diff --git a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/buffer.https.any.js b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/buffer.https.any.js
index 31a33d9e7065..6bd3993afcf6 100644
--- a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/buffer.https.any.js
+++ b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/buffer.https.any.js
@@ -33,7 +33,11 @@ const sizeOfDescriptor = (descriptor) => {
 };
 
 const getDescriptorFromBuffer = (buffer) => {
-  return {dataType: buffer.dataType, dimensions: buffer.shape};
+  return {
+    dataType: buffer.dataType,
+    dimensions: buffer.shape,
+    usage: buffer.usage
+  };
 };
 
 
@@ -160,7 +164,11 @@ const testWriteWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   });
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    const bufferDescriptor = {dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]};
+    const bufferDescriptor = {
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO,
+    };
     let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer(bufferDescriptor);
 
     const bufferByteLength = sizeOfDescriptor(bufferDescriptor);
@@ -205,7 +213,11 @@ const testWriteWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / error`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    const bufferDescriptor = {dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 2]};
+    const bufferDescriptor = {
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 2],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO,
+    };
     let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer(bufferDescriptor);
 
     // Writing data to a destroyed MLBuffer should throw.
@@ -218,7 +230,11 @@ const testWriteWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / destroy`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    const bufferDescriptor = {dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 3]};
+    const bufferDescriptor = {
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 3],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO,
+    };
     let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer(bufferDescriptor);
 
     let anotherMLContext = await navigator.ml.createContext(contextOptions);
@@ -233,8 +249,11 @@ const testWriteWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / context_mismatch`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     // Initialize the buffer.
     const inputData = Uint8Array.from([0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]);
@@ -253,7 +272,11 @@ const testWriteWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / zero_write`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    const bufferDescriptor = {dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 2]};
+    const bufferDescriptor = {
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 2],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    };
     let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer(bufferDescriptor);
 
     const bufferByteLength = sizeOfDescriptor(bufferDescriptor);
@@ -300,8 +323,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   });
 
   promise_test(async t => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 2]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 2],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     // Reading a destroyed MLBuffer should reject.
     mlBuffer.destroy();
@@ -311,8 +337,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / read_after_destroy`);
 
   promise_test(async t => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 3]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 3],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     let promise = mlContext.readBuffer(mlBuffer);
     let anotherPromise = mlContext.readBuffer(mlBuffer);
@@ -324,16 +353,22 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / read_before_destroy`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1024]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1024],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     await assert_buffer_data_equals(
         mlContext, mlBuffer, new Uint32Array(1024));
   }, `${testName} / uninitialized`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM | MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO,
+    });
 
     // Initialize the buffer.
     mlContext.writeBuffer(mlBuffer, Uint8Array.from([0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]));
@@ -345,8 +380,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / full_size`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     // Initialize the buffer.
     mlContext.writeBuffer(mlBuffer, Uint8Array.from([0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]));
@@ -360,8 +398,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / src_offset_only`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     // Initialize the buffer.
     mlContext.writeBuffer(mlBuffer, Uint8Array.from([0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]));
@@ -375,8 +416,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / src_offset_and_size`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     // Initialize the buffer.
     mlContext.writeBuffer(mlBuffer, Uint8Array.from([0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA]));
@@ -390,8 +434,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / larger_src_data`);
 
   promise_test(async () => {
-    let mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [1]});
+    let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [1],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
 
     const inputData = [0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA];
 
@@ -404,7 +451,11 @@ const testReadWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
   }, `${testName} / no_src_offset`);
 
   promise_test(async t => {
-    const bufferDescriptor = {dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 3]};
+    const bufferDescriptor = {
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 3],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    };
     let mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer(bufferDescriptor);
 
     let anotherMLContext = await navigator.ml.createContext(contextOptions);
@@ -436,7 +487,11 @@ const testDispatchWebNNBuffer = (testName) => {
     }
     // Construct a simple graph: A = B + C, with two outputs.
     const builder = new MLGraphBuilder(mlContext);
-    const bufferDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: shape};
+    const bufferDescriptor = {
+      dataType: 'float32',
+      dimensions: shape,
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    };
     const lhsOperand = builder.input('lhs', bufferDescriptor);
     const rhsOperand = builder.input('rhs', bufferDescriptor);
     const output1Operand = builder.add(lhsOperand, rhsOperand);
diff --git a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/byob_readbuffer.https.any.js b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/byob_readbuffer.https.any.js
index 3b9546c50f0c..ccbd6d390fa3 100644
--- a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/byob_readbuffer.https.any.js
+++ b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/byob_readbuffer.https.any.js
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@ promise_setup(async () => {
   }
 
   try {
-    mlBuffer =
-        await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 4]});
+    mlBuffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+      dataType: 'int32',
+      dimensions: [2, 4],
+      usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+    });
   } catch (e) {
     throw new AssertionError(
         `Unable to create buffer for ${variant} variant. ${e}`);
@@ -135,8 +138,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, `readBuffer() with a larger TypedArray`);
 
 promise_test(async (t) => {
-  const buffer =
-      await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 2]});
+  const buffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+    dataType: 'int32',
+    dimensions: [2, 2],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  });
   const arrayBufferView = new Int32Array(2 * 2);
   const arrayBuffer = arrayBufferView.buffer;
 
@@ -150,8 +156,11 @@ promise_test(async (t) => {
 }, `readBuffer() rejects on a destroyed MLBuffer`);
 
 promise_test(async (t) => {
-  const buffer =
-      await mlContext.createBuffer({dataType: 'int32', dimensions: [2, 2]});
+  const buffer = await mlContext.createBuffer({
+    dataType: 'int32',
+    dimensions: [2, 2],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  });
   const arrayBufferView = new Int32Array(2 * 2);
   const arrayBuffer = arrayBufferView.buffer;
 
diff --git a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/parallel-dispatch.https.any.js b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/parallel-dispatch.https.any.js
index 2ba1f6cf442b..b3927765fb5a 100644
--- a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/parallel-dispatch.https.any.js
+++ b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/conformance_tests/parallel-dispatch.https.any.js
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ function buildMulGraph(context, operandDescriptor, multiplier) {
 }
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
 
   const [mlGraph, inputBuffer1, inputBuffer2, outputBuffer] =
       await Promise.all([
@@ -66,7 +70,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'dispatch queues behind readBuffer');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
   const mlGraph = await buildMulGraph(mlContext, operandDescriptor, 3);
 
   // write/dispatch/read, write/dispatch/read, ...
@@ -90,7 +98,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'same graph: write/dispatch/read, write/dispatch/read, ...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
   const mlGraph = await buildMulGraph(mlContext, operandDescriptor, 10);
 
   // write/write...
@@ -125,7 +137,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'same graph: write/write..., dispatch/read, dispatch/read, ...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
   const mlGraph = await buildMulGraph(mlContext, operandDescriptor, 9);
 
   // write/write...
@@ -159,7 +175,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'same graph: write/write..., dispatch/dispatch..., read/read...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
   const mlGraph = await buildMulGraph(mlContext, operandDescriptor, 2);
 
   const buffers = await Promise.all([
@@ -188,7 +208,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'same graph serial inputs: dispatch/dispatch..., read/read...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
 
   // write/write...
   const testInputs = [1, 2, 3, 4];
@@ -223,7 +247,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'different graphs: write/write..., dispatch/read, dispatch/read, ...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
 
   // write/write...
   const testInputs = [1, 2, 3, 4];
@@ -257,7 +285,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'different graphs: write/write..., dispatch/dispatch..., read/read...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
 
   const graphs = await Promise.all([3, 2].map(async (multiplier) => {
     return buildMulGraph(mlContext, operandDescriptor, multiplier);
@@ -289,7 +321,11 @@ promise_test(async () => {
 }, 'different graphs serial inputs: dispatch/dispatch..., read/read...');
 
 promise_test(async () => {
-  const operandDescriptor = {dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]};
+  const operandDescriptor = {
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO | MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  };
 
   const graphs = await Promise.all([2, 3].map(async (multiplier) => {
     return buildMulGraph(mlContext, operandDescriptor, multiplier);
diff --git a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/validation_tests/destroyContext.https.any.js b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/validation_tests/destroyContext.https.any.js
index ba0661ae6f8e..7d2411412b3d 100644
--- a/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/validation_tests/destroyContext.https.any.js
+++ b/testing/web-platform/tests/webnn/validation_tests/destroyContext.https.any.js
@@ -132,16 +132,22 @@ promise_test(async t => {
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   const context = await navigator.ml.createContext(contextOptions);
-  const buffer =
-      await context.createBuffer({dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]});
+  const buffer = await context.createBuffer({
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  });
   context.destroy();
   promise_rejects_dom(t, 'InvalidStateError', context.readBuffer(buffer));
 }, 'Destroyed context can not read buffer.');
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   const context = await navigator.ml.createContext(contextOptions);
-  const buffer =
-      await context.createBuffer({dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]});
+  const buffer = await context.createBuffer({
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.READ_FROM,
+  });
   let promise = context.readBuffer(buffer);
   context.destroy();
   promise_rejects_dom(t, 'InvalidStateError', promise);
@@ -152,8 +158,11 @@ promise_test(async t => {
   // Destroying another context doesn't impact the first context.
   const another_context = await navigator.ml.createContext(contextOptions);
   another_context.destroy();
-  const buffer =
-      await context.createBuffer({dataType: 'float32', dimensions: [1]});
+  const buffer = await context.createBuffer({
+    dataType: 'float32',
+    dimensions: [1],
+    usage: MLBufferUsage.WRITE_TO,
+  });
   let arrayBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(4);
   context.destroy();
   assert_throws_dom('InvalidStateError', () => {