diff --git a/CHANGELOG-3.5.md b/CHANGELOG-3.5.md
index 14e6663f01f..1b6c51698f6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG-3.5.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG-3.5.md
@@ -73,6 +73,11 @@ See [code changes](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/compare/v3.4.0...v3.5.0) and
 - [Embed Etcd does not override global/grpc logger](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/12861) be default any longer. If desired, please call `embed.Config::SetupGlobalLoggers()` explicitly. 
 - Client errors of `context cancelled` or `context deadline exceeded` are exposed as `codes.Canceled` and `codes.DeadlineExceeded`, instead of `codes.Unknown`.
 
+### Storage format changes
+- [WAL log's snapshots persists raftpb.ConfState](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/12735)
+- [Backend persists raftpb.ConfState](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/12962) in the `meta` bucket `confState` key.
+- Backend persists downgrade in the `cluster` bucket
+
 ### Security
 
 - Add [`TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256` and `TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256` to `etcd --cipher-suites`](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/11864).
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/api/membership/cluster.go b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/cluster.go
index b570bc699f6..d42612a696c 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/api/membership/cluster.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/cluster.go
@@ -694,6 +694,7 @@ func clusterVersionFromStore(lg *zap.Logger, st v2store.Store) *semver.Version {
 	return semver.Must(semver.NewVersion(*e.Node.Value))
 }
 
+// The field is populated since etcd v3.5.
 func clusterVersionFromBackend(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend) *semver.Version {
 	ckey := backendClusterVersionKey()
 	tx := be.ReadTx()
@@ -712,6 +713,7 @@ func clusterVersionFromBackend(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend) *semver.Versi
 	return semver.Must(semver.NewVersion(string(vals[0])))
 }
 
+// The field is populated since etcd v3.5.
 func downgradeInfoFromBackend(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend) *DowngradeInfo {
 	dkey := backendDowngradeKey()
 	tx := be.ReadTx()
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/api/membership/confstate.go b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/confstate.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9bfc71b379c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/confstate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package membership
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
+
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/v3/raftpb"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+var (
+	confStateKey = []byte("confState")
+)
+
+// MustUnsafeSaveConfStateToBackend persists confState using given transaction (tx).
+// confState in backend is persisted since etcd v3.5.
+func MustUnsafeSaveConfStateToBackend(lg *zap.Logger, tx backend.BatchTx, confState *raftpb.ConfState) {
+	confStateBytes, err := json.Marshal(confState)
+	if err != nil {
+		lg.Panic("Cannot marshal raftpb.ConfState", zap.Stringer("conf-state", confState), zap.Error(err))
+	}
+
+	tx.UnsafePut(mvcc.MetaBucketName, confStateKey, confStateBytes)
+}
+
+// UnsafeConfStateFromBackend retrieves ConfState from the backend.
+// Returns nil if confState in backend is not persisted (e.g. backend writen by <v3.5).
+func UnsafeConfStateFromBackend(lg *zap.Logger, tx backend.ReadTx) *raftpb.ConfState {
+	keys, vals := tx.UnsafeRange(mvcc.MetaBucketName, confStateKey, nil, 0)
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if len(keys) != 1 {
+		lg.Panic(
+			"unexpected number of key: "+string(confStateKey)+" when getting cluster version from backend",
+			zap.Int("number-of-key", len(keys)),
+		)
+	}
+	var confState raftpb.ConfState
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(vals[0], &confState); err != nil {
+		log.Panic("Cannot unmarshal confState json retrieved from the backend",
+			zap.ByteString("conf-state-json", vals[0]),
+			zap.Error(err))
+	}
+	return &confState
+}
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/api/membership/confstate_test.go b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/confstate_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ab07d9a0c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/confstate_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package membership_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/v3/raftpb"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/api/membership"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/cindex"
+	betesting "go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/mvcc/backend/testing"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zaptest"
+)
+
+func TestConfStateFromBackendInOneTx(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
+	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
+	defer betesting.Close(t, be)
+
+	tx := be.BatchTx()
+	cindex.CreateMetaBucket(tx)
+	tx.Lock()
+	defer tx.Unlock()
+	assert.Nil(t, membership.UnsafeConfStateFromBackend(lg, tx))
+
+	confState := raftpb.ConfState{Learners: []uint64{1, 2}, Voters: []uint64{3}, AutoLeave: false}
+	membership.MustUnsafeSaveConfStateToBackend(lg, tx, &confState)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, confState, *membership.UnsafeConfStateFromBackend(lg, tx))
+}
+
+func TestMustUnsafeSaveConfStateToBackend(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
+	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
+	defer betesting.Close(t, be)
+
+	{
+		tx := be.BatchTx()
+		cindex.CreateMetaBucket(tx)
+		tx.Commit()
+	}
+
+	t.Run("missing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tx := be.ReadTx()
+		tx.Lock()
+		defer tx.Unlock()
+		assert.Nil(t, membership.UnsafeConfStateFromBackend(lg, tx))
+	})
+
+	confState := raftpb.ConfState{Learners: []uint64{1, 2}, Voters: []uint64{3}, AutoLeave: false}
+
+	t.Run("save", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tx := be.BatchTx()
+		tx.Lock()
+		membership.MustUnsafeSaveConfStateToBackend(lg, tx, &confState)
+		tx.Unlock()
+		tx.Commit()
+	})
+
+	t.Run("read", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tx := be.ReadTx()
+		tx.Lock()
+		defer tx.Unlock()
+		assert.Equal(t, confState, *membership.UnsafeConfStateFromBackend(lg, tx))
+	})
+}
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/api/membership/store.go b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/store.go
index 30b4c241c5e..a9749e1fd40 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/api/membership/store.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/api/membership/store.go
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ func TrimMembershipFromV2Store(lg *zap.Logger, s v2store.Store) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// The field is populated since etcd v3.5.
 func mustSaveClusterVersionToBackend(be backend.Backend, ver *semver.Version) {
 	ckey := backendClusterVersionKey()
 
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ func mustSaveClusterVersionToBackend(be backend.Backend, ver *semver.Version) {
 	tx.UnsafePut(clusterBucketName, ckey, []byte(ver.String()))
 }
 
+// The field is populated since etcd v3.5.
 func mustSaveDowngradeToBackend(lg *zap.Logger, be backend.Backend, downgrade *DowngradeInfo) {
 	dkey := backendDowngradeKey()
 	dvalue, err := json.Marshal(downgrade)
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/server.go b/server/etcdserver/server.go
index 791740df97a..a3ff94b2cbc 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/server.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/server.go
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ type EtcdServer struct {
 	lessor     lease.Lessor
 	bemu       sync.Mutex
 	be         backend.Backend
-	beHooks    backend.Hooks
+	beHooks    *backendHooks
 	authStore  auth.AuthStore
 	alarmStore *v3alarm.AlarmStore
 
@@ -298,10 +298,31 @@ type EtcdServer struct {
 type backendHooks struct {
 	indexer cindex.ConsistentIndexer
 	lg      *zap.Logger
+
+	// confState to be written in the next submitted backend transaction (if dirty)
+	confState raftpb.ConfState
+	// first write changes it to 'dirty'. false by default, so
+	// not initialized `confState` is meaningless.
+	confStateDirty bool
+	confStateLock  sync.Mutex
 }
 
 func (bh *backendHooks) OnPreCommitUnsafe(tx backend.BatchTx) {
 	bh.indexer.UnsafeSave(tx)
+	bh.confStateLock.Lock()
+	defer bh.confStateLock.Unlock()
+	if bh.confStateDirty {
+		membership.MustUnsafeSaveConfStateToBackend(bh.lg, tx, &bh.confState)
+		// save bh.confState
+		bh.confStateDirty = false
+	}
+}
+
+func (bh *backendHooks) SetConfState(confState *raftpb.ConfState) {
+	bh.confStateLock.Lock()
+	defer bh.confStateLock.Unlock()
+	bh.confState = *confState
+	bh.confStateDirty = true
 }
 
 // NewServer creates a new EtcdServer from the supplied configuration. The
@@ -2238,6 +2259,7 @@ func (s *EtcdServer) applyConfChange(cc raftpb.ConfChange, confState *raftpb.Con
 
 	lg := s.Logger()
 	*confState = *s.r.ApplyConfChange(cc)
+	s.beHooks.SetConfState(confState)
 	switch cc.Type {
 	case raftpb.ConfChangeAddNode, raftpb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode:
 		confChangeContext := new(membership.ConfigChangeContext)
diff --git a/server/etcdserver/server_test.go b/server/etcdserver/server_test.go
index d8df5dfaa31..e62507657bb 100644
--- a/server/etcdserver/server_test.go
+++ b/server/etcdserver/server_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -604,12 +605,14 @@ func TestApplyConfChangeShouldStop(t *testing.T) {
 		Node:      newNodeNop(),
 		transport: newNopTransporter(),
 	})
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	srv := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:    new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:      zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:      lg,
 		id:      1,
 		r:       *r,
 		cluster: cl,
+		beHooks: &backendHooks{lg: lg},
 	}
 	cc := raftpb.ConfChange{
 		Type:   raftpb.ConfChangeRemoveNode,
@@ -638,22 +641,26 @@ func TestApplyConfChangeShouldStop(t *testing.T) {
 // TestApplyConfigChangeUpdatesConsistIndex ensures a config change also updates the consistIndex
 // where consistIndex equals to applied index.
 func TestApplyConfigChangeUpdatesConsistIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
+
 	cl := membership.NewCluster(zaptest.NewLogger(t))
 	cl.SetStore(v2store.New())
 	cl.AddMember(&membership.Member{ID: types.ID(1)}, true)
-	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:        zap.NewExample(),
-		Node:      newNodeNop(),
-		transport: newNopTransporter(),
-	})
+
+	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
+	defer betesting.Close(t, be)
+	cindex.CreateMetaBucket(be.BatchTx())
+
+	ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be)
 	srv := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:         new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:           lg,
 		id:           1,
-		r:            *r,
+		r:            *realisticRaftNode(lg),
 		cluster:      cl,
 		w:            wait.New(),
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(0),
+		consistIndex: ci,
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg, indexer: ci},
 	}
 
 	// create EntryConfChange entry
@@ -680,29 +687,61 @@ func TestApplyConfigChangeUpdatesConsistIndex(t *testing.T) {
 	if consistIndex != appliedi {
 		t.Fatalf("consistIndex = %v, want %v", consistIndex, appliedi)
 	}
+
+	t.Run("verify-backend", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tx := be.BatchTx()
+		tx.Lock()
+		defer tx.Unlock()
+		srv.beHooks.OnPreCommitUnsafe(tx)
+		assert.Equal(t, raftpb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{2}}, *membership.UnsafeConfStateFromBackend(lg, tx))
+	})
+	assert.Equal(t, consistIndex, cindex.ReadConsistentIndex(be.BatchTx()))
+}
+
+func realisticRaftNode(lg *zap.Logger) *raftNode {
+	storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage()
+	storage.SetHardState(raftpb.HardState{Commit: 0, Term: 0})
+	c := &raft.Config{
+		ID:              1,
+		ElectionTick:    10,
+		HeartbeatTick:   1,
+		Storage:         storage,
+		MaxSizePerMsg:   math.MaxUint64,
+		MaxInflightMsgs: 256,
+	}
+	n := raft.RestartNode(c)
+	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
+		lg:        lg,
+		Node:      n,
+		transport: newNopTransporter(),
+	})
+	return r
 }
 
 // TestApplyMultiConfChangeShouldStop ensures that apply will return shouldStop
 // if the local member is removed along with other conf updates.
 func TestApplyMultiConfChangeShouldStop(t *testing.T) {
-	cl := membership.NewCluster(zaptest.NewLogger(t))
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
+	cl := membership.NewCluster(lg)
 	cl.SetStore(v2store.New())
 	for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
 		cl.AddMember(&membership.Member{ID: types.ID(i)}, true)
 	}
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:        zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:        lg,
 		Node:      newNodeNop(),
 		transport: newNopTransporter(),
 	})
+	ci := cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(0)
 	srv := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:         new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:           lg,
 		id:           2,
 		r:            *r,
 		cluster:      cl,
 		w:            wait.New(),
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(0),
+		consistIndex: ci,
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg, indexer: ci},
 	}
 	ents := []raftpb.Entry{}
 	for i := 1; i <= 4; i++ {
@@ -1036,12 +1075,13 @@ func TestSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 // TestSnapshotOrdering ensures raft persists snapshot onto disk before
 // snapshot db is applied.
 func TestSnapshotOrdering(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	n := newNopReadyNode()
 	st := v2store.New()
-	cl := membership.NewCluster(zaptest.NewLogger(t))
+	cl := membership.NewCluster(lg)
 	cl.SetStore(st)
 
-	testdir, err := ioutil.TempDir(os.TempDir(), "testsnapdir")
+	testdir, err := ioutil.TempDir(t.TempDir(), "testsnapdir")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("couldn't open tempdir (%v)", err)
 	}
@@ -1056,29 +1096,30 @@ func TestSnapshotOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 	p := mockstorage.NewStorageRecorderStream(testdir)
 	tr, snapDoneC := newSnapTransporter(snapdir)
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:          zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:          lg,
 		isIDRemoved: func(id uint64) bool { return cl.IsIDRemoved(types.ID(id)) },
 		Node:        n,
 		transport:   tr,
 		storage:     p,
 		raftStorage: rs,
 	})
-	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpPath)
+	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
+	ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be)
 	s := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:         new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
-		Cfg:          config.ServerConfig{Logger: zap.NewExample(), DataDir: testdir, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
+		lg:           lg,
+		Cfg:          config.ServerConfig{Logger: lg, DataDir: testdir, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
 		r:            *r,
 		v2store:      st,
-		snapshotter:  snap.New(zap.NewExample(), snapdir),
+		snapshotter:  snap.New(lg, snapdir),
 		cluster:      cl,
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be),
+		consistIndex: ci,
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg, indexer: ci},
 	}
 	s.applyV2 = &applierV2store{store: s.v2store, cluster: s.cluster}
 
-	s.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	s.kv = mvcc.New(lg, be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	s.be = be
 
 	s.start()
@@ -1190,12 +1231,13 @@ func TestTriggerSnap(t *testing.T) {
 // TestConcurrentApplyAndSnapshotV3 will send out snapshots concurrently with
 // proposals.
 func TestConcurrentApplyAndSnapshotV3(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	n := newNopReadyNode()
 	st := v2store.New()
-	cl := membership.NewCluster(zaptest.NewLogger(t))
+	cl := membership.NewCluster(lg)
 	cl.SetStore(st)
 
-	testdir, err := ioutil.TempDir(os.TempDir(), "testsnapdir")
+	testdir, err := ioutil.TempDir(t.TempDir(), "testsnapdir")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Couldn't open tempdir (%v)", err)
 	}
@@ -1207,31 +1249,30 @@ func TestConcurrentApplyAndSnapshotV3(t *testing.T) {
 	rs := raft.NewMemoryStorage()
 	tr, snapDoneC := newSnapTransporter(testdir)
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:          zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:          lg,
 		isIDRemoved: func(id uint64) bool { return cl.IsIDRemoved(types.ID(id)) },
 		Node:        n,
 		transport:   tr,
 		storage:     mockstorage.NewStorageRecorder(testdir),
 		raftStorage: rs,
 	})
-	be, tmpPath := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
-	defer func() {
-		os.RemoveAll(tmpPath)
-	}()
+	be, _ := betesting.NewDefaultTmpBackend(t)
+	ci := cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be)
 	s := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:         new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
-		Cfg:          config.ServerConfig{Logger: zap.NewExample(), DataDir: testdir, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
+		lg:           lg,
+		Cfg:          config.ServerConfig{Logger: lg, DataDir: testdir, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
 		r:            *r,
 		v2store:      st,
-		snapshotter:  snap.New(zap.NewExample(), testdir),
+		snapshotter:  snap.New(lg, testdir),
 		cluster:      cl,
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
-		consistIndex: cindex.NewConsistentIndex(be),
+		consistIndex: ci,
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg, indexer: ci},
 	}
 	s.applyV2 = &applierV2store{store: s.v2store, cluster: s.cluster}
 
-	s.kv = mvcc.New(zap.NewExample(), be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
+	s.kv = mvcc.New(lg, be, &lease.FakeLessor{}, mvcc.StoreConfig{})
 	s.be = be
 
 	s.start()
@@ -1288,6 +1329,7 @@ func TestConcurrentApplyAndSnapshotV3(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestAddMember tests AddMember can propose and perform node addition.
 func TestAddMember(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	n := newNodeConfChangeCommitterRecorder()
 	n.readyc <- raft.Ready{
 		SoftState: &raft.SoftState{RaftState: raft.StateLeader},
@@ -1296,7 +1338,7 @@ func TestAddMember(t *testing.T) {
 	st := v2store.New()
 	cl.SetStore(st)
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:          zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:          lg,
 		Node:        n,
 		raftStorage: raft.NewMemoryStorage(),
 		storage:     mockstorage.NewStorageRecorder(""),
@@ -1304,13 +1346,14 @@ func TestAddMember(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	s := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:         new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:           lg,
 		r:            *r,
 		v2store:      st,
 		cluster:      cl,
 		reqIDGen:     idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
 		consistIndex: cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(0),
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg},
 	}
 	s.start()
 	m := membership.Member{ID: 1234, RaftAttributes: membership.RaftAttributes{PeerURLs: []string{"foo"}}}
@@ -1332,6 +1375,7 @@ func TestAddMember(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestRemoveMember tests RemoveMember can propose and perform node removal.
 func TestRemoveMember(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	n := newNodeConfChangeCommitterRecorder()
 	n.readyc <- raft.Ready{
 		SoftState: &raft.SoftState{RaftState: raft.StateLeader},
@@ -1341,7 +1385,7 @@ func TestRemoveMember(t *testing.T) {
 	cl.SetStore(v2store.New())
 	cl.AddMember(&membership.Member{ID: 1234}, true)
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:          zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:          lg,
 		Node:        n,
 		raftStorage: raft.NewMemoryStorage(),
 		storage:     mockstorage.NewStorageRecorder(""),
@@ -1356,6 +1400,7 @@ func TestRemoveMember(t *testing.T) {
 		reqIDGen:     idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
 		consistIndex: cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(0),
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg},
 	}
 	s.start()
 	_, err := s.RemoveMember(context.Background(), 1234)
@@ -1376,6 +1421,7 @@ func TestRemoveMember(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestUpdateMember tests RemoveMember can propose and perform node update.
 func TestUpdateMember(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	n := newNodeConfChangeCommitterRecorder()
 	n.readyc <- raft.Ready{
 		SoftState: &raft.SoftState{RaftState: raft.StateLeader},
@@ -1385,7 +1431,7 @@ func TestUpdateMember(t *testing.T) {
 	cl.SetStore(st)
 	cl.AddMember(&membership.Member{ID: 1234}, true)
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:          zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:          lg,
 		Node:        n,
 		raftStorage: raft.NewMemoryStorage(),
 		storage:     mockstorage.NewStorageRecorder(""),
@@ -1393,13 +1439,14 @@ func TestUpdateMember(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	s := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:         new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:           zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:           lg,
 		r:            *r,
 		v2store:      st,
 		cluster:      cl,
 		reqIDGen:     idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
 		SyncTicker:   &time.Ticker{},
 		consistIndex: cindex.NewFakeConsistentIndex(0),
+		beHooks:      &backendHooks{lg: lg},
 	}
 	s.start()
 	wm := membership.Member{ID: 1234, RaftAttributes: membership.RaftAttributes{PeerURLs: []string{"http://127.0.0.1:1"}}}
@@ -1422,6 +1469,7 @@ func TestUpdateMember(t *testing.T) {
 // TODO: test server could stop itself when being removed
 
 func TestPublish(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	n := newNodeRecorder()
 	ch := make(chan interface{}, 1)
 	// simulate that request has gone through consensus
@@ -1430,11 +1478,11 @@ func TestPublish(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	srv := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:       new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:         zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:         lg,
 		readych:    make(chan struct{}),
-		Cfg:        config.ServerConfig{Logger: zap.NewExample(), TickMs: 1, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
+		Cfg:        config.ServerConfig{Logger: lg, TickMs: 1, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
 		id:         1,
-		r:          *newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{lg: zap.NewExample(), Node: n}),
+		r:          *newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{lg: lg, Node: n}),
 		attributes: membership.Attributes{Name: "node1", ClientURLs: []string{"http://a", "http://b"}},
 		cluster:    &membership.RaftCluster{},
 		w:          w,
@@ -1476,16 +1524,17 @@ func TestPublish(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestPublishStopped tests that publish will be stopped if server is stopped.
 func TestPublishStopped(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	r := newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{
-		lg:        zap.NewExample(),
+		lg:        lg,
 		Node:      newNodeNop(),
 		transport: newNopTransporter(),
 	})
 	srv := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:       new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:         zap.NewExample(),
-		Cfg:        config.ServerConfig{Logger: zap.NewExample(), TickMs: 1, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
+		lg:         lg,
+		Cfg:        config.ServerConfig{Logger: lg, TickMs: 1, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
 		r:          *r,
 		cluster:    &membership.RaftCluster{},
 		w:          mockwait.NewNop(),
@@ -1504,13 +1553,15 @@ func TestPublishStopped(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestPublishRetry tests that publish will keep retry until success.
 func TestPublishRetry(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := zaptest.NewLogger(t)
+
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	n := newNodeRecorderStream()
 	srv := &EtcdServer{
 		lgMu:       new(sync.RWMutex),
-		lg:         zap.NewExample(),
-		Cfg:        config.ServerConfig{Logger: zap.NewExample(), TickMs: 1, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
-		r:          *newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{lg: zap.NewExample(), Node: n}),
+		lg:         lg,
+		Cfg:        config.ServerConfig{Logger: lg, TickMs: 1, SnapshotCatchUpEntries: DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries},
+		r:          *newRaftNode(raftNodeConfig{lg: lg, Node: n}),
 		w:          mockwait.NewNop(),
 		stopping:   make(chan struct{}),
 		reqIDGen:   idutil.NewGenerator(0, time.Time{}),
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore.go
index df39301136a..a166fd5bd8b 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import (
 
 var (
 	keyBucketName  = []byte("key")
-	metaBucketName = cindex.MetaBucketName
+	MetaBucketName = cindex.MetaBucketName
 
 	scheduledCompactKeyName = []byte("scheduledCompactRev")
 	finishedCompactKeyName  = []byte("finishedCompactRev")
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func (s *store) updateCompactRev(rev int64) (<-chan struct{}, error) {
 
 	tx := s.b.BatchTx()
 	tx.Lock()
-	tx.UnsafePut(metaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, rbytes)
+	tx.UnsafePut(MetaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, rbytes)
 	tx.Unlock()
 	// ensure that desired compaction is persisted
 	s.b.ForceCommit()
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func init() {
 	DefaultIgnores = map[backend.IgnoreKey]struct{}{
 		// consistent index might be changed due to v2 internal sync, which
 		// is not controllable by the user.
-		{Bucket: string(metaBucketName), Key: string(cindex.ConsistentIndexKeyName)}: {},
+		{Bucket: string(MetaBucketName), Key: string(cindex.ConsistentIndexKeyName)}: {},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -351,20 +351,20 @@ func (s *store) restore() error {
 	tx := s.b.BatchTx()
 	tx.Lock()
 
-	_, finishedCompactBytes := tx.UnsafeRange(metaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, nil, 0)
+	_, finishedCompactBytes := tx.UnsafeRange(MetaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, nil, 0)
 	if len(finishedCompactBytes) != 0 {
 		s.revMu.Lock()
 		s.compactMainRev = bytesToRev(finishedCompactBytes[0]).main
 
 		s.lg.Info(
 			"restored last compact revision",
-			zap.String("meta-bucket-name", string(metaBucketName)),
+			zap.String("meta-bucket-name", string(MetaBucketName)),
 			zap.String("meta-bucket-name-key", string(finishedCompactKeyName)),
 			zap.Int64("restored-compact-revision", s.compactMainRev),
 		)
 		s.revMu.Unlock()
 	}
-	_, scheduledCompactBytes := tx.UnsafeRange(metaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, nil, 0)
+	_, scheduledCompactBytes := tx.UnsafeRange(MetaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, nil, 0)
 	scheduledCompact := int64(0)
 	if len(scheduledCompactBytes) != 0 {
 		scheduledCompact = bytesToRev(scheduledCompactBytes[0]).main
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ func (s *store) restore() error {
 
 		s.lg.Info(
 			"resume scheduled compaction",
-			zap.String("meta-bucket-name", string(metaBucketName)),
+			zap.String("meta-bucket-name", string(MetaBucketName)),
 			zap.String("meta-bucket-name-key", string(scheduledCompactKeyName)),
 			zap.Int64("scheduled-compact-revision", scheduledCompact),
 		)
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction.go
index de806f5e8c0..e056fedcc63 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func (s *store) scheduleCompaction(compactMainRev int64, keep map[revision]struc
 		if len(keys) < s.cfg.CompactionBatchLimit {
 			rbytes := make([]byte, 8+1+8)
 			revToBytes(revision{main: compactMainRev}, rbytes)
-			tx.UnsafePut(metaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, rbytes)
+			tx.UnsafePut(MetaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, rbytes)
 			tx.Unlock()
 			s.lg.Info(
 				"finished scheduled compaction",
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go
index 0c65c6ec19d..4dbf8291300 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_compaction_test.go
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func TestScheduleCompaction(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("#%d: range on %v = %d, want 1", i, rev, len(keys))
 			}
 		}
-		_, vals := tx.UnsafeRange(metaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, nil, 0)
+		_, vals := tx.UnsafeRange(MetaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, nil, 0)
 		revToBytes(revision{main: tt.rev}, ibytes)
 		if w := [][]byte{ibytes}; !reflect.DeepEqual(vals, w) {
 			t.Errorf("#%d: vals on %v = %+v, want %+v", i, finishedCompactKeyName, vals, w)
diff --git a/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go b/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go
index f44a76755c7..a60cb8de409 100644
--- a/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go
+++ b/server/mvcc/kvstore_test.go
@@ -342,10 +342,10 @@ func TestStoreCompact(t *testing.T) {
 	end := make([]byte, 8)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(end, uint64(4))
 	wact := []testutil.Action{
-		{Name: "put", Params: []interface{}{metaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, newTestRevBytes(revision{3, 0})}},
+		{Name: "put", Params: []interface{}{MetaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, newTestRevBytes(revision{3, 0})}},
 		{Name: "range", Params: []interface{}{keyBucketName, make([]byte, 17), end, int64(10000)}},
 		{Name: "delete", Params: []interface{}{keyBucketName, key2}},
-		{Name: "put", Params: []interface{}{metaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, newTestRevBytes(revision{3, 0})}},
+		{Name: "put", Params: []interface{}{MetaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, newTestRevBytes(revision{3, 0})}},
 	}
 	if g := b.tx.Action(); !reflect.DeepEqual(g, wact) {
 		t.Errorf("tx actions = %+v, want %+v", g, wact)
@@ -398,8 +398,8 @@ func TestStoreRestore(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("current rev = %v, want 5", s.currentRev)
 	}
 	wact := []testutil.Action{
-		{Name: "range", Params: []interface{}{metaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, []byte(nil), int64(0)}},
-		{Name: "range", Params: []interface{}{metaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, []byte(nil), int64(0)}},
+		{Name: "range", Params: []interface{}{MetaBucketName, finishedCompactKeyName, []byte(nil), int64(0)}},
+		{Name: "range", Params: []interface{}{MetaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, []byte(nil), int64(0)}},
 		{Name: "range", Params: []interface{}{keyBucketName, newTestRevBytes(revision{1, 0}), newTestRevBytes(revision{math.MaxInt64, math.MaxInt64}), int64(restoreChunkKeys)}},
 	}
 	if g := b.tx.Action(); !reflect.DeepEqual(g, wact) {
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ func TestRestoreContinueUnfinishedCompaction(t *testing.T) {
 		revToBytes(revision{main: 2}, rbytes)
 		tx := s0.b.BatchTx()
 		tx.Lock()
-		tx.UnsafePut(metaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, rbytes)
+		tx.UnsafePut(MetaBucketName, scheduledCompactKeyName, rbytes)
 		tx.Unlock()
 
 		s0.Close()