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braess.tex
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braess.tex
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\documentclass{scrartcl}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,intersections,through,backgrounds,patterns}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text, decorations.markings, fit, arrows, arrows.meta}
%via Easley & Kleinberg - Networks, Crowds, and Markets; Reasoning about a Highly Connected World, pp. 208-9
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
%arrows
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (-3,0)--(-0.3,1.8); %A--C
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (-3,0)--(-0.3,-1.8); %A--D
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (0,2)--(2.7,0.2); %C--B
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (0,-2)--(2.7,-0.2); %D--B
%circles
\filldraw (-3,0)node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {A};
\filldraw (3,0) node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {B};
\filldraw (0,2) node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {C};
\filldraw (0,-2)node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {D};
%manual fill
\fill[white] (-1.5,1) circle (9pt);
\fill[white] (-1.5,-1)circle (7pt);
\fill[white] (1.5,1) circle (7pt);
\fill[white] (1.5,-1) circle (9pt);
%outer labels
\node at (-1.5,1) {{\small $\frac{x}{100}$}};
\node at (-1.5,-1){{\small $45$}};
\node at (1.5,1) {{\small $45$}};
\node at (1.5,-1) {{\small $\frac{x}{100}$}};
%\draw[help lines] (-3,-2) grid (3,2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\vspace{2cm}
\begin{tikzpicture}
%arrows
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (-3,0)--(-0.3,1.8); %A--C
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (-3,0)--(-0.3,-1.8); %A--D
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (0,2)--(2.7,0.2); %C--B
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (0,-2)--(2.7,-0.2); %D--B
\draw[-{Stealth[length=2.5mm,width=2mm]},semithick] (0,2)--(0,-1.65); %C--D
%circles
\filldraw (-3,0)node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {A};
\filldraw (3,0) node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {B};
\filldraw (0,2) node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {C};
\filldraw (0,-2)node[circle,inner sep=3pt,draw=darkgray,fill=white] {D};
%manual fill
\fill[white] (-1.5,1) circle (9pt);
\fill[white] (-1.5,-1)circle (7pt);
\fill[white] (1.5,1) circle (7pt);
\fill[white] (1.5,-1) circle (9pt);
\fill[white] (0,0) circle (6pt);
%outer labels
\node at (-1.5,1) {{\small $\frac{x}{100}$}};
\node at (-1.5,-1){{\small $45$}};
\node at (1.5,1) {{\small $45$}};
\node at (1.5,-1) {{\small $\frac{x}{100}$}};
\node at (0,0) {{\small $0$}};
%\draw[help lines] (-3,-2) grid (3,2);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}