diff --git a/src/cryo_challenge/_preprocessing/bfactor_normalize.py b/src/cryo_challenge/_preprocessing/bfactor_normalize.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d876b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cryo_challenge/_preprocessing/bfactor_normalize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import torch
+from ..power_spectrum_utils import _centered_fftn, _centered_ifftn
+
+
+def _compute_bfactor_scaling(b_factor, box_size, voxel_size):
+    """
+    Compute the B-factor scaling factor for a given B-factor, box size, and voxel size.
+    The B-factor scaling factor is computed as exp(-B * s^2 / 4), where s is the squared
+    distance in Fourier space.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    b_factor: float
+        B-factor to apply.
+    box_size: int
+        Size of the box.
+    voxel_size: float
+        Voxel size of the box.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bfactor_scaling_torch: torch.tensor(shape=(box_size, box_size, box_size))
+        B-factor scaling factor.
+    """
+    x = torch.fft.fftshift(torch.fft.fftfreq(box_size, d=voxel_size))
+    y = x.clone()
+    z = x.clone()
+    x, y, z = torch.meshgrid(x, y, z, indexing="ij")
+
+    s2 = x**2 + y**2 + z**2
+    bfactor_scaling_torch = torch.exp(-b_factor * s2 / 4)
+
+    return bfactor_scaling_torch
+
+
+def bfactor_normalize_volumes(volumes, bfactor, voxel_size, in_place=False):
+    """
+    Normalize volumes by applying a B-factor correction. This is done by multiplying
+    a centered Fourier transform of the volume by the B-factor scaling factor and then
+    applying the inverse Fourier transform. See _compute_bfactor_scaling for details on the
+    computation of the B-factor scaling.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    volumes: torch.tensor
+        Volumes to normalize. The volumes must have shape (N, N, N) or (n_volumes, N, N, N).
+    bfactor: float
+        B-factor to apply.
+    voxel_size: float
+        Voxel size of the volumes.
+    in_place: bool - default: False
+        Whether to normalize the volumes in place.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    volumes: torch.tensor
+        Normalized volumes.
+    """
+    # assert that volumes have the correct shape
+    assert volumes.ndim in [
+        3,
+        4,
+    ], "Input volumes must have shape (N, N, N) or (n_volumes, N, N, N)"
+
+    if volumes.ndim == 3:
+        assert (
+            volumes.shape[0] == volumes.shape[1] == volumes.shape[2]
+        ), "Input volumes must have equal dimensions"
+    else:
+        assert (
+            volumes.shape[1] == volumes.shape[2] == volumes.shape[3]
+        ), "Input volumes must have equal dimensions"
+
+    if not in_place:
+        volumes = volumes.clone()
+
+    b_factor_scaling = _compute_bfactor_scaling(bfactor, volumes.shape[-1], voxel_size)
+
+    if len(volumes.shape) == 3:
+        volumes = _centered_fftn(volumes, dim=(0, 1, 2))
+        volumes = volumes * b_factor_scaling
+        volumes = _centered_ifftn(volumes, dim=(0, 1, 2)).real
+
+    elif len(volumes.shape) == 4:
+        volumes = _centered_fftn(volumes, dim=(1, 2, 3))
+        volumes = volumes * b_factor_scaling[None, ...]
+        volumes = _centered_ifftn(volumes, dim=(1, 2, 3)).real
+
+    return volumes
diff --git a/src/cryo_challenge/_preprocessing/normalize.py b/src/cryo_challenge/_preprocessing/normalize.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 73449bf..0000000
--- a/src/cryo_challenge/_preprocessing/normalize.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-'''
-TODO: Need to implement this properly
-
-def normalize_mean_std(vols_flat):
-    """
-    vols_flat.shape is (n_vols, n_pix**3)
-    vols_flat is a torch tensor
-    """
-    return (vols_flat - vols_flat.mean(-1, keepdims=True)) / vols_flat.std(
-        -1, keepdims=True
-    )
-
-
-def normalize_median_std(vols_flat):
-    """
-    vols_flat.shape is (n_vols, n_pix**3)
-    vols_flat is a torch tensor
-    """
-    return (vols_flat - vols_flat.median(-1, keepdims=True).values) / vols_flat.std(
-        -1, keepdims=True
-    )
-'''
diff --git a/src/cryo_challenge/power_spectrum_utils.py b/src/cryo_challenge/power_spectrum_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afae5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cryo_challenge/power_spectrum_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import torch
+
+
+def _cart2sph(x, y, z):
+    """
+    Converts a grid in cartesian coordinates to spherical coordinates.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x: torch.tensor
+        x-coordinate of the grid.
+    y: torch.tensor
+        y-coordinate of the grid.
+    z: torch.tensor
+    """
+    hxy = torch.hypot(x, y)
+    r = torch.hypot(hxy, z)
+    el = torch.atan2(z, hxy)
+    az = torch.atan2(y, x)
+    return az, el, r
+
+
+def _grid_3d(n, dtype=torch.float32):
+    """
+    Generates a centered 3D grid. The grid is given in both cartesian and spherical coordinates.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    n: int
+        Size of the grid.
+    dtype: torch.dtype
+        Data type of the grid.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    grid: dict
+        Dictionary containing the grid in cartesian and spherical coordinates.
+        keys: x, y, z, phi, theta, r
+    """
+    start = -n // 2 + 1
+    end = n // 2
+
+    if n % 2 == 0:
+        start -= 1 / 2
+        end -= 1 / 2
+
+    grid = torch.linspace(start, end, n, dtype=dtype)
+    z, x, y = torch.meshgrid(grid, grid, grid, indexing="ij")
+
+    phi, theta, r = _cart2sph(x, y, z)
+
+    theta = torch.pi / 2 - theta
+
+    return {"x": x, "y": y, "z": z, "phi": phi, "theta": theta, "r": r}
+
+
+def _centered_fftn(x, dim=None):
+    """
+    Wrapper around torch.fft.fftn that centers the Fourier transform.
+    """
+    x = torch.fft.fftn(x, dim=dim)
+    x = torch.fft.fftshift(x, dim=dim)
+    return x
+
+
+def _centered_ifftn(x, dim=None):
+    """
+    Wrapper around torch.fft.ifftn that centers the inverse Fourier transform.
+    """
+    x = torch.fft.fftshift(x, dim=dim)
+    x = torch.fft.ifftn(x, dim=dim)
+    return x
+
+
+def _average_over_single_shell(shell_index, volume, radii, shell_width=0.5):
+    """
+    Given a volume in Fourier space, compute the average value of the volume over a shell.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shell_index: int
+        Index of the shell in Fourier space.
+    volume: torch.tensor
+        Volume in Fourier space.
+    radii: torch.tensor
+        Radii of the Fourier space grid.
+    shell_width: float
+        Width of the shell.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    average: float
+        Average value of the volume over the shell.
+    """
+    inner_diameter = shell_width + shell_index
+    outer_diameter = shell_width + (shell_index + 1)
+    mask = (radii > inner_diameter) & (radii < outer_diameter)
+    return torch.sum(mask * volume) / torch.sum(mask)
+
+
+def _average_over_shells(volume_in_fourier_space, shell_width=0.5):
+    """
+    Vmap wrapper over _average_over_single_shell to compute the average value of a volume in Fourier space over all shells. The input should be a volumetric quantity in Fourier space.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    volume_in_fourier_space: torch.tensor
+        Volume in Fourier space.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    radial_average: torch.tensor
+        Average value of the volume over all shells.
+    """
+    L = volume_in_fourier_space.shape[0]
+    dtype = torch.float32
+    radii = _grid_3d(L, dtype=dtype)["r"]
+
+    radial_average = torch.vmap(
+        _average_over_single_shell, in_dims=(0, None, None, None)
+    )(torch.arange(0, L // 2), volume_in_fourier_space, radii, shell_width)
+
+    return radial_average
+
+
+def compute_power_spectrum(volume, shell_width=0.5):
+    """
+    Compute the power spectrum of a volume.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    volume: torch.tensor
+        Volume for which to compute the power spectrum.
+    shell_width: float
+        Width of the shell.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    power_spectrum: torch.tensor
+        Power spectrum of the volume.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    volume = mrcfile.open("volume.mrc").data.copy()
+    volume = torch.tensor(volume, dtype=torch.float32)
+    power_spectrum = compute_power_spectrum(volume)
+    """
+
+    # Compute centered Fourier transforms.
+    vol_fft = torch.abs(_centered_fftn(volume)) ** 2
+    power_spectrum = _average_over_shells(vol_fft, shell_width=shell_width)
+
+    return power_spectrum
diff --git a/tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x/submission_config.json b/tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x/submission_config.json
index 1fb797d..e7669ab 100644
--- a/tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x/submission_config.json
+++ b/tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x/submission_config.json
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
     },
     "0": {
         "name": "raw_submission_in_testdata",
-        "align": 1,
         "flavor_name": "test flavor",
+        "path": "tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x",
+        "populations_file": "tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x/populations.txt",
+        "submission_version": "1.0",
         "box_size": 32,
         "pixel_size": 15.022,
-        "path": "tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x",
         "flip": 1,
-        "populations_file": "tests/data/unprocessed_dataset_2_submissions/submission_x/populations.txt",
-        "submission_version": "1.0"
+        "align": 1
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/test_power_spectrum_and_bfactor.py b/tests/test_power_spectrum_and_bfactor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..218632b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_power_spectrum_and_bfactor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import torch
+from cryo_challenge.power_spectrum_utils import _centered_ifftn, compute_power_spectrum
+from cryo_challenge._preprocessing.bfactor_normalize import (
+    _compute_bfactor_scaling,
+    bfactor_normalize_volumes,
+)
+
+
+def test_compute_power_spectrum():
+    """
+    Test the computation of the power spectrum of a radially symmetric Gaussian volume.
+    Since the volume is radially symmetric, the power spectrum of the whole volume should be
+    approximately the power spectrum in a central slice. The computation is not exact as our
+    averaging over shells is approximated.
+    """
+    box_size = 224
+    volume_shape = (box_size, box_size, box_size)
+    voxel_size = 1.073 * 2
+
+    freq = torch.fft.fftshift(torch.fft.fftfreq(box_size, d=voxel_size))
+    x = freq.clone()
+    y = freq.clone()
+    z = freq.clone()
+    x, y, z = torch.meshgrid(x, y, z, indexing="ij")
+
+    s2 = x**2 + y**2 + z**2
+
+    b_factor = 170
+
+    gaussian_volume = torch.exp(-b_factor / 4 * s2).reshape(volume_shape)
+    gaussian_volume = _centered_ifftn(gaussian_volume)
+
+    power_spectrum = compute_power_spectrum(gaussian_volume)
+    power_spectrum_slice = (
+        torch.abs(torch.fft.fftn(gaussian_volume)[: box_size // 2, 0, 0]) ** 2
+    )
+
+    mean_squared_error = torch.mean((power_spectrum - power_spectrum_slice) ** 2)
+
+    assert mean_squared_error < 1e-3
+
+    return
+
+
+def test_bfactor_normalize_volumes():
+    """
+    Similarly to the other test, we test the normalization of a radially symmetric volume.
+    In this case we test with an oscillatory volume, which is a volume with a sinusoidal.
+    Since both the b-factor correction volume and the volume are radially symmetric, the
+    power spectrum of the normalized volume should be the same as the power spectrum of
+    a normalized central slice
+    """
+    box_size = 128
+    volume_shape = (box_size, box_size, box_size)
+    voxel_size = 1.5
+
+    freq = torch.fft.fftshift(torch.fft.fftfreq(box_size, d=voxel_size))
+    x = freq.clone()
+    y = freq.clone()
+    z = freq.clone()
+    x, y, z = torch.meshgrid(x, y, z, indexing="ij")
+
+    s2 = x**2 + y**2 + z**2
+
+    oscillatory_volume = torch.sin(300 * s2).reshape(volume_shape)
+    oscillatory_volume = _centered_ifftn(oscillatory_volume)
+    bfactor_scaling_vol = _compute_bfactor_scaling(170, box_size, voxel_size)
+
+    norm_oscillatory_vol = bfactor_normalize_volumes(
+        oscillatory_volume, 170, voxel_size, in_place=False
+    )
+
+    ps_osci = torch.fft.fftn(oscillatory_volume, dim=(-3, -2, -1), norm="backward")[
+        : box_size // 2, 0, 0
+    ]
+    ps_norm_osci = torch.fft.fftn(
+        norm_oscillatory_vol, dim=(-3, -2, -1), norm="backward"
+    )[: box_size // 2, 0, 0]
+    ps_bfactor_scaling = torch.fft.fftshift(bfactor_scaling_vol)[: box_size // 2, 0, 0]
+
+    ps_osci = torch.abs(ps_osci) ** 2
+    ps_norm_osci = torch.abs(ps_norm_osci) ** 2
+    ps_bfactor_scaling = torch.abs(ps_bfactor_scaling) ** 2
+
+    assert torch.allclose(ps_norm_osci, ps_osci * ps_bfactor_scaling)