de depuración " +"con el parámetro de formato `?`: `{}` ofrece la salida predeterminada y `{:?}" +"` ofrece la salida de depuración. Tipos como números enteros y cadenas " +"implementan la salida de depuración. Esto significan que tenemos que usar la " +"salida de depuración en este caso." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " "easier to read." @@ -4130,19 +3937,15 @@ msgstr "" "Si se añade `#`, por ejemplo `{a:#?}`, se da formato al texto para facilitar " "la lectura." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "Tuples:" -msgstr "Tuplas:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." msgstr "Al igual que los arrays, las tuplas tienen una longitud fija." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." msgstr "Las tuplas agrupan valores de diferentes tipos en un tipo compuesto." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "" "Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " "e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." @@ -4150,28 +3953,13 @@ msgstr "" "Se puede acceder a los campos de una tupla por el punto y el índice del " "valor, por ejemplo, `t.0`, `t.1`." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " -"and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the type and " -"its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " -"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide." -msgstr "" -"La tupla vacía `()` también se conoce como \"tipo unitario\". Es a la vez un " -"tipo y el único valor válido de ese tipo, es decir, tanto el tipo como su " -"valor se expresan como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por ejemplo, que una " -"función o expresión no tiene valor de retorno, como veremos en una " -"diapositiva posterior." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "" -"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " -"programming languages." +"The empty tuple `()` is referred to as the \"unit type\" and signifies " +"absence of a return value, akin to `void` in other languages." msgstr "" -"Podríamos pensar en ello como `void`, que quizá resulte familiar de otros " -"lenguajes de programación." +"La tupla vacía `()` es llamado el \"tipo de unidad\" y significa la ausencia " +"de un valor de retorno, parecido a `void` en otros lenguajes." #: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." @@ -4196,317 +3984,118 @@ msgstr "" "solo depuración, como `debug_assert!`, no compilan nada en las compilaciones " "de lanzamiento." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" -"The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " -"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." -msgstr "" -"La palabra clave `match` te permite comparar un valor con uno o varios " -"_patrones_. Las comparaciones se hacen de arriba abajo y el primero que " -"coincida gana." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" +"When working with tuples and other structured values it's common to want to " +"extract the inner values into local variables. This can be done manually by " +"directly accessing the inner values:" msgstr "" -"Los patrones pueden ser valores simples, del mismo modo que `switch` en C y " -"C++:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "'x'" -msgstr "'x'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "'q'" -msgstr "'q'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "\"Quitting\"" -msgstr "\"Salir\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md src/std-traits/solution.md -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md -msgid "'a'" -msgstr "'a'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "'s'" -msgstr "'s'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "'w'" -msgstr "'w'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "'d'" -msgstr "'d'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "\"Moving around\"" -msgstr "\"Desplazarse\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md -#: src/error-handling/solution.md -msgid "'0'" -msgstr "'0'" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md -#: src/error-handling/solution.md -msgid "'9'" -msgstr "'9'" +"Cuando uno trabaja con tuplas y otros valores estructurados, es común querer " +"extraer valores interiores a variables locales. Uno puede manualmente " +"acceder los valores interiores:" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "\"Number input\"" -msgstr "\"Introducción de números\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" -msgstr "\"Minúscula: {key}\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "\"Something else\"" -msgstr "\"Otro\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md +msgid "\"left: {left}, right: {right}\"" +msgstr "\"left: {left}, right: {right}\"" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" -"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " -"expressions _must_ be irrefutable, meaning that it covers every possibility, " -"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." +"However, Rust also supports using pattern matching to destructure a larger " +"value into its constituent parts:" msgstr "" -"`_` es un patrón comodín que coincide con cualquier valor. Las expresiones " -"_deben_ ser irrefutables, lo que significa que deben tener en cuenta todas " -"las posibilidades, por lo que `_` a menudo se usa como caso que atrapa todo." +"Rust también provee la coincidencia de patrones para destructurar un valor " +"en sus partes constituyentes:" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" -"Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " -"the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " -"example above, the type is `()`." +"The patterns used here are \"irrefutable\", meaning that the compiler can " +"statically verify that the value on the right of `=` has the same structure " +"as the pattern." msgstr "" -"Al igual que con `if let`, cada brazo de coincidencia debe ser del mismo " -"tipo. El tipo es la última expresión del bloque, si la hay. En el ejemplo " -"anterior, el tipo es `()`." +"Los patrones usados aquí son \"irrefutables\", es decir que el compilador " +"puede estáticamente verificar que el valor a la derecha del `=` tiene la " +"misma estructura que el patrón." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" -"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " -"can be used within the match arm." +"A variable name is an irrefutable pattern that always matches any value, " +"hence why we can also use `let` to declare a single variable." msgstr "" -"Una variable del patrón (en este ejemplo, `key`) creará un enlace que se " -"puede usar dentro del brazo de coincidencia." +"Un nombre de variable es un patrón irrefutable que siempre coincide con " +"cualquier valor, así que también podemos usar `let` para declarar una sola " +"variable." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md +msgid "" +"Rust also supports using patterns in conditionals, allowing for equality " +"comparison and destructuring to happen at the same time. This form of " +"pattern matching will be discussed in more detail later." msgstr "" -"Un protección de coincidencia hace que la expresión coincida únicamente si " -"se cumple la condición." +"Los patrones también se pueden usar en los condicionales, dejando que la " +"comparación de igualdad y el desestructuramiento ocurren al mismo tiempo. " +"Esta forma de coincidencia de patrones sera discutido mas a fondo mas tarde." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md -msgid "Key Points:" -msgstr "Puntos Clave:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" -"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " -"pattern" -msgstr "Puedes señalar cómo se usan algunos caracteres concretos en un patrón" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "`|` as an `or`" -msgstr "`|` como `or`," - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" -msgstr "`..` se puede ampliar tanto como sea necesario." +"Edit the examples above to show the compiler error when the pattern doesn't " +"match the value being matched on." +msgstr "" +"Edita los ejemplos anteriores para enseñar el error de compilador cuando el " +"patrón no coincide con el valor." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" -msgstr "`1..=5` representa un rango inclusivo." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md +msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" +msgstr "Los arrays pueden contener otros arrays:" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "`_` is a wild card" -msgstr "`_` es un comodín." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md +msgid "What is the type of this variable?" +msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de esta variable?" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "" -"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " -"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " -"allow." +"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " +"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" -"Las guardas de coincidencia, como característica sintáctica independiente, " -"son importantes y necesarios cuando queremos expresar de forma concisa ideas " -"más complejas de lo que permitirían los patrones por sí solos." +"Usa el método anterior para escribir una función `transpose` que transpone " +"una matriz (convierte filas en columnas):" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "" -"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " -"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " -"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " -"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." +"Copy the code below to and implement the " +"function. This function only operates on 3x3 matrices." msgstr "" -"No son lo mismo que una expresión `if` independiente dentro del brazo de " -"coincidencias. Una expresión `if` dentro del bloque de ramas (después de " -"`=>`) se produce tras seleccionar el brazo de coincidencias. Si no se cumple " -"la condición `if` dentro de ese bloque, no se tienen en cuenta otros brazos " -"de la expresión `match` original." +"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " +"implementa la función. Esta función solo opera sobre matrices 3x3." -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md -msgid "" -"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " -"with an `|`." -msgstr "" -"La condición definida en el guarda se aplica a todas las expresiones de un " -"patrón con un `|`." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/borrowing/exercise.md +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md +msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +msgstr "// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "" -"Destructuring is a way of extracting data from a data structure by writing a " -"pattern that is matched up to the data structure, binding variables to " -"subcomponents of the data structure." -msgstr "" -"La desestructuración es una forma de extraer datos de una estructura de " -"datos al escribir un patrón que coincida con la estructura de datos, es " -"decir, enlazando variables a los subcomponentes de dicha estructura." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md +msgid "//\n" +msgstr "//\n" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "You can destructure tuples and arrays by matching on their elements:" -msgstr "" -"Puedes desestructurar arrays, tuplas y slices haciendo coincidir sus " -"elementos:" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md +msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +msgstr "// <-- el comentario hace que rustfmt añade una nueva línea\n" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"on Y axis\"" -msgstr "\"en el eje Y\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md +msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"matriz: {:#?}\"" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"on X axis\"" -msgstr "\"en el eje X\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md +msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"traspuesto: {:#?}\"" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"left of Y axis\"" -msgstr "\"a la izquierda del eje Y\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"below X axis\"" -msgstr "\"debajo del eje X\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"first quadrant\"" -msgstr "\"primer cuadrante\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Dame información sobre {triple:?}\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" -msgstr "\"El primero es 0, y = {y}, z = {z}\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" -msgstr "\"El primero es 1 y el resto se ha ignorado\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" -msgstr "\"Se han ignorado todos los elementos\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Create a new array pattern using `_` to represent an element." -msgstr "Crea un patrón con `_` para representar un elemento. " - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "Add more values to the array." -msgstr "Añade más valores al array." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "" -"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " -"elements." -msgstr "" -"Señala cómo `..` se expandirá para representar un número distinto de " -"elementos." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md -msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" -msgstr "" -"Muestra las coincidencias de tail con los patrones `[.., b]` y `[a@..,b]`." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md -msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" -msgstr "Los arrays pueden contener otros arrays:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "What is the type of this variable?" -msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de `word` en cada bucle?" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " -"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" -msgstr "" -"Usa el método anterior para escribir una función `pretty_print` que sirva " -"para dar formato al texto de la matriz y una función `transpose` que " -"transponga una matriz (convertir filas en columnas):" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md -msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." -msgstr "Codifica ambas funciones para que operen con matrices de 3 × 3." - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md -msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and implement the " -"functions:" -msgstr "" -"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " -"implementa las funciones:" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/borrowing/exercise.md -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -msgstr "" -"```rust,should_panic\n" -"// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n" -"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n" -"```" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md -msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -msgstr "// <-- el comentario hace que rustfmt añada una nueva línea\n" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md -msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"matriz: {:#?}\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md -msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"traspuesto: {:#?}\"" - -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md -msgid "//\n" -msgstr "//\n" - -#: src/references.md -msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Referencias compartidas](./references/shared.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/references.md src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 55 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/references.md -msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Referencias exclusivas](./references/included.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/references.md -msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: geometría](./references/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" - -#: src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md src/pattern-matching.md -msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 50 minutos." +msgid "Slices: &\\[T\\]" +msgstr "Slices: &\\[T\\]" #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" @@ -4568,14 +4157,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "Rust no crea referencias automáticamente, `&` siempre es obligatorio." #: src/references/shared.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " -"methods (try `r.count_ones()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like " -"in C++." +"methods (try `r.is_ascii()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like in " +"C++." msgstr "" "Rust realizará una desreferencia automática en algunos casos, en especial al " -"invocar métodos (prueba `ref_x.count_ones()`)." +"invocar métodos (prueba `ref_x.count_ones()`). No hay necesidad para un " +"operador `->` como en C++." #: src/references/shared.md msgid "" @@ -4638,17 +4227,214 @@ msgstr "" "cambiar `point.0` mientras `x_coord` está activo." #: src/references/exclusive.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " "x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " "bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive " "reference to a mutable value." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta la diferencia entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` y `let ref_x: &mut " -"i32`. La primera representa una referencia mutable que se puede vincular a " -"distintos valores, mientras que la segunda representa una referencia a un " -"valor mutable." +"Ten en cuenta la diferencia entre `let mut x_coord: &i32` y `let x_coord: " +"&mut i32`. La primera representa una referencia mutable que se puede " +"vincular a distintos valores, mientras que la segunda representa una " +"referencia a un valor mutable." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "Slices" +msgstr "Slices" + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" +msgstr "Un _slice_ ofrece una visión de una colección más amplia:" + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." +msgstr "Los slices toman prestados datos del tipo slice." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" +msgstr "" +"Pregunta: ¿Qué ocurre si se modifica `a[3]` justo antes de imprimir `s`?" + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " +"indexes in brackets." +msgstr "" +"Creamos un slice tomando prestado `a` y especificando entre paréntesis los " +"índices de inicio y de fin." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " +"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Si el slice comienza en el índice 0, la sintaxis de rango de Rust nos " +"permite eliminar el índice inicial, lo que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` y " +"`&a[..a.len()]` son idénticos." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " +"identical." +msgstr "" +"Lo mismo ocurre con el último índice, por lo que `&a[2..a.len()]` y " +"`&a[2..]` son idénticos." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." +msgstr "" +"Para crear fácilmente un slice del array completo, podemos usar `&a[..]`." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " +"computation on slices of different sizes." +msgstr "" +"`s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Ten en cuenta que el tipo de `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) ya no menciona la longitud del array. Esto nos permite realizar " +"cálculos en slices de diferentes tamaños." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " +"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." +msgstr "" +"Los slices siempre tienen préstamos de otros objetos. En este ejemplo, `a` " +"tiene que permanecer \"vivo\" (en el ámbito) al menos durante el tiempo que " +"dure el slice." + +#: src/references/slices.md +msgid "" +"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " +"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " +"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " +"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " +"`println`, when the slice is no longer used." +msgstr "" +"La cuestión sobre la modificación de `a[3]` puede suscitar un debate " +"interesante, pero la respuesta es que, por razones de seguridad de memoria, " +"no se puede hacer mediante `a` en este punto de la ejecución, pero sí se " +"pueden leer los datos de `a` y `s` de forma segura. Funciona antes de crear " +"el slice y después de `println`, cuando el slice ya no se utiliza." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" +msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust:" + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "`&str` is a slice of UTF-8 encoded bytes, similar to `&[u8]`." +msgstr "`&str` es un slice de bytes codificados en UTF-8, parecido a `&[u8]`." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"`String` is an owned buffer of UTF-8 encoded bytes, similar to `Vec`." +msgstr "" +"`String` es un buffer adueñado de bytes codificados en UTF-8, parecido a " +"`Vec`." + +#: src/references/strings.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md +msgid "\"World\"" +msgstr "\"mundo\"" + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" +msgstr "\"s1: {s1}\"" + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "\"Hello \"" +msgstr "\"¡Hola \"" + +#: src/references/strings.md src/memory-management/move.md +msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" +msgstr "\"s2: {s2}\"" + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" +msgstr "\"s3: {s3}\"" + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " +"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " +"(`\"Hello\"`), are stored in the program’s binary." +msgstr "" +"`&str` introduce un slice de cadena, que es una referencia inmutable a los " +"datos de cadena codificados en UTF-8 y almacenados en un bloque de memoria. " +"Los literales de cadena (`\"Hello\"`) se almacenan en el binario del " +"programa." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"Rust's `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " +"`Vec`, it is owned." +msgstr "" +"El tipo `String` de Rust es un envoltorio que rodea a un vector de bytes. " +"Como sucede con `Vec`, tiene propietario." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " +"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " +"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." +msgstr "" +"Al igual que ocurre con muchos otros tipos, `String::from()` crea una cadena " +"a partir de un literal de cadena. `String::new()` crea una cadena vacía a la " +"que se pueden añadir datos de cadena mediante los métodos `push()` y " +"`push_str()`." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " +"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." +msgstr "" +"La macro `format!()` es una forma práctica de generar una cadena propia a " +"partir de valores dinámicos. Acepta la misma especificación de formato que " +"`println!()`." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " +"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " +"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." +msgstr "" +"Puedes tomar prestados slices `&str` de `String` a través de `&` y, de forma " +"opcional, la selección de intervalos. Si seleccionas un intervalo de bytes " +"que no esté alineado con los límites de caracteres, la expresión activará un " +"pánico. El iterador `chars` itera sobre los caracteres y se aconseja esta " +"opción a intentar definir los límites de los caracteres correctamente." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " +"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " +"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " +"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." +msgstr "" +"Para los programadores de C++: piensa en `&str` como el `const char*` de C+" +"+, pero uno que siempre apunta a una cadena válida en la memoria. El " +"`String` de Rust es parecido a `std::string` de C++ (la diferencia principal " +"es que solo puede contener bytes codificados en UTF-8 y nunca utilizará una " +"optimización de cadena pequeña)." + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" +msgstr "" +"Los literales de cadenas de bytes te permiten crear un valor `&[u8]` " +"directamente:" + +#: src/references/strings.md +msgid "" +"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " +"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " +"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" +msgstr "" +"Las cadenas sin formato te permiten crear un valor `&str` con los escapes " +"inhabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Puedes insertar comillas dobles con " +"la misma cantidad de `#` a cada lado de ellas:" #: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -4708,39 +4494,9 @@ msgid "" "direction.\n" msgstr "/// Cambia la magnitud del vector a 1.0 sin cambiar su dirección.\n" -#: src/user-defined-types.md -msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Estructuras con nombre](./user-undefined-types/named-structs.md) (10 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/user-defined-types.md -msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Estructuras de tuplas](./user-definition-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/user-defined-types.md -msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Enums](./user-undefined-types/enums.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/user-defined-types.md -msgid "" -"[Static and Const](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Variables Static y Const](./user-definition-types/static-and-const.md) (5 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/user-defined-types.md -msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)" -msgstr "[Alias de tipo](./user-definition-types/aliases.md) (2 minutos)" - -#: src/user-defined-types.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: Eventos de ascensor](./user-definition-types/exercise.md) (15 " -"minutos)" +#: src/user-defined-types.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/lifetimes.md +msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 50 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" @@ -4763,6 +4519,11 @@ msgstr "\"Avery\"" msgid "\"Jackie\"" msgstr "\"Jackie\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md +msgid "Key Points:" +msgstr "Puntos Clave:" + #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "Las estructuras funcionan como en C o en C++." @@ -4778,24 +4539,21 @@ msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "A diferencia de C++, no existe ninguna herencia entre las estructuras." #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " "structs." msgstr "" "Puede que sea un buen momento para indicar a los alumnos que existen " -"diferentes tipos de estructuras. " +"diferentes tipos de estructuras." #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " "value itself." msgstr "" "Las estructuras de tamaño cero, como `struct Foo;`, se pueden utilizar al " -"implementar un trait en algún tipo, pero no tienen ningún dato que te " -"interese almacenar en el propio valor. " +"implementar un trait en algún tipo en cuyo valor no quieres almacenar datos." #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" @@ -4806,22 +4564,20 @@ msgstr "" "utilizan cuando los nombres de los campos no son importantes." #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " "struct using a shorthand." msgstr "" "Si ya dispones de variables con los nombres adecuados, puedes crear la " -"estructura con un método abreviado:" +"estructura con un método abreviado." #: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" -"La sintaxis `..peter` nos permite copiar la mayoría de los campos de la " +"La sintaxis `..avery` nos permite copiar la mayoría de los campos de la " "estructura anterior sin tener que escribirlos explícitamente. Siempre debe " "ser el último elemento." @@ -4848,7 +4604,7 @@ msgstr "\"Pregunta a un científico aeroespacial de la NASA\"" #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md #: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "// ...\n" msgstr "// ...\n" @@ -4866,7 +4622,6 @@ msgstr "" "El número se mide en algunas unidades: `Newtons` en el ejemplo anterior." #: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " "to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." @@ -4927,10 +4682,10 @@ msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"En este turno: {:?}\"" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." msgstr "" -"Las enumeraciones te permiten recoger un conjunto de valores en un solo tipo." +"Las enumeraciones te permiten colectar un conjunto de valores en un solo " +"tipo." #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" @@ -4951,22 +4706,19 @@ msgstr "" "valor `PlayerMove` en el tiempo de ejecución." #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md -#, fuzzy msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" msgstr "" "Este es un buen momento para comparar las estructuras y las enumeraciones:" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " "with different types of fields (variant payloads)." msgstr "" "En ambas puedes tener una versión sencilla sin campos (estructura unitaria) " -"o una versión con distintos tipos de campos (variantes con carga útil). " +"o una versión con distintos tipos de campos (variantes con carga útil)." #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " "structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " @@ -4974,7 +4726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Incluso podrías implementar las distintas variantes de una enumeración con " "estructuras diferentes, pero entonces no serían del mismo tipo como lo " -"serían si estuvieran todas definidas en una enumeración. " +"serían si estuvieran todas definidas en una enumeración." #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." @@ -4983,7 +4735,7 @@ msgstr "Rust usa muy poco espacio para almacenar el discriminante." #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" msgstr "" -"Si es necesario, almacena un número entero del tamaño más pequeño requerido." +"Si es necesario, almacena un número entero del tamaño más pequeño requerido" #: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" @@ -5012,9 +4764,10 @@ msgstr "" "Sin `repr`, el tipo discriminante ocupa 2 bytes, debido a que 10001 se cabe " "en 2 bytes." -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md src/user-defined-types/static.md #: src/memory-management/review.md src/memory-management/move.md -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md src/borrowing/shared.md +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md src/smart-pointers/box.md +#: src/borrowing/shared.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "More to Explore" msgstr "Más información" @@ -5045,54 +4798,13 @@ msgstr "" "Fragmento de código de ejemplo si quieres mostrar cómo puede ser la " "representación bit a bit en la práctica. Es importante tener en cuenta que " "el compilador no ofrece garantías con respecto a esta representación, por lo " -"tanto es totalmente inseguro. " +"tanto es totalmente inseguro." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" -"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " -"the program." -msgstr "" -"Las variables estáticas y constantes son dos formas diferentes de crear " -"valores de ámbito global que no se pueden mover ni reasignar durante la " -"ejecución del programa. " - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "`const`" -msgstr "`const`" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "" -"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " -"inlined wherever they are used:" -msgstr "" -"Las variables constantes se evalúan en tiempo de compilación y sus valores " -"se insertan dondequiera que se utilicen:" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." -msgstr "" -"Según el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), se insertan cuando se utilizan." - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "" -"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " -"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." -msgstr "" -"Sólo se pueden llamar a las funciones marcadas como `const` en tiempo de " -"compilación para generar valores `const`. Sin embargo, las funciones `const` " -"se pueden llamar en _runtime_." - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "`static`" msgstr "`static`" -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " "therefore will not move:" @@ -5100,17 +4812,15 @@ msgstr "" "Las variables estáticas vivirán durante toda la ejecución del programa y, " "por lo tanto, no se moverán:" -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" -msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al Día 1" +msgstr "\"Bienvenide a RustOS 3.14\"" -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" msgstr "\"{BANNER}\"" -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " @@ -5120,27 +4830,17 @@ msgid "" "`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" "Tal y como se indica en el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/" -"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), no están insertadas y tienen una ubicación " -"de memoria real asociada. Esto resulta útil para código insertado y no " -"seguro. Además, la variable continúa durante toda la ejecución del programa. " -"Cuando un valor de ámbito global no tiene ningún motivo para necesitar " -"identidad de objeto, se suele preferir `const`." - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." -msgstr "" -"Menciona que `const` se comporta semánticamente de forma similar a " -"`constexpr` de C++." +"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), estas no son insertadas y tienen una " +"ubicación de memoria real asociada. Esto resulta útil para código insertado " +"y no seguro. Además, la variable continúa durante toda la ejecución del " +"programa. Cuando un valor de ámbito global no tiene ningún motivo para " +"necesitar identidad de objeto, se suele preferir `const`." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "" -"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " -"global variable in C++." -msgstr "" -"Por su parte, `static` se parece mucho más a `const` o a una variable global " -"mutable de C++." +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md +msgid "`static` is similar to mutable global variables in C++." +msgstr "Por su parte, `static` se parece a una variable global mutable en C++." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " "required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." @@ -5149,91 +4849,63 @@ msgstr "" "en el estado que requieren los tipos con mutabilidad interior, como " "`Mutex`." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" -"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " -"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " +"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." msgstr "" -"No es muy habitual que se necesite una constante evaluada en _runtime_, pero " -"es útil y más seguro que usar una estática." - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Properties table:" -msgstr "Tabla de Propiedades:" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Property" -msgstr "Propiedad" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Static" -msgstr "Estático" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Constant" -msgstr "Constante" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Has an address in memory" -msgstr "Tiene una dirección en la memoria" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Yes" -msgstr "Sí" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "No (inlined)" -msgstr "No (insertado)" +"Dado que se puede acceder a las variables `static` desde cualquier hilo, " +"deben ser `Sync`. Mutabilidad interior es posible a través de un [`Mutex`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atómico o parecido." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" -msgstr "Vive durante toda la ejecución del programa" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "No" -msgstr "No" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Can be mutable" -msgstr "Puede ser mutable" - -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Yes (unsafe)" -msgstr "Sí (inseguro)" +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md +msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +msgstr "" +"Datos locales al hilo se pueden crear con el macro `std::thread_local`." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Evaluated at compile time" -msgstr "Evaluado en tiempo de compilación" +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md +msgid "`const`" +msgstr "`const`" -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" -msgstr "Sí (inicializado en tiempo de compilación)" +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md +msgid "" +"Constants are evaluated at compile time and their values are inlined " +"wherever they are used:" +msgstr "" +"Las variables constantes se evalúan en tiempo de compilación y sus valores " +"se insertan donde sean utilizados:" -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" -msgstr "Insertado dondequiera que se utilice" +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md +msgid "" +"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +msgstr "" +"Según el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), se insertan cuando se utilizan." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "" -"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " -"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." +"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " +"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" -"Dado que se puede acceder a las variables `static` desde cualquier hilo, es " -"necesario protegerlas, por ejemplo, mediante un comando [`Mutex`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), o que sean accesibles usando " -"código `unsafe`. Veremos la [mutación de datos estáticos](../unsafe/mutable-" -"static-variables.md) en el capítulo sobre Rust inseguro." +"Sólo se pueden llamar a las funciones marcadas como `const` en tiempo de " +"compilación para generar valores `const`. Sin embargo, las funciones `const` " +"se pueden llamar en _runtime_." -#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md +msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`" +msgstr "" +"Menciona que `const` se comporta semánticamente de forma similar a " +"`constexpr` de C++" + +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md +msgid "" +"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " +"it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" -"Datos del `thread_local` se pueden crear con la macro `std::thread_local`." +"No es muy habitual que se necesite una constante evaluada en _runtime_, pero " +"es útil y más seguro que usar una estática." #: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "" @@ -5375,18 +5047,17 @@ msgid "Welcome to Day 2" msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al día 2" #: src/welcome-day-2.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type " "system:" msgstr "" -"Ahora que ya sabemos bastante sobre Rust, continuaremos con lo siguiente:" +"Ahora que ya sabemos bastante sobre Rust, continuaremos con un enfoque en el " +"sistema de tipos de Rust:" #: src/welcome-day-2.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures." msgstr "" -"Emparejamiento de Patrones: desestructuración de enums, structs y arrays." +"Coincidencia de Patrones: desestructuración de enums, structs y arrays." #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "Methods: associating functions with types." @@ -5408,70 +5079,227 @@ msgstr "" "biblioteca estándar de Rust." #: src/welcome-day-2.md -msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutos)" +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 10 " +"minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "" +"Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " +"es de unas 2 horas y 10 minutos. Contiene:" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md -msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" -msgstr "[Coincidencia de patrones](./pattern-matching.md) (50 minutos)" +#: src/pattern-matching.md src/std-types.md src/memory-management.md +#: src/error-handling.md +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora. Contiene:" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md -msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" -msgstr "[Métodos y traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutos)" +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "" +"The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " +"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." +msgstr "" +"La palabra clave `match` te permite comparar un valor con uno o varios " +"_patrones_. Las comparaciones se hacen de arriba a abajo y el primer patrón " +"que coincida gana." -#: src/welcome-day-2.md -msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Genéricos](./generics.md) (45 minutos)" +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" +msgstr "" +"Los patrones pueden ser valores simples, del mismo modo que `switch` en C y " +"C++:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "'x'" +msgstr "'x'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "'q'" +msgstr "'q'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "\"Quitting\"" +msgstr "\"Salir\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/generics/exercise.md +#: src/generics/solution.md src/std-traits/solution.md +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md +msgid "'a'" +msgstr "'a'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "'s'" +msgstr "'s'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "'w'" +msgstr "'w'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "'d'" +msgstr "'d'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "\"Moving around\"" +msgstr "\"Desplazarse\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md +#: src/error-handling/solution.md +msgid "'0'" +msgstr "'0'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md +#: src/error-handling/solution.md +msgid "'9'" +msgstr "'9'" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "\"Number input\"" +msgstr "\"Introducción de números\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" +msgstr "\"Minúscula: {key}\"" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-4.md +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "\"Something else\"" +msgstr "\"Otro\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" -"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 5 " -"minutes" +"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " +"expressions _must_ be exhaustive, meaning that it covers every possibility, " +"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." msgstr "" -"Incluyendo descansos de 10 minutos, esta sesión debería durar unas 3 horas y " -"5 minutos" +"`_` es un patrón comodín que coincide con cualquier valor. Las expresiones " +"_deben_ ser exhuastivas, lo que significa que deben tener en cuenta todas " +"las posibilidades, por lo que `_` a menudo se usa como un caso final que " +"atrapa todo." + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "" +"Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " +"the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " +"example above, the type is `()`." +msgstr "" +"Match puede ser usado como una expresión. Al igual que con `if let`, cada " +"brazo de coincidencia debe ser del mismo tipo. El tipo es la última " +"expresión del bloque, si la hay. En el ejemplo anterior, el tipo es `()`." + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "" +"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " +"can be used within the match arm." +msgstr "" +"Una variable del patrón (en este ejemplo, `key`) creará un enlace que se " +"puede usar dentro del brazo de coincidencia." + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." +msgstr "" +"Un protección de coincidencia hace que la expresión coincida únicamente si " +"se cumple la condición." + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "" +"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " +"pattern" +msgstr "Puedes señalar cómo se usan algunos caracteres concretos en un patrón" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "`|` as an `or`" +msgstr "`|` como `or`" -#: src/pattern-matching.md -msgid "[Destructuring](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Desestructuración](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" +msgstr "`..` puede ampliarse tanto como sea necesario" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" +msgstr "`1..=5` representa un rango inclusivo" + +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "`_` is a wild card" +msgstr "`_` es un comodín" -#: src/pattern-matching.md -msgid "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)" +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "" +"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " +"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " +"allow." msgstr "" -"[Control de Flujo con `let`](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 " -"minutos)" +"Las guardas de coincidencia, como característica sintáctica independiente, " +"son importantes y necesarios cuando queremos expresar de forma concisa ideas " +"más complejas de lo que permitirían los patrones por sí solos." -#: src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" -"[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " -"minutes)" +"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " +"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " +"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " +"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: evaluación de expresiones](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " -"minutos)" +"No son lo mismo que una expresión `if` independiente dentro del brazo de " +"coincidencias. Una expresión `if` dentro del bloque de ramas (después de " +"`=>`) se produce tras seleccionar el brazo de coincidencias. Si no se cumple " +"la condición `if` dentro de ese bloque, no se tienen en cuenta otros brazos " +"de la expresión `match` original." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:" +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md +msgid "" +"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " +"with an `|`." msgstr "" -"Al igual que las tuplas, las estructuras y las enumeraciones también se " -"pueden desestructurar con la coincidencia:" +"La condición definida en el guarda se aplica a todas las expresiones de un " +"patrón con un `|`." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "Structs" msgstr "Structs" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md +msgid "Like tuples, Struct can also be destructured by matching:" +msgstr "" +"Al igual que las tuplas, las estructuras se pueden desestructurar con la " +"coincidencia:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" msgstr "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" msgstr "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" msgstr "\"y = {y}, se han ignorado otros campos\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md +msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +msgstr "" +"Cambia los valores literales de `foo` para que coincidan con los demás " +"patrones." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md +msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +msgstr "" +"Añade un campo nuevo a `Foo` y realiza los cambios necesarios en el patrón." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md +msgid "" +"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " +"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " +"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." +msgstr "" +"La diferencia entre una captura y una expresión constante puede ser difícil " +"de detectar. Prueba a cambiar el `2` del segundo brazo por una variable y " +"observa que no funciona. Cámbialo a `const` y verás que vuelve a funcionar." + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md +msgid "Like tuples, enums can also be destructured by matching:" +msgstr "" +"Al igual que las tuplas, las enumeraciones también se pueden desestructurar " +"con la coincidencia:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " "how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " @@ -5481,19 +5309,19 @@ msgstr "" "valores. Así es como se inspecciona la estructura de tus tipos. Empecemos " "con un tipo `enum` sencillo:" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" msgstr "\"no se puede dividir {n} en dos partes iguales\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" msgstr "\"{n} dividido entre dos es {half}\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" msgstr "\"se ha producido un error: {msg}\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " "arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " @@ -5503,28 +5331,7 @@ msgstr "" "En el primer brazo, `half` está vinculado al valor que hay dentro de la " "variante `Ok`. En el segundo, `msg` está vinculado al mensaje de error." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." -msgstr "" -"Cambia los valores literales de `foo` para que coincidan con los demás " -"patrones." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." -msgstr "" -"Añade un campo nuevo a `Foo` y realiza los cambios necesarios en el patrón." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -msgid "" -"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " -"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " -"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." -msgstr "" -"La diferencia entre una captura y una expresión constante puede ser difícil " -"de detectar. Prueba a cambiar el `2` del segundo brazo por una variable y " -"observa que no funciona. Cámbialo a `const` y verás que vuelve a funcionar." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " "a `match`." @@ -5532,7 +5339,7 @@ msgstr "" "La expresión `if`/`else` devuelve una enumeración que más tarde se " "descomprime con `match`." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " "errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " @@ -5543,27 +5350,24 @@ msgstr "" "en los que tu código está ahora incompleto y explica cómo el compilador " "intenta dar sugerencias." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " "matched." msgstr "" "Solo se puede acceder a los valores de las variantes de enumeración una vez " -"que coincidan con el patrón. El patrón vincula referencias a los campos del " -"\"brazo de coincidencias\" después de `=>`." +"que coincidan con el patrón." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " "the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." msgstr "" "Demuestra lo que pasa cuando la búsqueda no es exhaustiva. Ten en cuenta la " -"ventaja que ofrece el compilador de Rust al confirmar cuándo se gestionan " -"todos los casos. " +"ventaja que ofrece el compilador de Rust al confirmar que se gestionan todos " +"los casos." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it " "in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix " @@ -5593,14 +5397,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`if let` expressions" msgstr "Expresiones `if let`" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md +msgid "`let else` expressions" +msgstr "Expresiones `let else`" + #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`while let` expressions" msgstr "Expresiones `while let`" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md -msgid "`match` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `match`" - #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" @@ -5615,10 +5419,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" msgstr "\"Horas de sueño: {:?}\"" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md -msgid "`let else` expressions" -msgstr "Expresiones `let else`" - #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " @@ -5648,8 +5448,8 @@ msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"resultado: {:?}\"" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md -#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/googletest.md -#: src/testing/solution.md +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/solution.md +#: src/android/testing.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"foo\"" msgstr "\"foo\"" @@ -5664,16 +5464,15 @@ msgstr "" "prueba repetidamente un valor con respecto a un patrón:" #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." "String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " "which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through " "all items." msgstr "" -"Aquí, el iterador devuelto por `v.into_iter()` devolverá `Option` en " -"cada llamada a `next()`. Devuelve `Some(x)` hasta que finaliza y, a " -"continuación, devuelve `None`. `while let` nos permite seguir iterando a " +"Aquí, [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.pop) devolverá `Some(c)` hasta que la cadena este vacía, " +"cuando empezara a devolver `None`. `while let` nos permite seguir iterando a " "través de todos los elementos." #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md @@ -5732,15 +5531,14 @@ msgstr "" "coincida con el patrón." #: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " "statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " "`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" "Puedes reescribir el bucle `while let` como un ciclo infinito con una " -"instrucción if que deje de funcionar si `iter.next()` no tienen ningún valor " -"que desenvolver. `while let` proporciona azúcar sintáctico en la situación " +"instrucción if que rompe el bucle si `name.pop()` no devuelve un valor para " +"desenvolver. `while let` proporciona azúcar sintáctico para la situación " "anterior." #: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md @@ -5821,33 +5619,6 @@ msgstr "\"división entre cero\"" msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"expr: {:?}\"" -#: src/methods-and-traits.md -msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Métodos](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/methods-and-traits.md -msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/methods-and-traits.md -msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Derivación](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/methods-and-traits.md -msgid "[Trait Objects](./methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Objetos de Trait](./methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/methods-and-traits.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: registrador genérico](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/methods-and-traits.md -msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 55 minutos." - #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " @@ -5893,13 +5664,12 @@ msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" msgstr "// race.add_lap(42);\n" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " "on. There are several common receivers for a method:" msgstr "" -"`&self` indica que el método toma prestado el objeto de forma inmutable. Hay " -"otros posibles receptores para un método:" +"El argumento `self` denomina el \"receiver\" (receptor) - el objeto sobre " +"cual el método actuará. Hay varios receivers comunes para un método:" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" @@ -5931,10 +5701,9 @@ msgstr "" "no implica automáticamente una mutabilidad." #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." msgstr "" -"`mut self`: igual que lo anterior, pero el método puede mutar el objeto. " +"`mut self`: igual que lo anterior, pero el método puede mutar el objeto." #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" @@ -5970,15 +5739,15 @@ msgstr "" #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." -msgstr "Señala el uso de la palabra clave `self`, receptor de un método. " +msgstr "Señala el uso de la palabra clave `self`, el receptor de un método." #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " "the struct name could also be used." msgstr "" -"Indica que se trata de un término abreviado de `self:&Self` y muestra cómo " -"se podría utilizar también el nombre de la estructura. " +"Indica que se trata de un término abreviado de `self: Self` y tal vez " +"muestra cómo se podría utilizar también el nombre de la estructura." #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" @@ -5997,13 +5766,12 @@ msgstr "" "notación de puntos puede utilizarse para referirse a campos concretos." #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " "by trying to run `finish` twice." msgstr "" "Puede ser un buen momento para mostrar la diferencia entre `&self` y `self` " -"modificando el código e intentando ejecutar say_hello dos veces." +"modificando el código e intentando ejecutar `finish` dos veces." #: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" @@ -6023,45 +5791,130 @@ msgstr "" "interfaces:" #: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md +msgid "/// Return a sentence from this pet.\n" +msgstr "/// Devuelve una frase de esta mascota.\n" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md +msgid "/// Print a string to the terminal greeting this pet.\n" +msgstr "/// Imprime un saludo a la mascota en una salida estándar.\n" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md +msgid "" +"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " +"implement the trait." +msgstr "" +"Un trait define una serie de métodos que los tipos deben tener para " +"implementar el trait." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md +msgid "" +"In the \"Generics\" segment, next, we will see how to build functionality " +"that is generic over all types implementing a trait." +msgstr "" +"En la sección de \"Genéricos\" a seguir, veremos como construir " +"funcionalidad que es genérico sobre todos los tipos implementando un trait." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" msgstr "\"¡Eres una monada! ¿Cómo te llamas? {}\"" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" msgstr "\"¡Guau, me llamo {}!\"" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "\"Miau!\"" -msgstr "\"¡Miau!\"" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Fido\"" msgstr "\"Fido\"" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "" -"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " -"implement the trait." +"To implement `Trait` for `Type`, you use an `impl Trait for Type { .. }` " +"block." msgstr "" -"Un trait define una serie de métodos que los tipos deben tener para " -"implementar el trait." +"Para implementar `Trait` para un tipo `Type`, utiliza un bloque `impl Trait " +"for Type { .. }`." -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md -msgid "Traits are implemented in an `impl for { .. }` block." +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md +msgid "" +"Unlike Go interfaces, just having matching methods is not enough: a `Cat` " +"type with a `talk()` method would not automatically satisfy `Pet` unless it " +"is in an `impl Pet` block." msgstr "" -"Los traits se implementan en un bloque `impl for { .. }`." +"A diferencia de los interfases de Go, tener los métodos adecuados no es " +"suficiente: un tipo `Cat` con un método `talk()` no satisface `Pet` " +"automáticamente al menos que este en un bloque `impl Pet`." -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md +msgid "" +"Traits may provide default implementations of some methods. Default " +"implementations can rely on all the methods of the trait. In this case, " +"`greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." +msgstr "" +"Los _traits_ pueden especificar implementaciones predeterminadas de algunos " +"métodos. Implementaciones predeterminadas pueden usar todos los métodos de " +"un trait (incluso los métodos que los usuarios deben implementar ellos " +"mismos). En este caso, `greet` es predeterminado y utiliza `talk`." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md +msgid "" +"A trait can require that types implementing it also implement other traits, " +"called _supertraits_. Here, any type implementing `Pet` must implement " +"`Animal`." +msgstr "" +"Un trait puede requerir que los tipos que lo implementan también implementen " +"otros traits, llamados _supertraits_. Aquí, cualquier tipo implementando " +"`Pet` también debe implementar `Animal`." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "\"Rex\"" +msgstr "\"Rex\"" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md +msgid "\"{} has {} legs\"" +msgstr "\"{} tiene {} piernas\"" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md +msgid "" +"This is sometimes called \"trait inheritance\" but students should not " +"expect this to behave like OO inheritance. It just specifies an additional " +"requirement on implementations of a trait." +msgstr "" +"Algunas veces esto es llamado \"herencia de traits\", pero los estudiantes " +"no deben esperar que esto se comporte como la herencia OO (object-oriented). " +"Solo especifica un requerimiento adicional sobre las implementaciones de un " +"trait." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md +msgid "" +"Associated types are placeholder types which are supplied by the trait " +"implementation." +msgstr "" +"Tipos asociados son tipos guarda-espacio que han sido proveídos por la " +"implementación del trait." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +msgid "\"{:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{:?}\"" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" -"Traits may specify pre-implemented (provided) methods and methods that users " -"are required to implement themselves. Provided methods can rely on required " -"methods. In this case, `greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." +"Associated types are sometimes also called \"output types\". The key " +"observation is that the implementer, not the caller, chooses this type." msgstr "" -"Los _traits_ pueden especificar los métodos implementados previamente " -"(predeterminados) y los métodos que los usuarios deben implementar ellos " -"mismos. Los métodos con implementaciones predeterminadas pueden basarse en " -"métodos obligatorios." +"Tipos asociados también son llamados \"tipos de salida\". La observación " +"clave es que el implementador, no el ejecutor, escoge este tipo." + +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md +msgid "" +"Many standard library traits have associated types, including arithmetic " +"operators and `Iterator`." +msgstr "" +"Muchos traits de la biblioteca estándar tienen tipos asociados, incluyendo " +"operadores aritméticos y `Iterator`." #: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "" @@ -6103,190 +5956,9 @@ msgstr "" "la compatibilidad con la serialización para una struct con " "`#[derive(Serialize)]`." -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "" -"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " -"collection:" -msgstr "" -"Los objetos de _traits_ permiten valores de diferentes tipos, por ejemplo, " -"en una colección:" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" -msgstr "Diseño de la memoria después de asignar `pets`:" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": pets : : +----+----+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ .->| F | i | d | o " -"| :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | | +----+----+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ " -"`---------. :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | data " -"| :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | | +-------+--|-------" -"+ :\n" -": : : | | | '-->| name | o, 4, 4 " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | | age | 5 " -"| :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | +-------+----------" -"+ :\n" -" : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | " -"vtable :\n" -" : | | | +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : | | '---->| \"::talk\" " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : | " -"| :\n" -" : | | " -"data :\n" -" : | | +-------+-------" -"+ :\n" -" : | '-->| lives | 9 " -"| :\n" -" : | +-------+-------" -"+ :\n" -" : " -"| :\n" -" : | " -"vtable :\n" -" : | +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : '---->| \"::talk\" " -"| :\n" -" : +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"pets : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | " -"| : \n" -" : | | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : | '-->|" -"\\| : \n" -" : | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : " -"| : \n" -" : | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : '---->| \"::name\" " -"| : \n" -" : +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"\n" -"```" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " -"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." -msgstr "" -"Los tipos que implementan un trait determinado pueden tener diferentes " -"tamaños. Esto hace imposible tener elementos como `Vec` en el ejemplo " -"anterior." - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "" -"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " -"implements `Pet`." -msgstr "" -"`dyn Pet` es una forma de indicar al compilador un tipo de tamaño dinámico " -"que implementa `Pet`." - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "" -"In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " -"the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" -msgstr "" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " -"the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` " -"implementation of that particular object." -msgstr "" -"En el ejemplo, `pets` contiene _punteros grandes_ en los objetos que " -"implementan `Pet`. El puntero grande consta de dos componentes: un puntero " -"al objeto real y un puntero a la tabla de métodos virtuales para la " -"implementación de `Pet` en ese objeto concreto." - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "" -"The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " -"has a `lives` field." -msgstr "" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md -msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" -msgstr "Compara estas salidas en el ejemplo anterior:" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md src/std-traits/closures.md -msgid "\"{} {}\"" -msgstr "\"{} {}\"" - -#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md src/std-traits/exercise.md -#: src/std-traits/solution.md src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md -msgid "\"{}\"" -msgstr "\"{}\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md +msgid "Exercise: Logger Trait" +msgstr "Ejercicio: trait de registro" #: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -6349,39 +6021,38 @@ msgstr "" "/// Registra solo los mensajes que cumplan el nivel de verbosidad " "determinado.\n" -#: src/generics.md -msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Funciones genéricas](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutos)" +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 15 " +"minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "" +"Incluyendo descansos de 10 minutos, esta sesión debería durar unas 3 horas y " +"15 minutos. Contiene:" -#: src/generics.md -msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (15 minutes)" -msgstr "[Tipos de datos genéricos](./generics/generic-data.md) (15 minutos)" +#: src/generics.md src/iterators.md src/testing.md +msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 45 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/generics.md -msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Límites de traits](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutos)" +msgid "impl Trait" +msgstr "impl Trait" #: src/generics.md -msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "dyn Trait" +msgstr "Traits dyn" #: src/generics.md -msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: min genérico](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/generics.md src/smart-pointers.md src/iterators.md src/error-handling.md -msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 45 minutos." +msgid "Exercise: Generic min" +msgstr "Ejercicio: `min` genérico" #: src/generics/generic-functions.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust supports generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data " "structures (such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" "Rust admite el uso de genéricos, lo que permite abstraer los algoritmos o " -"las estructuras de datos (como el orden o un árbol binario) sobre los tipos " -"utilizados o almacenados." +"las estructuras de datos (como el ordenamiento o un árbol binario) sobre los " +"tipos utilizados o almacenados." #: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`.\n" @@ -6427,24 +6098,20 @@ msgstr "" "que no es válida. En cambio, C++ lo permitiría." #: src/generics/generic-functions.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites. This " "is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had " "hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" -"Se trata de una abstracción sin coste: se obtiene exactamente el mismo " -"resultado que si se hubiesen programado de forma manual las estructuras de " -"datos sin la abstracción." +"Código genérico es convertido en código no genérico basada en los sitios de " +"ejecución .Se trata de una abstracción sin coste: se obtiene exactamente el " +"mismo resultado que si se hubiesen programado de forma manual las " +"estructuras de datos sin la abstracción." #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" msgstr "Puedes usar genéricos para abstraer el tipo de campo concreto:" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md -msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" -msgstr "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" - #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" msgstr "\"{integer:?} y {float:?}\"" @@ -6474,9 +6141,8 @@ msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." msgstr "Significa que estos métodos están definidos para cualquier `T`." #: src/generics/generic-data.md -#, fuzzy msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." -msgstr "Es posible escribir `impl Point { .. }`. " +msgstr "Es posible escribir `impl Point { .. }`." #: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" @@ -6496,6 +6162,70 @@ msgstr "" "Actualiza el código para permitir que haya puntos que tengan elementos de " "diferentes tipos con dos variables de tipo, por ejemplo, `T` y `U`." +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "" +"Traits can also be generic, just like types and functions. A trait's " +"parameters get concrete types when it is used." +msgstr "" +"Los traits también pueden ser genéricos, como los tipos y las funciones. Los " +"parámetros de un trait obtienen tipos concretos cuando es usado." + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "\"Converted from integer: {from}\"" +msgstr "\"Convertido del numero entero: {from}\"" + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "\"Converted from bool: {from}\"" +msgstr "\"Convertido del bool: {from}\"" + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "\"{from_int:?}, {from_bool:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{from_int:?}, {from_bool:?}\"" + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "" +"The `From` trait will be covered later in the course, but its [definition in " +"the `std` docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) is " +"simple." +msgstr "" +"El trait `From` sera discutido mas tarde, pero su definición en [la " +"documentación `std`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) " +"es simple." + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "" +"Implementations of the trait do not need to cover all possible type " +"parameters. Here, `Foo::from(\"hello\")` would not compile because there is " +"no `From<&str>` implementation for `Foo`." +msgstr "" +"Las implementaciones del trait no necesitan cubrir todos los parámetros de " +"tipo posibles. Aquí, `Foo::from(\"hello\")` no compilaría porque no hay una " +"implementación `From<&str>` para `Foo`." + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "" +"Generic traits take types as \"input\", while associated types are a kind of " +"\"output\" type. A trait can have multiple implementations for different " +"input types." +msgstr "" +"Tipos genéricos toman tipos como entradas, mientras tipos asociados son " +"tipos de salida. Un trait puede tener varias implementaciones para " +"diferentes tipos de entrada." + +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md +msgid "" +"In fact, Rust requires that at most one implementation of a trait match for " +"any type T. Unlike some other languages, Rust has no heuristic for choosing " +"the \"most specific\" match. There is work on adding this support, called " +"[specialization](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/1210-impl-specialization." +"html)." +msgstr "" +"De hecho, Rust requiere que a lo más solo una implementación de un trait " +"coincida con cualquier tipo T. A diferencia de otros lenguajes, Rust no " +"tiene una heurística para escoger la coincidencia \"más especifica\". Hay " +"trabajo corriente para implementar esta heurística, llamado [especialización]" +"(https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/1210-impl-specialization.html)." + #: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " @@ -6585,11 +6315,12 @@ msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" msgstr "\"depurable: {debuggable:?}\"" #: src/generics/impl-trait.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " "meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." -msgstr "La naturaleza de `impl Trait` varía ligeramente según la posición." +msgstr "" +"`impl Trait` te deja trabajar con tipos que no puedes nombrar. El " +"significado de `impl Trait` es un poco diferente dependiendo de su posición." #: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" @@ -6633,73 +6364,166 @@ msgstr "" "¿Cuál es el tipo de `debuggable`? Prueba con `let debuggable: () = ..` para " "ver lo que muestra el mensaje de error." +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "" +"In addition to using traits for static dispatch via generics, Rust also " +"supports using them for type-erased, dynamic dispatch via trait objects:" +msgstr "" +"En adición a ser usados para despacho estático con genéricos, los traits " +"también se pueden usar para despacho dinámico/tipo-borrado con objetos de " +"trait:" + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "\"Miau!\"" +msgstr "\"¡Miau!\"" + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "// Uses generics and static dispatch.\n" +msgstr "// Utiliza genéricos y despacho estático.\n" + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" +msgstr "\"Hola, quien eres? {}\"" + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "// Uses type-erasure and dynamic dispatch.\n" +msgstr "// Utiliza borradura de tipos y despacho dinámico.\n" + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "" +"Generics, including `impl Trait`, use monomorphization to create a " +"specialized instance of the function for each different type that the " +"generic is instantiated with. This means that calling a trait method from " +"within a generic function still uses static dispatch, as the compiler has " +"full type information and can resolve which type's trait implementation to " +"use." +msgstr "" +"Genéricos, incluyendo `impl Trait`, utilizan monomorphización para crear una " +"instancia especializada de la funcionan para cada tipo con el cual el " +"genérico es instanciando. Esto significa que llamar un método de trait " +"dentro de una función generica todavía usa despacho estático, ya que el " +"compilador tiene todo la información necesaria para determinar el tipo cuya " +"implementación debería de usar." + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "" +"When using `dyn Trait`, it instead uses dynamic dispatch through a [virtual " +"method table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable). " +"This means that there's a single version of `fn dynamic` that is used " +"regardless of what type of `Pet` is passed in." +msgstr "" +"`dyn Trait` utiliza despacho dinámico con una [tabla virtual de metodos]" +"(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable). Esto " +"significa que solo hay una sola version de `fn dynamic` que es utilizado " +"independientemente del tipo de `Pet` que es proveído." + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "" +"When using `dyn Trait`, the trait object needs to be behind some kind of " +"indirection. In this case it's a reference, though smart pointer types like " +"`Box` can also be used (this will be demonstrated on day 3)." +msgstr "" +"Cuando uno usa `dyn Trait`, el objeto trait necesita estar detrás algún tipo " +"de indirección. En este caso es una referencia, pero tipos de puntador " +"inteligentes como `Box` también pueden ser usados (demostraremos este " +"durante el día 3)." + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "" +"At runtime, a `&dyn Pet` is represented as a \"fat pointer\", i.e. a pair of " +"two pointers: One pointer points to the concrete object that implements " +"`Pet`, and the other points to the vtable for the trait implementation for " +"that type. When calling the `talk` method on `&dyn Pet` the compiler looks " +"up the function pointer for `talk` in the vtable and then invokes the " +"function, passing the pointer to the `Dog` or `Cat` into that function. The " +"compiler doesn't need to know the concrete type of the `Pet` in order to do " +"this." +msgstr "" +"Durante el tiempo de ejecución, un `&dyn Pet` es representado como un " +"\"puntador gordo\", es decir un par de dos puntadores: Un puntador apunta al " +"objeto concreto que implementa `Pet`, y el otra apunta al vtable para la " +"implementación del trait para ese tipo. Cuando uno llama el método `talk` " +"sobre `&dyn Pet`, el compilador busca el puntador de función para `talk` en " +"el vtable y ejecuta la función, pasando el puntador al `Dog` o `Cat` a esa " +"función. El compilador no necesita saber el tipo concreto del `Pet` para " +"hacer esto." + +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md +msgid "" +"A `dyn Trait` is considered to be \"type-erased\", because we no longer have " +"compile-time knowledge of what the concrete type is." +msgstr "" +"Un `dyn Trait` es considerado ser \"tipo-borrado\", ya que no tenemos " +"información sobre el tipo concreto del objeto al tiempo de compilación." + #: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "" "In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " -"determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait." +"determines the minimum of two values, using the [`Ord`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/stable/std/cmp/trait.Ord.html) trait." msgstr "" "En este breve ejercicio, implementarás una función `min` genérica que " -"determina el mínimo de dos valores mediante un trait `lessThan`." - -#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md -msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" -msgstr "/// Devuelve true si el valor de self es menor que el de other.\n" +"determina el mínimo de dos valores mediante el trait [`Ord`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/stable/std/cmp/trait.Ord.html)." #: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" msgstr "// TAREA: implementar la función `min` usada en `main`.\n" #: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md -msgid "\"Shapiro\"" -msgstr "\"Shapiro\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md +msgid "'z'" +msgstr "'z'" #: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md -msgid "\"Baumann\"" -msgstr "\"Baumann\"" +msgid "'7'" +msgstr "'7'" -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md -msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Tipos de bibliotecas estándar](./std-types.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md +msgid "'1'" +msgstr "'1'" -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md -msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" -msgstr "[Traits de biblioteca estándar](./std-traits.md) (1 hora y 40 minutos)" +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md +msgid "\"goodbye\"" +msgstr "\"adios\"" -#: src/std-types.md -msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Biblioteca estándar](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutos)" +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md +msgid "\"bat\"" +msgstr "\"murciélago\"" -#: src/std-types.md -msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Documentación](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutos)" +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md +msgid "\"armadillo\"" +msgstr "\"armadillo\"" -#: src/std-types.md -msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Option (Opción)](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/generics/exercise.md +msgid "" +"Show students the [`Ord`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/cmp/trait.Ord." +"html) trait and [`Ordering`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/cmp/enum." +"Ordering.html) enum." +msgstr "" +"Enseña a los estudiantes el trait [`Ord`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" +"std/cmp/trait.Ord.html) y el enum [`Ordering`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/cmp/enum.Ordering.html)." -#: src/std-types.md -msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Result (Resultado)](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/std-types.md src/std-types/option.md +msgid "Option" +msgstr "Opción" -#: src/std-types.md -msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[String (Cadena de texto)](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/std-types.md src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling.md +msgid "Result" +msgstr "Resultado" -#: src/std-types.md -msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Vec (Vectores)](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/std-types.md src/std-types/string.md +msgid "String" +msgstr "String" #: src/std-types.md -msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutos)" +msgid "Vec" +msgstr "Vec" #: src/std-types.md -msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: contador](./std-types/exercise.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/std-types.md src/memory-management.md src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora y 10 minutos." +msgid "HashMap" +msgstr "HashMap" #: src/std-types.md msgid "" @@ -6711,7 +6535,6 @@ msgstr "" "más se usan." #: src/std-types/std.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " "types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " @@ -6723,23 +6546,21 @@ msgstr "" "ambas utilizan el mismo tipo `String`." #: src/std-types/std.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " "`alloc` and `std`." msgstr "" "De hecho, Rust contiene varias capas de la biblioteca estándar: `core`, " -"`alloc` y `std`. " +"`alloc` y `std`." #: src/std-types/std.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " "`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." msgstr "" "`core` incluye los tipos y funciones más básicos que no dependen de `libc`, " "de un _allocator_ (asignador de memoria) ni de la presencia de un sistema " -"operativo. " +"operativo." #: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" @@ -6761,13 +6582,12 @@ msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" msgstr "Rust incluye una amplia documentación. Por ejemplo:" #: src/std-types/docs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" "expressions/loop-expr.html)." msgstr "" -"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)." +"Todos los detalles sobre [bucles](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html)." #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" @@ -6778,14 +6598,14 @@ msgstr "" "u8.html)." #: src/std-types/docs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" "option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" "std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." msgstr "" -"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) y [`String`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" +"Tipos de la biblioteca estándar como [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/option/enum.Option.html) o [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/stable/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." #: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" @@ -6834,18 +6654,12 @@ msgstr "" "números enteros.\n" #: src/std-types/docs.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." msgstr "" "Muestra a los alumnos los documentos generados para el crate `rand` en " -"[`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." - -#: src/std-types/option.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Option" -msgstr "Excepciones" +"." #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" @@ -6878,9 +6692,9 @@ msgid "\"Character not found\"" msgstr "\"No se ha encontrado el carácter\"" #: src/std-types/option.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." -msgstr "`Option` y `Result` se usan mucho, no solo en la biblioteca estándar." +msgstr "" +"`Option` se usa en muchos contextos, no solo en la biblioteca estándar." #: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" @@ -6914,36 +6728,30 @@ msgstr "" "La \"optimización de nicho\" significa que `Option` a menudo tiene el " "mismo tamaño en memoria que `T`." -#: src/std-types/result.md -msgid "Result" -msgstr "Resultado" - #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " -"operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined " -"in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result` where `T` is used in " -"the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." +"operation, each with a different enum variant. It is generic: `Result` " +"where `T` is used in the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." msgstr "" -"`Result` es similar a `Option`, pero indica si una operación se ha " +"`Result` es parecido a `Option`, pero indica si una operación se ha " "completado de forma correcta o ha fallado, cada una con un tipo diferente. " -"Es similar a `Res`, que se definió en el ejercicio de expresiones, pero " -"genérico: `Result`, donde `T` se usa en la variante `Ok` y `E` aparece " -"en la variante `Err`." +"Es genérico: `Result` donde `T` es usado en el variante `Ok` y `E` en " +"el variante `Err`." -#: src/std-types/result.md +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"diary.txt\"" msgstr "\"diary.txt\"" -#: src/std-types/result.md +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" msgstr "\"Querido diario: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" -#: src/std-types/result.md +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" msgstr "\"No se ha podido leer el contenido del archivo\"" -#: src/std-types/result.md +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" msgstr "\"No se ha podido abrir el diario: {err}\"" @@ -6961,39 +6769,34 @@ msgstr "" "señal de la intención del desarrollador." #: src/std-types/result.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " "is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " "that help functional-style programming." msgstr "" "La documentación sobre `Result` es una lectura recomendada. Aunque no se vea " -"durante este curso, merece la pena mencinarlo. Contiene muchos métodos y " -"funciones prácticos que ayudan a seguir una programación funcional. " +"durante este curso, merece la pena mencionarlo. Contiene muchos métodos y " +"funciones prácticos que ayudan a seguir un estilo de programación funcional." #: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " -"Day 3." +"Day 4." msgstr "" "`Result` es el tipo estándar para implementar la gestión de errores, tal y " -"como veremos el día 3." - -#: src/std-types/string.md -msgid "String" -msgstr "String" +"como veremos el día 4." #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " -"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is a " +"growable UTF-8 encoded string:" msgstr "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) es el " -"búfer de cadena UTF-8 estándar, ampliable y asignado a un _heap_:" +"búfer de cadena ampliable UTF-8 estándar:" #: src/std-types/string.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md #: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "\"Hello\"" msgstr "\"Hola\"" @@ -7059,8 +6862,8 @@ msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." msgstr "" -"Cuando la gente se refiere a cadenas, pueden estar hablando de `&str` o de " -"`String`. " +"Cuando la gente se refiere a una cadena, pueden estar hablando de `&str` o " +"de `String`." #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" @@ -7087,9 +6890,8 @@ msgstr "" "transparente a los métodos de `str`." #: src/std-types/string.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." -msgstr "Escribe y compara `let s3 = s1.deref();` y `let s3 = &*s1`;." +msgstr "Escribe y compara `let s3 = s1.deref();` y `let s3 = &*s1;`." #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" @@ -7111,7 +6913,7 @@ msgid "" "out-of-bounds." msgstr "" "A un carácter mediante `s3. chars().nth(i).unwrap()`, donde `i` está dentro " -"o fuera de los límites" +"o fuera de los límites." #: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" @@ -7121,10 +6923,24 @@ msgstr "" "A una cadena secundaria mediante `s3[0..4]`, donde el slice está en los " "límites de caracteres o no." -#: src/std-types/vec.md +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " -"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +"Many types can be converted to a string with the [`to_string`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod.to_string) method. " +"This trait is automatically implemented for all types that implement " +"`Display`, so anything that can be formatted can also be converted to a " +"string." +msgstr "" +"Muchos tipos pueden ser convertidos a una cadena con el método [`to_string`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod." +"to_string). Este trait es automáticamente implementado para cualquier tipo " +"que implemente `Display`, entonces cualquier objeto que pueda ser formateado " +"también puede ser convertido a una cadena." + +#: src/std-types/vec.md +msgid "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " +"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) es el búfer " "estándar redimensionable asignado al _heap_:" @@ -7164,7 +6980,6 @@ msgstr "" "métodos slice en un `Vec`." #: src/std-types/vec.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " @@ -7172,7 +6987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "`Vec` es un tipo de colección, junto con `String` y `HashMap`. Los datos que " "contiene se almacenan en el _heap_. Esto significa que no es necesario " -"conocer la cantidad de datos durante la compilación. Puede aumentar o " +"conocer el tamaño de los datos durante la compilación. Puede aumentar o " "disminuir durante la ejecución." #: src/std-types/vec.md @@ -7409,43 +7224,23 @@ msgstr "\"naranja\"" msgid "\"got {} apples\"" msgstr "\"se han visto {} manzanas\"" -#: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Comparaciones](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Operadores](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[From e Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Conversiones](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Read y Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)" +#: src/std-traits.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes. It contains:" msgstr "" -"[Default, sintaxis de actualización de structs](./std-traits/default.md) (5 " -"minutos)" +"Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora y 10 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutes)" -msgstr "[Cierres](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutos)" +msgid "From and Into" +msgstr "From e Into" #: src/std-traits.md -msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" +msgid "Read and Write" +msgstr "Read y Write" #: src/std-traits.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 40 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora y 40 minutos." +msgid "Default, struct update syntax" +msgstr "Default, sintaxis de actualización de structs" #: src/std-traits.md msgid "" @@ -7493,9 +7288,8 @@ msgstr "" "equivalencia total usan `Eq` como límite del trait." #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" -msgstr "`PartialEq` y `Eq`" +msgstr "`PartialOrd` y `Ord`" #: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" @@ -7542,10 +7336,9 @@ msgid "Discussion points:" msgstr "Cuestiones de debate:" #: src/std-traits/operators.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" -msgstr "¿En qué situaciones sería útil implementar `Add` para `&Point`? " +msgstr "¿En qué situaciones sería útil implementar `Add` para `&Point`?" #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" @@ -7567,15 +7360,14 @@ msgstr "" "tipo del método?" #: src/std-traits/operators.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " "associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a " "trait." msgstr "" "Respuesta corta: el llamador controla los parámetros tipo de la función, " -"pero los tipos asociados (como `Output`) los controla el implementador de un " -"trait ." +"pero los tipos asociados (como `Output`) son controlados por el " +"implementador de un trait." #: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" @@ -7745,10 +7537,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"\\n\"" msgstr "\"\\n\"" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "\"World\"" -msgstr "\"mundo\"" - #: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" msgstr "\"Registrado: {:?}\"" @@ -7781,8 +7569,8 @@ msgstr "\"Ya está configurado.\"" msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" -#: src/std-traits/default.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/std-traits/default.md src/lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"{:#?}\"" msgstr "\"{:#?}\"" @@ -7816,14 +7604,12 @@ msgstr "" "razonables (por ejemplo, `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)." #: src/std-traits/default.md -#, fuzzy msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." msgstr "" -"La copia parcial de la estructura funciona correctamente con los valores " -"predeterminados. ." +"La inicialización parcial de estructuras funciona bien con los valores " +"predeterminados." #: src/std-traits/default.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " "provides convenience methods that use it." @@ -7833,7 +7619,6 @@ msgstr "" "utilizan." #: src/std-traits/default.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" @@ -7841,7 +7626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "la sintaxis `..` se denomina [sintaxis de actualización de estructuras]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-" -"instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax)" +"instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax)." #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" @@ -7857,9 +7642,8 @@ msgstr "" "html):" #: src/std-traits/closures.md -#, fuzzy msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" -msgstr "Llamar Funciones Unsafe (Inseguras)" +msgstr "\"Llamado función sobre {input}\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" @@ -7946,13 +7730,17 @@ msgstr "" "De forma predeterminada, los cierres capturan, si pueden, por referencia. La " "palabra clave `move` hace que capturen por valor." +#: src/std-traits/closures.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "\"{} {}\"" +msgstr "\"{} {}\"" + #: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"Hi\"" msgstr "\"¿Qué\"" #: src/std-traits/closures.md -msgid "\"there\"" -msgstr "\"pasa?\"" +msgid "\"Greg\"" +msgstr "\"Greg\"" #: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -8011,65 +7799,20 @@ msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." msgstr "Punteros inteligentes: tipos de punteros de biblioteca estándar." #: src/welcome-day-3.md -msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md -msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Gestión de la memoria](./Memory-management.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Punteros inteligentes](./smart-pointers.md) (55 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-3.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 " -"minutes" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 " +"minutes. It contains:" msgstr "" "Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " -"es de unas 2 horas y 25 minutos." - -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Revisión de la memoria del programa](./Memory-management/review.md) (5 " -"minutos)" +"es de unas 2 horas y 20 minutos. Contiene:" -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "" -"[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 " -"minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Estrategias para la gestión de la memoria](./Memory-manageme t/approaches." -"md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ownership](./Memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Semántica de movimiento](./Memory-management/move.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)" -msgstr "[Clonar](./Memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutos)" - -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Copiar tipos](./Memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Drop](./Memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutos)" +#: src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/clone.md +msgid "Clone" +msgstr "Clone" #: src/memory-management.md -msgid "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: tipo de compilador](./Memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutos)" +msgid "Drop" +msgstr "`Drop`" #: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" @@ -8142,7 +7885,6 @@ msgstr "" "lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)." #: src/memory-management/review.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" @@ -8171,8 +7913,8 @@ msgstr "" " // un comportamiento indefinido.\n" #: src/memory-management/review.md -msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" -msgstr "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, longitud = {len}, capacidad = {capacity}\"" +msgid "\"capacity = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}\"" +msgstr "\"capacidad = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}\"" #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" @@ -8230,8 +7972,8 @@ msgid "" "Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " "management." msgstr "" -"Control _y_ seguridad completa gracias a que el compilador se encarga del " -"correcto manejo de la memoria" +"Control completo _y_ seguridad completa gracias a que el compilador se " +"encarga del manejo correcto de la memoria." #: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." @@ -8310,18 +8052,20 @@ msgstr "" "produce un error cuando se usan fuera de él:" #: src/memory-management/ownership.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " "one owner at all times." -msgstr "Decimos que el valor _pertenece_ a la variable." +msgstr "" +"Decimos que el valor _pertenece_ a la variable. Cada valor en Rust tiene " +"exactamente un dueño en todo tiempo." #: src/memory-management/ownership.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " "destructor can run here to free up resources." -msgstr "Al final del ámbito, la variable _se elimina_ y los datos se liberan." +msgstr "" +"Al final del ámbito, la variable _se elimina_ y los datos se liberan. Un " +"destructor puede correr en este momento para librar recursos." #: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" @@ -8343,10 +8087,6 @@ msgstr "Una asignación transferirá su _ownership_ entre variables:" msgid "\"Hello!\"" msgstr "\"¡Hola!\"" -#: src/memory-management/move.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" -msgstr "\"s2: {s2}\"" - #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" msgstr "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" @@ -8376,41 +8116,41 @@ msgstr "Después de mover a `s2`:" msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| H | e | l | l | o | ! | :\n" +": | len | 6 | : | : +----+----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 6 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": | len | 6 | :\n" +": | capacity | 6 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| H | e | l | l | o | ! | :\n" +": | len | 6 | : | : +----+----+----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 6 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" ": s2 : |\n" ": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" ": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": | len | 6 | :\n" +": | capacity | 6 | :\n" ": +-----------+-------+ :\n" ": :\n" "`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" @@ -8424,11 +8164,12 @@ msgstr "" "Cuando pasas un valor a una función, el valor se asigna al parámetro de la " "función. Esta acción transfiere el _ownership_:" -#: src/memory-management/move.md +#: src/memory-management/move.md src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" msgstr "\"Hola {name}\"" -#: src/memory-management/move.md src/android/interoperability/java.md +#: src/memory-management/move.md src/memory-management/clone.md +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"Alice\"" msgstr "\"Alice\"" @@ -8512,9 +8253,8 @@ msgstr "" "programadores a clonar sólo de forma explícita." #: src/memory-management/move.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" -msgstr "Double free en código C++ moderno" +msgstr "Copias Defensivas en C++ Moderno" #: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" @@ -8581,10 +8321,6 @@ msgstr "" "A diferencia de Rust, en C++ se puede ejecutar código arbitrario con `=` " "según el tipo que se vaya a copiar o mover." -#: src/memory-management/clone.md -msgid "Clone" -msgstr "Clone" - #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " @@ -8596,12 +8332,11 @@ msgstr "" #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " -"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::" -"new`." +"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `vec!` or `Box::new`." msgstr "" "La función de `Clone` es poder encontrar fácilmente dónde se producen las " -"asignaciones de montículos. Busca `.clone()` y otros elementos como `Vec::" -"new` o `Box::new`." +"asignaciones al heap. Busca a `.clone()` y algunos otros como `vec!` o `Box::" +"new`." #: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" @@ -8611,6 +8346,22 @@ msgstr "" "Es habitual \"clonar para salir\" de los problemas con el verificador de " "préstamos y volver más tarde para optimizar esos clones." +#: src/memory-management/clone.md +msgid "" +"`clone` generally performs a deep copy of the value, meaning that if you e." +"g. clone an array, all of the elements of the array are cloned as well." +msgstr "" +"`clone` generalmente realiza una copia a fondo del valor. Por ejemplo, si " +"clonas un array, todos los elementos del array tambien son clonados." + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md +msgid "" +"The behavior for `clone` is user-defined, so it can perform custom cloning " +"logic if needed." +msgstr "" +"El comportamiento de `clone` es definido por el usuario, entonces puede " +"realizar lógica personalizada de clonación si es necesario." + #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" @@ -8682,7 +8433,6 @@ msgstr "" "es de tipo `Copy`." #: src/memory-management/copy-types.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " "`println!` for `p1`." @@ -8694,6 +8444,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "Demuestra que funciona si clonas `p1`." +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md +msgid "" +"Shared references are `Copy`/`Clone`, mutable references are not. This is " +"because rust requires that mutable references be exclusive, so while it's " +"valid to make a copy of a shared reference, creating a copy of a mutable " +"reference would violate Rust's borrowing rules." +msgstr "" +"Referencias compartidas son `Copy`/`Clone`, pero referencias mutables no lo " +"son. Esto es porque Rust requiere que las referencias mutables sean " +"exclusivas. Esto significa que es valido hacer una copia de una referencia " +"compartida, pero hacer lo mismo para una referencia mutable violaría las " +"reglas de préstamo de Rust." + #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "The `Drop` Trait" msgstr "El Trait `Drop`" @@ -8711,12 +8474,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" msgstr "\"Suprimiendo {}\"" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md +#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"a\"" msgstr "\"a\"" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/testing/googletest.md +#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"b\"" msgstr "\"b\"" @@ -8793,9 +8556,9 @@ msgid "" "Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " "block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" -"Respuesta corta: si lo hiciera, se llamaría a `std::mem::drop` al final del " -"bloque, lo que daría como resultado otra llamada a `Drop::drop` y un " -"desbordamiento de la _stack_." +"Respuesta corta: si lo hiciera, `std::mem::drop` sería llamado al final del " +"bloque, lo que daría como resultado otra llamada a `Drop::drop`, ¡y un " +"desbordamiento del _stack_!" #: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." @@ -8916,20 +8679,12 @@ msgid "\"0.1\"" msgstr "\"0.1\"" #: src/smart-pointers.md -msgid "[Box" -msgstr "[Box" - -#: src/smart-pointers.md -msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/smart-pointers.md -msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "Box" +msgstr "Box" #: src/smart-pointers.md -msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: árbol binario](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" +msgid "Rc" +msgstr "Rc" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" @@ -8973,7 +8728,6 @@ msgid "\"{list:?}\"" msgstr "\"{list:?}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -8995,32 +8749,31 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" "```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" ": " -"list : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" +"list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // " +"| // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -'\n" "```" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " "not null." msgstr "" "`Box` es igual que `std::unique_ptr` en C++, salvo que está asegurado que no " -"será nulo. " +"será nulo." #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" @@ -9031,7 +8784,7 @@ msgid "" "have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " "compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" -"Si tienes un tipo cuyo tamaño no se conoce durante la compilación, pero el " +"tiene un tipo cuyo tamaño no se conoce durante la compilación, pero el " "compilador de Rust quiere saber el tamaño exacto." #: src/smart-pointers/box.md @@ -9040,19 +8793,19 @@ msgid "" "amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " "so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" -"Si quieres transferir la propiedad de una gran cantidad de datos. Para " -"evitar que se copien grandes cantidades de datos en la _stack_, almacena los " -"datos del _heap_ en un `Box` para que solo se mueva el puntero." +"quieres transferir la propiedad (\"ownership\") de una gran cantidad de " +"datos. Para evitar que se copien grandes cantidades de datos en el _stack_, " +"almacena los datos del _heap_ en un `Box` para que solo se mueva el puntero." #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " -"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " -"(`List` would be of infinite size)." +"`List`, the compiler would not be able to compute a fixed size for the " +"struct in memory (the `List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" -"Si no se utiliza `Box` e intentamos insertar un `List` directamente dentro " -"de `List`, el compilador no calcularía un tamaño fijo de la estructura en la " -"memoria (`List` tendría un tamaño infinito)." +"Si no utilizamos `Box` e intentamos insertar un `List` directamente dentro " +"de `List`, el compilador no podría calcular un tamaño fijo de la estructura " +"en la memoria (`List` tendría un tamaño infinito)." #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" @@ -9064,14 +8817,15 @@ msgstr "" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" -"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " -"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " -"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." +"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. We get " +"the message \"recursive without indirection\", because for data recursion, " +"we have to use indirection, a `Box` or reference of some kind, instead of " +"storing the value directly." msgstr "" "Elimina `Box` de la definición de la lista y muestra el error del " -"compilador. \"Recursivo con indirección\" es una sugerencia de que puedes " -"usar un Box o referencia de algún tipo, en lugar de almacenar un valor " -"directamente." +"compilador. El mensaje \"recursivo con indirección\" es una sugerencia de " +"que debes usar un Box o referencia de algún tipo en lugar de almacenar un " +"valor directamente." #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "Niche Optimization" @@ -9079,46 +8833,45 @@ msgstr "Optimización de la Memoria" #: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" -"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " -"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" +"Though `Box` looks like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, it cannot be empty/null. " +"This makes `Box` one of the types that allow the compiler to optimize " +"storage of some enums." msgstr "" -"`Box` no puede estar vacío, por lo que el puntero siempre es válido y no " -"`null`. Esto permite que el compilador optimice el diseño de la memoria:" +"Aunque `Box` se parece a `std::unique_ptr` en C++, no puede ser vació o " +"nulo. Esto hace `Box` uno de los tipos que permite que el compilador " +"optimice el almacenaje de ciertas enumeraciones." #: src/smart-pointers/box.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": list : : :\n" -": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" -": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | // | :\n" -": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"For example, `Option>` has the same size, as just `Box`, because " +"compiler uses NULL-value to discriminate variants instead of using explicit " +"tag ([\"Null Pointer Optimization\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/" +"#representation)):" msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"```" +"Por ejemplo, `Option>` tiene el mismo tamaño que `Box`, ya que el " +"compilador usa el valor nulo para discriminar variantes en vez de usar una " +"etiqueta explicita ([\"Null Pointer Optimization\"](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/option/#representation)):" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md +msgid "\"Just box\"" +msgstr "\"Solo box\"" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md +msgid "\"Optional box\"" +msgstr "\"Box opcional\"" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md +msgid "\"Size of just_box: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Tamaño de just_box: {}\"" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md +msgid "\"Size of optional_box: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Tamaño de optional_box: {}\"" + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md +msgid "\"Size of none: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Tamaño de none: {}\"" #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" @@ -9191,15 +8944,192 @@ msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "Comprueba el recuento de referencias con `Rc::strong_count`." #: src/smart-pointers/rc.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " "cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" -"`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto _de referencia contada baja_ para crear " -"`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto de _referencia contada débil_ para crear " +"`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto _de referencia contada debil_ para crear " +"ciclos que que se borraran propiamente (probablemente en combinación con " "`RefCell`)." +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"We previously saw how trait objects can be used with references, e.g `&dyn " +"Pet`. However, we can also use trait objects with smart pointers like `Box` " +"to create an owned trait object: `Box`." +msgstr "" +"Previamente vimos que objetos de trait se pueden usar con referencias, e.g. " +"`&dyn Pet`. También podemos usar objetos de trait con punteros inteligentes " +"como `Box` para crear objetos de trait con dueño: `Box`." + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" +msgstr "Diseño de la memoria después de asignar `pets`:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": \"pets: Vec\" : : \"data: Cat\" +----+----+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-------+-------+ | F | i | d | " +"o | :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--. : | lives | 9 | +----+----+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": | len | 2 | : | : +-------+-------+ " +"^ :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : | : ^ " +"| :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : | " +"'-------. :\n" +": : | : | data:" +"\"Dog\"| :\n" +": : | : | +-------+--|-------" +"+ :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' | : +---|-+-----+ | name | o, 4, 4 " +"| :\n" +" `--+-->| o o | o o-|----->| age | 5 " +"| :\n" +" : +-|---+-|---+ +-------+----------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"| :\n" +" `- - -| - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +" | |\n" +" | | " +"\"Program text\"\n" +" .- - -| - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +" : | | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | `----->| \"::" +"talk\" | :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : '----------->| \"::" +"talk\" | :\n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": \"pets: Vec\" : : \"data: Cat\" +----+----+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-------+-------+ | F | i | d | " +"o | :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--. : | lives | 9 | +----+----+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": | len | 2 | : | : +-------+-------+ " +"^ :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : | : ^ " +"| :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : | " +"'-------. :\n" +": : | : | data:" +"\"Dog\"| :\n" +": : | : | +-------+--|-------" +"+ :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' | : +---|-+-----+ | name | o, 4, 4 " +"| :\n" +" `--+-->| o o | o o-|----->| age | 5 " +"| :\n" +" : +-|---+-|---+ +-------+----------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"| :\n" +" `- - -| - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +" | |\n" +" | | " +"\"Program text\"\n" +" .- - -| - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +" : | | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | `----->| \"::" +"talk\" | :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : '----------->| \"::" +"talk\" | :\n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " +"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." +msgstr "" +"Los tipos que implementan un trait pueden tener diferentes tamaños. Esto " +"hace imposible tener elementos como `Vec` en el ejemplo anterior." + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " +"implements `Pet`." +msgstr "" +"`dyn Pet` es una forma de indicar al compilador un tipo de tamaño dinámico " +"que implementa `Pet`." + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " +"the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" +msgstr "" +"En este ejemplo, `pets` es alocado sobre el stack y los datos del vector " +"sobre el heap. Los dos elementos del vector son _punteros gordos_:" + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " +"the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` " +"implementation of that particular object." +msgstr "" +"Un puntero gordo es un puntero de tamaño doble. Tiene dos componentes: un " +"puntero al objeto y un puntero a la [tabla virtual de métodos](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) para la implementación de " +"`Pet` de ese objeto." + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "" +"The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " +"has a `lives` field." +msgstr "" +"Los datos para el `Dog` llamado Fido son los campos `name` y `age`. El `Cat` " +"tiene un campo `lives`." + +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" +msgstr "Compara estas salidas en el ejemplo anterior:" + #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "" "A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " @@ -9247,61 +9177,32 @@ msgstr "" "/// Si se añade el mismo valor varias veces, solo se almacena una vez.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md -msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`.\n" -msgstr "// Implementa `new`, `insert`, `len` y `has`.\n" +msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has` for `Subtree`.\n" +msgstr "// Implementa `new`, `insert`, `len` y `has` para `Subtree`.\n" #: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "// not a unique item\n" msgstr "// No es un elemento único.\n" -#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/googletest.md +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"bar\"" msgstr "\"bar\"" -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md -msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (1 hour)" -msgstr "[Préstamos](./borrowing.md) (1 hora)" - -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md -msgid "" -"[Slices and Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Slices y tiempos de vida](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" - #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md msgid "" -"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 " -"minutes" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 1 hour and 55 " +"minutes. It contains:" msgstr "" "Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " -"es de unas 2 horas y 20 minutos." - -#: src/borrowing.md -msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Tomar prestado un valor](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/borrowing.md -msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Comprobación de préstamos](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/borrowing.md -msgid "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Mutabilidad interior](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/borrowing.md -msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: estadísticas de salud](./borrowing/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" +"es de una horas y 55 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/borrowing/shared.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " "you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "" -"En lugar de transferir el _ownership_ al llamar a una función, puedes " -"permitir que una función _tome prestado_ el valor:" +"En lugar de transferir el _ownership_ (posesión) al llamar a una función, " +"puedes permitir que una función _tome prestado_ el valor:" #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." @@ -9321,61 +9222,64 @@ msgstr "" "valores devueltos." #: src/borrowing/shared.md -msgid "Notes on stack returns:" +msgid "Notes on stack returns and inlining:" msgstr "Notas sobre la devolución de resultados de la _stack_:" #: src/borrowing/shared.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " -"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " -"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"eliminate the copy operation, by inlining the call to add into main. Change " +"the above code to print stack addresses and run it on the [Playground]" +"(https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " "or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the " "\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " "the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" -"Demuestra que la instrucción de retorno de `add` es fácil porque el " +"Demuestra que la instrucción de retorno de `add` es barato porque el " "compilador puede eliminar la operación de copia. Cambia el código anterior " "para imprimir las direcciones de la _stack_ y ejecutarlas en el [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/) o consulta el ensamblador en [Godbolt](https://" -"rust.godbolt.org/). En el nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones " -"deberían cambiar. Sin embargo, deberían mantenerse igual modificar la " -"configuración \"RELEASE\":" +"(https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " +"o consulta el ensamblador en [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). En el " +"nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones deberían cambiar. Sin " +"embargo, deberían mantenerse igual modificar la configuración \"RELEASE\":" #: src/borrowing/shared.md -msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +msgid "" +"The Rust compiler can do automatic inlining, that can be disabled on a " +"function level with `#[inline(never)]`." msgstr "" -"El compilador de Rust puede hacer la optimización del valor devuelto (RVO)." +"El compilador Rust puede hacer enlineamiento automático que puede ser " +"deshabilitado al nivel de una función con `#[inline(never)]`." #: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" -"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " -"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " -"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " -"copy." +"Once disabled, the printed address will change on all optimization levels. " +"Looking at Godbolt or Playground, one can see that in this case, the return " +"of the value depends on the ABI, e.g. on amd64 the two i32 that is making up " +"the point will be returned in 2 registers (eax and edx)." msgstr "" -"En C++, la elisión de copia tiene que definirse en la especificación del " -"lenguaje, ya que los constructores pueden tener efectos secundarios. En " -"Rust, esto no supone ningún problema. Si no hay RVO, Rust siempre realizará " -"una copia `memcpy` simple y eficiente." +"Una vez deshabilitado, la dirección impresa cambiara en todos los niveles de " +"optimización. Mirando en Godbolt o Playground, uno puede ver que en este " +"caso el valor de retorno dependen del ABI, e.g. en amd64 los dos i32 que " +"constituyen el punto son regresados en 2 registros (eax y edx)." #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " "For a given value, at any time:" -msgstr "Rust limita las formas en que se pueden tomar prestados valores:" +msgstr "" +"El _borrow checker_ de Rust limita las formas en que se pueden tomar " +"prestados valores. Para un dado valor, en cualquier tiempo:" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md -#, fuzzy msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" -msgstr "Puedes tener uno o varios valores `&T` en un momento dado, _o_" +msgstr "Puedes tener uno o varios valores `&T`, _o_" #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md -#, fuzzy msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." -msgstr "puedes tener exactamente un valor `&mut T`." +msgstr "Solo puedes tener exactamente una referencia exclusiva al valor." #: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" @@ -9438,6 +9342,34 @@ msgstr "" "entiende del todo\", lo que suele dar lugar a \"conflictos con el " "comprobador de préstamos.\"" +#: src/borrowing/examples.md +msgid "" +"As a concrete example of how these borrowing rules prevent memory errors, " +"consider the case of modifying a collection while there are references to " +"its elements:" +msgstr "" +"Como un ejemplo concreto de como estas reglas de préstamo previenen errores " +"de memoria, considera el caso de modificar una colección cuando existen " +"referencias a sus elementos:" + +#: src/borrowing/examples.md +msgid "\"{elem}\"" +msgstr "\"{elem}\"" + +#: src/borrowing/examples.md +msgid "Similarly, consider the case of iterator invalidation:" +msgstr "Considera este caso parecido de invalidación de iterador:" + +#: src/borrowing/examples.md +msgid "" +"In both of these cases, modifying the collection by pushing new elements " +"into it can potentially invalidate existing references to the collection's " +"elements if the collection has to reallocate." +msgstr "" +"En ambos casos, añadir elementos a la colección puede invalidar referencias " +"pre-existentes a los elementos de la colección si es necesario realizar " +"reasignación." + #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "In some situations, it's necessary to modify data behind a shared (read-" @@ -9465,13 +9397,23 @@ msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "`RefCell`" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md -msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"gráfico: {root:#?}\"" +msgid "// Note that `cell` is NOT declared as mutable.\n" +msgstr "// Nota que `cell` NO es declarado como mutable.\n" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md -msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" -msgstr "\"suma de gráfico: {}\"" - +msgid "" +"// This triggers an error at runtime.\n" +" // let other = cell.borrow();\n" +" // println!(\"{}\", *other);\n" +msgstr "" +"// Esto causa un error al tiempo de ejecución.\n" +" // let other = cell.borrow();\n" +" // println!(\"{}\", *other);\n" + +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md +msgid "\"{cell:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{cell:?}\"" + #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "`Cell`" @@ -9512,13 +9454,14 @@ msgstr "" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" -"`Rc` only allows shared (read-only) access to its contents, since its " -"purpose is to allow (and count) many references. But we want to modify the " -"value, so we need interior mutability." +"The extra block in the `RefCell` example is to end the borrow created by the " +"call to `borrow_mut` before we print the cell. Trying to print a borrowed " +"`RefCell` just shows the message `\"{borrowed}\"`." msgstr "" -"`Rc` solo permite el acceso compartido (de solo lectura) a su contenido, ya " -"que su objetivo es permitir (y contar) muchas referencias. Ya que nuestro " -"objetivo modificar el valor, necesitamos utilizar la mutabilidad interna." +"El bloque extra en el ejemplo `RefCell` existe para terminar el préstamo " +"creado por la llamada a `borrow_mut` antes de que imprimimos cal celda. " +"Intentando imprimir una celda `RefCell` solo enseña el mensaje " +"`\"{borrowed}\"`." #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" @@ -9533,23 +9476,13 @@ msgstr "" #: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" -"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." -"children`." -msgstr "" -"Demuestra que se pueden crear bucles de referencia añadiendo `root` a " -"`subtree.children`." - -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md -msgid "" -"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " -"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " -"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " -"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." +"Both `RefCell` and `Cell` are `!Sync`, which means `&RefCell` and `&Cell` " +"can't be passed between threads. This prevents two threads trying to access " +"the cell at once." msgstr "" -"Para demostrar un pánico en tiempo de ejecución, añade un `fn inc(&mut " -"self)` que incremente `self.value` y llame al mismo método en sus hijos. " -"Esto entrará en pánico en presencia del bucle de referencia, con `thread " -"'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." +"Ambos `RefCell` y `Cell` son `!Sync`, que significa que `&RefCell` y `&Cell` " +"no pueden ser pasados entre hilos. Esto previene que dos hilos intenten " +"acceder la celda al mismo tiempo." #: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -9561,24 +9494,22 @@ msgstr "" "de los usuarios." #: src/borrowing/exercise.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` " "struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the " "`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" "Comenzarás con algunas funciones stub en un bloque `impl`, así como con una " -"definición de estructura `User`. Tu objetivo es implementar métodos con " -"stubs en la `struct` `User` definida en el bloque `impl`." +"definición de estructura `User`. Tu objetivo es implementar métodos en el " +"`struct` `User` definida en el bloque `impl`." #: src/borrowing/exercise.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "method:" msgstr "" -"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página y rellena los métodos que faltan:" +"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página a y rellena el método que falta:" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -9589,7 +9520,8 @@ msgstr "" "obtenidas durante una consulta médica\"" #: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"Bob\"" msgstr "\"Bob\"" @@ -9597,236 +9529,7 @@ msgstr "\"Bob\"" msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" msgstr "\"Me llamo {} y tengo {} años\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "[String References](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Referencias de cadenas](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "" -"[Lifetime Annotations](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 " -"minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Anotaciones de tiempos de vida](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations." -"md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "" -"[Lifetime Elision](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Omisión de tiempos de vida](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "" -"[Struct Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Tiempos de vida de structs](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: análisis de Protobuf](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "Slices" -msgstr "Slices" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" -msgstr "Un _slice_ ofrece una visión de una colección más amplia:" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." -msgstr "Los slices toman prestados datos del tipo slice." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" -msgstr "" -"Pregunta: ¿Qué ocurre si se modifica `a[3]` justo antes de imprimir `s`?" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "" -"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " -"indexes in brackets." -msgstr "" -"Creamos un slice tomando prestado `a` y especificando entre paréntesis los " -"índices de inicio y de fin." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "" -"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " -"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Si el slice comienza en el índice 0, la sintaxis de rango de Rust nos " -"permite eliminar el índice inicial, lo que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` y " -"`&a[..a.len()]` son idénticos." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "" -"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " -"identical." -msgstr "" -"Lo mismo ocurre con el último índice, por lo que `&a[2..a.len()]` y " -"`&a[2..]` son idénticos." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "" -"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." -msgstr "" -"Para crear fácilmente un slice del array completo, podemos usar `&a[..]`." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -msgid "" -"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " -"computation on slices of different sizes." -msgstr "" -"`s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Ten en cuenta que el tipo de `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) ya no menciona la longitud del array. Esto nos permite realizar " -"cálculos en slices de diferentes tamaños." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " -"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." -msgstr "" -"Los slices siempre tienen préstamos de otros objetos. En este ejemplo, `a` " -"tiene que permanecer \"con vida\" (en el ámbito) al menos durante el tiempo " -"que dure el slice. " - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " -"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " -"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " -"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " -"`println`, when the slice is no longer used." -msgstr "" -"La cuestión sobre la modificación de `a[3]` puede suscitar un debate " -"interesante, pero la respuesta es que, por razones de seguridad de memoria, " -"no se puede hacer mediante `a` en este punto de la ejecución, pero sí se " -"pueden leer los datos de `a` y `s` de forma segura. Funciona antes de crear " -"el slice y después de `println`, cuando el slice ya no se utiliza. En la " -"sección que trata sobre el _borrow checker_ se dará más información." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "" -"We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " -"`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." -msgstr "" -"Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust: `&str` es muy " -"parecida a `&[char]`, pero almacena sus datos en una codificación de " -"longitud variable (UTF-8)." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" -msgstr "\"s1: {s1}\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "\"Hello \"" -msgstr "\"¡Hola \"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" -msgstr "\"s3: {s3}\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "Rust terminology:" -msgstr "Terminología de Rust:" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." -msgstr "`&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice de una cadena." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." -msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " -"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " -"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." -msgstr "" -"`&str` introduce un slice de cadena, que es una referencia inmutable a los " -"datos de cadena codificados en UTF-8 y almacenados en un bloque de memoria. " -"Los literales de cadena (`\"Hello\"`) se almacenan en el binario del " -"programa." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "" -"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " -"`Vec`, it is owned." -msgstr "" -"El tipo `String` de Rust es un envoltorio que rodea a un vector de bytes. " -"Como sucede con `Vec`, tiene propiedad." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " -"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " -"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." -msgstr "" -"Al igual que ocurre con muchos otros tipos, `String::from()` crea una cadena " -"a partir de un literal de cadena. `String::new()` crea una cadena vacía a la " -"que se pueden añadir los datos de la cadena mediante los métodos `push()` y " -"`push_str()`." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " -"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." -msgstr "" -"La macro `format!()` es una forma práctica de generar una cadena propia a " -"partir de valores dinámicos. Acepta la misma especificación de formato que " -"`println!()`." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -msgid "" -"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " -"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " -"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " -"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." -msgstr "" -"Puedes tomar prestados slices `&str` de `String` a través de `&` y, de forma " -"opcional, la selección de intervalos. Si seleccionas un intervalo de bytes " -"que no esté alineado con los límites de caracteres, la expresión activará un " -"pánico. El iterador `chars` itera sobre los caracteres y se aconseja esta " -"opción a intentar definir los límites de los caracteres correctamente." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " -"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " -"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " -"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." -msgstr "" -"Para los programadores de C++: piensa en `&str` como el `const char*` de C+" -"+, pero el que siempre apunta a una cadena válida en la memoria. `String` de " -"Rust es parecido a `std::string` de C++ (la diferencia principal es que " -"solo puede contener bytes codificados en UTF-8 y nunca utilizará una " -"optimización de cadena pequeña)." - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" -msgstr "Las cadenas de bytes te permiten crear un valor `&[u8]` directamente:" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers " "to. This is verified by the borrow checker." @@ -9835,7 +9538,7 @@ msgstr "" "valor al que hace referencia. El verificador de préstamos se encarga de " "comprobarlo." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " "can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " @@ -9848,17 +9551,18 @@ msgstr "" "suele usar. Lee `&'a Point` como \"un `Point` prestado que es válido al " "menos durante el tiempo de vida `a`\"." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " "yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " "ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." msgstr "" -"Las anotaciones durante el tiempo de vida crean restricciones. El compilador " -"verifica que hay una solución válida." +"Los tiempos de vida siempre son inferidos por el compilador: no es posible " +"asignar un tiempo de vida manualmente. Las anotaciones explicitas de tiempo " +"de vida crean restricciones cuando hay ambigüedad; el compilador verifica " +"que hay una solución válida." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " "returning values from functions." @@ -9866,34 +9570,34 @@ msgstr "" "Los tiempos de vida se vuelven más complejos cuando se tiene en cuenta la " "transferencia y devolución de valores a las funciones." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" msgstr "// ¿Cuál es el tiempo de vida de p3?\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" msgstr "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" -"In this example, the the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for " -"`p3`. Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume " -"that `p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, " -"Rust requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and " -"return values." +"In this example, the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for `p3`. " +"Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume that " +"`p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, Rust " +"requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and return " +"values." msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, el compilador no conoce el tiempo de vida que se debe " -"inferir para `p3`. Al examinar el cuerpo de la función, solo se puede " -"suponer con seguridad que el tiempo de vida de `p3` es menor que`p1` y `p2`. " -"Sin embargo, como sucede con los tipos, Rust requiere anotaciones explícitas " -"de los tiempos de vida en los argumentos de las funciones y los valores " +"inferir para `p3`. Al examinar el cuerpo de la función, se puede suponer con " +"seguridad que el tiempo de vida de `p3` es menor que`p1` y `p2`. Sin " +"embargo, como sucede con los tipos, Rust requiere anotaciones explícitas de " +"los tiempos de vida en los argumentos de las funciones y los valores " "devueltos." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" msgstr "Añade `'a` correctamente a `left_most`:" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " "for at least `'a`." @@ -9901,19 +9605,18 @@ msgstr "" "Por tanto, \"dado p1 y p2, que superan el tiempo de vida de `'a`, el valor " "devuelto tiene una duración de al menos `'a`." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." msgstr "" "De forma habitual, los tiempos de vida se pueden omitir, tal como se " "describe en la siguiente diapositiva." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "Tiempos de Vida en Llamadas a Función" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " "but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " @@ -9921,17 +9624,18 @@ msgid "" "inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." msgstr "" "El tiempo de vida de los argumentos de las funciones y los valores devueltos " -"deben especificarse por completo, pero Rust permite que se puedan eludir en " -"la mayoría de los casos con [unas sencillas reglas](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." +"se deben especificar de manera completa, pero Rust permite que se puedan " +"eludir en la mayoría de los casos con [unas reglas sencillas](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). Esto no es inferencia -- solo " +"es un atajo de sintaxis." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." msgstr "" "A cada argumento que no tenga una anotación de tiempo de vida se le " "proporciona uno." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " "return values." @@ -9939,7 +9643,7 @@ msgstr "" "Si solo hay un tiempo de vida de un argumento, se le asigna a todos los " "valores devueltos que no estén anotados." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " "that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." @@ -9948,12 +9652,12 @@ msgstr "" "`self`, ese tiempo de vida se asigna a todos los valores devueltos que no " "estén anotados." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, `cab_distance` se ha suprimido sin que suponga un problema." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " "references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." @@ -9961,13 +9665,13 @@ msgstr "" "La función `nearest` proporciona otro ejemplo de una función con múltiples " "referencias en sus argumentos que requiere una anotación explícita." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" msgstr "" "Prueba a ajustar la firma para \"mentir\" sobre los tiempos de vida " "devueltos:" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " "validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " @@ -9978,7 +9682,7 @@ msgstr "" "los punteros sin formato (inseguros), y es uno de los motivos por los que se " "cometen errores con Rust inseguro." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have " "lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't " @@ -9994,40 +9698,40 @@ msgstr "" "se llevan a cabo prototipos, resulta más fácil trabajar únicamente con datos " "propios, clonando valores siempre que sea necesario." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "Tiempos de vida en estructuras de datos" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" "Si un tipo de datos almacena datos prestados, se debe anotar con tiempo de " "vida:" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" msgstr "\"¡Adiós, {text}!\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" msgstr "" "\"El veloz murciélago hindú comía feliz cardillo y kiwi. La cigüeña tocaba " "el saxofón detrás del palenque de paja.\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "// erase(text);\n" msgstr "// erase(text);\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" msgstr "\"{fox:?}\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" msgstr "\"{dog:?}\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " "underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " @@ -10037,7 +9741,7 @@ msgstr "" "subyacentes a la `&str` contenida tengan al menos la misma duración que " "cualquier instancia de `Highlight` que utilice esos datos." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " "the borrow checker throws an error." @@ -10045,7 +9749,7 @@ msgstr "" "Si `text` se consume antes de que acabe el tiempo de vida de `fox` (o " "`dog`), el _borrow checker_ (verificador de préstamos) muestra un error." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " "can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " @@ -10055,13 +9759,13 @@ msgstr "" "conservar los datos originales. Esto puede ser útil para crear vistas " "ligeras aunque, por lo general, hace que sean un poco más difíciles de usar." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "" "Siempre que sea posible, haz que las estructuras de datos sean propietarias " "directas de sus datos." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " "annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " @@ -10074,7 +9778,7 @@ msgstr "" "tiempo de vida de la propia estructura. Estos son casos prácticos muy " "avanzados." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" "(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " @@ -10087,7 +9791,7 @@ msgstr "" "ejemplo se muestra un patrón de análisis muy habitual que consiste en " "transferir fracciones de datos. Los datos subyacentes nunca se copian." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " "indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " @@ -10100,12 +9804,11 @@ msgstr "" "esa información en declaraciones `match` en funciones a las que se llama " "para cada campo." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "We'll use the following proto:" -msgstr "Puedes usar el siguiente archivo `Cargo.toml`:" +msgstr "Usaremos el proto que sigue:" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " "is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " @@ -10118,7 +9821,7 @@ msgstr "" "mensaje de `Person`) y un tipo de wire que define cómo se debe definir la " "carga útil a partir del flujo de bytes." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " "called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " @@ -10131,7 +9834,7 @@ msgstr "" "retrollamadas para gestionar los campos `Person` y `PhoneNumber`, así como " "analizar un mensaje en una serie de llamadas a dichas retrollamadas." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the " "`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`." @@ -10139,39 +9842,15 @@ msgstr "" "Ahora solo tienes que implementar la función `parse_field` y el trait " "`ProtoMessage` para `Person` y `PhoneNumber`." -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "\"Invalid varint\"" -msgstr "\"Varint no válido\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\"" -msgstr "\"Tipo de wire no válido\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" -msgstr "\"EOF inesperado\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "\"Invalid length\"" -msgstr "\"Longitud no válida\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" -msgstr "\"Tipo de wire inesperado)\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" -msgstr "\"Cadena no válida (no es UTF‐8)\"" - -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" msgstr "/// Tipo de wire como se observa en el wire.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" msgstr "/// Varint WireType indica que el valor es un único VARINT.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" " /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " @@ -10183,7 +9862,7 @@ msgstr "" "como\n" " /// VARINT seguida exactamente de ese número de bytes.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" " /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" @@ -10192,30 +9871,58 @@ msgstr "" " /// el orden little endian que contiene un número entero con signo de 32 " "bits.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" msgstr "/// Valor de un campo, escrito en función del tipo de wire.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "//I64(i64), -- no es necesario para este ejercicio\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" msgstr "/// Campo que contiene el número de campo y su valor.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "//1 => WireType::I64, no es necesario para este ejercicio\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Invalid wire type: {value}\"" +msgstr "\"Tipo de wire no válido: {value}\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Expected string to be a `Len` field\"" +msgstr "\"Cadena era esperado ser un campo `Len`\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Invalid string\"" +msgstr "\"Cadena no válida\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Expected bytes to be a `Len` field\"" +msgstr "\"Bytes eran esperados ser un campo `Len`\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Expected `u64` to be a `Varint` field\"" +msgstr "\"`u64` era esperado ser un campo `Varint`\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Expected `i32` to be an `I32` field\"" +msgstr "\"`i32` era esperado ser un campo `I32`\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" msgstr "" "/// Analiza un VARINT, que devuelve el valor analizado y los bytes " "restantes.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Not enough bytes for varint\"" +msgstr "\"No hay suficientes bytes para un varint\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" " // a u64 and return it.\n" @@ -10223,19 +9930,23 @@ msgstr "" "// Este es el último byte de VARINT, así que conviértelo en\n" " // u64 y haz que lo devuelva.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" msgstr "// Un número mayor de 7 bytes no es válido.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Too many bytes for varint\"" +msgstr "\"Demasiados bytes para un varint\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" msgstr "/// Convierte una etiqueta en un número de campo y un WireType.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" msgstr "/// Analiza un campo y haz que devuelva los bytes restantes.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " "necessary.\"" @@ -10243,11 +9954,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"En función del tipo de wire, crea un campo que utilice todos los bytes " "necesarios.\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" msgstr "\"Devuelve el campo y los bytes que no se hayan utilizado.\"" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " "in\n" @@ -10261,31 +9972,50 @@ msgstr "" "///\n" "/// Se utilizan todos los datos introducidos.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" msgstr "// TAREA: implementar ProtoMessage para Person y PhoneNumber.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md +msgid "" +"In this exercise there are various cases where protobuf parsing might fail, " +"e.g. if you try to parse an `i32` when there are fewer than 4 bytes left in " +"the data buffer. In normal Rust code we'd handle this with the `Result` " +"enum, but for simplicity in this exercise we panic if any errors are " +"encountered. On day 4 we'll cover error handling in Rust in more detail." +msgstr "" +"En este ejercicio hay varios casos en los cuales la lección del protobuf " +"puede fallar, e.g. si intentas leer un `i32` cuando hay menos de 4 bytes " +"restantes en el buffer de datos. Normalmente usaríamos el enum `Result`, " +"pero para simplificar el ejercicio inducimos pánico si ocurre un error. En " +"el día 4 cubriremos el manejo de errores en Rust en mas detall" + +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"len not a valid `usize`\"" +msgstr "\"len no es un `usize` valido\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md +msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" +msgstr "\"EOF inesperado\"" + +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" msgstr "// Desenvuelve el error porque `value` tiene 4 bytes.\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// skip everything else\n" msgstr "// salta todos los demás pasos\n" -#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md -msgid "b\"hello\"" -msgstr "n\"hola\"" - #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Welcome to Day 4" msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 4" #: src/welcome-day-4.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:" -msgstr "Hoy vamos a tratar algunos temas más avanzados de Rust:" +msgstr "" +"Hoy vamos a tratar algunos temas relacionados con la construcción de " +"aplicaciones de grande escala en Rust:" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait." @@ -10312,39 +10042,24 @@ msgstr "" "expresarte en Rust seguro." #: src/welcome-day-4.md -msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-4.md -msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Iteradores](./iterators.md) (45 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-4.md -msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)" -msgstr "[Módulos](./modules.md) (40 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-4.md -msgid "[Testing](./testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Pruebas](./testing.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" - -#: src/iterators.md -msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 40 " +"minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "" +"Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " +"es de unas 2 horas y 40 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/iterators.md -msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "Iterator" +msgstr "Iterador (Iterator)" #: src/iterators.md -msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "IntoIterator" +msgstr "`IntoIterator`" -#: src/iterators.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: encadenamiento de métodos del iterador](./iterators/exercise.md) " -"(30 minutos)" +#: src/iterators.md src/iterators/fromiterator.md +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "FromIterator" #: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "" @@ -10390,7 +10105,6 @@ msgstr "" "pero `some_vec.next()` no existe." #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " "iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" @@ -10398,20 +10112,21 @@ msgid "" "It is used automatically by the `for` loop." msgstr "" "El trait `Iterator` te indica cómo _iterar_ una vez que has creado un " -"iterador. El trait relacionado `IntoIterator` indica cómo crear el iterador:" +"iterador. El trait relacionado [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) indica cómo crear un iterador para un " +"tipo. Es usado automáticamente por los bucles `for`." #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" msgstr "\"punto = {x}, {y}\"" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " "`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" msgstr "" -"La sintaxis aquí significa que cada implementación de `IntoIterator` debe " -"declarar dos tipos:" +"Haz clic para leer la documentación para `IntoIterator`. Cada implementación " +"de `IntoIterator` debe declarar dos tipos:" #: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," @@ -10464,10 +10179,6 @@ msgstr "" "elementos propios de ese vector. En su lugar, puedes utilizar `for e in " "&some_vector` para iterar sobre referencias a elementos de `some_vector`." -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md -msgid "FromIterator" -msgstr "FromIterator" - #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " @@ -10483,9 +10194,8 @@ msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" msgstr "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md -#, fuzzy msgid "`Iterator` implements" -msgstr "`Iterator`" +msgstr "`Iterator` implementa" #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" @@ -10510,35 +10220,35 @@ msgstr "" "collect()`. Reescribe el ejemplo para usar esta opción." #: src/iterators/fromiterator.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " "There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " "like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" -"También hay implementaciones que permiten hacer cosas interesantes, como " -"convertir un `Iterator>` en un `Result, E>`." +"Existen implementaciones básicas de `FromIterator` para `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +"etc. También existen implementaciones mas especializadas que te dejan hacer " +"cosas padres como convertir un `Iterator>` a un " +"`Result, E>`." #: src/iterators/exercise.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " "in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " "trait to implement a complex calculation." msgstr "" -"Se puede implementar el trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"iter/trait.Iterator.html) en tus propios tipos:" +"En este ejercicio, necesitaras encontrar y usar métodos del trait " +"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) para " +"implementar una calculación compleja." #: src/iterators/exercise.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the following code to and make the tests " "pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " "return value." msgstr "" "Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página para hacer la prueba. Prueba a no asignar un `Vec` a los resultados " -"intermedios:" +"org/> y haz que las pruebas sucedan sin error. Usa una expresión de iterador " +"y `collect` para construir el valor devuelto." #: src/iterators/exercise.md src/iterators/solution.md msgid "" @@ -10555,33 +10265,9 @@ msgstr "" "///\n" "/// El elemento `n` del resultado es `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" -#: src/modules.md -msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Módulos](./modules/modules.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/modules.md -msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Jerarquía del sistema de archivos](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/modules.md -msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Visibilidad](./modules/visible.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/modules.md -msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/modules.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: módulos para una biblioteca GUI](./modules/exercise.md) (15 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/modules.md -msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes" -msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 40 minutos." +#: src/modules.md src/modules/paths.md +msgid "use, super, self" +msgstr "use, super, self" #: src/modules/modules.md msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." @@ -10804,10 +10490,6 @@ msgstr "" "En cualquier caso, se debe dar visibilidad a un módulo antecedente (y a " "todos sus descendientes)." -#: src/modules/paths.md -msgid "use, super, self" -msgstr "use, super, self" - #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " @@ -10830,7 +10512,7 @@ msgstr "Como ruta relativa:" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," -msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` hacen referencia a `foo` en el módulo." +msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` hacen referencia a `foo` en el módulo corriente," #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." @@ -10842,7 +10524,7 @@ msgstr "Como ruta absoluta:" #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," -msgstr "`crate::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en la raíz del crate." +msgstr "`crate::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en la raíz del crate corriente," #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." @@ -10861,8 +10543,8 @@ msgid "" "making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " "convenient, short path." msgstr "" -"DiskStorage` y `NetworkStorage` estén disponibles para otros crates con una " -"ruta corta y práctica." +"haciendo que `DiskStorage` y `NetworkStorage` estén disponibles para otros " +"crates con una ruta corta y práctica." #: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" @@ -10909,9 +10591,8 @@ msgstr "" "su propio módulo." #: src/modules/exercise.md -#, fuzzy msgid "Cargo Setup" -msgstr "Configurar" +msgstr "Configuración de Cargo" #: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" @@ -11095,34 +10776,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" msgstr "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Módulos de pruebas](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "[Otros tipos de pruebas](./testing/other.md) (10 minutos)" - -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[Useful Crates](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Crates útiles](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutos)" - -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[Mocking](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Simulación](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Lints de compilador y Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/testing.md -msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: Algoritmo de Luhn](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" - #: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "Pruebas Unitarias" @@ -11241,223 +10894,6 @@ msgstr "" "org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md -msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." -msgstr "Rust solo incluye asistencia básica para las pruebas de escritura." - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md -msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" -msgstr "" -"A continuación, se indican algunos crates adicionales que recomendamos para " -"escribir pruebas:" - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md -msgid "" -"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " -"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." -msgstr "" -"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): biblioteca completa de aserción de " -"pruebas en la tradición de GoogleTest para C++." - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md -msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." -msgstr "" -"[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): pruebas basadas en propiedades para " -"Rust." - -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md -msgid "" -"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " -"tests." -msgstr "" -"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): asistencia para _fixtures_ y pruebas " -"parametrizadas." - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " -"assertions using _matchers_:" -msgstr "" -"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): biblioteca completa de aserción de " -"pruebas en la tradición de GoogleTest para C++." - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "\"baz\"" -msgstr "\"baz\"" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "\"xyz\"" -msgstr "\"xyz\"" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " -"error message pin-pointing the error:" -msgstr "" -"Si cambiamos el último elemento a `\"!\"`, la prueba dará error y aparecerá " -"un mensaje de error estructurado que señala cuál es el fallo:" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " -"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " -"to an existing Cargo project." -msgstr "" -"GoogleTest no forma parte de Rust Playground, por lo que debes llevar a cabo " -"este ejemplo en un entorno local. Usa `cargo add googletest` para añadirlo " -"rápidamente a un proyecto de Cargo que ya tengas." - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " -"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." -"html)." -msgstr "" -"La línea `use googletest::prelude::*;` importa una serie de [macros y tipos " -"habituales](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index.html)." - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." -msgstr "Esto es solo el comienzo, existen muchos matchers integrados." - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings strings " -"are shown as a diff:" -msgstr "" -"Una característica muy interesante es que las discrepancias en las cadenas " -"que contienen varias líneas se muestran como un diff:" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" -" Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" -" Secure code you'll write.\"" -msgstr "" -"\"Se ha encontrado la seguridad de la memoria,\\n\\\n" -" la potente escritura de Rust guía el camino,\\n\\\n" -" protege el código que vayas a escribir.\"" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" -" Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" -" Secure code you'll write.\"" -msgstr "" -"\"Se ha encontrado seguridad en la memoria,\\n\\\n" -" el divertido sentido del humor de Rust guía el camino,\\n\\\n" -" protege el código que vayas a escribir.\"" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" -msgstr "muestra un diff con colores (colores que no se muestran aquí):" - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "" -"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" -"googletest/)." -msgstr "" -"El crate es un puerto de Rust de [GoogleTest para C++](https://google.github." -"io/googletest/)." - -#: src/testing/googletest.md -msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP." -msgstr "GoogleTest se puede utilizar en AOSP." - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " -"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " -"mock:" -msgstr "" -"[Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) es una biblioteca que se usa para hacer " -"simulaciones. Debes refactorizar tu código para usar traits, con los que " -"podrás hacer simulaciones:" - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"The advice here is for Android (AOSP) where Mockall is the recommended " -"mocking library. There are other [mocking libraries available on crates.io]" -"(https://crates.io/keywords/mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP " -"services. The other mocking libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, " -"meaning that they make it easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." -msgstr "" -"Estos consejos son útiles para Android (AOSP), donde Mockall es la " -"biblioteca de simulaciones recomendada. Hay otras [bibliotecas de simulación " -"disponibles en crates.io](https://crates.io/keywords/mock), especialmente en " -"el área de servicios de simulación de HTTP. Las demás bibliotecas de " -"simulación funcionan de forma similar a Mockall, lo que significa que " -"facilitan la obtención de una implementación simulada de un trait " -"determinado." - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " -"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " -"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " -"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que las simulaciones son algo _polémicas_, ya que te permiten " -"aislar por completo una prueba de sus dependencias. El resultado inmediato " -"es una ejecución de pruebas más rápida y estable. Por otro lado, las " -"simulaciones se pueden configurar de forma incorrecta y devuelven un " -"resultado diferente del que se obtendría con las dependencias reales." - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " -"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " -"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " -"and will automatically clean up after themselves." -msgstr "" -"Si es posible, te recomendamos que uses las dependencias reales. Por " -"ejemplo, muchas bases de datos te permiten configurar un backend en la " -"memoria. Es decir, en tus pruebas obtendrás el comportamiento correcto y, " -"además, son rápidas y se limpiarán de forma automática tras las pruebas." - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " -"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " -"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." -msgstr "" -"Del mismo modo, muchos frameworks web te permiten iniciar un servidor en " -"proceso que se vincula a un puerto aleatorio en `localhost`. Siempre es " -"mejor utilizar esta opción en lugar de simular el framework, ya que te ayuda " -"a hacer pruebas con el código en el entorno real." - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " -"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " -"existing Cargo project." -msgstr "" -"Mockall no forma parte de Rust Playground, por lo que debes ejecutar este " -"ejemplo en un entorno local. Usa `cargo add modelall` para añadir de forma " -"rápida Mockall a un proyecto de Cargo." - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " -"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " -"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" -msgstr "" -"Mockall tiene muchas más funciones. En concreto, puedes configurar " -"expectativas en función de los argumentos. Aquí utilizamos el ejemplo para " -"simular un gato que tiene hambre 3 horas después de que le hayan dado de " -"comer:" - -#: src/testing/mocking.md -msgid "" -"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " -"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " -"isn't satisfied." -msgstr "" -"Puedes utilizar `.times(n)` para limitar el número de veces que se puede " -"llamar a un método de simulación a `n`. Si no se cumple, la simulación " -"activará un pánico automáticamente cuando se elimine." - #: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " @@ -11517,7 +10953,7 @@ msgstr "" "crédito:" #: src/testing/exercise.md -msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject numbers with fewer than two digits." msgstr "" "Ignora todos los espacios. Rechaza los números con menos de dos dígitos." @@ -11551,7 +10987,7 @@ msgstr "" #: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " -"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is " +"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most of the algorithm is " "implemented correctly." msgstr "" "El código proporcionado ofrece una implementación errónea del algoritmo de " @@ -11559,14 +10995,14 @@ msgstr "" "parte del algoritmo se ha implementado correctamente." #: src/testing/exercise.md -#, fuzzy msgid "" "Copy the code below to and write additional " "tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " "find." msgstr "" -"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página y rellena los métodos y funciones que faltan:" +"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página a y escribe pruebas adicionales para descubrir y arreglar " +"errores en la implementación proveída." #: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" @@ -11641,46 +11077,24 @@ msgid "\" 0 0 \"" msgstr "\" 0 0 \"" #: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" -msgstr "[Gestión de errores](./error-handling.md) (45 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Rust inseguro](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" - -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours" +msgid "" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 " +"minutes. It contains:" msgstr "" "Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " -"es de unas 2 horas." - -#: src/error-handling.md -msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)" -msgstr "[Pánicos](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutos)" +"es de unas 2 horas y 15 minutos. Contiene:" #: src/error-handling.md -msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Operador Try](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "Error Trait" +msgstr "Trait `Error`" #: src/error-handling.md -msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Conversiones Try](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutos)" +msgid "thiserror and anyhow" +msgstr "`thiserror` y `anyhow`" -#: src/error-handling.md -msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Trait Error](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/error-handling.md -msgid "" -"[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[thiserror y anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/error-handling.md -msgid "" -"[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Ejercicio: reescribir con Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (20 minutos)" +#: src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/exercise.md +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +msgstr "Ejercicio: reescribir con Result" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." @@ -11706,11 +11120,11 @@ msgstr "Los _panics_ son un síntoma de que hay fallos en el programa." msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" msgstr "" "Los fallos del tiempo de ejecución, como las comprobaciones de límites " -"fallidas, pueden activar un pánico." +"fallidas, pueden causar un pánico" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" -msgstr "Las aserciones (como `assert!`) activan un pánico cuando hay fallos." +msgstr "Las aserciones (como `assert!`) causan un pánico cuando fallan" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." @@ -11757,7 +11171,7 @@ msgid "" "`catch_unwind`!" msgstr "" "El catching no es habitual, por lo que recomendamos no implementar " -"excepciones con `catch_unwind`." +"excepciones con `catch_unwind`!" #: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" @@ -11771,6 +11185,94 @@ msgstr "" msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "No funciona si `panic = 'abort'` está definido en `Cargo.toml`." +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"Our primary mechanism for error handling in Rust is the [`Result`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/result/enum.Result.html) enum, which we briefly " +"saw when discussing standard library types." +msgstr "" +"El mecanismo primario para el manejo de errores en Rust es el enum [`Result`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/result/enum.Result.html), que vimos " +"brevemente al discutir los tipos de la biblioteca estándar." + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"`Result` has two variants: `Ok` which contains the success value, and `Err` " +"which contains an error value of some kind." +msgstr "" +"`Result` tiene dos variantes: `Ok`, que contiene el valor de éxito; y `Err`, " +"que contiene un valor de error de algún tipo." + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"Whether or not a function can produce an error is encoded in the function's " +"type signature by having the function return a `Result` value." +msgstr "" +"La signatura de tipo de una función indica si puede producir un error, en " +"este caso devolverá un valor `Result`." + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"Like with `Option`, there is no way to forget to handle an error: You cannot " +"access either the success value or the error value without first pattern " +"matching on the `Result` to check which variant you have. Methods like " +"`unwrap` make it easier to write quick-and-dirty code that doesn't do robust " +"error handling, but means that you can always see in your source code where " +"proper error handling is being skipped." +msgstr "" +"Como con `Option`, no hay manera de olvidarse de manejar un error: no puedes " +"acceder el valor de éxito o el valor de error sin hacer coincidencia de " +"patrones sobre el `Result` para ver que variante tienes. Métodos como " +"`unwrap` hacen que sea mas fácil escribir código rápido-y-sucio que no " +"maneja errores de una forma robusta, pero esto significa que siempre puedes " +"ver en tu código donde no estas manejando errores de la manera propia." + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"It may be helpful to compare error handling in Rust to error handling " +"conventions that students may be familiar with from other programming " +"languages." +msgstr "" +"Podria ayudar comparar el manejo de errores en Rust con las convenciones de " +"manejo de errores de otros lenguajes que conocen los estudiantes." + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "Many languages use exceptions, e.g. C++, Java, Python." +msgstr "Muchos lenguajes usan excepciones, e.g. C++, Java, Python." + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"In most languages with exceptions, whether or not a function can throw an " +"exception is not visible as part of its type signature. This generally means " +"that you can't tell when calling a function if it may throw an exception or " +"not." +msgstr "En la mayoria" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"Exceptions generally unwind the call stack, propagating upward until a `try` " +"block is reached. An error originating deep in the call stack may impact an " +"unrelated function further up." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "Error Numbers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"Some languages have functions return an error number (or some other error " +"value) separately from the successful return value of the function. Examples " +"include C and Go." +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/result.md +msgid "" +"Depending on the language it may be possible to forget to check the error " +"value, in which case you may be accessing an uninitialized or otherwise " +"invalid success value." +msgstr "" + #: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " @@ -11822,9 +11324,10 @@ msgstr "" "archivo, archivo vacío o archivo con nombre de usuario." #: src/error-handling/try.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" -"process:Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " +"process::Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " "The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status " "on error." msgstr "" @@ -11864,8 +11367,8 @@ msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" msgstr "\"No se ha encontrado ningún nombre de usuario en {path}\"" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md -msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +#, fuzzy +msgid "//std::fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" #: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md @@ -12018,6 +11521,10 @@ msgstr "\"No se ha podido abrir {path}\"" msgid "\"Failed to read\"" msgstr "\"No se ha podido leer\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" + #: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" msgstr "\"Nombre de usuario: {username}\"" @@ -12093,10 +11600,6 @@ msgstr "" "y `Option`. Se necesita `use anyhow::Context` para habilitar `.context()` y " "`.with_context()` en esos tipos." -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md -msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" -msgstr "Ejercicio: reescribir con Result" - #: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "" "The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " @@ -12144,10 +11647,6 @@ msgstr "/// Un número literal.\n" msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" msgstr "/// Una operación binaria.\n" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md -msgid "'z'" -msgstr "'z'" - #: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'_'" msgstr "'_'" @@ -12205,36 +11704,9 @@ msgid "\"Invalid number\"" msgstr "\"Número no válido\"" #: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Inseguro](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "" -"[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Desreferenciar punteros sin formato](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 " -"minutos)" - -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "" -"[Variables estáticas mutables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Uniones](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Funciones inseguras](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)" -msgstr "[Traits inseguros](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutos)" - -#: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" -msgstr "[Ejercicio: envoltorio de FFI](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" +#, fuzzy +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora y 5 minutos." #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" @@ -12331,13 +11803,14 @@ msgid "\"careful!\"" msgstr "\"¡cuidado!\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" -" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " -"underlying\n" -" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" -" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" -" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" +"// SAFETY: r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are guaranteed to\n" +" // be non-null and properly aligned, the objects underlying the " +"references\n" +" // from which they were obtained are live throughout the whole unsafe\n" +" // block, and they are not accessed either through the references or\n" +" // concurrently through any other pointers.\n" msgstr "" "// Es seguro porque r1 y r2 se han obtenido a partir desde referencias y, " "por lo tanto,\n" @@ -12463,6 +11936,11 @@ msgstr "" "Sin embargo, dado que pueden producirse carreras de datos, no es seguro leer " "y escribir variables estáticas mutables:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: There are no other threads which could be accessing `COUNTER`.\n" +msgstr "" + #: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" msgstr "\"CONTADOR: {COUNTER}\"" @@ -12546,7 +12024,6 @@ msgstr "" #: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md #: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md #: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"C\"" msgstr "\"C\"" @@ -12556,9 +12033,10 @@ msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" msgstr "\"🗻∈🌏\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" -" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" +"// SAFETY: The indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of the\n" +" // string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" msgstr "" "// Es seguro porque los índices están en el orden correcto, dentro de los " "límites del\n" @@ -12574,9 +12052,10 @@ msgid "\"char count: {}\"" msgstr "\"recuento de caracteres: {}\"" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" -msgstr "No hay comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_:" +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: `abs` doesn't deal with pointers and doesn't have any safety\n" +" // requirements.\n" +msgstr "" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" @@ -12622,8 +12101,9 @@ msgstr "" "/// Los punteros deben ser válidos y estar alineados adecuadamente.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md -msgid "// Safe because ...\n" -msgstr "// Es seguro porque ...\n" +#, fuzzy +msgid "// SAFETY: ...\n" +msgstr "// ...\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" @@ -12706,7 +12186,8 @@ msgstr "" "relleno.\n" #: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md -msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" +#, fuzzy +msgid "// SAFETY: `u32` has a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "" "// Es seguro porque u32 tiene una representación definida y no tiene espacio " "de relleno.\n" @@ -13402,7 +12883,8 @@ msgstr "// Es necesario para evitar errores de enlace dinámico.\n" msgid "\"greetings\"" msgstr "\"greetings\"" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md src/android/aidl/implementation.md +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md src/android/testing.md #: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" @@ -13465,142 +12947,243 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "Puedes crear servidores de AIDL en Rust." -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md +msgid "" +"To illustrate how to use Rust with Binder, we're going to walk through the " +"process of creating a Binder interface. We're then going to both implement " +"the described service and write client code that talks to that service." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "AIDL Interfaces" msgstr "Interfaces de AIDL" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" msgstr "La API de tu servicio se declara mediante una interfaz de AIDL:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md src/android/aidl/changing.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" msgstr "/** Birthday service interface. */" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md src/android/aidl/changing.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" msgstr "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" msgstr "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" msgstr "// Rust no está habilitado de forma predeterminada\n" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +msgid "" +"Note that the directory structure under the `aidl/` directory needs to match " +"the package name used in the AIDL file, i.e. the package is `com.example." +"birthdayservice` and the file is at `aidl/com/example/IBirthdayService.aidl`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +msgid "Generated Service API" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" -"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " -"vendor partition." +"Binder generates a trait corresponding to the interface definition. trait to " +"talk to the service." msgstr "" -"Añade `vendor_available: true` si un binario de la partición del proveedor " -"utiliza tu archivo de AIDL." -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Generated trait_:" +msgstr "Rust generado:" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +msgid "" +"Your service will need to implement this trait, and your client will use " +"this trait to talk to the service." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +msgid "" +"The generated bindings can be found at `out/soong/.intermediates//`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +msgid "" +"Point out how the generated function signature, specifically the argument " +"and return types, correspond the interface definition." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +msgid "" +"`String` for an argument results in a different Rust type than `String` as a " +"return type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "Service Implementation" msgstr "Implementación del servicio" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" msgstr "Ahora podemos implementar el servicio de AIDL:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md -msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" -msgstr "//! Implementación de la interfaz de AIDL de `IBirthdayService`.\n" - -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md #, fuzzy msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" msgstr "/// Implementación del método HelloWorld::hello.\n" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" msgstr "\"Feliz cumpleaños, {name}, te han caído {years} años\"." -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md src/android/aidl/server.md -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" msgstr "\"libbirthdayservice\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md src/android/aidl/server.md -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" msgstr "\"birthdayservice\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md src/android/aidl/server.md -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md src/android/aidl/server.md -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" msgstr "\"libbinder_rs\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +msgid "" +"Point out the path to the generated `IBirthdayService` trait, and explain " +"why each of the segments is necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +msgid "" +"TODO: What does the `binder::Interface` trait do? Are there methods to " +"override? Where source?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "AIDL Server" msgstr "Servidor de AIDL" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" msgstr "Por último, podemos crear un servidor que exponga el servicio:" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" msgstr "//! Servicio de felicitación cumpleaños.\n" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" msgstr "/// Punto de entrada del servicio de felicitación cumpleaños.\n" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" msgstr "\"No se ha podido registrar el servicio\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"birthday_server\"" msgstr "\"birthday_server\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/server.rs\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "// Para evitar errores de enlaces dinámicos.\n" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +msgid "" +"The process for taking a user-defined service implementation (in this case " +"the `BirthdayService` type, which implements the `IBirthdayService`) and " +"starting it as a Binder service has multiple steps, and may appear more " +"complicated than students are used to if they've used Binder from C++ or " +"another language. Explain to students why each step is necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +msgid "Create an instance of your service type (`BirthdayService`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +msgid "" +"Wrap the service object in corresponding `Bn*` type (`BnBirthdayService` in " +"this case). This type is generated by Binder and provides the common Binder " +"functionality that would be provided by the `BnBinder` base class in C++. We " +"don't have inheritance in Rust, so instead we use composition, putting our " +"`BirthdayService` within the generated `BnBinderService`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +msgid "" +"Call `add_service`, giving it a service identifier and your service object " +"(the `BnBirthdayService` object in the example)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +msgid "" +"Call `join_thread_pool` to add the current thread to Binder's thread pool " +"and start listening for connections." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "Ahora podemos crear, insertar e iniciar el servicio:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" @@ -13618,61 +13201,65 @@ msgstr "" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "Comprueba que el servicio funciona en otra terminal:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "También puedes llamar al servicio con `service call`:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "Cliente de AIDL" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." msgstr "" "Por último, podemos crear un cliente de Rust para nuestro nuevo servicio." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md -msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" -msgstr "/// Conecta con el servicio de felicitación de cumpleaños.\n" - -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" msgstr "/// Llama al servicio de felicitación cumpleaños.\n" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" msgstr "" "\"No se ha podido conectar con el servicio de felicitación de cumpleaños.\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Call the service.\n" +msgstr "/// Llama al servicio de felicitación cumpleaños.\n" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"{msg}\"" msgstr "\"{msg}\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"birthday_client\"" msgstr "\"birthday_client\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" msgstr "\"src/client.rs\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "Ten en cuenta que el cliente no depende de `libbirthdayservice`." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el cliente en tu dispositivo:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" @@ -13688,7 +13275,35 @@ msgstr "" "adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" -#: src/android/aidl/changing.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +msgid "" +"`Strong` is the trait object representing the service " +"that the client has connected to." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +msgid "" +"`Strong` is a custom smart pointer type for Binder. It handles both an in-" +"process ref count for the service trait object, and the global Binder ref " +"count that tracks how many processes have a reference to the object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +msgid "" +"Note that the trait object that the client uses to talk to the service uses " +"the exact same trait that the server implements. For a given Binder " +"interface, there is a single Rust trait generated that both client and " +"server use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +msgid "" +"Use the same service identifier used when registering the service. This " +"should ideally be defined in a common crate that both the client and server " +"can depend on." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "" "Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " "specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" @@ -13696,5992 +13311,5746 @@ msgstr "" "Ampliemos la API con más funciones. Queremos que los clientes puedan indicar " "una lista de líneas para la tarjeta de cumpleaños:" -#: src/android/logging.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md +msgid "This results in an updated trait definition for `IBirthdayService`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "" -"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " -"or `stdout` (on-host):" +"Note how the `String[]` in the AIDL definition is translated as a " +"`&[String]` in Rust, i.e. that idiomatic Rust types are used in the " +"generated bindings wherever possible:" msgstr "" -"Utiliza el crate `log` para que se registre automáticamente en `logcat` (en " -"el dispositivo) o `stdout` (en el host):" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md +msgid "`in` array arguments are translated to slices." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" -msgstr "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md +msgid "`out` and `inout` args are translated to `&mut Vec`." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" -msgstr "\"liblog_rust\"" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md +msgid "Return values are translated to returning a `Vec`." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"liblogger\"" -msgstr "\"liblogger\"" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +msgid "Updating Client and Service" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +msgid "Update the client and server code to account for the new API." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Demo de registros de Rust.\n" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "'\\n'" +msgstr "b'\\n'" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" -msgstr "/// Registra un saludo.\n" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +msgid "\"Habby birfday to yuuuuu\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"rust\"" -msgstr "\"rust\"" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +msgid "\"And also: many more\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"Starting program.\"" -msgstr "\"Iniciando programa.\"" +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +msgid "" +"TODO: Move code snippets into project files where they'll actually be built?" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" -msgstr "\"Todo es correcto.\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types.md +msgid "Working With AIDL Types" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" -msgstr "\"Se ha producido un error.\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types.md +msgid "AIDL types translate into the appropriate idiomatic Rust type:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" -msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el binario en tu dispositivo:" +#: src/android/aidl/types.md +msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) to idiomatic Rust types." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md +#: src/android/aidl/types.md +msgid "Collection types like slices, `Vec`s and string types are supported." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" -"```" +"References to AIDL objects and file handles can be sent between clients and " +"services." msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" -"```" -#: src/android/logging.md -msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" -msgstr "Los registros se muestran en `adb logcat`:" +#: src/android/aidl/types.md +msgid "File handles and parcelables are fully supported." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability.md -msgid "" -"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " -"means that you can:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) idiomatically:" msgstr "" -"Rust admite sin problemas la interoperabilidad con otros lenguajes. Esto " -"significa que puedes hacer lo siguiente:" -#: src/android/interoperability.md -msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." -msgstr "Llamar a funciones de Rust desde otros lenguajes." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "AIDL Type" +msgstr "AIDL" -#: src/android/interoperability.md -msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." -msgstr "Llamar a funciones escritas en otros lenguajes desde Rust." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Type" +msgstr "Rust by Example" -#: src/android/interoperability.md -msgid "" -"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " -"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "Note" msgstr "" -"Cuando llamas a funciones en otro lenguaje, se dice que estás usando una " -"_interfaz de función externa_, también denominada FFI." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "Interoperability with C" -msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "`boolean`" +msgstr "`bool`" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "" -"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " -"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`byte`" msgstr "" -"Rust admite vincular archivos de objetos con una convención de llamada de C. " -"Del mismo modo, puedes exportar funciones de Rust y llamarlas desde C." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" -msgstr "Si quieres, puedes hacerlo de forma manual:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`i8`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" -msgstr "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Note that bytes are signed." +msgstr "// Un número mayor de 7 bytes no es válido.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "" -"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" -"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`u16`" msgstr "" -"Ya lo hemos visto en el ejercicio [Envoltorio de FFI seguro](../../exercises/" -"day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "" -"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " -"production." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "Note the usage of `u16`, NOT `u32`." msgstr "" -"Esto supone un conocimiento completo de la plataforma objetivo. No se " -"recomienda para producción." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md -msgid "We will look at better options next." -msgstr "A continuación, estudiaremos otras opciones mejores." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`int`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "Using Bindgen" -msgstr "Uso de Bindgen" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`i32`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "" -"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " -"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`long`" msgstr "" -"La herramienta [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/" -"introduction.html) puede generar automáticamente enlaces desde un archivo de " -"encabezado de C." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "First create a small C library:" -msgstr "En primer lugar, crea una biblioteca de C pequeña:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`i64`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`float`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`f32`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`double`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday.h\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +msgid "`f64`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" -msgstr "\"+--------------\\n\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +msgid "" +"The array types (`T[]`, `byte[]`, and `List`) get translated to the " +"appropriate Rust array type depending on how they are used in the function " +"signature:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" -msgstr "\"| ¡Feliz cumpleaños, %s!\\n\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Position" +msgstr "Descripción" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" -msgstr "\"| ¡Enhorabuena por cumplir %i años!\\n\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +msgid "`in` argument" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" -msgstr "Añade lo siguiente a tu archivo `Android.bp`:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "`&[T]`" +msgstr "Slices: `&[T]`" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +msgid "`out`/`inout` argument" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"libbirthday\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "`&mut Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday.c\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +msgid "Return" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" + +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "" -"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " -"example):" +"In Android 13 or higher, fixed-size arrays are supported, i.e. `T[N]` " +"becomes `[T; N]`. Fixed-size arrays can have multiple dimensions (e.g. " +"int\\[3\\]\\[4\\]). In the Java backend, fixed-size arrays are represented " +"as array types." msgstr "" -"Crea un archivo de encabezado de envoltorio para la biblioteca (no es " -"estrictamente necesario en este ejemplo):" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +msgid "Arrays in parcelable fields always get translated to `Vec`." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" -msgstr "Ahora puedes generar automáticamente los enlaces:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +msgid "" +"AIDL objects can be sent either as a concrete AIDL type or as the type-" +"erased `IBinder` interface:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayInfoProvider." +"aidl**:" +msgstr "" +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" -msgstr "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl**:" +msgstr "" +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +msgid "/** The same thing, but using a binder object. */" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"bindings\"" -msgstr "\"bindings\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +msgid "/** The same thing, but using `IBinder`. */" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" -msgstr "Por último, podemos utilizar los enlaces de nuestro programa de Rust:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "**birthday_service/src/client.rs**:" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" -msgstr "\"print_birthday_card\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// Rust struct implementing the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" +msgstr "//! Implementación de la interfaz de AIDL de `IBirthdayService`.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"main.rs\"" -msgstr "\"main.rs\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Create a binder object for the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" +msgstr "//! Implementación de la interfaz de AIDL de `IBirthdayService`.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Send the binder object to the service.\n" +msgstr "/// Llama al servicio de felicitación cumpleaños.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Demo de Bindgen.\n" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +msgid "" +"// Perform the same operation but passing the provider as an `SpIBinder`.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +msgid "" +"Note the usage of `BnBirthdayInfoProvider`. This serves the same purpose as " +"`BnBirthdayService` that we saw previously." msgstr "" -"// SEGURIDAD: es seguro llamar a `print_card` con un puntero `card` válido.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +msgid "Binder for Rust supports sending parcelables directly:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" -"```" +"**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/BirthdayInfo.aidl**:" msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" -"```" +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +msgid "/** The same thing, but with a parcelable. */" msgstr "" -"Por último, podemos ejecutar pruebas generadas automáticamente para " -"comprobar que los enlaces funcionan:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "" +"Files can be sent between Binder clients/servers using the " +"`ParcelFileDescriptor` type:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" -msgstr "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "/** The same thing, but loads info from a file. */" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"general-tests\"" -msgstr "\"general-tests\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "// Open a file and put the birthday info in it.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "\"none\"" -msgstr "\"ninguno\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "\"/data/local/tmp/birthday.info\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md -msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" -msgstr "// Archivo generado, se omite la ejecución de lint\n" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{name}\"" +msgstr "\"Hola {name}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "Calling Rust" -msgstr "Llamar a Rust" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "\"{years}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" -msgstr "Es fácil exportar las funciones y los tipos de Rust a C:" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "// Create a `ParcelFileDescriptor` from the file and send it.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "**birthday_service/src/lib.rs**:" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Demo de FFI de Rust.\n" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "" +"// Convert the file descriptor to a `File`. `ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps\n" +" // an `OwnedFd`, which can be cloned and then used to create a " +"`File`\n" +" // object.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" -msgstr "/// Analiza los números.\n" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Invalid file handle\"" +msgstr "\"Longitud no válida\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" -msgstr "\"¡x ({x}) es el menor!\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "" +"`ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps an `OwnedFd`, and so can be created from a " +"`File` (or any other type that wraps an `OwnedFd`), and can be used to " +"create a new `File` handle on the other side." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" -msgstr "\"y ({y}) probablemente sea mayor que x ({x})\"" +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md +msgid "" +"Other types of file descriptors can be wrapped and sent, e.g. TCP, UDP, and " +"UNIX sockets." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing in Android" +msgstr "Rust en Android" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" +#: src/android/testing.md +msgid "" +"Building on [Testing](../testing.md), we will now look at how unit tests " +"work in AOSP. Use the `rust_test` module for your unit tests:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" -msgstr "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_testing/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" -msgstr "\"analyze_ffi\"" +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libleftpad\"" +msgstr "\"libtextwrap\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" -msgstr "\"analyze.rs\"" +#: src/android/testing.md +msgid "\"leftpad\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" -msgstr "Ahora podemos llamarlo desde un binario de C:" +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libleftpad_test\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" +#: src/android/testing.md +msgid "\"leftpad_test\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"analyze.h\"" -msgstr "\"analyze.h\"" +#: src/android/testing.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"general-tests\"" +msgstr "\"general-tests\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_testing/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" -msgstr "\"analyze_numbers\"" +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "//! Left-padding library.\n" +msgstr "//! Biblioteca de saludos.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md -msgid "\"main.c\"" -msgstr "\"main.c\"" +#: src/android/testing.md +msgid "/// Left-pad `s` to `width`.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{s:>width$}\"" +msgstr "\"|{:^width$}|\"" + +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\" foo\"" +msgstr "\"foo\"" + +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"foobar\"" +msgstr "\"foo\"" + +#: src/android/testing.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can now run the test with" +msgstr "Ahora puedes generar automáticamente los enlaces:" + +#: src/android/testing.md #, fuzzy +msgid "The output looks like this:" +msgstr "El enfoque general es el siguiente:" + +#: src/android/testing.md msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"```text\n" +"INFO: Elapsed time: 2.666s, Critical Path: 2.40s\n" +"INFO: 3 processes: 2 internal, 1 linux-sandbox.\n" +"INFO: Build completed successfully, 3 total actions\n" +"//comprehensive-rust-android/testing:libleftpad_test_host PASSED " +"in 2.3s\n" +" PASSED libleftpad_test.tests::long_string (0.0s)\n" +" PASSED libleftpad_test.tests::short_string (0.0s)\n" +"Test cases: finished with 2 passing and 0 failing out of 2 test cases\n" "```" msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" -"tmp\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" -"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +#: src/android/testing.md msgid "" -"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " -"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " -"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." +"Notice how you only mention the root of the library crate. Tests are found " +"recursively in nested modules." msgstr "" -"\"#\\[no_mangle\\]\" inhabilita la modificación de nombres habitual de Rust, " -"por lo que el símbolo exportado será el nombre de la función. También puedes " -"utilizar `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` para especificar el nombre que " -"quieras." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " -"interoperability between Rust and C++." +"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " +"assertions using _matchers_:" msgstr "" -"El [crate CXX](https://cxx.rs/) permite una interoperabilidad segura entre " -"Rust y C++." +"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): biblioteca completa de aserción de " +"pruebas en la tradición de GoogleTest para C++." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md -msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" -msgstr "El enfoque general es el siguiente:" +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "\"baz\"" +msgstr "\"baz\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "\"xyz\"" +msgstr "\"xyz\"" + +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" -"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " -"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " -"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." +"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " +"error message pin-pointing the error:" msgstr "" -"CXX se basa en una descripción de las firmas de la función que se mostrarán " -"de un lenguaje a otro. Proporcionas esta descripción mediante bloques " -"externos en un módulo de Rust anotado con la macro de atributo `#[cxx::" -"bridge]`." - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" -msgstr "\"org::blobstore\"" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" -msgstr "// Estructuras compartidas con campos visibles para ambos lenguajes.\n" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md -msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" -msgstr "// Tipos y firmas de Rust expuestos a C++.\n" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md -msgid "\"Rust\"" -msgstr "\"Rust\"" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" -msgstr "// Tipos y firmas de C++ y expuestos a Rust.\n" +"Si cambiamos el último elemento a `\"!\"`, la prueba dará error y aparecerá " +"un mensaje de error estructurado que señala cuál es el fallo:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "\"C++\"" -msgstr "\"C++\"" +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "" +"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " +"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " +"to an existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" +"GoogleTest no forma parte de Rust Playground, por lo que debes llevar a cabo " +"este ejemplo en un entorno local. Usa `cargo add googletest` para añadirlo " +"rápidamente a un proyecto de Cargo que ya tengas." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" -msgstr "\"include/blobstore.h\"" +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "" +"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " +"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." +"html)." +msgstr "" +"La línea `use googletest::prelude::*;` importa una serie de [macros y tipos " +"habituales](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index.html)." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." -msgstr "Bridge se declara generalmente en un módulo `ffi` dentro del crate." +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "" +"This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers. Consider " +"going through the first chapter of [\"Advanced testing for Rust " +"applications\"](https://github.com/mainmatter/rust-advanced-testing-" +"workshop), a self-guided Rust course: it provides a guided introduction to " +"the library, with exercises to help you get comfortable with `googletest` " +"macros, its matchers and its overall philosophy." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " -"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " -"both languages." +"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings are " +"shown as a diff:" msgstr "" -"A partir de las declaraciones que se han hecho en el módulo bridge, CXX " -"generará definiciones de funciones o tipos de Rust y C++ que coincidan para " -"exponer esos elementos a ambos lenguajes." +"Una característica muy interesante es que las discrepancias en las cadenas " +"que contienen varias líneas se muestran como un diff:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" -"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" -"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " -"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " -"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" -"Para ver el código de Rust generado, usa [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" -"dtolnay/cargo-expand) para ver la macro de procedimiento desplegada. En la " -"mayoría de los ejemplos, se utilizaría `cargo expand ::ffi` para desplegar " -"únicamente el módulo `ffi` (aunque esta acción no se aplica a los proyectos " -"de Android)." +"\"Se ha encontrado la seguridad de la memoria,\\n\\\n" +" la potente escritura de Rust guía el camino,\\n\\\n" +" protege el código que vayas a escribir.\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md -msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." -msgstr "Para ver el código C++ generado, consulta `target/cxxbridge`." +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" +msgstr "" +"\"Se ha encontrado seguridad en la memoria,\\n\\\n" +" el divertido sentido del humor de Rust guía el camino,\\n\\\n" +" protege el código que vayas a escribir.\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md -msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" -msgstr "Declaraciones Bridge en Rust" +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" +msgstr "muestra un diff con colores (colores que no se muestran aquí):" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md -msgid "// Opaque type\n" -msgstr "// Tipo opaco\n" +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md +msgid "" +"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" +"googletest/)." +msgstr "" +"El crate es un puerto de Rust de [GoogleTest para C++](https://google.github." +"io/googletest/)." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md -msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" -msgstr "// Método en `MyType`\n" +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md +msgid "" +"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " +"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " +"mock:" +msgstr "" +"[Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) es una biblioteca que se usa para hacer " +"simulaciones. Debes refactorizar tu código para usar traits, con los que " +"podrás hacer simulaciones:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md #, fuzzy -msgid "// Free function\n" -msgstr "Funciones" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" -"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " -"the parent module." +"Mockall is the recommended mocking library in Android (AOSP). There are " +"other [mocking libraries available on crates.io](https://crates.io/keywords/" +"mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP services. The other mocking " +"libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, meaning that they make it " +"easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." msgstr "" -"Elementos declarados en los elementos de referencia `extern de \"Rust\" que " -"se encuentran dentro del ámbito del módulo superior." +"Estos consejos son útiles para Android (AOSP), donde Mockall es la " +"biblioteca de simulaciones recomendada. Hay otras [bibliotecas de simulación " +"disponibles en crates.io](https://crates.io/keywords/mock), especialmente en " +"el área de servicios de simulación de HTTP. Las demás bibliotecas de " +"simulación funcionan de forma similar a Mockall, lo que significa que " +"facilitan la obtención de una implementación simulada de un trait " +"determinado." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" -"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" -"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " -"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " -"except with a .rs.h file extension." +"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " +"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " +"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " +"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." msgstr "" -"El generador de código CXX utiliza las secciones `extern de \"Rust\"` para " -"generar un archivo de encabezado de C++ que contenga las declaraciones de C+" -"+ correspondientes. El encabezado generado tiene la misma ruta que el " -"archivo de origen de Rust que contiene el patrón bridge, excepto con la " -"extensión de archivo .rs.h." +"Ten en cuenta que las simulaciones son algo _polémicas_, ya que te permiten " +"aislar por completo una prueba de sus dependencias. El resultado inmediato " +"es una ejecución de pruebas más rápida y estable. Por otro lado, las " +"simulaciones se pueden configurar de forma incorrecta y devuelven un " +"resultado diferente del que se obtendría con las dependencias reales." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md -msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md +msgid "" +"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " +"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " +"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " +"and will automatically clean up after themselves." msgstr "" -"Los resultados son (aproximadamente) los que se muestran a continuación en C+" -"+:" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" -msgstr "Declaraciones Bridge en C++" +"Si es posible, te recomendamos que uses las dependencias reales. Por " +"ejemplo, muchas bases de datos te permiten configurar un backend en la " +"memoria. Es decir, en tus pruebas obtendrás el comportamiento correcto y, " +"además, son rápidas y se limpiarán de forma automática tras las pruebas." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md +msgid "" +"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " +"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " +"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." msgstr "" -"Los resultados son (aproximadamente) los que se muestran a continuación en " -"Rust:" +"Del mismo modo, muchos frameworks web te permiten iniciar un servidor en " +"proceso que se vincula a un puerto aleatorio en `localhost`. Siempre es " +"mejor utilizar esta opción en lugar de simular el framework, ya que te ayuda " +"a hacer pruebas con el código en el entorno real." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" -msgstr "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md +msgid "" +"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " +"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " +"existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" +"Mockall no forma parte de Rust Playground, por lo que debes ejecutar este " +"ejemplo en un entorno local. Usa `cargo add modelall` para añadir de forma " +"rápida Mockall a un proyecto de Cargo." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md -msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" -msgstr "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md +msgid "" +"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " +"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " +"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" +msgstr "" +"Mockall tiene muchas más funciones. En concreto, puedes configurar " +"expectativas en función de los argumentos. Aquí utilizamos el ejemplo para " +"simular un gato que tiene hambre 3 horas después de que le hayan dado de " +"comer:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" -"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " -"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " -"correspond with what is declared in C++." +"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " +"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " +"isn't satisfied." msgstr "" -"El programador no tiene que asegurar que las firmas que ha introducido son " -"precisas. CXX lleva a cabo aserciones estáticas en las que las firmas se " -"corresponden exactamente con lo que se declara en C++." +"Puedes utilizar `.times(n)` para limitar el número de veces que se puede " +"llamar a un método de simulación a `n`. Si no se cumple, la simulación " +"activará un pánico automáticamente cuando se elimine." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +#: src/android/logging.md msgid "" -"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " -"call from Rust." +"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " +"or `stdout` (on-host):" msgstr "" -"Los bloques `unsafe extern` permiten declarar funciones de C++ que se pueden " -"llamar de forma segura desde Rust." +"Utiliza el crate `log` para que se registre automáticamente en `logcat` (en " +"el dispositivo) o `stdout` (en el host):" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md -msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" -msgstr "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md -msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." -msgstr "Solo se admiten enums tipo C (unidad)." +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +msgstr "\"hello_rust_logs\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md -msgid "" -"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " -"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " -"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " -"corresponding C++ type." -msgstr "" -"Un número limitado de traits es compatible con `#[derive()]` en los tipos " -"compartidos. La función correspondiente también se genera para el código C+" -"+; por ejemplo, si derivas `Hash`, también genera una implementación de " -"`std::hash` para el tipo de C++ correspondiente." +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" +msgstr "\"liblog_rust\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md -msgid "Generated Rust:" -msgstr "Rust generado:" +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"liblogger\"" +msgstr "\"liblogger\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md -msgid "Generated C++:" -msgstr "C++ generado:" +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Demo de registros de Rust.\n" + +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" +msgstr "/// Registra un saludo.\n" + +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"rust\"" +msgstr "\"rust\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"Starting program.\"" +msgstr "\"Iniciando programa.\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" +msgstr "\"Todo es correcto.\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" +msgstr "\"Se ha producido un error.\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" +msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el binario en tu dispositivo:" + +#: src/android/logging.md msgid "" -"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " -"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " -"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " -"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_logs\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"En Rust, el código generado para las enums compartidas es en realidad una " -"estructura que envuelve un valor numérico. Esto se debe a que no es un " -"comportamiento indefinido en C++ para que una clase de enum contenga un " -"valor distinto de todas las variantes enumeradas y nuestra representación en " -"Rust debe tener el mismo comportamiento." - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md -msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" -msgstr "\"fallible1 requiere una profundidad > 0\"" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_logs\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" +"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md -msgid "\"Success!\"" -msgstr "\"Correcto.\"" +#: src/android/logging.md +msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" +msgstr "Los registros se muestran en `adb logcat`:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +#: src/android/interoperability.md msgid "" -"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " -"side." +"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " +"means that you can:" msgstr "" -"Las funciones de Rust que devuelven `Result` se convierten en excepciones en " -"C++." +"Rust admite sin problemas la interoperabilidad con otros lenguajes. Esto " +"significa que puedes hacer lo siguiente:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +#: src/android/interoperability.md +msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." +msgstr "Llamar a funciones de Rust desde otros lenguajes." + +#: src/android/interoperability.md +msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." +msgstr "Llamar a funciones escritas en otros lenguajes desde Rust." + +#: src/android/interoperability.md msgid "" -"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " -"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " -"from the error type's `Display` impl." +"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " +"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" -"La excepción que se genera siempre será del tipo `rust::Error`, que muestra " -"principalmente una forma de obtener la cadena del mensaje de error. El " -"mensaje de error procede de la implementación `Display` del tipo de error." +"Cuando llamas a funciones en otro lenguaje, se dice que estás usando una " +"_interfaz de función externa_, también denominada FFI." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md +msgid "Interoperability with C" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" -"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " -"immediately terminate." +"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " +"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" -"Si un pánico pasa de Rust a C++, el proceso siempre finalizará " -"inmediatamente." +"Rust admite vincular archivos de objetos con una convención de llamada de C. " +"Del mismo modo, puedes exportar funciones de Rust y llamarlas desde C." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md -msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" -msgstr "\"example/include/example.h\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md +msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" +msgstr "Si quieres, puedes hacerlo de forma manual:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md -msgid "\"Error: {}\"" -msgstr "\"Error: {}\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md +msgid "// SAFETY: `abs` doesn't have any safety requirements.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md +msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" +msgstr "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" -"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " -"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." +"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" +"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" -"Las funciones de C++ declaradas para devolver un `Result` detectarán " -"cualquier excepción en C++ y la devolverán como un valor `Err` a la función " -"de llamada de Rust." +"Ya lo hemos visto en el ejercicio [Envoltorio de FFI seguro](../../exercises/" +"day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" -"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " -"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" -"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " -"through a `noexcept` C++ function." +"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " +"production." msgstr "" -"Si se produce una excepción desde una función externa de \"C++\" no " -"declarada por el bridge de CXX para devolver `Result`, el programa llamará a " -"`std::terminate` de C++. El comportamiento equivale a la misma excepción que " -"se genera mediante una función `noexcept`de C++." +"Esto supone un conocimiento completo de la plataforma objetivo. No se " +"recomienda para producción." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Rust Type" -msgstr "Rust by Example" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md +msgid "We will look at better options next." +msgstr "A continuación, estudiaremos otras opciones mejores." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "C++ Type" -msgstr "Ejemplo en C++" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "Using Bindgen" +msgstr "Uso de Bindgen" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "`rust::String`" -msgstr "`std::string`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "" +"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " +"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." +msgstr "" +"La herramienta [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/" +"introduction.html) puede generar automáticamente enlaces desde un archivo de " +"encabezado de C." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`&str`" -msgstr "`&str`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "First create a small C library:" +msgstr "En primer lugar, crea una biblioteca de C pequeña:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`rust::Str`" -msgstr "`rust::Str`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`CxxString`" -msgstr "CxxString" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`std::string`" -msgstr "`std::string`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" -msgstr "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday.h\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`rust::Slice`" -msgstr "`rust::Slice`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" +msgstr "\"+--------------\\n\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`rust::Box`" -msgstr "`rust::Box`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" +msgstr "\"| ¡Feliz cumpleaños, %s!\\n\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`UniquePtr`" -msgstr "`UniquePtr`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" +msgstr "\"| ¡Enhorabuena por cumplir %i años!\\n\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" -msgstr "`std::unique_ptr`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" +msgstr "Añade lo siguiente a tu archivo `Android.bp`:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`Vec`" -msgstr "`Vec`" - -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`rust::Vec`" -msgstr "`rust::Vec`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`CxxVector`" -msgstr "`CxxVector`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"libbirthday\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "`std::vector`" -msgstr "`std::vector`" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday.c\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" -"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " -"and returns of extern functions." +"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " +"example):" msgstr "" -"Estos tipos se pueden utilizar en los campos de estructura compartidas y en " -"los argumentos e instrucciones de retorno de las funciones externas." +"Crea un archivo de encabezado de envoltorio para la biblioteca (no es " +"estrictamente necesario en este ejemplo):" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "" -"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " -"a few reasons for this:" -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que `String` de Rust no se cruza directamente con `std::" -"string`. Puede haber varios motivos:" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "" -"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." -msgstr "" -"`std::string` no mantiene la invariante de UTF-8 que requiere `String`." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" +msgstr "Ahora puedes generar automáticamente los enlaces:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "" -"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " -"directly between languages." -msgstr "" -"Los dos tipos tienen diseños diferentes en la memoria y, por lo tanto, no se " -"pueden transferir directamente entre lenguajes." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md -msgid "" -"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " -"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." -msgstr "" -"`std::string` requiere constructores de movimiento que no coincidan con la " -"semántica de movimiento de Rust, por lo que `std::string` no se puede " -"transferir a Rust mediante un valor." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "\"birthday_bindgen\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Building in Android" -msgstr "Rust en Android" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -msgid "" -"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " -"generated header and source file." -msgstr "" -"Crea un `cc_library_static` para compilar la biblioteca de C++, incluidos el " -"encabezado y el archivo de origen generados por CXX." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"bindings\"" +msgstr "\"bindings\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md -msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" -msgstr "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" +msgstr "Por último, podemos utilizar los enlaces de nuestro programa de Rust:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" -msgstr "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" +msgstr "\"print_birthday_card\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" -msgstr "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"main.rs\"" +msgstr "\"main.rs\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" -msgstr "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" -msgstr "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Demo de Bindgen.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" -"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " -"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " -"are setup on the next slide." +"// SAFETY: The pointer we pass is valid because it came from a Rust\n" +" // reference, and the `name` it contains refers to `name` above which " +"also\n" +" // remains valid. `print_card` doesn't store either pointer to use " +"later\n" +" // after it returns.\n" msgstr "" -"Señala que `libcxx_test_bridge_header` y `libcxx_test_bridge_code` son las " -"dependencias de los enlaces de C++ generados por CXX. En la siguiente " -"diapositiva veremos cómo se configuran." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" -"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " -"order to pull in common CXX definitions." +"```shell\n" +"m print_birthday_card\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que también debes depender de la biblioteca `cxx-bridge-" -"header` para obtener definiciones de CXX habituales." +"```shell\n" +"m print_birthday_card\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" +"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md -msgid "" -"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" -"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" -"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " -"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " -"instructions again in the future." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" -"Los documentos completos sobre el uso de CXX en Android se pueden encontrar " -"en [los documentos de Android](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/" -"rust/building-rust-modules/android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-" -"cxx). Puedes compartir ese enlace con la clase para que los participantes " -"sepan dónde pueden buscar estas instrucciones de ahora en adelante." +"Por último, podemos ejecutar pruebas generadas automáticamente para " +"comprobar que los enlaces funcionan:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "" -"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " -"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." -msgstr "" -"Crea dos genrule, una para generar el encabezado de CXX y otra para generar " -"el archivo de origen de CXX. Luego se usarán como entradas a " -"`cc_library_static`." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "" -"// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" -"// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" -msgstr "" -"// Genera un encabezado de C++ que contenga los enlaces de C++\n" -"// a las funciones exportadas de Rust en lib.rs.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" -msgstr "\"cxxbridge\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "\"none\"" +msgstr "\"ninguno\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" -msgstr "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" +msgstr "// Archivo generado, se omite la ejecución de lint\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md -msgid "\"lib.rs\"" -msgstr "\"lib.rs\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "Calling Rust" +msgstr "Llamar a Rust" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" -msgstr "\"lib.rs.h\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" +msgstr "Es fácil exportar las funciones y los tipos de Rust a C:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" -msgstr "// Genera el código C++ al que llama Rust.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" -msgstr "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Demo de FFI de Rust.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" -msgstr "\"lib.rs.cc\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" +msgstr "/// Analiza los números.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "" -"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " -"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." -msgstr "" -"La herramienta `cxxbridge` es una herramienta independiente que genera el " -"lado C++ del módulo de bridge. Se incluye en Android y está disponible como " -"herramienta de Soong." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" +msgstr "\"¡x ({x}) es el menor!\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md -msgid "" -"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " -"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " -"convention isn't enforced, though." -msgstr "" -"Por convención, si el archivo de origen de Rust es `lib.rs`, el archivo de " -"encabezado se llamará `lib.rs.h` y el archivo de origen, `lib.rs.cc`. Sin " -"embargo, esta convención en cuanto a la nomenclatura no es obligatoria." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" +msgstr "\"y ({y}) probablemente sea mayor que x ({x})\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md -msgid "" -"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." -msgstr "" -"Crea un `rust_binary` que dependa de `libcxx` y de tu `cc_library_static`." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md -msgid "\"cxx_test\"" -msgstr "\"cxx_test\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md -msgid "\"libcxx\"" -msgstr "\"libcxx\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "Interoperability with Java" -msgstr "Interoperabilidad con Java" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "\"analyze_ffi\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "" -"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" -"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." -msgstr "" -"Java puede cargar objetos compartidos a través de la [interfaz nativa de " -"Java (JNI)](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). [El crate " -"`jni`](https://docs.rs/jni/) permite crear una biblioteca compatible." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" +msgstr "\"analyze.rs\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" -msgstr "En primer lugar, creamos una función de Rust para exportar a Java:" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" +msgstr "Ahora podemos llamarlo desde un binario de C:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Rust <-> Demo de FFI de Java.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"analyze.h\"" +msgstr "\"analyze.h\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" -msgstr "/// Implementación del método HelloWorld::hello.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"system\"" -msgstr "\"system\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" +msgstr "\"analyze_numbers\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" -msgstr "\"¡Hola, {input}!\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "\"main.c\"" +msgstr "\"main.c\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"m analyze_numbers\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"```" +msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m analyze_numbers\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" -msgstr "\"libhello_jni\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +msgid "" +"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " +"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " +"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." +msgstr "" +"\"#\\[no_mangle\\]\" inhabilita la modificación de nombres habitual de Rust, " +"por lo que el símbolo exportado será el nombre de la función. También puedes " +"utilizar `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` para especificar el nombre que " +"quieras." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"hello_jni\"" -msgstr "\"hello_jni\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md +msgid "" +"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " +"interoperability between Rust and C++." +msgstr "" +"El [crate CXX](https://cxx.rs/) permite una interoperabilidad segura entre " +"Rust y C++." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"libjni\"" -msgstr "\"libjni\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md +msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" +msgstr "El enfoque general es el siguiente:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "We then call this function from Java:" -msgstr "Por último, podemos llamar a esta función desde Java:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +msgid "" +"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " +"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " +"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." +msgstr "" +"CXX se basa en una descripción de las firmas de la función que se mostrarán " +"de un lenguaje a otro. Proporcionas esta descripción mediante bloques " +"externos en un módulo de Rust anotado con la macro de atributo `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" +msgstr "\"org::blobstore\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" -msgstr "\"helloworld_jni\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" +msgstr "// Estructuras compartidas con campos visibles para ambos lenguajes.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" -msgstr "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md +msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" +msgstr "// Tipos y firmas de Rust expuestos a C++.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" -msgstr "\"HelloWorld\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +msgid "\"Rust\"" +msgstr "\"Rust\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md -msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" -msgstr "Ahora puedes compilar, sincronizar y ejecutar el binario:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" +msgstr "// Tipos y firmas de C++ y expuestos a Rust.\n" -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md -msgid "" -"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " -"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" -msgstr "" -"Este es un ejercicio de grupo: escogeremos uno de los proyectos con los que " -"se esté trabajando e intentaremos integrar Rust en él. Algunas sugerencias:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "\"C++\"" +msgstr "\"C++\"" -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md -msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." -msgstr "Llama a tu servicio de AIDL con un cliente escrito en Rust." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "\"include/blobstore.h\"" -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md -msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." -msgstr "Mueve una función desde tu proyecto a Rust y llámala." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." +msgstr "Bridge se declara generalmente en un módulo `ffi` dentro del crate." -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" -"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " -"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." +"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " +"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " +"both languages." msgstr "" -"Aquí la solución es abierta, ya que depende de que alguno de los asistentes " -"tenga un fragmento de código que se pueda convertir en Rust sobre la marcha." - -#: src/chromium.md -msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" -msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Rust en Chromium" +"A partir de las declaraciones que se han hecho en el módulo bridge, CXX " +"generará definiciones de funciones o tipos de Rust y C++ que coincidan para " +"exponer esos elementos a ambos lenguajes." -#: src/chromium.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" -"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " -"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." +"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" +"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " +"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " +"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." msgstr "" -"Rust es compatible con bibliotecas de terceros en Chromium, con código " -"pegamento propio para conectar Rust y el código de C++ de Chromium ya " -"existente." +"Para ver el código de Rust generado, usa [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" +"dtolnay/cargo-expand) para ver la macro de procedimiento desplegada. En la " +"mayoría de los ejemplos, se utilizaría `cargo expand ::ffi` para desplegar " +"únicamente el módulo `ffi` (aunque esta acción no se aplica a los proyectos " +"de Android)." -#: src/chromium.md -msgid "" -"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " -"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " -"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " -"exact part we talk about." -msgstr "" -"Hoy vamos a llamar a Rust para que haga algo divertido con las cadenas. Si " -"tienes una esquina del código donde se muestra una cadena UTF8 al usuario, " -"no dudes en seguir estas instrucciones en tu parte del código base en lugar " -"de la parte exacta de la que hablamos." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." +msgstr "Para ver el código C++ generado, consulta `target/cxxbridge`." -#: src/chromium/setup.md -msgid "" -"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " -"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " -"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" -msgstr "" -"Asegúrate de que puedes compilar y ejecutar Chromium. Cualquier plataforma y " -"conjunto de marcas de compilación es apto, siempre que tu código sea " -"relativamente reciente (posición de commit 1223636 en adelante, " -"correspondiente a noviembre del 2023):" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "Declaraciones Bridge en Rust" -#: src/chromium/setup.md -msgid "" -"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " -"is the default!)" -msgstr "" -"(Se recomienda una versión de depuración de componentes para que el tiempo " -"de iteración sea más rápido. Esta es la opción predeterminada)." - -#: src/chromium/setup.md -msgid "" -"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" -"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " -"build Chromium takes time." -msgstr "" -"Consulta [cómo compilar Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-" -"tos/get-the-code/) si aún no lo has hecho. Advertencia: el proceso de " -"configuración para compilar Chromium puede tardar." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +msgid "// Opaque type\n" +msgstr "// Tipo opaco\n" -#: src/chromium/setup.md -msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." -msgstr "Se recomienda que tengas instalado Visual Studio Code." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" +msgstr "// Método en `MyType`\n" -#: src/chromium/setup.md -msgid "About the exercises" -msgstr "Información sobre los ejercicios" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Free function\n" +msgstr "Funciones" -#: src/chromium/setup.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" -"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " -"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " -"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " -"catch up in the next slot." +"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " +"the parent module." msgstr "" -"Esta parte del curso consta de una serie de ejercicios que se complementan " -"entre sí. Las iremos repartiendo a lo largo del curso en lugar de hacerlos " -"todo al final. Si no tienes tiempo para completar una parte concreta, no te " -"preocupes, podrás ponerte al día en la siguiente clase." +"Elementos declarados en los elementos de referencia `extern de \"Rust\" que " +"se encuentran dentro del ámbito del módulo superior." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" -"Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io](https://" -"crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated set of " -"dependencies." +"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" +"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " +"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " +"except with a .rs.h file extension." msgstr "" -"La comunidad de Rust suele usar `cargo` y bibliotecas de [crates.io](https://" -"crates.io/). Chromium se compila usando `gn` y `ninja`, además de un " -"conjunto seleccionado de dependencias." - -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" -msgstr "A la hora de escribir código en Rust, hay disponibles varias opciones:" +"El generador de código CXX utiliza las secciones `extern de \"Rust\"` para " +"generar un archivo de encabezado de C++ que contenga las declaraciones de C+" +"+ correspondientes. El encabezado generado tiene la misma ruta que el " +"archivo de origen de Rust que contiene el patrón bridge, excepto con la " +"extensión de archivo .rs.h." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." -"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " -"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" msgstr "" -"Usar `gn` y `ninja` con la ayuda de las plantillas de `//build/rust/*.gni` " -"(por ejemplo, `rust_static_library`, que veremos más adelante). Se usan la " -"cadena de herramientas y los crates auditados de Chromium." +"Los resultados son (aproximadamente) los que se muestran a continuación en C+" +"+:" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " -"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" -"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" +msgstr "Declaraciones Bridge en C++" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" msgstr "" -"Usar `cargo`, pero [restringiendo el uso de la cadena de herramientas y los " -"crates auditados de Chromium](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/" -"+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)." +"Los resultados son (aproximadamente) los que se muestran a continuación en " +"Rust:" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" +msgstr "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" +msgstr "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "" -"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " -"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" +"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " +"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " +"correspond with what is declared in C++." msgstr "" -"Usa `cargo` con una [cadena de herramientas](https://rustup.rs/) o [crates " -"descargados de Internet](https://crates.io/)." +"El programador no tiene que asegurar que las firmas que ha introducido son " +"precisas. CXX lleva a cabo aserciones estáticas en las que las firmas se " +"corresponden exactamente con lo que se declara en C++." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "" -"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " -"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " -"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." +"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " +"call from Rust." msgstr "" -"A partir de ahora, nos centraremos en `gn` y `ninja`, ya que así es como se " -"puede compilar el código de Rust en el navegador Chromium. De igual forma, " -"Cargo es una parte importante del ecosistema de Rust y deberías conservarlo " -"en tu caja de herramientas." +"Los bloques `unsafe extern` permiten declarar funciones de C++ que se pueden " +"llamar de forma segura desde Rust." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "Mini exercise" -msgstr "Ejercicio rápido" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md +msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" +msgstr "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "Split into small groups and:" -msgstr "Formad grupos pequeños para:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md +msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." +msgstr "Solo se admiten enums tipo C (unidad)." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "" -"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " -"risk profile of these scenarios." +"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " +"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " +"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " +"corresponding C++ type." msgstr "" -"Hacer una lluvia de ideas sobre situaciones en las que `cargo` pueda ofrecer " -"ventajas y evaluar el perfil de riesgo." +"Un número limitado de traits es compatible con `#[derive()]` en los tipos " +"compartidos. La función correspondiente también se genera para el código C+" +"+; por ejemplo, si derivas `Hash`, también genera una implementación de " +"`std::hash` para el tipo de C++ correspondiente." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md +msgid "Generated Rust:" +msgstr "Rust generado:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md +msgid "Generated C++:" +msgstr "C++ generado:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "" -"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " -"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." +"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " +"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " +"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " +"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." msgstr "" -"Debatir en qué herramientas, bibliotecas y grupos de personas hay que " -"confiar al usar `gn` y `ninja`, `cargo` offline, etc." +"En Rust, el código generado para las enums compartidas es en realidad una " +"estructura que envuelve un valor numérico. Esto se debe a que no es un " +"comportamiento indefinido en C++ para que una clase de enum contenga un " +"valor distinto de todas las variantes enumeradas y nuestra representación en " +"Rust debe tener el mismo comportamiento." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" +msgstr "\"fallible1 requiere una profundidad > 0\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +msgid "\"Success!\"" +msgstr "\"Correcto.\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" -"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " -"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them " -"to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." +"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " +"side." msgstr "" -"Pide a los participantes que eviten mirar las notas del orador antes de " -"completar el ejercicio. Suponiendo que todas las personas que hacen el curso " -"están en la misma sala, pídeles que hablen en grupos pequeños de 3 a 4 " -"personas." +"Las funciones de Rust que devuelven `Result` se convierten en excepciones en " +"C++." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" -"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " -"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" +"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " +"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " +"from the error type's `Display` impl." msgstr "" -"Notas y sugerencias relacionadas con la primera parte del ejercicio " -"(\"situaciones en las que Cargo puede ofrecer ventajas\"):" +"La excepción que se genera siempre será del tipo `rust::Error`, que muestra " +"principalmente una forma de obtener la cadena del mensaje de error. El " +"mensaje de error procede de la implementación `Display` del tipo de error." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" -"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " -"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " -"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " -"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" -"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." +"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " +"immediately terminate." msgstr "" -"Es genial que al escribir una herramienta o crear prototipos de una parte de " -"Chromium se pueda acceder al extenso ecosistema de bibliotecas crates.io. " -"Hay un crate para casi cualquier cosa y suelen ser muy fáciles de usar " -"(`clap` para el análisis de la línea de comandos, `serde` para la " -"serialización y deserialización a/desde varios formatos, `itertools` para " -"trabajar con iteradores, etc.)." +"Si un pánico pasa de Rust a C++, el proceso siempre finalizará " +"inmediatamente." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md +msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" +msgstr "\"example/include/example.h\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md +msgid "\"Error: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Error: {}\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "" -"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." -"toml` and start writing code)" +"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " +"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." msgstr "" -"`cargo` permite probar una biblioteca fácilmente (solo hay que añadir una " -"línea a `Cargo.toml` y empezar a escribir el código)." +"Las funciones de C++ declaradas para devolver un `Result` detectarán " +"cualquier excepción en C++ y la devolverán como un valor `Err` a la función " +"de llamada de Rust." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "" -"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " -"comparing with `python` + `pip`." +"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " +"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" +"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " +"through a `noexcept` C++ function." msgstr "" -"Merece la pena comparar cómo la CPAN ayudó a que `perl` fuera una opción " -"popular o compararlo con `python` + `pip`." +"Si se produce una excepción desde una función externa de \"C++\" no " +"declarada por el bridge de CXX para devolver `Result`, el programa llamará a " +"`std::terminate` de C++. El comportamiento equivale a la misma excepción que " +"se genera mediante una función `noexcept`de C++." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " -"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " -"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " -"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " -"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " -"streamlined way to run benchmarks)." -msgstr "" -"La experiencia de desarrollo no solo es agradable gracias a las herramientas " -"principales de Rust (por ejemplo, al usar `rustup` para cambiar a una " -"versión diferente de `rustc` cuando se prueba un crate que necesita " -"funcionar en nightly, stable actual y antiguas versiones de stable), sino " -"también a un ecosistema de herramientas de terceros (por ejemplo, Mozilla " -"proporciona `cargo vet` para optimizar y compartir auditorías de seguridad; " -"el crate `criterion` ofrece un método optimizado para ejecutar comparativas)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Type" +msgstr "Ejemplo en C++" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." -msgstr "" -"`cargo` permite añadir fácilmente una herramienta mediante `cargoinstall --" -"locked cargo-vet`." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::String`" +msgstr "`std::string`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." -msgstr "" -"Merece la pena compararlo con las extensiones de Chrome o con las de VScode." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`&str`" +msgstr "`&str`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" -msgstr "" -"Ejemplos generales y genéricos de proyectos en los que `cargo` puede ser la " -"opción más adecuada:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`rust::Str`" +msgstr "`rust::Str`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " -"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " -"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " -"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " -"language)." -msgstr "" -"Sorprendentemente, Rust se está volviendo cada vez más popular en el sector " -"por su función de escritura de herramientas de línea de comandos. La " -"amplitud y la ergonomía de las bibliotecas son similares a las de Python, " -"pero son más sólidas (gracias al sistema de tipos enriquecido) y funcionan " -"más rápido (como lenguaje compilado en lugar de interpretado)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`CxxString`" +msgstr "CxxString" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " -"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " -"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " -"should probably use Cargo." -msgstr "" -"Para participar en el ecosistema de Rust, es necesario usar herramientas " -"estándar de Rust, como Cargo. Las bibliotecas que quieran recibir " -"contribuciones externas y actuar fuera de Chromium (por ejemplo, en entornos " -"de desarrollo de Bazel o Android/Soong) deberían utilizar Cargo." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`std::string`" +msgstr "`std::string`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" -msgstr "" -"Ejemplos de proyectos relacionados con Chromium que se basan en `cargo`\\:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" +msgstr "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " -"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" -msgstr "" -"`serde_json_lenient` (experimentado en otras partes de Google que ha dado " -"lugar a PRs con mejoras de rendimiento)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`rust::Slice`" +msgstr "`rust::Slice`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" -msgstr "Bibliotecas de fuentes, como `font-types`." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`rust::Box`" +msgstr "`rust::Box`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " -"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." -msgstr "" -"La herramienta `gnrt` (la veremos más adelante en el curso), que depende de " -"`clap` para el análisis de la línea de comandos y de `toml` para los " -"archivos de configuración." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`UniquePtr`" +msgstr "`UniquePtr`" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" +msgstr "`std::unique_ptr`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`rust::Vec`" +msgstr "`rust::Vec`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`CxxVector`" +msgstr "`CxxVector`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +msgid "`std::vector`" +msgstr "`std::vector`" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" -"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " -"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " -"toolchain.)" +"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " +"and returns of extern functions." msgstr "" -"Aclaración: una razón principal para usar `cargo` es que `gn` no está " -"disponible al compilar e iniciar la biblioteca estándar de Rust cuando se " -"compila su cadena de herramientas." +"Estos tipos se pueden utilizar en los campos de estructura compartidas y en " +"los argumentos e instrucciones de retorno de las funciones externas." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" -"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " -"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, by `run_gnrt.py` asks " -"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" +"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " +"a few reasons for this:" msgstr "" -"`run_gnrt.py` usa la copia de Chromium de `cargo` y `rustc`. `gnrt` depende " -"de las bibliotecas de terceros descargadas de Internet. `run_gnrt.py` pide a " -"`cargo` que solo se permita el contenido `--locked` a través de `Cargo.lock`." +"Ten en cuenta que `String` de Rust no se cruza directamente con `std::" +"string`. Puede haber varios motivos:" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" -"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " -"trusted:" +"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." msgstr "" -"Los participantes pueden tratar de identificar si los siguientes elementos " -"son de confianza implícita o explícita:" +"`std::string` no mantiene la invariante de UTF-8 que requiere `String`." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" -"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " -"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " -"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" +"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " +"directly between languages." msgstr "" -"`rustc` (el compilador de Rust), que a su vez depende de las bibliotecas " -"LLVM, el compilador Clang, las fuentes `rustc` (obtenidas de GitHub y " -"revisadas por el equipo de compilación de Rust), y el compilador binario de " -"Rust descargado para el bootstrapping." +"Los dos tipos tienen diseños diferentes en la memoria y, por lo tanto, no se " +"pueden transferir directamente entre lenguajes." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" -"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " -"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" +"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " +"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." msgstr "" -"`rustup` (merece la pena destacar que `rustup` se desarrolla en la misma " -"organización que `rustc`, https://github.com/rust-lang/)." +"`std::string` requiere constructores de movimiento que no coincidan con la " +"semántica de movimiento de Rust, por lo que `std::string` no se puede " +"transferir a Rust mediante un valor." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." -msgstr "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Building in Android" +msgstr "Rust en Android" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" -"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " -"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" +"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " +"generated header and source file." msgstr "" -"Varias infraestructuras internas (bots que compilan `rustc`, sistemas para " -"distribuir la cadena de herramientas precompiladas a los ingenieros de " -"Chromium, etc.)" +"Crea un `cc_library_static` para compilar la biblioteca de C++, incluidos el " +"encabezado y el archivo de origen generados por CXX." -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." -msgstr "Herramientas de Cargo, como `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md +msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" +msgstr "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "" -"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " -"security@chromium.org)" -msgstr "" -"Bibliotecas de Rust incluidas en `//third_party/rust` (auditoría de " -"security@chromium.org)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" +msgstr "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" -#: src/chromium/cargo.md -msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" -msgstr "" -"Otras bibliotecas de Rust (algunas de nicho, otras bastante populares y de " -"uso común)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" +msgstr "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" -#: src/chromium/policy.md -msgid "Chromium Rust policy" -msgstr "Política de Chromium Rust" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" +msgstr "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" -#: src/chromium/policy.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" +msgstr "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" -"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " -"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" -"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." +"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " +"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " +"are setup on the next slide." msgstr "" -"Chromium aún no permite usar Rust propio, excepto en casos excepcionales, " -"según lo aprobado por [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" -"chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." +"Señala que `libcxx_test_bridge_header` y `libcxx_test_bridge_code` son las " +"dependencias de los enlaces de C++ generados por CXX. En la siguiente " +"diapositiva veremos cómo se configuran." -#: src/chromium/policy.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" -"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" -"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." -"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " -"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " -"security." +"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " +"order to pull in common CXX definitions." msgstr "" -"La política de Chromium sobre bibliotecas de terceros se describe [aquí]" -"(https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/" -"adding_to_third_party.md#rust). Se permite el uso de Rust para bibliotecas " -"de terceros en algunos casos, incluido si son la mejor opción en cuanto al " -"rendimiento o seguridad." +"Ten en cuenta que también debes depender de la biblioteca `cxx-bridge-" +"header` para obtener definiciones de CXX habituales." -#: src/chromium/policy.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" -"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " -"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " -"code." +"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" +"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" +"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " +"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " +"instructions again in the future." msgstr "" -"Muy pocas bibliotecas de Rust exponen directamente una API de C o C++, por " -"lo que casi todas estas bibliotecas necesitarán una pequeña parte de código " -"pegamento propio." +"Los documentos completos sobre el uso de CXX en Android se pueden encontrar " +"en [los documentos de Android](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/" +"rust/building-rust-modules/android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-" +"cxx). Puedes compartir ese enlace con la clase para que los participantes " +"sepan dónde pueden buscar estas instrucciones de ahora en adelante." -#: src/chromium/policy.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" -"```bob\n" -"\"C++\" Rust\n" -".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " -"Rust :\n" -": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " -"crate :\n" -": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" -"+ :\n" -": | | : : | | | " -"| :\n" -": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " -"| :\n" -": | | : Language : | | Crate | " -"| :\n" -": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" -"```" +"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " +"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -"\"C++\" Rust\n" -".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " -"Rust :\n" -": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " -"crate :\n" -": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" -"+ :\n" -": | | : : | | | " -"| :\n" -": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " -"| :\n" -": | | : Language : | | Crate | " -"| :\n" -": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" -"```" +"Crea dos genrule, una para generar el encabezado de CXX y otra para generar " +"el archivo de origen de CXX. Luego se usarán como entradas a " +"`cc_library_static`." -#: src/chromium/policy.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" -"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " -"normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." +"// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" +"// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" msgstr "" -"El código pegamento propio de Rust para un crate de terceros concreto " -"normalmente debe guardarse en `third_party/rust///wrapper`." +"// Genera un encabezado de C++ que contenga los enlaces de C++\n" +"// a las funciones exportadas de Rust en lib.rs.\n" -#: src/chromium/policy.md -msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" -msgstr "Por este motivo, el curso de hoy se centrará en los siguientes temas:" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" +msgstr "\"cxxbridge\"" -#: src/chromium/policy.md -msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" -msgstr "Incorporación de bibliotecas Rust de terceros (\"crates\")." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" +msgstr "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" -#: src/chromium/policy.md -msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." -msgstr "" -"Escribir código pegamento para poder usar esos crates desde Chromium C++." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md +msgid "\"lib.rs\"" +msgstr "\"lib.rs\"" -#: src/chromium/policy.md -msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." -msgstr "" -"Si esta política cambia con el tiempo, el curso irá evolucionando para " -"adaptarse al cambio." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" +msgstr "\"lib.rs.h\"" -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "Build rules" -msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (_Build_)" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" +msgstr "// Genera el código C++ al que llama Rust.\n" -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "" -"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " -"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " -"is no exception." -msgstr "" -"El código de Rust se suele compilar con `cargo`. Chromium se compila con " -"`gn` y `ninja` para aumentar la eficiencia. Sus reglas estáticas permiten el " -"máximo paralelismo. Rust no es una excepción." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" +msgstr "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" -msgstr "Añadir código de Rust a Chromium" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" +msgstr "\"lib.rs.cc\"" -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" -"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" +"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " +"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." msgstr "" -"En algunos archivos `BUILD.gn` de Chromium, declara una " -"`rust_static_library`:" +"La herramienta `cxxbridge` es una herramienta independiente que genera el " +"lado C++ del módulo de bridge. Se incluye en Android y está disponible como " +"herramienta de Soong." -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" -"```gn\n" -"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" -"\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " +"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " +"convention isn't enforced, though." msgstr "" -"```gn\n" -"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" -"\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Por convención, si el archivo de origen de Rust es `lib.rs`, el archivo de " +"encabezado se llamará `lib.rs.h` y el archivo de origen, `lib.rs.cc`. Sin " +"embargo, esta convención en cuanto a la nomenclatura no es obligatoria." -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "" -"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " -"depend upon third party code." +"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" -"También puedes añadir `deps` en otros segmentos de Rust. Más adelante, lo " -"usaremos en función del código de terceros." +"Crea un `rust_binary` que dependa de `libcxx` y de tu `cc_library_static`." -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "" -"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " -"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " -"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " -"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " -"rebuilds are necessary." -msgstr "" -"Debes especificar _tanto_ la raíz del crate _como_ una lista completa de " -"recursos. `crate_root` es el archivo proporcionado al compilador de Rust que " -"representa el archivo raíz de la unidad de compilación, que suele ser `lib." -"rs`. `sources` es una lista completa de todos los archivos de origen que " -"necesita `ninja` para determinar cuándo es necesario compilar de nuevo." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md +msgid "\"cxx_test\"" +msgstr "\"cxx_test\"" -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "" -"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " -"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" -msgstr "" -"(No existe `source_set` en Rust porque un crate completo ya es una unidad de " -"compilación. Una `static_library` es la unidad más pequeña)." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md +msgid "\"libcxx\"" +msgstr "\"libcxx\"" -#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "Interoperability with Java" +msgstr "Interoperabilidad con Java" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "" -"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " -"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." -"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " -"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " -"tests, some of which we'll use later." +"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" +"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" -"Puede que los participantes se pregunten por qué necesitamos una plantilla " -"gn en vez de usar [la compatibilidad integrada de gn para las bibliotecas " -"estáticas de Rust](https://gn.googlesource.com/gn/+/main/docs/reference." -"md#func_static_library). La respuesta es que esta plantilla es compatible " -"con la interoperabilidad de CXX, las funciones de Rust y las pruebas " -"unitarias, algunas de las cuales usaremos más adelante." +"Java puede cargar objetos compartidos a través de la [interfaz nativa de " +"Java (JNI)](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). [El crate " +"`jni`](https://docs.rs/jni/) permite crear una biblioteca compatible." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md -msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" -msgstr "Incluir código de Rust `unsafe`" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" +msgstr "En primer lugar, creamos una función de Rust para exportar a Java:" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " -"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " -"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " -"necessary.)" -msgstr "" -"El código de Rust inseguro está prohibido en `rust_static_library` de forma " -"predeterminada, por lo que no se podrá compilar. Si necesitas código de Rust " -"inseguro, añade `allow_unsafe = true` al elemento de destino de gn. (Más " -"adelante en el curso veremos circunstancias en las que es necesario hacerlo)." +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Rust <-> Demo de FFI de Java.\n" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" +msgstr "/// Implementación del método HelloWorld::hello.\n" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"system\"" +msgstr "\"system\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" +msgstr "\"¡Hola, {input}!\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" +msgstr "\"libhello_jni\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"hello_jni\"" +msgstr "\"hello_jni\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"libjni\"" +msgstr "\"libjni\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "We then call this function from Java:" +msgstr "Por último, podemos llamar a esta función desde Java:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" +msgstr "\"helloworld_jni\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +msgstr "\"HelloWorld.java\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" +msgstr "\"HelloWorld\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" +msgstr "Ahora puedes compilar, sincronizar y ejecutar el binario:" + +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md msgid "" -"```gn\n" -"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" -"\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [\n" -" \"lib.rs\",\n" -" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" -" ]\n" -" allow_unsafe = true\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " +"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" -"```gn\n" -"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" -"\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [\n" -" \"lib.rs\",\n" -" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" -" ]\n" -" allow_unsafe = true\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Este es un ejercicio de grupo: escogeremos uno de los proyectos con los que " +"se esté trabajando e intentaremos integrar Rust en él. Algunas sugerencias:" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md -msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." -msgstr "" -"Solo tienes que añadir el elemento de destino que aparece arriba a los " -"`deps` de algún elemento de destino de Chromium C++." +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md +msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." +msgstr "Llama a tu servicio de AIDL con un cliente escrito en Rust." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md +msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." +msgstr "Mueve una función desde tu proyecto a Rust y llámala." + +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md msgid "" -"```gn\n" -"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" -"\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" -"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" -" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " +"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." msgstr "" -"```gn\n" -"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" -"\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" -"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" -" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Aquí la solución es abierta, ya que depende de que alguno de los asistentes " +"tenga un fragmento de código que se pueda convertir en Rust sobre la marcha." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium.md +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Rust en Chromium" + +#: src/chromium.md msgid "" -"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " -"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," +"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " +"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." msgstr "" -"Los tipos se omiten en el código de Rust, lo que hace que un buen IDE sea " -"aún más útil para C++. El código de Visual Studio funciona bien con Rust en " -"Chromium. Para utilizarlo, haz lo siguiente:" +"Rust es compatible con bibliotecas de terceros en Chromium, con código " +"pegamento propio para conectar Rust y el código de C++ de Chromium ya " +"existente." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium.md msgid "" -"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " -"Rust support" +"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " +"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " +"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " +"exact part we talk about." msgstr "" -"Asegúrate de que VSCode tenga la extensión `rust-analyzer`, no versiones " -"anteriores de compatibilidad con Rust." +"Hoy vamos a llamar a Rust para que haga algo divertido con las cadenas. Si " +"tienes una esquina del código donde se muestra una cadena UTF8 al usuario, " +"no dudes en seguir estas instrucciones en tu parte del código base en lugar " +"de la parte exacta de la que hablamos." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" -"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " -"directory)" +"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " +"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " +"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" msgstr "" -"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (o el equivalente en tu directorio " -"de salida)." - -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md -msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" -msgstr "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`." +"Asegúrate de que puedes compilar y ejecutar Chromium. Cualquier plataforma y " +"conjunto de marcas de compilación es apto, siempre que tu código sea " +"relativamente reciente (posición de commit 1223636 en adelante, " +"correspondiente a noviembre del 2023):" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" -"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" -"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." +"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " +"is the default!)" msgstr "" -"Una demo de algunas de las funciones de anotación de código y exploración de " -"rust-analyzer puede ser útil si los asistentes se muestran escépticos por " -"los IDE." +"(Se recomienda una versión de depuración de componentes para que el tiempo " +"de iteración sea más rápido. Esta es la opción predeterminada)." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" -"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " -"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" +"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" +"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " +"build Chromium takes time." msgstr "" -"Los siguientes pasos pueden servir de ayuda con la demo (aunque puedes usar " -"un fragmento de Rust relacionado con Chromium que te resulte más familiar):" +"Consulta [cómo compilar Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-" +"tos/get-the-code/) si aún no lo has hecho. Advertencia: el proceso de " +"configuración para compilar Chromium puede tardar." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md -msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" -msgstr "Abre `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`." +#: src/chromium/setup.md +msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." +msgstr "Se recomienda que tengas instalado Visual Studio Code." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/setup.md +msgid "About the exercises" +msgstr "Información sobre los ejercicios" + +#: src/chromium/setup.md msgid "" -"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " -"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" +"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " +"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " +"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " +"catch up in the next slot." msgstr "" -"Coloca el cursor sobre la llamada `QrCode::new` (aproximadamente en la línea " -"26) en \\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs." +"Esta parte del curso consta de una serie de ejercicios que se complementan " +"entre sí. Las iremos repartiendo a lo largo del curso en lugar de hacerlos " +"todo al final. Si no tienes tiempo para completar una parte concreta, no te " +"preocupes, podrás ponerte al día en la siguiente clase." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " -"K)." +"The Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io]" +"(https://crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated " +"set of dependencies." msgstr "" -"Demo **mostrar la documentación** (enlaces típicos: vscode = ctrl ki; vim/" -"CoC = K)." +"La comunidad de Rust suele usar `cargo` y bibliotecas de [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io/). Chromium se compila usando `gn` y `ninja`, además de un " +"conjunto seleccionado de dependencias." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" +msgstr "A la hora de escribir código en Rust, hay disponibles varias opciones:" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " -"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" +"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." +"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " +"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." msgstr "" -"Demo **ir a la definición** (enlaces típicos: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = gd) " -"(Esta acción te llevará a `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`)." +"Usar `gn` y `ninja` con la ayuda de las plantillas de `//build/rust/*.gni` " +"(por ejemplo, `rust_static_library`, que veremos más adelante). Se usan la " +"cadena de herramientas y los crates auditados de Chromium." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " -"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " -"bindings = space o)" -msgstr "" -"Demo **esquema** y desplázate hasta el método `QrCode::with_bits` (en la " -"línea 164. El esquema se encuentra en el panel del explorador de archivos de " -"vscode. Enlaces típicos de vim/CoC = espacio o)." +"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " +"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" +"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" +msgstr "" +"Usar `cargo`, pero [restringiendo el uso de la cadena de herramientas y los " +"crates auditados de Chromium](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/" +"+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the " -"`QrCode::with_bits` method)" +"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " +"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" msgstr "" -"Demo **anotaciones de tipos** (hay varios ejemplos en el método `QrCode::" -"with_bits`)." +"Usa `cargo` con una [cadena de herramientas](https://rustup.rs/) o [crates " +"descargados de Internet](https://crates.io/)." -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " -"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " -"times throughout the exercises in this session)." +"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " +"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " +"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." msgstr "" -"Es necesario destacar que hay que volver a ejecutar `gn gen ... --export-" -"rust-project` después de editar los archivos `BUILD.gn` (lo haremos varias " -"veces a lo largo de los ejercicios de esta sesión)." +"A partir de ahora, nos centraremos en `gn` y `ninja`, ya que así es como se " +"puede compilar el código de Rust en el navegador Chromium. De igual forma, " +"Cargo es una parte importante del ecosistema de Rust y deberías conservarlo " +"en tu caja de herramientas." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "Build rules exercise" -msgstr "Ejercicio de reglas de compilación" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "Mini exercise" +msgstr "Ejercicio rápido" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "" -"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " -"containing:" -msgstr "" -"En tu compilación de Chromium, añade un nuevo elemento de destino de Rust a " -"`//ui/base/build.gn` que contenga lo siguiente:" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "Split into small groups and:" +msgstr "Formad grupos pequeños para:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " -"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " -"target." +"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " +"risk profile of these scenarios." msgstr "" -"**Importante:** Ten en cuenta que `no_mangle` en este caso se considera un " -"tipo de inseguridad según el compilador de Rust, por lo que tendrás que " -"permitir código inseguro en el elemento de destino `gn`." +"Hacer una lluvia de ideas sobre situaciones en las que `cargo` pueda ofrecer " +"ventajas y evaluar el perfil de riesgo." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " -"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " -"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" +"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " +"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." msgstr "" -"Añade este nuevo elemento de destino de Rust como una dependencia de `//ui/" -"base:base`. Declara esta función en la parte superior de `ui/base/resource/" -"resource_bundle.cc` (más adelante veremos cómo se puede automatizar mediante " -"herramientas de generación de enlaces):" +"Debatir en qué herramientas, bibliotecas y grupos de personas hay que " +"confiar al usar `gn` y `ninja`, `cargo` offline, etc." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " -"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " -"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " -"times." +"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " +"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them " +"to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." msgstr "" -"Llama a esta función desde algún lugar de `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle." -"cc`. Recomendamos hacerlo en la parte superior de `ResourceBundle::" -"RSMangleLocalizedString`. Compila y ejecuta Chromium y asegúrate de que se " -"imprima \"¡Rust te manda un saludo!\" muchas veces." +"Pide a los participantes que eviten mirar las notas del orador antes de " +"completar el ejercicio. Suponiendo que todas las personas que hacen el curso " +"están en la misma sala, pídeles que hablen en grupos pequeños de 3 a 4 " +"personas." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " -"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" -"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." +"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " +"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" msgstr "" -"Si usas VSCode, ahora debes configurar Rust para que funcione correctamente " -"en VSCode. Nos será útil en ejercicios posteriores. Si lo has completado " -"correctamente, podrás hacer clic con el botón derecho y pulsar \"Ir a la " -"definición\" en `println!`." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Where to find help" -msgstr "Dónde obtener ayuda" +"Notas y sugerencias relacionadas con la primera parte del ejercicio " +"(\"situaciones en las que Cargo puede ofrecer ventajas\"):" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" -"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" -"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " +"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " +"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " +"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" +"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." msgstr "" -"Opciones disponibles de la [plantilla gn `rust_static_library`](https://" -"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" -"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +"Es genial que al escribir una herramienta o crear prototipos de una parte de " +"Chromium se pueda acceder al extenso ecosistema de bibliotecas crates.io. " +"Hay un crate para casi cualquier cosa y suelen ser muy fáciles de usar " +"(`clap` para el análisis de la línea de comandos, `serde` para la " +"serialización y deserialización a/desde varios formatos, `itertools` para " +"trabajar con iteradores, etc.)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" -"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" +"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." +"toml` and start writing code)" msgstr "" -"Información sobre [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" -"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" +"`cargo` permite probar una biblioteca fácilmente (solo hay que añadir una " +"línea a `Cargo.toml` y empezar a escribir el código)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." -"extern.html)" +"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " +"comparing with `python` + `pip`." msgstr "" -"Información sobre [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." -"extern.html)" +"Merece la pena comparar cómo la CPAN ayudó a que `perl` fuera una opción " +"popular o compararlo con `python` + `pip`." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" -"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" +"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " +"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " +"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " +"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " +"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " +"streamlined way to run benchmarks)." msgstr "" -"Información sobre el interruptor [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn." -"googlesource.com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) de gn" +"La experiencia de desarrollo no solo es agradable gracias a las herramientas " +"principales de Rust (por ejemplo, al usar `rustup` para cambiar a una " +"versión diferente de `rustc` cuando se prueba un crate que necesita " +"funcionar en nightly, stable actual y antiguas versiones de stable), sino " +"también a un ecosistema de herramientas de terceros (por ejemplo, Mozilla " +"proporciona `cargo vet` para optimizar y compartir auditorías de seguridad; " +"el crate `criterion` ofrece un método optimizado para ejecutar comparativas)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" -"languages/rust)" +"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." msgstr "" -"[Cómo instalar rust-analyzer en VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" -"languages/rust)" +"`cargo` permite añadir fácilmente una herramienta mediante `cargoinstall --" +"locked cargo-vet`." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md -msgid "" -"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" -"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " -"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " -"Rust." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." msgstr "" -"Este ejemplo no es habitual porque se reduce al lenguaje de " -"interoperabilidad con el mínimo común denominador, C. Tanto C++ como Rust " -"pueden declarar y llamar de forma nativa funciones ABI de C. Más adelante, " -"conectaremos C++ directamente con Rust." +"Merece la pena compararlo con las extensiones de Chrome o con las de VScode." -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " -"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " -"guarantee that the right one is called." +"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" msgstr "" -"`allow_unsafe = true` es obligatorio porque `#[no_mangle]` podría permitir " -"que Rust genere dos funciones con el mismo nombre, y Rust ya no puede " -"asegurar que se llame a la correcta." +"Ejemplos generales y genéricos de proyectos en los que `cargo` puede ser la " +"opción más adecuada:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " -"`rust_executable` gn template." +"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " +"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " +"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " +"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " +"language)." msgstr "" -"Si necesitas un ejecutable puro de Rust, también puedes hacerlo con la " -"plantilla gn `rust_executable`." +"Sorprendentemente, Rust se está volviendo cada vez más popular en el sector " +"por su función de escritura de herramientas de línea de comandos. La " +"amplitud y la ergonomía de las bibliotecas son similares a las de Python, " +"pero son más sólidas (gracias al sistema de tipos enriquecido) y funcionan " +"más rápido (como lenguaje compilado en lugar de interpretado)." -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " -"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." -"md) in the course and looks like this:" +"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " +"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " +"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " +"should probably use Cargo." msgstr "" -"La comunidad de Rust suele crear las pruebas unitarias en un módulo situado " -"en el mismo archivo fuente que el código que se está probando. Este tema ya " -"se ha tratado [antes](../testing.md) en el curso y tiene este aspecto:" +"Para participar en el ecosistema de Rust, es necesario usar herramientas " +"estándar de Rust, como Cargo. Las bibliotecas que quieran recibir " +"contribuciones externas y actuar fuera de Chromium (por ejemplo, en entornos " +"de desarrollo de Bazel o Android/Soong) deberían utilizar Cargo." -#: src/chromium/testing.md -msgid "" -"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " -"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " -"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " -"configuration)." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" msgstr "" -"En Chromium colocamos las pruebas unitarias en un archivo fuente " -"independiente y continuamos con esta práctica con Rust. De esta forma, las " -"pruebas se pueden encontrar de forma coherente y se evita volver a crear " -"archivos `.rs` (en la configuración `test`)." +"Ejemplos de proyectos relacionados con Chromium que se basan en `cargo`\\:" -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" +"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " +"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" msgstr "" -"Esta acción genera las siguientes opciones para probar el código de Rust en " -"Chromium:" +"`serde_json_lenient` (experimentado en otras partes de Google que ha dado " +"lugar a PRs con mejoras de rendimiento)." -#: src/chromium/testing.md -msgid "" -"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" -"rust`." -msgstr "" -"Pruebas nativas de Rust (es decir, `#[test]`). No se recomienda hacerlas " -"fuera de `//third_party/rust`." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" +msgstr "Bibliotecas de fuentes, como `font-types`." -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " -"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " -"sufficient coverage for the feature." +"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " +"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." msgstr "" -"Pruebas `gtest` escritas en C++ y ejercicios con Rust mediante llamadas de " -"FFI. Suficiente cuando el código de Rust es solo una capa fina de FFI y las " -"pruebas unitarias existentes proporcionan suficiente cobertura para la " -"función." +"La herramienta `gnrt` (la veremos más adelante en el curso), que depende de " +"`clap` para el análisis de la línea de comandos y de `toml` para los " +"archivos de configuración." -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " -"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " -"subject of the next few slides." +"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " +"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " +"toolchain." msgstr "" -"Pruebas `gtest` creadas en Rust y usando el crate en prueba a través de su " -"API pública (mediante `pub mod for_testing { ... }` si es necesario). Este " -"es el tema de las siguientes diapositivas." +"Aclaración: una razón principal para usar `cargo` es que `gn` no está " +"disponible al compilar e iniciar la biblioteca estándar de Rust cuando se " +"compila su cadena de herramientas." -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " -"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " -"adding or updating third-party crates.)" +"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " +"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, but `run_gnrt.py` asks " +"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" msgstr "" -"Menciona que los bots de Chromium deberían hacer pruebas nativas de Rust de " -"crates de terceros tarde o temprano. (Estas pruebas rara vez son necesarias, " -"solo después de añadir o actualizar crates de terceros)." +"`run_gnrt.py` usa la copia de Chromium de `cargo` y `rustc`. `gnrt` depende " +"de las bibliotecas de terceros descargadas de Internet. `run_gnrt.py` pide a " +"`cargo` que solo se permita el contenido `--locked` a través de `Cargo.lock`." -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " -"used:" +"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " +"trusted:" msgstr "" -"Algunos ejemplos pueden ayudarte a ilustrar cuándo se debe usar `gtest` de C+" -"+ o `gtest` de Rust:" +"Los participantes pueden tratar de identificar si los siguientes elementos " +"son de confianza implícita o explícita:" -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " -"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " -"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they " -"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." +"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " +"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " +"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" msgstr "" -"QR cuenta con muy pocas funciones en la capa de Rust propia (solo es un " -"código pegamento de FFI) y, por lo tanto, utiliza las pruebas unitarias de C+" -"+ existentes para probar la implementación de C++ y la de Rust " -"(parametrizando las pruebas de modo que habiliten o inhabiliten Rust " -"mediante un `ScopedFeatureList`)." +"`rustc` (el compilador de Rust), que a su vez depende de las bibliotecas " +"LLVM, el compilador Clang, las fuentes `rustc` (obtenidas de GitHub y " +"revisadas por el equipo de compilación de Rust), y el compilador binario de " +"Rust descargado para el bootstrapping." -#: src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " -"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " -"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " -"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." +"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " +"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" msgstr "" -"La integración hipotética/WIP de PNG puede necesitar una implementación " -"segura en memoria de las transformaciones de píxeles que proporciona " -"`libpng` pero que faltan en el crate `png`, como por ejemplo, RGBA => BGRA o " -"corrección gamma. Dicha función puede beneficiarse de pruebas independientes " -"creadas en Rust." +"`rustup` (merece la pena destacar que `rustup` se desarrolla en la misma " +"organización que `rustc`, https://github.com/rust-lang/)." -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." +msgstr "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" -"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" +"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " +"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" msgstr "" -"La biblioteca [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/" -"chromium/src/+/main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) permite hacer lo " -"siguiente:" +"Varias infraestructuras internas (bots que compilan `rustc`, sistemas para " +"distribuir la cadena de herramientas precompiladas a los ingenieros de " +"Chromium, etc.)" -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." +msgstr "Herramientas de Cargo, como `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md msgid "" -"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " -"attribute)" +"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " +"security@chromium.org)" msgstr "" -"Usar una función de Rust como caso de prueba `gtest` (con el atributo " -"`#[gtest(...)]`)." +"Bibliotecas de Rust incluidas en `//third_party/rust` (auditoría de " +"security@chromium.org)." -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md -msgid "" -"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " -"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md +msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" msgstr "" -"Usar `expect_eq!` y macros similares (similares a `assert_eq!`, pero sin que " -"se produzcan pánicos o sin finalizar la prueba cuando la aserción falle)." +"Otras bibliotecas de Rust (algunas de nicho, otras bastante populares y de " +"uso común)." -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md -msgid "Example:" -msgstr "Ejemplo:" +#: src/chromium/policy.md +msgid "Chromium Rust policy" +msgstr "Política de Chromium Rust" -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md +#: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" -"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " -"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" +"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " +"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." msgstr "" -"La forma más sencilla de compilar pruebas `gtest` de Rust es añadirlas a un " -"binario de prueba que ya contenga pruebas creadas en C++. Por ejemplo:" +"Chromium aún no permite usar Rust propio, excepto en casos excepcionales, " +"según lo aprobado por [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md +#: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" -"```gn\n" -"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" -" ...\n" -" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" -" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." +"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " +"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " +"security." msgstr "" -"```gn\n" -"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" -" ...\n" -" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" -" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"La política de Chromium sobre bibliotecas de terceros se describe [aquí]" +"(https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/" +"adding_to_third_party.md#rust). Se permite el uso de Rust para bibliotecas " +"de terceros en algunos casos, incluido si son la mejor opción en cuanto al " +"rendimiento o seguridad." -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md +#: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" -"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " -"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" +"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " +"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " +"code." msgstr "" -"La creación de pruebas de Rust en una `static_library` independiente también " -"funciona, pero es necesario declarar manualmente la dependencia en las " -"bibliotecas de compatibilidad:" +"Muy pocas bibliotecas de Rust exponen directamente una API de C o C++, por " +"lo que casi todas estas bibliotecas necesitarán una pequeña parte de código " +"pegamento propio." -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md +#: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" -"```gn\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" -" testonly = true\n" -" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" -" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" -" deps = [\n" -" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" -" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" -" ]\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" -" ...\n" -" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" -"}\n" +"```bob\n" +"\"C++\" Rust\n" +".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " +"Rust :\n" +": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " +"crate :\n" +": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": | | : : | | | " +"| :\n" +": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " +"| :\n" +": | | : Language : | | Crate | " +"| :\n" +": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" "```" msgstr "" -"```gn\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" -" testonly = true\n" -" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" -" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" -" deps = [\n" -" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" -" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" -" ]\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" -" ...\n" -" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md -msgid "" -"After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " -"import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " -"provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is " -"computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid " -"working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro " -"from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" -msgstr "" -"Después de añadir `:my_rust_lib` a GN `deps`, tenemos que aprender a " -"importar y usar `my_rust_lib` desde `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. No hemos " -"proporcionado un `crate_name` explícito para `my_rust_lib`, por lo que el " -"nombre del crate se calcula en función de la ruta y el nombre de destino " -"completos. Por suerte, podemos evitar trabajar con un nombre tan poco " -"práctico usando la macro `chromium::import!` del crate `chromium` importado " -"automáticamente:" - -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md -msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" -msgstr "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" - -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md -msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" -msgstr "" -"En un segundo plano, la macro se expande a algo parecido a lo siguiente:" - -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md -msgid "" -"More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." -"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" -"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" -"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." -msgstr "" -"Puedes obtener más información en [el comentario del documento](https://" -"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" -"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" -"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) de la macro `chromium::import`." +"```bob\n" +"\"C++\" Rust\n" +".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " +"Rust :\n" +": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " +"crate :\n" +": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": | | : : | | | " +"| :\n" +": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " +"| :\n" +": | | : Language : | | Crate | " +"| :\n" +": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md +#: src/chromium/policy.md msgid "" -"`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " -"property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " -"crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its " -"crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool " -"covered in a later section) use short crate names." +"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " +"normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." msgstr "" -"`rust_static_library` permite especificar un nombre explícito mediante la " -"propiedad `crate_name`, pero no se recomienda hacerlo. El motivo es porque " -"el nombre del crate debe ser único en todo el mundo. crates.io garantiza la " -"exclusividad de sus nombres de crate, de modo que los elementos de destino " -"de GN `cargo_crate` (generados por la herramienta `gnrt` que se explican en " -"una sección posterior) usan nombres de crate cortos." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "Testing exercise" -msgstr "Ejercicio de pruebas" +"El código pegamento propio de Rust para un crate de terceros concreto " +"normalmente debe guardarse en `third_party/rust///wrapper`." -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "Time for another exercise!" -msgstr "¡Vamos a hacer otro ejercicio!" +#: src/chromium/policy.md +msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" +msgstr "Por este motivo, el curso de hoy se centrará en los siguientes temas:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "In your Chromium build:" -msgstr "En tu compilación de Chromium:" +#: src/chromium/policy.md +msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" +msgstr "Incorporación de bibliotecas Rust de terceros (\"crates\")." -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "" -"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " -"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " -"summing integers in a slice, etc." +#: src/chromium/policy.md +msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." msgstr "" -"Añade una función que se pueda probar junto a `hello_from_rust`. Aquí tienes " -"algunas sugerencias: añadir dos números enteros recibidos como argumentos, " -"calcular el enésimo número de la serie Fibonacci, sumar los enteros en un " -"slice, etc." +"Escribir código pegamento para poder usar esos crates desde Chromium C++." -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." +#: src/chromium/policy.md +msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." msgstr "" -"Añade un archivo `..._unittest.rs` independiente con una prueba de la nueva " -"función." +"Si esta política cambia con el tiempo, el curso irá evolucionando para " +"adaptarse al cambio." -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." -msgstr "Añade las nuevas pruebas a `BUILD.gn`." +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +msgid "Build rules" +msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (_Build_)" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md -msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +msgid "" +"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " +"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " +"is no exception." msgstr "" -"Compila las pruebas, ejecútalas y comprueba que la nueva prueba funciona." +"El código de Rust se suele compilar con `cargo`. Chromium se compila con " +"`gn` y `ninja` para aumentar la eficiencia. Sus reglas estáticas permiten el " +"máximo paralelismo. Rust no es una excepción." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md +msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" +msgstr "Añadir código de Rust a Chromium" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " -"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " -"called CXX." +"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" msgstr "" -"La comunidad de Rust ofrece muchas opciones para la interoperabilidad de C++ " -"y Rust, y continuamente se están desarrollando nuevas herramientas. " -"Actualmente, Chromium usa la herramienta CXX." +"En algunos archivos `BUILD.gn` de Chromium, declara una " +"`rust_static_library`:" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " -"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " -"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Describe todos los límites de tu lenguaje en un lenguaje de definición de " -"interfaz (que se parece mucho a Rust) y, a continuación, las herramientas " -"CXX generarán declaraciones de funciones y tipos tanto en Rust como en C++." +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " -"using this." +"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " +"depend upon third party code." msgstr "" -"Consulta el [tutorial de CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para ver un " -"ejemplo completo de su uso." +"También puedes añadir `deps` en otros segmentos de Rust. Más adelante, lo " +"usaremos en función del código de terceros." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " -"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " -"the following benefits:" +"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " +"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " +"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " +"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " +"rebuilds are necessary." msgstr "" -"Aclara el diagrama. Explica que, en segundo plano, esto hace lo mismo que " -"hemos hecho antes. Señala que automatizar el proceso supone las siguientes " -"ventajas:" +"Debes especificar _tanto_ la raíz del crate _como_ una lista completa de " +"recursos. `crate_root` es el archivo proporcionado al compilador de Rust que " +"representa el archivo raíz de la unidad de compilación, que suele ser `lib." +"rs`. `sources` es una lista completa de todos los archivos de origen que " +"necesita `ninja` para determinar cuándo es necesario compilar de nuevo." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " -"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " -"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " -"Behavior)" +"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " +"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" msgstr "" -"La herramienta asegura que C++ y Rust coincidan (por ejemplo, se producen " -"errores de compilación si `#[cxx::bridge]` no coincide con las definiciones " -"de C++ o Rust reales, pero con enlaces manuales no sincronizados, se " -"obtendría un comportamiento no definido)" +"(No existe `source_set` en Rust porque un crate completo ya es una unidad de " +"compilación. Una `static_library` es la unidad más pequeña)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " -"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " -"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " -"functions manually)" +"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " +"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." +"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " +"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " +"tests, some of which we'll use later." msgstr "" -"La herramienta automatiza la generación de thunks FFI (funciones pequeñas, " -"compatibles con la ABI de C y gratuitas) para funciones que no son de C (por " -"ejemplo, habilitar llamadas de FFI en métodos de Rust o C++. Los enlaces " -"manuales requerirían la creación manual de estas funciones gratuitas de " -"nivel superior)." +"Puede que los participantes se pregunten por qué necesitamos una plantilla " +"gn en vez de usar [la compatibilidad integrada de gn para las bibliotecas " +"estáticas de Rust](https://gn.googlesource.com/gn/+/main/docs/reference." +"md#func_static_library). La respuesta es que esta plantilla es compatible " +"con la interoperabilidad de CXX, las funciones de Rust y las pruebas " +"unitarias, algunas de las cuales usaremos más adelante." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" -msgstr "" -"La herramienta y la biblioteca pueden gestionar un conjunto de tipos " -"principales, como por ejemplo:" +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md +msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" +msgstr "Incluir código de Rust `unsafe`" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "" -"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " -"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" -"span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " -"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " -"empty slices slightly differently)" +"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " +"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " +"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " +"necessary.)" msgstr "" -"`&[T]` se puede transferir a través del límite de FFI, aunque no garantiza " -"ningún diseño concreto de ABI o de memoria. Con los enlaces manuales, `std::" -"span` y `&[T]` se tienen que desestructurar manualmente y compilarlos a " -"partir de un puntero y una longitud. Esto suele acarrear errores, ya que " -"cada lenguaje representa los slices vacíos de forma ligeramente distinta." +"El código de Rust inseguro está prohibido en `rust_static_library` de forma " +"predeterminada, por lo que no se podrá compilar. Si necesitas código de Rust " +"inseguro, añade `allow_unsafe = true` al elemento de destino de gn. (Más " +"adelante en el curso veremos circunstancias en las que es necesario hacerlo)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "" -"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " -"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" -"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " -"risks." +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [\n" +" \"lib.rs\",\n" +" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" +" ]\n" +" allow_unsafe = true\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Los punteros inteligentes como `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr` o " -"`Box` se admiten de forma nativa. Con los enlaces manuales, sería necesario " -"pasar punteros sin formato compatibles con ABI de C, lo que aumentaría los " -"riesgos de tiempo de vida y de seguridad en la memoria." +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [\n" +" \"lib.rs\",\n" +" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" +" ]\n" +" allow_unsafe = true\n" +"}\n" +"```" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "" -"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " -"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " -"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" -"terminate a string)." +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md +msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." msgstr "" -"Los tipos `rust::String` y `CxxString` entienden y mantienen las diferencias " -"en la representación de cadenas en los distintos lenguajes (por ejemplo, " -"`rust::String::lossy` puede crear una cadena de Rust a partir de una entrada " -"que no sea UTF8 y `rust::String::: c_str` puede terminar una cadena con un " -"carácter nulo)." +"Solo tienes que añadir el elemento de destino que aparece arriba a los " +"`deps` de algún elemento de destino de Chromium C++." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "" -"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " -"modules inside `.rs` source code." +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" +"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" +" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"CXX necesita que se declare todo el límite de C++ o Rust en los módulos " -"`cxx::bridge` del código fuente `.rs`." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" -msgstr "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" +"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" +" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +msgid "" +"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " +"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," msgstr "" -"// Las definiciones de los tipos y las funciones de Rust se colocan aquí\n" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "Point out:" -msgstr "Señala lo siguiente:" +"Los tipos se omiten en el código de Rust, lo que hace que un buen IDE sea " +"aún más útil para C++. El código de Visual Studio funciona bien con Rust en " +"Chromium. Para utilizarlo, haz lo siguiente:" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " -"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " -"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " -"`ffi` in your code." +"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " +"Rust support" msgstr "" -"Aunque parece un `mod` de Rust habitual, la macro de procedimiento `#[cxx::" -"bridge]` es capaz de desempeñar tareas complejas. El código generado es " -"bastante más sofisticado, aunque aun así da como resultado un `mod` llamado " -"`ffi` en el código." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" -msgstr "Compatibilidad nativa con `std::unique_ptr` de C++ en Rust." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" -msgstr "Compatibilidad nativa con los slices de Rust en C++." +"Asegúrate de que VSCode tenga la extensión `rust-analyzer`, no versiones " +"anteriores de compatibilidad con Rust." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" -msgstr "Llamadas de C++ a Rust y tipos de Rust (en la parte superior)." +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +msgid "" +"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " +"directory)" +msgstr "" +"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (o el equivalente en tu directorio " +"de salida)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md -msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" -msgstr "Llamadas de Rust a C++ y tipos de C++ (en la parte inferior)." +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" +msgstr "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " -"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " -"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " -"compilers." +"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" +"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." msgstr "" -"**Error común**: _Parece_ que Rust está analizando un encabezado de C++, " -"pero no es así. Rust nunca interpreta este encabezado, sino que simplifica " -"`#include`d en el código C++ generado para ayudar a los compiladores de C++." +"Una demo de algunas de las funciones de anotación de código y exploración de " +"rust-analyzer puede ser útil si los asistentes se muestran escépticos por " +"los IDE." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" -"cxx.rs/bindings.html)." +"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " +"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" msgstr "" -"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" -"bindings.html):" +"Los siguientes pasos pueden servir de ayuda con la demo (aunque puedes usar " +"un fragmento de Rust relacionado con Chromium que te resulte más familiar):" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md -msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" -msgstr "CXX se adapta básicamente a los casos en los que:" +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" +msgstr "Abre `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " -"it." +"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " +"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" msgstr "" -"La interfaz de Rust-C++ es lo suficientemente sencilla como para se pueda " -"declarar por completo." +"Coloca el cursor sobre la llamada `QrCode::new` (aproximadamente en la línea " +"26) en \\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " -"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." +"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " +"K)." msgstr "" -"Solo estás usando los tipos compatibles de forma nativa con CXX, como `std::" -"unique_ptr`, `std::string` o `&[u8]`, entre otros." +"Demo **mostrar la documentación** (enlaces típicos: vscode = ctrl ki; vim/" +"CoC = K)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " -"type." +"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " +"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" msgstr "" -"Tiene muchas limitaciones, por ejemplo, la falta de compatibilidad con el " -"tipo `Option` de Rust." +"Demo **ir a la definición** (enlaces típicos: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = gd) " +"(Esta acción te llevará a `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " -"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " -"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " -"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " -"enough." +"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " +"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " +"bindings = space o)" msgstr "" -"Estas restricciones nos limitan a usar Rust en Chromium solo para \"nodos " -"hoja\" muy aislados, en lugar de para la interoperabilidad arbitraria de " -"Rust-C++. Si te planteas un caso práctico de Rust en Chromium, un buen punto " -"de partida es hacer un borrador de los enlaces de CXX para el límite del " -"lenguaje para ver si te parece lo suficientemente sencillo." +"Demo **esquema** y desplázate hasta el método `QrCode::with_bits` (en la " +"línea 164. El esquema se encuentra en el panel del explorador de archivos de " +"vscode. Enlaces típicos de vim/CoC = espacio o)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " -"example:" +"Demo **type annotations** (there are quite a few nice examples in the " +"`QrCode::with_bits` method)" msgstr "" -"También debes hablar de algunos de los otros aspectos delicados con CXX, " -"como los siguientes:" +"Demo **anotaciones de tipos** (hay varios ejemplos en el método `QrCode::" +"with_bits`)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" -"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" +"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " +"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " +"times throughout the exercises in this session)." msgstr "" -"Su gestión de errores se basa en las excepciones de C++ (como se muestra en " -"la siguiente diapositiva)." +"Es necesario destacar que hay que volver a ejecutar `gn gen ... --export-" +"rust-project` después de editar los archivos `BUILD.gn` (lo haremos varias " +"veces a lo largo de los ejercicios de esta sesión)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md -msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." -msgstr "Los punteros de función no son muy fáciles de usar." +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +msgid "Build rules exercise" +msgstr "Ejercicio de reglas de compilación" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " -"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" +"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " +"containing:" msgstr "" -"La [compatibilidad con `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) de " -"CXX se basa en excepciones de C++, por lo que no podemos usarlo en Chromium. " -"Alternativas:" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md -msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" -msgstr "La parte `T` de `Result` puede:" +"En tu compilación de Chromium, añade un nuevo elemento de destino de Rust a " +"`//ui/base/build.gn` que contenga lo siguiente:" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " -"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" +"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " +"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " +"target." msgstr "" -"Devolverse a través de parámetros externos (por ejemplo, mediante `&mut T`). " -"Esto requiere que `T` se pueda transferir a través del límite de FFI. Por " -"ejemplo, `T` tiene que ser:" +"**Importante:** Ten en cuenta que `no_mangle` en este caso se considera un " +"tipo de inseguridad según el compilador de Rust, por lo que tendrás que " +"permitir código inseguro en el elemento de destino `gn`." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md -msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" -msgstr "Un tipo primitivo (como `u32` o `usize`)." +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +msgid "" +"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " +"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " +"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" +msgstr "" +"Añade este nuevo elemento de destino de Rust como una dependencia de `//ui/" +"base:base`. Declara esta función en la parte superior de `ui/base/resource/" +"resource_bundle.cc` (más adelante veremos cómo se puede automatizar mediante " +"herramientas de generación de enlaces):" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " -"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." +"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " +"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " +"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " +"times." msgstr "" -"Un tipo compatible de forma nativa con `cxx` (como `UniquePtr`) que tiene " -"un valor predeterminado adecuado para usarlo en caso de fallo (_a diferencia " -"de_ `Box`)." +"Llama a esta función desde algún lugar de `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle." +"cc`. Recomendamos hacerlo en la parte superior de `ResourceBundle::" +"RSMangleLocalizedString`. Compila y ejecuta Chromium y asegúrate de que se " +"imprima \"¡Rust te manda un saludo!\" muchas veces." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " -"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " -"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." +"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " +"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" +"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." msgstr "" -"Mantenerse en el lado de Rust y mostrarse mediante referencia. Esto puede " -"ser necesario cuando `T` es un tipo de Rust, que no se puede transmitir " -"mediante el límite de FFI ni se puede almacenar en `UniquePtr`." +"Si usas VSCode, ahora debes configurar Rust para que funcione correctamente " +"en VSCode. Nos será útil en ejercicios posteriores. Si lo has completado " +"correctamente, podrás hacer clic con el botón derecho y pulsar \"Ir a la " +"definición\" en `println!`." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md -msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" -msgstr "La parte `E` de `Result` puede:" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Where to find help" +msgstr "Dónde obtener ayuda" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " -"representing failure)" +"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" +"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" -"Devolverse como un valor booleano (por ejemplo, `true` representa el éxito y " -"`false` representa el error)." +"Opciones disponibles de la [plantilla gn `rust_static_library`](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" +"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " -"needed in practice." +"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" +"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" msgstr "" -"En teoría, es posible conservar los detalles de los errores, pero hasta " -"ahora no se ha necesitado en la práctica." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md -msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" -msgstr "Manejo de Errores en CXX: Ejemplo de QR" +"Información sobre [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" +"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" -"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." -"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " -"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " -"be passed across the FFI boundary:" +"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." +"extern.html)" msgstr "" -"El generador de código QR es [un ejemplo](https://source.chromium.org/" -"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/" -"qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs;l=13-18;" -"drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) en el que el valor booleano se " -"utiliza para comunicar que el resultado es correcto o no, y dónde se puede " -"transmitir el resultado correcto a través del límite de FFI:" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md -msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" -msgstr "\"qr_code_generator\"" +"Información sobre [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." +"extern.html)" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " -"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " -"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " -"the vector)." +"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" +"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" msgstr "" -"Puede que los participantes sientan curiosidad acerca de la semántica del " -"resultado de salida `out_qr_size`. No se trata del tamaño del vector, sino " -"del tamaño del código QR (y admitimos que es un poco redundante, ya que se " -"trata de la raíz cuadrada del tamaño del vector)." +"Información sobre el interruptor [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn." +"googlesource.com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) de gn" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " -"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " -"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " -"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." +"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" +"languages/rust)" msgstr "" -"Cabe destacar la importancia de inicializar `out_qr_size` antes de llamar a " -"la función de Rust. La creación de una referencia de Rust que apunte a una " -"memoria no inicializada tiene como resultado un comportamiento indefinido (a " -"diferencia de C++, cuando solo el acto de desreferenciar la memoria resulta " -"en comportamiento indefinido)." +"[Cómo instalar rust-analyzer en VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" +"languages/rust)" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " -"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " -"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" +"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " +"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " +"Rust." msgstr "" -"Si los participantes preguntan por `Pin`, explica por qué CXX lo necesita " -"para referencias mutables a datos de C++. Los datos de C++ no se pueden " -"mover como los datos de Rust, ya que pueden contener punteros de " -"autorreferencia." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" -msgstr "Manejo de Errores" +"Este ejemplo no es habitual porque se reduce al lenguaje de " +"interoperabilidad con el mínimo común denominador, C. Tanto C++ como Rust " +"pueden declarar y llamar de forma nativa funciones ABI de C. Más adelante, " +"conectaremos C++ directamente con Rust." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " -"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" +"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " +"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " +"guarantee that the right one is called." msgstr "" -"Un prototipo de un decodificador PNG ilustra lo que se puede hacer cuando el " -"resultado correcto no se puede transmitir a través del límite de FFI:" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md -msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" -msgstr "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" +"`allow_unsafe = true` es obligatorio porque `#[no_mangle]` podría permitir " +"que Rust genere dos funciones con el mismo nombre, y Rust ya no puede " +"asegurar que se llame a la correcta." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" -"/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" -" /// ()>`.\n" +"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " +"`rust_executable` gn template." msgstr "" -"/// Esto devuelve un equivalente de `Result,\n" -" /// ()>`, compatible con FFI.\n" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md -msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" -msgstr "/// Enlaces de C++ para el tipo `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader`.\n" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md -msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" -msgstr "/// Enlaces de C++ para el tipo `crate::png::PngReader`.\n" +"Si necesitas un ejecutable puro de Rust, también puedes hacerlo con la " +"plantilla gn `rust_executable`." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " -"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " -"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " -"to store Rust objects by value." +"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " +"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." +"md) in the course and looks like this:" msgstr "" -"`PngReader` y `ResultOfPngReader` son tipos de Rust. Los objetos de estos " -"tipos no pueden cruzar el límite de FFI sin la indirección de un `Box`. " -"No se puede tener un `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, ya que CXX no permite " -"que C++ almacene objetos de Rust por valor." +"La comunidad de Rust suele crear las pruebas unitarias en un módulo situado " +"en el mismo archivo fuente que el código que se está probando. Este tema ya " +"se ha tratado [antes](../testing.md) en el curso y tiene este aspecto:" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " -"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " -"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " -"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " -"appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " -"`as_mut`)." +"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " +"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " +"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " +"configuration)." msgstr "" -"Este ejemplo ilustra que, aunque CXX no es compatible con plantillas ni " -"genéricos arbitrarios, podemos transmitirlos a través de los límites de FFI " -"si los especializamos de forma manual o los monomorfizamos en un tipo no " -"genérico. En el ejemplo, `ResultOfPngReader` es un tipo no genérico que " -"redirige los métodos adecuados de `Result` (por ejemplo, a `is_err`, " -"`unwrap` o `as_mut`)." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md -msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" -msgstr "Usar cxx en Chromium" +"En Chromium colocamos las pruebas unitarias en un archivo fuente " +"independiente y continuamos con esta práctica con Rust. De esta forma, las " +"pruebas se pueden encontrar de forma coherente y se evita volver a crear " +"archivos `.rs` (en la configuración `test`)." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" -"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " -"`rust_static_library`. Just add" +"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" msgstr "" -"En Chromium, definimos un `#[cxx::bridge] mod` independiente para cada nodo " -"hoja en el que queremos usar Rust. Normalmente hay uno por cada " -"`rust_static_library`. Solo tienes que añadir" +"Esta acción genera las siguientes opciones para probar el código de Rust en " +"Chromium:" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"```gn\n" -"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" -" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" -"allow_unsafe = true\n" -"```" +"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" +"rust`." msgstr "" -"```gn\n" -"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" -" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" -"allow_unsafe = true\n" -"```" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md -msgid "" -"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " -"`sources`." -msgstr "" -"al elemento `rust_static_library` que ya tengas junto con `crate_root` y " -"`sources`." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md -msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" -msgstr "" -"Los encabezados de C++ se generarán en una ubicación razonable, por lo que " -"puedes simplemente incluir" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md -msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" -msgstr "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md -msgid "" -"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " -"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" -"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" -"l=21)." -msgstr "" -"Encontrarás algunas funciones de utilidad en `//base` para convertir a y " -"desde los tipos de Chromium C++ en tipos CXX de Rust y viceversa. Por " -"ejemplo, [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/" -"src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;l=21)." - -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md -msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" -msgstr "" -"Los participantes pueden preguntarse: \"¿por qué sigue siendo necesario " -"`allow_unsafe = true`?\"" +"Pruebas nativas de Rust (es decir, `#[test]`). No se recomienda hacerlas " +"fuera de `//third_party/rust`." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " -"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " -"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " -"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " -"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" -"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " -"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." +"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " +"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " +"sufficient coverage for the feature." msgstr "" -"La respuesta es que ningún código de C o C++ es \"seguro\" según los " -"estándares normales de Rust. Si se llama a C o C++ desde Rust, se pueden " -"llevar a cabo acciones arbitrarias en la memoria y se puede poner en peligro " -"la seguridad de los propios diseños de datos de Rust. La presencia de " -"_demasiadas_ palabras clave `unsafe` en la interoperabilidad de C o C++ " -"puede perjudicar la relación señal-ruido de dicha palabra clave, algo " -"[polémico](https://steveklabnik.com/writing/the-cxx-debate). No obstante, en " -"términos estrictos, introducir código externo en un binario de Rust puede " -"provocar un comportamiento inesperado desde el punto de vista de Rust." +"Pruebas `gtest` escritas en C++ y ejercicios con Rust mediante llamadas de " +"FFI. Suficiente cuando el código de Rust es solo una capa fina de FFI y las " +"pruebas unitarias existentes proporcionan suficiente cobertura para la " +"función." -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" -"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " -"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " -"previous section." +"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " +"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " +"subject of the next few slides." msgstr "" -"La respuesta exacta se encuentra en el diagrama de la parte superior de " -"[esta página](../Interop-with-cpp.md): en segundo plano, CXX genera " -"funciones de Rust `unsafe` y `extern \"C\"`, igual que hicimos de forma " -"manual en la sección anterior." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" -msgstr "Ejercicio: Interoperabilidad con C++" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Part one" -msgstr "Primera parte" +"Pruebas `gtest` creadas en Rust y usando el crate en prueba a través de su " +"API pública (mediante `pub mod for_testing { ... }` si es necesario). Este " +"es el tema de las siguientes diapositivas." -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " -"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " -"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." +"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " +"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " +"adding or updating third-party crates.)" msgstr "" -"En el archivo de Rust que has creado anteriormente, añade un `#[cxx::" -"bridge]`, que especifica una sola función, denominada `hello_from_rust`, a " -"la que se llamará desde C++, sin parámetros y sin devolver ningún valor." +"Menciona que los bots de Chromium deberían hacer pruebas nativas de Rust de " +"crates de terceros tarde o temprano. (Estas pruebas rara vez son necesarias, " +"solo después de añadir o actualizar crates de terceros)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " -"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." +"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " +"used:" msgstr "" -"Modifica la función `hello_from_rust` anterior para eliminar `extern \"C\"` " -"y `#[no_mangle]`. Ahora es solo una función estándar de Rust." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." -msgstr "Modifica el elemento de destino de `gn` para compilar estos enlaces." +"Algunos ejemplos pueden ayudarte a ilustrar cuándo se debe usar `gtest` de C+" +"+ o `gtest` de Rust:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " -"Instead, include the generated header file." +"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " +"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " +"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they " +"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." msgstr "" -"En el código C++, elimina la declaración de `hello_from_rust`. En su lugar, " -"incluye el archivo de encabezado que se ha generado." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Build and run!" -msgstr "Compila y ejecuta." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Part two" -msgstr "Segunda parte" +"QR cuenta con muy pocas funciones en la capa de Rust propia (solo es un " +"código pegamento de FFI) y, por lo tanto, utiliza las pruebas unitarias de C+" +"+ existentes para probar la implementación de C++ y la de Rust " +"(parametrizando las pruebas de modo que habiliten o inhabiliten Rust " +"mediante un `ScopedFeatureList`)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing.md msgid "" -"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " -"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." +"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " +"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " +"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " +"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." msgstr "" -"Se recomienda jugar un poco con CXX, ya que nos ayuda a pensar en la " -"flexibilidad que tiene Rust en Chromium." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Some things to try:" -msgstr "Algunas cosas que probar:" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" -msgstr "Vuelve a llamar a C++ desde Rust. Necesitarás lo siguiente:" +"La integración hipotética/WIP de PNG puede necesitar una implementación " +"segura en memoria de las transformaciones de píxeles que proporciona " +"`libpng` pero que faltan en el crate `png`, como por ejemplo, RGBA => BGRA o " +"corrección gamma. Dicha función puede beneficiarse de pruebas independientes " +"creadas en Rust." -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" -"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " -"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." +"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" +"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" msgstr "" -"Un archivo de encabezado adicional que puedes `include!` desde tu `cxx::" -"bridge`. Deberás declarar la función de C++ en el nuevo archivo de " -"encabezado." +"La biblioteca [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/" +"chromium/src/+/main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) permite hacer lo " +"siguiente:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" -"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " -"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" -"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." +"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " +"attribute)" msgstr "" -"Un bloque `unsafe` para llamar a una función de este tipo, o bien " -"especificar la palabra clave `unsafe` en el `#[cxx::bridge]`, [como se " -"describe aquí](https://cxx.rs/extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-" -"functions)." +"Usar una función de Rust como caso de prueba `gtest` (con el atributo " +"`#[gtest(...)]`)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" -"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." -"h\"`" +"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " +"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." msgstr "" -"Es posible que también tengas que incluir `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/" -"v1/crate/include/cxx.h\"`" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." -msgstr "Transfiere una cadena de C++ desde C++ a Rust." +"Usar `expect_eq!` y macros similares (similares a `assert_eq!`, pero sin que " +"se produzcan pánicos o sin finalizar la prueba cuando la aserción falle)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." -msgstr "Pasa una referencia a un objeto de C++ en Rust." +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md +msgid "Example:" +msgstr "Ejemplo:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" -"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" -"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " +"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" msgstr "" -"Obtén de forma intencional las firmas de la función de Rust que no coincidan " -"con el `#[cxx::bridge]` y familiarízate con los errores que veas." +"La forma más sencilla de compilar pruebas `gtest` de Rust es añadirlas a un " +"binario de prueba que ya contenga pruebas creadas en C++. Por ejemplo:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" -"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" -"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +"```gn\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Obtén de forma intencional las firmas de la función de C++ que no coincidan " -"con el `#[cxx::bridge]` y familiarízate con los errores que veas." +"```gn\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" -"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " -"own some C++ object." +"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " +"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" msgstr "" -"Transfiere un `std::unique_ptr` de algún tipo de C++ a Rust, para que a Rust " -"le pertenezca algún objeto de C++." +"La creación de pruebas de Rust en una `static_library` independiente también " +"funciona, pero es necesario declarar manualmente la dependencia en las " +"bibliotecas de compatibilidad:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" -"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " -"need a `Box`)." -msgstr "" -"Crea un objeto de Rust y transmítelo a C++ para que sea su propietario. " -"(Nota: necesitas utilizar un `Box`)." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." -msgstr "Declara algunos métodos en un tipo de C++. Llámalos desde Rust." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." -msgstr "Declara algunos métodos en un tipo de Rust. Llámalos desde C++." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Part three" -msgstr "Tercera parte" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "" -"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " -"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " -"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." -msgstr "" -"Ahora que conoces los puntos fuertes y las limitaciones de la " -"interoperabilidad de CXX, piensa en un par de casos prácticos de Rust en " -"Chromium en los que la interfaz sea bastante sencilla. Haz un boceto sobre " -"cómo definirías esa interfaz." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" +" testonly = true\n" +" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" +" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [\n" +" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" +" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" +" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" -"bindings.html):" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" +" testonly = true\n" +" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" +" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [\n" +" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" +" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" +" ]\n" +"}\n" +"\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" -"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" -"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +"After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " +"import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " +"provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is " +"computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid " +"working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro " +"from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" msgstr "" -"La [plantilla gn `rust_static_library`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" -"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +"Después de añadir `:my_rust_lib` a GN `deps`, tenemos que aprender a " +"importar y usar `my_rust_lib` desde `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. No hemos " +"proporcionado un `crate_name` explícito para `my_rust_lib`, por lo que el " +"nombre del crate se calcula en función de la ruta y el nombre de destino " +"completos. Por suerte, podemos evitar trabajar con un nombre tan poco " +"práctico usando la macro `chromium::import!` del crate `chromium` importado " +"automáticamente:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" -msgstr "Estas son algunas de las preguntas que pueden surgir:" +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md +msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" +msgstr "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md -msgid "" -"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " -"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " -"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md +msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" msgstr "" -"Veo un problema al inicializar una variable de tipo X con el tipo Y, donde X " -"e Y son tipos de funciones. Esto se debe a que la función de C++ no coincide " -"exactamente con la declaración de `cxx::bridge`." +"En un segundo plano, la macro se expande a algo parecido a lo siguiente:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" -"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " -"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" -"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " -"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." +"More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" +"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" +"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." msgstr "" -"Parece que puedo convertir libremente referencias de C++ en referencias de " -"Rust. ¿Eso no supone ningún riesgo de comportamiento indefinido? En el caso " -"de los tipos _opacos_ de CXX, no, porque su tamaño es cero. Sí supondría un " -"problema de comportamiento indefinido en el caso de los tipos triviales de " -"CXX, aunque el diseño de CXX hace que sea bastante difícil crear un ejemplo " -"así." +"Puedes obtener más información en [el comentario del documento](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" +"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" +"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) de la macro `chromium::import`." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" -"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" -"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " -"they do!" +"`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " +"property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " +"crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its " +"crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool " +"covered in a later section) use short crate names." msgstr "" -"Las bibliotecas de Rust se llaman \"crates\" y se encuentran en [crates.io]" -"(https://crates.io). _Es habitual_ que los crates de Rust dependen los unos " -"de otros." - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "C++ library" -msgstr "Biblioteca C++" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Rust crate" -msgstr "Crate de Rust" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Build system" -msgstr "Sistema de compilación" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Lots" -msgstr "Muchos" +"`rust_static_library` permite especificar un nombre explícito mediante la " +"propiedad `crate_name`, pero no se recomienda hacerlo. El motivo es porque " +"el nombre del crate debe ser único en todo el mundo. crates.io garantiza la " +"exclusividad de sus nombres de crate, de modo que los elementos de destino " +"de GN `cargo_crate` (generados por la herramienta `gnrt` que se explican en " +"una sección posterior) usan nombres de crate cortos." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" -msgstr "Consistente: `Cargo.toml`" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "Testing exercise" +msgstr "Ejercicio de pruebas" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Typical library size" -msgstr "Tamaño habitual de la biblioteca" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "Time for another exercise!" +msgstr "¡Vamos a hacer otro ejercicio!" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Large-ish" -msgstr "Grande" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "In your Chromium build:" +msgstr "En tu compilación de Chromium:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Small" -msgstr "Pequeño" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "" +"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " +"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " +"summing integers in a slice, etc." +msgstr "" +"Añade una función que se pueda probar junto a `hello_from_rust`. Aquí tienes " +"algunas sugerencias: añadir dos números enteros recibidos como argumentos, " +"calcular el enésimo número de la serie Fibonacci, sumar los enteros en un " +"slice, etc." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Transitive dependencies" -msgstr "Dependencias transitivas" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." +msgstr "" +"Añade un archivo `..._unittest.rs` independiente con una prueba de la nueva " +"función." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "Few" -msgstr "Pocos" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." +msgstr "Añade las nuevas pruebas a `BUILD.gn`." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" -msgstr "Para un ingeniero de Chromium, existen ventajas e inconvenientes:" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md +msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." +msgstr "" +"Compila las pruebas, ejecútalas y comprueba que la nueva prueba funciona." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " -"Chromium..." +"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " +"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " +"called CXX." msgstr "" -"Todos los crates usan un sistema de compilación común, así que podemos " -"automatizar su inclusión en Chromium..." +"La comunidad de Rust ofrece muchas opciones para la interoperabilidad de C++ " +"y Rust, y continuamente se están desarrollando nuevas herramientas. " +"Actualmente, Chromium usa la herramienta CXX." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " -"have to bring in multiple libraries." +"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " +"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " +"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." msgstr "" -"... pero los crates suelen tener dependencias transitivas, por lo que es " -"probable que tengas que introducir varias bibliotecas." +"Describe todos los límites de tu lenguaje en un lenguaje de definición de " +"interfaz (que se parece mucho a Rust) y, a continuación, las herramientas " +"CXX generarán declaraciones de funciones y tipos tanto en Rust como en C++." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "We'll discuss:" -msgstr "Hablaremos sobre los siguientes temas:" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "" +"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " +"using this." +msgstr "" +"Consulta el [tutorial de CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para ver un " +"ejemplo completo de su uso." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" -msgstr "Cómo colocar un crate en el árbol de código fuente de Chromium." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "" +"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " +"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " +"the following benefits:" +msgstr "" +"Aclara el diagrama. Explica que, en segundo plano, esto hace lo mismo que " +"hemos hecho antes. Señala que automatizar el proceso supone las siguientes " +"ventajas:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" -msgstr "Cómo aplicarle reglas de compilación `gn`." - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md -msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." -msgstr "Cómo auditar su código fuente para obtener la seguridad suficiente." - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md -msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" -msgstr "Configurar el archivo `Cargo.toml` para añadir crates" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " -"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." -"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." -"toml):" +"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " +"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " +"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " +"Behavior)" msgstr "" -"Chromium tiene un único conjunto de dependencias directas de crate " -"gestionadas de forma centralizada. Se gestionan mediante un único elemento " -"[`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:" -"third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo.toml):" +"La herramienta asegura que C++ y Rust coincidan (por ejemplo, se producen " +"errores de compilación si `#[cxx::bridge]` no coincide con las definiciones " +"de C++ o Rust reales, pero con enlaces manuales no sincronizados, se " +"obtendría un comportamiento no definido)" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"bitflags = \"1\"\n" -"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" -"cxx = \"1\"\n" -"# lots more...\n" -"```" +"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " +"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " +"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " +"functions manually)" msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"bitflags = \"1\"\n" -"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" -"cxx = \"1\"\n" -"# lots more...\n" -"```" +"La herramienta automatiza la generación de thunks FFI (funciones pequeñas, " +"compatibles con la ABI de C y gratuitas) para funciones que no son de C (por " +"ejemplo, habilitar llamadas de FFI en métodos de Rust o C++. Los enlaces " +"manuales requerirían la creación manual de estas funciones gratuitas de " +"nivel superior)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md -msgid "" -"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " -"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" -"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " -"that you wish to enable in the crate." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" msgstr "" -"Al igual que con cualquier otro archivo `Cargo.toml`, puedes especificar " -"[más información sobre las dependencias](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/" -"reference/specifying-dependencies.html). Lo más habitual es que se " -"especifiquen las funciones `features` que se quieran habilitar en el crate." +"La herramienta y la biblioteca pueden gestionar un conjunto de tipos " +"principales, como por ejemplo:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " -"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." +"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " +"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" +"span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " +"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " +"empty slices slightly differently)" msgstr "" -"Al añadir un crate a Chromium, a menudo será necesario proporcionar " -"información adicional en un archivo adicional, `gnrt_config.toml`, que " -"veremos a continuación." +"`&[T]` se puede transferir a través del límite de FFI, aunque no garantiza " +"ningún diseño concreto de ABI o de memoria. Con los enlaces manuales, `std::" +"span` y `&[T]` se tienen que desestructurar manualmente y compilarlos a " +"partir de un puntero y una longitud. Esto suele acarrear errores, ya que " +"cada lenguaje representa los slices vacíos de forma ligeramente distinta." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" -"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." -"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." +"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " +"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" +"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " +"risks." msgstr "" -"Junto a `Cargo.toml`, se encuentra [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source." -"chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" -"chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config.toml). Contiene extensiones específicas de " -"Chromium para la gestión de crates." +"Los punteros inteligentes como `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr` o " +"`Box` se admiten de forma nativa. Con los enlaces manuales, sería necesario " +"pasar punteros sin formato compatibles con ABI de C, lo que aumentaría los " +"riesgos de tiempo de vida y de seguridad en la memoria." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " -"of:" +"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " +"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " +"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" +"terminate a string)." msgstr "" -"Si añades un nuevo crate, debes especificar al menos el atributo `group`. " -"Puede ser uno de los siguientes:" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md -msgid "For instance," -msgstr "Por ejemplo:" +"Los tipos `rust::String` y `CxxString` entienden y mantienen las diferencias " +"en la representación de cadenas en los distintos lenguajes (por ejemplo, " +"`rust::String::lossy` puede crear una cadena de Rust a partir de una entrada " +"que no sea UTF8 y `rust::String::: c_str` puede terminar una cadena con un " +"carácter nulo)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" -"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " -"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." +"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " +"modules inside `.rs` source code." msgstr "" -"En función del diseño del código fuente del crate, es posible que también " -"tengas que usar este archivo para especificar dónde se pueden encontrar los " -"archivos `LICENSE`." +"CXX necesita que se declare todo el límite de C++ o Rust en los módulos " +"`cxx::bridge` del código fuente `.rs`." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md -msgid "" -"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " -"to resolve problems." -msgstr "" -"Más adelante, veremos otros elementos que tendrás que configurar en este " -"archivo para solucionar los problemas." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md -msgid "" -"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." -"gn` rules." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" msgstr "" -"La herramienta `gnrt` puede descargar crates y generar reglas `BUILD.gn`." +"// Las definiciones de los tipos y las funciones de Rust se colocan aquí\n" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md -msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" -msgstr "Para empezar, descarga el crate de esta forma:" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "Point out:" +msgstr "Señala lo siguiente:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" -"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " -"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " -"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " -"decision." +"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " +"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " +"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " +"`ffi` in your code." msgstr "" -"Aunque la herramienta `gnrt` forma parte del código fuente de Chromium, al " -"ejecutar este comando, se descargarán y ejecutarán sus dependencias desde " -"`crates.io`. Consulta [la sección anterior](../cargo.md) sobre la decisión " -"de seguridad." +"Aunque parece un `mod` de Rust habitual, la macro de procedimiento `#[cxx::" +"bridge]` es capaz de desempeñar tareas complejas. El código generado es " +"bastante más sofisticado, aunque aun así da como resultado un `mod` llamado " +"`ffi` en el código." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md -msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" -msgstr "Este comando `vendor` puede descargar los siguientes elementos:" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" +msgstr "Compatibilidad nativa con `std::unique_ptr` de C++ en Rust." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md -msgid "Your crate" -msgstr "Tu crate" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" +msgstr "Compatibilidad nativa con los slices de Rust en C++." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md -msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" -msgstr "Dependencias directas y transitivas." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" +msgstr "Llamadas de C++ a Rust y tipos de Rust (en la parte superior)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md -msgid "" -"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " -"set of crates required by Chromium." -msgstr "" -"Nuevas versiones de otros crates, según lo requiera `cargo` para resolver el " -"conjunto completo de crates que requiere Chromium." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" +msgstr "Llamadas de Rust a C++ y tipos de C++ (en la parte inferior)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" -"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" -"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " -"patching fails you may need to take manual action." +"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " +"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " +"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " +"compilers." msgstr "" -"Chromium mantiene parches para algunos crates, que se conservan en `//" -"third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches`. Se volverán a aplicar " -"automáticamente pero, si no se puede aplicar el parche, es posible que " -"tengas que realizar una acción manual." +"**Error común**: _Parece_ que Rust está analizando un encabezado de C++, " +"pero no es así. Rust nunca interpreta este encabezado, sino que simplifica " +"`#include`d en el código C++ generado para ayudar a los compiladores de C++." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" +"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" +"cxx.rs/bindings.html)." msgstr "" -"Una vez que hayas descargado el crate, genera los archivos `BUILD.gn` como " -"se indica a continuación:" +"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" +"bindings.html):" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md -msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" -msgstr "Ahora, ejecuta `git status`. Deberías encontrar lo siguiente:" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" +msgstr "CXX se adapta básicamente a los casos en los que:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" -"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" -"vendor`" +"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " +"it." msgstr "" -"Al menos un nuevo código fuente de crate en `third_party/rust/" -"chromium_crates_io/vendor`." +"La interfaz de Rust-C++ es lo suficientemente sencilla como para se pueda " +"declarar por completo." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" -"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" +"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " +"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." msgstr "" -"Al menos un nuevo `BUILD.gn` en `third_party/rust//v`." +"Solo estás usando los tipos compatibles de forma nativa con CXX, como `std::" +"unique_ptr`, `std::string` o `&[u8]`, entre otros." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md -msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" -msgstr "Un archivo `README.chromium` adecuado." - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" -"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " +"type." msgstr "" -"La \"versión semver mayor\" es un [número de versión \"semver\" de Rust]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +"Tiene muchas limitaciones, por ejemplo, la falta de compatibilidad con el " +"tipo `Option` de Rust." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" -"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." +"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " +"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " +"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " +"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " +"enough." msgstr "" -"Analiza la situación con detalle, sobre todo los elementos generados en " -"`third_party/rust`." +"Estas restricciones nos limitan a usar Rust en Chromium solo para \"nodos " +"hoja\" muy aislados, en lugar de para la interoperabilidad arbitraria de " +"Rust-C++. Si te planteas un caso práctico de Rust en Chromium, un buen punto " +"de partida es hacer un borrador de los enlaces de CXX para el límite del " +"lenguaje para ver si te parece lo suficientemente sencillo." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" -"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " -"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " -"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." +"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " +"example:" msgstr "" -"Habla un poco sobre el semver y, concretamente, sobre la forma en que " -"Chromium permite que existan varias versiones incompatibles de un crate. No " -"es una situación recomendable, pero a veces es necesaria en el ecosistema de " -"Cargo." +"También debes hablar de algunos de los otros aspectos delicados con CXX, " +"como los siguientes:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" -"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " -"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " -"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " -"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." +"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" msgstr "" -"Si la compilación falla, puede deberse a un `build.rs`, programas que llevan " -"a cabo acciones arbitrarias durante la compilación. Esto difiere de los " -"diseños de `gn` y `ninja`, que tienen como objetivo crear reglas de " -"compilación estáticas y deterministas para maximizar el paralelismo y la " -"repetibilidad de las compilaciones." +"Su gestión de errores se basa en las excepciones de C++ (como se muestra en " +"la siguiente diapositiva)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md +msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." +msgstr "Los punteros de función no son muy fáciles de usar." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" -"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" +"CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " +"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" msgstr "" -"Algunas acciones `build.rs` son admitidas automáticamente, pero otras deben " -"llevar a cabo alguna acción:" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "build script effect" -msgstr "efecto de scripts de compilación" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Supported by our gn templates" -msgstr "Compatible con nuestras plantillas de gn" +"La [compatibilidad con `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) de " +"CXX se basa en excepciones de C++, por lo que no podemos usarlo en Chromium. " +"Alternativas:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Work required by you" -msgstr "Acciones que debes llevar a cabo" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "La parte `T` de `Result` puede:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" -msgstr "Comprobar la versión de rustc para activar y desactivar funciones" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" +msgstr "" +"Devolverse a través de parámetros externos (por ejemplo, mediante `&mut T`). " +"Esto requiere que `T` se pueda transferir a través del límite de FFI. Por " +"ejemplo, `T` tiene que ser:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "None" -msgstr "Ninguno" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" +msgstr "Un tipo primitivo (como `u32` o `usize`)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" -msgstr "Comprobar la plataforma o la CPU para activar y desactivar funciones" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " +"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." +msgstr "" +"Un tipo compatible de forma nativa con `cxx` (como `UniquePtr`) que tiene " +"un valor predeterminado adecuado para usarlo en caso de fallo (_a diferencia " +"de_ `Box`)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Generating code" -msgstr "Generar código" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " +"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " +"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." +msgstr "" +"Mantenerse en el lado de Rust y mostrarse mediante referencia. Esto puede " +"ser necesario cuando `T` es un tipo de Rust, que no se puede transmitir " +"mediante el límite de FFI ni se puede almacenar en `UniquePtr`." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" -msgstr "Sí: especificar en `gnrt_config.toml`" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "La parte `E` de `Result` puede:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Building C/C++" -msgstr "Compilar en C o C++" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " +"representing failure)" +msgstr "" +"Devolverse como un valor booleano (por ejemplo, `true` representa el éxito y " +"`false` representa el error)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Patch around it" -msgstr "Poner un parche" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " +"needed in practice." +msgstr "" +"En teoría, es posible conservar los detalles de los errores, pero hasta " +"ahora no se ha necesitado en la práctica." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md -msgid "Arbitrary other actions" -msgstr "Otras acciones arbitrarias" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores en CXX: Ejemplo de QR" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" -"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " -"build scripts only do the top two actions." +"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." +"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " +"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary:" msgstr "" -"Por suerte, la mayoría de los crates no contienen scripts de compilación y " -"la mayoría de estos scripts de compilación solo llevan a cabo dos acciones " -"principales." +"El generador de código QR es [un ejemplo](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/" +"qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs;l=13-18;" +"drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) en el que el valor booleano se " +"utiliza para comunicar que el resultado es correcto o no, y dónde se puede " +"transmitir el resultado correcto a través del límite de FFI:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" +msgstr "\"qr_code_generator\"" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" -"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " -"writes source code files." +"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " +"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " +"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " +"the vector)." msgstr "" -"Si `ninja` se queja de que faltan archivos, comprueba `build.rs` para ver si " -"escribe archivos de código fuente." +"Puede que los participantes sientan curiosidad acerca de la semántica del " +"resultado de salida `out_qr_size`. No se trata del tamaño del vector, sino " +"del tamaño del código QR (y admitimos que es un poco redundante, ya que se " +"trata de la raíz cuadrada del tamaño del vector)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" -"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " -"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " -"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " -"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " -"file:" +"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " +"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " +"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " +"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." msgstr "" -"Si es así, modifica [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) " -"para añadir `build-script-outputs` al crate. Si se trata de una dependencia " -"transitiva, de la que el código Chromium no debería depender de forma " -"directa, añade también `allow-first-party-usage=false`. En ese archivo ya " -"hay varios ejemplos:" +"Cabe destacar la importancia de inicializar `out_qr_size` antes de llamar a " +"la función de Rust. La creación de una referencia de Rust que apunte a una " +"memoria no inicializada tiene como resultado un comportamiento indefinido (a " +"diferencia de C++, cuando solo el acto de desreferenciar la memoria resulta " +"en comportamiento indefinido)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" -"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" -"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" -"```" +"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " +"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " +"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" -"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" -"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" -"```" +"Si los participantes preguntan por `Pin`, explica por qué CXX lo necesita " +"para referencias mutables a datos de C++. Los datos de C++ no se pueden " +"mover como los datos de Rust, ya que pueden contener punteros de " +"autorreferencia." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Manejo de Errores" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" -"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " -"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " -"to subsequent build steps." +"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " +"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" msgstr "" -"A continuación, vuelve a ejecutar [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-" -"rules.md) para generar de nuevo los archivos `build.gn` e informar al ninja " -"de que este archivo de salida concreto se usa como entrada en los pasos de " -"compilación posteriores." +"Un prototipo de un decodificador PNG ilustra lo que se puede hacer cuando el " +"resultado correcto no se puede transmitir a través del límite de FFI:" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" +msgstr "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" -"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " -"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" -"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " -"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " -"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." +"/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" +" /// ()>`.\n" msgstr "" -"Algunos crates usan el crate [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) para " -"compilar y vincular bibliotecas de C y C++. Otros crates analizan C y C++ " -"mediante [`bindgen`](https://crates.io/crates/bindgen) en sus scripts de " -"compilación. Estas acciones no se pueden llevar a cabo en un contexto de " -"Chromium, ya que nuestro sistema de compilación gn, ninja y LLVM es muy " -"específico a la hora de expresar las relaciones entre las acciones de " -"compilación." - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md -msgid "So, your options are:" -msgstr "Por lo tanto, las opciones son las siguientes:" +"/// Esto devuelve un equivalente de `Result,\n" +" /// ()>`, compatible con FFI.\n" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md -msgid "Avoid these crates" -msgstr "Evitar estos crates." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "/// Enlaces de C++ para el tipo `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader`.\n" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md -msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." -msgstr "Aplicar un parche al crate." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "/// Enlaces de C++ para el tipo `crate::png::PngReader`.\n" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" -"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" -"` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" -"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" -"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " -"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." +"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " +"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " +"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " +"to store Rust objects by value." msgstr "" -"Los parches deben guardarse en `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" -"`, como los [parches para el crate `cxx`](https://source.chromium.org/" -"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" -"cxx/), y `gnrt` lo aplicará automáticamente cada vez que actualice el crate." +"`PngReader` y `ResultOfPngReader` son tipos de Rust. Los objetos de estos " +"tipos no pueden cruzar el límite de FFI sin la indirección de un `Box`. " +"No se puede tener un `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, ya que CXX no permite " +"que C++ almacene objetos de Rust por valor." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" -"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " -"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " -"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." +"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " +"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " +"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " +"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " +"appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " +"`as_mut`)." msgstr "" -"Una vez que se ha añadido un crate de terceros y se han generado reglas de " -"compilación, utilizar un crate es sencillo. Busca tu elemento de destino " -"`rust_static_library` y añade un `dep` en el `:lib` dentro del crate." +"Este ejemplo ilustra que, aunque CXX no es compatible con plantillas ni " +"genéricos arbitrarios, podemos transmitirlos a través de los límites de FFI " +"si los especializamos de forma manual o los monomorfizamos en un tipo no " +"genérico. En el ejemplo, `ResultOfPngReader` es un tipo no genérico que " +"redirige los métodos adecuados de `Result` (por ejemplo, a `is_err`, " +"`unwrap` o `as_mut`)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md -msgid "Specifically," -msgstr "Específicamente:" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" +msgstr "Usar cxx en Chromium" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" -"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" -"lib\"\n" -" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" -"```" +"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" +"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " +"`rust_static_library`. Just add" msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" -"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" -"lib\"\n" -" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" -"```" +"En Chromium, definimos un `#[cxx::bridge] mod` independiente para cada nodo " +"hoja en el que queremos usar Rust. Normalmente hay uno por cada " +"`rust_static_library`. Solo tienes que añadir" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "```gn\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" -" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" -"}\n" +"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" +" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" +"allow_unsafe = true\n" "```" msgstr "" "```gn\n" -"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" -" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" -" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" -" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" -"}\n" +"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" +" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" +"allow_unsafe = true\n" "```" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md -msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" -msgstr "Auditoría de Crates de Terceros" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" -"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" -"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." -"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " -"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " -"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " -"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" +"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " +"`sources`." msgstr "" -"Añadir nuevas bibliotecas está sujeto a las [políticas](https://chromium." -"googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust.md#Third_party-" -"review) estándar de Chromium, pero también a la revisión de seguridad. Como " -"puede que no solo incluyas un único crate sino también dependencias " -"transitivas, es posible que haya mucho código que revisar. Por otro lado, el " -"código de Rust seguro puede tener efectos secundarios negativos limitados. " -"¿Cómo se revisa?" +"al elemento `rust_static_library` que ya tengas junto con `crate_root` y " +"`sources`." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md -msgid "" -"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" -"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" msgstr "" -"Con el tiempo, Chromium intentará adoptar un proceso basado en [cargo vet]" -"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." +"Los encabezados de C++ se generarán en una ubicación razonable, por lo que " +"puedes simplemente incluir" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md -msgid "" -"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" -msgstr "Mientras tanto, se debe hacer lo siguiente para cada nuevo crate:" +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" +msgstr "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" -"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " -"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " -"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " -"is normally built?" +"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " +"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" +"l=21)." msgstr "" -"Entender por qué se usa cada crate. ¿Cuál es la relación entre los crates? " -"Si el sistema de compilación de cada crate contiene un archivo `build.rs` o " -"macros de procedimiento, averigua para qué sirven. ¿Son compatibles con la " -"forma en la que se compila normalmente Chromium?" +"Encontrarás algunas funciones de utilidad en `//base` para convertir a y " +"desde los tipos de Chromium C++ en tipos CXX de Rust y viceversa. Por " +"ejemplo, [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/" +"src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;l=21)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md -msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" -msgstr "Comprobar que cada crate tenga un mantenimiento razonable." +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md +msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" +msgstr "" +"Los participantes pueden preguntarse: \"¿por qué sigue siendo necesario " +"`allow_unsafe = true`?\"" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" -"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " -"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " -"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" -"cargo.md))" +"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " +"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " +"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " +"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " +"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" +"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " +"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." msgstr "" -"Usar `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` para comprobar si " -"existen vulnerabilidades (primero se tiene que usar `cargo install cargo-" -"audit`, lo que, irónicamente, implica descargar muchas dependencias de " -"Internet[2](../cargo.md))." +"La respuesta es que ningún código de C o C++ es \"seguro\" según los " +"estándares normales de Rust. Si se llama a C o C++ desde Rust, se pueden " +"llevar a cabo acciones arbitrarias en la memoria y se puede poner en peligro " +"la seguridad de los propios diseños de datos de Rust. La presencia de " +"_demasiadas_ palabras clave `unsafe` en la interoperabilidad de C o C++ " +"puede perjudicar la relación señal-ruido de dicha palabra clave, algo " +"[polémico](https://steveklabnik.com/writing/the-cxx-debate). No obstante, en " +"términos estrictos, introducir código externo en un binario de Rust puede " +"provocar un comportamiento inesperado desde el punto de vista de Rust." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" -"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" -"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." -"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" +"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" +"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " +"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " +"previous section." msgstr "" -"Asegúrate de que cualquier código `unsafe` sea adecuado para la [Regla de " -"dos](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/" -"rule-of-2.md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)." +"La respuesta exacta se encuentra en el diagrama de la parte superior de " +"[esta página](../Interop-with-cpp.md): en segundo plano, CXX genera " +"funciones de Rust `unsafe` y `extern \"C\"`, igual que hicimos de forma " +"manual en la sección anterior." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md -msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" -msgstr "Comprobar si se usan las APIs `fs` o `net`." +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Ejercicio: Interoperabilidad con C++" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Part one" +msgstr "Primera parte" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " -"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " -"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" +"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " +"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " +"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." msgstr "" -"Leer todo el código con suficiente profundidad para comprobar si hay algo " -"fuera de lugar que pueda haberse insertado de forma malintencionada. (Es " -"imposible hacerlo perfecto, ya que, a menudo, hay demasiado código)." +"En el archivo de Rust que has creado anteriormente, añade un `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, que especifica una sola función, denominada `hello_from_rust`, a " +"la que se llamará desde C++, sin parámetros y sin devolver ningún valor." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." -"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." +"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " +"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." msgstr "" -"Estas son solo algunas directrices, trabaja con revisores de " -"`security@chromium.org` para determinar la forma adecuada de utilizar los " -"crates." - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md -msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" -msgstr "Comprobar crates en el código fuente de Chromium" - -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md -msgid "`git status` should reveal:" -msgstr "`git status` debe revelar lo siguiente:" +"Modifica la función `hello_from_rust` anterior para eliminar `extern \"C\"` " +"y `#[no_mangle]`. Ahora es solo una función estándar de Rust." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md -msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" -msgstr "Código del crate en `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`." +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." +msgstr "Modifica el elemento de destino de `gn` para compilar estos enlaces." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" -"`" +"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " +"Instead, include the generated header file." msgstr "" -"Metadatos (`BUILD.gn` y `README.chromium`) en `//third_party/rust//" -"`." +"En el código C++, elimina la declaración de `hello_from_rust`. En su lugar, " +"incluye el archivo de encabezado que se ha generado." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md -msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." -msgstr "Añade también un archivo `OWNERS` en esta última ubicación." +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Build and run!" +msgstr "Compila y ejecuta." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Part two" +msgstr "Segunda parte" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." -"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." +"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " +"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." msgstr "" -"Deberías llevar todo esto, junto con los cambios de `Cargo.toml` y " -"`gnrt_config.toml`, al repositorio de Chromium." +"Se recomienda jugar un poco con CXX, ya que nos ayuda a pensar en la " +"flexibilidad que tiene Rust en Chromium." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Some things to try:" +msgstr "Algunas cosas que probar:" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" +msgstr "Vuelve a llamar a C++ desde Rust. Necesitarás lo siguiente:" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " -"files may result in some files being skipped." +"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " +"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." msgstr "" -"**Importante**: Debes usar `git add -f`, de lo contrario, los archivos `." -"gitignore` pueden provocar que se omitan algunos archivos." +"Un archivo de encabezado adicional que puedes `include!` desde tu `cxx::" +"bridge`. Deberás declarar la función de C++ en el nuevo archivo de " +"encabezado." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " -"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " -"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " -"you may need to run:" +"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " +"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" +"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." msgstr "" -"Si lo haces, es posible que veas que las comprobaciones presubmit no se han " -"completado porque incluyen lenguaje no inclusivo. Esto se debe a que los " -"datos de crate de Rust suelen incluir nombres de ramas en git y muchos " -"proyectos siguen empleando terminología no inclusiva. Por lo tanto, puede " -"que debas ejecutar lo siguiente:" +"Un bloque `unsafe` para llamar a una función de este tipo, o bien " +"especificar la palabra clave `unsafe` en el `#[cxx::bridge]`, [como se " +"describe aquí](https://cxx.rs/extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-" +"functions)." -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " -"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." -"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " -"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " -"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." +"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." +"h\"`" msgstr "" -"Como PROPIETARIO de cualquier dependencia de Chromium de terceros, [se " -"espera que la actualices con las correcciones de seguridad](https://chromium." -"googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-" -"owners). La idea es que pronto automaticemos esto para los crates de Rust, " -"pero por ahora sigue siendo tu responsabilidad, igual que cualquier otra " -"dependencia de terceros." +"Es posible que también tengas que incluir `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/" +"v1/crate/include/cxx.h\"`" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." +msgstr "Transfiere una cadena de C++ desde C++ a Rust." + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." +msgstr "Pasa una referencia a un objeto de C++ en Rust." + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " -"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" -"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " -"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." +"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." msgstr "" -"Añade [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) a Chromium para desactivar " -"las [funciones predeterminadas] del crate (https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/" -"reference/features.html#the-default-feature). Supongamos que el crate se " -"usará en el envío de Chromium, pero no para gestionar entradas no fiables." +"Obtén de forma intencional las firmas de la función de Rust que no coincidan " +"con el `#[cxx::bridge]` y familiarízate con los errores que veas." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " -"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " -"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" -"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." +"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." msgstr "" -"(En el siguiente ejercicio, usaremos uwuify de Chromium, pero puedes " -"saltarte este paso y hacerlo ahora si quieres. También puedes crear un nuevo " -"[destino `rust_executable`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/" -"src/+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) que utilice `uwuify`)." +"Obtén de forma intencional las firmas de la función de C++ que no coincidan " +"con el `#[cxx::bridge]` y familiarízate con los errores que veas." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "" +"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " +"own some C++ object." msgstr "" -"Los participantes tendrán que descargar muchas dependencias transitivas." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "The total crates needed are:" -msgstr "Estos son los crates que se necesitan:" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "`instant`," -msgstr "Por ejemplo:" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`lock_api`," -msgstr "`lock_api`" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`parking_lot`," -msgstr "`parking_lot`" - -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`parking_lot_core`," -msgstr "`parking_lot_core`" +"Transfiere un `std::unique_ptr` de algún tipo de C++ a Rust, para que a Rust " +"le pertenezca algún objeto de C++." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`redox_syscall`," -msgstr "`redox_syscall`" +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "" +"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " +"need a `Box`)." +msgstr "" +"Crea un objeto de Rust y transmítelo a C++ para que sea su propietario. " +"(Nota: necesitas utilizar un `Box`)." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`scopeguard`," -msgstr "`scopeguard`" +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." +msgstr "Declara algunos métodos en un tipo de C++. Llámalos desde Rust." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`smallvec`, and" -msgstr "`smallvec`" +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." +msgstr "Declara algunos métodos en un tipo de Rust. Llámalos desde C++." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "`uwuify`." -msgstr "`uwuify`" +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Part three" +msgstr "Tercera parte" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " -"turn off the default features." +"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " +"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " +"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." msgstr "" -"Si los alumnos se descargan más datos, seguramente habrán olvidado " -"desactivar las funciones predeterminadas." +"Ahora que conoces los puntos fuertes y las limitaciones de la " +"interoperabilidad de CXX, piensa en un par de casos prácticos de Rust en " +"Chromium en los que la interfaz sea bastante sencilla. Haz un boceto sobre " +"cómo definirías esa interfaz." -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md -msgid "" -"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" msgstr "" -"Gracias a [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) por este crate." - -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md -msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" -msgstr "Poner en práctica todo lo aprendido: ejercicio" +"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/" +"bindings.html):" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " -"together everything you already learned." +"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" -"En este ejercicio, vas a añadir una función de Chromium completamente nueva " -"que pondrá en práctica todo lo que hemos aprendido." +"La [plantilla gn `rust_static_library`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md -msgid "The Brief from Product Management" -msgstr "Resumen de la gestión de productos" +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md +msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" +msgstr "Estas son algunas de las preguntas que pueden surgir:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " -"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " -"possible." +"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " +"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " +"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." msgstr "" -"Se ha descubierto una comunidad de hadas que habita en una selva tropical " -"remota. Es importante que les enviemos la versión Chromium para hadas lo " -"antes posible." +"Veo un problema al inicializar una variable de tipo X con el tipo Y, donde X " +"e Y son tipos de funciones. Esto se debe a que la función de C++ no coincide " +"exactamente con la declaración de `cxx::bridge`." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" -"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " -"language." -msgstr "" -"El requisito es traducir todas las cadenas de la IU de Chromium al idioma de " -"las hadas." +"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " +"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" +"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " +"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." +msgstr "" +"Parece que puedo convertir libremente referencias de C++ en referencias de " +"Rust. ¿Eso no supone ningún riesgo de comportamiento indefinido? En el caso " +"de los tipos _opacos_ de CXX, no, porque su tamaño es cero. Sí supondría un " +"problema de comportamiento indefinido en el caso de los tipos triviales de " +"CXX, aunque el diseño de CXX hace que sea bastante difícil crear un ejemplo " +"así." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "" -"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " -"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " -"which does the translation." +"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " +"they do!" msgstr "" -"No hay tiempo para obtener las traducciones adecuadas pero, por suerte, el " -"lenguaje de las hadas se parece mucho al inglés y hay un crate de Rust que " -"hace las traducciones." +"Las bibliotecas de Rust se llaman \"crates\" y se encuentran en [crates.io]" +"(https://crates.io). _Es habitual_ que los crates de Rust dependen los unos " +"de otros." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Property" +msgstr "Propiedad" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "C++ library" +msgstr "Biblioteca C++" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Rust crate" +msgstr "Crate de Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Build system" +msgstr "Sistema de compilación" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Lots" +msgstr "Muchos" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" +msgstr "Consistente: `Cargo.toml`" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Typical library size" +msgstr "Tamaño habitual de la biblioteca" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Large-ish" +msgstr "Grande" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Small" +msgstr "Pequeño" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Transitive dependencies" +msgstr "Dependencias transitivas" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "Few" +msgstr "Pocos" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" +msgstr "Para un ingeniero de Chromium, existen ventajas e inconvenientes:" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "" -"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" -"crates.io/crates/uwuify)." +"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " +"Chromium..." msgstr "" -"De hecho, ya [importamos ese crate en el ejercicio anterior](https://crates." -"io/crates/uwuify)." +"Todos los crates usan un sistema de compilación común, así que podemos " +"automatizar su inclusión en Chromium..." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "" -"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " -"diligence. Don't ship this!)" +"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " +"have to bring in multiple libraries." msgstr "" -"(Obviamente, las traducciones reales de Chrome requieren mucha atención y " -"diligencia. No envíes nada de esto)." +"... pero los crates suelen tener dependencias transitivas, por lo que es " +"probable que tengas que introducir varias bibliotecas." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md -msgid "Steps" -msgstr "Pasos" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "We'll discuss:" +msgstr "Hablaremos sobre los siguientes temas:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" +msgstr "Cómo colocar un crate en el árbol de código fuente de Chromium." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" +msgstr "Cómo aplicarle reglas de compilación `gn`." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." +msgstr "Cómo auditar su código fuente para obtener la seguridad suficiente." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md +msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" +msgstr "Configurar el archivo `Cargo.toml` para añadir crates" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" -"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " -"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " -"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." +"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " +"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." +"toml):" msgstr "" -"Modifica `ResourceBundle::RSMangleLocalizedString` para que traduzca todas " -"las cadenas antes de que se muestren. En esta compilación especial de " -"Chromium, siempre se debe hacer esto independientemente de la configuración " -"de `mangle_localized_strings_`." +"Chromium tiene un único conjunto de dependencias directas de crate " +"gestionadas de forma centralizada. Se gestionan mediante un único elemento " +"[`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:" +"third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo.toml):" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" -"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " -"you should have created Chrome for pixies!" +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"bitflags = \"1\"\n" +"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" +"cxx = \"1\"\n" +"# lots more...\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Si has hecho correctamente los ejercicios, habrás creado Chrome para hadas." +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"bitflags = \"1\"\n" +"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" +"cxx = \"1\"\n" +"# lots more...\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" -"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " -"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " -"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." +"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " +"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" +"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " +"that you wish to enable in the crate." msgstr "" -"UTF16 y UTF8. Los alumnos deben tener en cuenta que las cadenas de Rust " -"siempre son UTF8. Probablemente decidirán que es mejor hacer la conversión " -"en C++ usando `base::UTF16ToUTF8` y viceversa." +"Al igual que con cualquier otro archivo `Cargo.toml`, puedes especificar " +"[más información sobre las dependencias](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/" +"reference/specifying-dependencies.html). Lo más habitual es que se " +"especifiquen las funciones `features` que se quieran habilitar en el crate." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" -"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " -"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." -"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " -"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" -"slice.html)." +"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " +"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." msgstr "" -"Si los participantes deciden hacer la conversión en Rust, deberán tener en " -"cuenta [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." -"String.html#method.from_utf16), la gestión de errores y los [tipos " -"compatibles con CXX que pueden transferir un gran número de u16s](https://" -"cxx.rs/binding/slice.html)." +"Al añadir un crate a Chromium, a menudo será necesario proporcionar " +"información adicional en un archivo adicional, `gnrt_config.toml`, que " +"veremos a continuación." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" -"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " -"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " -"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " -"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " -"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " -"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " -"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." +"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." msgstr "" -"Los alumnos pueden diseñar el límite de C++ o Rust de varias formas " -"diferentes, por ejemplo, tomando y devolviendo cadenas por valor o colocando " -"una referencia mutable en una cadena. Si se utiliza una referencia mutable, " -"es probable que CXX indique que se debe usar [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/pin/). Puede que debas explicar qué hace `Pin` y, a continuación, " -"explicar por qué CXX lo necesita para referencias mutables a datos de C++. " -"La respuesta es que los datos de C++ no se pueden mover como los datos de " -"Rust, ya que pueden contener punteros de autorreferencia." +"Junto a `Cargo.toml`, se encuentra [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source." +"chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config.toml). Contiene extensiones específicas de " +"Chromium para la gestión de crates." -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" -"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " -"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " -"already did this." +"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " +"of:" msgstr "" -"El elemento de destino de C++ que contiene `ResourceBundle::" -"MaybeMangleLocalizedString` deberá depender de un elemento " -"`rust_static_library`. Seguramente los alumnos ya lo hayan hecho." +"Si añades un nuevo crate, debes especificar al menos el atributo `group`. " +"Puede ser uno de los siguientes:" -#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md +msgid "For instance," +msgstr "Por ejemplo:" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" -"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" -"uwuify/v0_2:lib`." +"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " +"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." msgstr "" -"`rust_static_library` deberá depender de `//third_party/rust/uwuify/v0_2:" -"lib`." +"En función del diseño del código fuente del crate, es posible que también " +"tengas que usar este archivo para especificar dónde se pueden encontrar los " +"archivos `LICENSE`." -#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" -"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" -"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." +"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " +"to resolve problems." msgstr "" -"Las soluciones a los ejercicios de Chromium están en [esta serie de listas " -"de cambios](https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/" -"+/5096560)." - -#: src/bare-metal.md -msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" -msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Bare Metal Rust" +"Más adelante, veremos otros elementos que tendrás que configurar en este " +"archivo para solucionar los problemas." -#: src/bare-metal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" -"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " -"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " -"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" -"metal programming in some other language such as C." +"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." +"gn` rules." msgstr "" -"Este es un curso independiente de un día sobre Rust bare-metal, dirigido a " -"personas que están familiarizadas con los conceptos básicos de Rust (tal vez " -"después de completar el curso Comprehensive Rust). Lo ideal sería que " -"también tuvieran experiencia con la programación bare-metal en otros " -"lenguajes, como C." +"La herramienta `gnrt` puede descargar crates y generar reglas `BUILD.gn`." -#: src/bare-metal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md +msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" +msgstr "Para empezar, descarga el crate de esta forma:" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" -"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " -"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" +"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " +"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " +"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " +"decision." msgstr "" -"Hoy vamos a hablar de Rust \"bare-metal\": ejecutar código de Rust sin un " -"sistema operativo. Se dividirá en varias partes:" - -#: src/bare-metal.md -msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" -msgstr "¿Qué es `no_std` en Rust?" +"Aunque la herramienta `gnrt` forma parte del código fuente de Chromium, al " +"ejecutar este comando, se descargarán y ejecutarán sus dependencias desde " +"`crates.io`. Consulta [la sección anterior](../cargo.md) sobre la decisión " +"de seguridad." -#: src/bare-metal.md -msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." -msgstr "Escribir firmware para microcontroladores." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md +msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" +msgstr "Este comando `vendor` puede descargar los siguientes elementos:" -#: src/bare-metal.md -msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." -msgstr "Escribir código bootloader o kernel para procesadores de aplicaciones." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md +msgid "Your crate" +msgstr "Tu crate" -#: src/bare-metal.md -msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." -msgstr "Algunos crates útiles para el desarrollo de Rust bare-metal." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md +msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" +msgstr "Dependencias directas y transitivas." -#: src/bare-metal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" -"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" -"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" -"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " -"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " -"an on-board SWD debugger." +"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " +"set of crates required by Chromium." msgstr "" -"En la parte del curso dedicada a los microcontroladores, utilizaremos la " -"versión 2 de [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) como ejemplo. Es una " -"[placa de desarrollo](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basada en el " -"microcontrolador Nordic nRF51822 con algunos LED y botones, un acelerómetro " -"y una brújula conectados mediante I2C y un depurador SWD integrado." +"Nuevas versiones de otros crates, según lo requiera `cargo` para resolver el " +"conjunto completo de crates que requiere Chromium." -#: src/bare-metal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" -"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" +"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " +"patching fails you may need to take manual action." msgstr "" -"Para empezar, instala algunas de las herramientas que necesitarás más " -"adelante. En gLinux o Debian:" +"Chromium mantiene parches para algunos crates, que se conservan en `//" +"third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches`. Se volverán a aplicar " +"automáticamente pero, si no se puede aplicar el parche, es posible que " +"tengas que realizar una acción manual." -#: src/bare-metal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" -"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" +"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" msgstr "" -"Permite a los usuarios del grupo `plugdev` acceder al programador micro:bit:" - -#: src/bare-metal.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md -msgid "On MacOS:" -msgstr "En MacOS:" +"Una vez que hayas descargado el crate, genera los archivos `BUILD.gn` como " +"se indica a continuación:" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`core`" -msgstr "`core`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" +msgstr "Ahora, ejecuta `git status`. Deberías encontrar lo siguiente:" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`std`" -msgstr "`std`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "" +"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" +"vendor`" +msgstr "" +"Al menos un nuevo código fuente de crate en `third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/vendor`." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" -msgstr "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "" +"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" +msgstr "" +"Al menos un nuevo `BUILD.gn` en `third_party/rust//v`." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." -msgstr "`NonZeroU8`..." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" +msgstr "Un archivo `README.chromium` adecuado." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Option`, `Result`" -msgstr "`Option`, `Result`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "" +"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +msgstr "" +"La \"versión semver mayor\" es un [número de versión \"semver\" de Rust]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." -msgstr "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "" +"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." +msgstr "" +"Analiza la situación con detalle, sobre todo los elementos generados en " +"`third_party/rust`." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." -msgstr "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md +msgid "" +"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " +"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " +"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." +msgstr "" +"Habla un poco sobre el semver y, concretamente, sobre la forma en que " +"Chromium permite que existan varias versiones incompatibles de un crate. No " +"es una situación recomendable, pero a veces es necesaria en el ecosistema de " +"Cargo." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" -msgstr "`NonNull` y todas las funciones relacionadas con punteros habituales" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "" +"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " +"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " +"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " +"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." +msgstr "" +"Si la compilación falla, puede deberse a un `build.rs`, programas que llevan " +"a cabo acciones arbitrarias durante la compilación. Esto difiere de los " +"diseños de `gn` y `ninja`, que tienen como objetivo crear reglas de " +"compilación estáticas y deterministas para maximizar el paralelismo y la " +"repetibilidad de las compilaciones." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" -msgstr "`Future` and `async`/`await`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "" +"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" +msgstr "" +"Algunas acciones `build.rs` son admitidas automáticamente, pero otras deben " +"llevar a cabo alguna acción:" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." -msgstr "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "build script effect" +msgstr "efecto de scripts de compilación" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Duration`" -msgstr "`Duration`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Supported by our gn templates" +msgstr "Compatible con nuestras plantillas de gn" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" -msgstr "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Work required by you" +msgstr "Acciones que debes llevar a cabo" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" -msgstr "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" +msgstr "Comprobar la versión de rustc para activar y desactivar funciones" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" -msgstr "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Yes" +msgstr "Sí" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Error`" -msgstr "`Error`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "None" +msgstr "Ninguno" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" -msgstr "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" +msgstr "Comprobar la plataforma o la CPU para activar y desactivar funciones" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" -msgstr "`File` y el resto de `fs`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Generating code" +msgstr "Generar código" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" -msgstr "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` y el resto de `io`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "Sí: especificar en `gnrt_config.toml`" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" -msgstr "`Path`, `OsString`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Building C/C++" +msgstr "Compilar en C o C++" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`net`" -msgstr "`net`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "No" +msgstr "No" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" -msgstr "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Patch around it" +msgstr "Poner un parche" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" -msgstr "`spawn`, `sleep` y el resto de `thread`" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "Arbitrary other actions" +msgstr "Otras acciones arbitrarias" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" -msgstr "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." -msgstr "`HashMap` depende de RNG." - -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md -msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." -msgstr "`std` vuelve a exportar el contenido de `core` y `alloc`." - -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md -msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" -msgstr "Un programa `no_std` mínimo" - -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md -msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." -msgstr "Se compilará en un binario vacío." - -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md -msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md +msgid "" +"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " +"build scripts only do the top two actions." msgstr "" -"`std` proporciona un controlador de _panic_; sin no hay, debemos " -"proporcionar uno nuestro." +"Por suerte, la mayoría de los crates no contienen scripts de compilación y " +"la mayoría de estos scripts de compilación solo llevan a cabo dos acciones " +"principales." -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md -msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." -msgstr "También puede proporcionarlo otro crate, como `panic-halt`." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md +msgid "" +"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " +"writes source code files." +msgstr "" +"Si `ninja` se queja de que faltan archivos, comprueba `build.rs` para ver si " +"escribe archivos de código fuente." -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" -"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " -"avoid an error about `eh_personality`." +"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " +"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " +"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " +"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " +"file:" msgstr "" -"Dependiendo del objetivo, es posible que tengas que compilar con `panic = " -"\"abort\"` para evitar un error sobre `eh_personality`." +"Si es así, modifica [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) " +"para añadir `build-script-outputs` al crate. Si se trata de una dependencia " +"transitiva, de la que el código Chromium no debería depender de forma " +"directa, añade también `allow-first-party-usage=false`. En ese archivo ya " +"hay varios ejemplos:" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" -"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " -"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " -"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." +"```toml\n" +"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" +"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" +"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que no hay `main` ni ningún otro punto de entrada; depende de " -"ti definir un punto de entrada propio. Esto suele implicar una secuencia de " -"comandos de enlazador y algún código de ensamblado de forma que todo esté " -"preparado para que se ejecute el código de Rust." +"```toml\n" +"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" +"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" +"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" -"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." +"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " +"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " +"to subsequent build steps." msgstr "" -"Para utilizar `alloc`, debes implementar un [asignador global (de _heap_)]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." +"A continuación, vuelve a ejecutar [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-" +"rules.md) para generar de nuevo los archivos `build.gn` e informar al ninja " +"de que este archivo de salida concreto se usa como entrada en los pasos de " +"compilación posteriores." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "" -"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" +"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " +"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " +"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " +"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque `HEAP` solo se usa aquí y solo se llama una vez a " -"`entry`.\n" +"Algunos crates usan el crate [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) para " +"compilar y vincular bibliotecas de C y C++. Otros crates analizan C y C++ " +"mediante [`bindgen`](https://crates.io/crates/bindgen) en sus scripts de " +"compilación. Estas acciones no se pueden llevar a cabo en un contexto de " +"Chromium, ya que nuestro sistema de compilación gn, ninja y LLVM es muy " +"específico a la hora de expresar las relaciones entre las acciones de " +"compilación." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md -msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" -msgstr "// Proporciona al asignador algo de memoria para asignar.\n" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md +msgid "So, your options are:" +msgstr "Por lo tanto, las opciones son las siguientes:" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md -msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" -msgstr "" -"// Ahora podemos llevar a cabo acciones que requieran la asignación de " -"montículo.\n" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md +msgid "Avoid these crates" +msgstr "Evitar estos crates." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"A string\"" -msgstr "String" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md +msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." +msgstr "Aplicar un parche al crate." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "" -"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " -"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " -"hook into your existing allocator." +"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " +"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." msgstr "" -"`buddy_system_allocator` es un crate de terceros que implementa un _buddy " -"system allocator_ (una técnica de asignación de memoria) básico. Hay otros " -"crates disponibles, pero también puedes escribir el tuyo propio o conectarte " -"a tu asignador." +"Los parches deben guardarse en `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"`, como los [parches para el crate `cxx`](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"cxx/), y `gnrt` lo aplicará automáticamente cada vez que actualice el crate." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" -"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " -"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." +"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " +"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " +"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." msgstr "" -"El parámetro const de `LockedHeap` es el orden máximo del asignador. Es " -"decir, en este caso, puede asignar regiones de hasta 2\\*\\*32 bytes." +"Una vez que se ha añadido un crate de terceros y se han generado reglas de " +"compilación, utilizar un crate es sencillo. Busca tu elemento de destino " +"`rust_static_library` y añade un `dep` en el `:lib` dentro del crate." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md +msgid "Specifically," +msgstr "Específicamente:" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" -"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " -"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " -"the top-level binary crate." +"```bob\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" +"lib\"\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Si algún crate del árbol de dependencias depende de `alloc`, debes tener " -"exactamente un asignador global definido en el binario. Esto se suele hacer " -"en el crate binario de nivel superior." +"```bob\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" +"lib\"\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" -"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " -"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"`extern crate panic_halt as _` es necesario para asegurar que el crate " -"`panic_halt` esté vinculado y así podamos obtener su controlador de _panic_." +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md -msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." -msgstr "" -"Este ejemplo se compilará pero no se ejecutará, ya que no cuenta con un " -"punto de entrada." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" +msgstr "Auditoría de Crates de Terceros" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " -"Cortex M microcontrollers." +"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." +"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " +"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " +"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " +"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" msgstr "" -"El crate `cortex_m_rt` proporciona (entre otras cosas) un controlador de " -"reinicio para microcontroladores Cortex M." +"Añadir nuevas bibliotecas está sujeto a las [políticas](https://chromium." +"googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust.md#Third_party-" +"review) estándar de Chromium, pero también a la revisión de seguridad. Como " +"puede que no solo incluyas un único crate sino también dependencias " +"transitivas, es posible que haya mucho código que revisar. Por otro lado, el " +"código de Rust seguro puede tener efectos secundarios negativos limitados. " +"¿Cómo se revisa?" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " -"abstraction." +"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" +"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." msgstr "" -"A continuación, veremos cómo se accede a los periféricos con niveles de " -"abstracción cada vez mayores." +"Con el tiempo, Chromium intentará adoptar un proceso basado en [cargo vet]" +"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" -"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." -msgstr "" -"La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` requiere que la función tenga el tipo `fn() -" -"> !`, ya que no tiene sentido devolver resultados al controlador de reinicio." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md -msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" -msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo embed --bin minimal`." +"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" +msgstr "Mientras tanto, se debe hacer lo siguiente para cada nuevo crate:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " -"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" +"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " +"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " +"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " +"is normally built?" msgstr "" -"La mayoría de los microcontroladores acceden a los periféricos a través de E/" -"S asignada a la memoria. Vamos a probar a encender un LED en nuestro micro:" -"bit:" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md -msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" -msgstr "/// Dirección de periférico del puerto GPIO 0\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md -msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" -msgstr "// Offset de periféricos GPIO\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md -msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" -msgstr "// Campos PIN_CNF\n" +"Entender por qué se usa cada crate. ¿Cuál es la relación entre los crates? " +"Si el sistema de compilación de cada crate contiene un archivo `build.rs` o " +"macros de procedimiento, averigua para qué sirven. ¿Son compatibles con la " +"forma en la que se compila normalmente Chromium?" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md -msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" -msgstr "// Configura los pines 21 y 28 de GPIO 0 como salidas push-pull.\n" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" +msgstr "Comprobar que cada crate tenga un mantenimiento razonable." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" +"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " +"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " +"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" +"cargo.md))" msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque los punteros dirigen a registros de control de " -"periféricos válidos y\n" -" // no existe ningún alias.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md -msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" -msgstr "// Define el pin 28 bajo y 21 alto para encender el LED.\n" +"Usar `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` para comprobar si " +"existen vulnerabilidades (primero se tiene que usar `cargo install cargo-" +"audit`, lo que, irónicamente, implica descargar muchas dependencias de " +"Internet[2](../cargo.md))." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " -"to the first row." +"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." +"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" msgstr "" -"El pin 21 de GPIO 0 está conectado a la primera columna de la matriz de LED " -"y el pin 28 a la primera fila." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md -msgid "Run the example with:" -msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con:" +"Asegúrate de que cualquier código `unsafe` sea adecuado para la [Regla de " +"dos](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/" +"rule-of-2.md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" -msgstr "Crates de Acceso Periférico" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md +msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" +msgstr "Comprobar si se usan las APIs `fs` o `net`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " -"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" -"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." +"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " +"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " +"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" msgstr "" -"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) genera, en su gran mayoría, " -"envoltorios seguros de Rust para periféricos asignados a la memoria a partir " -"de archivos [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index." -"html)." +"Leer todo el código con suficiente profundidad para comprobar si hay algo " +"fuera de lugar que pueda haberse insertado de forma malintencionada. (Es " +"imposible hacerlo perfecto, ya que, a menudo, hay demasiado código)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" -"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " -"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." +"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." +"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." msgstr "" -"Los archivos SVD (System View Description) son archivos XML que suelen " -"proporcionar los proveedores de silicio y que describen el mapa de memoria " -"del dispositivo." +"Estas son solo algunas directrices, trabaja con revisores de " +"`security@chromium.org` para determinar la forma adecuada de utilizar los " +"crates." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -msgid "" -"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " -"descriptions, addresses and so on." -msgstr "" -"Se organizan por periférico, registro, campo y valor, con nombres, " -"descripciones y direcciones, etc." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "Comprobar crates en el código fuente de Chromium" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -msgid "" -"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " -"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " -"crates." -msgstr "" -"Los archivos SVD suelen tener errores y estar incompletos, por lo que " -"existen varios proyectos que aplican parches a los errores, añaden detalles " -"que faltan y publican los crates generados." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +msgid "`git status` should reveal:" +msgstr "`git status` debe revelar lo siguiente:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md -msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." -msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` proporciona la tabla de vectores, entre otras cosas." +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" +msgstr "Código del crate en `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" -"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " -"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." +"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" +"`" msgstr "" -"Si instalas `cargo install cargo-binutils` puedes ejecutar `cargo objdump --" -"bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` para ver el binario resultante." +"Metadatos (`BUILD.gn` y `README.chromium`) en `//third_party/rust//" +"`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md -msgid "HAL crates" -msgstr "Crates HAL" +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md +msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." +msgstr "Añade también un archivo `OWNERS` en esta última ubicación." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" -"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" -"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " -"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" -"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." +"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." +"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." msgstr "" -"[Los crates HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" -"implementation-crates) de muchos microcontroladores incluyen envoltorios " -"alrededor de varios periféricos. Por lo general, implementan traits de " -"[`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md -msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" -msgstr "// Crea un envoltorio HAL para el puerto GPIO 0.\n" +"Deberías llevar todo esto, junto con los cambios de `Cargo.toml` y " +"`gnrt_config.toml`, al repositorio de Chromium." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" -"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." +"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " +"files may result in some files being skipped." msgstr "" -"`set_low` y `set_high` son métodos del trait `OutputPin` de `embedded_hal`." +"**Importante**: Debes usar `git add -f`, de lo contrario, los archivos `." +"gitignore` pueden provocar que se omitan algunos archivos." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" -"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " -"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." +"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " +"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " +"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " +"you may need to run:" msgstr "" -"Hay crates HAL para muchos dispositivos Cortex-M y RISC-V, incluidos varios " -"microcontroladores STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR y PIC." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md -msgid "Board support crates" -msgstr "Crates de compatibilidad de placa" +"Si lo haces, es posible que veas que las comprobaciones presubmit no se han " +"completado porque incluyen lenguaje no inclusivo. Esto se debe a que los " +"datos de crate de Rust suelen incluir nombres de ramas en git y muchos " +"proyectos siguen empleando terminología no inclusiva. Por lo tanto, puede " +"que debas ejecutar lo siguiente:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md msgid "" -"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " -"board for convenience." +"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " +"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " +"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " +"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." msgstr "" -"Los crates de compatibilidad de placa proporcionan un nivel adicional de " -"envoltorio a una placa específica para mayor comodidad." +"Como PROPIETARIO de cualquier dependencia de Chromium de terceros, [se " +"espera que la actualices con las correcciones de seguridad](https://chromium." +"googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-" +"owners). La idea es que pronto automaticemos esto para los crates de Rust, " +"pero por ahora sigue siendo tu responsabilidad, igual que cualquier otra " +"dependencia de terceros." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" -"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " -"and a bit of initialisation." +"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " +"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" +"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " +"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." msgstr "" -"En este caso, el crate de compatibilidad de placa proporciona solo nombres " -"más útiles y un poco de inicialización." +"Añade [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) a Chromium para desactivar " +"las [funciones predeterminadas] del crate (https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/" +"reference/features.html#the-default-feature). Supongamos que el crate se " +"usará en el envío de Chromium, pero no para gestionar entradas no fiables." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" -"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " -"microcontroller itself." +"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " +"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " +"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" +"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." msgstr "" -"El crate también puede incluir controladores para algunos dispositivos " -"integrados fuera del propio microcontrolador ." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md -msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." -msgstr "`microbit-v2` incluye un controlador sencillo para la matriz de LED." +"(En el siguiente ejercicio, usaremos uwuify de Chromium, pero puedes " +"saltarte este paso y hacerlo ahora si quieres. También puedes crear un nuevo " +"[destino `rust_executable`](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/" +"src/+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) que utilice `uwuify`)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -msgid "The type state pattern" -msgstr "El patrón de tipo de estado" +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." +msgstr "" +"Los participantes tendrán que descargar muchas dependencias transitivas." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" -msgstr "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, se ha movido.\n" +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "The total crates needed are:" +msgstr "Estos son los crates que se necesitan:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" -msgstr "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, se ha movido.\n" +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "`instant`," +msgstr "Por ejemplo:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -msgid "" -"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " -"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." -msgstr "" -"Los pines no implementan `Copy` ni `Clone`, por lo que solo puede haber una " -"instancia de cada uno. Cuando se quita un pin de la estructura del puerto, " -"nadie más puede usarlo." +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`lock_api`," +msgstr "`lock_api`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -msgid "" -"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " -"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." -msgstr "" -"Si cambias la configuración de un pin, se consumirá la instancia del pin " -"anterior y no podrás seguir usando la instancia previa." +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`parking_lot`," +msgstr "`parking_lot`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`parking_lot_core`," +msgstr "`parking_lot_core`" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`redox_syscall`," +msgstr "`redox_syscall`" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`scopeguard`," +msgstr "`scopeguard`" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`smallvec`, and" +msgstr "`smallvec`" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md +msgid "`uwuify`." +msgstr "`uwuify`" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" -"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " -"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " -"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " -"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " -"caught at compile time." +"If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " +"turn off the default features." msgstr "" -"El tipo de un valor indica el estado en el que se encuentra: por ejemplo, en " -"este caso, el estado de configuración de un pin de GPIO. De esta manera, se " -"codifica la máquina de estados en el sistema de tipos, asegurando así que no " -"se use un pin de cierta forma sin antes configurarlo correctamente. Las " -"transiciones de estado ilegales se detectan durante el tiempo de compilación." +"Si los alumnos se descargan más datos, seguramente habrán olvidado " +"desactivar las funciones predeterminadas." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" -"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " -"not vice-versa." +"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" msgstr "" -"Puedes llamar a `is_high` en un pin de entrada y a `set_high` en un pin de " -"salida, pero no al revés." +"Gracias a [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) por este crate." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md -msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." -msgstr "Muchos crates HAL siguen este patrón." +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" +msgstr "Poner en práctica todo lo aprendido: ejercicio" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " -"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." +"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " +"together everything you already learned." msgstr "" -"El crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) proporciona " -"una serie de traits que cubren los periféricos habituales de los " -"microcontroladores." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md -msgid "GPIO" -msgstr "GPIO" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md -msgid "ADC" -msgstr "ADC" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md -msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" -msgstr "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md -msgid "RNG" -msgstr "RNG" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md -msgid "Timers" -msgstr "Temporizadores" +"En este ejercicio, vas a añadir una función de Chromium completamente nueva " +"que pondrá en práctica todo lo que hemos aprendido." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md -msgid "Watchdogs" -msgstr "Watchdogs" +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +msgid "The Brief from Product Management" +msgstr "Resumen de la gestión de productos" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" -"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " -"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." +"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " +"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " +"possible." msgstr "" -"Es entonces cuando otros crates implementan [controladores](https://github." -"com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) en función de estos " -"traits. Por ejemplo, un controlador de acelerómetro podría necesitar una " -"implementación de bus I2C o SPI." +"Se ha descubierto una comunidad de hadas que habita en una selva tropical " +"remota. Es importante que les enviemos la versión Chromium para hadas lo " +"antes posible." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " -"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." +"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " +"language." msgstr "" -"Hay implementaciones para muchos microcontroladores, así como otras " -"plataformas como Linux en Raspberry Pi." +"El requisito es traducir todas las cadenas de la IU de Chromium al idioma de " +"las hadas." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " -"isn't stable yet." +"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " +"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " +"which does the translation." msgstr "" -"Se está trabajando en una versión `async` de `embedded-hal`, pero aún no es " -"estable." +"No hay tiempo para obtener las traducciones adecuadas pero, por suerte, el " +"lenguaje de las hadas se parece mucho al inglés y hay un crate de Rust que " +"hace las traducciones." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " -"like OpenOCD but better integrated." +"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" +"crates.io/crates/uwuify)." msgstr "" -"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) es un conjunto de herramientas de depuración " -"integradas muy útil, como OpenOCD, pero mejor integrado." +"De hecho, ya [importamos ese crate en el ejercicio anterior](https://crates." +"io/crates/uwuify)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" -msgstr " y JTAG a través de comprobaciones CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link y J-Link" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md -msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" +"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " +"diligence. Don't ship this!)" msgstr "" -"Stub de GDB y servidor de Microsoft DAP (protocolo de adaptador de " -"depuración)" +"(Obviamente, las traducciones reales de Chrome requieren mucha atención y " +"diligencia. No envíes nada de esto)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md -msgid "Cargo integration" -msgstr "Integración de Cargo" +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md +msgid "Steps" +msgstr "Pasos" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " -"(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." -"toml` file in your project directory." +"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " +"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " +"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." msgstr "" -" y conectar GDB. Se configura mediante un archivo `Embed.toml` en el " -"directorio del proyecto." +"Modifica `ResourceBundle::RSMangleLocalizedString` para que traduzca todas " +"las cadenas antes de que se muestren. En esta compilación especial de " +"Chromium, siempre se debe hacer esto independientemente de la configuración " +"de `mangle_localized_strings_`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " -"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " -"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " -"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." +"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " +"you should have created Chrome for pixies!" msgstr "" -"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) es " -"un protocolo estándar de Arm mediante USB que permite que un depurador en " -"circuito acceda al puerto de acceso de depuración CoreSight de varios " -"procesadores Cortex de Arm. Es lo que utiliza el depurador integrado en el " -"BBC micro:bit" +"Si has hecho correctamente los ejercicios, habrás creado Chrome para hadas." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " -"is a range from SEGGER." +"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " +"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " +"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." msgstr "" -"ST-Link es una gama de depuradores en circuito de ST Microelectronics. J-" -"Link es una gama de SEGGER." +"UTF16 y UTF8. Los alumnos deben tener en cuenta que las cadenas de Rust " +"siempre son UTF8. Probablemente decidirán que es mejor hacer la conversión " +"en C++ usando `base::UTF16ToUTF8` y viceversa." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " -"Serial Wire Debug." +"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " +"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " +"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" +"slice.html)." msgstr "" -"El puerto de acceso de depuración suele ser una interfaz JTAG de 5 pines o " -"una SWD de 2 pines." +"Si los participantes deciden hacer la conversión en Rust, deberán tener en " +"cuenta [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.from_utf16), la gestión de errores y los [tipos " +"compatibles con CXX que pueden transferir un gran número de u16s](https://" +"cxx.rs/binding/slice.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " -"want to." +"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " +"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " +"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " +"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " +"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " +"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " +"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." msgstr "" -"probe-rs es una biblioteca que puedes integrar en tus propias herramientas." +"Los alumnos pueden diseñar el límite de C++ o Rust de varias formas " +"diferentes, por ejemplo, tomando y devolviendo cadenas por valor o colocando " +"una referencia mutable en una cadena. Si se utiliza una referencia mutable, " +"es probable que CXX indique que se debe usar [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/pin/). Puede que debas explicar qué hace `Pin` y, a continuación, " +"explicar por qué CXX lo necesita para referencias mutables a datos de C++. " +"La respuesta es que los datos de C++ no se pueden mover como los datos de " +"Rust, ya que pueden contener punteros de autorreferencia." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" -"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " -"supported microcontroller." +"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " +"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " +"already did this." msgstr "" -"[El protocolo de adaptador de depuración de Microsoft](https://microsoft." -"github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) permite que VSCode y otros IDEs depuren " -"el código que se ejecuta en cualquier microcontrolador compatible." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md -msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." -msgstr "cargo-embed es un binario compilado con la biblioteca probe-rs." +"El elemento de destino de C++ que contiene `ResourceBundle::" +"MaybeMangleLocalizedString` deberá depender de un elemento " +"`rust_static_library`. Seguramente los alumnos ya lo hayan hecho." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md msgid "" -"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " -"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." +"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" +"uwuify/v0_2:lib`." msgstr "" -"TTR (transferencias en tiempo real) es un mecanismo para transferir datos " -"entre el host de depuración y el objetivo a través de una serie de búferes " -"circulares." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "_Embed.toml_:" -msgstr "Embed.toml:" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md -msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" -msgstr "En un terminal en `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md -msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" -msgstr "En otro terminal del mismo directorio:" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md -msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" -msgstr "En gLinux o Debian:" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md -msgid "In GDB, try running:" -msgstr "En GDB, prueba a ejecutar:" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "Other projects" -msgstr "Otros proyectos" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" -msgstr "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" -msgstr "\"Concurrencia en tiempo real basada en interrupciones\"" +"`rust_static_library` deberá depender de `//third_party/rust/uwuify/v0_2:" +"lib`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md msgid "" -"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" +"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" +"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." msgstr "" -"Gestión de recursos compartidos, envío de mensajes, programación de tareas, " -"cola del temporizador, etc." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" -msgstr "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" -msgstr "Ejecutores `async` con prioridades, temporizadores, redes, USB, etc." +"Las soluciones a los ejercicios de Chromium están en [esta serie de listas " +"de cambios](https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/" +"+/5096560)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" -msgstr "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" +#: src/bare-metal.md +msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" +msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Bare Metal Rust" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" -"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " -"support" +"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " +"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " +"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" +"metal programming in some other language such as C." msgstr "" -"RTOS centrado en la seguridad con programación interrumpible y " -"compatibilidad con la unidad de protección de memoria." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" -msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" +"Este es un curso independiente de un día sobre Rust bare-metal, dirigido a " +"personas que están familiarizadas con los conceptos básicos de Rust (tal vez " +"después de completar el curso Comprehensive Rust). Lo ideal sería que " +"también tuvieran experiencia con la programación bare-metal en otros " +"lenguajes, como C." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" -"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " -"unprivileged drivers, IPC" +"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " +"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" msgstr "" -"RTOS de microkernel de Oxide Computer Company con protección de memoria, " -"controladores sin privilegios, IPC, etc." +"Hoy vamos a hablar de Rust \"bare-metal\": ejecutar código de Rust sin un " +"sistema operativo. Se dividirá en varias partes:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" -msgstr "[Enlaces para FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" +#: src/bare-metal.md +msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" +msgstr "¿Qué es `no_std` en Rust?" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "" -"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." -"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." -msgstr "" -"Algunas plataformas tienen implementaciones `std`, como [esp-idf](https://" -"esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." +#: src/bare-metal.md +msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." +msgstr "Escribir firmware para microcontroladores." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." -msgstr "RTIC se puede considerar un RTOS o un framework de concurrencia." +#: src/bare-metal.md +msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." +msgstr "Escribir código bootloader o kernel para procesadores de aplicaciones." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." -msgstr "No incluye ningún HAL." +#: src/bare-metal.md +msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." +msgstr "Algunos crates útiles para el desarrollo de Rust bare-metal." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " -"scheduling rather than a proper kernel." +"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" +"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" +"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF52833 microcontroller " +"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " +"an on-board SWD debugger." msgstr "" -"Usa el NVIC (controlador de interrupción virtual anidado) Cortex‐M para la " -"programación en lugar de un kernel propio." - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md -msgid "Cortex-M only." -msgstr "Solo Cortex-M." +"En la parte del curso dedicada a los microcontroladores, utilizaremos la " +"versión 2 de [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) como ejemplo. Es una " +"[placa de desarrollo](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basada en el " +"microcontrolador Nordic nRF51822 con algunos LED y botones, un acelerómetro " +"y una brújula conectados mediante I2C y un depurador SWD integrado." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" -"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." +"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" -"Google utiliza TockOS en el microcontrolador Haven para las llaves de " -"seguridad Titan." +"Para empezar, instala algunas de las herramientas que necesitarás más " +"adelante. En gLinux o Debian:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" -"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " -"applications." +"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" -"FreeRTOS está escrito principalmente en C, pero hay enlaces de Rust para " -"aplicaciones de escritura." +"Permite a los usuarios del grupo `plugdev` acceder al programador micro:bit:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md -msgid "" -"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " -"serial port." -msgstr "" -"Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en " -"un puerto serie." +#: src/bare-metal.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md +msgid "On MacOS:" +msgstr "En MacOS:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"morning.md) provided." -msgstr "" -"Después de realizar los ejercicios, puedes consultar las [soluciones]" -"(solutions-morning.md) correspondientes." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`core`" +msgstr "`core`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " -"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " -"use the buttons somehow." -msgstr "" -"Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en " -"un puerto serie. Si tienes tiempo, prueba a mostrarlo también en los LED o " -"usa los botones de alguna forma." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`std`" +msgstr "`std`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "Hints:" -msgstr "Sugerencias:" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" +msgstr "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" -"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" -"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." -"org/hardware/)." -msgstr "" -"Consulta la documentación sobre los crates [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/" -"lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) y [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/" -"latest/microbit/), así como [el hardware de micro:bit](https://tech.microbit." -"org/hardware/)." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." +msgstr "`NonZeroU8`..." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." -msgstr "" -"La unidad de medición inercial LSM303AGR está conectada al bus I2C interno." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Option`, `Result`" +msgstr "`Option`, `Result`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." -msgstr "" -"TWI es otro nombre para I2C, por lo que el periférico I2C maestro se llama " -"TWIM." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." +msgstr "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" -"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" -"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." -msgstr "" -"El controlador LSM303AGR necesita algo que implemente el trait " -"`embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::WriteRead`. La estructura [`microbit::hal::" -"Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) " -"implementa esto." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." +msgstr "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" -"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." -msgstr "" -"Tienes una estructura [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" -"microbit/struct.Board.html) con campos para los distintos pines y " -"periféricos." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" +msgstr "`NonNull` y todas las funciones relacionadas con punteros habituales" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." -"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " -"this exercise." -msgstr "" -"También puedes consultar la \\[hoja de datos nRF52833\\][nRF52833 datasheet]" -"(https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) si quieres, " -"pero no debería ser necesario para este ejercicio." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" +msgstr "`Future` and `async`/`await`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " -"look in the `compass` directory for the following files." -msgstr "" -"Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) " -"y busca los siguientes archivos en el directorio `compass`." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." +msgstr "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "_src/main.rs_:" -msgstr "`src/main.rs`:" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Duration`" +msgstr "`Duration`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" -msgstr "// Configura el puerto serie.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" +msgstr "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" -msgstr "// Usa el temporizador del sistema como proveedor de retrasos.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" +msgstr "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // TODO\n" -msgstr "" -"// Configura el controlador I2C y la unidad de medición inercial.\n" -" // TAREA\n" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" +msgstr "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"Ready.\"" -msgstr "\"Listo.\"" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Error`" +msgstr "`Error`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // TODO\n" -msgstr "" -"// Lee datos de la brújula y regístralos en el puerto serie.\n" -" // TAREA\n" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" +msgstr "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" +msgstr "`File` y el resto de `fs`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "`Embed.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" +msgstr "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` y el resto de `io`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" +msgstr "`Path`, `OsString`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" -msgstr "Consulta la salida de serie en Linux con:" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`net`" +msgstr "`net`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "" -"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" -msgstr "" -"En Mac OS debería ser algo como lo siguiente (el nombre del dispositivo " -"puede ser algo diferente):" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" +msgstr "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md -msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." -msgstr "Pulsa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q para salir de Picocom." +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" +msgstr "`spawn`, `sleep` y el resto de `thread`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Ejercicio de la Mañana" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" +msgstr "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](compass.md))" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." +msgstr "`HashMap` depende de RNG." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -msgstr "// Configura el controlador de I2C y la unidad de medición inercial.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md +msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." +msgstr "`std` vuelve a exportar el contenido de `core` y `alloc`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" -msgstr "\"Configurando IMU...\"" +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" +msgstr "Un programa `no_std` mínimo" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" -msgstr "// Configura la pantalla y el temporizador.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." +msgstr "Se compilará en un binario vacío." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -msgstr "// Lee los datos de la brújula y regístralos en el puerto serie.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." +msgstr "" +"`std` proporciona un controlador de _panic_; sin no hay, debemos " +"proporcionar uno nuestro." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" -msgstr "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." +msgstr "También puede proporcionarlo otro crate, como `panic-halt`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "" -"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " -"LEDs\n" -" // on.\n" +"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " +"avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" -"// Si se pulsa el botón A, cambia al siguiente modo y haz que parpadeen " -"brevemente todos los LED\n" -" // activados.\n" +"Dependiendo del objetivo, es posible que tengas que compilar con `panic = " +"\"abort\"` para evitar un error sobre `eh_personality`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md -msgid "Application processors" -msgstr "Procesadores de aplicaciones" +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md +msgid "" +"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " +"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " +"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." +msgstr "" +"Ten en cuenta que no hay `main` ni ningún otro punto de entrada; depende de " +"ti definir un punto de entrada propio. Esto suele implicar una secuencia de " +"comandos de enlazador y algún código de ensamblado de forma que todo esté " +"preparado para que se ejecute el código de Rust." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" -"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " -"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " -"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" -"virt.html) board." +"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." msgstr "" -"Hasta ahora hemos hablado de microcontroladores, como la serie Cortex‐M de " -"Arm. Ahora vamos a probar a escribir algo para Cortex-A. Para simplificar, " -"solo trabajaremos con la placa ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/" -"system/arm/virt.html) aarch64 de QEMU." +"Para utilizar `alloc`, debes implementar un [asignador global (de _heap_)]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "// SAFETY: `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Es seguro porque `HEAP` solo se usa aquí y solo se llama una vez a " +"`entry`.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +msgstr "// Proporciona al asignador algo de memoria para asignar.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Ahora podemos llevar a cabo acciones que requieran la asignación de " +"montículo.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"A string\"" +msgstr "String" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" -"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " -"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " -"processors do." +"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " +"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " +"hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" -"En términos generales, los microcontroladores no tienen un MMU ni varios " -"niveles de privilegio (niveles de excepción en las CPU de Arm, anillos en " -"x86), mientras que los procesadores de aplicaciones sí los tienen." +"`buddy_system_allocator` es un crate de terceros que implementa un _buddy " +"system allocator_ (una técnica de asignación de memoria) básico. Hay otros " +"crates disponibles, pero también puedes escribir el tuyo propio o conectarte " +"a tu asignador." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" -"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " -"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " -"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." +"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " +"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" -"QEMU permite emular varias máquinas o modelos de placa diferentes para cada " -"arquitectura. La placa \"virt\" no se corresponde con ningún hardware real " -"concreto, pero está diseñada exclusivamente para máquinas virtuales." +"El parámetro const de `LockedHeap` es el orden máximo del asignador. Es " +"decir, en este caso, puede asignar regiones de hasta 2\\*\\*32 bytes." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" -"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." +"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " +"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " +"the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" -"Antes de que podamos empezar a ejecutar código de Rust, tenemos que hacer " -"alguna inicialización." +"Si algún crate del árbol de dependencias depende de `alloc`, debes tener " +"exactamente un asignador global definido en el binario. Esto se suele hacer " +"en el crate binario de nivel superior." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" -".global entry\n" -"entry:\n" -" /*\n" -" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " -"MMU and\n" -" * caches.\n" -" */\n" -" adrp x30, idmap\n" -" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" -" msr mair_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" -" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" -" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" -" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" -"\n" -" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" -"\n" -" /*\n" -" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " -"any\n" -" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" -" */\n" -" isb\n" -" tlbi vmalle1\n" -" ic iallu\n" -" dsb nsh\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /*\n" -" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " -"this\n" -" * has completed.\n" -" */\n" -" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" -" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" -" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" -" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" -" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" -" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" -"0: cmp x29, x30\n" -" b.hs 1f\n" -" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" -" b 0b\n" -"\n" -"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" -" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" -" mov sp, x30\n" -"\n" -" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" -" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" -" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" -" bl main\n" -"\n" -" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" -"2: wfi\n" -" b 2b\n" -"```" +"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " +"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" -"```armasm\n" -".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" -".global entry\n" -"entry:\n" -" /*\n" -" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " -"MMU and\n" -" * caches.\n" -" */\n" -" adrp x30, idmap\n" -" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" -" msr mair_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" -" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" -" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" -" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" -"\n" -" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" -"\n" -" /*\n" -" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " -"any\n" -" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" -" */\n" -" isb\n" -" tlbi vmalle1\n" -" ic iallu\n" -" dsb nsh\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /*\n" -" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " -"this\n" -" * has completed.\n" -" */\n" -" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" -" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" -" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" -" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" -" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" -" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" -"0: cmp x29, x30\n" -" b.hs 1f\n" -" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" -" b 0b\n" -"\n" -"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" -" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" -" mov sp, x30\n" -"\n" -" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" -" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" -" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" -" bl main\n" -"\n" -" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" -"2: wfi\n" -" b 2b\n" -"```" +"`extern crate panic_halt as _` es necesario para asegurar que el crate " +"`panic_halt` esté vinculado y así podamos obtener su controlador de _panic_." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md -msgid "" -"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " -"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md +msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." msgstr "" -"Es lo mismo que en C: inicializar el estado del procesador, poner a cero el " -"BSS y configurar el puntero de la _stack_." +"Este ejemplo se compilará pero no se ejecutará, ya que no cuenta con un " +"punto de entrada." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "" -"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " -"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " -"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " -"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " -"them." +"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " +"Cortex M microcontrollers." msgstr "" -"El BSS (símbolo de inicio del bloque, por motivos históricos) es la parte " -"del objeto que contiene variables asignadas de forma estática que se " -"inicializan a cero. Se omiten en la imagen para evitar malgastar espacio con " -"ceros. El compilador asume que el cargador se encargará de ponerlos a cero." +"El crate `cortex_m_rt` proporciona (entre otras cosas) un controlador de " +"reinicio para microcontroladores Cortex M." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "" -"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " -"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." +"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " +"abstraction." msgstr "" -"Es posible que el BSS ya esté a cero, dependiendo de cómo se inicialice la " -"memoria y cómo se cargue la imagen, aunque se pone igualmente a cero para " -"estar seguros." +"A continuación, veremos cómo se accede a los periféricos con niveles de " +"abstracción cada vez mayores." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md msgid "" -"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " -"we don't:" +"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" +"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." msgstr "" -"Necesitamos habilitar la MMU y la caché antes de leer o escribir memoria. Si " -"no lo hacemos, sucederá lo siguiente:" +"La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` requiere que la función tenga el tipo `fn() -" +"> !`, ya que no tiene sentido devolver resultados al controlador de reinicio." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md +msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" +msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo embed --bin minimal`." + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" -"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" -"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " -"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " -"is not necessarily the case in general." +"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " +"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" msgstr "" -"Los accesos no alineados fallarán. Compilamos el código Rust para el " -"objetivo `aarch64-unknown-none`, que define `+strict-align` para evitar que " -"el compilador genere accesos no alineados. En este caso debería estar bien, " -"pero no tiene por qué ser así en general." +"La mayoría de los microcontroladores acceden a los periféricos a través de E/" +"S asignada a la memoria. Vamos a probar a encender un LED en nuestro micro:" +"bit:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" +msgstr "/// Dirección de periférico del puerto GPIO 0\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" +msgstr "// Offset de periféricos GPIO\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" +msgstr "// Campos PIN_CNF\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" +msgstr "// Configura los pines 21 y 28 de GPIO 0 como salidas push-pull.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " -"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " -"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " -"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " -"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " -"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " -"not VA or IPA.)" +"// SAFETY: The pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and no\n" +" // aliases exist.\n" msgstr "" -"Si se estuviera ejecutando en una máquina virtual, podría provocar problemas " -"de coherencia en la caché. El problema es que la máquina virtual accede a la " -"memoria directamente con la caché inhabilitada, mientras que el host cuenta " -"con alias que se pueden almacenar en caché en la misma memoria. Incluso si " -"el host no accede explícitamente a la memoria, los accesos especulativos " -"pueden provocar que se llene la caché, haciendo que los cambios de uno u " -"otro se pierdan cuando se borre la caché o cuando la máquina virtual la " -"habilite. (La caché está codificada por dirección física, no por VA ni IPA)." +"// Es seguro porque los punteros dirigen a registros de control de " +"periféricos válidos y\n" +" // no existe ningún alias.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" +msgstr "// Define el pin 28 bajo y 21 alto para encender el LED.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" -"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " -"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " -"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " -"memory layout that QEMU uses." +"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " +"to the first row." msgstr "" -"Para simplificar, solo se utiliza una tabla de páginas codificada (consulta " -"`idmap.S`) que mapea la identidad del primer GiB de espacio de direcciones " -"para dispositivos, el siguiente GiB para DRAM y otro GiB más para más " -"dispositivos. Esto coincide con la disposición de memoria que utiliza QEMU." +"El pin 21 de GPIO 0 está conectado a la primera columna de la matriz de LED " +"y el pin 28 a la primera fila." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md +msgid "Run the example with:" +msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con:" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" +msgstr "Crates de Acceso Periférico" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" -"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " -"later." +"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " +"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" +"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." msgstr "" -"También configuramos el vector de excepción (`vbar_el1`), del que veremos " -"más contenido en próximas dipositivas." +"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) genera, en su gran mayoría, " +"envoltorios seguros de Rust para periféricos asignados a la memoria a partir " +"de archivos [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index." +"html)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" -"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " -"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " -"modify `entry.S` accordingly." +"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " +"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." msgstr "" -"Todos los ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutarán en el nivel de excepción 1 " -"(EL1). Si necesitas ejecutar en un nivel de excepción diferente, deberás " -"modificar `entry.S` según corresponda." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "Inline assembly" -msgstr "Ensamblaje integrado" +"Los archivos SVD (System View Description) son archivos XML que suelen " +"proporcionar los proveedores de silicio y que describen el mapa de memoria " +"del dispositivo." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" -"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " -"Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " -"firmware to power off the system:" +"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " +"descriptions, addresses and so on." msgstr "" -"A veces necesitamos usar el ensamblador para hacer cosas que no son posibles " -"con código Rust. Por ejemplo, hacer un " +"Se organizan por periférico, registro, campo y valor, con nombres, " +"descripciones y direcciones, etc." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" -"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" -" // anything with memory.\n" +"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " +"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " +"crates." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque solo utiliza los registros declarados y no\n" -" // hace nada con la memoria.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"hvc #0\"" -msgstr "\"hvc #0\"" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w0\"" -msgstr "\"w0\"" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w1\"" -msgstr "\"w1\"" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w2\"" -msgstr "\"w2\"" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w3\"" -msgstr "\"w3\"" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w4\"" -msgstr "\"w4\"" +"Los archivos SVD suelen tener errores y estar incompletos, por lo que " +"existen varios proyectos que aplican parches a los errores, añaden detalles " +"que faltan y publican los crates generados." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w5\"" -msgstr "\"w5\"" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." +msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` proporciona la tabla de vectores, entre otras cosas." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w6\"" -msgstr "\"w6\"" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +msgid "" +"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " +"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." +msgstr "" +"Si instalas `cargo install cargo-binutils` puedes ejecutar `cargo objdump --" +"bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` para ver el binario resultante." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md -msgid "\"w7\"" -msgstr "\"w7\"" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +msgid "HAL crates" +msgstr "Crates HAL" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" -"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" -"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" +"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" +"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " +"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" +"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." msgstr "" -"(Si realmente quieres hacer esto, utiliza el crate [`smccc`](https://crates." -"io/crates/smccc) que tiene envoltorios para todas estas funciones)." +"[Los crates HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" +"implementation-crates) de muchos microcontroladores incluyen envoltorios " +"alrededor de varios periféricos. Por lo general, implementan traits de " +"[`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" +msgstr "// Crea un envoltorio HAL para el puerto GPIO 0.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" -"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " -"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " -"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." +"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" -"PSCI es la interfaz de coordinación de estado de alimentación de Arm, un " -"conjunto estándar de funciones para gestionar los estados de alimentación " -"del sistema y de la CPU, entre otras cosas. Lo implementan el firmware EL3 y " -"los hipervisores en muchos sistemas." +"`set_low` y `set_high` son métodos del trait `OutputPin` de `embedded_hal`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" -"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " -"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " -"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " -"contents of the registers." +"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " +"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." msgstr "" -"La sintaxis `0 => _` significa inicializar el registro a 0 antes de ejecutar " -"el código de ensamblaje integrado e ignorar su contenido después. " -"Necesitamos utilizar `inout` en lugar de `in` porque la llamada podría " -"alterar el contenido de los registros." +"Hay crates HAL para muchos dispositivos Cortex-M y RISC-V, incluidos varios " +"microcontroladores STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR y PIC." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md +msgid "Board support crates" +msgstr "Crates de compatibilidad de placa" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" -"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " -"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." +"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " +"board for convenience." msgstr "" -"Esta función `main` debe ser `#[no_mangle]` y `extern \"C\"`, ya que se " -"llama desde nuestro punto de entrada en `entry.S`." +"Los crates de compatibilidad de placa proporcionan un nivel adicional de " +"envoltorio a una placa específica para mayor comodidad." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" -"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " -"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " -"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " -"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " -"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " -"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." +"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " +"and a bit of initialisation." msgstr "" -"`_x0`–`_x3` son los valores de los registros `x0`–`x3`, que el bootloader " -"utiliza habitualmente para pasar elementos al árbol de dispositivos, como un " -"puntero. De acuerdo con la convención de llamadas estándar de aarch64 (que " -"es lo que `extern \"C\"` usa), los registros `x0`–`x7` se utilizan para los " -"primeros ocho argumentos que se pasan a una función, de modo que `entry.S` " -"no tiene que hacer nada especial, salvo asegurarse de que no cambia estos " -"registros." +"En este caso, el crate de compatibilidad de placa proporciona solo nombres " +"más útiles y un poco de inicialización." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " +"microcontroller itself." msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_psci` en `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +"El crate también puede incluir controladores para algunos dispositivos " +"integrados fuera del propio microcontrolador ." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md -msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" -msgstr "Acceso a la memoria volátil para MMIO" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md +msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." +msgstr "`microbit-v2` incluye un controlador sencillo para la matriz de LED." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md -msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." -msgstr "Se puede usar `pointer::read_volatile` y `pointer::write_volatile`." +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +msgid "The type state pattern" +msgstr "El patrón de tipo de estado" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md -msgid "Never hold a reference." -msgstr "Nunca retengas una referencia." +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, se ha movido.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md -msgid "" -"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " -"reference." -msgstr "" -"`addr_of!` permite obtener campos de estructuras sin crear una referencia " -"intermedia." +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, se ha movido.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" -"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " -"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." +"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " +"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." msgstr "" -"Acceso volátil: las operaciones de lectura o escritura pueden tener efectos " -"secundarios, por lo que se debe evitar que el compilador o el hardware las " -"reordene, duplique u omita." +"Los pines no implementan `Copy` ni `Clone`, por lo que solo puede haber una " +"instancia de cada uno. Cuando se quita un pin de la estructura del puerto, " +"nadie más puede usarlo." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" -"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " -"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " -"written, and not bother actually reading memory." +"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " +"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." msgstr "" -"Normalmente, si escribes y luego lees (por ejemplo, a través de una " -"referencia mutable), el compilador puede suponer que el valor leído es el " -"mismo que el que se acaba de escribir, sin molestarse si quiera en leer " -"realmente la memoria." +"Si cambias la configuración de un pin, se consumirá la instancia del pin " +"anterior y no podrás seguir usando la instancia previa." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" -"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " -"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " -"dereference it." -msgstr "" -"Algunos crates para el acceso volátil al hardware sí mantienen referencias, " -"aunque no es seguro. Siempre que exista una referencia, el compilador puede " -"desreferenciarla." +"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " +"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " +"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " +"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " +"caught at compile time." +msgstr "" +"El tipo de un valor indica el estado en el que se encuentra: por ejemplo, en " +"este caso, el estado de configuración de un pin de GPIO. De esta manera, se " +"codifica la máquina de estados en el sistema de tipos, asegurando así que no " +"se use un pin de cierta forma sin antes configurarlo correctamente. Las " +"transiciones de estado ilegales se detectan durante el tiempo de compilación." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" -"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " -"struct." +"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " +"not vice-versa." msgstr "" -"Utiliza la macro `addr_of!` para obtener punteros de campos de estructuras a " -"partir de un puntero en la estructura." +"Puedes llamar a `is_high` en un pin de entrada y a `set_high` en un pin de " +"salida, pero no al revés." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md -msgid "Let's write a UART driver" -msgstr "Vamos a escribir un controlador de UART" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." +msgstr "Muchos crates HAL siguen este patrón." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." +"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " +"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals:" msgstr "" -"La máquina \"virt\" de QEMU tiene una UART [PL011]https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0183/g), así que vamos a escribir un controlador para ella." +"El crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) proporciona " +"una serie de traits que cubren los periféricos habituales de los " +"microcontroladores." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md -msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -msgstr "/// Controlador mínimo para un UART PL011.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +msgid "GPIO" +msgstr "GPIO" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -msgid "" -"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +msgid "PWM" msgstr "" -"/// Construye una instancia nueva del controlador de UART para un " -"dispositivo PL011 en la\n" -" /// dirección base proporcionada.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Seguridad\n" -" ///\n" -" /// La dirección base debe apuntar a los 8 registros de control MMIO de " -"un \n" -" /// dispositivo PL011, que debe asignarse al espacio de direcciones del " -"proceso\n" -" /// como memoria del dispositivo y no tener ningún otro alias.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" -msgstr "/// Escribe un solo byte en el UART.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +msgid "Delay timers" +msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" -msgstr "// Espera hasta que haya espacio en el búfer de TX.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +msgid "I2C and SPI buses and devices" +msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" -"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +"Similar traits for byte streams (e.g. UARTs), CAN buses and RNGs and broken " +"out into [`embedded-io`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-io), [`embedded-" +"can`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-can) and [`rand_core`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/rand_core) respectively." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque sabemos que la dirección base apunta a los registros\n" -" // de control de un dispositivo PL011 que está asignado " -"correctamente.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" -msgstr "// Escribe en el búfer de TX.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" -msgstr "// Espera hasta que el UART esté libre.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " -"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " -"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " -"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " -"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " -"necessary preconditions." +"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" +"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " +"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI device instance." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que `Uart::new` no es seguro, mientras que los otros métodos " -"sí lo son. Esto se debe a que mientras que el llamador de `Uart::new` " -"asegure que se cumplan sus requisitos de seguridad (es decir, que solo haya " -"una instancia del controlador para una UART determinada y que nada más " -"asigne alias a su espacio de direcciones), siempre es más seguro llamar a " -"`write_byte` más adelante, ya que podemos asumir\\ las condiciones previas " -"necesarias." +"Es entonces cuando otros crates implementan [controladores](https://github." +"com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) en función de estos " +"traits. Por ejemplo, un controlador de acelerómetro podría necesitar una " +"implementación de bus I2C o SPI." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" -"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " -"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " -"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" +"The traits cover using the peripherals but not initialising or configuring " +"them, as initialisation and configuration is usually highly platform-" +"specific." msgstr "" -"Podríamos haberlo hecho al revés (haciendo que `new` fuese seguro y " -"`write_byte` no seguro), pero\\sería mucho menos cómodo de usar, ya que cada " -"lugar que llamase a `write_byte` tendría que pensar en la seguridad" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" -"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " -"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " -"number of places." +"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " +"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." msgstr "" -"Este es un patrón común para escribir envoltorios seguros de código " -"inseguro: mover la carga de la prueba de seguridad de un gran número de " -"lugares a otro más pequeño." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md -msgid "More traits" -msgstr "Más traits" +"Hay implementaciones para muchos microcontroladores, así como otras " +"plataformas como Linux en Raspberry Pi." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " -"traits too." +"[`embedded-hal-async`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal-async) provides " +"async versions of the traits." msgstr "" -"Hemos derivado el trait `Debug`. También sería útil implementar algunos " -"traits más." +"El crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) proporciona " +"una serie de traits que cubren los periféricos habituales de los " +"microcontroladores." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" +"[`embedded-hal-nb`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal-nb) provides " +"another approach to non-blocking I/O, based on the [`nb`](https://crates.io/" +"crates/nb) crate." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque solo contiene un puntero a la memoria del dispositivo,\n" -"// a la que se puede acceder desde cualquier contexto.\n" +"El crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) proporciona " +"una serie de traits que cubren los periféricos habituales de los " +"microcontroladores." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" -"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " -"`Uart` type." +"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " +"like OpenOCD but better integrated." msgstr "" -"Implementar `Write` nos permite utilizar las macros `write!` y `writeln!` " -"con nuestro tipo `Uart`." +"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) es un conjunto de herramientas de depuración " +"integradas muy útil, como OpenOCD, pero mejor integrado." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +"SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" +msgstr " y JTAG a través de comprobaciones CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link y J-Link" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_minimal` en `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +"Stub de GDB y servidor de Microsoft DAP (protocolo de adaptador de " +"depuración)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "A better UART driver" -msgstr "Un controlador UART mejor" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "Cargo integration" +msgstr "Integración de Cargo" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " -"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " -"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " -"structured way." +"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " +"(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." +"toml` file in your project directory." msgstr "" -"En realidad, PL011 tiene [muchos registros más](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), por lo que " -"añadir desplazamientos para crear punteros que les permita acceder a ellos " -"da lugar a errores y dificulta la lectura. Además, algunos de ellos son " -"campos de bits a los que estaría bien acceder de forma estructurada." +" y conectar GDB. Se configura mediante un archivo `Embed.toml` en el " +"directorio del proyecto." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "Offset" -msgstr "Desplazamiento" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "" +"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " +"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " +"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " +"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." +msgstr "" +"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) es " +"un protocolo estándar de Arm mediante USB que permite que un depurador en " +"circuito acceda al puerto de acceso de depuración CoreSight de varios " +"procesadores Cortex de Arm. Es lo que utiliza el depurador integrado en el " +"BBC micro:bit" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "Register name" -msgstr "Nombre de registro" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "" +"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " +"is a range from SEGGER." +msgstr "" +"ST-Link es una gama de depuradores en circuito de ST Microelectronics. J-" +"Link es una gama de SEGGER." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "Width" -msgstr "Ancho" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "" +"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " +"Serial Wire Debug." +msgstr "" +"El puerto de acceso de depuración suele ser una interfaz JTAG de 5 pines o " +"una SWD de 2 pines." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x00" -msgstr "0x00" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "" +"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " +"want to." +msgstr "" +"probe-rs es una biblioteca que puedes integrar en tus propias herramientas." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "DR" -msgstr "DR" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "12" -msgstr "12" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x04" -msgstr "0x04" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "" +"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" +"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " +"supported microcontroller." +msgstr "" +"[El protocolo de adaptador de depuración de Microsoft](https://microsoft." +"github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) permite que VSCode y otros IDEs depuren " +"el código que se ejecuta en cualquier microcontrolador compatible." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "RSR" -msgstr "RSR" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." +msgstr "cargo-embed es un binario compilado con la biblioteca probe-rs." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x18" -msgstr "0x18" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md +msgid "" +"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " +"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." +msgstr "" +"TTR (transferencias en tiempo real) es un mecanismo para transferir datos " +"entre el host de depuración y el objetivo a través de una serie de búferes " +"circulares." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "FR" -msgstr "FR" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Embed.toml_:" +msgstr "Embed.toml:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "9" -msgstr "9" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md +msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" +msgstr "En un terminal en `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x20" -msgstr "0x20" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md +msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" +msgstr "En otro terminal del mismo directorio:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "ILPR" -msgstr "ILPR" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md +msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" +msgstr "En gLinux o Debian:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x24" -msgstr "0x24" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md +msgid "In GDB, try running:" +msgstr "En GDB, prueba a ejecutar:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "IBRD" -msgstr "IBRD" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "Other projects" +msgstr "Otros proyectos" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "16" -msgstr "16" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" +msgstr "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x28" -msgstr "0x28" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" +msgstr "\"Concurrencia en tiempo real basada en interrupciones\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "FBRD" -msgstr "FBRD" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" +msgstr "" +"Gestión de recursos compartidos, envío de mensajes, programación de tareas, " +"cola del temporizador, etc." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x2c" -msgstr "0x2c" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" +msgstr "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "LCR_H" -msgstr "LCR_H" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" +msgstr "Ejecutores `async` con prioridades, temporizadores, redes, USB, etc." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x30" -msgstr "0x30" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" +msgstr "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "CR" -msgstr "CR" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " +"support" +msgstr "" +"RTOS centrado en la seguridad con programación interrumpible y " +"compatibilidad con la unidad de protección de memoria." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x34" -msgstr "0x34" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" +msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "IFLS" -msgstr "IFLS" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " +"unprivileged drivers, IPC" +msgstr "" +"RTOS de microkernel de Oxide Computer Company con protección de memoria, " +"controladores sin privilegios, IPC, etc." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x38" -msgstr "0x38" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" +msgstr "[Enlaces para FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "IMSC" -msgstr "IMSC" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." +"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." +msgstr "" +"Algunas plataformas tienen implementaciones `std`, como [esp-idf](https://" +"esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "11" -msgstr "11" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." +msgstr "RTIC se puede considerar un RTOS o un framework de concurrencia." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x3c" -msgstr "0x3c" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." +msgstr "No incluye ningún HAL." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "RIS" -msgstr "RIS" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " +"scheduling rather than a proper kernel." +msgstr "" +"Usa el NVIC (controlador de interrupción virtual anidado) Cortex‐M para la " +"programación en lugar de un kernel propio." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x40" -msgstr "0x40" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "Cortex-M only." +msgstr "Solo Cortex-M." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "MIS" -msgstr "MIS" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." +msgstr "" +"Google utiliza TockOS en el microcontrolador Haven para las llaves de " +"seguridad Titan." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x44" -msgstr "0x44" +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " +"applications." +msgstr "" +"FreeRTOS está escrito principalmente en C, pero hay enlaces de Rust para " +"aplicaciones de escritura." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "ICR" -msgstr "ICR" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md +msgid "" +"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " +"serial port." +msgstr "" +"Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en " +"un puerto serie." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "0x48" -msgstr "0x48" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"morning.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Después de realizar los ejercicios, puedes consultar las [soluciones]" +"(solutions-morning.md) correspondientes." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "DMACR" -msgstr "DMACR" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +msgid "" +"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " +"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " +"use the buttons somehow." +msgstr "" +"Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en " +"un puerto serie. Si tienes tiempo, prueba a mostrarlo también en los LED o " +"usa los botones de alguna forma." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md -msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." -msgstr "También hay algunos registros de ID que se han omitido para abreviar." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +msgid "Hints:" +msgstr "Sugerencias:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" -"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " -"working with bitflags." +"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" +"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" +"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." +"org/hardware/)." msgstr "" -"El crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) resulta útil para " -"trabajar con bitflags." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" -msgstr "/// Marcas del registro de marcas de UART.\n" +"Consulta la documentación sobre los crates [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/" +"lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) y [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/" +"latest/microbit/), así como [el hardware de micro:bit](https://tech.microbit." +"org/hardware/)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" -msgstr "/// Borra para enviar.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" -msgstr "/// Conjunto de datos listo.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" -msgstr "/// Detección del portador de datos.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -msgstr "/// UART está transmitiendo datos.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" -msgstr "/// El FIFO de recepción está vacío\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" -msgstr "/// El FIFO de transmisión está completo.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" -msgstr "/// El FIFO de recepción está completo.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" -msgstr "/// El FIFO de transmisión está vacío.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" -msgstr "/// Indicador de anillo.\n" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" -"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " -"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." +"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "" -"La macro `bitflags!` crea un newtype, como `Flags(u16)`, junto con un montón " -"de implementaciones de métodos para obtener y definir _flags_ (banderas)." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md -msgid "Multiple registers" -msgstr "Varios registros" +"La unidad de medición inercial LSM303AGR está conectada al bus I2C interno." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" -"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." +"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" -"Podemos utilizar una estructura para representar la disposición de la " -"memoria de los registros de UART." +"TWI es otro nombre para I2C, por lo que el periférico I2C maestro se llama " +"TWIM." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" -"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " -"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " -"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " -"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." +"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::i2c::" +"I2c` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" +"microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." msgstr "" -"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" -"representation) indica al compilador que ordene los campos de la estructura " -"siguiendo las mismas reglas que en C. Esto es necesario para que nuestra " -"estructura tenga un diseño predecible, ya que la representación " -"predeterminada de Rust permite que el compilador (entre otras cosas) " -"reordene los campos como crea conveniente." +"El controlador LSM303AGR necesita algo que implemente el trait " +"`embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::WriteRead`. La estructura [`microbit::hal::" +"Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) " +"implementa esto." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +msgid "" +"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" +"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." msgstr "" -"Ahora vamos a utilizar la nueva estructura de `Registers` en nuestro " -"controlador." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -msgstr "/// Controlador para un UART PL011.\n" +"Tienes una estructura [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" +"microbit/struct.Board.html) con campos para los distintos pines y " +"periféricos." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" -"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." +"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " +"this exercise." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque sabemos que self.registers apunta\n" -" // a los registros de control de un dispositivo PL011 que está " -"asignado correctamente.\n" +"También puedes consultar la \\[hoja de datos nRF52833\\][nRF52833 datasheet]" +"(https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) si quieres, " +"pero no debería ser necesario para este ejercicio." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" -"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" -" /// received.\n" +"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " +"look in the `compass` directory for the following files." msgstr "" -"/// Lee y devuelve un byte pendiente o `None` si no se ha recibido nada\n" -" ///.\n" +"Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) " +"y busca los siguientes archivos en el directorio `compass`." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" -msgstr "// TAREA: Comprueba si hay condiciones de error en los bits 8 a 11.\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "`src/main.rs`:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md -msgid "" -"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " -"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." -msgstr "" -"Fíjate en el uso de `addr_of!` y `addr_of_mut!` para llevar punteros a " -"campos individuales sin crear una referencia intermedia. Sería una acción " -"insegura." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -msgid "Using it" -msgstr "Uso" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "`Embed.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md -msgid "" -"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " -"and echo incoming bytes." -msgstr "" -"Vamos a crear un pequeño programa con nuestro controlador para escribir en " -"la consola serie y compartir los bytes entrantes." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" -msgstr "/// Dirección base del UART de PL011 principal.\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" +msgstr "Consulta la salida de serie en Linux con:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" -"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` es la dirección base de un " -"dispositivo PL011\n" -" // y ninguna más accede a ese intervalo de direcciones.\n" +"En Mac OS debería ser algo como lo siguiente (el nombre del dispositivo " +"puede ser algo diferente):" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" -msgstr "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." +msgstr "Pulsa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q para salir de Picocom." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md -msgid "b'\\r'" -msgstr "b'\\r'" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Ejercicio de la Mañana" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md -msgid "b'\\n'" -msgstr "b'\\n'" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](compass.md))" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md -msgid "b'q'" -msgstr "b'q'" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" +msgstr "// Configura el puerto serie.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md -msgid "\"Bye!\"" -msgstr "\"¡Adiós!\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" +msgstr "// Usa el temporizador del sistema como proveedor de retrasos.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md -msgid "" -"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " -"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " -"notes there for details." -msgstr "" -"Al igual que en el ejemplo de [ensamblaje integrado](../inline-assembly.md), " -"esta función `main` se llama desde nuestro código de punto de entrada en " -"`entry.S`. Consulta las notas del orador para obtener más información." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +msgstr "// Configura el controlador de I2C y la unidad de medición inercial.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md -msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." -msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu` en `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" +msgstr "\"Configurando IMU...\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md -msgid "" -"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" -"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " -"`Log` trait." -msgstr "" -"Estaría bien poder utilizar las macros de registro del crate [`log`](https://" -"crates.io/crates/log). Podemos hacerlo implementando el trait `Log`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" +msgstr "// Configura la pantalla y el temporizador.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" -msgstr "\"[{}] {}\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "\"Ready.\"" +msgstr "\"Listo.\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -msgstr "/// Inicia el registro de UART.\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +msgstr "// Lee los datos de la brújula y regístralos en el puerto serie.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md +msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" +msgstr "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "" -"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " -"`set_logger`." +"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " +"LEDs\n" +" // on.\n" msgstr "" -"La desenvoltura en `log` es segura porque inicializamos `LOGGER` antes de " -"llamar a `set_logger`." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." -msgstr "Debemos inicializar el registrador antes de utilizarlo." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"{info}\"" -msgstr "\"{info}\"" +"// Si se pulsa el botón A, cambia al siguiente modo y haz que parpadeen " +"brevemente todos los LED\n" +" // activados.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md -msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." -msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que nuestro controlador de _panic_ ahora ya puede registrar la " -"información de los pánicos." +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md +msgid "Application processors" +msgstr "Procesadores de aplicaciones" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " +"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " +"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" +"virt.html) board." msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_logger` en `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +"Hasta ahora hemos hablado de microcontroladores, como la serie Cortex‐M de " +"Arm. Ahora vamos a probar a escribir algo para Cortex-A. Para simplificar, " +"solo trabajaremos con la placa ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/" +"system/arm/virt.html) aarch64 de QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md msgid "" -"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " -"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " -"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " -"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " -"calling into Rust code:" +"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " +"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " +"processors do." msgstr "" -"AArch64 define una tabla de vectores de excepción con 16 entradas, para 4 " -"tipos de excepciones (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) desde 4 estados (EL " -"actual con SP0, EL actual con SPx, EL inferior con AArch64 y EL inferior con " -"AArch32). Implementamos esto en el ensamblaje para guardar los registros " -"volátiles en la _stack_ antes de llamar al código de Rust:" +"En términos generales, los microcontroladores no tienen un MMU ni varios " +"niveles de privilegio (niveles de excepción en las CPU de Arm, anillos en " +"x86), mientras que los procesadores de aplicaciones sí los tienen." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md -msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md +msgid "" +"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " +"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " +"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" -"EL significa nivel de excepción (por sus siglas en inglés); todos nuestros " -"ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutan en EL1." +"QEMU permite emular varias máquinas o modelos de placa diferentes para cada " +"arquitectura. La placa \"virt\" no se corresponde con ningún hardware real " +"concreto, pero está diseñada exclusivamente para máquinas virtuales." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " -"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." +"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." msgstr "" -"Para simplificar, no distinguimos entre SP0 y SPx para las excepciones del " -"EL actual, ni entre AArch32 y AArch64 para las excepciones de EL inferiores." +"Antes de que podamos empezar a ejecutar código de Rust, tenemos que hacer " +"alguna inicialización." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " -"expect any of them to actually happen." +"```armasm\n" +".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +".global entry\n" +"entry:\n" +" /*\n" +" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " +"MMU and\n" +" * caches.\n" +" */\n" +" adrp x30, idmap\n" +" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +" msr mair_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +"\n" +" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " +"any\n" +" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +" */\n" +" isb\n" +" tlbi vmalle1\n" +" ic iallu\n" +" dsb nsh\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +"this\n" +" * has completed.\n" +" */\n" +" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" +"0: cmp x29, x30\n" +" b.hs 1f\n" +" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +" b 0b\n" +"\n" +"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" +" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +" mov sp, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" +" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" +" bl main\n" +"\n" +" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +"2: wfi\n" +" b 2b\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"En este ejemplo, nos limitaremos a registrar la excepción y a apagarla, ya " -"que no esperamos que se produzca ninguna." +"```armasm\n" +".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +".global entry\n" +"entry:\n" +" /*\n" +" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " +"MMU and\n" +" * caches.\n" +" */\n" +" adrp x30, idmap\n" +" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +" msr mair_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +"\n" +" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " +"any\n" +" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +" */\n" +" isb\n" +" tlbi vmalle1\n" +" ic iallu\n" +" dsb nsh\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +"this\n" +" * has completed.\n" +" */\n" +" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" +"0: cmp x29, x30\n" +" b.hs 1f\n" +" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +" b 0b\n" +"\n" +"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" +" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +" mov sp, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" +" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" +" bl main\n" +"\n" +" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +"2: wfi\n" +" b 2b\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " -"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." -"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " -"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " -"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " -"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." +"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " +"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." msgstr "" -"Podríamos pensar en los controladores de excepciones y en nuestro contexto " -"de ejecución principal como si fueran hilos diferentes. [`Send` y `Sync`]" -"(../../concurrency/send-sync.md) controlarán lo que podemos compartir entre " -"ellos, igual que con los hilos. Por ejemplo, si queremos compartir algún " -"valor entre los controladores de excepciones y el resto del programa, y es " -"`Send`en vez de `Sync`, necesitaremos envolverlo en un `Mutex`, por ejemplo, " -"y ponerlo en un estático." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" -msgstr "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" -msgstr "\"coreboot sin la C\"." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." -msgstr "Compatible con x86, aarch64 y RISC-V." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." -msgstr "Depende de LinuxBoot en lugar de tener controladores propios." +"Es lo mismo que en C: inicializar el estado del procesador, poner a cero el " +"BSS y configurar el puntero de la _stack_." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" -"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" +"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " +"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " +"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " +"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " +"them." msgstr "" -"[Tutorial del SO de Rust en RaspberryPi][Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial]" -"(https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" +"El BSS (símbolo de inicio del bloque, por motivos históricos) es la parte " +"del objeto que contiene variables asignadas de forma estática que se " +"inicializan a cero. Se omiten en la imagen para evitar malgastar espacio con " +"ceros. El compilador asume que el cargador se encargará de ponerlos a cero." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " -"exception handling, page tables" -msgstr "" -"Inicialización, controlador de UART, bootloader sencillo, JTAG, niveles de " -"excepción, gestión de excepciones, tablas de páginas, etc." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "" -"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " -"necessarily a good example to copy for production code." +"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " +"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" -"Algunas dudas sobre el mantenimiento de la caché y la inicialización en " -"Rust, aunque no es precisamente un buen ejemplo para copiar en código de " -"producción." - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" -msgstr "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md -msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." -msgstr "Análisis estático para determinar el uso máximo de la _stack_." +"Es posible que el BSS ya esté a cero, dependiendo de cómo se inicialice la " +"memoria y cómo se cargue la imagen, aunque se pone igualmente a cero para " +"estar seguros." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " -"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" +"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " +"we don't:" msgstr "" -"El tutorial del sistema operativo en RaspberryPi ejecuta código de Rust " -"antes de que la MMU y las cachés se habiliten. De este modo, se leerá y " -"escribirá memoria (por ejemplo, la _stack_). Sin embargo:" +"Necesitamos habilitar la MMU y la caché antes de leer o escribir memoria. Si " +"no lo hacemos, sucederá lo siguiente:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " -"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " -"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " -"necessarily the case in general." +"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" +"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " +"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " +"is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" -"Sin la MMU y la caché, los accesos no alineados fallarán. Se compila con " -"`aarch64-unknown-none`, que define `+strict-align` para evitar que el " -"compilador genere accesos no alineados. Debería estar bien, pero no tiene " -"por qué ser así, en general." +"Los accesos no alineados fallarán. Compilamos el código Rust para el " +"objetivo `aarch64-unknown-none`, que define `+strict-align` para evitar que " +"el compilador genere accesos no alineados. En este caso debería estar bien, " +"pero no tiene por qué ser así en general." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " "while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " "doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " -"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " -"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " -"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." +"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " +"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " +"not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" "Si se estuviera ejecutando en una máquina virtual, podría provocar problemas " "de coherencia en la caché. El problema es que la máquina virtual accede a la " @@ -19689,5290 +19058,7670 @@ msgstr "" "con alias que se pueden almacenar en caché en la misma memoria. Incluso si " "el host no accede explícitamente a la memoria, los accesos especulativos " "pueden provocar que se llene la caché, haciendo que los cambios de uno u " -"otro se pierdan. De nuevo, es correcto en este caso particular (si se " -"ejecuta directamente en el hardware sin hipervisor) pero, por lo general, no " -"es un buen patrón." - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md -msgid "Useful crates" -msgstr "Crates Útiles" +"otro se pierdan cuando se borre la caché o cuando la máquina virtual la " +"habilite. (La caché está codificada por dirección física, no por VA ni IPA)." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " -"programming." +"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " +"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " +"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " +"memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" -"A continuación, repasaremos algunos crates que resuelven ciertos problemas " -"comunes en la programación bare-metal." +"Para simplificar, solo se utiliza una tabla de páginas codificada (consulta " +"`idmap.S`) que mapea la identidad del primer GiB de espacio de direcciones " +"para dispositivos, el siguiente GiB para DRAM y otro GiB más para más " +"dispositivos. Esto coincide con la disposición de memoria que utiliza QEMU." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " -"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " -"types." +"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " +"later." msgstr "" -"El crate [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) (de Fuchsia) proporciona " -"traits y macros para realizar conversiones seguras entre secuencias de bytes " -"y otros tipos." +"También configuramos el vector de excepción (`vbar_el1`), del que veremos " +"más contenido en próximas dipositivas." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" -"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " -"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " -"DMA, or sent over some external interface." +"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " +"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " +"modify `entry.S` accordingly." msgstr "" -"No es adecuado para MMIO (ya que no utiliza lecturas y escrituras " -"volátiles), pero puede ser útil para trabajar con estructuras compartidas " -"con hardware (por ejemplo, mediante DMA) o enviadas a través de alguna " -"interfaz externa." +"Todos los ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutarán en el nivel de excepción 1 " +"(EL1). Si necesitas ejecutar en un nivel de excepción diferente, deberás " +"modificar `entry.S` según corresponda." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md -msgid "" -"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " -"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." -msgstr "" -"`FromBytes` se puede implementar en tipos en los que cualquier patrón de " -"bytes es válido, por lo que se puede convertir de forma segura a partir de " -"una secuencia de bytes que no es fiable." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "Inline assembly" +msgstr "Ensamblaje integrado" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " -"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " -"all byte patterns are valid." +"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " +"Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " +"firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" -"Si se intenta derivar `FromBytes` para estos tipos, se produciría un error, " -"pues `RequestType` no utiliza todos los valores u32 posibles como " -"discriminantes y, por tanto, todos los patrones de bytes son válidos." +"A veces necesitamos usar el ensamblador para hacer cosas que no son posibles " +"con código Rust. Por ejemplo, hacer un " -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." +"// SAFETY: this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do anything\n" +" // with memory.\n" msgstr "" -"`zerocopy::byteorder` tiene tipos para primitivos numéricos conscientes del " -"orden de bytes." +"// Es seguro porque solo utiliza los registros declarados y no\n" +" // hace nada con la memoria.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md -msgid "" -"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" -"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " -"dependency.)" -msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo run` en `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-" -"example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la dependencia del " -"crate)." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"hvc #0\"" +msgstr "\"hvc #0\"" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md -msgid "" -"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " -"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " -"Architecture." -msgstr "" -"El crate [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) permite " -"crear tablas de páginas de acuerdo con la arquitectura del sistema de " -"memoria virtual AArch64." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w0\"" +msgstr "\"w0\"" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md -msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" -msgstr "// Crea una tabla de páginas con mapeado de identidades.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w1\"" +msgstr "\"w1\"" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md -msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" -msgstr "// Asigna una región de 2 MiB de memoria como de solo lectura.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w2\"" +msgstr "\"w2\"" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md -msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" -msgstr "// Configura `TTBR0_EL1` para activar la tabla de páginas.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w3\"" +msgstr "\"w3\"" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w4\"" +msgstr "\"w4\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w5\"" +msgstr "\"w5\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w6\"" +msgstr "\"w6\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +msgid "\"w7\"" +msgstr "\"w7\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" -"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " -"be straightforward to add." +"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" +"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" -"Por ahora, solo es compatible con EL1, pero debería ser sencillo añadir " -"compatibilidad con otros niveles de excepción." +"(Si realmente quieres hacer esto, utiliza el crate [`smccc`](https://crates." +"io/crates/smccc) que tiene envoltorios para todas estas funciones)." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" -"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." -"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" -"pvmfw/)." +"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " +"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " +"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." msgstr "" -"Se utiliza en Android para el [Firmware de Máquina Virtual Protegida]" -"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/" -"modules/Virtualization/pvmfw/)." +"PSCI es la interfaz de coordinación de estado de alimentación de Arm, un " +"conjunto estándar de funciones para gestionar los estados de alimentación " +"del sistema y de la CPU, entre otras cosas. Lo implementan el firmware EL3 y " +"los hipervisores en muchos sistemas." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" -"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " -"or under QEMU." +"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " +"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " +"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " +"contents of the registers." msgstr "" -"No hay una forma sencilla de ejecutar este ejemplo, ya que debe hacerse en " -"hardware real o en QEMU." +"La sintaxis `0 => _` significa inicializar el registro a 0 antes de ejecutar " +"el código de ensamblaje integrado e ignorar su contenido después. " +"Necesitamos utilizar `inout` en lugar de `in` porque la llamada podría " +"alterar el contenido de los registros." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" -"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " -"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " -"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" -"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " -"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " -"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " -"space for PCI BARs:" +"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " +"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." msgstr "" -"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " -"es un crate de terceros que implementa un asignador básico del sistema " -"buddy. Se puede utilizar tanto para [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/" -"buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) " -"implementando [`GlobalAlloc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait." -"GlobalAlloc.html), de forma que puedas usar el crate `alloc` estándar (tal y " -"como vimos [antes](../alloc.md)), o para asignar otro espacio de " -"direcciones. Por ejemplo, podríamos querer asignar espacio MMIO para los " -"registros de dirección base (BAR) de PCI:" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md -msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." -msgstr "Los BAR de PCI siempre tienen una alineación igual a su tamaño." +"Esta función `main` debe ser `#[no_mangle]` y `extern \"C\"`, ya que se " +"llama desde nuestro punto de entrada en `entry.S`." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" -"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" -"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " -"dependency.)" +"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " +"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " +"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " +"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " +"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " +"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo run` en `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" -"allocator-example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la " -"dependencia del crate)." +"`_x0`–`_x3` son los valores de los registros `x0`–`x3`, que el bootloader " +"utiliza habitualmente para pasar elementos al árbol de dispositivos, como un " +"puntero. De acuerdo con la convención de llamadas estándar de aarch64 (que " +"es lo que `extern \"C\"` usa), los registros `x0`–`x7` se utilizan para los " +"primeros ocho argumentos que se pasan a una función, de modo que `entry.S` " +"no tiene que hacer nada especial, salvo asegurarse de que no cambia estos " +"registros." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" -"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " -"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " -"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " -"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " -"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." msgstr "" -"A veces, se necesita algo que se pueda cambiar de tamaño, como `Vec`, pero " -"sin asignación de _heap_. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) " -"ofrece un vector respaldado por un array o slice, que se podría asignar " -"estáticamente o en la _stack_, y que hace un seguimiento de cuántos " -"elementos se usan, entrando en _panic_ si intentas utilizar más elementos de " -"los asignados." +"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_psci` en `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md -msgid "" -"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " -"initialisation." -msgstr "" -"`tinyvec` requiere que el tipo de elemento implemente `Default` para la " -"inicialización." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" +msgstr "Acceso a la memoria volátil para MMIO" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md -msgid "" -"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." -msgstr "" -"El playground de Rust incluye `tinyvec`, por lo que este ejemplo se " -"ejecutará bien aunque esté insertado." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." +msgstr "Se puede usar `pointer::read_volatile` y `pointer::write_volatile`." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md -msgid "" -"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " -"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " -"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" -msgstr "" -"`std::sync::Mutex` y el resto de los primitivos de sincronización de `std::" -"sync` no están disponibles en `core` o `alloc`. ¿Cómo podemos gestionar la " -"sincronización o la mutabilidad interior para, por ejemplo, compartir el " -"estado entre diferentes CPUs?" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md +msgid "Never hold a reference." +msgstr "Nunca retengas una referencia." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" -"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " -"equivalents of many of these primitives." -msgstr "" -"El crate [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) proporciona equivalentes " -"basados en spinlocks de muchos de estos primitivos." - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md -msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." +"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " +"reference." msgstr "" -"Intenta evitar interbloqueos si usas bloqueos en los controladores de las " -"interrupciones." +"`addr_of!` permite obtener campos de estructuras sin crear una referencia " +"intermedia." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" -"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " -"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." +"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " +"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." msgstr "" -"`spin` también cuenta con una implementación de exclusión mutua de bloqueo " -"de tickets; equivalentes de `RwLock`, `Barrier` y `Once` de `std::sync`, y " -"`Lazy` para inicialización perezosa" +"Acceso volátil: las operaciones de lectura o escritura pueden tener efectos " +"secundarios, por lo que se debe evitar que el compilador o el hardware las " +"reordene, duplique u omita." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" -"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " -"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " -"`spin::once::Once`." +"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " +"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " +"written, and not bother actually reading memory." msgstr "" -"El crate [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) también tiene " -"algunos tipos útiles de inicialización tardía con un enfoque ligeramente " -"distinto al de `spin::once::Once`." +"Normalmente, si escribes y luego lees (por ejemplo, a través de una " +"referencia mutable), el compilador puede suponer que el valor leído es el " +"mismo que el que se acaba de escribir, sin molestarse si quiera en leer " +"realmente la memoria." -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" -"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." +"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " +"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " +"dereference it." msgstr "" -"El playground de Rust incluye `spin`, por lo que este ejemplo se ejecutará " -"bien aunque está insertado." +"Algunos crates para el acceso volátil al hardware sí mantienen referencias, " +"aunque no es seguro. Siempre que exista una referencia, el compilador puede " +"desreferenciarla." -#: src/bare-metal/android.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" -"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " -"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " -"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " -"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." +"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " +"struct." msgstr "" -"Para compilar un binario de Rust bare-metal en AOSP, tienes que usar una " -"regla `rust_ffi_static` de Soong para crear tu código Rust y, seguidamente, " -"un `cc_binary` con una secuencia de comandos de enlazador para producir el " -"binario en sí. Por último, un `raw_binary` para convertir el ELF en un " -"binario sin formato que pueda ejecutarse." +"Utiliza la macro `addr_of!` para obtener punteros de campos de estructuras a " +"partir de un puntero en la estructura." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md -msgid "vmbase" -msgstr "vmbase" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +msgid "Let's write a UART driver" +msgstr "Vamos a escribir un controlador de UART" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" -"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." -"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" -"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " -"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." +"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." msgstr "" -"En el caso de las máquinas virtuales que se ejecutan con crosvm en aarch64, " -"la biblioteca [vmbase](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/" -"modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/master/vmbase/) proporciona una " -"secuencia de comandos de enlazador y valores predeterminados útiles para las " -"reglas de compilación, además de un punto de entrada, registro de la consola " -"UART y mucho más." +"La máquina \"virt\" de QEMU tiene una UART [PL011]https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0183/g), así que vamos a escribir un controlador para ella." -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md -msgid "" -"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " -"entry point." -msgstr "" -"La macro `main!` indica tu función principal, que se llama desde el punto de " -"entrada `vmbase`." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "/// Controlador mínimo para un UART PL011.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" -"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " -"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" msgstr "" -"El punto de entrada `vmbase` gestiona la inicialización de la consola y " -"emite PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF para apagar la máquina virtual si tu función principal " -"devuelve un resultado." +"/// Construye una instancia nueva del controlador de UART para un " +"dispositivo PL011 en la\n" +" /// dirección base proporcionada.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Seguridad\n" +" ///\n" +" /// La dirección base debe apuntar a los 8 registros de control MMIO de " +"un \n" +" /// dispositivo PL011, que debe asignarse al espacio de direcciones del " +"proceso\n" +" /// como memoria del dispositivo y no tener ningún otro alias.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md -msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." -msgstr "" -"Escribiremos un controlador para el dispositivo de reloj en tiempo real " -"PL031." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" +msgstr "/// Escribe un solo byte en el UART.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "// Espera hasta que haya espacio en el búfer de TX.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." +"// SAFETY: We know that the base address points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" -"Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las [soluciones](solutions-afternoon." -"md) que se brindan." +"// Es seguro porque sabemos que la dirección base apunta a los registros\n" +" // de control de un dispositivo PL011 que está asignado " +"correctamente.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "RTC driver" -msgstr "Controlador RTC" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "// Escribe en el búfer de TX.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " -"you should write a driver for it." -msgstr "" -"La máquina virtual aarch64 de QEMU tiene un reloj en tiempo real [PL031]" -"(https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0224/c) en 0x9010000. En este " -"ejercicio, debes escribir un controlador para el reloj." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" +msgstr "// Espera hasta que el UART esté libre.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" -"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " -"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." +"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " +"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " +"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " +"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " +"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " +"necessary preconditions." msgstr "" -"Úsalo para imprimir la hora en la consola serie. Puedes usar el crate " -"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) para dar formato a la fecha y la " -"hora." +"Ten en cuenta que `Uart::new` no es seguro, mientras que los otros métodos " +"sí lo son. Esto se debe a que mientras que el llamador de `Uart::new` " +"asegure que se cumplan sus requisitos de seguridad (es decir, que solo haya " +"una instancia del controlador para una UART determinada y que nada más " +"asigne alias a su espacio de direcciones), siempre es más seguro llamar a " +"`write_byte` más adelante, ya que podemos asumir\\ las condiciones previas " +"necesarias." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" -"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " -"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" +"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " +"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " +"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" msgstr "" -"Utiliza el registro de coincidencias y el estado de interrupción sin formato " -"para esperar hasta un momento dado, por ejemplo, un adelanto de 3 segundos. " -"(Llama a [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn." -"spin_loop.html) dentro d+el bucle)." +"Podríamos haberlo hecho al revés (haciendo que `new` fuese seguro y " +"`write_byte` no seguro), pero\\sería mucho menos cómodo de usar, ya que cada " +"lugar que llamase a `write_byte` tendría que pensar en la seguridad" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" -"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " -"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" -"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." +"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " +"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " +"number of places." msgstr "" -"_Ampliación si hay tiempo:_ habilita y gestiona la interrupción que genera " -"la coincidencia de RTC. Puedes usar el controlador que se proporciona con el " -"crate [`arm-gic`](https://docs.rs/arm-gic/) para configurar el controlador " -"de interrupciones genérico (GIC) de Arm." +"Este es un patrón común para escribir envoltorios seguros de código " +"inseguro: mover la carga de la prueba de seguridad de un gran número de " +"lugares a otro más pequeño." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." -msgstr "" -"Utiliza la interrupción de RTC, que está conectada al GIC como `IntId::" -"spi(2)`." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md +msgid "More traits" +msgstr "Más traits" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" -"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" -"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." +"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " +"traits too." msgstr "" -"Después de habilitar la interrupción, puedes poner el núcleo en suspensión " -"mediante `arm_gic::wfi()`, lo que hará que entre en suspensión hasta que " -"reciba una interrupción." +"Hemos derivado el trait `Debug`. También sería útil implementar algunos " +"traits más." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " -"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." +"// SAFETY: `Uart` just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" +"// accessed from any context.\n" msgstr "" -"Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) " -"y busca en el directorio `rtc` los siguientes archivos." - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" -msgstr "/// Direcciones base de GICv3.\n" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" -msgstr "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +"// Es seguro porque solo contiene un puntero a la memoria del dispositivo,\n" +"// a la que se puede acceder desde cualquier contexto.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" -"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " +"`Uart` type." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` y `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` son las " -"direcciones base\n" -" // de un distribuidor y un redistribuidor GICv3 respectivamente,\n" -" // y ningún otro elemento tiene acceso a esos intervalos de " -"direcciones.\n" +"Implementar `Write` nos permite utilizar las macros `write!` y `writeln!` " +"con nuestro tipo `Uart`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md +msgid "" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." msgstr "" -"// TAREA: crear una instancia del controlador RTC e imprimir la hora " -"actual.\n" +"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_minimal` en `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" -msgstr "// TAREA: esperar 3 segundos.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "A better UART driver" +msgstr "Un controlador UART mejor" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "" -"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " -"the exercise):" +"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " +"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " +"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " +"structured way." msgstr "" -"`src/exceptions.rs` (solo se debería cambiar esto en la tercera parte del " -"ejercicio):" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -msgstr "" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Con licencia Apache, versión 2.0 (la \"Licencia\");\n" -"// Este archivo solo se puede utilizar según lo estipulado en la Licencia.\n" -"// Puedes obtener una copia de la Licencia en\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Salvo que lo exija la legislación aplicable o se haya acordado por " -"escrito, el software\n" -"// distribuido bajo la Licencia se distribuye \"TAL CUAL\",\n" -"// SIN GARANTÍAS NI CONDICIONES DE NINGÚN TIPO, ya sean explícitas o " -"implícitas.\n" -"// Consulta la Licencia para saber los permisos y las limitaciones " -"aplicables a cada idioma\n" -"//.\n" +"En realidad, PL011 tiene [muchos registros más](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), por lo que " +"añadir desplazamientos para crear punteros que les permita acceder a ellos " +"da lugar a errores y dificulta la lectura. Además, algunos de ellos son " +"campos de bits a los que estaría bien acceder de forma estructurada." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" -msgstr "\"sync_exception_current\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "Offset" +msgstr "Desplazamiento" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"irq_current\"" -msgstr "\"irq_current\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "Register name" +msgstr "Nombre de registro" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" -msgstr "\"No hay interrupciones pendientes\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "Width" +msgstr "Ancho" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" -msgstr "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x00" +msgstr "0x00" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"fiq_current\"" -msgstr "\"fiq_current\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "DR" +msgstr "DR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"serr_current\"" -msgstr "\"serr_current\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "12" +msgstr "12" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"sync_lower\"" -msgstr "\"sync_lower\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x04" +msgstr "0x04" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"irq_lower\"" -msgstr "\"irq_lower\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "RSR" +msgstr "RSR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" -msgstr "\"fiq_lower\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "4" +msgstr "4" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"serr_lower\"" -msgstr "\"serr_lower\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x18" +msgstr "0x18" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_src/logger.rs_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "FR" +msgstr "FR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" -msgstr "// ANCHOR: main\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "9" +msgstr "9" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_src/pl011.rs_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x20" +msgstr "0x20" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" -msgstr "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "ILPR" +msgstr "ILPR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" -msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "8" +msgstr "8" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" -msgstr "" -"/// Marcas del registro de estado de recepción de UART/Registro de borrado " -"de errores.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x24" +msgstr "0x24" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Framing error.\n" -msgstr "/// Error de encuadre.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "IBRD" +msgstr "IBRD" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Parity error.\n" -msgstr "/// Error de paridad.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "16" +msgstr "16" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Break error.\n" -msgstr "/// Error de break.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x28" +msgstr "0x28" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" -msgstr "/// Error de desbordamiento.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "FBRD" +msgstr "FBRD" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" -msgstr "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "6" +msgstr "6" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" -msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x2c" +msgstr "0x2c" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Uart\n" -"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" -msgstr "" -"// ANCHOR: Uart\n" -"/// Controlador para un UART PL011.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "LCR_H" +msgstr "LCR_H" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -msgstr "" -"/// Crea una instancia nueva del controlador UART para un dispositivo PL011 " -"en la\n" -" /// dirección base proporcionada.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Seguridad\n" -" ///\n" -" /// El objeto la dirección base debe apuntar a los registros de control " -"MMIO de un dispositivo\n" -" /// PL011, que debe asignarse al espacio de direcciones del proceso\n" -" /// como memoria del dispositivo y no tener ningún otro alias.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x30" +msgstr "0x30" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" -msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_build.rs_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "CR" +msgstr "CR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"linux\"" -msgstr "\"linux\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x34" +msgstr "0x34" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" -msgstr "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "IFLS" +msgstr "IFLS" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" -msgstr "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x38" +msgstr "0x38" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" -msgstr "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "IMSC" +msgstr "IMSC" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"entry.S\"" -msgstr "\"entry.S\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "11" +msgstr "11" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" -msgstr "\"exceptions.S\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x3c" +msgstr "0x3c" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"idmap.S\"" -msgstr "\"idmap.S\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "RIS" +msgstr "RIS" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "\"empty\"" -msgstr "\"empty\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x40" +msgstr "0x40" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_entry.S_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "MIS" +msgstr "MIS" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" -"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" -"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" -"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" -".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" -".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" -"\n" -"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" -"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" -"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " -"fault instead. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" -"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" -"/*\n" -" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " -"write-allocate\n" -" * cacheable.\n" -" */\n" -".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" -"/*\n" -" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " -"write-allocate\n" -" * cacheable.\n" -" */\n" -".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" -"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" -".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" -".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." -"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" -".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." -"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" -"\n" -"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" -"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" -"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" -"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" -"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" -"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" -"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " -"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" -".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." -"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" -".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." -"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations " -"required to prepare the\n" -" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " -"registers x25 and above,\n" -" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " -"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" -" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" -" */\n" -".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" -".global entry\n" -"entry:\n" -"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " -"and caches. */\n" -"\tadrp x30, idmap\n" -"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" -"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" -"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" -"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" -"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" -"\n" -"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " -"potentially stale\n" -"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\ttlbi vmalle1\n" -"\tic iallu\n" -"\tdsb nsh\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " -"this has completed.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" -"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" -"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" -"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" -"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" -"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" -"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" -"\tb.hs 1f\n" -"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" -"\tb 0b\n" -"\n" -"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" -"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" -"\tmov sp, x30\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" -"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" -"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" -"\tbl main\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" -"2:\twfi\n" -"\tb 2b\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" -"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" -"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" -"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" -".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" -".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" -"\n" -"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" -"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" -"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " -"fault instead. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" -"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" -"/*\n" -" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " -"write-allocate\n" -" * cacheable.\n" -" */\n" -".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" -"/*\n" -" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " -"write-allocate\n" -" * cacheable.\n" -" */\n" -".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" -"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" -".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" -".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." -"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" -".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." -"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" -"\n" -"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" -"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" -"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" -"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" -"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" -"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" -"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " -"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" -".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." -"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" -".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." -"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Es un punto de entrada genérico para una imagen. It carries out the " -"operations required to prepare the\n" -" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " -"registers x25 and above,\n" -" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " -"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" -" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" -" */\n" -".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" -".global entry\n" -"entry:\n" -"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " -"and caches. */\n" -"\tadrp x30, idmap\n" -"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" -"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" -"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" -"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" -"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" -"\n" -"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " -"potentially stale\n" -"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\ttlbi vmalle1\n" -"\tic iallu\n" -"\tdsb nsh\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " -"this has completed.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" -"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" -"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" -"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" -"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" -"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" -"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" -"\tb.hs 1f\n" -"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" -"\tb 0b\n" -"\n" -"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" -"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" -"\tmov sp, x30\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" -"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" -"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" -"\tbl main\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" -"2:\twfi\n" -"\tb 2b\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x44" +msgstr "0x44" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_exceptions.S_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "ICR" +msgstr "ICR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" -" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " -"instructions\n" -" * left.\n" -" *\n" -" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " -"respectively,\n" -" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " -"call.\n" -" */\n" -".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" -"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" -"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" -"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" -"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" -"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" -"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" -"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" -"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" -"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" -"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" -"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" -"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" -"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" -"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" -" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " -"18\n" -" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" -" * instructions to spare.\n" -" */\n" -".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" -"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" -"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" -"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" -"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" -"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" -"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" -"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" -"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" -"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" -"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" -"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" -"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" -"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" -"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " -"using\n" -" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " -"doing\n" -" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" -" *\n" -" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" -" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " -"implement\n" -" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" -" */\n" -".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" -"\tmsr spsel, #1\n" -"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\tbl \\handler\n" -"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\tmsr spsel, #0\n" -"\teret\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " -"using\n" -" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " -"volatile\n" -" * registers, then returns.\n" -" *\n" -" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" -" * non-volatile registers.\n" -" *\n" -" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" -" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " -"whole\n" -" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" -" */\n" -".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" -"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\tbl \\handler\n" -"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\teret\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" -".global vector_table_el1\n" -".balign 0x800\n" -"vector_table_el1:\n" -"sync_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" -" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " -"instructions\n" -" * left.\n" -" *\n" -" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " -"respectively,\n" -" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " -"call.\n" -" */\n" -".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" -"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" -"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" -"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" -"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" -"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" -"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" -"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" -"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" -"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" -"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" -"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" -"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" -"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" -"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" -" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " -"18\n" -" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" -" * instructions to spare.\n" -" */\n" -".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" -"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" -"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" -"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" -"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" -"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" -"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" -"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" -"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" -"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" -"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" -"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" -"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" -"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" -"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " -"using\n" -" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " -"doing\n" -" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" -" *\n" -" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" -" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " -"implement\n" -" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" -" */\n" -".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" -"\tmsr spsel, #1\n" -"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\tbl \\handler\n" -"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\tmsr spsel, #0\n" -"\teret\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " -"using\n" -" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " -"volatile\n" -" * registers, then returns.\n" -" *\n" -" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" -" * non-volatile registers.\n" -" *\n" -" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" -" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " -"whole\n" -" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" -" */\n" -".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" -"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\tbl \\handler\n" -"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\teret\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" -".global vector_table_el1\n" -".balign 0x800\n" -"vector_table_el1:\n" -"sync_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "0x48" +msgstr "0x48" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_idmap.S_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "DMACR" +msgstr "DMACR" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" -"\n" -"/* Access flag. */\n" -".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" -"/* Not global. */\n" -".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" -".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" -"\n" -".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" -".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " -"shareable\n" -"\n" -".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" -".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" -"\n" -".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" -".global idmap\n" -".align 12\n" -"idmap:\n" -"\t/* level 1 */\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" -"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" -"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" -"```" -msgstr "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" -"\n" -"/* Access flag. */\n" -".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" -"/* Not global. */\n" -".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" -".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" -"\n" -".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" -".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " -"shareable\n" -"\n" -".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" -".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" -"\n" -".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" -".global idmap\n" -".align 12\n" -"idmap:\n" -"\t/* level 1 */\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" -"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" -"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" -"```" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "3" +msgstr "3" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_image.ld_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." +msgstr "También hay algunos registros de ID que se han omitido para abreviar." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "" -"```ld\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -"/*\n" -" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " -"the\n" -" * image.\n" -" */\n" -"ENTRY(entry)\n" -"\n" -"MEMORY\n" -"{\n" -"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"SECTIONS\n" -"{\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together the code.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" -"\t\t*(.init.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\t.text : {\n" -"\t\t*(.text.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\ttext_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\t.got : {\n" -"\t\t*(.got)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\trodata_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" -"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.data.*)\n" -"\t\t/*\n" -"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" -"\t\t * bytes long.\n" -"\t\t */\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" -"\t\tdata_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" -"\tbin_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" -"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" -"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" -"\t\t*(COMMON)\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" -"\t\tbss_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" -"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" -"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" -"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" -"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" -"\t\t*(.hash)\n" -"\t\t*(.interp)\n" -"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" -"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" -"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" -"\t}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " +"working with bitflags." msgstr "" -"```ld\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -"/*\n" -" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " -"the\n" -" * image.\n" -" */\n" -"ENTRY(entry)\n" -"\n" -"MEMORY\n" -"{\n" -"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"SECTIONS\n" -"{\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together the code.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" -"\t\t*(.init.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\t.text : {\n" -"\t\t*(.text.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\ttext_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\t.got : {\n" -"\t\t*(.got)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\trodata_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" -"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.data.*)\n" -"\t\t/*\n" -"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" -"\t\t * bytes long.\n" -"\t\t */\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" -"\t\tdata_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" -"\tbin_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" -"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" -"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" -"\t\t*(COMMON)\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" -"\t\tbss_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" -"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" -"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" -"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" -"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" -"\t\t*(.hash)\n" -"\t\t*(.interp)\n" -"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" -"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" -"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" -"\t}\n" -"}\n" -"```" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "_Makefile_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" +"El crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) resulta útil para " +"trabajar con bitflags." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" -msgstr "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" +msgstr "/// Marcas del registro de marcas de UART.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "$(shell uname -s)" -msgstr "$(shell uname -s)" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" +msgstr "/// Borra para enviar.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" -msgstr "aarch64-linux-gnu" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" +msgstr "/// Conjunto de datos listo.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" -msgstr "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" +msgstr "/// Detección del portador de datos.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "cargo clean" -msgstr "cargo clean" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" +msgstr "/// UART está transmitiendo datos.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md -msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." -msgstr "Ejecuta el código en QEMU con `make qemu`." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "/// El FIFO de recepción está vacío\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" -msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Tarde" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "/// El FIFO de transmisión está completo.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](rtc.md))" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "/// El FIFO de recepción está completo.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "_main.rs_:" -msgstr "_main.rs_:" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "/// El FIFO de transmisión está vacío.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" -msgstr "/// Dirección base de PL031 RTC.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" +msgstr "/// Indicador de anillo.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" -msgstr "/// IRQ que utiliza PL031 RTC.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md +msgid "" +"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " +"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." +msgstr "" +"La macro `bitflags!` crea un newtype, como `Flags(u16)`, junto con un montón " +"de implementaciones de métodos para obtener y definir _flags_ (banderas)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md +msgid "Multiple registers" +msgstr "Varios registros" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "" -"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` es la dirección base de un " -"dispositivo PL031\n" -" // y ningún otro elemento puede acceder a ese intervalo de direcciones.\n" +"Podemos utilizar una estructura para representar la disposición de la " +"memoria de los registros de UART." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" -msgstr "\"RTC: {time}\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md +msgid "" +"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" +"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " +"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " +"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " +"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." +msgstr "" +"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" +"representation) indica al compilador que ordene los campos de la estructura " +"siguiendo las mismas reglas que en C. Esto es necesario para que nuestra " +"estructura tenga un diseño predecible, ya que la representación " +"predeterminada de Rust permite que el compilador (entre otras cosas) " +"reordene los campos como crea conveniente." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" -msgstr "// Espera 3 segundos, sin interrupciones.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." +msgstr "" +"Ahora vamos a utilizar la nueva estructura de `Registers` en nuestro " +"controlador." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" -msgstr "\"Esperando a {}\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "/// Controlador para un UART PL011.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" -msgstr "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: We know that self.registers points to the control registers\n" +" // of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Es seguro porque sabemos que self.registers apunta\n" +" // a los registros de control de un dispositivo PL011 que está " +"asignado correctamente.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" -msgstr "\"Espera finalizada\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "" +"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" +" /// received.\n" +msgstr "" +"/// Lee y devuelve un byte pendiente o `None` si no se ha recibido nada\n" +" ///.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" -msgstr "// Espera otros 3 segundos a que se produzca una interrupción.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: We know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Es seguro porque sabemos que self.registers apunta\n" +" // a los registros de control de un dispositivo PL011 que está " +"asignado correctamente.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "_pl031.rs_:" -msgstr "_pl031.rs_:" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" +msgstr "// TAREA: Comprueba si hay condiciones de error en los bits 8 a 11.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Data register\n" -msgstr "/// Registro de datos\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md +msgid "" +"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " +"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." +msgstr "" +"Fíjate en el uso de `addr_of!` y `addr_of_mut!` para llevar punteros a " +"campos individuales sin crear una referencia intermedia. Sería una acción " +"insegura." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Match register\n" -msgstr "/// Registro de coincidencias\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +msgid "Using it" +msgstr "Uso" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Load register\n" -msgstr "/// Registro de cargas\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md +msgid "" +"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " +"and echo incoming bytes." +msgstr "" +"Vamos a crear un pequeño programa con nuestro controlador para escribir en " +"la consola serie y compartir los bytes entrantes." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Control register\n" -msgstr "/// Registro de control\n" +msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "/// Dirección base del UART de PL011 principal.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" -msgstr "/// Interrumpe Mask Set o Clear register\n" +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Es seguro porque `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` es la dirección base de un " +"dispositivo PL011\n" +" // y ninguna más accede a ese intervalo de direcciones.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" -msgstr "/// Estado de interrupción sin procesar\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +msgstr "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" -msgstr "/// Estado de interrupción enmascarada\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md +msgid "b'\\r'" +msgstr "b'\\r'" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" -msgstr "/// Interrumpir registro de limpieza\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +msgid "b'\\n'" +msgstr "b'\\n'" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" -msgstr "/// Controlador para un reloj en tiempo real PL031.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md +msgid "b'q'" +msgstr "b'q'" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md +msgid "\"Bye!\"" +msgstr "\"¡Adiós!\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" -"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " +"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " +"notes there for details." msgstr "" -"/// Crea una instancia nueva del controlador RTC para un dispositivo PL031 " -"en la\n" -" /// dirección base proporcionada.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Seguridad\n" -" ///\n" -" /// El objeto la dirección base debe apuntar a los registros de control " -"MMIO de un dispositivo\n" -" /// PL031, que debe asignarse al espacio de direcciones del proceso\n" -" /// como memoria del dispositivo y no tener ningún otro alias.\n" - -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" -msgstr "/// Lee el valor de RTC actual.\n" +"Al igual que en el ejemplo de [ensamblaje integrado](../inline-assembly.md), " +"esta función `main` se llama desde nuestro código de punto de entrada en " +"`entry.S`. Consulta las notas del orador para obtener más información." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" -"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" -"// Es seguro porque sabemos que self.registers apunta\n" -" // a los registros de control de un dispositivo PL031 que está " -"asignado correctamente.\n" +"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu` en `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "" -"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" -" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" +"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " +"`Log` trait." msgstr "" -"/// Escribe un valor de coincidencia. Cuando el valor de RTC coincida, se " -"generará una interrupción\n" -" /// (si está habilitada).\n" +"Estaría bien poder utilizar las macros de registro del crate [`log`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/log). Podemos hacerlo implementando el trait `Log`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md +msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" +msgstr "\"[{}] {}\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md +msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" +msgstr "/// Inicia el registro de UART.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "" -"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " -"not\n" -" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" +"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " +"`set_logger`." msgstr "" -"/// Devuelve en función de si el registro de coincidencias coincide con el " -"valor de RTC,\n" -" /// si la interrupción está habilitada o no.\n" +"La desenvoltura en `log` es segura porque inicializamos `LOGGER` antes de " +"llamar a `set_logger`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "" -"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" -" /// interrupt is masked.\n" -msgstr "" -"/// Devuelve si hay una interrupción pendiente.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// Solo debe ser true si `matched` devuelve true y\n" -" /// la interrupción está enmascarada.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." +msgstr "Debemos inicializar el registrador antes de utilizarlo." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "\"{info}\"" +msgstr "\"{info}\"" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." +msgstr "" +"Ten en cuenta que nuestro controlador de _panic_ ahora ya puede registrar la " +"información de los pánicos." + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "" -"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " -"the\n" -" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." msgstr "" -"/// Define o borra la máscara de interrupción.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// Si la máscara es true, se habilita la interrupción; Si es false,\n" -" /// se inhabilita la interrupción.\n" +"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_logger` en `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" -msgstr "/// Borra una interrupción pendiente, si la hubiera.\n" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +msgid "" +"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " +"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " +"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " +"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " +"calling into Rust code:" +msgstr "" +"AArch64 define una tabla de vectores de excepción con 16 entradas, para 4 " +"tipos de excepciones (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) desde 4 estados (EL " +"actual con SP0, EL actual con SPx, EL inferior con AArch64 y EL inferior con " +"AArch32). Implementamos esto en el ensamblaje para guardar los registros " +"volátiles en la _stack_ antes de llamar al código de Rust:" -#: src/concurrency.md -msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" -msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Concurrencia en Rust" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." +msgstr "" +"EL significa nivel de excepción (por sus siglas en inglés); todos nuestros " +"ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutan en EL1." -#: src/concurrency.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" -"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " -"channels." +"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " +"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" -"Rust es totalmente compatible con la concurrencia mediante hilos del SO con " -"exclusiones mutuas y canales." +"Para simplificar, no distinguimos entre SP0 y SPx para las excepciones del " +"EL actual, ni entre AArch32 y AArch64 para las excepciones de EL inferiores." -#: src/concurrency.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" -"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " -"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " -"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." +"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " +"expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" -"El sistema de tipos de Rust desempeña un papel importante al hacer que " -"muchos errores de concurrencia sean errores en tiempo de compilación. A " -"menudo, esto se conoce como _concurrencia sin miedo_, ya que puedes confiar " -"en el compilador para asegurar la corrección en el tiempo de ejecución." +"En este ejemplo, nos limitaremos a registrar la excepción y a apagarla, ya " +"que no esperamos que se produzca ninguna." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" -msgstr "Los hilos de Rust funcionan de forma similar a los de otros lenguajes:" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md +msgid "" +"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " +"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." +"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " +"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " +"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " +"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." +msgstr "" +"Podríamos pensar en los controladores de excepciones y en nuestro contexto " +"de ejecución principal como si fueran hilos diferentes. [`Send` y `Sync`]" +"(../../concurrency/send-sync.md) controlarán lo que podemos compartir entre " +"ellos, igual que con los hilos. Por ejemplo, si queremos compartir algún " +"valor entre los controladores de excepciones y el resto del programa, y es " +"`Send`en vez de `Sync`, necesitaremos envolverlo en un `Mutex`, por ejemplo, " +"y ponerlo en un estático." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" -msgstr "\"Recuento en el hilo: {i}!\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" +msgstr "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" -msgstr "\"Hilo principal: {i}\"" +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" +msgstr "\"coreboot sin la C\"." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." -msgstr "" -"Los hilos son todos hilos daemon, y el hilo principal no espera por ellos." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." +msgstr "Compatible con x86, aarch64 y RISC-V." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." -msgstr "Los pánicos de los hilos son independientes entre sí." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." +msgstr "Depende de LinuxBoot en lugar de tener controladores propios." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "" +"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" +"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" msgstr "" -"Los pánicos pueden transportar una carga útil, que se puede desempaquetar " -"con `downcast_ref`." +"[Tutorial del SO de Rust en RaspberryPi][Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial]" +"(https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" -"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main thread " -"is not waiting." +"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " +"exception handling, page tables" msgstr "" -"Observa que el hilo se detiene antes de llegar a 10; el hilo principal no " -"está esperando." +"Inicialización, controlador de UART, bootloader sencillo, JTAG, niveles de " +"excepción, gestión de excepciones, tablas de páginas, etc." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" -"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " -"the thread to finish." +"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " +"necessarily a good example to copy for production code." msgstr "" -"Utiliza `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` y, después, `handle.join()` para " -"esperar a que el hilo termine." +"Algunas dudas sobre el mantenimiento de la caché y la inicialización en " +"Rust, aunque no es precisamente un buen ejemplo para copiar en código de " +"producción." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md -msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." -msgstr "Activa un pánico en el hilo y observa cómo esto no afecta a `main`." +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" +msgstr "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md +msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." +msgstr "Análisis estático para determinar el uso máximo de la _stack_." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" -"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " -"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/any/index.html)." +"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " +"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" msgstr "" -"Usa el valor devuelto `Result` de `handle.join.()` para acceder a la carga " -"útil del pánico. Este es un buen momento para hablar sobre [`Any`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)." - -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md -msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" -msgstr "Los hilos normales no pueden tomar nada prestado de su entorno:" +"El tutorial del sistema operativo en RaspberryPi ejecuta código de Rust " +"antes de que la MMU y las cachés se habiliten. De este modo, se leerá y " +"escribirá memoria (por ejemplo, la _stack_). Sin embargo:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" -"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" -"fn.scope.html) for this:" +"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " +"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " +"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " +"necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" -"Sin embargo, puedes usar un [hilo con ámbito](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"thread/fn.scope.html) para lo siguiente:" +"Sin la MMU y la caché, los accesos no alineados fallarán. Se compila con " +"`aarch64-unknown-none`, que define `+strict-align` para evitar que el " +"compilador genere accesos no alineados. Debería estar bien, pero no tiene " +"por qué ser así, en general." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" -"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " -"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." +"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " +"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " +"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " +"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " +"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " +"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " +"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." msgstr "" -"La razón es que, cuando se completa la función `thread::scope`, se asegura " -"que todos los hilos están unidos, por lo que pueden devolver datos prestados." +"Si se estuviera ejecutando en una máquina virtual, podría provocar problemas " +"de coherencia en la caché. El problema es que la máquina virtual accede a la " +"memoria directamente con la caché inhabilitada, mientras que el host cuenta " +"con alias que se pueden almacenar en caché en la misma memoria. Incluso si " +"el host no accede explícitamente a la memoria, los accesos especulativos " +"pueden provocar que se llene la caché, haciendo que los cambios de uno u " +"otro se pierdan. De nuevo, es correcto en este caso particular (si se " +"ejecuta directamente en el hardware sin hipervisor) pero, por lo general, no " +"es un buen patrón." + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md +msgid "Useful crates" +msgstr "Crates Útiles" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md msgid "" -"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " -"thread, or immutably by any number of threads." +"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " +"programming." msgstr "" -"Se aplican las reglas normales de préstamo de Rust: un hilo puede tomar " -"datos prestados de manera mutable o cualquier número de hilos puede tomar " -"datos prestados de manera inmutable." +"A continuación, repasaremos algunos crates que resuelven ciertos problemas " +"comunes en la programación bare-metal." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" -"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " -"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." +"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " +"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " +"types." msgstr "" -"Los canales de Rust tienen dos partes: `Sender` y `Receiver`. Las dos " -"partes están conectadas a través del canal, pero solo se ven los puntos " -"finales." - -#: src/concurrency/channels.md -msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Recibido: {:?}\"" +"El crate [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) (de Fuchsia) proporciona " +"traits y macros para realizar conversiones seguras entre secuencias de bytes " +"y otros tipos." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" -"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " -"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " -"not." +"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " +"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " +"DMA, or sent over some external interface." msgstr "" -"`mpsc` son las siglas de Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer (multiproductor, " -"consumidor único.) `Sender` y `SyncSender` implementan `Clone` (es decir, " -"puedes crear varios productores), pero `Receiver` no." +"No es adecuado para MMIO (ya que no utiliza lecturas y escrituras " +"volátiles), pero puede ser útil para trabajar con estructuras compartidas " +"con hardware (por ejemplo, mediante DMA) o enviadas a través de alguna " +"interfaz externa." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" -"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " -"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." +"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " +"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." msgstr "" -"`send()` y `recv()` devuelven `Result`. Si devuelven `Err`, significa que el " -"homólogo `Sender` o `Receiver` se ha eliminado y el canal se ha cerrado." - -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md -msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" -msgstr "Se obtiene un canal asíncrono y sin límites con `mpsc::channel()`:" +"`FromBytes` se puede implementar en tipos en los que cualquier patrón de " +"bytes es válido, por lo que se puede convertir de forma segura a partir de " +"una secuencia de bytes que no es fiable." -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md -msgid "\"Message {i}\"" -msgstr "\"Mensaje {i}\"" - -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md -msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" -msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: mensaje enviado {i}\"" - -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md -msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" -msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: completado\"" - -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md -msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" -msgstr "\"Principal: ha recibido {msg}\"" - -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" -"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" -msgstr "Con canales limitados (síncronos), `send` puede bloquear el hilo:" +"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " +"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " +"all byte patterns are valid." +msgstr "" +"Si se intenta derivar `FromBytes` para estos tipos, se produciría un error, " +"pues `RequestType` no utiliza todos los valores u32 posibles como " +"discriminantes y, por tanto, todos los patrones de bytes son válidos." -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" -"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " -"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " -"is nobody who reads from the channel." +"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" -"Al llamar a `send`, se bloqueará el hilo hasta que haya espacio suficiente " -"en el canal para el mensaje nuevo. El hilo se puede bloquear de forma " -"indefinida si no hay nadie que lea el canal." +"`zerocopy::byteorder` tiene tipos para primitivos numéricos conscientes del " +"orden de bytes." -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" -"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " -"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." +"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " +"dependency.)" msgstr "" -"Si se cierra el canal, se anulará la llamada a `send` y se producirá un " -"error (por eso devuelve `Result`). Un canal se cierra cuando se elimina el " -"receptor." +"Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo run` en `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-" +"example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la dependencia del " +"crate)." -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" -"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " -"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." +"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " +"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " +"Architecture." msgstr "" -"Un canal delimitado con un tamaño de cero se denomina \"canal rendezvous\". " -"Cada envío bloqueará el hilo actual hasta que otro hilo llame a `read`." +"El crate [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) permite " +"crear tablas de páginas de acuerdo con la arquitectura del sistema de " +"memoria virtual AArch64." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md +msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" +msgstr "// Crea una tabla de páginas con mapeado de identidades.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md +msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" +msgstr "// Asigna una región de 2 MiB de memoria como de solo lectura.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md +msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" +msgstr "// Configura `TTBR0_EL1` para activar la tabla de páginas.\n" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" -"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " -"two traits:" +"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " +"be straightforward to add." msgstr "" -"¿Cómo sabe Rust que debe prohibir el acceso compartido entre hilos? La " -"respuesta está en dos traits:" +"Por ahora, solo es compatible con EL1, pero debería ser sencillo añadir " +"compatibilidad con otros niveles de excepción." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" -"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " -"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." +"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." +"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" +"pvmfw/)." msgstr "" -"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): un tipo `T` " -"es `Send` si es seguro mover un `T` entre los límites de un hilo." +"Se utiliza en Android para el [Firmware de Máquina Virtual Protegida]" +"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/" +"modules/Virtualization/pvmfw/)." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" -"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " -"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." +"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " +"or under QEMU." msgstr "" -"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): un tipo `T` " -"es `Sync` si es seguro mover un `&T` entre los límites de un hilo." +"No hay una forma sencilla de ejecutar este ejemplo, ya que debe hacerse en " +"hardware real o en QEMU." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "" -"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " -"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " -"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " -"you know it is valid." +"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " +"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " +"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" +"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " +"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " +"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " +"space for PCI BARs:" msgstr "" -"`Send` y `Sync` son [traits inseguros](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). El " -"compilador los derivará automáticamente a tus tipos siempre que solo " -"contengan los tipos `Send` y `Sync`. También puedes implementarlos de forma " -"manual cuando sepas que es válido." +"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " +"es un crate de terceros que implementa un asignador básico del sistema " +"buddy. Se puede utilizar tanto para [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/" +"buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) " +"implementando [`GlobalAlloc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait." +"GlobalAlloc.html), de forma que puedas usar el crate `alloc` estándar (tal y " +"como vimos [antes](../alloc.md)), o para asignar otro espacio de " +"direcciones. Por ejemplo, podríamos querer asignar espacio MMIO para los " +"registros de dirección base (BAR) de PCI:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md +msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." +msgstr "Los BAR de PCI siempre tienen una alineación igual a su tamaño." + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "" -"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" -"safety properties." +"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " +"dependency.)" msgstr "" -"Se podría pensar en estos traits como marcadores que indican que el tipo " -"tiene ciertas propiedades de seguridad en hilos." +"Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo run` en `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"allocator-example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la " +"dependencia del crate)." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md -msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md +msgid "" +"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " +"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " +"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " +"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " +"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." msgstr "" -"Se pueden utilizar en las restricciones genéricas como traits normales." +"A veces, se necesita algo que se pueda cambiar de tamaño, como `Vec`, pero " +"sin asignación de _heap_. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) " +"ofrece un vector respaldado por un array o slice, que se podría asignar " +"estáticamente o en la _stack_, y que hace un seguimiento de cuántos " +"elementos se usan, entrando en _panic_ si intentas utilizar más elementos de " +"los asignados." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" -"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " -"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." +"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " +"initialisation." msgstr "" -"Un tipo `T` es [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send." -"html) si es seguro mover un valor `T` a otro hilo." +"`tinyvec` requiere que el tipo de elemento implemente `Default` para la " +"inicialización." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" -"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " -"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " -"thread and deallocate it in another." +"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" -"El efecto de mover la propiedad a otro hilo es que los _destructores_ se " -"ejecutarán en ese hilo. Por tanto, la cuestion es cuándo se puede asignar un " -"valor a un hilo y desasignarlo en otro." +"El playground de Rust incluye `tinyvec`, por lo que este ejemplo se " +"ejecutará bien aunque esté insertado." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" -"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " -"a single thread." +"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " +"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " +"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" msgstr "" -"Por ejemplo, solo se puede acceder a una conexión a la biblioteca SQLite " -"desde un único hilo." +"`std::sync::Mutex` y el resto de los primitivos de sincronización de `std::" +"sync` no están disponibles en `core` o `alloc`. ¿Cómo podemos gestionar la " +"sincronización o la mutabilidad interior para, por ejemplo, compartir el " +"estado entre diferentes CPUs?" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" -"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " -"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." +"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " +"equivalents of many of these primitives." msgstr "" -"Un tipo `T` es [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync." -"html) si es seguro acceder a un valor `T` desde varios hilos al mismo tiempo." +"El crate [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) proporciona equivalentes " +"basados en spinlocks de muchos de estos primitivos." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md -msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" -msgstr "En concreto, la definición es la siguiente:" +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md +msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." +msgstr "" +"Intenta evitar interbloqueos si usas bloqueos en los controladores de las " +"interrupciones." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md -msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" -msgstr "`T` es `Sync` únicamente si `&T` es `Send`." +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " +"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." +msgstr "" +"`spin` también cuenta con una implementación de exclusión mutua de bloqueo " +"de tickets; equivalentes de `RwLock`, `Barrier` y `Once` de `std::sync`, y " +"`Lazy` para inicialización perezosa" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" -"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " -"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " -"across threads." +"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " +"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " +"`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" -"Esta instrucción es, básicamente, una forma resumida de indicar que, si un " -"tipo es seguro para los hilos en uso compartido, también lo es para pasar " -"referencias de él a través de los hilos." +"El crate [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) también tiene " +"algunos tipos útiles de inicialización tardía con un enfoque ligeramente " +"distinto al de `spin::once::Once`." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" -"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " -"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " -"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " -"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " -"be accessed from any thread safely." +"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" -"Esto se debe a que, si el tipo es Sync, significa que se puede compartir " -"entre múltiples hilos sin el riesgo de que haya carreras de datos u otros " -"problemas de sincronización, por lo que es seguro moverlo a otro hilo. " -"También es seguro mover una referencia al tipo a otro hilo, ya que se puede " -"acceder de forma segura a los datos a los que hace referencia desde " -"cualquier hilo." +"El playground de Rust incluye `spin`, por lo que este ejemplo se ejecutará " +"bien aunque está insertado." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`Send + Sync`" -msgstr "`Send + Sync`" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" -msgstr "La mayoría de los tipos que encuentras son `Send + Sync`:" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." -msgstr "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, etc." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." -msgstr "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, etc." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." -msgstr "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, etc." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." -msgstr "" -"`Arc`: explícitamente seguro para los hilos mediante el recuento atómico " -"de referencias." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." -msgstr "" -"`Mutex`: explícitamente seguro para los hilos mediante bloqueo interno." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." -msgstr "" -"`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, etc.: utiliza instrucciones atómicas especiales." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#: src/bare-metal/android.md msgid "" -"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " -"`Send + Sync`." +"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " +"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " +"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " +"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." msgstr "" -"Los tipos genéricos suelen ser `Send + Sync` cuando los parámetros del tipo " -"son `Send + Sync`." +"Para compilar un binario de Rust bare-metal en AOSP, tienes que usar una " +"regla `rust_ffi_static` de Soong para crear tu código Rust y, seguidamente, " +"un `cc_binary` con una secuencia de comandos de enlazador para producir el " +"binario en sí. Por último, un `raw_binary` para convertir el ELF en un " +"binario sin formato que pueda ejecutarse." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`Send + !Sync`" -msgstr "`Send + !Sync`" +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md +msgid "vmbase" +msgstr "vmbase" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" -"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " -"Typically because of interior mutability:" +"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." +"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" +"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " +"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." msgstr "" -"Estos tipos se pueden mover a otros hilos, pero no son seguros para los " -"hilos. Normalmente, esto se debe a la mutabilidad interior:" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" -msgstr "`mpsc::Sender`" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" -msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`Cell`" -msgstr "`Cell`" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`RefCell`" -msgstr "`RefCell`" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`!Send + Sync`" -msgstr "`!Send + Sync`" +"En el caso de las máquinas virtuales que se ejecutan con crosvm en aarch64, " +"la biblioteca [vmbase](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/" +"modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/master/vmbase/) proporciona una " +"secuencia de comandos de enlazador y valores predeterminados útiles para las " +"reglas de compilación, además de un punto de entrada, registro de la consola " +"UART y mucho más." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" -"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" +"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " +"entry point." msgstr "" -"Estos tipos son seguros para los hilos _(thread safe)_, pero no se pueden " -"mover a otro hilo:" +"La macro `main!` indica tu función principal, que se llama desde el punto de " +"entrada `vmbase`." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" -"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " -"the thread which created them." +"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " +"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." msgstr "" -"`MutexGuard`: utiliza primitivos de nivel SO que se deben desasignar en " -"el hilo que los creó." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" -msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`" +"El punto de entrada `vmbase` gestiona la inicialización de la consola y " +"emite PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF para apagar la máquina virtual si tu función principal " +"devuelve un resultado." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md +msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." msgstr "" -"Estos tipos no son seguros para los hilos y no se pueden mover a otros hilos:" +"Escribiremos un controlador para el dispositivo de reloj en tiempo real " +"PL031." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md msgid "" -"`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" -"atomic reference count." +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" -"`Rc`: cada `Rc` tiene una referencia a un `RcBox`, que contiene un " -"recuento de referencias no atómico." +"Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las [soluciones](solutions-afternoon." +"md) que se brindan." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md -msgid "" -"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " -"considerations." -msgstr "" -"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust asume que los punteros sin procesar pueden tener " -"consideraciones especiales de concurrencia." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "RTC driver" +msgstr "Controlador RTC" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" -"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " -"primarily done via two types:" +"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " +"you should write a driver for it." msgstr "" -"Rust utiliza el sistema de tipos para implementar la sincronización de los " -"datos compartidos. Esto se hace principalmente a través de dos tipos:" +"La máquina virtual aarch64 de QEMU tiene un reloj en tiempo real [PL031]" +"(https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0224/c) en 0x9010000. En este " +"ejercicio, debes escribir un controlador para el reloj." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " -"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " -"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," +"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " +"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), recuento " -"atómico de referencias `T`: gestiona el uso compartido entre hilos y se " -"encarga de desasignar `T` cuando se elimina la última referencia." +"Úsalo para imprimir la hora en la consola serie. Puedes usar el crate " +"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) para dar formato a la fecha y la " +"hora." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " -"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." +"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " +"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" msgstr "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): asegura " -"el acceso mutuamente excluyente al valor `T`." +"Utiliza el registro de coincidencias y el estado de interrupción sin formato " +"para esperar hasta un momento dado, por ejemplo, un adelanto de 3 segundos. " +"(Llama a [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn." +"spin_loop.html) dentro d+el bucle)." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " -"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" +"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " +"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" +"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." msgstr "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permite el " -"acceso compartido de solo lectura a través de `Arc::clone`:" - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md -msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v: {v:?}\"" +"_Ampliación si hay tiempo:_ habilita y gestiona la interrupción que genera " +"la coincidencia de RTC. Puedes usar el controlador que se proporciona con el " +"crate [`arm-gic`](https://docs.rs/arm-gic/) para configurar el controlador " +"de interrupciones genérico (GIC) de Arm." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md -msgid "" -"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " -"that uses atomic operations." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "" -"`Arc` son las siglas de \"Atomic Reference Counted\" (recuento atómico de " -"referencias), una versión de `Rc` segura para los hilos que utiliza " -"operaciones atómicas." +"Utiliza la interrupción de RTC, que está conectada al GIC como `IntId::" +"spi(2)`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" -"`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " -"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." +"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" +"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." msgstr "" -"`Arc` implementa `Clone`, independientemente de si `T` lo hace o no. " -"Implementa `Send` y `Sync` si `T` implementa ambos." +"Después de habilitar la interrupción, puedes poner el núcleo en suspensión " +"mediante `arm_gic::wfi()`, lo que hará que entre en suspensión hasta que " +"reciba una interrupción." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" -"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " -"after that the use of the `T` is free." +"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " +"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." msgstr "" -"`Arc::clone()` tiene el coste de las operaciones atómicas que se ejecutan; " -"después el uso de `T` es libre." +"Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) " +"y busca en el directorio `rtc` los siguientes archivos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " -"them." +"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " +"the exercise):" msgstr "" -"Hay que prestar atención a los ciclos de referencia, ya que `Arc` no usa un " -"recolector de memoria residual para detectarlos." +"`src/exceptions.rs` (solo se debería cambiar esto en la tercera parte del " +"ejercicio):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md -msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." -msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` puede resultar útil." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_src/logger.rs_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " -"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " -"interface (another form of [interior mutability](../../borrowing/interior-" -"mutability)):" -msgstr "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) asegura " -"la exclusión mutua _y_ permite un acceso mutable a `T` a través de una " -"interfaz de solo lectura:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_src/pl011.rs_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v: {:?}\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_build.rs_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -msgid "" -"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " -"implementation." -msgstr "" -"Fíjate en cómo tenemos una implementación general de [`impl Sync " -"for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-" -"Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E)." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_entry.S_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " -"protected data." -msgstr "" -"`Mutex` en Rust parece una colección con un solo elemento: los datos " -"protegidos." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_exceptions.S_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -msgid "" -"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " -"protected data." -msgstr "" -"No es posible olvidarse de adquirir la exclusión mutua antes de acceder a " -"los datos protegidos." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_idmap.S_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -msgid "" -"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " -"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." -msgstr "" -"Puedes obtener un `&mut T` de `Mutex` mediante el bloqueo. El " -"`MutexGuard` asegura que `&mut T` no dure más tiempo que el bloqueo que se " -"ha aplicado." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_image.ld_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -msgid "" -"`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " -"implements `Send`." -msgstr "" -"`Mutex` implementa tanto `Send` como `Sync` únicamente si `T` implementa " -"`Send`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "_Makefile_ (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." -msgstr "Un equivalente de bloqueo de lectura y escritura: `RwLock`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." +msgstr "Ejecuta el código en QEMU con `make qemu`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" -msgstr "¿Por qué `lock()` devuelve un `Result`? " +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" +msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Tarde" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md -msgid "" -"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " -"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " -"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " -"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " -"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." -msgstr "" -"Si el hilo que contiene `Mutex` entra en pánico, `Mutex` se \"envenena\" " -"para indicar que los datos que protegía pueden estar en un estado " -"incoherente. Llamar a `lock()` en una exclusión mutua envenenada da el error " -"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " -"Puedes llamar a `into_inner()` en el error para recuperar los datos de todos " -"modos." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" +msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](rtc.md))" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" -msgstr "Veamos cómo funcionan `Arc` y `Mutex`:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "_main.rs_:" +msgstr "_main.rs_:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -msgstr "// usar std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" +msgstr "/// Direcciones base de GICv3.\n" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "Possible solution:" -msgstr "Solución posible:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "/// Dirección base de PL031 RTC.\n" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "Notable parts:" -msgstr "Puntos a destacar:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "/// IRQ que utiliza PL031 RTC.\n" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "" -"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " -"orthogonal." -msgstr "" -"`v` se envuelve tanto en `Arc` como en `Mutex`, porque sus preocupaciones " -"son ortogonales." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +msgstr "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " -"between threads." +"// SAFETY: `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" +" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" msgstr "" -"Envolver un `Mutex` en un `Arc` es un patrón habitual para compartir el " -"estado mutable entre hilos." +"// Es seguro porque `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` y `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` son las " +"direcciones base\n" +" // de un distribuidor y un redistribuidor GICv3 respectivamente,\n" +" // y ningún otro elemento tiene acceso a esos intervalos de " +"direcciones.\n" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " -"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." +"// SAFETY: `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses that address range.\n" msgstr "" -"`v: Arc<_>` se debe clonar como `v2` antes de poder moverlo a otro hilo. Ten " -"en cuenta que `move` se ha añadido a la firma lambda." +"// Es seguro porque `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` es la dirección base de un " +"dispositivo PL031\n" +" // y ningún otro elemento puede acceder a ese intervalo de direcciones.\n" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md -msgid "" -"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " -"possible." -msgstr "" -"Se introducen bloqueos para limitar al máximo el ámbito de `LockGuard`." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" +msgstr "\"RTC: {time}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md -msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" -msgstr "Vamos a practicar nuestras nuevas habilidades de concurrencia con" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" +msgstr "// Espera 3 segundos, sin interrupciones.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md -msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." -msgstr "La cena de los filósofos: un problema clásico de concurrencia." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" +msgstr "\"Esperando a {}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md -msgid "" -"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " -"download dependencies and then check links in parallel." -msgstr "" -"El comprobador de enlaces multihilo: un proyecto más grande donde utilizarás " -"Cargo para descargar dependencias y luego comprobar los enlaces en paralelo." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" +msgstr "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" -msgstr "" -"El problema de la cena de los filósofos es un problema clásico de " -"concurrencia:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" +msgstr "\"Espera finalizada\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -msgid "" -"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " -"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " -"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " -"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " -"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " -"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " -"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " -"down both forks." -msgstr "" -"Cinco filósofos cenan juntos en la misma mesa. Cada filósofo tiene su propio " -"sitio en ella. Hay un tenedor entre cada plato. El plato que van a degustar " -"es una especie de espaguetis que hay que comer con dos tenedores. Los " -"filósofos solo pueden pensar y comer alternativamente. Además, solo pueden " -"comer sus espaguetis cuando disponen de un tenedor a la izquierda y otro a " -"la derecha. Por tanto, los dos tenedores solo estarán disponibles cuando su " -"dos vecinos más cercanos estén pensando y no comiendo. Cuando un filósofo " -"termina de comer, deja los dos tenedores en la mesa." +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" +msgstr "// Espera otros 3 segundos a que se produzca una interrupción.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -msgid "" -"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " -"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" -msgstr "" -"Para realizar este ejercicio necesitarás una \\[instalación local de " -"Cargo\\] (../../cargo/running-locally.md). Copia el fragmento de código que " -"aparece más abajo en un archivo denominado `src/main.rs`, rellena los " -"espacios en blanco y comprueba que `cargo run` no presenta interbloqueos:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "_pl031.rs_:" +msgstr "_pl031.rs_:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -msgid "" -"// left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" -msgstr "" -"// left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Data register\n" +msgstr "/// Registro de datos\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" -msgstr "\"¡Eureka! ¡{} tiene una nueva idea!\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Match register\n" +msgstr "/// Registro de coincidencias\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" -msgstr "// Recoge los tenedores...\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Load register\n" +msgstr "/// Registro de cargas\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" -msgstr "\"{} está comiendo...\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Control register\n" +msgstr "/// Registro de control\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"Socrates\"" -msgstr "Crates HAL" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" +msgstr "/// Interrumpe Mask Set o Clear register\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Hypatia\"" -msgstr "\"Hipatia\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "/// Estado de interrupción sin procesar\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Plato\"" -msgstr "\"Platón\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "/// Estado de interrupción enmascarada\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Aristotle\"" -msgstr "\"Aristóteles\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" +msgstr "/// Interrumpir registro de limpieza\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" -msgstr "\"Pitágoras\"" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" +msgstr "/// Controlador para un reloj en tiempo real PL031.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Create forks\n" -msgstr "// Crea tenedores\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" +"/// Crea una instancia nueva del controlador RTC para un dispositivo PL031 " +"en la\n" +" /// dirección base proporcionada.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Seguridad\n" +" ///\n" +" /// El objeto la dirección base debe apuntar a los registros de control " +"MMIO de un dispositivo\n" +" /// PL031, que debe asignarse al espacio de direcciones del proceso\n" +" /// como memoria del dispositivo y no tener ningún otro alias.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Create philosophers\n" -msgstr "// Crea filósofos\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" +msgstr "/// Lee el valor de RTC actual.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" -msgstr "// Haz que cada uno de ellos piense y coma 100 veces\n" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" -msgstr "// Expresa sus reflexiones\n" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// SAFETY: We know that self.registers points to the control registers\n" +" // of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Es seguro porque sabemos que self.registers apunta\n" +" // a los registros de control de un dispositivo PL031 que está " +"asignado correctamente.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md -msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" -msgstr "Puedes usar el siguiente archivo `Cargo.toml`:" +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "" +"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" +" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +msgstr "" +"/// Escribe un valor de coincidencia. Cuando el valor de RTC coincida, se " +"generará una interrupción\n" +" /// (si está habilitada).\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"```" +"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " +"not\n" +" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"```" +"/// Devuelve en función de si el registro de coincidencias coincide con el " +"valor de RTC,\n" +" /// si la interrupción está habilitada o no.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" -"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " -"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " -"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " -"until all pages have been validated." +"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" +" /// interrupt is masked.\n" msgstr "" -"Utilicemos nuestros nuevos conocimientos para crear un comprobador de " -"enlaces multihilo. Debería empezar en una página web y comprobar que los " -"enlaces de la página son válidos. Debería consultar otras páginas del mismo " -"dominio y seguir haciéndolo hasta que todas las páginas se hayan validado." +"/// Devuelve si hay una interrupción pendiente.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// Solo debe ser true si `matched` devuelve true y\n" +" /// la interrupción está enmascarada.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" -"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" -"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" +"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " +"the\n" +" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" msgstr "" -"Para ello, necesitarás un cliente HTTP como [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" -"reqwest/). Crea un proyecto de Cargo y aplica `reqwest` como una dependencia " -"con:" +"/// Define o borra la máscara de interrupción.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// Si la máscara es true, se habilita la interrupción; Si es false,\n" +" /// se inhabilita la interrupción.\n" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" +msgstr "/// Borra una interrupción pendiente, si la hubiera.\n" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " -"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." +"// SAFETY: `Rtc` just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" +"// accessed from any context.\n" msgstr "" -"Si `cargo add` da `error: no such subcommand`, edita el archivo `Cargo.toml` " -"de forma manual. Añade las dependencias que se indican más abajo." +"// Es seguro porque solo contiene un puntero a la memoria del dispositivo,\n" +"// a la que se puede acceder desde cualquier contexto.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" +msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Concurrencia en Rust" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md msgid "" -"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." -"rs/scraper/) for that:" +"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " +"channels." msgstr "" -"También necesitarás una forma de encontrar enlaces. Podemos usar [`scraper`]" -"(https://docs.rs/scraper/) para eso:" +"Rust es totalmente compatible con la concurrencia mediante hilos del SO con " +"exclusiones mutuas y canales." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md msgid "" -"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" -"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" +"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " +"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " +"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" -"Por último, necesitaremos algún método para gestionar los errores. Para " -"ello, usaremos [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/):" +"El sistema de tipos de Rust desempeña un papel importante al hacer que " +"muchos errores de concurrencia sean errores en tiempo de compilación. A " +"menudo, esto se conoce como _concurrencia sin miedo_, ya que puedes confiar " +"en el compilador para asegurar la corrección en el tiempo de ejecución." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" +"Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 20 " +"minutes. It contains:" msgstr "" -"Las llamadas a `cargo add` actualizarán el archivo `Cargo.toml` para que " -"tenga este aspecto:" +"Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la sesión " +"es de unas 2 horas y 20 minutos." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"link-checker\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" -"tls\"] }\n" -"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" -"```" +"Rust lets us access OS concurrency toolkit: threads, sync. primitives, etc." msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"link-checker\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" -"tls\"] }\n" -"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" -"```" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md msgid "" -"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" -"www.google.org/`." +"The type system gives us safety for concurrency without any special features." msgstr "" -"Ya puedes descargar la página de inicio. Prueba con un sitio pequeño, como " -"`https://www.google.org/`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" -msgstr "El archivo `src/main.rs` debería tener un aspecto similar a este:" +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "" +"The same tools that help with \"concurrent\" access in a single thread (e." +"g., a called function that might mutate an argument or save references to it " +"to read later) save us from multi-threading issues." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" -msgstr "\"Error de solicitud: {0}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md +#: src/concurrency/async.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "This segment should take about 30 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 20 minutos." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" -msgstr "\"respuesta HTTP incorrecta: {0}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" +msgstr "Los hilos de Rust funcionan de forma similar a los de otros lenguajes:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" -msgstr "\"Comprobando {:#}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" +msgstr "\"Recuento en el hilo: {i}!\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"href\"" -msgstr "\"href\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" +msgstr "\"Hilo principal: {i}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" -msgstr "\"En {base_url:#}: {href:?} ignorado, no se puede analizar: {err}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." +msgstr "" +"Los hilos son todos hilos daemon, y el hilo principal no espera por ellos." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" -msgstr "\"https://www.google.org\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." +msgstr "Los pánicos de los hilos son independientes entre sí." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"Enlaces: {links:#?}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." +msgstr "" +"Los pánicos pueden transportar una carga útil, que se puede desempaquetar " +"con `downcast_ref`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" -msgstr "\"No se han podido extraer los enlaces: {err:#}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Rust thread APIs look not too different from e.g. C++ ones." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" -msgstr "Ejecuta el código en `src/main.rs` con" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Run the example." +msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" -"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " -"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." +"5ms timing is loose enough that main and spawned threads stay mostly in " +"lockstep." msgstr "" -"Comprueba los enlaces en paralelo con los hilos: envía las URLs que se van a " -"comprobar a un canal y deja que varios hilos comprueben las URLs en paralelo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md -msgid "" -"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." -"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " -"being blocked by the site." +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Notice that the program ends before the spawned thread reaches 10!" msgstr "" -"Amplía esta opción para extraer enlaces de todas las páginas del dominio " -"`www.google.org`. Define un límite máximo de 100 páginas para que el sitio " -"no te bloquee." - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Mañana" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers.md))" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" -msgstr "\"{} está intentando comer\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" -"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" +"This is because main ends the program and spawned threads do not make it " +"persist." msgstr "" -"// Para evitar un interbloqueo, tenemos que romper la simetría\n" -" // en algún lugar. De este modo, se cambiarán los tenedores sin " -"desinicializar\n" -" // ninguno de ellos.\n" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"{thought}\"" -msgstr "\"{thought}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "Link Checker" -msgstr "Comprobador de Enlaces" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Compare to pthreads/C++ std::thread/boost::thread if desired." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](link-checker.md))" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "How do we wait around for the spawned thread to complete?" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" -msgstr "/// Determina si se deben extraer los enlaces de la página indicada.\n" +"[`thread::spawn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html) " +"returns a `JoinHandle`. Look at the docs." +msgstr "" +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) se usa " +"para construir una instancia predeterminada de un tipo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" -"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" -" /// been visited.\n" +"`JoinHandle` has a [`.join()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/struct." +"JoinHandle.html#method.join) method that blocks." msgstr "" -"/// Marca la página indicada como visitada y devuelve false si ya se había\n" -" /// visitado anteriormente.\n" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" -msgstr "// Se ha descartado el remitente. No se enviarán más comandos.\n" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" -msgstr "\"Se ha producido un error de rastreo: {:#}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md -msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"URLs incorrectas: {:#?}\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " +"the thread to finish and have the program count all the way to 10." +msgstr "" +"Utiliza `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` y, después, `handle.join()` para " +"esperar a que el hilo termine." -#: src/async.md -msgid "Async Rust" -msgstr "Async en Rust" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Now what if we want to return a value?" +msgstr "" -#: src/async.md -msgid "" -"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " -"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " -"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " -"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " -"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " -"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Look at docs again:" msgstr "" -"\"Async\" es un modelo de concurrencia en el que se ejecutan varias tareas " -"al mismo tiempo. Se ejecuta cada una de ellas hasta que se bloquea y, a " -"continuación, se cambia a otra tarea que está lista para progresar. El " -"modelo permite ejecutar un mayor número de tareas en un número limitado de " -"hilos. Esto se debe a que la sobrecarga por tarea suele ser muy baja y los " -"sistemas operativos proporcionan primitivos para identificar de forma " -"eficiente las E/S que pueden continuar." -#: src/async.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " -"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " -"signal that they are complete." +"[`thread::spawn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html)'s " +"closure returns `T`" msgstr "" -"La operación asíncrona de Rust se basa en \"valores futuros\", que " -"representan el trabajo que puede completarse más adelante. Los futuros se " -"\"sondean\" hasta que indican que se han completado." +"Sin embargo, puedes usar un [hilo con ámbito](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"thread/fn.scope.html) para lo siguiente:" -#: src/async.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" -"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " -"available." +"`JoinHandle` [`.join()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/struct." +"JoinHandle.html#method.join) returns `thread::Result`" msgstr "" -"Los futuros se sondean mediante un tiempo de ejecución asíncrono y hay " -"disponibles varios tiempos de ejecución diferentes." -#: src/async.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " -"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " -"similar to a runtime in Rust." +"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " +"returned value." msgstr "" -"Python tiene un modelo similar en su `asyncio`. Sin embargo, su tipo " -"`Future` está basado en retrollamadas y no se sondea. Los programas " -"asíncronos de Python requieren un \"bucle\", similar a un tiempo de " -"ejecución en Rust." +"Usa el valor devuelto `Result` de `handle.join.()` para acceder a la carga " +"útil del pánico. Este es un buen momento para hablar sobre [`Any`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)." -#: src/async.md -msgid "" -"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " -"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " -"resolution are hidden." +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Ok, what about the other case?" msgstr "" -"`Promise` de JavaScript es parecido, pero también se basa en retrollamadas. " -"El tiempo de ejecución del lenguaje implementa el bucle de eventos, por lo " -"que muchos de los detalles de la resolución de Promise están ocultos." -#: src/async/async-await.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread. Note that this doesn't panic `main`." +msgstr "Activa un pánico en el hilo y observa cómo esto no afecta a `main`." + +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " -"code:" +"Access the panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)." msgstr "" -"En general, el código asíncrono de Rust se parece mucho al código secuencial " -"\"normal\":" +"Usa el valor devuelto `Result` de `handle.join.()` para acceder a la carga " +"útil del pánico. Este es un buen momento para hablar sobre [`Any`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)." -#: src/async/async-await.md -msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" -msgstr "\"El recuento es: ¡{i}!\"" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Now we can return values from threads! What about taking inputs?" +msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md -msgid "" -"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " -"running operation or any real concurrency in it!" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Capture something by reference in the thread closure." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que este es un ejemplo simplificado para mostrar la sintaxis. " -"No hay ninguna operación de larga duración ni concurrencia real." -#: src/async/async-await.md -msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" -msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de resultado devuelto de una llamada asíncrona?" +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "An error message indicates we must move it." +msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md -msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." -msgstr "Consulta el tipo con `let future: () = async_main(10);` en `main` ." +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "Move it in, see we can compute and then return a derived value." +msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "If we want to borrow?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" -"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " -"type with a future." +"Main kills child threads when it returns, but another function would just " +"return and leave them running." msgstr "" -"La palabra clave \"async\" es azúcar sintáctico. El compilador sustituye el " -"tipo de resultado devuelto por un futuro. " -#: src/async/async-await.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "That would be stack use-after-return, which violates memory safety!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md +msgid "How do we avoid this? see next slide." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md +msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" +msgstr "Los hilos normales no pueden tomar nada prestado de su entorno:" + +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "" -"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " -"compiler on how to use the returned future." +"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" +"fn.scope.html) for this:" msgstr "" -"No se puede hacer que `main` sea asíncrono sin dar instrucciones adicionales " -"al compilador sobre cómo usar el futuro devuelto." +"Sin embargo, puedes usar un [hilo con ámbito](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"thread/fn.scope.html) para lo siguiente:" -#: src/async/async-await.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "" -"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " -"until the provided future has run to completion." +"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " +"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." msgstr "" -"Se necesita un ejecutor para ejecutar el código asíncrono. `block_on` " -"bloquea el hilo hasta que se complete el futuro proporcionado. " +"La razón es que, cuando se completa la función `thread::scope`, se asegura " +"que todos los hilos están unidos, por lo que pueden devolver datos prestados." -#: src/async/async-await.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "" -"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " -"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." +"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " +"thread, or immutably by any number of threads." msgstr "" -"`.await` espera de forma asíncrona la finalización de otra operación. A " -"diferencia de `block_on`, `.await` no bloquea el hilo." +"Se aplican las reglas normales de préstamo de Rust: un hilo puede tomar " +"datos prestados de manera mutable o cualquier número de hilos puede tomar " +"datos prestados de manera inmutable." -#: src/async/async-await.md +#: src/concurrency/channels.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md #, fuzzy +msgid "This segment should take about 20 minutes. It contains:" +msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 20 minutos." + +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "" -"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " -"introduced later)." +"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " +"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." msgstr "" -"`.await` solo se puede usar dentro de una función `async` (o bloqueo; estos " -"se verán más tarde). " +"Los canales de Rust tienen dos partes: `Sender` y `Receiver`. Las dos " +"partes están conectadas a través del canal, pero solo se ven los puntos " +"finales." + +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md +msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Recibido: {:?}\"" -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "" -"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " -"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " -"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." +"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " +"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " +"not." msgstr "" -"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) es un " -"trait implementado por objetos que representan una operación que puede que " -"aún no se haya completado. Se puede sondear un futuro y `poll` devuelve un " -"[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." +"`mpsc` son las siglas de Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer (multiproductor, " +"consumidor único.) `Sender` y `SyncSender` implementan `Clone` (es decir, " +"puedes crear varios productores), pero `Receiver` no." -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "" -"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " -"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " -"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " -"joining to it." +"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " +"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." msgstr "" -"Una función asíncrona devuelve `impl Future`. También es posible (aunque no " -"es habitual) implementar `Future` para tus propios tipos. Por ejemplo, el " -"`JoinHandle` devuelto por `tokio::spawn` implementa `Future` para permitir " -"que se una a él." +"`send()` y `recv()` devuelven `Result`. Si devuelven `Err`, significa que el " +"homólogo `Sender` o `Receiver` se ha eliminado y el canal se ha cerrado." + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md +msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" +msgstr "Se obtiene un canal asíncrono y sin límites con `mpsc::channel()`:" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +msgid "\"Message {i}\"" +msgstr "\"Mensaje {i}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" +msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: mensaje enviado {i}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" +msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: completado\"" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" +msgstr "\"Principal: ha recibido {msg}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +msgid "" +"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" +msgstr "Con canales limitados (síncronos), `send` puede bloquear el hilo:" -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" -"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " -"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." +"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " +"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " +"is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" -"La palabra clave `.await`, aplicada a un futuro, provoca que la función " -"asíncrona se detenga hasta que dicho futuro esté listo y, a continuación, se " -"evalúa su salida." +"Al llamar a `send`, se bloqueará el hilo hasta que haya espacio suficiente " +"en el canal para el mensaje nuevo. El hilo se puede bloquear de forma " +"indefinida si no hay nadie que lea el canal." -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" -"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " -"links to show the implementations in the docs." +"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " +"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" -"Los tipos `Future` y `Polll` se implementan exactamente como se indica. Haz " -"clic en los enlaces para mostrar las implementaciones en los documentos." +"Si se cierra el canal, se anulará la llamada a `send` y se producirá un " +"error (por eso devuelve `Result`). Un canal se cierra cuando se elimina el " +"receptor." -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " -"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" +"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " +"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `recv`." msgstr "" -"No trataremos `Pin` ni `Context`, ya que nos centraremos en escribir código " -"asíncrono en lugar de compilar nuevos primitivos asíncronos. Brevemente:" +"Un canal delimitado con un tamaño de cero se denomina \"canal rendezvous\". " +"Cada envío bloqueará el hilo actual hasta que otro hilo llame a `read`." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "Send" +msgstr "Send" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "Sync" +msgstr "Sync" -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " -"event occurs." +"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " +"two traits:" msgstr "" -"`Context` permite que un futuro se programe a sí mismo para que se vuelva a " -"sondear cuando se produzca un evento." +"¿Cómo sabe Rust que debe prohibir el acceso compartido entre hilos? La " +"respuesta está en dos traits:" -#: src/async/futures.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" -"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " -"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " -"valid after an `.await`." +"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " +"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" -"`Pin` asegura que el futuro no se mueva en la memoria, de forma que los " -"punteros en ese futuro siguen siendo válidos. Esto es necesario para que las " -"referencias sigan siendo válidas después de `.await`." +"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): un tipo `T` " +"es `Send` si es seguro mover un `T` entre los límites de un hilo." -#: src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" -"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " -"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " -"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" +"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " +"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" -"Un _runtime_ ofrece asistencia para realizar operaciones de forma asíncrona " -"(un _reactor_) y es responsable de ejecutar futuros (un _ejecutor_). Rust no " -"cuenta con un tiempo de ejecución \"integrado\", pero hay varias opciones " -"disponibles:" +"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): un tipo `T` " +"es `Sync` si es seguro mover un `&T` entre los límites de un hilo." -#: src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " -"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" -"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." +"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../../unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md). " +"The compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they " +"only contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually " +"when you know it is valid." msgstr "" -"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): eficaz, con un ecosistema bien desarrollado de " -"funciones, como [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) para HTTP o [Tonic](https://" -"github.com/hyperium/tonic) para usar gRPC." +"`Send` y `Sync` son [traits inseguros](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). El " +"compilador los derivará automáticamente a tus tipos siempre que solo " +"contengan los tipos `Send` y `Sync`. También puedes implementarlos de forma " +"manual cuando sepas que es válido." -#: src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" -"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " -"a basic runtime in `async::task`." +"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" +"safety properties." msgstr "" -"[async-std](https://async.rs/): se trata de un \"std para async\" e incluye " -"un tiempo de ejecución básico en `async::task`." +"Se podría pensar en estos traits como marcadores que indican que el tipo " +"tiene ciertas propiedades de seguridad en hilos." -#: src/async/runtimes.md -msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" -msgstr "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): sencillo y ligero." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md +msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." +msgstr "" +"Se pueden utilizar en las restricciones genéricas como traits normales." -#: src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" -"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" -"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" -"async/src/lib.rs) already has one." +"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " +"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." msgstr "" -"Varias aplicaciones de mayor tamaño tienen sus propios tiempos de ejecución. " -"Por ejemplo, [Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/" -"main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib.rs) ya tiene uno." +"Un tipo `T` es [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send." +"html) si es seguro mover un valor `T` a otro hilo." -#: src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" -"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " -"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " -"async things can't run in the playground." +"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " +"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " +"thread and deallocate it in another." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que, de los tiempos de ejecución enumerados, el playground de " -"Rust solo admite Tokio. El playground tampoco permite ningún tipo de E/S, " -"por lo que la mayoría de elementos asíncronos interesantes no se pueden " -"ejecutar. en él." +"El efecto de mover la propiedad a otro hilo es que los _destructores_ se " +"ejecutarán en ese hilo. Por tanto, la cuestion es cuándo se puede asignar un " +"valor a un hilo y desasignarlo en otro." -#: src/async/runtimes.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" -"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " -"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " -"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " -"used." +"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " +"a single thread." msgstr "" -"Los futuros son \"inertes\", ya que no realizan ninguna acción (ni siquiera " -"iniciar una operación de E/S) a menos que haya un ejecutor que los sondee. " -"Muy diferente de las promesas de JavaScript, por ejemplo, que se ejecutan " -"hasta su finalización, aunque nunca se utilicen." +"Por ejemplo, solo se puede acceder a una conexión a la biblioteca SQLite " +"desde un único hilo." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "Tokio provides:" -msgstr "Tokio ofrece lo siguiente: " +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +msgid "" +"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " +"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." +msgstr "" +"Un tipo `T` es [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync." +"html) si es seguro acceder a un valor `T` desde varios hilos al mismo tiempo." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." -msgstr "Un tiempo de ejecución multihilo para ejecutar código asíncrono." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" +msgstr "En concreto, la definición es la siguiente:" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." -msgstr "Una versión asíncrona de la biblioteca estándar." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" +msgstr "`T` es `Sync` únicamente si `&T` es `Send`." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." -msgstr "Un amplio ecosistema de bibliotecas." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +msgid "" +"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " +"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " +"across threads." +msgstr "" +"Esta instrucción es, básicamente, una forma resumida de indicar que, si un " +"tipo es seguro para los hilos en uso compartido, también lo es para pasar " +"referencias de él a través de los hilos." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" -msgstr "\"Recuento en la tarea: {i}\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md +msgid "" +"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " +"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " +"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " +"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " +"be accessed from any thread safely." +msgstr "" +"Esto se debe a que, si el tipo es Sync, significa que se puede compartir " +"entre múltiples hilos sin el riesgo de que haya carreras de datos u otros " +"problemas de sincronización, por lo que es seguro moverlo a otro hilo. " +"También es seguro mover una referencia al tipo a otro hilo, ya que se puede " +"acceder de forma segura a los datos a los que hace referencia desde " +"cualquier hilo." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" -msgstr "\"Tarea principal: {i}\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`Send + Sync`" +msgstr "`Send + Sync`" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." -msgstr "Con la macro `tokio::main`, podemos hacer que `main` sea asíncrono." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" +msgstr "La mayoría de los tipos que encuentras son `Send + Sync`:" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." -msgstr "La función `spawn` crea una \"tarea\" simultánea." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." +msgstr "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, etc." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." -msgstr "" -"Nota: `spawn` utiliza un `Future`, no se llama a `.await` en `count_to`." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." +msgstr "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, etc." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "**Further exploration:**" -msgstr "**Más información:**" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." +msgstr "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, etc." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "" -"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " -"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " -"until it finishes." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." msgstr "" -"¿Por qué `count_to` no suele llegar a 10? Se trata de un ejemplo de " -"cancelación asíncrona. `tokio::spawn` devuelve un controlador que puede " -"esperarse hasta que termine." +"`Arc`: explícitamente seguro para los hilos mediante el recuento atómico " +"de referencias." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." -msgstr "Prueba `count_to(10).await` en lugar de usar spawn." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." +msgstr "" +"`Mutex`: explícitamente seguro para los hilos mediante bloqueo interno." -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md -msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." -msgstr "Intenta esperar a la correción de la tarea de `tokio::spawn`." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "`mpsc::Sender`: As of 1.72.0." +msgstr "`mpsc::Sender`" -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." -msgstr "Rust tiene un sistema de tareas, que es una forma de hilo ligero." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." +msgstr "" +"`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, etc.: utiliza instrucciones atómicas especiales." -#: src/async/tasks.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" -"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " -"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " -"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " -"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " -"and an I/O operation." +"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " +"`Send + Sync`." msgstr "" -"Una tarea tiene un solo futuro de nivel superior que el ejecutor sondea para " -"hacer que progrese. El futuro puede tener uno o varios futuros anidados que " -"su método `poll` sondea, lo que se corresponde con una pila de llamadas. La " -"concurrencia dentro de una tarea es posible mediante el sondeo de varios " -"futuros secundarios , como una carrera de un temporizador y una operación de " -"E/S." +"Los tipos genéricos suelen ser `Send + Sync` cuando los parámetros del tipo " +"son `Send + Sync`." -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" -msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "`Send + !Sync`" -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" -msgstr "\"escuchando en el puerto {}\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "" +"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " +"Typically because of interior mutability:" +msgstr "" +"Estos tipos se pueden mover a otros hilos, pero no son seguros para los " +"hilos. Normalmente, esto se debe a la mutabilidad interior:" -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" -msgstr "\"conexión de {addr:?}\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" -msgstr "b\"¿Quién eres?\\n\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`Cell`" +msgstr "`Cell`" -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "\"socket error\"" -msgstr "\"error de socket\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`RefCell`" +msgstr "`RefCell`" -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" -msgstr "\"¡Gracias por llamar, {name}!\\n\"" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`!Send + Sync`" +msgstr "`!Send + Sync`" -#: src/async/tasks.md src/async/control-flow/join.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" -"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." +"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "" -"Copia este ejemplo en el archivo `src/main.rs` que has preparado y ejecútalo " -"desde ahí." +"Estos tipos son seguros para los hilos _(thread safe)_, pero no se pueden " +"mover a otro hilo:" -#: src/async/tasks.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." -"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" -"telnet/)." +"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " +"the thread which created them." msgstr "" -"Prueba a conectarte mediante una herramienta de conexión TCP como [nc]" -"(https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) o [telnet](https://www.unix.com/" -"man-page/linux/1/telnet/)." +"`MutexGuard`: utiliza primitivos de nivel SO que se deben desasignar en " +"el hilo que los creó." -#: src/async/tasks.md -msgid "" -"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " -"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" -msgstr "" -"Pide a los alumnos que vean cuál sería el estado del servidor de ejemplo con " -"algunos clientes conectados. ¿Qué tareas hay? ¿Cuáles son sus futuros?" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`" -#: src/async/tasks.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " -"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " -"similar to an `async fn`." +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "" -"Esta es la primera vez que vemos un bloque `async`. Es similar a un cierre, " -"pero no acepta argumentos. Su valor devuelto es un futuro, similar a `async " -"fn`. " +"Estos tipos no son seguros para los hilos y no se pueden mover a otros hilos:" -#: src/async/tasks.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" -"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " -"using `?`." +"`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" +"atomic reference count." msgstr "" -"Refactoriza el bloque asíncrono en una función y mejora la gestión de " -"errores con `?`." +"`Rc`: cada `Rc` tiene una referencia a un `RcBox`, que contiene un " +"recuento de referencias no atómico." -#: src/async/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" -"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" -msgstr "Varios crates admiten canales asíncronos. Por ejemplo, `tokio`:" +"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " +"considerations." +msgstr "" +"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust asume que los punteros sin procesar pueden tener " +"consideraciones especiales de concurrencia." -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" -msgstr "\"Se han recibido {count} pings hasta el momento.\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md +msgid "Arc" +msgstr "Arc" -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" -msgstr "\"ping_handler completo\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md +msgid "Mutex" +msgstr "Mutex" -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" -msgstr "\"No se ha podido enviar el ping.\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md +msgid "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " +"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" +msgstr "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permite el " +"acceso compartido de solo lectura a través de `Arc::clone`:" -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" -msgstr "\"Se han enviado {} pings hasta ahora.\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" -msgstr "\"Se ha producido un error en la tarea del controlador de ping.\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md +msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" +msgstr "\"v: {v:?}\"" -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md +msgid "" +"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " +"that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" -"Cambia el tamaño del canal a `3` y comprueba cómo afecta a la ejecución." +"`Arc` son las siglas de \"Atomic Reference Counted\" (recuento atómico de " +"referencias), una versión de `Rc` segura para los hilos que utiliza " +"operaciones atómicas." -#: src/async/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" -"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " -"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." -msgstr "" -"En general, la interfaz es similar a los canales `sync`, tal como se ha " -"visto ver en la [clase de la mañana](concurrency/channels.md)." - -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" -msgstr "Prueba a quitar la llamada a `std::mem::drop`. ¿Qué sucede? ¿Por qué?" - -#: src/async/channels.md -msgid "" -"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " -"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " -"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." +"`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " +"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." msgstr "" -"El crate [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) tiene canales que " -"implementan `sync` y `async`,`send` y `recv`. Esto puede resultar práctico " -"para aplicaciones complejas con tareas de E/S y tareas pesadas de " -"procesamiento de CPU." +"`Arc` implementa `Clone`, independientemente de si `T` lo hace o no. " +"Implementa `Send` y `Sync` si `T` implementa ambos." -#: src/async/channels.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" -"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " -"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " -"flow." +"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " +"after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" -"Es preferible trabajar con canales `async` por la capacidad de combinarlos " -"con otros `future` para poder crear un flujo de control complejo." - -#: src/async/control-flow.md -msgid "Futures Control Flow" -msgstr "Flujo de Control de Futuros" +"`Arc::clone()` tiene el coste de las operaciones atómicas que se ejecutan; " +"después el uso de `T` es libre." -#: src/async/control-flow.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" -"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " -"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " -"execution." +"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " +"them." msgstr "" -"Los futuros pueden combinarse para producir gráficos de flujo de computación " -"simultáneos. Ya hemos visto tareas que funcionan como hilos de ejecución " -"independientes." - -#: src/async/control-flow.md -msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" -msgstr "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" +"Hay que prestar atención a los ciclos de referencia, ya que `Arc` no usa un " +"recolector de memoria residual para detectarlos." -#: src/async/control-flow.md -msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" -msgstr "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md +msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." +msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` puede resultar útil." -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " -"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " -"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " +"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " +"interface (another form of [interior mutability](../../borrowing/interior-" +"mutability)):" msgstr "" -"Una operación join espera hasta que todos los futuros estén listos y " -"devuelve una colección de sus resultados. Es similar a `Promise.all` en " -"JavaScript o `asyncio.gather` en Python." - -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md -msgid "\"https://google.com\"" -msgstr "\"https://google.com\"" - -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md -msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" -msgstr "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" - -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md -msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" -msgstr "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) asegura " +"la exclusión mutua _y_ permite un acceso mutable a `T` a través de una " +"interfaz de solo lectura:" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md -msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" -msgstr "\"BAD_URL\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md +msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"v: {:?}\"" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" -"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " -"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " -"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." +"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " +"implementation." msgstr "" -"En el caso de varios futuros de tipos distintos, puedes utilizar `std::" -"future::join!`, pero debes saber cuántos futuros tendrás en el tiempo de " -"compilación. Esto se encuentra actualmente en el crate `futures`, que pronto " -"se estabilizará en `std::future`." +"Fíjate en cómo tenemos una implementación general de [`impl Sync " +"for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-" +"Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E)." -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md #, fuzzy msgid "" -"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " -"cause your program to stall." +"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " +"protected data." msgstr "" -"El riesgo que supone 'join' es que puede que uno de los futuros no se " -"resuelva nunca, causando que el programa se bloquee. " +"`Mutex` en Rust parece una colección con un solo elemento: los datos " +"protegidos." -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" -"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " -"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " -"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " -"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " -"demonstrates `join!`." +"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " +"protected data." msgstr "" -"También puedes combinar `join_all` con `join!`, por ejemplo, para unir todas " -"las solicitudes a un servicio HTTP, así como una consulta a la base de " -"datos. Prueba a añadir un tokio::time::sleep`al futuro mediante`futures::" -"join!`. No se trata de un tiempo de espera (para eso se requiere `select!`, " -"que se explica en el siguiente capítulo), sino que muestra `join!\\`." +"No es posible olvidarse de adquirir la exclusión mutua antes de acceder a " +"los datos protegidos." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" -"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " -"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." -"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." -"FIRST_COMPLETED)`." +"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " +"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" -"Una operación select espera hasta que un conjunto de futuros esté listo y " -"responde al resultado de ese futuro. En JavaScript, esto es similar a " -"`Promise.race`. En Python, se compara con `asyncio.wait(task_set, " -"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`." +"Puedes obtener un `&mut T` de `Mutex` mediante el bloqueo. El " +"`MutexGuard` asegura que `&mut T` no dure más tiempo que el bloqueo que se " +"ha aplicado." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -#, fuzzy +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" -"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " -"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, " -"its return value is destructured by the `pattern`. The `statement` is then " -"run with the resulting variables. The `statement` result becomes the result " -"of the `select!` macro." +"`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " +"implements `Send`." msgstr "" -"Al igual que en el caso de una instrucción _match_, el cuerpo de `select!` " -"tiene una serie de brazos, cada uno de los cuales tiene la forma `pattern = " -"future => statement`. Cuando `future` está listo, la instrucción se ejecuta " -"con las variables de `pattern` vinculadas al resultado de `future`." +"`Mutex` implementa tanto `Send` como `Sync` únicamente si `T` implementa " +"`Send`." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "\"Felix\"" -msgstr "\"Felix\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." +msgstr "Un equivalente de bloqueo de lectura y escritura: `RwLock`." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" -msgstr "\"No se ha podido enviar el gato.\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" +msgstr "¿Por qué `lock()` devuelve un `Result`? " -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "\"Rex\"" -msgstr "\"Rex\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md +msgid "" +"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " +"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " +"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " +"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " +"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." +msgstr "" +"Si el hilo que contiene `Mutex` entra en pánico, `Mutex` se \"envenena\" " +"para indicar que los datos que protegía pueden estar en un estado " +"incoherente. Llamar a `lock()` en una exclusión mutua envenenada da el error " +"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " +"Puedes llamar a `into_inner()` en el error para recuperar los datos de todos " +"modos." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" -msgstr "\"No se ha podido enviar el perro.\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md +msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" +msgstr "Veamos cómo funcionan `Arc` y `Mutex`:" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" -msgstr "\"No se ha podido recibir el ganador\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md +msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +msgstr "// usar std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" -msgstr "\"El ganador es {winner:?}\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md +msgid "Possible solution:" +msgstr "Solución posible:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md +msgid "Notable parts:" +msgstr "Puntos a destacar:" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" -"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " -"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " -"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " -"that take 500ms." +"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " +"orthogonal." msgstr "" -"En este ejemplo, tenemos una carrera entre un gato y un perro. " -"`first_animal_to_finish_race` escucha a ambos canales y elige el que llegue " -"primero. Como el perro tarda 50 ms, gana al gato, que tarda 500 ms." +"`v` se envuelve tanto en `Arc` como en `Mutex`, porque sus preocupaciones " +"son ortogonales." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" -"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " -"to receive only one `send`." +"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " +"between threads." msgstr "" -"En este ejemplo, puedes usar canales `oneshot`, ya que se supone que solo " -"recibirán un `send`." +"Envolver un `Mutex` en un `Arc` es un patrón habitual para compartir el " +"estado mutable entre hilos." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" -"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " -"of futures." +"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " +"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" -"Prueba a añadir un límite a la carrera y demuestra cómo se seleccionan " -"distintos tipos de futuros." +"`v: Arc<_>` se debe clonar como `v2` antes de poder moverlo a otro hilo. Ten " +"en cuenta que `move` se ha añadido a la firma lambda." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" -"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " -"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." +"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " +"possible." msgstr "" -"Ten en cuenta que `select!` elimina las ramas sin coincidencias, cancelando " -"así sus futuros. Es más fácil de usar cuando cada ejecución de `select!` " -"crea futuros." +"Se introducen bloqueos para limitar al máximo el ámbito de `LockGuard`." -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md -msgid "" -"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " -"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" msgstr "" -"También puedes enviar `&mut future` en lugar del futuro en sí, pero esto " -"podría provocar problemas, como se explica más adelante en la diapositiva " -"sobre pines." +"El problema de la cena de los filósofos es un problema clásico de " +"concurrencia:" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md -msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" -msgstr "Inconvenientes de async/await" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +msgid "" +"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " +"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " +"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " +"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " +"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " +"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " +"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " +"down both forks." +msgstr "" +"Cinco filósofos cenan juntos en la misma mesa. Cada filósofo tiene su propio " +"sitio en ella. Hay un tenedor entre cada plato. El plato que van a degustar " +"es una especie de espaguetis que hay que comer con dos tenedores. Los " +"filósofos solo pueden pensar y comer alternativamente. Además, solo pueden " +"comer sus espaguetis cuando disponen de un tenedor a la izquierda y otro a " +"la derecha. Por tanto, los dos tenedores solo estarán disponibles cuando su " +"dos vecinos más cercanos estén pensando y no comiendo. Cuando un filósofo " +"termina de comer, deja los dos tenedores en la mesa." -#: src/async/pitfalls.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" -"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " -"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " -"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " -"chapter:" +"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " +"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " +"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" -"Async/await ofrece una abstracción práctica y eficiente para la programación " -"asíncrona simultánea. Sin embargo, el modelo async/await de Rust también " -"viene acompañado de errores y footguns. En este capítulo veremos algunos de " -"ellos:" +"Para realizar este ejercicio necesitarás una \\[instalación local de " +"Cargo\\] (../../cargo/running-locally.md). Copia el fragmento de código que " +"aparece más abajo en un archivo denominado `src/main.rs`, rellena los " +"espacios en blanco y comprueba que `cargo run` no presenta interbloqueos:" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md -msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" -msgstr "[Bloqueo del ejecutor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +msgid "" +"// left_fork: ...\n" +" // right_fork: ...\n" +" // thoughts: ...\n" +msgstr "" +"// left_fork: ...\n" +" // right_fork: ...\n" +" // thoughts: ...\n" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md -msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" -msgstr "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" +msgstr "\"¡Eureka! ¡{} tiene una nueva idea!\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md -msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" -msgstr "[Traits asíncronos](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" +msgstr "// Recoge los tenedores...\n" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md -msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" -msgstr "[Cancelación](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" +msgstr "\"{} está comiendo...\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "Blocking the executor" -msgstr "Bloqueo del ejecutor" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Socrates\"" +msgstr "Crates HAL" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "" -"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " -"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " -"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " -"possible." -msgstr "" -"La mayoría de los tiempos de ejecución asíncronos solo permiten que las " -"tareas de E/S se ejecuten de forma simultánea. Esto significa que las tareas " -"que bloquean la CPU bloquearán el ejecutor e impedirán que se ejecuten otras " -"tareas. Una solución alternativa y sencilla es utilizar métodos asíncronos " -"equivalentes siempre que sea posible." +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Hypatia\"" +msgstr "\"Hipatia\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" -msgstr "\"future {id} ha dormido {duration_ms} min, terminó después de {} ms\"" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Plato\"" +msgstr "\"Platón\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "\"current_thread\"" -msgstr "\"current_thread\"" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Aristotle\"" +msgstr "\"Aristóteles\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "" -"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " -"concurrently." -msgstr "" -"Ejecuta el código y comprueba que las suspensiones se producen de forma " -"consecutiva y no simultánea." +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" +msgstr "\"Pitágoras\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "" -"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " -"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" -"threaded flavor." -msgstr "" -"La versión `\"current_thread\"` reúne todas las tareas en un solo hilo. Esto " -"consigue que el efecto sea más obvio, pero el error sigue estando presente " -"en la versión multihilo." +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Create forks\n" +msgstr "// Crea tenedores\n" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md -msgid "" -"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." -msgstr "" -"Cambia `std::thread::sleep` a `tokio::time::sleep`. y espera su resultado." +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Create philosophers\n" +msgstr "// Crea filósofos\n" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" +msgstr "// Haz que cada uno de ellos piense y coma 100 veces\n" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" +msgstr "// Expresa sus reflexiones\n" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" +msgstr "Puedes usar el siguiente archivo `Cargo.toml`:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" -"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " -"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Otra solución sería `tokio::task::spawn_blocking`, que genera un hilo real y " -"transforma su controlador en un futuro sin bloquear el ejecutor." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"```" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " -"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " -"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " -"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " -"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " -"situations." +"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " +"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " +"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " +"until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" -"No debes pensar en las tareas como hilos del sistema operativo. No se " -"asignan 1 a 1 y la mayoría de los ejecutores permitirán que se ejecuten " -"muchas tareas en un solo hilo del sistema operativo. Esta situación es " -"especialmente problemática cuando se interactúa con otras bibliotecas a " -"través de FFI, donde dicha biblioteca puede depender del almacenamiento " -"local de hilos o puede asignarse a hilos específicos del sistema operativo " -"(por ejemplo, CUDA). En estos casos es preferible usar `tokio::task::" -"spawn_blocking`." +"Utilicemos nuestros nuevos conocimientos para crear un comprobador de " +"enlaces multihilo. Debería empezar en una página web y comprobar que los " +"enlaces de la página son válidos. Debería consultar otras páginas del mismo " +"dominio y seguir haciéndolo hasta que todas las páginas se hayan validado." -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " -"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." +"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" +"reqwest/). You will also need a way to find links, we can use [`scraper`]" +"(https://docs.rs/scraper/). Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors, " +"we will use [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/)." msgstr "" -"Utiliza las exclusión mutuas de sincronización con cuidado. Si mantienes una " -"exclusión mutua sobre un `.await`, puede que se bloquee otra tarea y que " -"esta se esté ejecutando en el mismo hilo." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" +msgstr "Crea un proyecto de Cargo y añade las siguientes dependencias:" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The " -"type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local " -"variables into data stored inside the future." +"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " +"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" -"Los bloques y las funciones asíncronos devuelven tipos que implementan el " -"trait `Future`. El tipo devuelto es el resultado de una transformación del " -"compilador que convierte las variables locales en datos almacenados en el " -"futuro." +"Si `cargo add` da `error: no such subcommand`, edita el archivo `Cargo.toml` " +"de forma manual. Añade las dependencias que se indican más abajo." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because " -"of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as " -"it would invalidate those pointers." +"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "" -"Algunas de estas variables pueden dirigir punteros a otras variables " -"locales. Por este motivo, el futuro nunca debería trasladarse a otra " -"ubicación de memoria, ya que esta acción invalidaría esos punteros." +"Las llamadas a `cargo add` actualizarán el archivo `Cargo.toml` para que " +"tenga este aspecto:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a " -"pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all " -"operations that would move the instance it points to into a different memory " -"location." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"link-checker\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"publish = false\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Para evitar que el tipo futuro se mueva en la memoria, solo se puede sondear " -"mediante un puntero fijado. `Pin` es un envoltorio que rodea a una " -"referencia y que no permite todas las operaciones que moverían la instancia " -"a la que apunta a otra ubicación de memoria." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"link-checker\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"publish = false\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" -"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" +"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" +"www.google.org/`." msgstr "" -"// Un elemento de trabajo. En este caso, solo se duerme durante un tiempo " -"determinado y responde\n" -"// con un mensaje en el canal `respond_on`.\n" +"Ya puedes descargar la página de inicio. Prueba con un sitio pequeño, como " +"`https://www.google.org/`." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" -msgstr "// Un trabajador que espera trabajo en una cola y lo ejecuta.\n" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" +msgstr "El archivo `src/main.rs` debería tener un aspecto similar a este:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" -msgstr "// Simula que trabaja.\n" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" +msgstr "\"Error de solicitud: {0}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "\"failed to send response\"" -msgstr "\"no se ha podido enviar la respuesta\"" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" +msgstr "\"respuesta HTTP incorrecta: {0}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" -msgstr "// TODO: informar del número de iteraciones cada 100 ms\n" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" +msgstr "\"Comprobando {:#}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" -msgstr "// Un solicitante que pide trabajo y espera a que se complete.\n" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"href\"" +msgstr "\"href\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" -msgstr "\"no se ha podido enviar en la cola de trabajo\"" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" +msgstr "\"En {base_url:#}: {href:?} ignorado, no se puede analizar: {err}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" -msgstr "\"no se ha podido esperar la respuesta\"" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" +msgstr "\"https://www.google.org\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" -msgstr "\"resultado del trabajo de la iteración {i}: {resp}\"" +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"Enlaces: {links:#?}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md -msgid "" -"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " -"call `select!` in a loop." -msgstr "" -"Puede que reconozcas esto como un ejemplo del patrón actor. Los actores " -"suelen llamar a `select!` en un bucle." +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" +msgstr "\"No se han podido extraer los enlaces: {err:#}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" +msgstr "Ejecuta el código en `src/main.rs` con" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " -"time with it." +"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " +"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" -"Esta sección es un resumen de algunas de las lecciones anteriores, así que " -"tómate tu tiempo ." +"Comprueba los enlaces en paralelo con los hilos: envía las URLs que se van a " +"comprobar a un canal y deja que varios hilos comprueben las URLs en paralelo." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" -"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " -"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" +"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." +"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " +"being blocked by the site." msgstr "" -"Si añade un `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` a " -"`select!`, nunca se ejecutará. ¿Por qué?" +"Amplía esta opción para extraer enlaces de todas las páginas del dominio " +"`www.google.org`. Define un límite máximo de 100 páginas para que el sitio " +"no te bloquee." + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" +msgstr "\"{} está intentando comer\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" -"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" msgstr "" -"En su lugar, añade un `timeout_fut` que contenga ese futuro fuera de `loop`:" +"// Para evitar un interbloqueo, tenemos que romper la simetría\n" +" // en algún lugar. De este modo, se cambiarán los tenedores sin " +"desinicializar\n" +" // ninguno de ellos.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"{thought}\"" +msgstr "\"{thought}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "Link Checker" +msgstr "Comprobador de Enlaces" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" -"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " -"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" -"pin`:" -msgstr "" -"Continuará sin funcionar. Sigue los errores del compilador y añade `&mut` a " -"`timeout_fut` en `select!` para ir despejando el problema. A continuación, " -"usa `Box::pin`:" +"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" +msgstr "/// Determina si se deben extraer los enlaces de la página indicada.\n" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" -"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " -"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " -"`timeout_fut` every time it expires." +"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" +" /// been visited.\n" msgstr "" -"Se puede compilar, pero una vez que vence el tiempo de espera, aparece " -"`Poll::Ready` en cada iteración (un futuro fusionado podría resultar útil). " -"Actualiza para restablecer `timeout_fut` cada vez que expire." +"/// Marca la página indicada como visitada y devuelve false si ya se había\n" +" /// visitado anteriormente.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" +msgstr "// Se ha descartado el remitente. No se enviarán más comandos.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" +msgstr "\"Se ha producido un error de rastreo: {:#}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"URLs incorrectas: {:#?}\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "" -"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " -"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " -"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." +"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " +"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " +"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " +"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " +"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " +"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." msgstr "" -"Box se asigna en el montículo. En algunos casos, `std::pin::pin!` (solo si " -"se ha estabilizado recientemente, con código antiguo que suele utilizar " -"`tokio::pin!`) también es una opción, pero difícil de utilizar en un futuro " -"que se reasigna." +"\"Async\" es un modelo de concurrencia en el que se ejecutan varias tareas " +"al mismo tiempo. Se ejecuta cada una de ellas hasta que se bloquea y, a " +"continuación, se cambia a otra tarea que está lista para progresar. El " +"modelo permite ejecutar un mayor número de tareas en un número limitado de " +"hilos. Esto se debe a que la sobrecarga por tarea suele ser muy baja y los " +"sistemas operativos proporcionan primitivos para identificar de forma " +"eficiente las E/S que pueden continuar." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "" -"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " -"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." +"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " +"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " +"signal that they are complete." msgstr "" -"Otra alternativa es no utilizar `pin`, sino generar otra tarea que se " -"enviará a un canal de `oneshot` cada 100 ms." +"La operación asíncrona de Rust se basa en \"valores futuros\", que " +"representan el trabajo que puede completarse más adelante. Los futuros se " +"\"sondean\" hasta que indican que se han completado." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "" -"Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, " -"the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being " -"moved, as the references cannot outlive the data they point to. However, the " -"code transformation for async blocks and functions is not verified by the " -"borrow checker." +"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " +"available." msgstr "" -"Los datos que contienen punteros a sí mismos se denominan autoreferenciales. " -"Normalmente, el verificador de préstamos de Rust evitaría que se movieran " -"los datos de autorreferencia, ya que las referencias no pueden tener una " -"duración mayor que la de los datos a los que apuntan. Sin embargo, el " -"verificador de préstamos no verifica la transformación del código de las " -"funciones y los bloques asíncronos." +"Los futuros se sondean mediante un tiempo de ejecución asíncrono y hay " +"disponibles varios tiempos de ejecución diferentes." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "" -"`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its " -"place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an " -"unpinned pointer." +"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " +"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " +"similar to a runtime in Rust." msgstr "" -"`Pin` es un envoltorio que rodea a una referencia. No se puede mover un " -"objeto desde su lugar mediante un puntero fijado. Sin embargo, sí se puede " -"mover mediante un puntero no fijado." +"Python tiene un modelo similar en su `asyncio`. Sin embargo, su tipo " +"`Future` está basado en retrollamadas y no se sondea. Los programas " +"asíncronos de Python requieren un \"bucle\", similar a un tiempo de " +"ejecución en Rust." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "" -"The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of " -"`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a " -"pinned pointer." +"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " +"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " +"resolution are hidden." msgstr "" -"El método `poll` del trait `Future` utiliza `Pin<&mut Self>` en lugar de " -"`&mut Self` para hacer referencia a la instancia. Por eso solo se puede " -"llamar desde un puntero fijado." +"`Promise` de JavaScript es parecido, pero también se basa en retrollamadas. " +"El tiempo de ejecución del lenguaje implementa el bucle de eventos, por lo " +"que muchos de los detalles de la resolución de Promise están ocultos." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md +#: src/concurrency/async.md +msgid "async/await" +msgstr "async / await" + +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" -"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " -"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " -"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" -"nightly.html))" +"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " +"code:" msgstr "" -"Los métodos asíncronos en traits todavía no son compatibles con el canal " -"estable. ([Existe una característica experimental en nightly que debería " -"estabilizarse a medio plazo.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-" -"rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))" +"En general, el código asíncrono de Rust se parece mucho al código secuencial " +"\"normal\":" + +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md +msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" +msgstr "\"El recuento es: ¡{i}!\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" -"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " -"provides a workaround through a macro:" +"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " +"running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" -"El crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " -"proporciona una solución mediante una macro:" +"Ten en cuenta que este es un ejemplo simplificado para mostrar la sintaxis. " +"No hay ninguna operación de larga duración ni concurrencia real." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md -msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" -msgstr "\"ejecutando todos los sleepers…\"." +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md +msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" +msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de resultado devuelto de una llamada asíncrona?" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md -msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" -msgstr "\"ha dormido {} ms\"" +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md +msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." +msgstr "Consulta el tipo con `let future: () = async_main(10);` en `main` ." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " -"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." +"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " +"type with a future." msgstr "" -"`async_trait` es fácil de usar, pero ten en cuenta que utiliza asignaciones " -"de montículos para conseguirlo. Esta asignación de montículo tiene una " -"sobrecarga de rendimiento." +"La palabra clave \"async\" es azúcar sintáctico. El compilador sustituye el " +"tipo de resultado devuelto por un futuro. " -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" -"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " -"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " -"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" -"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " -"digging deeper." +"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " +"compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" -"Los problemas de compatibilidad del lenguaje con `async trait` son muy " -"complejos y no vale la pena describirlos en profundidad. Niko Matsakis lo " -"explica muy bien en [esta publicación](https://smallcultfollowing.com/" -"babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/), por si te interesa " -"investigar más a fondo." +"No se puede hacer que `main` sea asíncrono sin dar instrucciones adicionales " +"al compilador sobre cómo usar el futuro devuelto." -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " -"time and adding it to the Vec." +"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " +"until the provided future has run to completion." msgstr "" -"Prueba a crear una estructura que entre en suspensión durante un periodo " -"aleatorio y añádela a Vec." +"Se necesita un ejecutor para ejecutar el código asíncrono. `block_on` " +"bloquea el hilo hasta que se complete el futuro proporcionado. " -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" -"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " -"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " -"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " -"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." +"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " +"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" -"Si eliminas un futuro, no se podrá volver a sondear. Este fenómeno se " -"denomina _cancelación_ y puede producirse en cualquier momento de `await`. " -"Hay que tener cuidado para asegurar que el sistema funcione correctamente, " -"incluso cuando se cancelen los futuros. Por ejemplo, no debería sufrir " -"interbloqueos o perder datos." +"`.await` espera de forma asíncrona la finalización de otra operación. A " +"diferencia de `block_on`, `.await` no bloquea el hilo." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md #, fuzzy -msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" -msgstr "UTF-8" - -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md -msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" -msgstr "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" - -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md -msgid "\"tick!\"" -msgstr "\"tick!\"" - -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " -"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." +"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " +"introduced later)." msgstr "" -"El compilador no ayuda con la seguridad de la cancelación. Debes leer la " -"documentación de la API y tener en cuenta el estado de tu `async fn`." +"`.await` solo se puede usar dentro de una función `async` (o bloqueo; estos " +"se verán más tarde). " -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " -"error-handling)." +"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " +"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " +"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" -"A diferencia de `panic` y `?`, la cancelación forma parte del flujo de " -"control normal (en contraposición a la gestión de errores)." - -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md -msgid "The example loses parts of the string." -msgstr "En el ejemplo se pierden partes de la cadena." +"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) es un " +"trait implementado por objetos que representan una operación que puede que " +"aún no se haya completado. Se puede sondear un futuro y `poll` devuelve un " +"[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " -"dropped." +"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " +"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " +"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " +"joining to it." msgstr "" -"Cuando la rama `tick()` termina primero, se eliminan `next()` y su `buf`." +"Una función asíncrona devuelve `impl Future`. También es posible (aunque no " +"es habitual) implementar `Future` para tus propios tipos. Por ejemplo, el " +"`JoinHandle` devuelto por `tokio::spawn` implementa `Future` para permitir " +"que se una a él." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " -"struct:" +"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " +"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." msgstr "" -"`LinesReader` se puede configurar para que no se cancele marcando `buf` como " -"parte del _struct_:" - -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md -msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" -msgstr "// prefijo buf y bytes con self.\n" +"La palabra clave `.await`, aplicada a un futuro, provoca que la función " +"asíncrona se detenga hasta que dicho futuro esté listo y, a continuación, se " +"evalúa su salida." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." -"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " -"tick has been 'delivered'." +"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " +"links to show the implementations in the docs." msgstr "" -"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." -"html#method.tick) es a prueba de cancelaciones, ya que registra si una marca " -"se ha 'entregado'." +"Los tipos `Future` y `Polll` se implementan exactamente como se indica. Haz " +"clic en los enlaces para mostrar las implementaciones en los documentos." -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." -"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " -"returns or doesn't read data." +"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " +"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" -"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." -"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) es a prueba de cancelaciones porque o " -"devuelve los datos o no los lee." +"No trataremos `Pin` ni `Context`, ya que nos centraremos en escribir código " +"asíncrono en lugar de compilar nuevos primitivos asíncronos. Brevemente:" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." -"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " -"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." +"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " +"event occurs." msgstr "" -"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." -"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) es similar al ejemplo y _no está_ " -"configurado a prueba de cancelaciones. Consulta su documentación para " -"obtener información detallada y alternativas." +"`Context` permite que un futuro se programe a sí mismo para que se vuelva a " +"sondear cuando se produzca un evento." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" -"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" +"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " +"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " +"valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" -"Para practicar tus habilidades con async de Rust, tenemos otros dos nuevos " -"ejercicios:" +"`Pin` asegura que el futuro no se mueva en la memoria, de forma que los " +"punteros en ese futuro siguen siendo válidos. Esto es necesario para que las " +"referencias sigan siendo válidas después de `.await`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" -"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " -"you are going to implement it with Async Rust." +"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " +"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " +"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" -"La cena de los filósofos: ya hemos visto este problema por la mañana. Esta " -"vez vas a implementarlo con async de Rust." +"Un _runtime_ ofrece asistencia para realizar operaciones de forma asíncrona " +"(un _reactor_) y es responsable de ejecutar futuros (un _ejecutor_). Rust no " +"cuenta con un tiempo de ejecución \"integrado\", pero hay varias opciones " +"disponibles:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" -"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " -"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." -msgstr "" -"Una aplicación de chat de difusión: se trata de un proyecto más grande que " -"te permite experimentar con características más avanzadas de async de Rust." - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" -msgstr "La Cena de Filósofos --- Async" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -msgid "" -"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " -"problem." +"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " +"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" +"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" -"Consulta la descripción del problema en la sección sobre [la cena de " -"filósofos](dining-philosophers.md)." +"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): eficaz, con un ecosistema bien desarrollado de " +"funciones, como [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) para HTTP o [Tonic](https://" +"github.com/hyperium/tonic) para usar gRPC." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" -"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" -"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" -"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " +"a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" -"Como antes, necesitarás una [instalación local de Cargo](../../cargo/running-" -"locally.md) para realizar el ejercicio. Copia el fragmento de código que " -"aparece más abajo en un archivo denominado `src/main.rs`, rellena los " -"espacios en blanco y comprueba que `cargo run` no presenta interbloqueos:" +"[async-std](https://async.rs/): se trata de un \"std para async\" e incluye " +"un tiempo de ejecución básico en `async::task`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" -msgstr "// Hazles pensar y comer\n" +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md +msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" +msgstr "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): sencillo y ligero." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" -"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " -"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" +"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" +"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" +"async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" -"Dado que esta vez usas async, necesitarás una dependencia `tokio`. Puedes " -"usar el siguiente `Cargo.toml`:" +"Varias aplicaciones de mayor tamaño tienen sus propios tiempos de ejecución. " +"Por ejemplo, [Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/" +"main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib.rs) ya tiene uno." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " -"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" -"```" +"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " +"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " +"async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " -"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" -"```" +"Ten en cuenta que, de los tiempos de ejecución enumerados, el playground de " +"Rust solo admite Tokio. El playground tampoco permite ningún tipo de E/S, " +"por lo que la mayoría de elementos asíncronos interesantes no se pueden " +"ejecutar. en él." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" -"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " -"from the `tokio` crate." +"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " +"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " +"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " +"used." msgstr "" -"Además, ten en cuenta que esta vez tienes que utilizar `Mutex` y el módulo " -"`mpsc` del crate `tokio`." +"Los futuros son \"inertes\", ya que no realizan ninguna acción (ni siquiera " +"iniciar una operación de E/S) a menos que haya un ejecutor que los sondee. " +"Muy diferente de las promesas de JavaScript, por ejemplo, que se ejecutan " +"hasta su finalización, aunque nunca se utilicen." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md -msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" -msgstr "¿Puedes conseguir que tu implementación tenga un solo hilo? " +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tokio provides:" +msgstr "Tokio ofrece lo siguiente: " -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "" -"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " -"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " -"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " -"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " -"that it receives to all the clients." +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." +msgstr "Un tiempo de ejecución multihilo para ejecutar código asíncrono." + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." +msgstr "Una versión asíncrona de la biblioteca estándar." + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." +msgstr "Un amplio ecosistema de bibliotecas." + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" +msgstr "\"Recuento en la tarea: {i}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" +msgstr "\"Tarea principal: {i}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." +msgstr "Con la macro `tokio::main`, podemos hacer que `main` sea asíncrono." + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." +msgstr "La función `spawn` crea una \"tarea\" simultánea." + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" -"En este ejercicio, queremos usar nuestros nuevos conocimientos para " -"implementar una aplicación de chat de difusión. Disponemos de un servidor de " -"chat al que los clientes se conectan y publican sus mensajes. El cliente lee " -"los mensajes de usuario de la entrada estándar y los envía al servidor. El " -"servidor del chat transmite cada mensaje que recibe a todos los clientes." +"Nota: `spawn` utiliza un `Future`, no se llama a `.await` en `count_to`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "**Further exploration:**" +msgstr "**Más información:**" + +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "" -"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" -"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client " -"and the server." +"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " +"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " +"until it finishes." msgstr "" -"Para ello, usaremos \\[un canal en abierto](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/" -"tokio/sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) en el servidor y [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) para la comunicación entre el cliente y " -"el servidor." +"¿Por qué `count_to` no suele llegar a 10? Se trata de un ejemplo de " +"cancelación asíncrona. `tokio::spawn` devuelve un controlador que puede " +"esperarse hasta que termine." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" -msgstr "Crea un proyecto de Cargo y añade las siguientes dependencias:" +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." +msgstr "Prueba `count_to(10).await` en lugar de usar spawn." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" -msgstr "_Cargo.toml_:" +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md +msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." +msgstr "Intenta esperar a la correción de la tarea de `tokio::spawn`." + +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." +msgstr "Rust tiene un sistema de tareas, que es una forma de hilo ligero." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"chat-async\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" -"http = \"1.0.0\"\n" -"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" -"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.1\", features = [\"client\", " -"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" -"```" +"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " +"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " +"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " +"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " +"and an I/O operation." msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"chat-async\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" -"http = \"1.0.0\"\n" -"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" -"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.1\", features = [\"client\", " -"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" -"```" +"Una tarea tiene un solo futuro de nivel superior que el ejecutor sondea para " +"hacer que progrese. El futuro puede tener uno o varios futuros anidados que " +"su método `poll` sondea, lo que se corresponde con una pila de llamadas. La " +"concurrencia dentro de una tarea es posible mediante el sondeo de varios " +"futuros secundarios , como una carrera de un temporizador y una operación de " +"E/S." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "The required APIs" -msgstr "Las APIs necesarias" +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" +msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" +msgstr "\"escuchando en el puerto {}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "\"conexión de {addr:?}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" +msgstr "b\"¿Quién eres?\\n\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "\"socket error\"" +msgstr "\"error de socket\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" +msgstr "\"¡Gracias por llamar, {name}!\\n\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" -"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " -"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " -"to familiarize yourself with the API." +"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" -"Necesitarás las siguientes funciones de `tokio` y [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Dedica unos minutos a familiarizarte " -"con la API. " +"Copia este ejemplo en el archivo `src/main.rs` que has preparado y ejecútalo " +"desde ahí." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" -"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" -"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " -"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." +"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." +"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" +"telnet/)." msgstr "" -"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" -"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implementado por `WebSocketStream`: " -"permite enviar mensajes de forma asíncrona a través de un flujo Websocket." +"Prueba a conectarte mediante una herramienta de conexión TCP como [nc]" +"(https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) o [telnet](https://www.unix.com/" +"man-page/linux/1/telnet/)." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" -"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" -"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " -"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." +"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " +"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" -"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" -"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implementado por `WebsocketStream`: permite " -"enviar mensajes de forma asíncrona a través de un flujo Websocket." +"Pide a los alumnos que vean cuál sería el estado del servidor de ejemplo con " +"algunos clientes conectados. ¿Qué tareas hay? ¿Cuáles son sus futuros?" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." -"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " -"standard input." +"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " +"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " +"similar to an `async fn`." msgstr "" -"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." -"html#method.next_line): para la lectura asíncrona de mensajes de usuario de " -"la entrada estándar." +"Esta es la primera vez que vemos un bloque `async`. Es similar a un cierre, " +"pero no acepta argumentos. Su valor devuelto es un futuro, similar a `async " +"fn`. " -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" -"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" -"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." +"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " +"using `?`." msgstr "" -"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" -"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): para suscribirse a un canal en abierto." - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "Two binaries" -msgstr "Dos binarios" +"Refactoriza el bloque asíncrono en una función y mejora la gestión de " +"errores con `?`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" -"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." -"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " -"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " -"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " -"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " -"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" -"targets.html#binaries))." -msgstr "" -"Normalmente, en un proyecto de Cargo, solo puedes tener un archivo binario y " -"un archivo `src/main.rs`. En este proyecto, se necesitan dos binarios, uno " -"para el cliente y otro para el servidor. Puedes convertirlos en dos " -"proyectos de Cargo independientes, pero los incluiremos en un solo proyecto " -"de Cargo con dos binarios. Para que funcione, el código del cliente y del " -"servidor deben aparecer en `src/bin` (consulta la [documentación](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#binaries)). " - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "" -"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" -"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " -"described below." -msgstr "" -"Copia el fragmento de código del servidor y del cliente que aparecen más " -"abajo en `src/bin/server.rs` y `src/bin/client.rs`, respectivamente. Tu " -"tarea es completar estos archivos como se describe a continuación. " - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -#, fuzzy -msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" -msgstr "`src/bin/server.rs`:" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" -msgstr "" -"// TODO: Para obtener una pista, consulta la descripción de la tarea a " -"continuación.\n" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" -msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" -msgstr "\"escuchando en el puerto 2000\"" +"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" +msgstr "Varios crates admiten canales asíncronos. Por ejemplo, `tokio`:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Nueva conexión de {addr:?}\"" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "\"Se han recibido {count} pings hasta el momento.\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" -msgstr "// Envuelve el flujo TCP sin procesar en un websocket.\n" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" +msgstr "\"ping_handler completo\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" -msgstr "_src/bin/client.rs_:" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" +msgstr "\"No se ha podido enviar el ping.\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" -msgstr "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "\"Se han enviado {} pings hasta ahora.\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "Running the binaries" -msgstr "Ejecutar los binarios" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" +msgstr "\"Se ha producido un error en la tarea del controlador de ping.\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "Run the server with:" -msgstr "Ejecuta el servidor con:" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." +msgstr "" +"Cambia el tamaño del canal a `3` y comprueba cómo afecta a la ejecución." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "and the client with:" -msgstr "y el cliente con:" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " +"[morning class](../channels.md)." +msgstr "" +"En general, la interfaz es similar a los canales `sync`, tal como se ha " +"visto ver en la [clase de la mañana](concurrency/channels.md)." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." -msgstr "Implementa la función `handle_connection` en `src/bin/server.rs`." +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md +msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" +msgstr "Prueba a quitar la llamada a `std::mem::drop`. ¿Qué sucede? ¿Por qué?" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" -"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " -"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " -"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." +"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " +"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " +"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" -"Sugerencia: usa `tokio::select!` para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente en " -"un bucle continuo. Una tarea recibe mensajes del cliente y los transmite. La " -"otra envía los mensajes que recibe el servidor al cliente." - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md -msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." -msgstr "Completa la función principal en `src/bin/client.rs`." +"El crate [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) tiene canales que " +"implementan `sync` y `async`,`send` y `recv`. Esto puede resultar práctico " +"para aplicaciones complejas con tareas de E/S y tareas pesadas de " +"procesamiento de CPU." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" -"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " -"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " -"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " -"displaying them for the user." +"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " +"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " +"flow." msgstr "" -"Sugerencia: al igual que antes, usa `tokio::select!` en un bucle continuo " -"para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente: (1) leer los mensajes del usuario " -"desde la entrada estándar y enviarlos al servidor, y (2) recibir mensajes " -"del servidor y mostrárselos al usuario." +"Es preferible trabajar con canales `async` por la capacidad de combinarlos " +"con otros `future` para poder crear un flujo de control complejo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" -"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " -"clients, but the sender of the message." +"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " +"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " +"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" -"Opcional: cuando termines, cambia el código para difundir mensajes a todos " -"los clientes, excepto al remitente." +"Una operación join espera hasta que todos los futuros estén listos y " +"devuelve una colección de sus resultados. Es similar a `Promise.all` en " +"JavaScript o `asyncio.gather` en Python." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" -msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Tarde" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +msgid "\"https://google.com\"" +msgstr "\"https://google.com\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" +msgstr "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "" -"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" -" // to transfer to another task\n" -msgstr "" -"// Añade un retraso antes de elegir el segundo tenedor para permitir la " -"ejecución\n" -" // para transferir a otra tarea\n" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" +msgstr "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" -msgstr "// Los bloqueos se eliminan aquí\n" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" +msgstr "\"BAD_URL\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" -"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" +"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " +"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " +"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" -"// Para evitar un interbloqueo, tenemos que romper la simetría\n" -" // en algún lugar. De este modo, se cambiarán los tenedores sin " -"desinicializar\n" -" // ninguno de ellos.\n" +"En el caso de varios futuros de tipos distintos, puedes utilizar `std::" +"future::join!`, pero debes saber cuántos futuros tendrás en el tiempo de " +"compilación. Esto se encuentra actualmente en el crate `futures`, que pronto " +"se estabilizará en `std::future`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " +"cause your program to stall." msgstr "" -"// tx se elimina aquí, por lo que no tenemos que eliminarlo explícitamente " -"más tarde.\n" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" -msgstr "\"Aquí tienes una reflexión: {thought}\"" +"El riesgo que supone 'join' es que puede que uno de los futuros no se " +"resuelva nunca, causando que el programa se bloquee. " -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" -msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](chat-app.md))" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md +msgid "" +"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " +"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " +"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " +"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " +"demonstrates `join!`." +msgstr "" +"También puedes combinar `join_all` con `join!`, por ejemplo, para unir todas " +"las solicitudes a un servicio HTTP, así como una consulta a la base de " +"datos. Prueba a añadir un tokio::time::sleep`al futuro mediante`futures::" +"join!`. No se trata de un tiempo de espera (para eso se requiere `select!`, " +"que se explica en el siguiente capítulo), sino que muestra `join!\\`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" -msgstr "\"Te damos la bienvenida al chat. Escribe un mensaje\"" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "" +"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " +"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." +"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." +"FIRST_COMPLETED)`." +msgstr "" +"Una operación select espera hasta que un conjunto de futuros esté listo y " +"responde al resultado de ese futuro. En JavaScript, esto es similar a " +"`Promise.race`. En Python, se compara con `asyncio.wait(task_set, " +"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md #, fuzzy msgid "" -"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" -" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" -" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" +"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " +"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, " +"its return value is destructured by the `pattern`. The `statement` is then " +"run with the resulting variables. The `statement` result becomes the result " +"of the `select!` macro." msgstr "" -"Sugerencia: al igual que antes, usa `tokio::select!` en un bucle continuo " -"para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente: (1) leer los mensajes del usuario " -"desde la entrada estándar y enviarlos al servidor, y (2) recibir mensajes " -"del servidor y mostrárselos al usuario." +"Al igual que en el caso de una instrucción _match_, el cuerpo de `select!` " +"tiene una serie de brazos, cada uno de los cuales tiene la forma `pattern = " +"future => statement`. Cuando `future` está listo, la instrucción se ejecuta " +"con las variables de `pattern` vinculadas al resultado de `future`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Del cliente {addr:?} {text:?}\"" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "\"Felix\"" +msgstr "\"Felix\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" -msgstr "// Bucle continuo para enviar y recibir mensajes simultáneamente.\n" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" +msgstr "\"No se ha podido enviar el gato.\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md -msgid "\"From server: {}\"" -msgstr "\"Del servidor: {}\"" +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" +msgstr "\"No se ha podido enviar el perro.\"" -#: src/thanks.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" +msgstr "\"No se ha podido recibir el ganador\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md +msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" +msgstr "\"El ganador es {winner:?}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" -"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " -"that it was useful." +"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " +"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " +"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " +"that take 500ms." msgstr "" -"_Gracias por realizar el curso Comprehensive Rust 🦀._ Esperamos que te haya " -"gustado y que te haya resultado útil." +"En este ejemplo, tenemos una carrera entre un gato y un perro. " +"`first_animal_to_finish_race` escucha a ambos canales y elige el que llegue " +"primero. Como el perro tarda 50 ms, gana al gato, que tarda 500 ms." -#: src/thanks.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" -"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " -"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " -"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" -"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." +"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " +"to receive only one `send`." msgstr "" -"Nos lo hemos pasado muy bien preparando el curso. Sabemos que no es " -"perfecto, así que si has detectado algún error o tienes ideas para " -"mejorarlo, [ponte en contacto con nosotros en GitHub](https://github.com/" -"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nos encantaría saber tu opinión." +"En este ejemplo, puedes usar canales `oneshot`, ya que se supone que solo " +"recibirán un `send`." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" -"The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many " -"Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to " -"the English original." +"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " +"of futures." msgstr "" -"A continuación, se incluye un glosario con el objetivo de ofrecer una breve " -"definición de algunos términos de Rust. En el caso de las traducciones, " -"también sirve para relacionar el término con el original en inglés." +"Prueba a añadir un límite a la carrera y demuestra cómo se seleccionan " +"distintos tipos de futuros." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" -"allocate: \n" -"Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)." +"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " +"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" -"asignar: \n" -"Asignación dinámica de memoria en [el montículo](Memory-management/stack-vs-" -"heap.md)." +"Ten en cuenta que `select!` elimina las ramas sin coincidencias, cancelando " +"así sus futuros. Es más fácil de usar cuando cada ejecución de `select!` " +"crea futuros." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" -"argument: \n" -"Information that is passed into a function or method." +"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " +"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." msgstr "" -"argumento: \n" -"Información que se transmite a una función o método." +"También puedes enviar `&mut future` en lugar del futuro en sí, pero esto " +"podría provocar problemas, como se explica más adelante en la diapositiva " +"sobre pines." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Bare-metal Rust: \n" -"Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " -"system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." +"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " +"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " +"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " +"chapter." msgstr "" -"Rust Bare-metal: \n" -"desarrollo de Rust de bajo nivel, a menudo desplegado en un sistema sin " -"sistema operativo. Consulta [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." +"Async/await ofrece una abstracción práctica y eficiente para la programación " +"asíncrona simultánea. Sin embargo, el modelo async/await de Rust también " +"viene acompañado de errores y footguns. En este capítulo veremos algunos de " +"ellos:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "Pin" +msgstr "Fijar" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md +msgid "Blocking the executor" +msgstr "Bloqueo del ejecutor" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"block: \n" -"See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." +"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " +"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " +"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " +"possible." msgstr "" -"bloque: \n" -"Consulta [bloques](control-flow/blocks.md) y _ámbito_." +"La mayoría de los tiempos de ejecución asíncronos solo permiten que las " +"tareas de E/S se ejecuten de forma simultánea. Esto significa que las tareas " +"que bloquean la CPU bloquearán el ejecutor e impedirán que se ejecuten otras " +"tareas. Una solución alternativa y sencilla es utilizar métodos asíncronos " +"equivalentes siempre que sea posible." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md +msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" +msgstr "\"future {id} ha dormido {duration_ms} min, terminó después de {} ms\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md +msgid "\"current_thread\"" +msgstr "\"current_thread\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"borrow: \n" -"See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." +"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " +"concurrently." msgstr "" -"borrow (_omar prestado_): \n" -"Consulta [Borrowing (Préstamos)](ownership/borrowing.md)." +"Ejecuta el código y comprueba que las suspensiones se producen de forma " +"consecutiva y no simultánea." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"borrow checker: \n" -"The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." +"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " +"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" +"threaded flavor." msgstr "" -"borrow checker (_comprobador de préstamos_): \n" -"la parte del compilador de Rust que comprueba que todos los préstamos sean " -"válidos." +"La versión `\"current_thread\"` reúne todas las tareas en un solo hilo. Esto " +"consigue que el efecto sea más obvio, pero el error sigue estando presente " +"en la versión multihilo." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"brace: \n" -"`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." +"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "" -"llave: \n" -"`{` and `}`. Delimitan _bloques_." +"Cambia `std::thread::sleep` a `tokio::time::sleep`. y espera su resultado." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"build: \n" -"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " -"program." +"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " +"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" -"compilar \n" -"El proceso de conversión de código fuente en código ejecutable o en un " -"programa utilizable." +"Otra solución sería `tokio::task::spawn_blocking`, que genera un hilo real y " +"transforma su controlador en un futuro sin bloquear el ejecutor." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"call: \n" -"To invoke or execute a function or method." +"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " +"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " +"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " +"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " +"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " +"situations." msgstr "" -"Llamar: \n" -"invocar o ejecutar una función o método." +"No debes pensar en las tareas como hilos del sistema operativo. No se " +"asignan 1 a 1 y la mayoría de los ejecutores permitirán que se ejecuten " +"muchas tareas en un solo hilo del sistema operativo. Esta situación es " +"especialmente problemática cuando se interactúa con otras bibliotecas a " +"través de FFI, donde dicha biblioteca puede depender del almacenamiento " +"local de hilos o puede asignarse a hilos específicos del sistema operativo " +"(por ejemplo, CUDA). En estos casos es preferible usar `tokio::task::" +"spawn_blocking`." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" -"channel: \n" -"Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." +"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " +"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" -"Canal: \n" -"se utiliza para enviar mensajes [entre hilos](concurrency/channels.md) de " -"forma segura." +"Utiliza las exclusión mutuas de sincronización con cuidado. Si mantienes una " +"exclusión mutua sobre un `.await`, puede que se bloquee otra tarea y que " +"esta se esté ejecutando en el mismo hilo." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" -"The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." +"Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The " +"type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local " +"variables into data stored inside the future." msgstr "" -"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" -"el conjunto de cursos que se describen aquí se denomina Comprehensive Rust " -"🦀." +"Los bloques y las funciones asíncronos devuelven tipos que implementan el " +"trait `Future`. El tipo devuelto es el resultado de una transformación del " +"compilador que convierte las variables locales en datos almacenados en el " +"futuro." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"concurrency: \n" -"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." +"Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because " +"of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as " +"it would invalidate those pointers." msgstr "" -"Simultaneidad: \n" -"ejecución de varias tareas o procesos al mismo tiempo." +"Algunas de estas variables pueden dirigir punteros a otras variables " +"locales. Por este motivo, el futuro nunca debería trasladarse a otra " +"ubicación de memoria, ya que esta acción invalidaría esos punteros." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"Concurrency in Rust: \n" -"See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." +"To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a " +"pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all " +"operations that would move the instance it points to into a different memory " +"location." msgstr "" -"Simultaneidad en Rust: \n" -"consulta [Simultaneidad en Rust](concurrency.md)." +"Para evitar que el tipo futuro se mueva en la memoria, solo se puede sondear " +"mediante un puntero fijado. `Pin` es un envoltorio que rodea a una " +"referencia y que no permite todas las operaciones que moverían la instancia " +"a la que apunta a otra ubicación de memoria." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"constant: \n" -"A value that does not change during the execution of a program." +"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" +"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" msgstr "" -"Constante: \n" -" valor que no cambia durante la ejecución de un programa." +"// Un elemento de trabajo. En este caso, solo se duerme durante un tiempo " +"determinado y responde\n" +"// con un mensaje en el canal `respond_on`.\n" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" +msgstr "// Un trabajador que espera trabajo en una cola y lo ejecuta.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" +msgstr "// Simula que trabaja.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "\"failed to send response\"" +msgstr "\"no se ha podido enviar la respuesta\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" +msgstr "// TODO: informar del número de iteraciones cada 100 ms\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" +msgstr "// Un solicitante que pide trabajo y espera a que se complete.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" +msgstr "\"no se ha podido enviar en la cola de trabajo\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" +msgstr "\"no se ha podido esperar la respuesta\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" +msgstr "\"resultado del trabajo de la iteración {i}: {resp}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"control flow: \n" -"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " -"a program." +"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " +"call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" -"Flujo de control: \n" -"el orden en el que se ejecutan las instrucciones individuales en un programa." +"Puede que reconozcas esto como un ejemplo del patrón actor. Los actores " +"suelen llamar a `select!` en un bucle." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"crash: \n" -"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." +"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " +"time with it." msgstr "" -"Fallo: \n" -"fallo o finalización de un programa de forma inesperada y sin gestionar." +"Esta sección es un resumen de algunas de las lecciones anteriores, así que " +"tómate tu tiempo ." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"enumeration: \n" -"A data type that holds one of several named constants, possibly with an " -"associated tuple or struct." +"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " +"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" -"Enumeración: \n" -"tipo de dato que contiene una de varias constantes con nombre, posiblemente " -"con una tupla o estructura asociada." +"Si añade un `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` a " +"`select!`, nunca se ejecutará. ¿Por qué?" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"error: \n" -"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." +"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" -"Error: \n" -"condición o resultado inesperado que se desvía del comportamiento esperado." +"En su lugar, añade un `timeout_fut` que contenga ese futuro fuera de `loop`:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"error handling: \n" -"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " -"execution." +"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " +"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" +"pin`:" msgstr "" -"Gestión de errores: \n" -"el proceso de gestionar y responder a los errores que se producen durante la " -"ejecución del programa." +"Continuará sin funcionar. Sigue los errores del compilador y añade `&mut` a " +"`timeout_fut` en `select!` para ir despejando el problema. A continuación, " +"usa `Box::pin`:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"exercise: \n" -"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." +"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " +"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " +"`timeout_fut` every time it expires:" msgstr "" -"Ejercicio: \n" -"una tarea o problema diseñado para practicar y poner a prueba las " -"habilidades de programación." +"Se puede compilar, pero una vez que vence el tiempo de espera, aparece " +"`Poll::Ready` en cada iteración (un futuro fusionado podría resultar útil). " +"Actualiza para restablecer `timeout_fut` cada vez que expire." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"function: \n" -"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." +"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " +"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " +"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" -"Función: \n" -"bloque de código reutilizable que lleva a cabo una tarea específica." +"Box se asigna en el montículo. En algunos casos, `std::pin::pin!` (solo si " +"se ha estabilizado recientemente, con código antiguo que suele utilizar " +"`tokio::pin!`) también es una opción, pero difícil de utilizar en un futuro " +"que se reasigna." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"garbage collector: \n" -"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " -"no longer in use." +"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " +"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" -"Recolector de elementos no utilizados: \n" -"mecanismo que libera automáticamente la memoria que ocupan objetos que ya no " -"se utilizan." +"Otra alternativa es no utilizar `pin`, sino generar otra tarea que se " +"enviará a un canal de `oneshot` cada 100 ms." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"generics: \n" -"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " -"code reuse with different data types." +"Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, " +"the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being " +"moved, as the references cannot outlive the data they point to. However, the " +"code transformation for async blocks and functions is not verified by the " +"borrow checker." msgstr "" -"Genéricos: \n" -"una función que permite escribir código con marcadores de posición para los " -"tipos, lo que permite reutilizar código con distintos tipos de datos." +"Los datos que contienen punteros a sí mismos se denominan autoreferenciales. " +"Normalmente, el verificador de préstamos de Rust evitaría que se movieran " +"los datos de autorreferencia, ya que las referencias no pueden tener una " +"duración mayor que la de los datos a los que apuntan. Sin embargo, el " +"verificador de préstamos no verifica la transformación del código de las " +"funciones y los bloques asíncronos." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"immutable: \n" -"Unable to be changed after creation." +"`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its " +"place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an " +"unpinned pointer." msgstr "" -"Inmutable: \n" -"que no se puede cambiar después de crearse." +"`Pin` es un envoltorio que rodea a una referencia. No se puede mover un " +"objeto desde su lugar mediante un puntero fijado. Sin embargo, sí se puede " +"mover mediante un puntero no fijado." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" -"integration test: \n" -"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " -"components of a system." +"The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of " +"`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a " +"pinned pointer." msgstr "" -"Prueba de integración: \n" -"tipo de prueba que verifica las interacciones entre diferentes partes o " -"componentes de un sistema." +"El método `poll` del trait `Future` utiliza `Pin<&mut Self>` en lugar de " +"`&mut Self` para hacer referencia a la instancia. Por eso solo se puede " +"llamar desde un puntero fijado." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"keyword: \n" -"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " -"cannot be used as an identifier." +"Async methods in traits are were stabilized only recently, in the 1.75 " +"release. This required support for using return-position `impl Trait` (RPIT) " +"in traits, as the desugaring for `async fn` includes `-> impl Future`." msgstr "" -"Palabra clave: \n" -"palabra reservada en un lenguaje de programación que tiene un significado " -"específico y que no se puede utilizar como identificador." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"library: \n" -"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." +"However, even with the native support today there are some pitfalls around " +"`async fn` and RPIT in traits:" msgstr "" -"Biblioteca: \n" -"una colección de rutinas o código precompilados que pueden utilizar los " -"programas." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"macro: \n" -"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " -"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " -"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." +"Return-position impl Trait captures all in-scope lifetimes (so some patterns " +"of borrowing cannot be expressed)" msgstr "" -"Macro: \n" -"las macros de Rust se pueden reconocer por llevar `!` en el nombre. Las " -"macros se utilizan cuando las funciones normales no son suficientes. Un " -"ejemplo típico es `format!`, que utiliza un número variable de argumentos " -"que no es compatible con las funciones de Rust." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"`main` function: \n" -"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." +"Traits whose methods use return-position `impl trait` or `async` are not " +"`dyn` compatible." msgstr "" -"Función `main`: \n" -"los programas de Rust empiezan a ejecutarse con la función `main`." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"match: \n" -"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " -"value of an expression." +"If we do need `dyn` support, the crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-" +"trait/latest/async_trait/) provides a workaround through a macro, with some " +"caveats:" msgstr "" -"Coincidencia: \n" -"construcción de flujo de control en Rust que permite la coincidencia de " -"patrones con el valor de una expresión." +"El crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " +"proporciona una solución mediante una macro:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md +msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" +msgstr "\"ejecutando todos los sleepers…\"." + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md +msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" +msgstr "\"ha dormido {} ms\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"memory leak: \n" -"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " -"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." +"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " +"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" -"Pérdida de memoria: \n" -"situación en la que un programa no libera memoria que ya no se necesita, lo " -"que provoca un aumento gradual en el uso de memoria." +"`async_trait` es fácil de usar, pero ten en cuenta que utiliza asignaciones " +"de montículos para conseguirlo. Esta asignación de montículo tiene una " +"sobrecarga de rendimiento." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"method: \n" -"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." +"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " +"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " +"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" +"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " +"digging deeper." msgstr "" -"Método: \n" -"una función asociada a un objeto o a un tipo en Rust." +"Los problemas de compatibilidad del lenguaje con `async trait` son muy " +"complejos y no vale la pena describirlos en profundidad. Niko Matsakis lo " +"explica muy bien en [esta publicación](https://smallcultfollowing.com/" +"babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/), por si te interesa " +"investigar más a fondo." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" -"module: \n" -"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " -"to organize code in Rust." +"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " +"time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" -"Módulo: \n" -"espacio de nombres que contiene definiciones, como funciones, tipos o " -"traits, para organizar el código en Rust." +"Prueba a crear una estructura que entre en suspensión durante un periodo " +"aleatorio y añádela a Vec." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"move: \n" -"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." +"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " +"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " +"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " +"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" -"Mover: \n" -"la transferencia de la propiedad de un valor de una variable a otra en Rust." +"Si eliminas un futuro, no se podrá volver a sondear. Este fenómeno se " +"denomina _cancelación_ y puede producirse en cualquier momento de `await`. " +"Hay que tener cuidado para asegurar que el sistema funcione correctamente, " +"incluso cuando se cancelen los futuros. Por ejemplo, no debería sufrir " +"interbloqueos o perder datos." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" +msgstr "UTF-8" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" +msgstr "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +msgid "\"tick!\"" +msgstr "\"tick!\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"mutable: \n" -"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " -"declared." +"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " +"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" -"Mutable: \n" -"una propiedad en Rust que permite que se modifiquen las variables después de " -"que se hayan declarado." +"El compilador no ayuda con la seguridad de la cancelación. Debes leer la " +"documentación de la API y tener en cuenta el estado de tu `async fn`." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"ownership: \n" -"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " -"managing the memory associated with a value." +"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " +"error-handling)." msgstr "" -"Propiedad: \n" -"el concepto de Rust que define qué parte del código es responsable de " -"gestionar la memoria asociada a un valor." +"A diferencia de `panic` y `?`, la cancelación forma parte del flujo de " +"control normal (en contraposición a la gestión de errores)." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +msgid "The example loses parts of the string." +msgstr "En el ejemplo se pierden partes de la cadena." + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"panic: \n" -"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " -"the program." +"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " +"dropped." msgstr "" -"Pánico: \n" -"condición de error irrecuperable en Rust que provoca la finalización del " -"programa." +"Cuando la rama `tick()` termina primero, se eliminan `next()` y su `buf`." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"parameter: \n" -"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." +"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " +"struct:" msgstr "" -"Parámetro: \n" -" valor que se transfiere a una función o método cuando se llama." +"`LinesReader` se puede configurar para que no se cancele marcando `buf` como " +"parte del _struct_:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" +msgstr "// prefijo buf y bytes con self.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"pattern: \n" -"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " -"an expression in Rust." +"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." +"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " +"tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" -"Patrón: \n" -"una combinación de valores, literales o estructuras que se pueden comparar " -"con una expresión de Rust." +"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." +"html#method.tick) es a prueba de cancelaciones, ya que registra si una marca " +"se ha 'entregado'." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"payload: \n" -"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." +"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " +"returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" -"Carga útil: \n" -"los datos o la información que transporta un mensaje, evento o estructura de " -"datos." +"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) es a prueba de cancelaciones porque o " +"devuelve los datos o no los lee." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" -"program: \n" -"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " -"or solve a particular problem." +"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " +"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" -"Programa: \n" -"conjunto de instrucciones que un ordenador puede ejecutar para llevar a cabo " -"una tarea específica o resolver un problema concreto." +"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) es similar al ejemplo y _no está_ " +"configurado a prueba de cancelaciones. Consulta su documentación para " +"obtener información detallada y alternativas." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" +msgstr "La Cena de Filósofos --- Async" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"programming language: \n" -"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." +"See [dining philosophers](concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md) " +"for a description of the problem." msgstr "" -"Lenguaje de programación: \n" -"un sistema formal que se utiliza para comunicar instrucciones a un " -"ordenador, como Rust." +"Consulta la descripción del problema en la sección sobre [la cena de " +"filósofos](dining-philosophers.md)." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" -"receiver: \n" -"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " -"the method is called." +"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" +"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" +"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" -"Receptor: \n" -"el primer parámetro de un método de Rust que representa la instancia en la " -"que se llama al método." +"Como antes, necesitarás una [instalación local de Cargo](../../cargo/running-" +"locally.md) para realizar el ejercicio. Copia el fragmento de código que " +"aparece más abajo en un archivo denominado `src/main.rs`, rellena los " +"espacios en blanco y comprueba que `cargo run` no presenta interbloqueos:" -#: src/glossary.md -msgid "" -"reference counting: \n" -"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " -"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Keep trying until we have both forks\n" msgstr "" -"Recuento de referencias: \n" -"técnica de gestión de la memoria en la que se hace un seguimiento del número " -"de referencias a un objeto y se desasigna cuando el recuento llega a cero." -#: src/glossary.md -msgid "" -"return: \n" -"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." -msgstr "" -"Retorno: \n" -"una palabra clave de Rust que se utiliza para indicar el valor que se " -"devuelve de una función." +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" +msgstr "// Hazles pensar y comer\n" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" -"Rust: \n" -"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " -"concurrency." +"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " +"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" -"Rust: \n" -"lenguaje de programación de sistemas que se centra en la seguridad, el " -"rendimiento y la simultaneidad." +"Dado que esta vez usas async, necesitarás una dependencia `tokio`. Puedes " +"usar el siguiente `Cargo.toml`:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" -"Rust Fundamentals: \n" -"Days 1 to 3 of this course." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " +"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Aspectos básicos de Rust: \n" -"contenido del día 1 al día 3 de este curso." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " +"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" +"```" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" -"Rust in Android: \n" -"See [Rust in Android](android.md)." +"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " +"from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" -"Rust en Android: \n" -"consulta [Rust en Android](android.md)." +"Además, ten en cuenta que esta vez tienes que utilizar `Mutex` y el módulo " +"`mpsc` del crate `tokio`." -#: src/glossary.md -msgid "" -"Rust in Chromium: \n" -"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." -msgstr "" -"Rust en Chromium: \n" -"consulta [Rust en Chromium](chromium.md)." +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" +msgstr "¿Puedes conseguir que tu implementación tenga un solo hilo? " -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"safe: \n" -"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " -"preventing memory-related errors." +"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " +"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " +"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " +"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " +"that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" -"Seguro: \n" -"se refiere al código que cumple las reglas de propiedad y préstamos de Rust, " -"lo que evita errores relacionados con la memoria." +"En este ejercicio, queremos usar nuestros nuevos conocimientos para " +"implementar una aplicación de chat de difusión. Disponemos de un servidor de " +"chat al que los clientes se conectan y publican sus mensajes. El cliente lee " +"los mensajes de usuario de la entrada estándar y los envía al servidor. El " +"servidor del chat transmite cada mensaje que recibe a todos los clientes." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"scope: \n" -"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." +"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" +"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client " +"and the server." msgstr "" -"Ámbito: \n" -"la región de un programa en la que una variable es válida y se puede " -"utilizar." +"Para ello, usaremos \\[un canal en abierto](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/" +"tokio/sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) en el servidor y [`tokio_websockets`]" +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) para la comunicación entre el cliente y " +"el servidor." -#: src/glossary.md -msgid "" -"standard library: \n" -"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." -msgstr "" -"Biblioteca estándar: \n" -"una colección de módulos que proporcionan funciones esenciales en Rust." +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" +msgstr "Crea un proyecto de Cargo y añade las siguientes dependencias:" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" +msgstr "_Cargo.toml_:" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"static: \n" -"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " -"lifetime." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"chat-async\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" +"http = \"1.1.0\"\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.38.0\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" +"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.8.3\", features = [\"client\", " +"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Static: \n" -"una palabra clave de Rust que se utiliza para definir variables o elementos " -"estáticos con un tiempo de vida `'static`." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"chat-async\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" +"http = \"1.0.0\"\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" +"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.1\", features = [\"client\", " +"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" +"```" -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "The required APIs" +msgstr "Las APIs necesarias" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"string: \n" -"A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/" -"string-slices.html) for more." +"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " +"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " +"to familiarize yourself with the API." msgstr "" -"String o cadena: \n" -"tipo de datos que almacena datos de texto. Consulta [`String` vs `str`]" -"(basic-syntax/string-slices.html) para obtener más información." +"Necesitarás las siguientes funciones de `tokio` y [`tokio_websockets`]" +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Dedica unos minutos a familiarizarte " +"con la API. " -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"struct: \n" -"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " -"types under a single name." +"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" +"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " +"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" -"Struct: \n" -"tipo de datos compuestos de Rust que agrupa variables de diferentes tipos " -"bajo un mismo nombre." +"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" +"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implementado por `WebSocketStream`: " +"permite enviar mensajes de forma asíncrona a través de un flujo Websocket." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"test: \n" -"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " -"functions." +"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" +"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " +"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" -"Prueba: \n" -"módulo de Rust que contiene funciones que comprueban que otras funciones " -"sean correctas." +"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" +"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implementado por `WebsocketStream`: permite " +"enviar mensajes de forma asíncrona a través de un flujo Websocket." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"thread: \n" -"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." +"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." +"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " +"standard input." msgstr "" -"Hilo: \n" -"una secuencia de ejecución independiente en un programa que permite la " -"ejecución simultánea." +"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." +"html#method.next_line): para la lectura asíncrona de mensajes de usuario de " +"la entrada estándar." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"thread safety: \n" -"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " -"environment." +"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" +"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" -"Seguridad en hilos: \n" -"la propiedad de un programa que asegura un comportamiento correcto en un " -"entorno multihilo." +"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" +"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): para suscribirse a un canal en abierto." -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "Two binaries" +msgstr "Dos binarios" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"trait: \n" -"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " -"achieve polymorphism in Rust." +"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." +"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " +"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " +"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " +"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " +"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" +"targets.html#binaries))." msgstr "" -"Trait: \n" -"conjunto de métodos definidos para un tipo desconocido que proporciona una " -"forma de lograr el polimorfismo en Rust." +"Normalmente, en un proyecto de Cargo, solo puedes tener un archivo binario y " +"un archivo `src/main.rs`. En este proyecto, se necesitan dos binarios, uno " +"para el cliente y otro para el servidor. Puedes convertirlos en dos " +"proyectos de Cargo independientes, pero los incluiremos en un solo proyecto " +"de Cargo con dos binarios. Para que funcione, el código del cliente y del " +"servidor deben aparecer en `src/bin` (consulta la [documentación](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-targets.html#binaries)). " -#: src/glossary.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" -"trait bound: \n" -"An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your " -"interest." +"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" +"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " +"described below." msgstr "" -"Límite del trait: \n" -"una abstracción en la que puedes requerir que los tipos implementen algunos " -"traits de tu interés." +"Copia el fragmento de código del servidor y del cliente que aparecen más " +"abajo en `src/bin/server.rs` y `src/bin/client.rs`, respectivamente. Tu " +"tarea es completar estos archivos como se describe a continuación. " + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" +msgstr "`src/bin/server.rs`:" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" +msgstr "" +"// TODO: Para obtener una pista, consulta la descripción de la tarea a " +"continuación.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" +msgstr "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" +msgstr "\"escuchando en el puerto 2000\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Nueva conexión de {addr:?}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +msgstr "// Envuelve el flujo TCP sin procesar en un websocket.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" +msgstr "_src/bin/client.rs_:" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" +msgstr "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "Running the binaries" +msgstr "Ejecutar los binarios" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "Run the server with:" +msgstr "Ejecuta el servidor con:" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "and the client with:" +msgstr "y el cliente con:" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." +msgstr "Implementa la función `handle_connection` en `src/bin/server.rs`." + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "" +"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " +"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " +"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." +msgstr "" +"Sugerencia: usa `tokio::select!` para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente en " +"un bucle continuo. Una tarea recibe mensajes del cliente y los transmite. La " +"otra envía los mensajes que recibe el servidor al cliente." + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." +msgstr "Completa la función principal en `src/bin/client.rs`." + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "" +"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " +"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " +"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " +"displaying them for the user." +msgstr "" +"Sugerencia: al igual que antes, usa `tokio::select!` en un bucle continuo " +"para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente: (1) leer los mensajes del usuario " +"desde la entrada estándar y enviarlos al servidor, y (2) recibir mensajes " +"del servidor y mostrárselos al usuario." + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +msgid "" +"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " +"clients, but the sender of the message." +msgstr "" +"Opcional: cuando termines, cambia el código para difundir mensajes a todos " +"los clientes, excepto al remitente." + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "" +"// If we didn't get the left fork, drop the right fork if we\n" +" // have it and let other tasks make progress.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "" +"// If we didn't get the right fork, drop the left fork and let\n" +" // other tasks make progress.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" +msgstr "// Los bloqueos se eliminan aquí\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" +msgstr "" +"// tx se elimina aquí, por lo que no tenemos que eliminarlo explícitamente " +"más tarde.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" +msgstr "\"Aquí tienes una reflexión: {thought}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" +msgstr "\"Te damos la bienvenida al chat. Escribe un mensaje\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" +" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" +" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" +msgstr "" +"Sugerencia: al igual que antes, usa `tokio::select!` en un bucle continuo " +"para realizar dos tareas simultáneamente: (1) leer los mensajes del usuario " +"desde la entrada estándar y enviarlos al servidor, y (2) recibir mensajes " +"del servidor y mostrárselos al usuario." + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Del cliente {addr:?} {text:?}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" +msgstr "// Bucle continuo para enviar y recibir mensajes simultáneamente.\n" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md +msgid "\"From server: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Del servidor: {}\"" + +#: src/thanks.md +msgid "" +"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " +"that it was useful." +msgstr "" +"_Gracias por realizar el curso Comprehensive Rust 🦀._ Esperamos que te haya " +"gustado y que te haya resultado útil." + +#: src/thanks.md +msgid "" +"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " +"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " +"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" +"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." +msgstr "" +"Nos lo hemos pasado muy bien preparando el curso. Sabemos que no es " +"perfecto, así que si has detectado algún error o tienes ideas para " +"mejorarlo, [ponte en contacto con nosotros en GitHub](https://github.com/" +"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nos encantaría saber tu opinión." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"tuple: \n" -"A composite data type that contains variables of different types. Tuple " -"fields have no names, and are accessed by their ordinal numbers." +"The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many " +"Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to " +"the English original." msgstr "" -"Tupla: \n" -"tipo de datos compuestos que contiene variables de diferentes tipos. Los " -"campos de tuplas no tienen nombre y se accede a ellos por sus números " -"ordinales." +"A continuación, se incluye un glosario con el objetivo de ofrecer una breve " +"definición de algunos términos de Rust. En el caso de las traducciones, " +"también sirve para relacionar el término con el original en inglés." +#. Please add the English term in italic after your translated term. Also, please keep the hard line breaks to ensure a nice formatting. #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"type: \n" -"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " -"of a particular kind in Rust." +"allocate: \n" +"Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)." msgstr "" -"Tipo: \n" -"una clasificación que especifica qué operaciones se pueden llevar a cabo en " -"valores de una clase concreta en Rust." +"asignar: \n" +"Asignación dinámica de memoria en [el montículo](Memory-management/stack-vs-" +"heap.md)." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"type inference: \n" -"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " -"expression." +"argument: \n" +"Information that is passed into a function or method." msgstr "" -"Inferencia de tipos: \n" -"capacidad del compilador de Rust para deducir el tipo de una variable o " -"expresión." +"argumento: \n" +"Información que se transmite a una función o método." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"undefined behavior: \n" -"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " -"to unpredictable program behavior." +"Bare-metal Rust: \n" +"Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " +"system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" -"Comportamiento indefinido: \n" -"acciones o condiciones en Rust que no tienen ningún resultado especificado, " -"lo que a menudo provoca un comportamiento impredecible del programa." +"Rust Bare-metal: \n" +"desarrollo de Rust de bajo nivel, a menudo desplegado en un sistema sin " +"sistema operativo. Consulta [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"union: \n" -"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." +"block: \n" +"See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." msgstr "" -"Unión: \n" -"tipo de datos que puede contener valores de distintos tipos, pero solo de " -"uno en uno." +"bloque: \n" +"Consulta [bloques](control-flow/blocks.md) y _ámbito_." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"unit test: \n" -"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " -"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." +"borrow: \n" +"See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." msgstr "" -"Prueba unitaria: \n" -"Rust incluye asistencia integrada para llevar a cabo pruebas unitarias de " -"pequeño tamaño y pruebas de integración de mayor tamaño. Consulta la página " -"[Pruebas unitarias](testing/unit-tests.html)." +"borrow (_omar prestado_): \n" +"Consulta [Borrowing (Préstamos)](ownership/borrowing.md)." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"unit type: \n" -"Type that holds no data, written as a tuple with no members." +"borrow checker: \n" +"The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." msgstr "" -"Tipo de unidad: \n" -"tipo que no contiene datos, escrito como una tupla sin miembros." +"borrow checker (_comprobador de préstamos_): \n" +"la parte del compilador de Rust que comprueba que todos los préstamos sean " +"válidos." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"unsafe: \n" -"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " -"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." +"brace: \n" +"`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." msgstr "" -"Inseguro: \n" -"el subconjunto de Rust que te permite activar un _comportamiento " -"indefinido_. Consulta [Rust inseguro](unsafe.html)." +"llave: \n" +"`{` and `}`. Delimitan _bloques_." #: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"variable: \n" -"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_." +"build: \n" +"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " +"program." msgstr "" -"Variable: \n" -"una ubicación de la memoria que almacena datos. Las variables son válidas en " -"un _ámbito_" +"compilar \n" +"El proceso de conversión de código fuente en código ejecutable o en un " +"programa utilizable." -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "Other Rust Resources" -msgstr "Otros recursos de Rust" +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"call: \n" +"To invoke or execute a function or method." +msgstr "" +"Llamar: \n" +"invocar o ejecutar una función o método." -#: src/other-resources.md +#: src/glossary.md msgid "" -"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " -"online." +"channel: \n" +"Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" -"La comunidad de Rust ha creado una gran cantidad de recursos online sin " -"coste y de gran calidad." +"Canal: \n" +"se utiliza para enviar mensajes [entre hilos](concurrency/channels.md) de " +"forma segura." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" +"The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." +msgstr "" +"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" +"el conjunto de cursos que se describen aquí se denomina Comprehensive Rust " +"🦀." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"concurrency: \n" +"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." +msgstr "" +"Simultaneidad: \n" +"ejecución de varias tareas o procesos al mismo tiempo." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"Concurrency in Rust: \n" +"See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." +msgstr "" +"Simultaneidad en Rust: \n" +"consulta [Simultaneidad en Rust](concurrency.md)." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"constant: \n" +"A value that does not change during the execution of a program." +msgstr "" +"Constante: \n" +" valor que no cambia durante la ejecución de un programa." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"control flow: \n" +"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " +"a program." +msgstr "" +"Flujo de control: \n" +"el orden en el que se ejecutan las instrucciones individuales en un programa." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"crash: \n" +"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." +msgstr "" +"Fallo: \n" +"fallo o finalización de un programa de forma inesperada y sin gestionar." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"enumeration: \n" +"A data type that holds one of several named constants, possibly with an " +"associated tuple or struct." +msgstr "" +"Enumeración: \n" +"tipo de dato que contiene una de varias constantes con nombre, posiblemente " +"con una tupla o estructura asociada." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"error: \n" +"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." +msgstr "" +"Error: \n" +"condición o resultado inesperado que se desvía del comportamiento esperado." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"error handling: \n" +"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " +"execution." +msgstr "" +"Gestión de errores: \n" +"el proceso de gestionar y responder a los errores que se producen durante la " +"ejecución del programa." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"exercise: \n" +"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." +msgstr "" +"Ejercicio: \n" +"una tarea o problema diseñado para practicar y poner a prueba las " +"habilidades de programación." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"function: \n" +"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." +msgstr "" +"Función: \n" +"bloque de código reutilizable que lleva a cabo una tarea específica." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"garbage collector: \n" +"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " +"no longer in use." +msgstr "" +"Recolector de elementos no utilizados: \n" +"mecanismo que libera automáticamente la memoria que ocupan objetos que ya no " +"se utilizan." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"generics: \n" +"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " +"code reuse with different data types." +msgstr "" +"Genéricos: \n" +"una función que permite escribir código con marcadores de posición para los " +"tipos, lo que permite reutilizar código con distintos tipos de datos." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"immutable: \n" +"Unable to be changed after creation." +msgstr "" +"Inmutable: \n" +"que no se puede cambiar después de crearse." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"integration test: \n" +"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " +"components of a system." +msgstr "" +"Prueba de integración: \n" +"tipo de prueba que verifica las interacciones entre diferentes partes o " +"componentes de un sistema." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"keyword: \n" +"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " +"cannot be used as an identifier." +msgstr "" +"Palabra clave: \n" +"palabra reservada en un lenguaje de programación que tiene un significado " +"específico y que no se puede utilizar como identificador." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"library: \n" +"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." +msgstr "" +"Biblioteca: \n" +"una colección de rutinas o código precompilados que pueden utilizar los " +"programas." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"macro: \n" +"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " +"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " +"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." +msgstr "" +"Macro: \n" +"las macros de Rust se pueden reconocer por llevar `!` en el nombre. Las " +"macros se utilizan cuando las funciones normales no son suficientes. Un " +"ejemplo típico es `format!`, que utiliza un número variable de argumentos " +"que no es compatible con las funciones de Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"`main` function: \n" +"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." +msgstr "" +"Función `main`: \n" +"los programas de Rust empiezan a ejecutarse con la función `main`." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"match: \n" +"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " +"value of an expression." +msgstr "" +"Coincidencia: \n" +"construcción de flujo de control en Rust que permite la coincidencia de " +"patrones con el valor de una expresión." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"memory leak: \n" +"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " +"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." +msgstr "" +"Pérdida de memoria: \n" +"situación en la que un programa no libera memoria que ya no se necesita, lo " +"que provoca un aumento gradual en el uso de memoria." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"method: \n" +"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Método: \n" +"una función asociada a un objeto o a un tipo en Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"module: \n" +"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " +"to organize code in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Módulo: \n" +"espacio de nombres que contiene definiciones, como funciones, tipos o " +"traits, para organizar el código en Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"move: \n" +"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Mover: \n" +"la transferencia de la propiedad de un valor de una variable a otra en Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"mutable: \n" +"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " +"declared." +msgstr "" +"Mutable: \n" +"una propiedad en Rust que permite que se modifiquen las variables después de " +"que se hayan declarado." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"ownership: \n" +"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " +"managing the memory associated with a value." +msgstr "" +"Propiedad: \n" +"el concepto de Rust que define qué parte del código es responsable de " +"gestionar la memoria asociada a un valor." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"panic: \n" +"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " +"the program." +msgstr "" +"Pánico: \n" +"condición de error irrecuperable en Rust que provoca la finalización del " +"programa." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"parameter: \n" +"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." +msgstr "" +"Parámetro: \n" +" valor que se transfiere a una función o método cuando se llama." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"pattern: \n" +"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " +"an expression in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Patrón: \n" +"una combinación de valores, literales o estructuras que se pueden comparar " +"con una expresión de Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"payload: \n" +"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." +msgstr "" +"Carga útil: \n" +"los datos o la información que transporta un mensaje, evento o estructura de " +"datos." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"program: \n" +"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " +"or solve a particular problem." +msgstr "" +"Programa: \n" +"conjunto de instrucciones que un ordenador puede ejecutar para llevar a cabo " +"una tarea específica o resolver un problema concreto." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"programming language: \n" +"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." +msgstr "" +"Lenguaje de programación: \n" +"un sistema formal que se utiliza para comunicar instrucciones a un " +"ordenador, como Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"receiver: \n" +"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " +"the method is called." +msgstr "" +"Receptor: \n" +"el primer parámetro de un método de Rust que representa la instancia en la " +"que se llama al método." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"reference counting: \n" +"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " +"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." +msgstr "" +"Recuento de referencias: \n" +"técnica de gestión de la memoria en la que se hace un seguimiento del número " +"de referencias a un objeto y se desasigna cuando el recuento llega a cero." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"return: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." +msgstr "" +"Retorno: \n" +"una palabra clave de Rust que se utiliza para indicar el valor que se " +"devuelve de una función." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"Rust: \n" +"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " +"concurrency." +msgstr "" +"Rust: \n" +"lenguaje de programación de sistemas que se centra en la seguridad, el " +"rendimiento y la simultaneidad." + +#: src/glossary.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust Fundamentals: \n" +"Days 1 to 4 of this course." +msgstr "" +"Aspectos básicos de Rust: \n" +"contenido del día 1 al día 3 de este curso." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"Rust in Android: \n" +"See [Rust in Android](android.md)." +msgstr "" +"Rust en Android: \n" +"consulta [Rust en Android](android.md)." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"Rust in Chromium: \n" +"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." +msgstr "" +"Rust en Chromium: \n" +"consulta [Rust en Chromium](chromium.md)." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"safe: \n" +"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " +"preventing memory-related errors." +msgstr "" +"Seguro: \n" +"se refiere al código que cumple las reglas de propiedad y préstamos de Rust, " +"lo que evita errores relacionados con la memoria." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"scope: \n" +"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." +msgstr "" +"Ámbito: \n" +"la región de un programa en la que una variable es válida y se puede " +"utilizar." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"standard library: \n" +"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Biblioteca estándar: \n" +"una colección de módulos que proporcionan funciones esenciales en Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"static: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " +"lifetime." +msgstr "" +"Static: \n" +"una palabra clave de Rust que se utiliza para definir variables o elementos " +"estáticos con un tiempo de vida `'static`." + +#: src/glossary.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"string: \n" +"A data type storing textual data. See [Strings](references/strings.html) for " +"more." +msgstr "" +"String o cadena: \n" +"tipo de datos que almacena datos de texto. Consulta [`String` vs `str`]" +"(basic-syntax/string-slices.html) para obtener más información." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"struct: \n" +"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " +"types under a single name." +msgstr "" +"Struct: \n" +"tipo de datos compuestos de Rust que agrupa variables de diferentes tipos " +"bajo un mismo nombre." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"test: \n" +"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " +"functions." +msgstr "" +"Prueba: \n" +"módulo de Rust que contiene funciones que comprueban que otras funciones " +"sean correctas." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"thread: \n" +"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." +msgstr "" +"Hilo: \n" +"una secuencia de ejecución independiente en un programa que permite la " +"ejecución simultánea." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"thread safety: \n" +"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " +"environment." +msgstr "" +"Seguridad en hilos: \n" +"la propiedad de un programa que asegura un comportamiento correcto en un " +"entorno multihilo." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"trait: \n" +"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " +"achieve polymorphism in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Trait: \n" +"conjunto de métodos definidos para un tipo desconocido que proporciona una " +"forma de lograr el polimorfismo en Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"trait bound: \n" +"An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your " +"interest." +msgstr "" +"Límite del trait: \n" +"una abstracción en la que puedes requerir que los tipos implementen algunos " +"traits de tu interés." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"tuple: \n" +"A composite data type that contains variables of different types. Tuple " +"fields have no names, and are accessed by their ordinal numbers." +msgstr "" +"Tupla: \n" +"tipo de datos compuestos que contiene variables de diferentes tipos. Los " +"campos de tuplas no tienen nombre y se accede a ellos por sus números " +"ordinales." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"type: \n" +"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " +"of a particular kind in Rust." +msgstr "" +"Tipo: \n" +"una clasificación que especifica qué operaciones se pueden llevar a cabo en " +"valores de una clase concreta en Rust." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"type inference: \n" +"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " +"expression." +msgstr "" +"Inferencia de tipos: \n" +"capacidad del compilador de Rust para deducir el tipo de una variable o " +"expresión." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"undefined behavior: \n" +"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " +"to unpredictable program behavior." +msgstr "" +"Comportamiento indefinido: \n" +"acciones o condiciones en Rust que no tienen ningún resultado especificado, " +"lo que a menudo provoca un comportamiento impredecible del programa." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"union: \n" +"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." +msgstr "" +"Unión: \n" +"tipo de datos que puede contener valores de distintos tipos, pero solo de " +"uno en uno." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"unit test: \n" +"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " +"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." +msgstr "" +"Prueba unitaria: \n" +"Rust incluye asistencia integrada para llevar a cabo pruebas unitarias de " +"pequeño tamaño y pruebas de integración de mayor tamaño. Consulta la página " +"[Pruebas unitarias](testing/unit-tests.html)." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"unit type: \n" +"Type that holds no data, written as a tuple with no members." +msgstr "" +"Tipo de unidad: \n" +"tipo que no contiene datos, escrito como una tupla sin miembros." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"unsafe: \n" +"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " +"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." +msgstr "" +"Inseguro: \n" +"el subconjunto de Rust que te permite activar un _comportamiento " +"indefinido_. Consulta [Rust inseguro](unsafe.html)." + +#: src/glossary.md +msgid "" +"variable: \n" +"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_." +msgstr "" +"Variable: \n" +"una ubicación de la memoria que almacena datos. Las variables son válidas en " +"un _ámbito_" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "Other Rust Resources" +msgstr "Otros recursos de Rust" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources " +"online." +msgstr "" +"La comunidad de Rust ha creado una gran cantidad de recursos online sin " +"coste y de gran calidad." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "Official Documentation" +msgstr "Documentación oficial" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" +msgstr "" +"El proyecto Rust cuenta con muchos recursos. Estos tratan sobre Rust en " +"general:" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " +"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " +"few projects for people to build." +msgstr "" +"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): el libro " +"canónico sobre Rust sin coste alguno. Trata el lenguaje de forma detallada e " +"incluye algunos proyectos que los usuarios pueden compilar." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " +"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " +"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " +"in the examples." +msgstr "" +"[Rust by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): trata la " +"sintaxis de Rust a través de una serie de ejemplos que muestran distintas " +"construcciones. A veces incluye pequeños ejercicios en los que se te pide " +"que amplíes el código de los ejemplos." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " +"of the standard library for Rust." +msgstr "" +"[La biblioteca estándar de Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): " +"documentación completa de la biblioteca estándar de Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " +"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." +msgstr "" +"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): un libro " +"incompleto que describe la gramática y el modelo de memoria de Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" +msgstr "Consulta guías más especializadas en el sitio oficial de Rust:" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " +"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " +"(FFI)." +msgstr "" +"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): trata de Rust " +"inseguro, incluido cómo trabajar con punteros sin formato e interactuar con " +"otros lenguajes (FFI)." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " +"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " +"Rust Book was written." +msgstr "" +"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " +"incluye el nuevo modelo de programación asíncrona que se introdujo después " +"de que se escribiera el libro de Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " +"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " +"system." +msgstr "" +"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " +"una introducción sobre el uso de Rust en dispositivos integrados sin sistema " +"operativo." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" +msgstr "Material de formación no oficial" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" +msgstr "Una pequeña selección de otras guías y tutoriales sobre Rust:" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " +"from the perspective of low-level C programmers." +msgstr "" +"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): trata Rust " +"desde la perspectiva de los programadores de C de bajo nivel." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" +"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " +"firmware in C." +msgstr "" +"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" +"rust_for_c/): explica Rust desde la perspectiva de los desarrolladores que " +"escriben _firmware_ en C." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " +"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " +"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." +msgstr "" +"[Rust for professonals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " +"trata la sintaxis de Rust comparándola con otros lenguajes, como C, C++, " +"Java, JavaScript y Python." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " +"you learn Rust." +msgstr "" +"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): más de 100 ejercicios " +"para aprender Rust." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" +"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " +"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " +"and async/await are also covered." +msgstr "" +"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" +"material/index.html): una serie de pequeñas presentaciones que cubren tanto " +"la parte básica como la parte más avanzada del lenguaje Rust. También se " +"tratan otros temas como WebAssembly y async/await." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Advanced testing for Rust applications](https://github.com/mainmatter/rust-" +"advanced-testing-workshop): a self-paced workshop that goes beyond Rust's " +"built-in testing framework. It covers `googletest`, snapshot testing, " +"mocking as well as how to write your own custom test harness." +msgstr "" + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" +"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." +"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " +"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " +"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." +msgstr "" +"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/es/shows/beginners-" +"series-to-rust/) y [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs.microsoft." +"com/es/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): dos guías de Rust dirigidas a nuevos " +"desarrolladores. La primera es un conjunto de 35 vídeos y la segunda es un " +"conjunto de 11 módulos que cubren la sintaxis y las construcciones básicas " +"de Rust." #: src/other-resources.md -msgid "Official Documentation" -msgstr "Documentación oficial" +msgid "" +"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." +"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " +"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." +msgstr "" +"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." +"github.io/too-many-lists/): exploración detallada de las reglas de gestión " +"de la memoria de Rust a través de la implementación de algunos tipos " +"diferentes de estructuras de listas." + +#: src/other-resources.md +msgid "" +"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " +"for even more Rust books." +msgstr "" +"Consulta [The Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) para " +"ver más libros de Rust." + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "" +"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " +"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " +"full list of useful resources." +msgstr "" +"Este material se basa en las numerosas fuentes de documentación sobre Rust. " +"Consulta la página de [otros recursos](other-resources.md) para ver una " +"lista completa de recursos útiles." + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "" +"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " +"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" +"rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." +msgstr "" +"El material de Comprehensive Rust está sujeto a los términos de la licencia " +"Apache 2.0. Para obtener más información, consulta [`LICENSE`](https://" +"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/LICENSE)." + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "Rust by Example" +msgstr "Rust by Example" + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "" +"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " +"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " +"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " +"terms." +msgstr "" +"Algunos ejemplos y ejercicios se han copiado y adaptado del libro [Rust by " +"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Consulta el directorio " +"`third_party/rust-by-example/` para obtener más información, incluidos los " +"términos de la licencia." + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "Rust on Exercism" +msgstr "Rust on Exercism" + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "" +"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" +"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " +"directory for details, including the license terms." +msgstr "" +"Se han copiado y adaptado algunos ejercicios del recurso [Rust on Exercism]" +"(https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Consulta el directorio `third_party/rust-" +"on-exercism/` para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la " +"licencia." + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "CXX" +msgstr "CXX" + +#: src/credits.md +msgid "" +"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " +"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " +"directory for details, including the license terms." +msgstr "" +"En la sección [Interoperabilidad con C++](android/Interop/cpp.md) se usa una " +"imagen de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Consulta el directorio `third_party/cxx/` " +"para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la licencia." + +#~ msgid "Conditionals" +#~ msgstr "Condicionales" + +#~ msgid "Static and Const" +#~ msgstr "Estático y Constantes (_Static y Const_)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" +#~ msgstr "Tiempos de vida" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "String References" +#~ msgstr "Referencias colgantes" + +#~ msgid "Control Flow" +#~ msgstr "Control de Flujo" + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning (3 hours, including breaks)" +#~ msgstr "Día 1 por la mañana (3 horas, incluidos los descansos)" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Hola, mundo](../hello-world.md) (20 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Tipos y valores](../types-and-values.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Aspectos básicos del flujo de control](../control-flow-basics.md) (1 " +#~ "hora)" + +#~ msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" +#~ msgstr "[Tuplas y arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hora)" + +#~ msgid "[References](../references.md) (50 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Referencias](../references.md) (50 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tipos definidos por el usuario](../user-definition-types.md) (50 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Coincidencia de patrones](../pattern-matching.md) (50 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Métodos y traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Genéricos](../generics.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours, including breaks)" +#~ msgstr "Día 2 por la tarde (3 horas, incluidos los descansos)" + +#~ msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tipos de bibliotecas estándar](../std-types.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Traits de biblioteca estándar](../std-traits.md) (1 hora y 40 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Gestión de la memoria](../memory-management.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Iteradores](../iterators.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (1 hour)" +#~ msgstr "[Préstamos](../borrowing.md) (1 hora)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Slices and Lifetimes](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Slices y tiempos de vida](../slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hora y 10 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Iteradores](../iterators.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Módulos](../modules.md) (40 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Pruebas](../testing.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours, including breaks)" +#~ msgstr "Día 4 por la tarde (2 horas, incluidos los descansos)" + +#~ msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Gestión de errores](../error-handling.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Rust inseguro](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "Arrow-Left" +#~ msgstr "Flecha izquierda" + +#~ msgid "Arrow-Right" +#~ msgstr "Flecha derecha" + +#~ msgid "Ctrl + Enter" +#~ msgstr "Ctrl + Intro" + +#~ msgid "s" +#~ msgstr "s" + +#~ msgid "You can use " +#~ msgstr "Puedes usar " + +#~ msgid "In this session:" +#~ msgstr "En esta sesión:" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (20 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Hola, mundo](./hello-world.md) (20 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Tipos y valores](./types-and-values.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (1 hour)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Aspectos básicos del flujo de control](./control-flow-basics.md) (1 hora)" + +#~ msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la " +#~ "sesión es de unas 3 horas." + +#~ msgid "In this segment:" +#~ msgstr "En esta parte se abordarán los siguientes temas:" + +#~ msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[¿Qué es Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Hola, mundo](./hello-world/hello-world.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ventajas de Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Valores](./types-and-values/values.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Aritmética](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Strings](./types-and-values/strings.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Cadenas](./types-and-values/strings.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Inferencia de tipos](./types-and-values/inference.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ejercicio: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " +#~ "more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En Rust hay dos tipos para representar cadenas, de los que hablaremos con " +#~ "detenimiento más adelante. Ambos tipos _siempre_ almacenan cadenas " +#~ "codificadas en UTF-8." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." +#~ msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable." + +#~ msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`&str`: es una cadena de solo lectura. Los literales de cadena son de " +#~ "este tipo." + +#~ msgid "\"🪐\"" +#~ msgstr "\"🪐\"" + +#~ msgid "\", \"" +#~ msgstr "\", \"" + +#~ msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"frase final: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" +#~ msgstr "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more " +#~ "depth later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to " +#~ "use strings." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En esta diapositiva se presentan las cadenas. Más adelante hablaremos de " +#~ "todo lo relacionado con este tema, pero esta información es suficiente " +#~ "para que se puedan usar cadenas en las diapositivas y ejercicios que " +#~ "vienen a continuación." + +#~ msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La codificación UTF-8 no válida en una cadena tiene comportamiento " +#~ "indefinido y no es compatible con Rust seguro." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and " +#~ "methods like `s.push_str(..)`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`String` es un tipo definido por el usuario con un constructor (`::" +#~ "new()`) y métodos como `s.push_str(..)`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " +#~ "references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a " +#~ "read-only string\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La `&` en `&str` indica que se trata de una referencia. Más adelante " +#~ "hablaremos de las referencias, por el momento solo es necesario saber que " +#~ "`&str` es una unidad que significa \"cadena de solo lectura\"." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " +#~ "`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. " +#~ "Adjust it to a range that does, based on the error message." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La línea marcada como comentario se indexa en la cadena por posición de " +#~ "byte. `12..13` no termina en el límite de un carácter, por lo que el " +#~ "programa da error. Ajusta el intervalo en función del mensaje de error." + +#~ msgid "[Conditionals](./control-flow-basics/conditionals.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Condicionales](./control-flow-basics/conditionals.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bucles](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[break y continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (10 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Bloques y ámbitos (scopes)](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) " +#~ "(10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Funciones](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (30 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: secuencia de Collatz](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (30 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gran parte de la sintaxis de Rust te resultará familiar de C, C++ o Java:" + +#~ msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces." +#~ msgstr "Los bloques están delimitados por llaves." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/" +#~ "* ... */`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los comentarios de línea empiezan por `//`, mientras que los comentarios " +#~ "de bloque están delimitados por `/* ... */`." + +#~ msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." +#~ msgstr "Palabras clave como `if` y `while` funcionan igual." + +#~ msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La asignación de variables se realiza con `=` y la comparación con `==`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will discuss iteration later; for now, just stick to range expressions." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Hablaremos de la iteración más adelante. Por el momento, céntrate en las " +#~ "expresiones de intervalo." + +#~ msgid "\"{result}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{result}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En este caso, detenemos el bucle exterior tras tres iteraciones del bucle " +#~ "interno." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "1" +#~ msgstr "12" + +#~ msgid " greater than zero:" +#~ msgstr " mayor que cero:" + +#~ msgid "If _n" +#~ msgstr "Si _n" + +#~ msgid "i" +#~ msgstr "i" + +#~ msgid "_." +#~ msgstr "_." + +#~ msgid "_ is even, then _n" +#~ msgstr "_ es par, entonces _n" + +#~ msgid "i+1" +#~ msgstr "i+1" + +#~ msgid " = n" +#~ msgstr " = n" + +#~ msgid " / 2_." +#~ msgstr " / 2_." + +#~ msgid "_ is odd, then _n" +#~ msgstr "_ es impar, entonces _n" + +#~ msgid " = 3 * n" +#~ msgstr " = 3 * n" + +#~ msgid " + 1_." +#~ msgstr " + 1_." + +#~ msgid "_ = 3:" +#~ msgstr "_ = 3:" + +#~ msgid "3 is odd, so _n" +#~ msgstr "3 es impar, por lo que _n" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "2" +#~ msgstr "12" + +#~ msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +#~ msgstr "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" + +#~ msgid "10 is even, so _n" +#~ msgstr "10 es par, por lo que _n" + +#~ msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +#~ msgstr "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" + +#~ msgid "5 is odd, so _n" +#~ msgstr "5 es impar, por lo que _n" + +#~ msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" +#~ msgstr "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" + +#~ msgid "16 is even, so _n" +#~ msgstr "16 es par, por lo que _n" + +#~ msgid "5" +#~ msgstr "5" + +#~ msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +#~ msgstr "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" + +#~ msgid "8 is even, so _n" +#~ msgstr "8 es par, por lo que _n" + +#~ msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +#~ msgstr "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" + +#~ msgid "4 is even, so _n" +#~ msgstr "4 es par, por lo que _n" + +#~ msgid "7" +#~ msgstr "7" + +#~ msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +#~ msgstr "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" + +#~ msgid "2 is even, so _n" +#~ msgstr "2 es par, por lo que _n" + +#~ msgid "_ = 1; and" +#~ msgstr "_ = 1; y" + +#~ msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hour)" +#~ msgstr "[Tuplas y arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (1 hora)" + +#~ msgid "[References](./references.md) (50 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Referencias](./references.md) (50 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tipos definidos por el usuario](./user-definition-types.md) (50 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tuplas y arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Iteración de arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Pattern Matching](./tuples-and-arrays/match.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Coincidencia de patrones](./tuples-and-arrays/match.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Desestructuración](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: Arrays anidados](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All " +#~ "elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate " +#~ "different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las tuplas y los arrays son los primeros tipos \"compuestos\" que hemos " +#~ "estudiado. Todos los elementos de un array tienen el mismo tipo, mientras " +#~ "que las tuplas admiten distintos tipos. Ambos tipos tienen un tamaño fijo " +#~ "durante el tiempo de compilación." + +#~ msgid "`[T; N]`" +#~ msgstr "`[T; N]`" + +#~ msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" +#~ msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" + +#~ msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." +#~ msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." + +#~ msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." +#~ msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." + +#~ msgid "Array assignment and access:" +#~ msgstr "Asignación y acceso a arrays:" + +#~ msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" +#~ msgstr "Asignación y acceso a tuplas:" + +#~ msgid "Arrays:" +#~ msgstr "Arrays:" + +#~ msgid "Tuples:" +#~ msgstr "Tuplas:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a " +#~ "type, and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the " +#~ "type and its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for " +#~ "example, that a function or expression has no return value, as we'll see " +#~ "in a future slide." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La tupla vacía `()` también se conoce como \"tipo unitario\". Es a la vez " +#~ "un tipo y el único valor válido de ese tipo, es decir, tanto el tipo como " +#~ "su valor se expresan como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por ejemplo, que una " +#~ "función o expresión no tiene valor de retorno, como veremos en una " +#~ "diapositiva posterior." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " +#~ "programming languages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Podríamos pensar en ello como `void`, que quizá resulte familiar de otros " +#~ "lenguajes de programación." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Destructuring is a way of extracting data from a data structure by " +#~ "writing a pattern that is matched up to the data structure, binding " +#~ "variables to subcomponents of the data structure." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La desestructuración es una forma de extraer datos de una estructura de " +#~ "datos al escribir un patrón que coincida con la estructura de datos, es " +#~ "decir, enlazando variables a los subcomponentes de dicha estructura." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "You can destructure tuples and arrays by matching on their elements:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Puedes desestructurar arrays, tuplas y slices haciendo coincidir sus " +#~ "elementos:" + +#~ msgid "\"on Y axis\"" +#~ msgstr "\"en el eje Y\"" + +#~ msgid "\"on X axis\"" +#~ msgstr "\"en el eje X\"" + +#~ msgid "\"left of Y axis\"" +#~ msgstr "\"a la izquierda del eje Y\"" + +#~ msgid "\"below X axis\"" +#~ msgstr "\"debajo del eje X\"" + +#~ msgid "\"first quadrant\"" +#~ msgstr "\"primer cuadrante\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Dame información sobre {triple:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"El primero es 0, y = {y}, z = {z}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" +#~ msgstr "\"El primero es 1 y el resto se ha ignorado\"" + +#~ msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Se han ignorado todos los elementos\"" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Create a new array pattern using `_` to represent an element." +#~ msgstr "Crea un patrón con `_` para representar un elemento. " + +#~ msgid "Add more values to the array." +#~ msgstr "Añade más valores al array." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " +#~ "elements." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Señala cómo `..` se expandirá para representar un número distinto de " +#~ "elementos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Muestra las coincidencias de tail con los patrones `[.., b]` y `[a@..,b]`." + +#~ msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." +#~ msgstr "Codifica ambas funciones para que operen con matrices de 3 × 3." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " +#~ "functions:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " +#~ "implementa las funciones:" + +#~ msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Referencias compartidas](./references/shared.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Referencias exclusivas](./references/included.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ejercicio: geometría](./references/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Estructuras con nombre](./user-undefined-types/named-structs.md) (10 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Estructuras de tuplas](./user-definition-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Enums](./user-undefined-types/enums.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Static and Const](./user-defined-types/static-and-const.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Variables Static y Const](./user-definition-types/static-and-const.md) " +#~ "(5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Alias de tipo](./user-definition-types/aliases.md) (2 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: Eventos de ascensor](./user-definition-types/exercise.md) (15 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" +#~ "scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " +#~ "the program." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Las variables estáticas y constantes son dos formas diferentes de crear " +#~ "valores de ámbito global que no se pueden mover ni reasignar durante la " +#~ "ejecución del programa. " + +#~ msgid "Properties table:" +#~ msgstr "Tabla de Propiedades:" + +#~ msgid "Has an address in memory" +#~ msgstr "Tiene una dirección en la memoria" + +#~ msgid "No (inlined)" +#~ msgstr "No (insertado)" + +#~ msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" +#~ msgstr "Vive durante toda la ejecución del programa" + +#~ msgid "Can be mutable" +#~ msgstr "Puede ser mutable" + +#~ msgid "Yes (unsafe)" +#~ msgstr "Sí (inseguro)" + +#~ msgid "Evaluated at compile time" +#~ msgstr "Evaluado en tiempo de compilación" + +#~ msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" +#~ msgstr "Sí (inicializado en tiempo de compilación)" + +#~ msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" +#~ msgstr "Insertado dondequiera que se utilice" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (50 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Coincidencia de patrones](./pattern-matching.md) (50 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Métodos y traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (55 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Genéricos](./generics.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Destructuring](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Desestructuración](./pattern-matching/destructuring.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Control de Flujo con `let`](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: evaluación de expresiones](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) " +#~ "(30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "`match` expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expresiones `match`" + +#~ msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Métodos](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Derivación](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Trait Objects](./methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Objetos de Trait](./methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: registrador genérico](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " +#~ "collection:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los objetos de _traits_ permiten valores de diferentes tipos, por " +#~ "ejemplo, en una colección:" + +#~ msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Funciones genéricas](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (15 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Tipos de datos genéricos](./generics/generic-data.md) (15 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Límites de traits](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ejercicio: min genérico](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" +#~ msgstr "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" + +#~ msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" +#~ msgstr "/// Devuelve true si el valor de self es menor que el de other.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"Shapiro\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Shapiro\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Baumann\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Baumann\"" + +#~ msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tipos de bibliotecas estándar](./std-types.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 40 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Traits de biblioteca estándar](./std-traits.md) (1 hora y 40 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Biblioteca estándar](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Documentación](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Option (Opción)](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Result (Resultado)](./std-types/result.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[String (Cadena de texto)](./std-types/string.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Vec (Vectores)](./std-types/vec.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ejercicio: contador](./std-types/exercise.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Comparaciones](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Operadores](./std-traits/operators.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[From e Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Conversiones](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Read y Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Default, sintaxis de actualización de structs](./std-traits/default.md) " +#~ "(5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Cierres](./std-traits/closures.md) (20 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ejercicio: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 40 minutes" +#~ msgstr "Esta sección tiene una duración aproximada de 1 hora y 40 minutos." + +#~ msgid "\"there\"" +#~ msgstr "\"pasa?\"" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Gestión de la memoria](./Memory-management.md) (1 hora y 10 minutos)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Punteros inteligentes](./smart-pointers.md) (55 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Revisión de la memoria del programa](./Memory-management/review.md) (5 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Estrategias para la gestión de la memoria](./Memory-manageme t/" +#~ "approaches.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ownership](./Memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Semántica de movimiento](./Memory-management/move.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Clonar](./Memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Copiar tipos](./Memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Drop](./Memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: tipo de compilador](./Memory-management/exercise.md) (20 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, longitud = {len}, capacidad = {capacity}\"" + +#~ msgid "[Box" +#~ msgstr "[Box" + +#~ msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: árbol binario](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. " +#~ "This allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Box` no puede estar vacío, por lo que el puntero siempre es válido y no " +#~ "`null`. Esto permite que el compilador optimice el diseño de la memoria:" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " Stack Heap\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": list : : :\n" +#~ ": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | // | :\n" +#~ ": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ "'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```bob\n" +#~ " Stack Heap\n" +#~ ".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +#~ "- - - -.\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": " +#~ "list : : :\n" +#~ ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----" +#~ "+----+ :\n" +#~ ": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // " +#~ "| // | :\n" +#~ ": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----" +#~ "+----+ :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ ": : : :\n" +#~ "'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +#~ "- - - -'\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (1 hour)" +#~ msgstr "[Préstamos](./borrowing.md) (1 hora)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Slices and Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Slices y tiempos de vida](./slices-and-lifetimes.md) (1 hora y 10 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Tomar prestado un valor](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Comprobación de préstamos](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Mutabilidad interior](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: estadísticas de salud](./borrowing/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El compilador de Rust puede hacer la optimización del valor devuelto " +#~ "(RVO)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification " +#~ "because constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue " +#~ "at all. If RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and " +#~ "efficient `memcpy` copy." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "En C++, la elisión de copia tiene que definirse en la especificación del " +#~ "lenguaje, ya que los constructores pueden tener efectos secundarios. En " +#~ "Rust, esto no supone ningún problema. Si no hay RVO, Rust siempre " +#~ "realizará una copia `memcpy` simple y eficiente." + +#~ msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"gráfico: {root:#?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"suma de gráfico: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Rc` only allows shared (read-only) access to its contents, since its " +#~ "purpose is to allow (and count) many references. But we want to modify " +#~ "the value, so we need interior mutability." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Rc` solo permite el acceso compartido (de solo lectura) a su contenido, " +#~ "ya que su objetivo es permitir (y contar) muchas referencias. Ya que " +#~ "nuestro objetivo modificar el valor, necesitamos utilizar la mutabilidad " +#~ "interna." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to " +#~ "`subtree.children`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Demuestra que se pueden crear bucles de referencia añadiendo `root` a " +#~ "`subtree.children`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " +#~ "`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic " +#~ "in the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at " +#~ "'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para demostrar un pánico en tiempo de ejecución, añade un `fn inc(&mut " +#~ "self)` que incremente `self.value` y llame al mismo método en sus hijos. " +#~ "Esto entrará en pánico en presencia del bucle de referencia, con `thread " +#~ "'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." + +#~ msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[String References](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Referencias de cadenas](./slices-and-lifetimes/str.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Lifetime Annotations](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) " +#~ "(10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Anotaciones de tiempos de vida](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-" +#~ "annotations.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Lifetime Elision](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Omisión de tiempos de vida](./slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) " +#~ "(5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Struct Lifetimes](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Tiempos de vida de structs](./slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) " +#~ "(5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: análisis de Protobuf](./slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " +#~ "`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust: `&str` es muy " +#~ "parecida a `&[char]`, pero almacena sus datos en una codificación de " +#~ "longitud variable (UTF-8)." + +#~ msgid "Rust terminology:" +#~ msgstr "Terminología de Rust:" + +#~ msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." +#~ msgstr "`&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice de una cadena." + +#~ msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +#~ msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable." + +#~ msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Tipo de wire inesperado)\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Cadena no válida (no es UTF‐8)\"" + +#~ msgid "b\"hello\"" +#~ msgstr "n\"hola\"" + +#~ msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Bienvenida](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Iteradores](./iterators.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Módulos](./modules.md) (40 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: encadenamiento de métodos del iterador](./iterators/exercise." +#~ "md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Módulos](./modules/modules.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Jerarquía del sistema de archivos](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Visibilidad](./modules/visible.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: módulos para una biblioteca GUI](./modules/exercise.md) (15 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Módulos de pruebas](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Otros tipos de pruebas](./testing/other.md) (10 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Useful Crates](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Crates útiles](./testing/useful-crates.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[GoogleTest](./testing/googletest.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Mocking](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Simulación](./testing/mocking.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Lints de compilador y Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Ejercicio: Algoritmo de Luhn](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." +#~ msgstr "Rust solo incluye asistencia básica para las pruebas de escritura." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A continuación, se indican algunos crates adicionales que recomendamos " +#~ "para escribir pruebas:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " +#~ "library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): biblioteca completa de aserción " +#~ "de pruebas en la tradición de GoogleTest para C++." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): pruebas basadas en propiedades para " +#~ "Rust." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " +#~ "tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): asistencia para _fixtures_ y pruebas " +#~ "parametrizadas." + +#~ msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." +#~ msgstr "Esto es solo el comienzo, existen muchos matchers integrados." + +#~ msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP." +#~ msgstr "GoogleTest se puede utilizar en AOSP." + +#~ msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (45 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Gestión de errores](./error-handling.md) (45 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Rust inseguro](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hora y 5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Contando con los descansos de 10 minutos, la duración prevista de la " +#~ "sesión es de unas 2 horas." + +#~ msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Pánicos](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Operador Try](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Conversiones Try](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Trait Error](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[thiserror y anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (20 " +#~ "minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: reescribir con Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (20 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Inseguro](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Desreferenciar punteros sin formato](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Variables estáticas mutables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 " +#~ "minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Uniones](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Funciones inseguras](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "[Traits inseguros](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutos)" + +#~ msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[Ejercicio: envoltorio de FFI](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutos)" + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +#~ msgstr "No hay comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_:" + +#~ msgid "// Safe because ...\n" +#~ msgstr "// Es seguro porque ...\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " +#~ "vendor partition." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Añade `vendor_available: true` si un binario de la partición del " +#~ "proveedor utiliza tu archivo de AIDL." + +#~ msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" +#~ msgstr "/// Conecta con el servicio de felicitación de cumpleaños.\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// SEGURIDAD: es seguro llamar a `print_card` con un puntero `card` " +#~ "válido.\n" + +#~ msgid "ADC" +#~ msgstr "ADC" + +#~ msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" +#~ msgstr "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" + +#~ msgid "RNG" +#~ msgstr "RNG" + +#~ msgid "Timers" +#~ msgstr "Temporizadores" + +#~ msgid "Watchdogs" +#~ msgstr "Watchdogs" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " +#~ "isn't stable yet." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se está trabajando en una versión `async` de `embedded-hal`, pero aún no " +#~ "es estable." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +#~ " // TODO\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Configura el controlador I2C y la unidad de medición inercial.\n" +#~ " // TAREA\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +#~ " // TODO\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Lee datos de la brújula y regístralos en el puerto serie.\n" +#~ " // TAREA\n" + +#~ msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// TAREA: crear una instancia del controlador RTC e imprimir la hora " +#~ "actual.\n" + +#~ msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" +#~ msgstr "// TAREA: esperar 3 segundos.\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ "// limitations under the License.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// Con licencia Apache, versión 2.0 (la \"Licencia\");\n" +#~ "// Este archivo solo se puede utilizar según lo estipulado en la " +#~ "Licencia.\n" +#~ "// Puedes obtener una copia de la Licencia en\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// Salvo que lo exija la legislación aplicable o se haya acordado por " +#~ "escrito, el software\n" +#~ "// distribuido bajo la Licencia se distribuye \"TAL CUAL\",\n" +#~ "// SIN GARANTÍAS NI CONDICIONES DE NINGÚN TIPO, ya sean explícitas o " +#~ "implícitas.\n" +#~ "// Consulta la Licencia para saber los permisos y las limitaciones " +#~ "aplicables a cada idioma\n" +#~ "//.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" +#~ msgstr "\"sync_exception_current\"" + +#~ msgid "\"irq_current\"" +#~ msgstr "\"irq_current\"" + +#~ msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" +#~ msgstr "\"No hay interrupciones pendientes\"" + +#~ msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"fiq_current\"" +#~ msgstr "\"fiq_current\"" + +#~ msgid "\"serr_current\"" +#~ msgstr "\"serr_current\"" + +#~ msgid "\"sync_lower\"" +#~ msgstr "\"sync_lower\"" + +#~ msgid "\"irq_lower\"" +#~ msgstr "\"irq_lower\"" + +#~ msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" +#~ msgstr "\"fiq_lower\"" + +#~ msgid "\"serr_lower\"" +#~ msgstr "\"serr_lower\"" + +#~ msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" +#~ msgstr "// ANCHOR: main\n" + +#~ msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +#~ msgstr "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" + +#~ msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +#~ msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "/// Marcas del registro de estado de recepción de UART/Registro de " +#~ "borrado de errores.\n" + +#~ msgid "/// Framing error.\n" +#~ msgstr "/// Error de encuadre.\n" + +#~ msgid "/// Parity error.\n" +#~ msgstr "/// Error de paridad.\n" + +#~ msgid "/// Break error.\n" +#~ msgstr "/// Error de break.\n" + +#~ msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" +#~ msgstr "/// Error de desbordamiento.\n" + +#~ msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +#~ msgstr "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" + +#~ msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +#~ msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" +#~ "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// ANCHOR: Uart\n" +#~ "/// Controlador para un UART PL011.\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at " +#~ "the\n" +#~ " /// given base address.\n" +#~ " ///\n" +#~ " /// # Safety\n" +#~ " ///\n" +#~ " /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers " +#~ "of a\n" +#~ " /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +#~ "process\n" +#~ " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "/// Crea una instancia nueva del controlador UART para un dispositivo " +#~ "PL011 en la\n" +#~ " /// dirección base proporcionada.\n" +#~ " ///\n" +#~ " /// # Seguridad\n" +#~ " ///\n" +#~ " /// El objeto la dirección base debe apuntar a los registros de " +#~ "control MMIO de un dispositivo\n" +#~ " /// PL011, que debe asignarse al espacio de direcciones del proceso\n" +#~ " /// como memoria del dispositivo y no tener ningún otro alias.\n" + +#~ msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" +#~ msgstr "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" + +#~ msgid "\"linux\"" +#~ msgstr "\"linux\"" + +#~ msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +#~ msgstr "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" + +#~ msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +#~ msgstr "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" + +#~ msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +#~ msgstr "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" + +#~ msgid "\"entry.S\"" +#~ msgstr "\"entry.S\"" + +#~ msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" +#~ msgstr "\"exceptions.S\"" + +#~ msgid "\"idmap.S\"" +#~ msgstr "\"idmap.S\"" + +#~ msgid "\"empty\"" +#~ msgstr "\"empty\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```armasm\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" +#~ "\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" +#~ "\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" +#~ "\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" +#~ "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" +#~ "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" +#~ "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" +#~ ".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" +#~ ".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" +#~ "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" +#~ "/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " +#~ "fault instead. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" +#~ "/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-" +#~ "allocate write-allocate\n" +#~ " * cacheable.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-" +#~ "allocate write-allocate\n" +#~ " * cacheable.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" +#~ "/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" +#~ ".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." +#~ "L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" +#~ ".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." +#~ "L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" +#~ "/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" +#~ "/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" +#~ "/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" +#~ "/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. " +#~ "*/\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" +#~ "/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" +#~ "/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " +#~ "28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" +#~ ".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." +#~ "L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" +#~ ".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." +#~ "L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the " +#~ "operations required to prepare the\n" +#~ " * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " +#~ "registers x25 and above,\n" +#~ " * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " +#~ "vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" +#~ " * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +#~ ".global entry\n" +#~ "entry:\n" +#~ "\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " +#~ "MMU and caches. */\n" +#~ "\tadrp x30, idmap\n" +#~ "\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +#~ "\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +#~ "\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +#~ "\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +#~ "\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " +#~ "any potentially stale\n" +#~ "\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\ttlbi vmalle1\n" +#~ "\tic iallu\n" +#~ "\tdsb nsh\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +#~ "this has completed.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +#~ "\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +#~ "\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +#~ "\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +#~ "\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +#~ "\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" +#~ "0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" +#~ "\tb.hs 1f\n" +#~ "\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +#~ "\tb 0b\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" +#~ "\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +#~ "\tmov sp, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" +#~ "\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +#~ "\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" +#~ "\tbl main\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +#~ "2:\twfi\n" +#~ "\tb 2b\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```armasm\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" +#~ "\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" +#~ "\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" +#~ "\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" +#~ "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" +#~ "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" +#~ "\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" +#~ ".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" +#~ ".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" +#~ "/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" +#~ "/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " +#~ "fault instead. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" +#~ "/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-" +#~ "allocate write-allocate\n" +#~ " * cacheable.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-" +#~ "allocate write-allocate\n" +#~ " * cacheable.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" +#~ "/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" +#~ ".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." +#~ "L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" +#~ ".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." +#~ "L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" +#~ "/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" +#~ "/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" +#~ "/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" +#~ "/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. " +#~ "*/\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" +#~ "/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" +#~ "/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" +#~ ".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " +#~ "28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" +#~ ".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." +#~ "L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" +#~ ".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." +#~ "L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * Es un punto de entrada genérico para una imagen. It carries out the " +#~ "operations required to prepare the\n" +#~ " * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " +#~ "registers x25 and above,\n" +#~ " * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " +#~ "vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" +#~ " * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +#~ ".global entry\n" +#~ "entry:\n" +#~ "\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " +#~ "MMU and caches. */\n" +#~ "\tadrp x30, idmap\n" +#~ "\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +#~ "\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +#~ "\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +#~ "\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +#~ "\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " +#~ "any potentially stale\n" +#~ "\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\ttlbi vmalle1\n" +#~ "\tic iallu\n" +#~ "\tdsb nsh\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +#~ "this has completed.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +#~ "\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +#~ "\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +#~ "\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\tisb\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +#~ "\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +#~ "\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" +#~ "0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" +#~ "\tb.hs 1f\n" +#~ "\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +#~ "\tb 0b\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" +#~ "\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +#~ "\tmov sp, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" +#~ "\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +#~ "\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" +#~ "\tbl main\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +#~ "2:\twfi\n" +#~ "\tb 2b\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```armasm\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" +#~ " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " +#~ "instructions\n" +#~ " * left.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " +#~ "respectively,\n" +#~ " * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " +#~ "call.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" +#~ "\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" +#~ "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" +#~ "\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" +#~ "\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" +#~ "\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" +#~ "\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" +#~ "\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" +#~ "\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" +#~ "\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" +#~ "\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" +#~ "\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" +#~ "\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested " +#~ "exception\n" +#~ "\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" +#~ "\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" +#~ "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes " +#~ "14\n" +#~ " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still " +#~ "leaving 18\n" +#~ " * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" +#~ " * instructions to spare.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" +#~ "\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" +#~ "\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" +#~ "\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" +#~ "\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" +#~ "\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" +#~ "\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" +#~ "\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" +#~ "\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" +#~ "\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" +#~ "\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" +#~ "\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" +#~ "\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" +#~ "\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" +#~ "\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" +#~ "\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " +#~ "using\n" +#~ " * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " +#~ "doing\n" +#~ " * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. " +#~ "To\n" +#~ " * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " +#~ "implement\n" +#~ " * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" +#~ "\tmsr spsel, #1\n" +#~ "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" +#~ "\tbl \\handler\n" +#~ "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" +#~ "\tmsr spsel, #0\n" +#~ "\teret\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " +#~ "using\n" +#~ " * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " +#~ "volatile\n" +#~ " * registers, then returns.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" +#~ " * non-volatile registers.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, " +#~ "and\n" +#~ " * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " +#~ "whole\n" +#~ " * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" +#~ "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" +#~ "\tbl \\handler\n" +#~ "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" +#~ "\teret\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" +#~ ".global vector_table_el1\n" +#~ ".balign 0x800\n" +#~ "vector_table_el1:\n" +#~ "sync_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "sync_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "sync_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "sync_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```armasm\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" +#~ " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " +#~ "instructions\n" +#~ " * left.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " +#~ "respectively,\n" +#~ " * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " +#~ "call.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" +#~ "\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" +#~ "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" +#~ "\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" +#~ "\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" +#~ "\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" +#~ "\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" +#~ "\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" +#~ "\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" +#~ "\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" +#~ "\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" +#~ "\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" +#~ "\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested " +#~ "exception\n" +#~ "\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" +#~ "\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" +#~ "\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes " +#~ "14\n" +#~ " * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still " +#~ "leaving 18\n" +#~ " * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" +#~ " * instructions to spare.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" +#~ "\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" +#~ "\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" +#~ "\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" +#~ "\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" +#~ "\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" +#~ "\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" +#~ "\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" +#~ "\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" +#~ "\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" +#~ "\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" +#~ "\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" +#~ "\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" +#~ "\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" +#~ "\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" +#~ "\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " +#~ "using\n" +#~ " * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " +#~ "doing\n" +#~ " * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. " +#~ "To\n" +#~ " * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " +#~ "implement\n" +#~ " * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" +#~ "\tmsr spsel, #1\n" +#~ "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" +#~ "\tbl \\handler\n" +#~ "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" +#~ "\tmsr spsel, #0\n" +#~ "\teret\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/**\n" +#~ " * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " +#~ "using\n" +#~ " * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " +#~ "volatile\n" +#~ " * registers, then returns.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" +#~ " * non-volatile registers.\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, " +#~ "and\n" +#~ " * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " +#~ "whole\n" +#~ " * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ ".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" +#~ "\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" +#~ "\tbl \\handler\n" +#~ "\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" +#~ "\teret\n" +#~ ".endm\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" +#~ ".global vector_table_el1\n" +#~ ".balign 0x800\n" +#~ "vector_table_el1:\n" +#~ "sync_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_cur_sp0:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "sync_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_cur_spx:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "sync_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_lower_64:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "sync_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "irq_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "fiq_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".balign 0x80\n" +#~ "serr_lower_32:\n" +#~ "\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```armasm\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/* Access flag. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" +#~ "/* Not global. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " +#~ "shareable\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" +#~ ".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" +#~ ".global idmap\n" +#~ ".align 12\n" +#~ "idmap:\n" +#~ "\t/* level 1 */\n" +#~ "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" +#~ "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" +#~ "\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" +#~ "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" +#~ "\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```armasm\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/* Access flag. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" +#~ "/* Not global. */\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" +#~ ".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " +#~ "shareable\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" +#~ ".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ ".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" +#~ ".global idmap\n" +#~ ".align 12\n" +#~ "idmap:\n" +#~ "\t/* level 1 */\n" +#~ "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" +#~ "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" +#~ "\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" +#~ "\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" +#~ "\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "```ld\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " +#~ "the\n" +#~ " * image.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "ENTRY(entry)\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "MEMORY\n" +#~ "{\n" +#~ "\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "SECTIONS\n" +#~ "{\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Collect together the code.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.init.*)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\t.text : {\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.text.*)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\ttext_end = .;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\t.got : {\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.got)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\trodata_end = .;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end " +#~ "which\n" +#~ "\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.data.*)\n" +#~ "\t\t/*\n" +#~ "\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" +#~ "\t\t * bytes long.\n" +#~ "\t\t */\n" +#~ "\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" +#~ "\t\tdata_end = .;\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" +#~ "\tbin_end = .;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" +#~ "\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" +#~ "\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(COMMON)\n" +#~ "\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" +#~ "\t\tbss_end = .;\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" +#~ "\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" +#~ "\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" +#~ "\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" +#~ "\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.hash)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.interp)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" +#~ "\t}\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "```ld\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +#~ " * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +#~ " * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +#~ " *\n" +#~ " * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +#~ " * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +#~ " * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or " +#~ "implied.\n" +#~ " * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +#~ " * limitations under the License.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "/*\n" +#~ " * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " +#~ "the\n" +#~ " * image.\n" +#~ " */\n" +#~ "ENTRY(entry)\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "MEMORY\n" +#~ "{\n" +#~ "\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "SECTIONS\n" +#~ "{\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Collect together the code.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.init.*)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\t.text : {\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.text.*)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\ttext_end = .;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\t.got : {\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.got)\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\trodata_end = .;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end " +#~ "which\n" +#~ "\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.data.*)\n" +#~ "\t\t/*\n" +#~ "\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" +#~ "\t\t * bytes long.\n" +#~ "\t\t */\n" +#~ "\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" +#~ "\t\tdata_end = .;\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" +#~ "\tbin_end = .;\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" +#~ "\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" +#~ "\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(COMMON)\n" +#~ "\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" +#~ "\t\tbss_end = .;\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +#~ "\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" +#~ "\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" +#~ "\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" +#~ "\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" +#~ "\t} >image\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" +#~ "\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" +#~ "\n" +#~ "\t/*\n" +#~ "\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" +#~ "\t */\n" +#~ "\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" +#~ "\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.hash)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.interp)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" +#~ "\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" +#~ "\t}\n" +#~ "}\n" +#~ "```" + +#~ msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" +#~ msgstr "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" + +#~ msgid "$(shell uname -s)" +#~ msgstr "$(shell uname -s)" + +#~ msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" +#~ msgstr "aarch64-linux-gnu" + +#~ msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +#~ msgstr "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" + +#~ msgid "cargo clean" +#~ msgstr "cargo clean" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main " +#~ "thread is not waiting." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Observa que el hilo se detiene antes de llegar a 10; el hilo principal no " +#~ "está esperando." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This " +#~ "is primarily done via two types:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust utiliza el sistema de tipos para implementar la sincronización de " +#~ "los datos compartidos. Esto se hace principalmente a través de dos tipos:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " +#~ "reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " +#~ "deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), recuento " +#~ "atómico de referencias `T`: gestiona el uso compartido entre hilos y se " +#~ "encarga de desasignar `T` cuando se elimina la última referencia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): " +#~ "ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): " +#~ "asegura el acceso mutuamente excluyente al valor `T`." + +#~ msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" +#~ msgstr "Vamos a practicar nuestras nuevas habilidades de concurrencia con" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:" -msgstr "" -"El proyecto Rust cuenta con muchos recursos. Estos tratan sobre Rust en " -"general:" +#~ msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." +#~ msgstr "La cena de los filósofos: un problema clásico de concurrencia." -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the " -"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a " -"few projects for people to build." -msgstr "" -"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): el libro " -"canónico sobre Rust sin coste alguno. Trata el lenguaje de forma detallada e " -"incluye algunos proyectos que los usuarios pueden compilar." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " +#~ "download dependencies and then check links in parallel." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "El comprobador de enlaces multihilo: un proyecto más grande donde " +#~ "utilizarás Cargo para descargar dependencias y luego comprobar los " +#~ "enlaces en paralelo." -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the " -"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. " -"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code " -"in the examples." -msgstr "" -"[Rust by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): trata la " -"sintaxis de Rust a través de una serie de ejemplos que muestran distintas " -"construcciones. A veces incluye pequeños ejercicios en los que se te pide " -"que amplíes el código de los ejemplos." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs." +#~ "rs/reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency " +#~ "with:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para ello, necesitarás un cliente HTTP como [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" +#~ "reqwest/). Crea un proyecto de Cargo y aplica `reqwest` como una " +#~ "dependencia con:" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation " -"of the standard library for Rust." -msgstr "" -"[La biblioteca estándar de Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): " -"documentación completa de la biblioteca estándar de Rust." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://" +#~ "docs.rs/scraper/) for that:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "También necesitarás una forma de encontrar enlaces. Podemos usar " +#~ "[`scraper`](https://docs.rs/scraper/) para eso:" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete " -"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model." -msgstr "" -"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): un libro " -"incompleto que describe la gramática y el modelo de memoria de Rust." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" +#~ "(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Por último, necesitaremos algún método para gestionar los errores. Para " +#~ "ello, usaremos [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/):" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:" -msgstr "Consulta guías más especializadas en el sitio oficial de Rust:" +#~ msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" +#~ msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Mañana" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, " -"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages " -"(FFI)." -msgstr "" -"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): trata de Rust " -"inseguro, incluido cómo trabajar con punteros sin formato e interactuar con " -"otros lenguajes (FFI)." +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers.md))" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " -"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the " -"Rust Book was written." -msgstr "" -"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): " -"incluye el nuevo modelo de programación asíncrona que se introdujo después " -"de que se escribiera el libro de Rust." +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](link-checker.md))" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " -"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating " -"system." -msgstr "" -"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): " -"una introducción sobre el uso de Rust en dispositivos integrados sin sistema " -"operativo." +#~ msgid "Async Rust" +#~ msgstr "Async en Rust" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "Unofficial Learning Material" -msgstr "Material de formación no oficial" +#~ msgid "Futures Control Flow" +#~ msgstr "Flujo de Control de Futuros" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:" -msgstr "Una pequeña selección de otras guías y tutoriales sobre Rust:" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow " +#~ "graphs. We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads " +#~ "of execution." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los futuros pueden combinarse para producir gráficos de flujo de " +#~ "computación simultáneos. Ya hemos visto tareas que funcionan como hilos " +#~ "de ejecución independientes." -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust " -"from the perspective of low-level C programmers." -msgstr "" -"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): trata Rust " -"desde la perspectiva de los programadores de C de bajo nivel." +#~ msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" +#~ msgstr "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" -"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write " -"firmware in C." -msgstr "" -"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/" -"rust_for_c/): explica Rust desde la perspectiva de los desarrolladores que " -"escriben _firmware_ en C." +#~ msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" +#~ msgstr "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " -"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other " -"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python." -msgstr "" -"[Rust for professonals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " -"trata la sintaxis de Rust comparándola con otros lenguajes, como C, C++, " -"Java, JavaScript y Python." +#~ msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" +#~ msgstr "Inconvenientes de async/await" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " -"you learn Rust." -msgstr "" -"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): más de 100 ejercicios " -"para aprender Rust." +#~ msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" +#~ msgstr "[Bloqueo del ejecutor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" -"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic " -"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, " -"and async/await are also covered." -msgstr "" -"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" -"material/index.html): una serie de pequeñas presentaciones que cubren tanto " -"la parte básica como la parte más avanzada del lenguaje Rust. También se " -"tratan otros temas como WebAssembly y async/await." +#~ msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" +#~ msgstr "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" -"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs." -"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at " -"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of " -"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs." -msgstr "" -"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/es/shows/beginners-" -"series-to-rust/) y [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs.microsoft." -"com/es/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): dos guías de Rust dirigidas a nuevos " -"desarrolladores. La primera es un conjunto de 35 vídeos y la segunda es un " -"conjunto de 11 módulos que cubren la sintaxis y las construcciones básicas " -"de Rust." +#~ msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" +#~ msgstr "[Traits asíncronos](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." -"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " -"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." -msgstr "" -"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." -"github.io/too-many-lists/): exploración detallada de las reglas de gestión " -"de la memoria de Rust a través de la implementación de algunos tipos " -"diferentes de estructuras de listas." +#~ msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" +#~ msgstr "[Cancelación](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" -#: src/other-resources.md -msgid "" -"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " -"for even more Rust books." -msgstr "" -"Consulta [The Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) para " -"ver más libros de Rust." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " +#~ "experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the " +#~ "mid term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-" +#~ "trait-nightly.html))" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Los métodos asíncronos en traits todavía no son compatibles con el canal " +#~ "estable. ([Existe una característica experimental en nightly que debería " +#~ "estabilizarse a medio plazo.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-" +#~ "rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))" -#: src/credits.md -msgid "" -"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust " -"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a " -"full list of useful resources." -msgstr "" -"Este material se basa en las numerosas fuentes de documentación sobre Rust. " -"Consulta la página de [otros recursos](other-resources.md) para ver una " -"lista completa de recursos útiles." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para practicar tus habilidades con async de Rust, tenemos otros dos " +#~ "nuevos ejercicios:" -#: src/credits.md -msgid "" -"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache " -"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-" -"rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details." -msgstr "" -"El material de Comprehensive Rust está sujeto a los términos de la licencia " -"Apache 2.0. Para obtener más información, consulta [`LICENSE`](https://" -"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/LICENSE)." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This " +#~ "time you are going to implement it with Async Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "La cena de los filósofos: ya hemos visto este problema por la mañana. " +#~ "Esta vez vas a implementarlo con async de Rust." -#: src/credits.md -msgid "Rust by Example" -msgstr "Rust by Example" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " +#~ "experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Una aplicación de chat de difusión: se trata de un proyecto más grande " +#~ "que te permite experimentar con características más avanzadas de async de " +#~ "Rust." -#: src/credits.md -msgid "" -"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by " -"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the " -"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license " -"terms." -msgstr "" -"Algunos ejemplos y ejercicios se han copiado y adaptado del libro [Rust by " -"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Consulta el directorio " -"`third_party/rust-by-example/` para obtener más información, incluidos los " -"términos de la licencia." +#~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" +#~ msgstr "Concurrencia: Ejercicios de la Tarde" -#: src/credits.md -msgid "Rust on Exercism" -msgstr "Rust on Exercism" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers-async.md))" -#: src/credits.md -msgid "" -"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://" -"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` " -"directory for details, including the license terms." -msgstr "" -"Se han copiado y adaptado algunos ejercicios del recurso [Rust on Exercism]" -"(https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Consulta el directorio `third_party/rust-" -"on-exercism/` para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la " -"licencia." +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" +#~ " // to transfer to another task\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Añade un retraso antes de elegir el segundo tenedor para permitir la " +#~ "ejecución\n" +#~ " // para transferir a otra tarea\n" -#: src/credits.md -msgid "CXX" -msgstr "CXX" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +#~ " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without " +#~ "deinitializing\n" +#~ " // either of them.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Para evitar un interbloqueo, tenemos que romper la simetría\n" +#~ " // en algún lugar. De este modo, se cambiarán los tenedores " +#~ "sin desinicializar\n" +#~ " // ninguno de ellos.\n" -#: src/credits.md -msgid "" -"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section " -"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` " -"directory for details, including the license terms." -msgstr "" -"En la sección [Interoperabilidad con C++](android/Interop/cpp.md) se usa una " -"imagen de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Consulta el directorio `third_party/cxx/` " -"para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la licencia." +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" +#~ msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](chat-app.md))" #~ msgid "Small Example" #~ msgstr "Pequeño ejemplo" @@ -25001,9 +26750,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops" #~ msgstr "Arrays y Loops for" -#~ msgid "if expressions" -#~ msgstr "expresiones if" - #~ msgid "for expressions" #~ msgstr "expresiones for" @@ -25022,10 +26768,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Enum Sizes" #~ msgstr "Tamaños de Enum" -#, fuzzy -#~ msgid "Novel Control Flow" -#~ msgstr "Control de Flujo" - #~ msgid "if let expressions" #~ msgstr "expresiones if let" @@ -25035,9 +26777,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "match expressions" #~ msgstr "expresiones match" -#~ msgid "Destructuring Structs" -#~ msgstr "Desestructurando Structs" - #~ msgid "Destructuring Arrays" #~ msgstr "Desestructurando Arrays" @@ -25081,30 +26820,18 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" #~ msgstr "Sintaxis abreviada de campos" -#~ msgid "Method Receiver" -#~ msgstr "Receptor de método" - #~ msgid "Storing Books" #~ msgstr "Almacenar libros" #~ msgid "Option and Result" #~ msgstr "Option y Result" -#~ msgid "Vec" -#~ msgstr "Vec" - -#~ msgid "HashMap" -#~ msgstr "HashMap" - #~ msgid "Box" #~ msgstr "Box" #~ msgid "Recursive Data Types" #~ msgstr "Tipos de datos recursivos" -#~ msgid "Rc" -#~ msgstr "Rc" - #~ msgid "Iterators and Ownership" #~ msgstr "Iteradores y Ownership (Propiedad)" @@ -25120,15 +26847,9 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "Default Methods" #~ msgstr "Métodos por Default" -#~ msgid "impl Trait" -#~ msgstr "impl Trait" - #~ msgid "Important Traits" #~ msgstr "Traits Importantes" -#~ msgid "From and Into" -#~ msgstr "From e Into" - #~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." #~ msgstr "Operadores: Add, Mul, …." @@ -25180,27 +26901,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "spin" #~ msgstr "girar" -#~ msgid "Send and Sync" -#~ msgstr "Send y Sync" - -#~ msgid "Send" -#~ msgstr "Send" - -#~ msgid "Sync" -#~ msgstr "Sync" - -#~ msgid "Arc" -#~ msgstr "Arc" - -#~ msgid "Mutex" -#~ msgstr "Mutex" - -#~ msgid "async/await" -#~ msgstr "async / await" - -#~ msgid "Pin" -#~ msgstr "Fijar" - #~ msgid "Day 1 Morning" #~ msgstr "Día 1: mañana" @@ -25745,9 +27445,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "`String` vs `str`" #~ msgstr "`String` o `str`" -#~ msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" -#~ msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust:" - #~ msgid "" #~ "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " #~ "selection." @@ -26466,13 +28163,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ msgid "An exercise on pattern matching." #~ msgstr "Un ejercicio sobre coincidencia de patrones." -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " -#~ "function." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en e " -#~ "implementa la función:" - #~ msgid "" #~ "Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " #~ "integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with " @@ -27422,13 +29112,6 @@ msgstr "" #~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... se usan para " #~ "sobrecargar operadores, y" -#~ msgid "" -#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " -#~ "used to construct a default instance of a type." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) se " -#~ "usa para construir una instancia predeterminada de un tipo." - #~ msgid "" #~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " #~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`"