diff --git a/.github/.gitignore b/.github/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc371a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pages
+tmp
+keys
+old
diff --git a/.github/README.md b/.github/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f74d3cbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+Files used for continous testing and releases on GitHub
+=======================================================
+For check EMMO locally before a commit, you should install [EMMO-python][EMMO-python]
+and run emmocheck from the root of the repository:
+
+ emmocheck --local --verbose --check-imported --configfile=.github/emmocheck_conf.yml emmo.owl
+
+To test generation of documentation and inferred ontology locally, install
+[EMMO-python][EMMO-python] and its dependencies and run
+
+ .github/scripts/update_pages.sh -n
+
+Remove the -n option if you also want to push possible changes to
+GitHub Pages.
+
+
+Directory content
+-----------------
+ - [workflows](workflows): YAML scripts defining GitHub Actions in response
+ to push requests.
+ - [scripts](scripts): Shell and puthon scripts for testing and creating
+ documentation
+ - pages: Local copy of
+ [GitHub Pages](git@github.com:emmo-repo/emmo-repo.github.io.git)
+ used for releasing documentation and inferred ontology.
+ Run `scripts/update_pages.sh` to create/update this local copy and push
+ to GitHub Pages.
+ - tmp: Temporary directory used when generating documentation.
+ - README.md: This file.
+
+ - [emmocheck_conf.yml](emmocheck_conf.yml): emmocheck configurations.
+ Example use when running emmocheck from the root directory:
+
+ emmocheck --local --verbose --check-imported --configfile=.github/emmocheck_conf.yml emmo.owl
+
+ - [versions.txt](versions.txt): List of versions that should be deployed to GitHub Pages.
+
+ The format is simple - each line starts with a version
+ number. Optionally it may be followed by label indicating the
+ status. Use either "unstable" or "latest" or leave it out as
+ default.
+
+
+Scripts
+-------
+Scripts found in the [scripts](scripts) sub-directory:
+
+### update_pages.sh [-glv]
+
+Main script that calls the other scripts to update GitHub Pages.
+
+Options:
+ - -n: Just update local copy of GitHub Pages, do not add and commit changes.
+ - -l: Just work on local copy of GitHub Pages. Do not push changes.
+ - -v: Verbose. Print commands as they are executed.
+
+### init_pages.sh
+
+Clones GitHub Pages to .github/pages.
+
+### makeindex.sh
+
+Creates index.html file in local copy of GitHub Pages.
+
+### makeversions.sh [-rv]
+
+Creates version sub-directories in local copy of GitHub Pages.
+Calls makedoc.sh and fixinferred.sh.
+
+Options:
+ - -r Recreate existing sub-directories and their content.
+ - -v Verbose. Print commands as they are executed.
+
+### makedoc.sh inferred version outdir
+
+Generates EMMO documentation in html and pdf formats.
+
+Arguments:
+ - inferred: path to inferred ontology
+ - version: version to generate documentation for
+ - outdir: output directory
+
+### fixinferred.sh owlfile
+
+Fix inferred ontology modifying the target file in-place.
+It is safe to run this script multiple times on the same file.
+
+Arguments:
+ - owlfile: Inferred ontology up fix.
+
+
+
+[EMMO-python]: https://github.com/emmo-repo/EMMO-python
diff --git a/.github/emmocheck_conf.yml b/.github/emmocheck_conf.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f3f537d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/emmocheck_conf.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Configurations used when running emmocheck from the ci_emmocheck workflow
+test_namespace:
+ exceptions:
+ - manufacturing.EngineeredMaterial
diff --git a/.github/pages-index.html.in b/.github/pages-index.html.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f856b438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/pages-index.html.in
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Europeean Materials & Modelling Ontology
+
+
+
+
+
+
The Europeean Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+
+The European Materials Modelling Ontology (EMMO) is the result of a multidisciplinary effort within the EMMC, aimed at the development of a standard representational ontology framework based on current materials modelling and characterization knowledge. Instead of starting from general upper level concepts, as done by other ontologies, the EMMO development started from the very bottom level, using the actual picture of the physical world coming from applied sciences, and in particular from physics and material sciences.
+
+The EMMO has grown from the bottom (i.e. scientific application field) to the top (i.e. conceptualization), staying focused on the original scope while at the same time maintaining an approach as general as possible. The ontological framework has been built around concepts like elementary particles, wave-particle dualism, finiteness of space and time intervals coming from the perspective for experimental physics. The development of the middle and upper layers of the ontology has been functional to the respect of these low level concepts, to facilitate the understanding of the high level concepts to users with limited or no philosophical background.
+
+
" >> "$tmpfile"
+done < "$versionsfile"
+
+
+# Generate index.html
+sed -e "/\${versions}/ r $tmpfile" \
+ -e 's/\${versions}//' \
+ -e "s|\${date}|$(date +%F)|" \
+ "$ghdir/pages-index.html.in" > "$pagesdir/index.html"
diff --git a/.github/scripts/makeversions.sh b/.github/scripts/makeversions.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..e62a609b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/scripts/makeversions.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Usage: makeversions.sh [-r -v]
+#
+# Creates versions sub-directories in local copy of GitHub Pages.
+#
+# Options:
+# -r Recreate existing sub-directories and their content.
+# -v Verbose. Print commands as they are executed.
+set -e
+
+rootdir="$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+ghdir="$rootdir/.github"
+pagesdir="$ghdir/pages"
+scriptsdir="$ghdir/scripts"
+
+$scriptsdir/init_pages.sh
+
+# Parse options
+recreate=false
+verbose=false
+while getopts "rv" arg; do
+ case $arg in
+ r) recreate=true;;
+ v) verbose=true;;
+ esac
+done
+
+# If verbose, print commands as they are executed
+if $verbose; then
+ set -x
+fi
+
+# Initiate local GitHub Pages
+"$scriptsdir/init_pages.sh"
+
+
+# Parse versions.sh and save html table rows in tmpfile
+while read version name; do
+ $verbose && echo
+ d="$pagesdir/versions/$version"
+ if $recreate || [ ! -d "$d" ]; then
+ mkdir -p "$d"
+ cd "$rootdir"
+ cp -f README.md LICENSE.md "$d/."
+ fi
+
+ # Generate inferred ontology
+ if $recreate || [ ! -f "$d/emmo-inferred.owl" ]; then
+ # TODO: add tool for automatic generation of inferred ontology
+ echo "Missing inferred ontology: $d/emmo-inferred.owl"
+ echo "Please add this file and rerun this script."
+ exit 1
+ fi
+ "$scriptsdir/fixinferred.sh" "$d/emmo-inferred.owl"
+
+ # Generate documentation
+ if $recreate || [ ! -f "$d/emmo.html" ]; then
+ echo "Generate documentation"
+ "$scriptsdir/makedoc.sh" "$d/emmo-inferred.owl" $version "$d"
+ fi
+
+ # Create symlinks
+ cd "$pagesdir"
+ if [ ! -z "$name" ]; then
+ rm -f $name
+ ln -sf versions/$version $name
+ fi
+done < "$ghdir/versions.txt"
+
+
+# Make sure that we exit with non-zero
+exit 0
diff --git a/.github/scripts/update_pages.sh b/.github/scripts/update_pages.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..656fcf0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/scripts/update_pages.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Usage: update_pages.sh [-g -l -v]
+#
+# This is the main script that updates GitHub Pages.
+#
+# Options:
+# -n Just update local copy of GitHub Pages, do not add and commit
+# changes.
+# -l Just work on local copy of GitHub Pages. Do not push changes.
+# -v Verbose. Print commands as they are executed.
+set -e
+
+rootdir="$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+pagesdir="$rootdir/.github/pages"
+scriptsdir="$rootdir/.github/scripts"
+
+# Parse options
+noadd=false
+local=false
+verbose=false
+while getopts "nlv" arg; do
+ case $arg in
+ n) noadd=true;;
+ l) local=true;;
+ v) verbose=true;;
+ esac
+done
+
+# If verbose, print commands as they are executed
+args=""
+if $verbose; then
+ args="-v"
+ set -x
+fi
+
+
+# Initiate local GitHub Pages
+"$scriptsdir/init_pages.sh"
+
+
+# Make version sub-directories on GitHub Pages
+"$scriptsdir/makeversions.sh" $args
+
+
+# Create index.html on GitHub Pages
+"$scriptsdir/makeindex.sh"
+
+
+# Commit changes and push to GitHub Pages
+if ! $noadd; then
+ echo
+ cd "$pagesdir"
+ git add --all
+ git commit -m 'Update github pages'
+ [ -n "$(git status --porcelain -uno)" ] && git commit -m 'Updated releasetable' && git push
+
+ if ! $local; then
+ git push origin master
+ fi
+fi
diff --git a/.github/versions.txt b/.github/versions.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79c4079f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/versions.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+1.0.0-alpha2 unstable
+1.0.0-alpha latest
+0.9.10
+0.9.10-beta
+0.9.9
+0.9.9-beta
diff --git a/.github/workflows/.gitignore b/.github/workflows/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3367afdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+old
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci_emmocheck.yml b/.github/workflows/ci_emmocheck.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f78503b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci_emmocheck.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+name: Check conventions
+on: [push]
+
+jobs:
+
+ build:
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ strategy:
+ max-parallel: 1
+ matrix:
+ python-version: [3.7]
+
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+
+ - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+ uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+ with:
+ python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+ - name: Install EMMO-python
+ run: |
+ pip install EMMO
+
+ - name: Check EMMO
+ run: |
+ emmocheck --local --verbose --check-imported --configfile=.github/emmocheck_conf.yml --skip=test_*_dimension emmo.owl
diff --git a/.github/workflows/update_pages.yml b/.github/workflows/update_pages.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2e84fb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/update_pages.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+name: Update GitHub Pages
+
+on:
+ push:
+ branches:
+ - '[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+'
+ - '[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+-*'
+
+jobs:
+
+ build:
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+ - name: Setup git identity
+ run: |
+ git config --global user.email "emmo.github.action@github.com"
+ git config --global user.name "EMMO GitHub Action"
+
+ - name: Setup Python 3.7
+ uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+ with:
+ python-version: 3.7
+
+ - name: Install EMMO-python
+ run: |
+ pip install --upgrade pip
+ pip install EMMO
+
+ - name: Install pandoc 2.1.2
+ run: |
+ #sudo apt-get install pandoc # we need v2.1.2
+ wget https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/releases/download/2.1.2/pandoc-2.1.2-1-amd64.deb
+ sudo apt-get install ./pandoc-2.1.2-1-amd64.deb
+
+ - name: Install other dependencies
+ run: |
+ sudo apt-get install graphviz
+ sudo apt-get install texlive-xetex
+ sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-extra
+ pip install semver
+
+ - name: Checkout GitHub Pages for EMMO-repo
+ uses: actions/checkout@v2
+ with:
+ repository: emmo-repo/emmo-repo.github.io
+ path: ".github/pages"
+ ssh-key: ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+ ssh-strict: no
+
+ - name: Update GitHub Pages
+ run: |
+ .github/scripts/update_pages.sh
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3367afdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+old
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 715dbf90..08d5fe4d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-# The European Materials Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+[](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
+
+
+# The European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
## About
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) for applied sciences. It is based on physics, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It has been instigated by materials science and provides the connection between the physical world, the experimental world (materials characterisation) and the simulation world (materials modelling). It is released under a [Creative Commons license](LICENSE.md).
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) for applied sciences. It is based on physics, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It has been instigated by materials science and provides the connection between the physical world, the experimental world (materials characterisation) and the simulation world (materials modelling). It is released under a Creative Commons [CC BY 4.0](LICENSE.md) license.
## EMMO in a Nutshell
@@ -9,7 +12,7 @@ The EMMO ontology is structured in shells, expressed by specific ontology fragme
### Top Level
-The [EMMO top level](top.owl) is the group of fundamental axioms that constitute the philosophical foundation of the EMMO. Adopting a physicalistic/nominalistic perspective, the EMMO defines real world objects as 4D objects that are always extended in space and time (i.e. real world objects cannot be spaceless nor timeless). For this reason abstract objects, i.e. objects that does not extend in space and time, are forbidden in the EMMO.
+The [EMMO top level](top/top.owl) is the group of fundamental axioms that constitute the philosophical foundation of the EMMO. Adopting a physicalistic/nominalistic perspective, the EMMO defines real world objects as 4D objects that are always extended in space and time (i.e. real world objects cannot be spaceless nor timeless). For this reason abstract objects, i.e. objects that does not extend in space and time, are forbidden in the EMMO.
EMMO is strongly based on the analytical philosophy dicipline semiotic.
The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ The *Perspective* class collects the different ways to represent the objects tha
### Middle Level
-The middle level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains.
+The middle level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains.
@@ -36,11 +39,11 @@ The *Reductionistic* perspective class uses the fundamental non-transitive parth
The *Holistic* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that unfold in time in a way that has a meaning for the EMMO user, through the definition of the classes *Process* and *Participant*.
-The *Phenomenic* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that express of a recognisable pattern in space or time that impress the user. Under this class the EMMO categorises e.g. formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
+The *Perceptual* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that can be perceived by the user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. Under this class the EMMO categorises e.g. formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
-The *Physics* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the under applied physics perspective.
+The *Physicalistic* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the under applied physics perspective.
-The [semiotics](top/semiotics.owl) module introduces the concepts of semiotics and the *Semiosis* process that has a *Sign*, an *Object* and an *Interpreter* as participants. This forms the basis in EMMO to represent e.g. models, formal languages, theories, information and properties.
+The [semiotics](middle/semiotics.owl) module introduces the concepts of semiotics and the *Semiosis* process that has a *Sign*, an *Object* and an *Interpreter* as participants. This forms the basis in EMMO to represent e.g. models, formal languages, theories, information and properties.
@@ -51,22 +54,32 @@ Imposing all relations to fall under mereotopology or semiotics is how the EMMO
## Repository Description
-You can find the EMMO ontology at [http://emmo.info/emmo](http://emmo.info/emmo). The basic structure of the EMMO is collected by the [top](top.owl) ontology.
+You can find the EMMO ontology at [http://emmo.info/emmo](http://emmo.info/emmo). The basic structure of the EMMO is collected by the [top](top/top.owl) ontology.
-The overall middle level ontoloiges are collected by the [emmo](emmo.owl) ontology.
+The overall middle level ontologies are collected by the [emmo](emmo.owl) ontology.
The OWL2-DL sources are available in RDF/XML format.
+A description of the EMMO Governance, organisation of related repositories,
+conventions and how to contribute can be found [here](doc/EMMO_governance.md).
+
## How To Use It
In order to be able to view and navigate the EMMO ontology we recommend to download the Protégé editor from [https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege](https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege).
+See [these instructions](doc/protege-setup.md) for how to set up Protégé for working with EMMO-based ontologies.
+
The fastest way to access the EMMO is to open the ontology via Protégé via the menu under *File -> Open from URL...* and copy the URL [http://emmo.info/emmo](http://emmo.info/emmo): Protégé will automatically download all the necessary dependencies.
The EMMO hierarchy will be visible only after reasoning inference: use *ctrl-R* to start the reasoner and under the *Entities* tab, select the *Classes* subtab and *Inferred* in the scroll button.
It is recommended to use FaCT++ as reasoner. You can select it through the menu *Reasoner*. An instruction for how to install the FaCT++ plugin on Protege 5.5.0 on Windows can be found in the [doc subdirectory](doc/installing_factplusplus.md).
+To access EMMO from Python, we recommend [EMMO-python](https://github.com/emmo-repo/EMMO-python/).
+
+
+## Pre-inferred ontology and documentation
+Browsable documentation and pre-inferred versions of EMMO are available on [GitHub Pages](https://emmo-repo.github.io/).
---
@@ -79,10 +92,15 @@ Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
+
### Acknowledgement
-This work is conducted under the framework of the [SimDOME](https://simdome.eu) project (2019-2023), that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 814492
+This work has been supported by several European projects, including:
-This work was conducted under the framework of the [EMMC-CSA](https://emmc.info) project (2016-2019), that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 723867
+ - [EMMC-CSA](https://emmc.info) (2016-2019), that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 723867.
+ - [SimDOME](https://simdome.eu) (2019-2023), that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 814492.
+ - [MarketPlace](https://www.the-marketplace-project.eu) (2018-2022) that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 760173.
+ - [VIMMP](https://www.vimmp.eu) (2018-2021) that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 760907.
+ - [OntoTrans](https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/862136) (2020-2024) that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 862136.
+ - [ReaxPro](https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/814416) (2019-2023) that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 814416.
This work was conducted using the Protégé resource, which is supported by grant GM10331601 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the United States National Institutes of Health.
-
diff --git a/catalog-v001.xml b/catalog-v001.xml
index 87ee7451..77d9df24 100644
--- a/catalog-v001.xml
+++ b/catalog-v001.xml
@@ -1,23 +1,25 @@
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/doc/.gitignore b/doc/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3367afdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+old
diff --git a/doc/EMMO_branching_model.png b/doc/EMMO_branching_model.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26867317
Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/EMMO_branching_model.png differ
diff --git a/doc/EMMO_governance.md b/doc/EMMO_governance.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76f7d0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/EMMO_governance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# EMMO Governance
+
+## EMMO basic structure
+EMMO is organised in different ontology levels:
+
+### Top level
+Top level EMMO contains only the most fundamental concepts.
+
+### Middle level
+Middle level EMMO contains cross-domain modules for Units, Properties, Mathematics, Models, Materials, Manufacturing and Semiotics (which includes observations). In addition it includes fundamental concepts for different perspectives, in particular Holistic, Reductionistic and Perceptual, as well as a Physicalistic perspective.
+
+### Domain level
+Domain ontologies reuse or specialise concepts from the middle and top level EMMO and specify terms and relationships that are relevant in a domain. A Domain is a particular area of interest, such as a branch of science and technology, e.g. organic chemistry, mechanics, electronics etc.
+
+### Application level
+In addition, there will be application ontologies, which are engineered for a specific use or application focus and whose scope is specified through testable use cases. Application ontologies re-use and extend terms from one or more domain ontologies to apply to a specific application, and generally cannot be reused for other applications.
+
+
+__When the short-hand ‘EMMO’ is used, it generally stands for EMMO Top level and Middle level ontologies.__
+
+## EMMO IP and licensing
+EMMO (top level and middle level) is co-authored and (shown in brackets) copyrighted by
+* Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna)
+* Gerhard Goldbeck (Goldbeck Consulting)
+* Jesper Friis (SINTEF)
+* Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM)
+* Georg J. Schmitz (ACCESS)
+
+Updated Authors and Contributors will be published with every release.
+
+
+EMMO is licensed under [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/blob/master/LICENSE.md).
+It is a permissive licence which means that everybody can develop domain and application ontologies based on EMMO.
+
+## Governance remit
+EMMO Governance includes overseeing the maintenance and further development of EMMO top- and middle-level ontologies even when funding for the work is obtained from project grants and other sources.
+
+
+It is also strongly encouraged that Domain ontology developments take place within the EMMO [Governance structure](#Governance-structure) (see in particular [Domain Ontology Groups](#Domain-ontologies-governance)).
+
+*Application Ontologies are beyond the scope of EMMO overall governance and any issues arising are the responsibility of application development.*
+
+### Governance structure
+EMMO governance is organised via [EMMC ASBL](https://emmc.eu); i.e. committees and groups concerned with EMMO governance are constituted within the groups structure of EMMC. EMMO Governance Committee members and Group Leaders are either Individual Full Members of EMMC or belong to an organisational member of EMMC.
+
+
+In particular, all EMMO related governance is part of the EMMC Interest Group on Interoperability and Ontologies. All contributors and users of EMMO, including domain and application ontologies are encouraged to join the EMMC Interoperability and Ontologies Interest Group.
+Based on input by the EMMO Governance Committee and EMMO Domain Ontology Groups, the EMMC Interoperability and Ontologies Interest Group will be responsible for a high level roadmap which includes planned EMMO developments and objectives.
+
+
+The governance structure is shown graphically in __Figure 1__.
+
+
+
+_**Figure 1.** EMMO Governance Structure._
+
+
+### EMMO Governance Committee
+The EMMO Governance committee oversees and coordinates the maintenance and development of EMMO, in particular regarding top and middle level. The EMMO Governance Committee works at a conceptual level and makes high level decisions regarding for example (but not exclusively) key terminology, branches, releases, technical roadmap, general organisational matters of EMMO repository, external collaborations, publications, presentations, membership of EMMO Editors Group, high level decisions regarding domain ontologies, including coordinating cross-domain discussions, like resolution of inconsistencies between domain ontologies.
+
+Membership of EMMO Governance committee consists of the authors of EMMO (the membership is updated only after a major release) who may co-opt other experts to the committee.
+
+The EMMO Governance Committee meets in regular intervals, at least once every quarter. EMMO Governance Committee decision-making will be based on consensus finding. Failing that, a majority decision will be taken where all members need to participate in the vote for it to be valid.
+
+
+### EMMO Editors Group
+The EMMO Editors Group is responsible for the day-to-day management, technical management, maintenance and development of EMMO (top and middle level as well as domain alignments). EMMO editors are experienced in owl, Protégé, reasoners etc.
+Only members of the Editors Group are allowed to accept pull requests and make changes in the ontology.
+Members of the EMMO Editors Group are designated staff of the EMMO author organisations with relevant skills and other co-opted experts.
+Members of the EMMO Editors Group will be listed in the Readme file of each release.
+The EMMO Editors Group must refer to the EMMO Governance Committee for key decisions and provide regular reports and updates to the EMMO Governance Committee.
+
+
+### Domain ontologies governance
+Domain ontology development within the EMMO governance structure is strongly encouraged to ensure compatibility, compliance and wide stakeholder involvement.
+
+
+For Domain Ontology development within the framework of EMMO governance and using the official EMMO repository, a proposal for a Domain Ontology development needs to be submitted to and approved by the EMMO Governance Committee. Subsequently, an EMMO Domain Ontology Task Group is formed and Domain Ontology Editor roles are agreed. The Domain Ontology Task Group is responsible for the development and maintenance of the respective Domain Ontology in line with EMMO guidelines and is required to liaise with the EMMO Governance Committee and EMMO Editors Group who oversee the alignment with EMMO middle and top level, and provide general support regarding development, integration and interoperability in line with EMMO guidelines.
+
+
+Following quality control procedures (to be defined separately) a Domain Ontology release may be given an official EMMO Domain Ontology status by the EMMO Governance Committee.
+
+### Organisation of repositories
+The GitHub organisation https://github.com/EMMO-repo/ is the "official" site for development and distribution of EMMO and related domain ontologies and tools. Each of these will have its own git repository within the [EMMO-repo](https://github.com/EMMO-repo/) organisation. The repositories are organised as follows.
+
+#### EMMO
+* Organised with EMMO top and middle level ontologies in two separate subfolders. All top level ontologies are also included in the top.owl file which can be addressed using URL http://emmo.info/emmo/top.
+* The root folder includes an emmo.owl file containing all EMMO top and middle level ontologies. It can be addressed under the URL http://emmo.info/emmo.
+
+#### Domain Ontologies
+* EMMO Domain Ontologies will be managed within separate repositories. These ontologies will follow the conventions outlined for EMMO and never duplicate any class or relation defined in EMMO top and middle level. Consistency and dependencies between these ontologies shall be managed via Domain Group meetings, liaising with EMMO Editor Group and decision making by EMMO Governance Committee where required.
+* It is recommended that domain ontologies are organised hierarchically, such that more specialised domain ontologies will import generic domain-level concepts from less specialised domain ontologies. However, as stated above, detailed management of domain ontologies is beyond the remit of EMMO governance. Rather, general [best practice](http://wiki.opensemanticframework.org/index.php/Ontology_Best_Practices) should be applied.
+
+#### Tools
+* EMMO-repo includes separate repositories for tools that are useful for working with EMMO and EMMO-based ontologies. [EMMO-python](https://github.com/emmo-repo/EMMO-python) is an example of such a tool. Additional tools from different communities may be brought into the EMMO-repo if said parties wish for it, EMMO Editors recommend it and EMMO Governance Committee agrees.
+
+#### Examples
+* EMMO-repo includes a separate repository with application examples. Application examples are managed by a range of contributors and are not generally ‘certified’ by EMMO Editors unless specifically stated.
+
+### Releases and versioning
+All releases of EMMO will be versioned strictly according to the rules of semantic versioning as described on https://semver.org/. Each version will be addressable via URL as follows
+
+* EMMO (top and middle) release master\
+ http://emmo.info/emmo
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/master/emmo.owl
+* EMMO (top and middle) version X.Y.Z\
+http://emmo.info/emmo/X.Y.Z
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/X.Y.Z/emmo.owl
+* EMMO top release master\
+http://emmo.info/emmo/top/
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/master/top/
+* EMMO top version X.Y.Z\
+http://emmo.info/emmo/X.Y.Z/top/
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/X.Y.Z/top/
+* EMMO middle release master\
+http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/master/middle/
+* EMMO middle version X.Y.Z\
+http://emmo.info/emmo/X.Y.Z/middle/
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/EMMO/X.Y.Z/middle/
+* EMMO “my_domain” release master\
+http://emmo.info/my_domain_1/
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/MY_DOMAIN_1/master/
+* EMMO “my_domain” version X.Y.Z\
+http://emmo.info/my_domain_1/X.Y.Z/
+→ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/MY_DOMAIN_1/X.Y.Z/
+
+
+The branching model applied for EMMO (and strongly suggested for domain ontologies and tools) is illustrated in Figure 2 following a set of rules:
+* Never pull to master. Master is only changed via pull requests from a release branch reviewed by the EMMO Editors Group. The master branch always hosts the current stable version.
+* Each change of the master branch corresponds to a new release, with a unique semantic version number. All versions should be tagged with the version number prefixed with a “v”. For example, the tag for version 1.0.0 should be “v1.0.0”.
+* Work on the next release is done in a separate release branch named after the targeted version. For example, all work towards version 0.9.10 is done in a branch with name “0.9.10”.
+* After a release branch has been merged into master, it is kept, but never changed. The IRI of past versions of the EMMO will be redirected to the corresponding branches.
+* All features should be associated with an issue.
+* Features are developed in separate branches derived from a version branch and merged back via reviewed pull requests. Feature branches should be named “issue-”, where is the issue number and is a short message describing the feature.
+* Before issuing, the developer should ensure that all unit and other tests pass. At least one EMMO Editor Group member must be assigned.
+
+
+
+_**Figure 2.** EMMO branching model. The light blue horizontal boxes correspond to branches, blue boxes to commits (i.e. snapshots of the repository) and brown boxes to tags._
+
+Only ontologies or tools with version number equal to or larger than 1.0.0 are expected to satisfy all requirements.
+
+An inferred version of the ontology will be published with each release under the URL http://emmo.info/emmo/emmo-inferred
+and
+http://emmo.info/emmo/X.Y.Z/emmo-inferred.
+
+
+### Documentation
+The GitHub release feature and GitHub Pages https://emmo-repo.github.io/ will be used for generated documentation.
+
+### EMMO conventions
+EMMO follows a set of conventions that all ontologies published in a repository under https://github.com/emmo-repo/ are expected to follow.
+
+#### Naming conventions
+* All OWL identifiers are unique IRIs of the following form:
+
+
+ http://emmo.info///#EMMO_
+
+
+where is the repository name, is the current version, is the path to the owl file in the repository (excluding the .owl file name extension) and is a unique UUID for the entity, usually assigned by Protege or a similar tool. See Figure 3 for an example for how to configure Protege to generate correct IRIs for new entities.
+* Class labels should be singular nouns and CamelCase.
+* Labels for relations should be of the form “hasNoun” (i.e. lowerCamelCase and start with “has” followed by a noun).
+
+### Structural conventions
+* New relations (i.e. object properties) must be either mereotopological or semiotical and be a subrelation of any of the relations defined in EMMO Core.
+
+
+
+_**Figure 3.** The dialog in Protègè for configuring new IRIs. It is found under File->Preferences menu and then the “New Entities” tab. These settings should be used consistently in all EMMO ontologies._
+
+
+## Community contributions and interactions
+Domain and application ontology developers and the wider community is encouraged to contribute to EMMO development.
+
+A FAQ area will be developed to address queries that may already have been answered.
+
+GitHub features will be used for most of the interactions, in particular issues can be raised by creating an issue, hence requests can be managed by EMMO Editors.
diff --git a/doc/EMMO_governance_structure.png b/doc/EMMO_governance_structure.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19075038
Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/EMMO_governance_structure.png differ
diff --git a/doc/installing_factplusplus.md b/doc/installing_factplusplus.md
index f4511c4a..e8eb1c58 100644
--- a/doc/installing_factplusplus.md
+++ b/doc/installing_factplusplus.md
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Fortunately a solution has been posted on http://protege-project.136.n4.nabble.c
Instructions
------------
1. Ensure that "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio" is installed.
-2. Download [OpenJDK](https://jdk.java.net/13/) and extract the zip file.
-3. Download the [FaCT++ plugin](https://bitbucket.org/dtsarkov/factplusplus/downloads/uk.ac.manchester.cs.owl.factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5.jar) and save it in the Protégé plugin directory.
-4. Download the [fix](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/jpi-seb/12627bba6509a85a9c75afd262e78469/raw/28016a4b292c94549623c71dff4028cbea274a29/factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5-manifest-fix-win10.txt) to the same directory.
+2. Download [OpenJDK][openjdk] and extract the zip file.
+3. Download the [FaCT++ plugin][factppplugin] and save it in the Protégé plugin directory.
+4. Download the [fix][factppfix] to the same directory.
5. Open a command window in the plugin directory and run
```Shell Session
@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ Instructions
```
6. Open Protégé and check that FaCT++ can be found under the Reasoner menu.
+
+
+[openjdk]: https://download.java.net/java/GA/jdk13/5b8a42f3905b406298b72d750b6919f6/33/GPL/openjdk-13_windows-x64_bin.zip
+[factppplugin]: https://bitbucket.org/dtsarkov/factplusplus/downloads/uk.ac.manchester.cs.owl.factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5.jar
+[factppfix]: https://gist.githubusercontent.com/jpi-seb/12627bba6509a85a9c75afd262e78469/raw/28016a4b292c94549623c71dff4028cbea274a29/factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5-manifest-fix-win10.txt
diff --git a/doc/make_graphs.py b/doc/make_graphs.py
index 007e3c0a..6f58be15 100755
--- a/doc/make_graphs.py
+++ b/doc/make_graphs.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
# Visualise module dependencies (requires that we load the non-inferred
# ontology)
-iri = 'http://emmo.info/emmo/1.0.0-alpha'
+iri = 'http://emmo.info/emmo/1.0.0-alpha2'
onto = get_ontology(iri)
onto.load()
diff --git a/doc/new_entities.png b/doc/new_entities.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b58a25d
Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/new_entities.png differ
diff --git a/doc/protege-setup.md b/doc/protege-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9afabce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/protege-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Setting up Protégé for working with EMMO-based ontologies
+=========================================================
+After you have installed Protégé (can be downloaded from
+[https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege](https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege))
+it is recommended that you go through the following steps:
+
+ * To render by label, select `View -> 'Render by annotation property' -> skos:prefLabel`
+
+ * Install the FaCT++ reasoner:
+ 1. Select `File -> 'Check for plugins...'`
+ 2. Tick off for the FaCT++ reasoner
+ 3. Click `Install`
+ 4. Restart Protégé
+
+ On Windows, there is a known issue with FaCT++ for Protégé 5.5.0. See
+ [these instructions](installing_factplusplus.md) for how to resolve it.
+
+ * Preferences for setting up new entities:
+ 1. Select `File -> Preferences...`
+ 2. Select the "New entities" tab
+ 3. Under **Entity IRI** tick for
+ - Start with: `Active ontology IRI`
+ - Followed by: `#`
+ - End with: `Auto-generated ID` select
+ 4. Under **Entity Label**
+ - Tick for `Same as label renderer`
+ 5. Under **Auto-generated ID**
+ - Tick for `Globally unique`
+ - Set prefix to "EMMO_"
+
+ Below is a screenshot of how it should look like.
+
+ 
diff --git a/domain/catalog-v001.xml b/domain/catalog-v001.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..761e77ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/domain/catalog-v001.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/domain/commonmaterials.owl b/domain/commonmaterials.owl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e67bee15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/domain/commonmaterials.owl
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
+Gerhard Goldbeck
+Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
+
+Emanuele Ghedini
+University of Bologna (IT)
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Nitrogen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Benzene
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ C2H2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Hydrocarbon
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ H2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ C6H6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Hydrogen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Argon
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Acetylene
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ N2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/domain/commonperceptual.owl b/domain/commonperceptual.owl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..364927cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/domain/commonperceptual.owl
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
+Gerhard Goldbeck
+Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
+
+Emanuele Ghedini
+University of Bologna (IT)
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A 'acoustical' that can be categorized as music by the ontologist.
+ A music score is not a 'music' individual.
+
+A music score is a 'graphical' that can stand for a 'music' (or vice versa) since it comes through a different perception mechanism.
+
+The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered by a source in the form of sound wave through a medium.
+ Music
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A 'acoustical' that can be categorized as music by the ontologist.
+ A music score is not a 'music' individual.
+
+A music score is a 'graphical' that can stand for a 'music' (or vice versa) since it comes through a different perception mechanism.
+
+The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered by a source in the form of sound wave through a medium.
+ Music
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An idiomatic object following english language syntactic rules.
+ What's the weather?
+ English
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ μ
+
+
+
+
+ U+03BC
+ μ
+ GreekSmallLetterMu
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+0041
+ A
+ LatinCapitalLetterA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ArabicNumeral
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ µ
+
+
+
+ U+00B5
+ µ
+ MicroUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Speech
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ EnglishLetter
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Noise
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ m
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+006D
+ m
+ LatinSmallLetterM
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ K
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+004B
+ K
+ LatinCapitalLetterK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 0
+
+
+
+
+ U+0030
+ 0
+ DigitZero
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ItalianLetter
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ a
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+0061
+ a
+ LatinSmallLetterA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+0020
+ Space
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ U+002E
+ .
+ FullStop
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ U+002E
+ .
+ FullStop
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ μ
+
+
+
+
+ U+03BC
+ μ
+ GreekSmallLetterMu
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+0041
+ A
+ LatinCapitalLetterA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ArabicNumeral
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ µ
+
+
+
+ U+00B5
+ µ
+ MicroUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An idiomatic object following italian language syntactic rules.
+ Ciao mamma.
+ Italian
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Speech
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ EnglishLetter
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Noise
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ m
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+006D
+ m
+ LatinSmallLetterM
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ K
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+004B
+ K
+ LatinCapitalLetterK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 0
+
+
+
+
+ U+0030
+ 0
+ DigitZero
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ItalianLetter
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ a
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+0061
+ a
+ LatinSmallLetterA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U+0020
+ Space
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/emmo-inferred.owl b/emmo-inferred.owl
deleted file mode 100644
index f3de793a..00000000
--- a/emmo-inferred.owl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21032 +0,0 @@
-
-
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
- Contacts:
-Gerhard Goldbeck
-Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
-email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
-
-Emanuele Ghedini
-University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini
- Contacts:
-Gerhard Goldbeck
-Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
-email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
-
-Emanuele Ghedini
-University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
- qudtMatch
- http://www.qudt.org/2.1/catalog/qudt-catalog.html
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- altLabel
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- license
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- URL to corresponding concept in DBpedia.
- dbpediaMatch
- https://wiki.dbpedia.org/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- definition
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- elucidation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- example
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
- wikipediaEntry
- https://www.wikipedia.org/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- author
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
- iupacDoi
- https://goldbook.iupac.org/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- The relation between a process and an object participating to it.
- Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it.
- Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.
- hasParticipant
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- hasProperParticipant
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- hasVariable
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- Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
- hasReferenceUnit
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- Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
- hasQuantityValue
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- hasPhysicsDimension
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- hasModel
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- hasProperty
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- hasTemporalDirectPart
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- hasSpatioTemporalDirectPart
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- hasSpatialDirectPart
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- The superclass of all EMMO mereotopological relations.
- Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc.
- mereotopological
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- hasPart
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- hasContactWith
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- disconnected
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- Causality is a topological property between connected items.
- Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them.
- connected
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- hasMember
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- Enclosure is reflexive and transitive.
- encloses
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- hasProperPart
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- overcrosses
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- hasOverlapWith
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- The superclass of all relations used by the EMMO.
- EMMORelation
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- A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time through a portion of the lifetime whole.
- hasSpatioTemporalPart
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- A relation that isolate a proper part that covers the total spatial extension of a whole within a time interval.
- hasTemporalPart
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- A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time within the overall lifetime of the whole, without covering the full spatial extension of the 4D whole (i.e. is not a temporal part).
- hasSpatialPart
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- The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
- semiotical
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- hasIndex
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- hasIcon
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- hasSign
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- hasInterpretant
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- hasConvention
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- hasNumericalData
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- hasSymbolData
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- A union of classes that categorize physicals under a holistic perspective, meaning that the interest is on the whole 4D object (process) and the role of its spatial parts (participants) without going further into its subparts.
- An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy, assigning a role to the whole.
-
-Meaning that a molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ.
-
-This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule).
- Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire")
- Holistic
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- A temporal part of a 'physical' that identifies a particular type of evolution in time.
- A 'Process' is always a 'Physical', since a 'Void' does not have elements that evolves in time.
- A 'Process' is defined as a temporal part of a 'Physical' that is categorized according to an EMMO user that recognizes a particular type of evolution in time of the real world object.
-
-Following the common definition of process, every 'Physical' should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension.
-
-However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to 'Physical'-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist.
-
-A 'Process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something that has a meaning for the ontologist, i.e. that the ontologist can separate from the rest of the 4D physical for any reason.
- Process
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- A portion of a 'Process' that participates to the process with a specific role.
- In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology.
-
-Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
- Participant
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- T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- TimeDimension
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- ElectricInductance
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Inductance
- A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076
- Inductance
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Power_(physics)
- Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792
- Power
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- T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
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- LuminousIntensityDimension
-
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- Charge
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_charge
- The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923
- ElectricCharge
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- Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
- ISQBaseQuantity
-
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Force
- Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480
- Force
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- Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
- ISQDerivedQuantity
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- T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeCurrentDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
- A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
- Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
- Energy
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- T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
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- CubicTimeSquareCurrentPerMassSquareLengthDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux
- Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684
- MagneticFlux
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
- A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
- DoseEquivalent
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- T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
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- MassSquareLengthPerTemperatureSquareTimeDimension
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- T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension
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- Voltage
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Voltage
- Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
- ElectricPotential
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- T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- LengthPerTimeDimension
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- T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Pressure
- The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819
- Pressure
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_intensity
- A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
- LuminousIntensity
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- PerTimeDimension
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- T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassPerLengthSquareTimeDimension
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- T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeSquareCurrentDimension
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- T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
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- LuminousIntensityCubicTimePerMassLengthDimension
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- T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
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- LuminousIntensityPerSquareLengthDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Temperature
- An objective comparative measure of hot or cold.
-
-Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261
- CelsiusTemperature
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- T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeSquareCurrentDimension
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- T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Amount_of_substance
- The number of elementary entities present.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
- AmountOfSubstance
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- T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Frequency
- Number of periods per time interval.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383
- Frequency
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- Decays per unit time.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
- Radioactivity
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Absorbed_dose
- Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031
- AbsorbedDose
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
- Strength of the magnetic field.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686
- Often denoted B.
- MagneticFluxDensity
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- ElectricCapacitance
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Capacitance
- The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791
- Capacitance
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- T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
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- TemperatureDimension
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- T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
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- TimeCurrentDimension
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- T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Thermodynamic_temperature
- Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321
- ThermodynamicTemperature
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- QuarticTimeSquareCurrentPerMassSquareLengthDimension
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- LengthDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Illuminance
- The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941
- Illuminance
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- Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881
- CatalyticActivity
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- MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_current
- A flow of electric charge.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927
- ElectricCurrent
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Length
- Extend of a spatial dimension.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498
- Length
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- T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
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- AmountPerTimeDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Time
- The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375
- Time
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- T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
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- ElectricCurrentDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_flux
- Perceived power of light.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646
- LuminousFlux
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- T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
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- AmountDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Solid_angle
- Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732
- SolidAngle
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- Resistance
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
- Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936
- Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
- ElectricResistance
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- T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass
- Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709
- Mass
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- Quantities declared under the ISO 8000.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
- InternationalSystemOfQuantity
- https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en:sec:3.1
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- http://dbpedia.org/page/Angle
- Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346
- Angle
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- T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
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- MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeDimension
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- Conductance
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
- Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925
- Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
- ElectricConductance
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- Component
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- A 'physical' that stands for a real world object that has been manufacturedfor a particular purpose.
- Car, tire, composite material.
- The 'Engineered' branch represents real world objects that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use.
- Engineered
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- Manufacturing
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- System
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- A 'spacetime' that stands for a quantum system made of electrons.
- ElectronCloud
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- A union of the four base classes for the classification of materials according to the DG-RTD Review of Materials Modelling.
- MaterialState
- https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0845ae1-1b60-11e7-aeb3-01aa75ed71a1
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- An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
- A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
- StandaloneAtom
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- An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
- H20, C6H12O6, CH4
- An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class.
-
-An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
- This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity.
-
-Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state.
-
-e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
- Molecule
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- A standalone atom that has no net charge.
- NeutralAtom
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- Nucleon
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- Subatomic
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- An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
- A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic.
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-In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
- The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
- This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
- BondedAtom
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- A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
- Gas, liquid, plasma,
- Fluid
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- A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that:
-- it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts
-- the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
- A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
- A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition).
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-A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
- Continuum
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- Proton
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- A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
- Solid
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- A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
- The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
- IonAtom
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- Neutron
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- A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'.
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-An O 'atom' within an O2 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'.
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-In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud.
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-We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
- An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
- Atom
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- Nucleus
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- Vector
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- A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
- f(x) > 0
- Inequality
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- Real
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- A 'Variable' is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined 'Mathematical' object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix.
- x
-k
- Variable
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- A numerical data value.
- A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
-
-A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
- Number
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- A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
- Numerical
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- Boolean
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- The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
- Mathematical
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- MathematicalSymbol
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- ArithmeticOperator
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- A mathematica string that can be evaluated as true or false.
- Formula
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- 2+2
- ArithmeticExpression
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- A 'varaible' that stand for a well known constant.
- π refers to the constant number ~3.14
- Constant
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- viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
- A 'variable' whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
- Parameter
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- The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
- 2+3 = 5
-x^2 +3x = 5x
-dv/dt = a
-sin(x) = y
- An equation with variables can always be represented as:
-
-f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn)
-
-where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
- Equation
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- 1
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- Integer
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- A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
- Expression
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- The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
- Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
- Unknown
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- A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Number' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
- In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ.
-ISO 80000-1
- Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model.
-
-Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
- Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind.
-
-For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind.
-
-However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only.
-
-For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides.
-
-As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
- — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension,
-— quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and
-— quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind.
-ISO 80000-1
- PhysicalQuantity
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- Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
- DerivedUnit
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- A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such.
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel").
-
-For this reason we can't declare the axiom:
-ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity
-because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity.
-
-This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics).
- ReferenceUnit
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- μ
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- μ
- GreekSmallLetterMu
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- A
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- A
- LatinCapitalLetterA
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- A symbol that stands for a single unit.
- Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
- UnitSymbol
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- µ
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- µ
- MicroUnit
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- A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
- Pa stands for N/m2
-J stands for N m
- Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
- SpecialUnit
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- For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
- MeasuredConstant
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- A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
- MetrologicalSymbol
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- A unit that does not belong to any system of units.
- eV
-barn
- OffSystemUnit
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- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
- Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
- Refractive index or volume fraction.
- Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
- UnitOne
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- MultipleUnit
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- "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
- DerivedQuantity
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- Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
- MetricPrefix
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
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- A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
- NonPrefixedUnit
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- Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
- ExactConstant
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- A symbolic object used in metrology.
- This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.
- Metrological
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- A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
- All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.
-In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product,
-
-dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η
-
-where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents.
-(SI brochure)
- The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q.
-ISO 80000-1
- The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this:
-
-Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg
-
-where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers.
-
-Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is:
-^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$
-
-Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are:
-mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
-s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
-A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
- PhysicsDimension
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- "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset"
-ISO 80000-1
- BaseQuantity
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- A reference unit provided by a reference material.
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
- StandardUnit
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- A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law.
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-The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear.
-
-Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
- "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number"
-ISO 80000-1
- "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations."
-
-"Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra."
-
-https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
- While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'.
-
-SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'.
-
-So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'.
- MeasurementUnit
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- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants
- Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants.
-
-With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
- PhysicalConstant
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- "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist"
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- Hardness
-Resilience
- "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only."
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- OrdinalQuantity
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- A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
- PrefixedUnit
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- A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
- Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
- ProcedureUnit
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- A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
- BaseUnit
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- U+0020
- Space
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- A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
- 6.8 m
-0.9 km
-8 K
-6 MeV
-43.5 HRC(150 kg)
- A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
-
-However, a quantitative property is always a quantity.
- Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference).
-
-The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'.
-
-So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'.
-
-While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'.
- Quantity
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- An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
- Experiment
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- An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
- The Newton's equation of motion.
-
-The Schrodinger equation.
-
-The Navier-Stokes equation.
- PhysicsEquation
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- A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly.
- While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomena relevant for the ontologist.
- PhysicalPhenomenon
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- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
- ContinuumModel
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- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
- MesoscopicModel
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- The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
- Theorization
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- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
- Density functional theory.
-Hartree-Fock.
- ElectronicModel
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- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
- AtomisticModel
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- A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
- The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'.
-
-It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'.
-
-In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
- Theory
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- A 'sign' that not only stands for a 'physical' or a 'process', but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour.
-
-A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' by direct similitude (e.g. small scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g. mathematical model).
- A 'model' prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception.
- Model
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- PhysicalLaw
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- A computational model that uses data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system.
- DataBasedModel
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- A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
- PhysicsBasedModel
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- NaturalLaw
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- An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
- The Lennard-Jones potential.
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-A force field.
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-An Hamiltonian.
- A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
- MaterialRelation
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- MaterialLaw
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- A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour.
-
-Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
- MathematicalModel
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- An 'Graphical' that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
- fe780
-emmo
-!5*a
-cat
- Symbolic
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- 0-manifold
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- 1-manifold
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- A 'acoustical' that can be categorized as music by the ontologist.
- A music score is not a 'music' individual.
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-A music score is a 'graphical' that can stand for a 'music' (or vice versa) since it comes through a different perception mechanism.
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-The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered by a source in the form of sound wave through a medium.
- Music
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- Curve
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- A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
- A drawing of a cat.
-A circle on a paper sheet.
-The Mona Lisa.
- Pictorial
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- Plane
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- Point
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- Line
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- 3-manifold
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- An 'impression' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
- 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
- Acoustical
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- A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
- The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language.
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-In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word).
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-If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
- A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
- A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
- String
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- EuclideanSpace
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- A 'Physical' which stands for a real world object that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression, the excitation of a sensor) to an interpreter (human or non-human).
- A line scratched on a surface.
-A sound.
-A smell.
-The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
- The meta-semiotic process:
-I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Impression' class. This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world.
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-The semiotic process within EMMO:
-My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant".
-I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring:
- - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes
- - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical impression individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Impression'
- - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class
- - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter.
- 'Perceptual' includes real world objects that:
-- are part of a communication system (e.g. words, speech, alphabets)
-- are not part of a communication system, but can be identified and referred by an interpreter
- A 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a meta-semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO.
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-A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist through the EMMO.
- From Latin perceptiō (“a receiving or collecting, perception, comprehension”), from perceptus (“perceived, observed”).
- This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by an interpreter (agent).
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-A 'Perceptual' can stand for something else in a semiotic process (acting as sign or as object).
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-However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing).
- Perceptual
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- Speech
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- Torus
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- A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
- SymbolicComposition
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- Noise
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- 2-manifold
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- 1
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- The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
- The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark.
- Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology.
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-A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet.
-e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols
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-A Symbol may be a String in another language.
-e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
- Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses).
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-Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them.
-(Wikipedia)
- The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
- Symbol
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- Circle
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- A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
- A 'geometrical' stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept.
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-This can be achieved in many different ways. For example, a line can be expressed by:
-a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical'
-b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object
-c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula'
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-The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
- Geometrical
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- A 'Phenomenic' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer.
- 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
- From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
- Graphical
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- Sphere
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- A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
- Language
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- The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
- Photon
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- The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass.
- Massive
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- A 'Physical' with no 'Massive' parts.
- Vacuum
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- A 'Physical' that stands for a real world object that represents an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) that constitute (is part of) a more comprehensive real world object.
- The definition states that a 'Material' is a portion of a real world object, being that a full functional device or component, or a sample made of that material (or the sample itself).
- Material
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- A 'Physical' that possesses some 'Massive' parts.
- Matter
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- A 'Physical' with 'Massless' parts that are mediators of interactions.
- The concepts of matter and field for classical physics, upon which we can categorize physical entities, are replaced in quantum physics by the more general concepts of quantum field.
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-Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic particles (i.e. photons, gluons), while the class 'Matter' refers to the quantum field of massive fermionic or bosonic particles (e.g. quarks, electrons).
- Field
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- The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
- Quark
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- The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
- Gluon
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- The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles.
- Electron
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- The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from physics.
- Physicalistic
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- The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
- Only a subset of elementary particles from the Standard Model are here included for the sake of simplicity.
- ElementaryParticle
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- The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass.
- Massless
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- The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
- While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles.
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-For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.
- Graviton
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- A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
- Observation
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- An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
- Observer
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- A 'Property' that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
- The beauty of that girl.
-The style of your clothing.
- The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property.
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-This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols.
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-A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s.
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-e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
- SubjectiveProperty
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- A 'Property' that is determined by each 'Observer' following a well defined 'Observation' procedure through a specific perception channel.
- The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure.
- This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
- ObjectiveProperty
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- An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference.
- Measurement
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- MeasuredQuantitativeProperty
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- An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
- CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered
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-A color is a nominal property.
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-Sex of a human being.
- "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude."
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-"A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means."
-
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- NominalProperty
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- A 'Perceptual' referring to a specific code that is used as 'Conventional' sign to represent an 'Object' according to a specific interaction mechanism by an 'Observer'.
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-(A property is always a partial representation of an 'Object' since it reflects the 'Object' capability to be part of a specific 'Observation' process)
- Hardness is a subclass of properties.
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-Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
- Let's define the class 'colour' as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer.
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-An individual C of this class 'colour' can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes)
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-Stating that an entity E has_property C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight).
-
-This definition can be generalized by using a generic human eye, so that the observer can be a generic human.
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-This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
- A 'Property' is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an observer in the same specific way.
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-e.g. "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source.
- We know real world entities through observation/perception.
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-A non-perceivable real world entity does not exist (or it exists on a plane of existance that has no intersection with us and we can say nothing about it).
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-Perception/observation of a real wolrd entity occurs when the entity stimulate an observer in a peculiar way through a well defined perception channel.
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-For this reason each property is related to a specific observation process which involves a specific observer with its own perception mechanisms.
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-The observation process (e.g. a look, a photo shot, a measurement) is performed by an observer (e.g. you, a camera, an instrument) through a specific perception mechanism (e.g. retina impression, CMOS excitation, piezoelectric sensor activation) and involves an observed entity.
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-An observation is a semiotic process, since it stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who can communicate the perception result to other interpreters through a sign which is the property.
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-Property subclasses are specializations that depend on the type of observation processes.
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-e.g. the property 'colour' is related to a process that involves emission or interaction of photon and an observer who can perceive electromagnetic radiation in the visible frequency range.
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-Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette or RGB).
- Property
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- ModelledQuantitativeProperty
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- A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
- The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory.
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-If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process.
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-Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
- A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
- ConventionalQuantitativeProperty
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- A 'Quantity' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
- "A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference"
-ISO 80000-1
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-"A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such."
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object.
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-A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers.
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-For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
- Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
- QuantitativeProperty
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- MeasurementInstrument
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- A class devoted to categorize 'Physical'-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary).
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-Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy).
- Reductionistic
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- A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts.
- e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states.
-
-If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
- Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view.
-
-A 'State' can always be direct partitioned in 'Elementary'-s and 'Void' or 'Physical'.
-
-e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts.
- The definition of 'State' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a 'State' is constant.
-
-This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the 'State' direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
-
-There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts of a 'State'.
-
-The use of spatial direct parthood in 'State' definition means that a 'State' cannot overlap in space another 'State'.
- The usefulness of 'State' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'Existent' in terms of series of 'State'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'Physical'.
-
-A 'State' is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic 'Existent'.
- There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state.
-
-The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole.
- State
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-
-
- A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
- 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space).
-
-'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation.
-
-This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels.
-
-e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
- An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist can provide univocal tessellation in time.
-
-By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual.
-
-Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
- Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'.
-
-Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s.
- ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).
- Existent
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- Gy
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- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAY
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696
- Measurement unit for absorbed dose.
- Gray
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- 1e-12
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- p
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- Pico
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- W
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- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656
- Measurement unit for power.
- Watt
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- 1e-1
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- d
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- Deci
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-
- A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
- m/s
-kg/m^3
- This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
- SICoherentDerivedUnit
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-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_AvogadroConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant
- The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- AvogadroConstant
-
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- 1e1
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- da
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- Deka
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- 1e2
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- h
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- Hecto
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- 1e-15
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- f
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- Femto
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- 1e-21
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- z
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- Zepto
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- K
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-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K
- The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374
- Kelvin
-
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- s
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-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC
- The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513
- Second
-
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- SIUnitSymbol
-
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- kat
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-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAT
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372
- Measurement unit for catalytic activity.
- Katal
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-
- The base units in the SI system.
- SIBaseUnit
- https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
-
-
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- 1e12
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- T
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- Tera
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- 1e-18
-
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- a
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- Atto
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- 1e15
-
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- P
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- Peta
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- SIMetricPrefix
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- The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
- LuminousEfficacy
-
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- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge
- The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- ElementaryCharge
-
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- Ω
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- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280
- Measurement unit for resistance.
- Ohm
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- 1e18
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- E
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- Exa
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- 1e6
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- M
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- Mega
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- A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
- SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
- C
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-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365
- Measurement unit for electric charge.
- Coulomb
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
- SICoherentUnit
-
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-
- 1e3
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- k
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- Kilo
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-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant
- The quantum of action.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685
- PlanckConstant
-
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- m
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-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M
- The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884
- Metre
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- SINonCoherentUnit
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- J
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-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363
- Measurement unit for energy.
- Joule
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-
-
- cd
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-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD
- The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787
- Candela
-
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-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light
- The speed of light in vacuum.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854
- SpeedOfLightInVacuum
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
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-
-
- kg
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM
- The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391
- Kilogram
-
-
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-
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-
- 1e-6
-
-
-
-
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-
-
- µ
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-
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-
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-
- Micro
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-
-
- rad
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-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
- Measure of plane angle.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
- Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
- Radian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1e-3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- m
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
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-
-
- Milli
-
-
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-
-
- Pa
-
-
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-
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442
- Measurement unit for pressure.
- Pascal
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1e9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- G
-
-
-
-
-
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-
- Giga
-
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- F
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARAD
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320
- Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
- Farad
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- N
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135
- Measurement unit for force.
- Newton
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- T
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/T
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283
- Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
- Tesla
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- °C
-
-
-
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-
-
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_C
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561
- Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
- DegreeCelsius
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1e-2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- c
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Centi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Bq
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ
- Radioactive decays per second.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624
- Unit for radioactive activity.
- Becquerel
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- sr
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
- Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971
- Steradian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
- The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
- SIPrefixedUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- lm
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LM
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639
- Measurement unit for luminous flux.
- Lumen
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Wb
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WB
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666
- Measurement unit for magnetic flux.
- Weber
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- lx
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUX
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651
- Measurement unit for illuminance.
- Lux
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1e21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Z
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Zetta
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A
- The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300
- Ampere
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Sv
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SV
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658
- Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation.
-
-Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.
- Sievert
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- mol
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL
- The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980
- Mole
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1e-9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- n
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Nano
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- V
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634
- Measurement unit for voltage.
- Volt
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Hz
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZ
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785
- Measurement unit for frequence.
- Hertz
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1e24
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Y
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Yotta
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units
- These units are SI coherent by definition.
- SISpecialUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- S
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Measurement unit for electrical conductance.
- Siemens
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
- SIExactConstant
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- 1e-24
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- y
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- Yocto
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- The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
- HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
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- H
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- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782
- Measurement unit for electrical inductance.
- Henry
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- The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
- The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
- SIUnit
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- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant
- A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- BoltzmannConstant
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- The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
- This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which that only objective categorization is provide by the Universe individual and all the 'Elementary' individuals.
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-Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
- Perspective
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- Δ
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- Laplacian
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- 2x+3
- An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
- AlgebricExpression
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- Matrix
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- Exponent
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- Array
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- An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
- The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt.
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-The definition of density as mass/volume.
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-y = f(x)
- DefiningEquation
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- Multiplication
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- AlgebricOperator
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- Minus
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- A function defined using functional notation.
- y = f(x)
- FunctionDefinition
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- =
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- The equals symbol.
- Equals
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- 2 * x^2 + x + 3
- Polynomial
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- 2 * a - b = c
- An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
- AlgebricEquation
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- Division
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- 1 + 1 = 2
- ArithmeticEquation
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- Gradient
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- DifferentialOperator
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- The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object.
- A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object.
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-A 'Collection' individual is related to each 'Item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation.
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-An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
- Formally, 'Collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some 'Item'.
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-A 'Collection' cannot have as member another 'Collection'.
- From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
- e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion.
- Collection
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- The class of 'EMMO' individuals that stand for real world objects that can't be further divided in time nor in space.
- For a physics based ontology the 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s).
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-However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a 'Quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
- A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects.
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-The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle.
- A 'Quantum' stands for a 4D real world object.
- A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity.
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-To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology.
- From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900.
- Quantum
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- The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects.
- 'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom).
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-The union implies that 'EMMO' individuals can only be 'Item' individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or 'Collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items).
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-Disjointness means that a 'Collection' individual cannot be an 'Item' individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.
- For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime).
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-A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe.
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-A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an EMMO ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real world object.
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-The fundamental distinction between real world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected.
- In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach.
- Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts.
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-Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the real world object referred by an 'EMMO' individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality.
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-The smallest part of a real world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is referred in the EMMO by a 'Quantum' individual.
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-It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist.
- EMMO
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- A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive).
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-Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected.
- An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
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-In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality.
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-All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by 'Item'-s.
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-Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole.
- From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
- Item
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- The basic constituent of 'item'-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level.
- According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible).
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-Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology.
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-However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it 'elementary', recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model.
- From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”)
- While a 'Quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle.
- Elementary
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- A 'Item' that has no 'Physical' parts.
- From Latin vacuus, “empty”.
- Void
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- A 'Item' that has part some 'Elementary' and whose temporal proper parts are only 'Physical'-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time).
- A 'Physical' is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the ontologist, i.e. physical objects.
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-A physical object must be perceived through physical interaction by the ontologist. Then the ontologist can declare an individual standing for the physical object just perceived.
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-Perception is a subcategory of physical interactions. It is an interaction that stimulate a representation of the physical object within the ontologist (the agent).
- A 'Physical' must include at least an 'Elementary' part, and can include 'Void' parts.
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-A 'Physical' may include as part also the 'Void' surrounding or enclosed by its 'Physical' sub parts.
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-There are no particular criteria for 'Physical'-s structure, except that is made of some 'Elementary'-s as proper parts and not only 'Void'.
-
-This is done in order to take into account the quantum nature of physical systems, in which the actual position of sub-components (e.g. electrons in an atom) is not known except for its probability distribution function (according to the Copenhagen interpretation.)
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-e.g. a real world object that has spatial parts an atom and a cubic light year of void, extending for some time, can be a physical object.
- A 'Physical' with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent 'EMMO' class.
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-It follows from the fact that perception is always unfolding in time.
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-e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement.
- From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”).
-
-Here the word relates to things perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete.
- In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since 'Physical'-s are themselves the 4D regions.
- The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as 'Physical'-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models.
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-Classical mechanics poses no representational issues, for the EMMO: the 4D representation of 'Physical'-s is consistent with classical physics systems.
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-However, the representation of 'Physical'-s that are typically analized through quantum mechanics (e.g. molecules, atoms, clusters), is not straightforward.
-
-1) De Broglie - Bohm interpretation
-The most simple approach is to rely on Bohmian mechanics, in which each particle is supposed to exists in a specific position between measurements (hidden variables approach), while its trajectory is calculated using a Guiding Equation based on a quantum field calculated with the Schroedinger Equation.
-
-While this approach is really easy to implement in an ontology, since each entity has its own well defined 4D region, its mathematical representation failed to receive large consensus due to the difficulties to include relativistic effects, to be extended to subnuclear scale and the strong non-locality assumtpion of the quantum field.
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-Nevertheless, the Bohmian mechanics is a numerical approach that is used in electronic models to reduce the computational effort of the solution of Schroedinger Equation.
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-In practice, an EMMO user can declare a 'physical' individual that stand for the whole quantum system to be described, and at the same time all sub-parts individuals can be declared, having them a well defined position in time, according to De Broglie - Bohm interpretation. The Hamiltonian can be calculated by considering the sub-part individuals.
-
-'physical'-s are then made of 'physical' parts and 'void' parts that stand for the space between 'physical'-s (e.g. the void between electrons and nucleus in an atom).
-
-2) Copenhagen interpretation
-In this interpretation the properties (e.g. energy level, position, spin) of a particle are not defined in the interval between two measurements and the quantum system is entangled (i.e. properties of particles in the sysyem are correlated) and described by a global wavefunction obtained solving the Schroedinger Equation.
-
-Upon measurement, the wavefunction collapses to a combination of close eigenstates that provide information about bservables of the system components (e.g. position, energy).
-
-The EMMO can be used to represent 'physical'-s that can be related to Copenhagen based models. In practice, the user should follow these steps:
-
-a) define the quantum system as a 'physical' individual (e.g. an H2 molecule) under a specific class (e.g. 'h2_molecule'). This individual is the whole.
-
-b) define the axioms of the class that describe how many sub-parts are expected for the whole and their class types (e.g. 'h2_molecule' has axioms 'has_proper_part exactly 2 electron' and 'has_proper_part exactly 2 nucleus)
-
-c) the user can now connect the whole to a Schroedinger equation based model whose Hamiltonian is calculated trough the information coming only from the axioms. No individuals are declared for the subparts!
-
-d) a measurement done on the quantum system that provides information on the sub-part observables is interpreted as wavefunction collapse and leads to the end of the whole and the declaration of the sub-parts individuals which can be themselves other quantum systems
-
-e.g. if the outer electron of the H2 molecule interacts with another entity defining its state, then the whole that stands for the entangled H2 molecule becomes a 'physical' made of an electron individual, a quantum system made of one electron and two nuclei and the void between them.
-
-e.g. in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation the user represent the atom by un-entangling nucleus and electronic cloud. The un-entanglement comes in the form of declaration of individual as parts.
-
-e.g. the double slit experiment can be represent in the EMMO as:
-a) before the slit: a 'physical' that extend in space and has parts 'electron' and 'void', called 'single_electron_wave_function'. 'electron' and 'void' are only in the axioms and not decalred individuals.
-b) during slit passage: a 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'.
-c) after the slit: again 'single_electron_wave_function'
-d) upon collision with the detector: 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'.
- The purpose of the 'Physical' branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to name, explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the 'Semiotic' branch.
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-More than one semiotic representation can be connected to the same 'Physical'.
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-e.g. Navier-Stokes or Euler equation applied to the same fluid are an example of mathematical model used to represent a physical object for some specific interpreter.
- Physical
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- A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
- Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process
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-me -> interpreter
-cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics)
-the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant
-"Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
- Semiosis
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- The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
- Interpreter
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- The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
- Interpretant
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- A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
- Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire).
-My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
- Index
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- A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
- In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
- Conventional
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- The object, in Peirce semiotics.
- Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation.
-
-The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s.
-
-In this way the 'sign'-ed entity become and 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
- Object
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- An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
- A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy).
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-Each of them are 'sign'-s.
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-A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts.
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-The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself.
-
-For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
- A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves.
-
-A 'Sign' usually have 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting).
-
-Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
- According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories:
-- symbols: that stand for an object through convention
-- indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity
-- icon: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
- Sign
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- The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
- Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory.
-
-"Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21).
-
-The triadic elements:
-- 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name)
-- 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means)
-- 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to)
-
-This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
- Semiotic
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- A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
- A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
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-An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
- Three subtypes of icon are possible:
-
-(a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture)
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-(b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart)
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-(c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else
-
-[Wikipedia]
- Icon
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- Universe
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- https://github.com/TechnicalBuildingSystems/Ontologies/blob/master/BasicDataTypeOntology/ontology.ttl
- bdoMatch
- URL to corresponding concept in the Basic Datatype Ontology (DBO)
-
-
- IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure
- omMatch
- https://enterpriseintegrationlab.github.io/icity/OM/doc/index-en.html
- https://github.com/HajoRijgersberg/OM
-
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diff --git a/emmo.owl b/emmo.owl
index 3cafee12..34b73de2 100644
--- a/emmo.owl
+++ b/emmo.owl
@@ -1,31 +1,50 @@
-
-
-
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- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
+
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+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -34,15 +53,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
diff --git a/middle/.gitignore b/middle/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3367afdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/middle/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+old
diff --git a/middle/catalog-v001.xml b/middle/catalog-v001.xml
index 170f8a0a..7f9ca75d 100644
--- a/middle/catalog-v001.xml
+++ b/middle/catalog-v001.xml
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/middle/holistic.owl b/middle/holistic.owl
index ab93a25a..530b7b43 100644
--- a/middle/holistic.owl
+++ b/middle/holistic.owl
@@ -6,35 +6,42 @@
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- Contacts:
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -56,10 +63,10 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- The relation between a process and an object participating to it.
- Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it.
- Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.
- hasParticipant
+ The relation between a process and an object participating to it.
+ Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it.
+ Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.
+ hasParticipant
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- hasProperParticipant
+ hasProperParticipant
@@ -97,14 +104,14 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- A union of classes that categorize physicals under a holistic perspective, meaning that the interest is on the whole 4D object (process) and the role of its spatial parts (participants) without going further into its subparts.
- An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy, assigning a role to the whole.
+ A union of classes that categorize physicals under a holistic perspective: the interest is on the whole 4D object (process) and the role of its 4D parts (participants) without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part.
+ An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy (in time or space).
-Meaning that a molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ.
+A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
-This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule).
- Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire")
- Holistic
+This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition.
+ Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire")
+ Holistic
@@ -119,16 +126,14 @@ This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid
- A temporal part of a 'physical' that identifies a particular type of evolution in time.
- A 'Process' is always a 'Physical', since a 'Void' does not have elements that evolves in time.
- A 'Process' is defined as a temporal part of a 'Physical' that is categorized according to an EMMO user that recognizes a particular type of evolution in time of the real world object.
-
-Following the common definition of process, every 'Physical' should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension.
+ A temporal part of a physical that identifies a particular type of evolution in time.
+ A 'Process' is always a 'Physical', since a 'Void' does not have elements that evolves in time.
+ Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every 'Physical' should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension.
-However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to 'Physical'-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist.
+However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to 'Physical'-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D object may be of interest for the ontologist).
-A 'Process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something that has a meaning for the ontologist, i.e. that the ontologist can separate from the rest of the 4D physical for any reason.
- Process
+A 'Process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something that has a meaning for the ontologist (i.e. that the ontologist can separate from the rest of the 4D physical for any reason).
+ Process
@@ -147,11 +152,11 @@ A 'Process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is autom
- A portion of a 'Process' that participates to the process with a specific role.
- In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology.
+ A portion of a 'Process' that participates to the process with a specific role.
+ In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology.
Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
- Participant
+ Participant
diff --git a/middle/isq.owl b/middle/isq.owl
index bc7515ae..0880a267 100644
--- a/middle/isq.owl
+++ b/middle/isq.owl
@@ -1,28 +1,38 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -31,11 +41,36 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A unique string describing the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity.
+
+See the comments of PhysicalDimension for a description of this "regex" string.
+ physicalDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Velocity
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-32
+ Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector.
+
+-- ISO 80000-3
+ 3‑10.1
+ The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description.
+
+-- IEC, note 2
+ The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave.
+
+-- IEC, note 1
+ Velocity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MoleFraction
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Mole_fraction
+ The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/AmountOfSubstanceFraction
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00296
+ MoleFraction
+ AmountFraction
@@ -66,22 +139,70 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ElectricInductance
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Inductancehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Inductance
- A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
+ A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076
- Inductance
+ Inductance
+ ElectricInductance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Weight
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Weight
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668
+ Force of gravity acting on a body.
+ Weight
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Density
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Density
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01590
+ Mass per volume.
+ Density
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AtomicNumber
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Atomic_number
+ Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00499
+ AtomicNumber
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticPermeability
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Permeability_(electromagnetism)
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04503
+ Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
+ ElectromagneticPermeability
+ Permeability
@@ -90,21 +211,53 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Powerhttp://dbpedia.org/page/Power_(physics)
- Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
+ Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792
- Power
+ Power
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04855
+ The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
+ Probability
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Permittivity
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Permittivity
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Permittivity
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04507
+ Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
+ Permittivity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Heat
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752
+ Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
+ Heat
@@ -119,7 +272,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- LuminousIntensityDimension
+ LuminousIntensityDimension
@@ -128,22 +281,61 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Charge
+ T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricChargehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_charge
- The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
+ The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923
- ElectricCharge
+ Charge
+ ElectricCharge
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentration
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713
+ Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
+ MassConcentration
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/AvogadroConstant
+ The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.
+
+It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543
+ The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
+ AvogadroConstant
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricDipoleMoment
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-35
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-36
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_dipole_moment
+ An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/ElectricDipoleMoment
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01929
+ ElectricDipoleMoment
@@ -162,9 +354,36 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
+ Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
- ISQBaseQuantity
+ ISQBaseQuantity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+
+
+
+ MagneticDipoleMomentDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Vergence
+ In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
+ Vergence
@@ -173,21 +392,27 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Forcehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Force
- Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
+ Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480
- Force
+ Force
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ The mass of an atom in the ground state.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496
+ Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
+ The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
+ AtomicMass
@@ -197,8 +422,8 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
- ISQDerivedQuantity
+ Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
+ ISQDerivedQuantity
@@ -213,7 +438,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeCurrentDimension
+ ElectricPotentialDimension
@@ -222,22 +447,13 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Energyhttp://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
- A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
+ A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
- Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
- Energy
+ Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
+ Energy
@@ -252,22 +468,22 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- CubicTimeSquareCurrentPerMassSquareLengthDimension
+ ElectricConductanceDimension
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
- T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ T0 L2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
-
-
- DimensionOne
+
+ AreaDimension
@@ -276,21 +492,12 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFluxhttp://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux
- Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
+ Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684
- MagneticFlux
+ MagneticFlux
@@ -299,21 +506,12 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DoseEquivalenthttp://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
- A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
+ A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
- DoseEquivalent
+ DoseEquivalent
@@ -328,7 +526,86 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassSquareLengthPerTemperatureSquareTimeDimension
+ EntropyDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Enthalpy
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Enthalpy
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141
+ Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
+ Enthalpy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Momentum
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Momentum
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04007
+ Product of mass and velocity.
+ Momentum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-12
+ Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
+ In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length.
+
+-- IEC
+ Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used.
+
+-- ISO 80000-3
+ Position
+ PositionVector
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectronMass
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electron_rest_mass
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?me
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
+ The rest mass of an electron.
+ ElectronMass
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PotentialEnergy
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-48
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Potential_energy
+ The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/PotentialEnergy
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04778
+ PotentialEnergy
@@ -343,7 +620,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension
+ MagneticFluxDimension
@@ -352,22 +629,13 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Voltage
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Voltagehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Voltage
- Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
+ Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
- ElectricPotential
+ Voltage
+ ElectricPotential
@@ -382,7 +650,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- LengthPerTimeDimension
+ SpeedDimension
@@ -397,7 +665,20 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassSquareLengthPerTimeDimension
+ AngularMomentumDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
+ The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?kcd
+ Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.
+ LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
@@ -406,21 +687,12 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Pressurehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Pressure
- The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
+ The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819
- Pressure
+ Pressure
@@ -428,20 +700,11 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Lengthhttp://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_intensity
- A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
- LuminousIntensity
+ A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
+ LuminousIntensity
@@ -456,7 +719,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- PerTimeDimension
+ FrequencyDimension
@@ -471,7 +734,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassPerLengthSquareTimeDimension
+ PressureDimension
@@ -486,7 +749,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassLengthPerSquareTimeDimension
+ ForceDimension
@@ -501,7 +764,24 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeSquareCurrentDimension
+ InductanceDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElementaryCharge
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge
+ The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
+ The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
+ ElementaryCharge
@@ -516,7 +796,52 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- LuminousIntensityCubicTimePerMassLengthDimension
+ LuminousEfficacyDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RefractiveIndex
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Refractive_index
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240
+ Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
+ RefractiveIndex
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PermittivityOfVacuum
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
+ The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
+ The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
+ VacuumElectricPermittivity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Work
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Work_(physics)
+ Product of force and displacement.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684
+ Work
@@ -531,7 +856,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- LuminousIntensityPerSquareLengthDimension
+ IlluminanceDimension
@@ -540,23 +865,27 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0http://dbpedia.org/page/Temperature
- An objective comparative measure of hot or cold.
+ An objective comparative measure of hot or cold.
Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261
- CelsiusTemperature
+ CelsiusTemperature
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularMomentum
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_momentum
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00353
+ Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
+ AngularMomentum
@@ -571,7 +900,23 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeSquareCurrentDimension
+ ElectricResistanceDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PlanckConstant
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant
+ The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685
+ PlanckConstant
@@ -586,112 +931,239 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- MassDimension
+ MassDimension
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Amount_of_substance
- The number of elementary entities present.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
- AmountOfSubstance
+
+
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Impedance
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_impedance
+ Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
+ Impedance
+ ElectricImpedance
-
+
-
-
-
-
- T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
-
-
-
- SquareLengthPerSquareTimeDimension
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassFraction
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/MassFraction
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
+ Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
+ MassFraction
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Frequency
- Number of periods per time interval.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383
- Frequency
+ T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrentDensity
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Current_density
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01928
+ Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
+ CurrentDensity
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Decays per unit time.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
- Radioactivity
+ T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Speed
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Speed
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05852
+ Length per unit time.
+
+Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
+ Speed
-
+
-
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstance
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Amount_of_substance
+ The number of elementary entities present.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
+ "In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity."
+
+-- SI Brochure
+ AmountOfSubstance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+ T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticDipoleMoment
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-55
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_moment
+ 10-9.1
+ Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B:
+
+ ΔW = −μ · B
+ http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03688
+ For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as:
+
+ W = g μ M B
+
+where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density.
+
+-- ISO 80000
+ MagneticDipoleMoment
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InternalEnergy
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-04-20
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Internal_energy
+ A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/InternalEnergy
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03103
+ ThermodynamicEnergy
+ InternalEnergy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
-
+
+
+ AbsorbedDoseDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Frequency
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Frequency
+ Number of periods per time interval.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383
+ Frequency
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ChemicalPotential
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Chemical_potential
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032
+ Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
+ ChemicalPotential
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificActivity
+ Decays per unit time.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
+ Radioactivity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ProtonMass
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
+ The rest mass of a proton.
+ ProtonMass
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsorbedDosehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Absorbed_dose
- Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
+ Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031
- AbsorbedDose
+ AbsorbedDose
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+
+
+
+ VolumeDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Reactance
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_reactance
+ The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
+ Reactance
+ ElectricReactance
@@ -700,22 +1172,58 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFluxDensityhttp://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
- Strength of the magnetic field.
+ Strength of the magnetic field.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686
- Often denoted B.
- MagneticFluxDensity
+ Often denoted B.
+ MagneticFluxDensity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Area
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Area
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00429
+ Extent of a surface.
+ Area
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Luminance
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminance
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03640
+ Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
+ a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
+ Luminance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/SpeedOfLight_Vacuum
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light
+ The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854
+ SpeedOfLightInVacuum
@@ -724,22 +1232,73 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ElectricCapacitance
+ T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Capacitancehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Capacitance
- The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
+ The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791
- Capacitance
+ ElectricCapacitance
+ Capacitance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Entropy
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Entropy
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149
+ Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
+ May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
+ Entropy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-12
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Center_of_mass
+ The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass
+ In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
+ CentreOfMass
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/RydbergConstant
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Rydberg_constant
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ryd
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
+ The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
+ RybergConstant
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Dimensionless_quantity
+ A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01742
+ ISQDimensionlessQuantity
@@ -754,7 +1313,39 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- TemperatureDimension
+ TemperatureDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VolumeFraction
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume_fraction
+ Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/VolumeFraction
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643
+ VolumeFraction
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Torque
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-26
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Torque
+ The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Torque
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06400
+ Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
+ Torque
@@ -769,7 +1360,52 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- TimeCurrentDimension
+ ElectricChargeDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/KineticEnergy
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-49
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Kinetic_energy
+ The energy of an object due to its motion.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/KineticEnergy
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03402
+ KineticEnergy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Strain
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-57
+ Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Strain
+ Strain
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N-1 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/MolarGasConstant
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Gas_constant
+ Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?r
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579
+ MolarGasConstant
@@ -784,7 +1420,20 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- PerAmountDimension
+ PerAmountDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Area_density
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167
+ Mass per unit area.
+ AreaDensity
@@ -792,21 +1441,12 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
+ qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermodynamicTemperaturehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Thermodynamic_temperature
- Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
+ Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321
- ThermodynamicTemperature
+ ThermodynamicTemperature
@@ -821,7 +1461,7 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- QuarticTimeSquareCurrentPerMassSquareLengthDimension
+ CapacitanceDimension
@@ -836,7 +1476,21 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- LengthDimension
+ LengthDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFieldStrength
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03683
+ Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
+ MagneticFieldStrength
@@ -845,21 +1499,46 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Illuminancehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Illuminance
- The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
+ The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941
- Illuminance
+ Illuminance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+2 L-1 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/JosephsonConstant
+ Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?kjos
+ The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
+ JosephsonConstant
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ A pure number, typically the number of something.
+ 1,
+i,
+π,
+the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
+ According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance.
+
+This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities.
+
+"There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one."
+ PureNumberQuantity
@@ -868,20 +1547,11 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
+ T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CatalyticActivity
+ Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881
- CatalyticActivity
+ CatalyticActivity
@@ -896,7 +1566,7 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeDimension
+ PowerDimension
@@ -904,21 +1574,26 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrenthttp://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_current
- A flow of electric charge.
+ A flow of electric charge.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927
- ElectricCurrent
+ ElectricCurrent
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
+ The charge of an electron.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982
+ The negative of ElementaryCharge.
+ ElectronCharge
@@ -926,21 +1601,30 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-19http://dbpedia.org/page/Length
- Extend of a spatial dimension.
+ Extend of a spatial dimension.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498
- Length
+ Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
+ Length
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricConductivity
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01245
+ Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.
+
+Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
+ Conductivity
+ ElectricConductivity
@@ -955,7 +1639,21 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- AmountPerTimeDimension
+ CatalyticActivityDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Stress
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Stress_(mechanics)
+ Force per unit oriented surface area .
+ Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
+ Stress
@@ -963,21 +1661,32 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Time
+ http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-03http://dbpedia.org/page/Time
- The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
+ One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
+ The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375
- Time
+ Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".
+ Time
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstanceConcentrationOfB
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Molar_concentration
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295
+ The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
+ Concentration
+ MolarConcentration
+ Molarity
+ AmountConcentration
@@ -992,7 +1701,96 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- ElectricCurrentDimension
+ ElectricCurrentDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/FineStructureConstant
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Fine-structure_constant
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?alph
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389
+ A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
+ FineStructureConstant
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Wavenumber
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Wavenumber
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Wavenumber
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06664
+ The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
+ Wavenumber
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/NewtonianConstantOfGravitation
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Gravitational_constant
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695
+ Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
+ NewtonianConstantOfGravity
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassNumber
+ Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
+ AtomicMassNumber
+ NucleonNumber
+ MassNumber
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectromagneticPermeabilityOfVacuum
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0
+ The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
+ The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
+ VacuumMagneticPermeability
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistivity
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05316
+ Electric field strength divided by the current density.
+ Resistivity
+ ElectricResistivity
@@ -1001,21 +1799,40 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LuminousFluxhttp://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_flux
- Perceived power of light.
+ Perceived power of light.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646
- LuminousFlux
+ LuminousFlux
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Acceleration
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Acceleration
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00051
+ Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
+ Acceleration
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RadiantFlux
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Radiant_flux
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046
+ The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
+ RadiantFlux
@@ -1030,7 +1847,7 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- AmountDimension
+ AmountDimension
@@ -1038,22 +1855,13 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SolidAnglehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Solid_angle
- Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
+ Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732
- SolidAngle
+ SolidAngle
@@ -1062,23 +1870,29 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Resistance
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistancehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
- Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
+ Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936
- Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
- ElectricResistance
+ Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
+ Resistance
+ ElectricResistance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/VonKlitzingConstant
+ The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?rk
+ Resistance quantum.
+ VonKlitzingConstant
@@ -1093,7 +1907,22 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- MassPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension
+ MagneticFluxDensityDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InverseLength
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Reciprocal_length
+ The inverse of length.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length
+ InverseLength
+ ReciprocalLength
@@ -1101,17 +1930,6 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
@@ -1122,10 +1940,35 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
+ T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Masshttp://dbpedia.org/page/Mass
- Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
+ Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709
- Mass
+ Mass
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Volume
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume
+ Extent of an object in space.
+ Volume
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
+ SIExactConstant
@@ -1134,10 +1977,10 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- Quantities declared under the ISO 8000.
+ Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
- InternationalSystemOfQuantityhttps://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en:sec:3.1
+ InternationalSystemOfQuantity
@@ -1145,22 +1988,14 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PlaneAnglehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Angle
- Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
+ Ratio of circular arc length to radius.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346
- Angle
+ PlaneAngle
+ Angle
@@ -1175,7 +2010,55 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
- MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeDimension
+ EnergyDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+
+
+
+ VelocityDimension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
+
+It defines the base unit second in the SI system.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?nucs
+ HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
+ The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
+ refractive index,
+volume fraction,
+fine structure constant
+ Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B).
+
+Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
+ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012
+ RatioQuantity
@@ -1184,27 +2067,37 @@ Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature diffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Conductance
+ T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Conductancehttp://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
- Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
+ Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925
- Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
- ElectricConductance
+ Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
+ Conductance
+ ElectricConductance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/BoltzmannConstant
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant
+ A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant.
+
+It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?k
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
+ The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
+ BoltzmannConstant
-
+
diff --git a/middle/manufacturing.owl b/middle/manufacturing.owl
index 8c0f47fa..fa80cca0 100644
--- a/middle/manufacturing.owl
+++ b/middle/manufacturing.owl
@@ -6,35 +6,44 @@
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- Contacts:
+
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -54,7 +63,32 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- Component
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An engineered object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
+ From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive.
+
+Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide"
+ Device
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A manufacturing process whose product is the result of the combination of more substances.
+ Synthesis of materials, the preparation of a cake.
+ ContinuumManufacturing
@@ -72,10 +106,21 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- A 'physical' that stands for a real world object that has been manufacturedfor a particular purpose.
- Car, tire, composite material.
- The 'Engineered' branch represents real world objects that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use.
- Engineered
+ A 'physical' that stands for a real world object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
+ Car, tire, composite material.
+ The 'Engineered' branch represents real world objects that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use.
+ Engineered
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A manufacturing process aimed to the production of a device made of specific components.
+ Assemblying a bicycle, building a car.
+ DiscreteManufacturing
@@ -90,22 +135,27 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- Manufacturing
+ The process of transforming raw materials into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
+ From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".
+ Manufacturing
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
- System
+
diff --git a/middle/materials.owl b/middle/materials.owl
index e866ebf7..a8c9df1f 100644
--- a/middle/materials.owl
+++ b/middle/materials.owl
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -30,12 +41,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -74,6 +81,69 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
+
+
+
+
+ A material that is synthesized within a manufacturing process.
+ EngineeredMaterial
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
+ Gas
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
+ Dispersion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
+ Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter.
+
+For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
+ PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A single phase mixture.
+ PhaseHomogeneousMixture
+
+
+
+
@@ -84,26 +154,50 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'spacetime' that stands for a quantum system made of electrons.
- ElectronCloud
+ A 'spacetime' that stands for a quantum system made of electrons.
+ ElectronCloud
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Nanomaterials are Materials possessing all external dimension measuring 1-100nm
+ NanoParticle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
+ Foam
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
+ Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
+ Solution
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A union of the four base classes for the classification of materials according to the DG-RTD Review of Materials Modelling.
- MaterialState
- https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0845ae1-1b60-11e7-aeb3-01aa75ed71a1
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
+ Granite, sand, dried concrete.
+ SolidSolidSuspension
@@ -116,9 +210,19 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
- A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
- StandaloneAtom
+ An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
+ A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
+ StandaloneAtom
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
+ Sol
@@ -126,19 +230,73 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
-
-
- An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
- H20, C6H12O6, CH4
- An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class.
+
+ An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
+ H20, C6H12O6, CH4
+ An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class.
An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
- This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity.
+ This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity.
Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state.
e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
- Molecule
+ Molecule
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
+ SolidLiquidSuspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
+ Gel
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
+ Mayonnaise, milk.
+ Emulsion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
+ Sparkling water
+ LiquidGasSuspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
+ LiquidSol
@@ -146,8 +304,80 @@ e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential)
- A standalone atom that has no net charge.
- NeutralAtom
+ A standalone atom that has no net charge.
+ NeutralAtom
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
+ LiquidLiquidSuspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
+ Spray
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
+ Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
+ Suspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
+ LiquidSolution
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
+ Plasma
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
+ Vapor
@@ -166,7 +396,138 @@ e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential)
- Nucleon
+ Nucleon
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
+ Aerosol
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
+ Smoke
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
+ SolidSol
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
+ GasMixture
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
+ AcqueousSolution
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
+ NanoMaterial
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
+ SolidSolution
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
+ In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase.
+
+The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
+
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)]
+ PhaseOfMatter
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A material that undergoes chemical changes.
+ ReactiveMaterial
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
+ Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
+ Colloid
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
+ Liquid
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
+ NaturalMaterial
@@ -174,9 +535,8 @@ e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential)
-
-
- Subatomic
+
+ Subatomic
@@ -185,13 +545,13 @@ e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential)
- An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
- A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic.
+ An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
+ A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic.
In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
- The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
- This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
- BondedAtom
+ The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
+ This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
+ BondedAtom
@@ -200,9 +560,9 @@ In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
- A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
- Gas, liquid, plasma,
- Fluid
+ A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
+ Gas, liquid, plasma,
+ Fluid
@@ -210,17 +570,16 @@ In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
-
-
- A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that:
+
+ A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that:
- it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts
- the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
- A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
- A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition).
+ A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
+ A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition).
A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
- Continuum
+ A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
+ Continuum
@@ -228,7 +587,39 @@ A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- Proton
+ Proton
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
+ LiquidAerosol
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
+ SolidAerosol
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
+ Aerogel
+ SolidFoam
@@ -237,8 +628,59 @@ A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
- Solid
+ A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
+ Solid
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
+ In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter
+ StateOfMatter
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
+ SolidGasSuspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
+ Dust, sand storm.
+ GasSolidSuspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
+ LiquidFoam
@@ -246,9 +688,9 @@ A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
- The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
- IonAtom
+ A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
+ The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
+ IonAtom
@@ -256,7 +698,39 @@ A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- Neutron
+ Neutron
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
+ Rain, spray.
+ GasLiquidSuspension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
+ Dust
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
+ Mud
+ LiquidSolidSuspension
@@ -264,8 +738,7 @@ A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
-
-
+
@@ -278,15 +751,25 @@ A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
- A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'.
+ A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'.
An O 'atom' within an O2 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'.
In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud.
We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
- An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
- Atom
+ An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
+ Atom
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
+ Mixture
@@ -301,13 +784,10 @@ We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part
- Nucleus
+ Nucleus
- 1
-
-
- 2
+ 11
@@ -318,9 +798,18 @@ We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part
1
+
+ 2
+
+
+ 2
+
+
+ 1
+
-
+
diff --git a/middle/math.owl b/middle/math.owl
index 45ebe9a0..8971b759 100644
--- a/middle/math.owl
+++ b/middle/math.owl
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Access, DE
+ Jesper Friis
+ SINTEF, NO
+ EMMC ASBL
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -30,12 +41,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -71,10 +78,10 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
-
+
- hasVariable
+ hasVariable
@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- hasNumericalData
+ hasNumericalData
@@ -111,11 +118,26 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Δ
+
+
+
+ Laplacian
+
+
+
+
-
- Vector
+
+ Vector
@@ -124,9 +146,9 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
- f(x) > 0
- Inequality
+ A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
+ f(x) > 0
+ Inequality
@@ -154,7 +176,27 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- Real
+ Real
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2x+3
+ An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
+ AlgebricExpression
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Matrix
@@ -173,10 +215,10 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Variable' is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined 'Mathematical' object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix.
- x
+ A 'Variable' is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined 'Mathematical' object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix.
+ x
k
- Variable
+ Variable
@@ -186,11 +228,96 @@ k
- A numerical data value.
- A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
+ A numerical data value.
+ A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
- Number
+ In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it.
+
+More than one numeral stand for the same number.
+
+In the EMMO abstract entities does not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number).
+
+Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system).
+
+The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used.
+
+For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
+ Number
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Exponent
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
+ The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt.
+
+The definition of density as mass/volume.
+
+y = f(x)
+ DefiningEquation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ *
+
+
+
+ Multiplication
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ AlgebricOperator
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+
+
+ Minus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A function defined using functional notation.
+ y = f(x)
+ FunctionDefinition
@@ -199,8 +326,25 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
- A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
- Numerical
+ A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
+ Numerical
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ =
+
+
+
+
+ The equals symbol.
+ Equals
@@ -228,7 +372,7 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
- Boolean
+ Boolean
@@ -237,8 +381,8 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
- The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
- Mathematical
+ The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
+ Mathematical
@@ -264,7 +408,7 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
- MathematicalSymbol
+ MathematicalSymbol
@@ -272,8 +416,8 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
-
- ArithmeticOperator
+
+ ArithmeticOperator
@@ -283,8 +427,8 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
- A mathematica string that can be evaluated as true or false.
- Formula
+ A mathematical string that can be evaluated as true or false.
+ MathematicalFormula
@@ -292,7 +436,7 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
-
+
@@ -303,352 +447,226 @@ A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the ac
- 2+2
- ArithmeticExpression
+ 2+2
+ ArithmeticExpression
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ +
-
- A 'varaible' that stand for a well known constant.
- π refers to the constant number ~3.14
- Constant
+
+
+ Plus
-
+
-
-
- viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
- A 'variable' whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
- Parameter
+
+
+ 2 * x^2 + x + 3
+ Polynomial
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
- The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
- 2+3 = 5
-x^2 +3x = 5x
-dv/dt = a
-sin(x) = y
- An equation with variables can always be represented as:
-
-f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn)
-
-where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
- Equation
+ 2 * a - b = c
+ An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
+ AlgebricEquation
-
+
-
+
-
-
+
+ /
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
- Integer
+
+ Division
-
+
-
-
-
- A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
- Expression
+
+
+ 1 + 1 = 2
+ ArithmeticEquation
-
+
-
+
- The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
- Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
- Unknown
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A 'varaible' that stand for a well known constant.
+ π refers to the constant number ~3.14
+ Constant
-
+
-
+
- Δ
+ ∇
-
- Laplacian
+
+ Gradient
-
-
-
-
- 2x+3
- An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
- AlgebricExpression
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Matrix
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
- Exponent
+
+
+ viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
+ A 'variable' whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
+ Parameter
-
+
-
+
- Array
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
- The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt.
-
-The definition of density as mass/volume.
-
-y = f(x)
- DefiningEquation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
- *
+
+
-
-
- Multiplication
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- AlgebricOperator
-
-
-
+
+ The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
+ 2+3 = 5
+x^2 +3x = 5x
+dv/dt = a
+sin(x) = y
+ An equation with variables can always be represented as:
-
+f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn)
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
- Minus
+where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.
+ Equation
-
+
-
-
- A function defined using functional notation.
- y = f(x)
- FunctionDefinition
+
+
+
+ MathematicalOperator
-
+
-
-
-
-
- =
-
-
-
-
- The equals symbol.
- Equals
+
+
+ DifferentialOperator
-
+
-
+
-
- +
+
+
-
- Plus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2 * x^2 + x + 3
- Polynomial
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
- 2 * a - b = c
- An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s
- AlgebricEquation
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
- /
+
+ 1
+
-
-
- Division
+
+ Integer
-
+
-
-
- 1 + 1 = 2
- ArithmeticEquation
+
+
+
+ A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
+ Expression
-
+
-
-
-
-
- ∇
-
-
-
- Gradient
+
+
+ The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
+ Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
+ Unknown
-
+
-
+
-
- MathematicalOperator
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- DifferentialOperator
+ Array1
@@ -657,5 +675,5 @@ y = f(x)
-
+
diff --git a/middle/metrology.owl b/middle/metrology.owl
index b4c1a412..3f8f6fa6 100644
--- a/middle/metrology.owl
+++ b/middle/metrology.owl
@@ -1,31 +1,40 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
-
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -34,7 +43,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -59,8 +69,27 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
- hasReferenceUnit
+ Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
+ In EMMO version 1.0.0-alpha2, physical quantities used the hasReferenceUnit object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster.
+
+The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length)
+
+ Length hasReferenceUnit only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension)
+
+was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to
+
+ Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension
+
+Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g.
+
+ Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension
+
+was changed to
+
+ Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension
+
+The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.
+ hasReferenceUnit
@@ -74,8 +103,8 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
- hasQuantityValue
+ Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
+ hasQuantityValue
@@ -85,7 +114,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- hasPhysicsDimension
+ hasPhysicalDimension
@@ -115,13 +144,13 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Number' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
- In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ.
+ A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
+ In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ.
ISO 80000-1
- Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model.
+ Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model.
Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
- Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind.
+ Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind.
For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind.
@@ -130,11 +159,11 @@ However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used
For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides.
As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
- — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension,
+ — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension,
— quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and
— quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind.
ISO 80000-1
- PhysicalQuantity
+ PhysicalQuantity
@@ -142,8 +171,24 @@ ISO 80000-1
- Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
- DerivedUnit
+ Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
+ DerivedUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ IdiomaticSymbol
@@ -152,48 +197,16 @@ ISO 80000-1
- A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such.
+ A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such.
International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel").
+ A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel").
For this reason we can't declare the axiom:
ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity
because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity.
This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics).
- ReferenceUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- μ
-
-
-
- μ
- GreekSmallLetterMu
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A
-
-
-
- A
- LatinCapitalLetterA
+ ReferenceUnit
@@ -213,25 +226,26 @@ This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properti
- A symbol that stands for a single unit.
- Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
- UnitSymbol
+ A symbol that stands for a single unit.
+ Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".
+ UnitSymbol
-
+
-
+
- µ
+ T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
-
- µ
- MicroUnit
+
+ "The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically."
+SI Brochure
+ DimensionOne
@@ -244,17 +258,17 @@ This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properti
-
+
- A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
- Pa stands for N/m2
+ A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
+ Pa stands for N/m2
J stands for N m
- Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
- SpecialUnit
+ Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
+ SpecialUnit
@@ -262,8 +276,8 @@ J stands for N m
- For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
- MeasuredConstant
+ For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
+ MeasuredConstant
@@ -289,8 +303,8 @@ J stands for N m
- A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
- MetrologicalSymbol
+ A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
+ MetrologicalSymbol
@@ -299,10 +313,10 @@ J stands for N m
- A unit that does not belong to any system of units.
- eV
+ A unit that does not belong to any system of units.
+ eV
barn
- OffSystemUnit
+ OffSystemUnit
@@ -310,12 +324,18 @@ barn
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
- Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
- Refractive index or volume fraction.
- Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
- UnitOne
+ Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
+ Refractive index or volume fraction.
+ Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
+ UnitOne
@@ -323,7 +343,8 @@ barn
- MultipleUnit
+ Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
+ MultipleUnit
@@ -331,8 +352,8 @@ barn
- "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
- DerivedQuantity
+ "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".
+ DerivedQuantity
@@ -343,9 +364,9 @@ barn
- Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
- MetricPrefix
+ Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
+ MetricPrefix
@@ -371,8 +392,8 @@ barn
- A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
- NonPrefixedUnit
+ A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
+ NonPrefixedUnit
@@ -380,8 +401,8 @@ barn
- Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
- ExactConstant
+ Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
+ ExactConstant
@@ -390,9 +411,12 @@ barn
- A symbolic object used in metrology.
- This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.
- Metrological
+ A language object used in metrology.
+ Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application.
+
+-- International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
+ This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.
+ Metrological
@@ -402,17 +426,17 @@ barn
- A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
- All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.
+ A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
+ All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities.
In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product,
dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η
where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents.
(SI brochure)
- The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q.
+ The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q.
ISO 80000-1
- The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this:
+ The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this:
Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg
@@ -425,7 +449,7 @@ Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are:
mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
- PhysicsDimension
+ PhysicalDimension
@@ -433,23 +457,8 @@ A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
- SubMultipleUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- m
-
-
-
- m
- LatinSmallLetterM
+ Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
+ SubMultipleUnit
@@ -463,9 +472,9 @@ A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
- "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset"
+ "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset"
ISO 80000-1
- BaseQuantity
+ BaseQuantity
@@ -474,10 +483,10 @@ ISO 80000-1
- A reference unit provided by a reference material.
+ A reference unit provided by a reference material.
International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
- StandardUnit
+ Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
+ StandardUnit
@@ -486,28 +495,35 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
+
+
+
+ 1
+
+
+
- A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law.
+ A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law.
The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear.
Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
- "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number"
+ "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number"
ISO 80000-1
- "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations."
+ "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations."
"Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra."
https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
- While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'.
+ While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'.
SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'.
So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'.
- MeasurementUnit
+ MeasurementUnit
@@ -521,10 +537,10 @@ So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a &apo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants
- Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants.
+ Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants.
With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
- PhysicalConstant
+ PhysicalConstant
@@ -532,13 +548,13 @@ With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an ex
- "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist"
+ "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist"
International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- Hardness
+ Hardness
Resilience
- "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only."
+ "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only."
International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- OrdinalQuantity
+ OrdinalQuantity
@@ -577,8 +593,8 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
- PrefixedUnit
+ A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
+ PrefixedUnit
@@ -587,25 +603,9 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
- Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
- ProcedureUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- a
-
-
-
- a
- LatinSmallLetterA
+ A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
+ Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
+ ProcedureUnit
@@ -613,34 +613,16 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
- BaseUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- UTF8
+ A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
+ BaseUnit
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- U+0020
- Space
+
+
@@ -667,36 +649,28 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
- 6.8 m
+ A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
+ 6.8 m
0.9 km
8 K
6 MeV
43.5 HRC(150 kg)
- A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
+ A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
However, a quantitative property is always a quantity.
- Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference).
+ Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
+ SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference).
The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'.
So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'.
While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'.
- Quantity
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ Quantity
-
+
diff --git a/middle/models.owl b/middle/models.owl
index b321ef4b..7badf24a 100644
--- a/middle/models.owl
+++ b/middle/models.owl
@@ -1,27 +1,37 @@
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -30,12 +40,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -54,8 +60,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
-
- hasModel
+
+ hasModel
@@ -81,8 +87,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
- Experiment
+ An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
+ Experiment
@@ -107,13 +113,13 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
- The Newton's equation of motion.
+ An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
+ The Newton's equation of motion.
-The Schrodinger equation.
+The Schrödinger equation.
-The Navier-Stokes equation.
- PhysicsEquation
+The Navier-Stokes equation.
+ PhysicsEquation
@@ -122,9 +128,9 @@ The Navier-Stokes equation.
- A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly.
- While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomena relevant for the ontologist.
- PhysicalPhenomenon
+ A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly.
+ While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomenon relevant for the ontologist.
+ PhysicalPhenomenon
@@ -133,8 +139,8 @@ The Navier-Stokes equation.
- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
- ContinuumModel
+ A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
+ ContinuumModel
@@ -143,8 +149,8 @@ The Navier-Stokes equation.
- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
- MesoscopicModel
+ A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
+ MesoscopicModel
@@ -153,8 +159,8 @@ The Navier-Stokes equation.
- The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
- Theorization
+ The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
+ Theorization
@@ -163,10 +169,10 @@ The Navier-Stokes equation.
- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
- Density functional theory.
+ A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
+ Density functional theory.
Hartree-Fock.
- ElectronicModel
+ ElectronicModel
@@ -175,8 +181,8 @@ Hartree-Fock.
- A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
- AtomisticModel
+ A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
+ AtomisticModel
@@ -184,14 +190,14 @@ Hartree-Fock.
-
- A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
- The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'.
+
+ A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
+ The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'.
It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'.
In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
- Theory
+ Theory
@@ -209,11 +215,11 @@ In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
- A 'sign' that not only stands for a 'physical' or a 'process', but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour.
+ A 'sign' that not only stands for a 'physical' or a 'process', but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour.
A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' by direct similitude (e.g. small scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g. mathematical model).
- A 'model' prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception.
- Model
+ A 'model' prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception.
+ Model
@@ -222,7 +228,7 @@ A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' b
- PhysicalLaw
+ PhysicalLaw
@@ -231,8 +237,8 @@ A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' b
- A computational model that uses data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system.
- DataBasedModel
+ A computational model that uses existing data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system.
+ DataBasedModel
@@ -253,8 +259,8 @@ A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' b
- A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
- PhysicsBasedModel
+ A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
+ PhysicsBasedModel
@@ -263,7 +269,7 @@ A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' b
- NaturalLaw
+ NaturalLaw
@@ -278,14 +284,14 @@ A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' b
- An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
- The Lennard-Jones potential.
+ An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
+ The Lennard-Jones potential.
A force field.
An Hamiltonian.
- A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
- MaterialRelation
+ A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
+ MaterialRelation
@@ -294,7 +300,7 @@ An Hamiltonian.
- MaterialLaw
+ MaterialLaw
@@ -310,14 +316,14 @@ An Hamiltonian.
- A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour.
+ A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour.
Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
- MathematicalModel
+ MathematicalModel
-
+
diff --git a/middle/perceptual.owl b/middle/perceptual.owl
index 52562986..0673bcb7 100644
--- a/middle/perceptual.owl
+++ b/middle/perceptual.owl
@@ -6,19 +6,33 @@
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -27,15 +41,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -56,7 +63,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- hasSymbolData
+ hasSymbolData
@@ -72,49 +79,52 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
- An 'Graphical' that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
- fe780
+ An 'Graphical' that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
+ fe780
emmo
!5*a
-cat
- Symbolic
+cat
+for(i=0;i<N;++i)
+ Symbolic
-
+
-
-
- 0-manifold
+
+
+ Java
-
+
-
+
- 1-manifold
+ 0-manifold
-
-
-
-
- A 'acoustical' that can be categorized as music by the ontologist.
- A music score is not a 'music' individual.
-
-A music score is a 'graphical' that can stand for a 'music' (or vice versa) since it comes through a different perception mechanism.
+
-The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered by a source in the form of sound wave through a medium.
- Music
+
+
+ 1-manifold
@@ -123,7 +133,7 @@ The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered b
- Curve
+ Curve
@@ -132,11 +142,11 @@ The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered b
- A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
- A drawing of a cat.
+ A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
+ A drawing of a cat.
A circle on a paper sheet.
The Mona Lisa.
- Pictorial
+ Pictorial
@@ -145,7 +155,7 @@ The Mona Lisa.
- Plane
+ Plane
@@ -154,7 +164,7 @@ The Mona Lisa.
- Point
+ Point
@@ -163,7 +173,16 @@ The Mona Lisa.
- Line
+ Line
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Spacing
@@ -172,7 +191,17 @@ The Mona Lisa.
- 3-manifold
+ 3-manifold
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A language object that follows syntactic rules of a an idiom (e.g. english, italian).
+ Idiomatic
@@ -181,9 +210,9 @@ The Mona Lisa.
- An 'impression' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
- 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
- Acoustical
+ A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
+ 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
+ Acoustical
@@ -191,7 +220,7 @@ The Mona Lisa.
-
+
@@ -204,15 +233,15 @@ The Mona Lisa.
- A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
- The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language.
+ A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
+ The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language.
In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word).
If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
- A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
- A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
- String
+ A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
+ A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.
+ String
@@ -221,7 +250,7 @@ If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a &apos
- EuclideanSpace
+ EuclideanSpace
@@ -230,12 +259,12 @@ If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a &apos
- A 'Physical' which stands for a real world object that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression, the excitation of a sensor) to an interpreter (human or non-human).
- A line scratched on a surface.
+ A 'Physical' which stands for a real world object that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression, the excitation of a sensor) to an interpreter (human or non-human).
+ A line scratched on a surface.
A sound.
A smell.
The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
- The meta-semiotic process:
+ The meta-semiotic process:
I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Impression' class. This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world.
The semiotic process within EMMO:
@@ -245,28 +274,38 @@ I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring:
- the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical impression individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Impression'
- a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class
- a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter.
- 'Perceptual' includes real world objects that:
+ 'Perceptual' includes real world objects that:
- are part of a communication system (e.g. words, speech, alphabets)
- are not part of a communication system, but can be identified and referred by an interpreter
- A 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a meta-semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO.
+ A 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a meta-semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO.
A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist through the EMMO.
- From Latin perceptiō (“a receiving or collecting, perception, comprehension”), from perceptus (“perceived, observed”).
- This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by an interpreter (agent).
+ From Latin perceptiō (“a receiving or collecting, perception, comprehension”), from perceptus (“perceived, observed”).
+ This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by an interpreter (agent).
A 'Perceptual' can stand for something else in a semiotic process (acting as sign or as object).
However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing).
- Perceptual
+ Perceptual
-
+
-
-
- Speech
+
+
+ A language object respectin the syntactic rules of C++.
+ C++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Numeral
@@ -275,7 +314,17 @@ However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketche
- Torus
+ Torus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
+ Software
@@ -286,21 +335,13 @@ However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketche
-
+
- A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
- SymbolicComposition
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Noise
+ A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
+ This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predifined arrangement schema.
+ SymbolicComposition
@@ -309,7 +350,7 @@ However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketche
- 2-manifold
+ 2-manifold
@@ -318,28 +359,39 @@ However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketche
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
- The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
- The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark.
- Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology.
+ The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
+ The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark.
+ Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology.
A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet.
e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols
A Symbol may be a String in another language.
e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
- Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses).
+ Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses).
Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them.
(Wikipedia)
- The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
- Symbol
+ The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
+ Symbol
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Punctuation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Python
@@ -348,7 +400,7 @@ Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any refe
- Circle
+ Circle
@@ -357,8 +409,8 @@ Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any refe
- A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
- A 'geometrical' stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept.
+ A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
+ A 'geometrical' stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept.
This can be achieved in many different ways. For example, a line can be expressed by:
a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical'
@@ -366,7 +418,16 @@ b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical&apos
c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula'
The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
- Geometrical
+ Geometrical
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Letter
@@ -375,10 +436,10 @@ The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial,
- A 'Phenomenic' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer.
- 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
- From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
- Graphical
+ A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer.
+ 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
+ From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
+ Graphical
@@ -387,7 +448,7 @@ The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial,
- Sphere
+ Sphere
@@ -396,8 +457,17 @@ The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial,
- A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
- Language
+ A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
+ Language
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ UTF8
diff --git a/middle/physicalistic.owl b/middle/physicalistic.owl
index 308bfb5c..da20fe9b 100644
--- a/middle/physicalistic.owl
+++ b/middle/physicalistic.owl
@@ -1,26 +1,37 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -29,12 +40,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -54,8 +61,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
- Photon
+ The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
+ Photon
@@ -71,8 +78,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass.
- Massive
+ The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass.
+ Massive
@@ -90,8 +97,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Physical' with no 'Massive' parts.
- Vacuum
+ A 'Physical' with no 'Massive' parts.
+ Vacuum
@@ -100,9 +107,10 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Physical' that stands for a real world object that represents an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) that constitute (is part of) a more comprehensive real world object.
- The definition states that a 'Material' is a portion of a real world object, being that a full functional device or component, or a sample made of that material (or the sample itself).
- Material
+ A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
+ A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
+ Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
+ Material
@@ -123,8 +131,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Physical' that possesses some 'Massive' parts.
- Matter
+ A 'Physical' that possesses some 'Massive' parts.
+ Matter
@@ -145,11 +153,11 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Physical' with 'Massless' parts that are mediators of interactions.
- The concepts of matter and field for classical physics, upon which we can categorize physical entities, are replaced in quantum physics by the more general concepts of quantum field.
+ A 'Physical' with 'Massless' parts that are mediators of interactions.
+ The concepts of matter and field for classical physics, upon which we can categorize physical entities, are replaced in quantum physics by the more general concepts of quantum field.
Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic particles (i.e. photons, gluons), while the class 'Matter' refers to the quantum field of massive fermionic or bosonic particles (e.g. quarks, electrons).
- Field
+ Field
@@ -158,8 +166,8 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
- Quark
+ The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
+ Quark
@@ -168,8 +176,8 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
- Gluon
+ The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
+ Gluon
@@ -178,8 +186,8 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles.
- Electron
+ The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles.
+ Electron
@@ -196,8 +204,8 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from physics.
- Physicalistic
+ The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from applied physical sciences.
+ Physicalistic
@@ -214,9 +222,9 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
- Only a subset of elementary particles from the Standard Model are here included for the sake of simplicity.
- ElementaryParticle
+ The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
+ Only a subset of elementary particles from the Standard Model are here included for the sake of simplicity.
+ ElementaryParticle
@@ -233,8 +241,8 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass.
- Massless
+ The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass.
+ Massless
@@ -243,15 +251,15 @@ Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic
- The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
- While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles.
+ The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
+ While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles.
For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.
- Graviton
+ Graviton
-
+
diff --git a/middle/properties.owl b/middle/properties.owl
index 9e934810..26047dfe 100644
--- a/middle/properties.owl
+++ b/middle/properties.owl
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -30,12 +41,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -54,10 +61,10 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
-
-
+
+
- hasProperty
+ hasProperty
@@ -73,10 +80,40 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ "A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference"
+ISO 80000-1
+
+"A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such."
+International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
+ A 'Quantity' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
+ A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object.
+
+A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers.
+
+For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
+ Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
+ QuantitativeProperty
+
+
+
+
-
+
@@ -89,8 +126,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
- Observation
+ A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
+ Observation
@@ -98,7 +135,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
-
+
@@ -109,8 +146,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
- Observer
+ An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.
+ Observer
@@ -118,17 +155,17 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- A 'Property' that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
- The beauty of that girl.
+ A 'Property' that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
+ The beauty of that girl.
The style of your clothing.
- The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property.
+ The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property.
This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols.
A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s.
e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
- SubjectiveProperty
+ SubjectiveProperty
@@ -136,10 +173,10 @@ e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
- A 'Property' that is determined by each 'Observer' following a well defined 'Observation' procedure through a specific perception channel.
- The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure.
- This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
- ObjectiveProperty
+ A 'Property' that is determined by each 'Observer' following a well defined 'Observation' procedure through a specific perception channel.
+ The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure.
+ This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
+ ObjectiveProperty
@@ -148,14 +185,20 @@ e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
+
+
+
+
+
+
- An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference.
- Measurement
+ An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference.
+ Measurement
@@ -163,7 +206,7 @@ e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
- MeasuredQuantitativeProperty
+ MeasuredQuantitativeProperty
@@ -172,18 +215,18 @@ e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
- An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
- CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered
+ An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
+ CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered
A color is a nominal property.
Sex of a human being.
- "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude."
+ "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude."
"A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means."
International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- NominalProperty
+ NominalProperty
@@ -191,7 +234,7 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
-
+
@@ -209,32 +252,32 @@ International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
-
+
- A 'Perceptual' referring to a specific code that is used as 'Conventional' sign to represent an 'Object' according to a specific interaction mechanism by an 'Observer'.
+ A 'Perceptual' referring to a specific code that is used as 'Conventional' sign to represent an 'Object' according to a specific interaction mechanism by an 'Observer'.
(A property is always a partial representation of an 'Object' since it reflects the 'Object' capability to be part of a specific 'Observation' process)
- Hardness is a subclass of properties.
+ Hardness is a subclass of properties.
Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
- Let's define the class 'colour' as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer.
+ Let's define the class 'colour' as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer.
An individual C of this class 'colour' can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes)
-Stating that an entity E has_property C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight).
+Stating that an entity E hasProperty C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight).
This definition can be generalized by using a generic human eye, so that the observer can be a generic human.
This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
- A 'Property' is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an observer in the same specific way.
+ A 'Property' is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an observer in the same specific way.
e.g. "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source.
- We know real world entities through observation/perception.
+ We know real world entities through observation/perception.
A non-perceivable real world entity does not exist (or it exists on a plane of existance that has no intersection with us and we can say nothing about it).
@@ -251,7 +294,7 @@ Property subclasses are specializations that depend on the type of observation p
e.g. the property 'colour' is related to a process that involves emission or interaction of photon and an observer who can perceive electromagnetic radiation in the visible frequency range.
Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette or RGB).
- Property
+ Property
@@ -259,7 +302,7 @@ Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette
- ModelledQuantitativeProperty
+ ModelledQuantitativeProperty
@@ -267,44 +310,14 @@ Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette
- A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
- The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory.
+ A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
+ The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory.
If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process.
Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
- A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
- ConventionalQuantitativeProperty
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A 'Quantity' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
- "A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference"
-ISO 80000-1
-
-"A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such."
-International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
- A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object.
-
-A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers.
-
-For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
- Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
- QuantitativeProperty
+ A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
+ ConventionalQuantitativeProperty
@@ -313,11 +326,11 @@ For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scie
- MeasurementInstrument
+ MeasurementInstrument
-
+
diff --git a/middle/reductionistic.owl b/middle/reductionistic.owl
index 8c1b0996..95b35827 100644
--- a/middle/reductionistic.owl
+++ b/middle/reductionistic.owl
@@ -6,35 +6,42 @@
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- Contacts:
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- hasTemporalDirectPart
+ hasTemporalDirectPart
@@ -71,7 +78,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- hasSpatioTemporalDirectPart
+ hasSpatioTemporalDirectPart
@@ -84,7 +91,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- hasSpatialDirectPart
+ hasSpatialDirectPart
@@ -112,10 +119,9 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- A class devoted to categorize 'Physical'-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary).
-
-Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy).
- Reductionistic
+ A class devoted to categorize 'Physical'-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary).
+ Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.
+ Reductionistic
@@ -129,29 +135,29 @@ Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granu
- A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts.
- e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states.
+ A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts.
+ e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states.
If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
- Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view.
+ Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view.
A 'State' can always be direct partitioned in 'Elementary'-s and 'Void' or 'Physical'.
e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts.
- The definition of 'State' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a 'State' is constant.
+ The definition of 'State' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a 'State' is constant.
This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the 'State' direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts of a 'State'.
The use of spatial direct parthood in 'State' definition means that a 'State' cannot overlap in space another 'State'.
- The usefulness of 'State' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'Existent' in terms of series of 'State'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'Physical'.
+ The usefulness of 'State' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'Existent' in terms of series of 'State'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'Physical'.
A 'State' is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic 'Existent'.
- There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state.
+ There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state.
The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole.
- State
+ State
@@ -171,24 +177,24 @@ The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot
- A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
- 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space).
+ A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
+ 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space).
'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation.
This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels.
e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
- An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist can provide univocal tessellation in time.
+ An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist wants to provide univocal tessellation in time.
By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual.
Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
- Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'.
+ Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'.
Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s.
- ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).
- Existent
+ ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).
+ Existent
diff --git a/middle/semiotics.owl b/middle/semiotics.owl
index 676103c7..a7025d72 100644
--- a/middle/semiotics.owl
+++ b/middle/semiotics.owl
@@ -1,45 +1,51 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Contacts:
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
-
-
+
+
+
- The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
- semiotical
+ The generic EMMO semiotical relation.
+ semiotical
-
+
-
-
-
- hasIndex
+
+
+
+ hasIndex
-
+
-
-
-
- hasIcon
+
+
+
+ hasIcon
-
+
-
-
-
-
- hasSign
+
+
+
+
+ hasSign
-
+
-
-
-
- hasInterpretant
+
+
+
+ hasInterpretant
-
+
-
-
-
- hasConvention
+
+
+
+ hasConvention
@@ -122,117 +129,117 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
- A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
- Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process
+ A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
+ Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process
me -> interpreter
cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics)
the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant
"Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign
- Semiosis
+ Semiosis
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
- The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
- Interpreter
+ The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
+ Interpreter
-
+
-
-
- The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
- Interpretant
+
+
+ The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
+ Interpretant
-
+
-
- A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
- Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire).
+
+ A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
+ Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire).
My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
- Index
+ Index
-
+
-
- A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
- In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
- Conventional
+
+ A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
+ In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
+ Conventional
-
+
-
-
- The object, in Peirce semiotics.
- Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation.
+
+
+ The object, in Peirce semiotics.
+ Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation.
The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s.
In this way the 'sign'-ed entity become and 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
- Object
+ Object
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
- An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
- A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy).
+
+ An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
+ A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy).
Each of them are 'sign'-s.
@@ -241,29 +248,29 @@ A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts.
The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself.
For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
- A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves.
+ A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves.
A 'Sign' usually have 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting).
Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
- According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories:
+ According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories:
- symbols: that stand for an object through convention
- indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity
- icon: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
- Sign
+ Sign
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
@@ -275,11 +282,11 @@ Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each &ap
-
+
- The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
- Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory.
+ The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
+ Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory.
"Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21).
@@ -289,19 +296,19 @@ The triadic elements:
- 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to)
This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'
- Semiotic
+ Semiotic
-
+
-
- A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
- A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
+
+ A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
+ A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
- Three subtypes of icon are possible:
+ Three subtypes of icon are possible:
(a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture)
@@ -310,11 +317,11 @@ An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physic
(c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else
[Wikipedia]
- Icon
+ Icon
-
+
diff --git a/middle/siunits.owl b/middle/siunits.owl
index 2a509a14..4c50e5f6 100644
--- a/middle/siunits.owl
+++ b/middle/siunits.owl
@@ -1,30 +1,38 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -33,7 +41,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -66,8 +75,8 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.ithttp://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAYhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696
- Measurement unit for absorbed dose.
- Gray
+ Measurement unit for absorbed dose.
+ Gray
@@ -96,7 +105,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.itp
- Pico
+ Pico
@@ -118,8 +127,8 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.ithttp://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Whttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656
- Measurement unit for power.
- Watt
+ Measurement unit for power.
+ Watt
@@ -148,7 +157,7 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.itd
- Deci
+ Deci
@@ -156,35 +165,12 @@ email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
+
+ A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.m/s
kg/m^3
- This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
- SICoherentDerivedUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_AvogadroConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant
- The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- AvogadroConstant
+ This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
+ SICoherentDerivedUnit
@@ -213,7 +199,7 @@ kg/m^3da
- Deka
+ Deka
@@ -242,7 +228,7 @@ kg/m^3h
- Hecto
+ Hecto
@@ -271,7 +257,7 @@ kg/m^3f
- Femto
+ Femto
@@ -300,7 +286,7 @@ kg/m^3
z
- Zepto
+ Zepto
@@ -321,9 +307,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K
- The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
+ The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374
- Kelvin
+ Kelvin
@@ -344,9 +330,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC
- The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
+ The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513
- Second
+ Second
@@ -358,7 +344,7 @@ kg/m^3
- SIUnitSymbol
+ SIUnitSymbol
@@ -380,8 +366,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAThttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372
- Measurement unit for catalytic activity.
- Katal
+ Measurement unit for catalytic activity.
+ Katal
@@ -399,9 +385,9 @@ kg/m^3
- The base units in the SI system.
- SIBaseUnit
+ The base units in the SI system.https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
+ SIBaseUnit
@@ -430,7 +416,7 @@ kg/m^3
T
- Tera
+ Tera
@@ -459,7 +445,7 @@ kg/m^3
a
- Atto
+ Atto
@@ -488,7 +474,7 @@ kg/m^3
P
- Peta
+ Peta
@@ -519,41 +505,7 @@ kg/m^3
- SIMetricPrefix
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
- LuminousEfficacy
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge
- The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- ElementaryCharge
+ SIMetricPrefix
@@ -575,8 +527,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHMhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280
- Measurement unit for resistance.
- Ohm
+ Measurement unit for resistance.
+ Ohm
@@ -605,7 +557,7 @@ kg/m^3
E
- Exa
+ Exa
@@ -634,7 +586,7 @@ kg/m^3
M
- Mega
+ Mega
@@ -642,8 +594,8 @@ kg/m^3
- A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
- SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
+ A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
+ SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
@@ -665,8 +617,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Chttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365
- Measurement unit for electric charge.
- Coulomb
+ Measurement unit for electric charge.
+ Coulomb
@@ -679,8 +631,8 @@ kg/m^3
- Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
- SICoherentUnit
+ Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
+ SICoherentUnit
@@ -709,30 +661,7 @@ kg/m^3
k
- Kilo
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant
- The quantum of action.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685
- PlanckConstant
+ Kilo
@@ -753,9 +682,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M
- The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
+ The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884
- Metre
+ Metre
@@ -767,7 +696,7 @@ kg/m^3
- SINonCoherentUnit
+ SINonCoherentUnit
@@ -789,8 +718,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Jhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363
- Measurement unit for energy.
- Joule
+ Measurement unit for energy.
+ Joule
@@ -811,32 +740,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD
- The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
+ The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787
- Candela
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light
- The speed of light in vacuum.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854
- SpeedOfLightInVacuum
+ Candela
@@ -857,9 +763,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM
- The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
+ The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391
- Kilogram
+ Kilogram
@@ -888,7 +794,7 @@ kg/m^3
µ
- Micro
+ Micro
@@ -899,7 +805,7 @@ kg/m^3
-
+
@@ -909,10 +815,10 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
- Measure of plane angle.
+ Measure of plane angle.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
- Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
- Radian
+ Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
+ Radian
@@ -941,7 +847,7 @@ kg/m^3
m
- Milli
+ Milli
@@ -963,8 +869,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PAhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442
- Measurement unit for pressure.
- Pascal
+ Measurement unit for pressure.
+ Pascal
@@ -993,14 +899,14 @@ kg/m^3
G
- Giga
+ Giga
-
+
-
+
@@ -1015,15 +921,15 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARADhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320
- Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
- Farad
+ Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
+ Farad
-
+
-
+
@@ -1038,8 +944,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Nhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135
- Measurement unit for force.
- Newton
+ Measurement unit for force.
+ Newton
@@ -1061,8 +967,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Thttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283
- Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
- Tesla
+ Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
+ Tesla
@@ -1084,8 +990,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_Chttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561
- Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
- DegreeCelsius
+ Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
+ DegreeCelsius
@@ -1114,7 +1020,7 @@ kg/m^3
c
- Centi
+ Centi
@@ -1135,10 +1041,10 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ
- Radioactive decays per second.
+ Radioactive decays per second.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624
- Unit for radioactive activity.
- Becquerel
+ Unit for radioactive activity.
+ Becquerel
@@ -1149,7 +1055,7 @@ kg/m^3
-
+
@@ -1159,9 +1065,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
- Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
+ Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971
- Steradian
+ Steradian
@@ -1170,16 +1076,9 @@ kg/m^3
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
- A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
- The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
- SIPrefixedUnit
+ A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
+ The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
+ SIPrefixedUnit
@@ -1201,8 +1100,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LMhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639
- Measurement unit for luminous flux.
- Lumen
+ Measurement unit for luminous flux.
+ Lumen
@@ -1224,8 +1123,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WBhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666
- Measurement unit for magnetic flux.
- Weber
+ Measurement unit for magnetic flux.
+ Weber
@@ -1247,8 +1146,8 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUXhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651
- Measurement unit for illuminance.
- Lux
+ Measurement unit for illuminance.
+ Lux
@@ -1277,7 +1176,7 @@ kg/m^3
Z
- Zetta
+ Zetta
@@ -1298,9 +1197,9 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A
- The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
+ The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300
- Ampere
+ Ampere
@@ -1323,10 +1222,10 @@ kg/m^3
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dosehttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658
- Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation.
+ Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation.
Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.
- Sievert
+ Sievert
@@ -1347,9 +1246,9 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL
- The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
+ The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980
- Mole
+ Mole
@@ -1378,7 +1277,7 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
n
- Nano
+ Nano
@@ -1400,8 +1299,8 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Vhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634
- Measurement unit for voltage.
- Volt
+ Measurement unit for voltage.
+ Volt
@@ -1423,8 +1322,8 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785
- Measurement unit for frequence.
- Hertz
+ Measurement unit for frequence.
+ Hertz
@@ -1453,7 +1352,7 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
Y
- Yotta
+ Yotta
@@ -1471,8 +1370,8 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
-
-
+
+
@@ -1486,10 +1385,10 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
- The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
+ The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units
- These units are SI coherent by definition.
- SISpecialUnit
+ These units are SI coherent by definition.
+ SISpecialUnit
@@ -1509,27 +1408,8 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
S
- Measurement unit for electrical conductance.
- Siemens
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
- SIExactConstant
+ Measurement unit for electrical conductance.
+ Siemens
@@ -1558,17 +1438,7 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
y
- Yocto
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
- HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
+ Yocto
@@ -1590,8 +1460,8 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Hhttps://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782
- Measurement unit for electrical inductance.
- Henry
+ Measurement unit for electrical inductance.
+ Henry
@@ -1607,66 +1477,19 @@ Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological eff
- The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
- The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
- SIUnit
-
-
-
-
-
+ The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
+ The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
+ The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant
- A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- BoltzmannConstant
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures
+ SIUnit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
- b
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
- a
-
+
+ 1
+
-
+
diff --git a/middle/todo/property-unit-list.owl b/middle/todo/property-unit-list.owl
deleted file mode 100644
index ee53754a..00000000
--- a/middle/todo/property-unit-list.owl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,812 +0,0 @@
-
-
-
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- Contacts:
-Gerhard Goldbeck
-Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
-email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
-
-Emanuele Ghedini
-University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat_capacity
- Energy per unit temperature change.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02753
- HeatCapacity
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W-PER-M2
- W/m²
- WattPerSquareMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-M2
- kg/m²
- KilogramPerSquareMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Work_(physics)
- Product of force and displacement.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684
- Work
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M2
- m²
- SquareMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V-PER-M
- VoltPerMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- YongsModulus
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Elastic_modulus
- Ratio of stress to strain.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03966
- ElasticModulus
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Vergence_(optics)
- In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
- In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
- Vergence
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-SEC
- kg⋅m/s
- KilogramMetrePerSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J-PER-MOL
- JoulePerMole
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_velocity
- The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time.
- AngularVelocity
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Litre
- Non-SI unit of volume, corresponding 1 cube decimeter.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594
- Litre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H-PER-M
- H/m
- HenryPerMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- N⋅s
- NewtonSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_reactance
- The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05162
- ElectricalReactance
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectronMass
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electron_rest_mass
- The rest mass of an electron.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
- ElectronMass
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Extension per unit length.
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Strain_(chemistry)
- Strain
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Spin_(physics)
- Quantum-mechanically defined angular momentum of a particle.
- Spin
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Refractive_index
- Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240
- RefractiveIndex
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MolarGasConstant
- Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Gas_constant
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579
- MolarGasConstant
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_frequency
- The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00352https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00352
- Magnitude of AngularVelocity.
- AngularFrequency
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-SEC
- m/s
- MetrePerSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_VonKlitzingConstant
- The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
- Resistance quantum.
- VonKlitzingConstant
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectricConstant
- The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
- VacuumElectricPermittivity
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A-PER-M2
- A/m²
- AmperePerSquareMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W-PER-M-K
- W/(m⋅K)
- WattPerMeterAndKelvin
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- F/m
- FaradPerMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
- A non-SI unit of energy corresponding to the amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014
- Is approximately equal to 1.6e-19 joules.
- ElectronVolt
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL-PER-M3
- mol/m³
- MolePerCubicMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD-PER-M2
- Cd/m²
- CandelaPerSquareMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetization
- Amount of magnetic moment per unit volume.
- Magnetization
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
- Non-SI unit for area corresponding to 10 000 m².
- Hectare
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA-SEC
- Pa⋅s
- PascalSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Chemical_potential
- Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032
- ChemicalPotential
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ProtonMass
- The rest mass of a proton.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
- ProtonMass
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Stress_(mechanics)
- Force per unit oriented surface area.
- Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
- Stress
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-SEC2
- m/s²
- MetrePerSquareSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Weight
- Force of gravity acting on a body.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668
- Weight
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C-PER-M3
- C/m³
- CoulombPerCubeMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume_fraction
- Volume of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643
- VolumeFraction
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_impedance
- Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02988
- ElectricalImpedance
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Entropy
- Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149
- May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
- Entropy
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- MoleFraction
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)
- Amount of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
- AmountFraction
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_RybergConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Rydberg_constant
- The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
- RybergConstant
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- mol/(m³⋅s)
- MolePerCubicMetreAndSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- S/m
- SimensPerMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM-M
- Ω⋅m
- OhmMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PERCENT
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Percentage
- One part in a hundred.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04483
- Percent
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Measure of plane angles.
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560
- Degree
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3
- m³
- CubicMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Enthalpy
- Energy in a thermodynamic system.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141
- Enthalpy
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A-PER-M
- A/m
- AmperePerMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Radiant_flux
- The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046
- RadiantFlux
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Irradiance
- Electromagnetic radiation power per unit surface area.
- Irradiance
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_JosephsonConstant
- Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
- The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
- JosephsonConstant
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat
- Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752
- Heat
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_FineStructureConstant
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Fine-structure_constant
- A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389
- FineStructureConstant
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_NewtonianConstantOfGravity
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Gravitational_constant
- Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695
- NewtonianConstantOfGravity
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-M2-PER-SEC
- kg⋅m²/s
- KilogramSquareMetrePerSecond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MagneticConstant
- The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
- The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
- The UIPAC Gold Book definition (https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) of the magnetic permeability in vacuum is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
- VacuumMagneticPermeability
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C-PER-M2
- C/m²
- CoulombPerSquareMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PER-M
- 1/m
- PerMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-M3
- kg/m³
- KilogramPerCubicMetre
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)
- Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
- https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
- MassFraction
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J-PER-K
- JoulePerKelvin
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3-PER-MOL
- m³/mol
- CubicMetrePerMole
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/middle/todo/units-leftovers.owl b/middle/todo/units-leftovers.owl
deleted file mode 100644
index 8eebdfdc..00000000
--- a/middle/todo/units-leftovers.owl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,335 +0,0 @@
-
-
-
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- Contacts:
-Gerhard Goldbeck
-Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
-email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
-
-Emanuele Ghedini
-University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
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-
- Physical quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
- ExtensiveQuantity
-
-
-
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-
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- Physical quantity whose magnitude is independent of the extent of the system.
- IntensiveQuantity
-
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- Physical quantities that are conserved in any inertial frame.
- That is, if a closed system is not affected by external forces, the conserved quantity does not change.
- ConservedQuantity
-
-
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diff --git a/middle/units-extension.owl b/middle/units-extension.owl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f7b5164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/middle/units-extension.owl
@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
+Gerhard Goldbeck
+Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
+
+Emanuele Ghedini
+University of Bologna (IT)
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
+
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+
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+
+
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+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Da
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
+ One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514
+ Dalton
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ au
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
+ One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit
+ AstronomicalUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a 'FractionUnit'.
+ Unit of AtomicNumber
+ PureNumberUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
+ Unit for mass fraction.
+ MassFractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ′
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
+ Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
+ MinuteOfArc
+ ArcMinute
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ h
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
+ Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866
+ Hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Å
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ANGSTROM
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m
+ Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N00350
+ Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
+
+Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
+ Angstrom
+ Ångström
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ d
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
+ A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527
+ Day
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M-PER-SEC
+ SI coherent measurement unit for speed.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/metrePerSecond-Time
+ MetrePerSecond
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ The centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units
+ CGS is a variant of the metric system.
+ CGSUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
+ This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
+ SIAcceptedSpecialUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ″
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
+ Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
+ SecondOfArc
+ ArcSecond
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ B
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
+ One bel is defined as `1⁄2 ln(10) neper`.
+ Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
+ Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
+ bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
+ Bel
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
+ Unit for solid angle.
+ AreaFractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
+ Unit for volume fraction.
+ VolumeFractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3
+ SI coherent measurement unit for volume.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/cubicMetre
+ CubicMetre
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ l
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
+ A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594
+ Litre
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M2
+ SI coherent measurement unit for area.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/squareMetre
+ SquareMetre
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Np
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
+ Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
+
+The value of a ratio in nepers is given by `ln(x1/x2)` where `x1` and `x2` are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved.
+
+Wikipedia
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106
+ Neper
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ °
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
+ Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560
+ Degree
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N-M
+ SI coherent measurement unit for torque.
+ http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/newtonMetre
+ Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.
+ NewtonMetre
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
+ Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this
+is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol).
+-- SI Brochure
+ FractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ min
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
+ Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
+ Minute
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
+ Unit for plane angle.
+ LengthFractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ha
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
+ A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare
+ Hectare
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ eV
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
+ http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
+ The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014
+ ElectronVolt
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
+ Unit for refractive index.
+ SpeedFractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Measurement unit for electric dipole moment.
+ CoulombMetre
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
+ Unit for amount fraction.
+ AmountFractionUnit
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ t
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
+ A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394
+ Tonne
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ g
+
+
+ http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GM
+ Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
+ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02680
+ Gram
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/top/annotations.owl b/top/annotations.owl
index a0649757..5401baaa 100644
--- a/top/annotations.owl
+++ b/top/annotations.owl
@@ -5,14 +5,32 @@
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
- xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -21,15 +39,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -48,10 +59,11 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
- qudtMatch
- http://www.qudt.org/2.1/catalog/qudt-catalog.html
+ URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.
+ http://www.qudt.org/2.1/catalog/qudt-catalog.html
+ qudtEntry
+
@@ -59,16 +71,30 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- altLabel
+ Replaced by skos:altLabel
+ altLabel
+
+
+
+ URL to corresponding entry in the IEC Electropedia online database of ISO 80000 terms and definitions of quantities and units available at http://www.electropedia.org/.
+ http://www.electropedia.org/
+ IECEntry
+
+
+
+
+
+
- license
+ Replaced by dcterms:license
+ license
@@ -77,10 +103,11 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- URL to corresponding concept in DBpedia.
- dbpediaMatch
- https://wiki.dbpedia.org/
+ URL to corresponding concept in DBpedia.
+ https://wiki.dbpedia.org/
+ dbpediaEntry
+
@@ -88,8 +115,23 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- definition
+ Human readable definition of a concept.
+ definition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3‑1.1 (refers to length)
+ Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
+ https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en
+ ISO80000Ref
+
+
@@ -97,8 +139,22 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- elucidation
+ Short enlightening explanation of a concept.
+ elucidation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ URL to CODATA Internationally recommended 2018 values of physical constants.
+ https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
+ codataEntry
+
+
@@ -106,10 +162,11 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- URL to corresponding concept in the Basic Datatype Ontology (DBO)
- bdoMatch
- https://github.com/TechnicalBuildingSystems/Ontologies/blob/master/BasicDataTypeOntology/ontology.ttl
+ URL to corresponding concept in the Basic Datatype Ontology (DBO)
+ https://github.com/TechnicalBuildingSystems/Ontologies/blob/master/BasicDataTypeOntology/ontology.ttl
+ bdoMatch
+
@@ -117,8 +174,10 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- example
+ Illustrative example of how the entity is used.
+ example
+
@@ -126,10 +185,11 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.
- wikipediaEntry
+ URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.https://www.wikipedia.org/
+ wikipediaEntry
+
@@ -137,7 +197,8 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- author
+ Replaced by dcterms:creator
+ author
@@ -146,11 +207,12 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure
- omMatch
- https://enterpriseintegrationlab.github.io/icity/OM/doc/index-en.html
- https://github.com/HajoRijgersberg/OM
+ IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure
+ https://enterpriseintegrationlab.github.io/icity/OM/doc/index-en.html
+ https://github.com/HajoRijgersberg/OM
+ omMatch
+
@@ -158,10 +220,94 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
- iupacDoi
- https://goldbook.iupac.org/
+ DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC
+ https://goldbook.iupac.org/
+ iupacEntry
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms:
+ - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology
+ - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject
+ - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
+ Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/top/catalog-v001.xml b/top/catalog-v001.xml
index 0a930738..0f8e86a3 100644
--- a/top/catalog-v001.xml
+++ b/top/catalog-v001.xml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-
-
-
+
+
+
diff --git a/top/mereotopology.owl b/top/mereotopology.owl
index 6379297d..eb3f8541 100644
--- a/top/mereotopology.owl
+++ b/top/mereotopology.owl
@@ -1,26 +1,37 @@
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -29,12 +40,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -56,9 +63,9 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- The superclass of all EMMO mereotopological relations.
- Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc.
- mereotopological
+ The superclass for all EMMO mereotopological relations.
+ Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc.
+ mereotopological
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- hasPart
+ hasPart
@@ -79,7 +86,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- hasContactWith
+ hasContactWith
@@ -89,7 +96,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- disconnected
+ disconnected
@@ -99,9 +106,9 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- Causality is a topological property between connected items.
- Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them.
- connected
+ Causality is a topological property between connected items.
+ Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them.
+ connected
@@ -114,7 +121,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- hasMember
+ hasMember
@@ -124,8 +131,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- Enclosure is reflexive and transitive.
- encloses
+ Enclosure is reflexive and transitive.
+ encloses
@@ -135,7 +142,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- hasProperPart
+ hasProperPart
@@ -145,7 +152,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- overcrosses
+ overcrosses
@@ -155,7 +162,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- hasOverlapWith
+ hasOverlapWith
@@ -168,8 +175,8 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- The superclass of all relations used by the EMMO.
- EMMORelation
+ The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO.
+ EMMORelation
@@ -194,18 +201,18 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio
- The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object.
- A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object.
+ The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object.
+ A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object.
A 'Collection' individual is related to each 'Item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation.
An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
- Formally, 'Collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some 'Item'.
+ Formally, 'Collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some 'Item'.
A 'Collection' cannot have as member another 'Collection'.
- From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
- e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion.
- Collection
+ From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
+ e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion.
+ Collection
@@ -220,19 +227,19 @@ A 'Collection' cannot have as member another 'Collection'.
- The class of 'EMMO' individuals that stand for real world objects that can't be further divided in time nor in space.
- For a physics based ontology the 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s).
+ The class of 'EMMO' individuals that stand for real world objects that can't be further divided in time nor in space.
+ For a physics based ontology the 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s).
However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a 'Quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
- A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects.
+ A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects.
The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle.
- A 'Quantum' stands for a 4D real world object.
- A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity.
+ A 'Quantum' stands for a 4D real world object.
+ A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity.
To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology.
- From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900.
- Quantum
+ From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900.
+ Quantum
@@ -260,28 +267,28 @@ To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the
- The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects.
- 'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom).
+ The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects.
+ 'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom).
The union implies that 'EMMO' individuals can only be 'Item' individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or 'Collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items).
Disjointness means that a 'Collection' individual cannot be an 'Item' individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.
- For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime).
+ For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime).
A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe.
A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an EMMO ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real world object.
The fundamental distinction between real world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected.
- In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach.
- Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts.
+ In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach.
+ Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts.
Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the real world object referred by an 'EMMO' individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality.
The smallest part of a real world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is referred in the EMMO by a 'Quantum' individual.
It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist.
- EMMO
+ EMMO
@@ -289,18 +296,18 @@ It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4
- A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive).
+ A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive).
Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected.
- An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
+ An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality.
All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by 'Item'-s.
Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole.
- From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
- Item
+ From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".
+ Item
@@ -319,11 +326,11 @@ Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do n
- Universe
+ Universe
-
+
diff --git a/top/physical.owl b/top/physical.owl
index f4eccd96..0190242f 100644
--- a/top/physical.owl
+++ b/top/physical.owl
@@ -6,35 +6,42 @@
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
- Contacts:
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology
+ Contacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
-email: emanuele.ghedini
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -58,7 +65,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time through a portion of the lifetime whole.
- hasSpatioTemporalPart
+ hasSpatioTemporalPart
@@ -71,7 +78,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
A relation that isolate a proper part that covers the total spatial extension of a whole within a time interval.
- hasTemporalPart
+ hasTemporalPart
@@ -84,7 +91,7 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time within the overall lifetime of the whole, without covering the full spatial extension of the 4D whole (i.e. is not a temporal part).
- hasSpatialPart
+ hasSpatialPart
@@ -127,15 +134,15 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- The basic constituent of 'item'-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level.
- According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible).
+ The basic constituent of 'item'-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level.
+ According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible).
Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology.
However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it 'elementary', recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model.
- From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”)
- While a 'Quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle.
- Elementary
+ From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”)
+ While a 'Quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle.
+ Elementary
@@ -149,9 +156,10 @@ However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in w
- A 'Item' that has no 'Physical' parts.
- From Latin vacuus, “empty”.
- Void
+ A 'Item' that has no 'Physical' parts.
+ From Latin vacuus, “empty”.
+ The void concept is paramount for the representation of physical systems according to quantum theory.
+ Void
@@ -171,13 +179,13 @@ However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in w
- A 'Item' that has part some 'Elementary' and whose temporal proper parts are only 'Physical'-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time).
- A 'Physical' is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the ontologist, i.e. physical objects.
+ A 'Item' that has part some 'Elementary' and whose temporal proper parts are only 'Physical'-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time).
+ A 'Physical' is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the ontologist, i.e. physical objects.
A physical object must be perceived through physical interaction by the ontologist. Then the ontologist can declare an individual standing for the physical object just perceived.
Perception is a subcategory of physical interactions. It is an interaction that stimulate a representation of the physical object within the ontologist (the agent).
- A 'Physical' must include at least an 'Elementary' part, and can include 'Void' parts.
+ A 'Physical' must include at least an 'Elementary' part, and can include 'Void' parts.
A 'Physical' may include as part also the 'Void' surrounding or enclosed by its 'Physical' sub parts.
@@ -186,16 +194,16 @@ There are no particular criteria for 'Physical'-s structure, except th
This is done in order to take into account the quantum nature of physical systems, in which the actual position of sub-components (e.g. electrons in an atom) is not known except for its probability distribution function (according to the Copenhagen interpretation.)
e.g. a real world object that has spatial parts an atom and a cubic light year of void, extending for some time, can be a physical object.
- A 'Physical' with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent 'EMMO' class.
+ A 'Physical' with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent 'EMMO' class.
It follows from the fact that perception is always unfolding in time.
e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement.
- From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”).
+ From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”).
Here the word relates to things perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete.
- In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since 'Physical'-s are themselves the 4D regions.
- The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as 'Physical'-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models.
+ In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since 'Physical'-s are themselves the 4D regions.
+ The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as 'Physical'-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models.
Classical mechanics poses no representational issues, for the EMMO: the 4D representation of 'Physical'-s is consistent with classical physics systems.
@@ -236,12 +244,12 @@ a) before the slit: a 'physical' that extend in space and has parts &a
b) during slit passage: a 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'.
c) after the slit: again 'single_electron_wave_function'
d) upon collision with the detector: 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'.
- The purpose of the 'Physical' branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to name, explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the 'Semiotic' branch.
+ The purpose of the 'Physical' branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to name, explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the 'Semiotic' branch.
More than one semiotic representation can be connected to the same 'Physical'.
e.g. Navier-Stokes or Euler equation applied to the same fluid are an example of mathematical model used to represent a physical object for some specific interpreter.
- Physical
+ Physical
diff --git a/top/top.owl b/top/top.owl
index ed2e4adb..072461cb 100644
--- a/top/top.owl
+++ b/top/top.owl
@@ -6,18 +6,32 @@
xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+ xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+ xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#">
-
-
- EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
-
-https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT)
-Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK)
-Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE)
-Georg Schmitz (Access, DE)
-Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO)
+
+
+ European Materials & Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
+
+EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
+
+It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
+
+EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
+ Access, DE
+ Fraunhofer IWM, DE
+ Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
+ SINTEF, NO
+ University of Bologna, IT
+ Adham Hashibon
+ Emanuele Ghedini
+ Georg Schmitz
+ Gerhard Goldbeck
+ Jesper Friis
+ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
+ EMMC ASBL
+ European Materials & Modelling OntologyContacts:
Gerhard Goldbeck
Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
@@ -26,15 +40,8 @@ email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com
Emanuele Ghedini
University of Bologna (IT)
email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
- European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO)
-
-EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies.
-
-It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
- The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
- The European Materials Modelling Ontology
-
-Version 1.0.0-alpha
+ The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
+ 1.0.0-alpha2
@@ -54,11 +61,11 @@ Version 1.0.0-alpha
- The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
- This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which that only objective categorization is provide by the Universe individual and all the 'Elementary' individuals.
+ The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
+ This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals.
Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
- Perspective
+ Perspective
+ 
+