diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 48ef488f..715dbf90 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,76 +1,75 @@ # The European Materials Modelling Ontology (EMMO) ## About -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) for applied sciences. It is based on physics, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It has been instigated by materials science and provides the connection between the physical world, the experimental world (materials characterisation) and the simulation world (materials modelling). It is released under a [Creative Commons license](LICENSE.md). -EMMO is released under a [Creative Commons license](LICENSE.md). ## EMMO in a Nutshell - The EMMO ontology is structured in shells, expressed by specific ontology fragments, that extends from fundamental concepts to the application domains, following the dependency flow. -### emmo-base -The [emmo-base](emmo-base.owl) is the fundamental group of axioms that constitutes the philosophical foundation of the EMMO. Following a physicalistic/nominalistic perspective the EMMO defines real world objects as 4D objects that always extends in space and time (i.e. real world objects cannot be spaceless or timeless). -For this reason abstract objects, i.e. objects that does not extend in space and time, are forbidden in the EMMO. The role of abstract objects is fulfilled by semiotics objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbols) that stand for other real world objects within a semiotic process. +### Top Level +The [EMMO top level](top.owl) is the group of fundamental axioms that constitute the philosophical foundation of the EMMO. Adopting a physicalistic/nominalistic perspective, the EMMO defines real world objects as 4D objects that are always extended in space and time (i.e. real world objects cannot be spaceless nor timeless). For this reason abstract objects, i.e. objects that does not extend in space and time, are forbidden in the EMMO. + +EMMO is strongly based on the analytical philosophy dicipline semiotic. +The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs). + +Another important building block of from analytical philosophy is atomistic mereology applied to 4D objects. The EMMO calls it 'quantum mereology', since the there is a epistemological limit to how fine we can resolve space and time due to the uncertanity principles. -The EMMO is also based on atomistic mereology applied to 4D. The EMMO calls it 'quantum mereology', since the atomic mereological object in the EMMO is a portion of spacetime at Planck level in time and space. +The [mereotopology](top/mereotopology.owl) module introduces the fundamental mereotopological concepts and their relations with the real world objects that they represent. The EMMO uses mereotopology as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of topological connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the *Item* and *Collection* classes. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is represented by the *Quantum* class. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions. -The [emmo-mereotopology](base/emmo-mereotopology.owl) introduces the fundamental mereotopological concepts and their relations with the real world objects that they represent that lay the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of topological connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities according to definition of self connectedness, by introducing the *item* and *collection* classes. Quantum mereology is represented by the *quantum* class. Connectivity is related to the concept of phisical causality. +The [physical](top/physical.owl) module, defines the *Physical* objects and the concept of *Void* that plays a fundamental role in the description of multiscale objects and quantum systems. It also define the *Elementary* class, that restricts mereological atomism in space. -The [emmo-4d](base/emmo-4d.owl) introduces the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions. +![Figure 1. The EMMO top level.](doc/top.png) -The [emmo-physicals](base/emmo-physicals.owl) introduces the fundamental definitions in order to define the *physical* objects and the concept of *void* that plays a fundamental role in the description of multiscale objects and quantum systems. It also define the *elemetary* object that restricts mereological atomism in space, and refers to the concept of elementary particles coming from the [Standard Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model) of particle physics. +In EMMO, the only univocally defined real world object is the *Item* individual called **Universe** that stands for the universe. Every other real world object is a composition of elementaries up to the most comprehensive object; the **Universe**. Intermediate objects are not univocally defined, but their definition is provided according to some specific philosophical perspectives. This is an expression of reductionism (i.e. objects are made of sub-objects) and epistemological pluralism (i.e. objects are always defined according to the perspective of an interpreter, or a class of interpreters). -### emmo-perspectives -For the EMMO, the only univocally defined real world objects are the *item* individual call **universe** that stands for the Universe and the *quantum* individuals. Every other real world object is a composition in time and space of *quantum* objects up to the most comprehensive object: the **universe**. These intermediate objects are not univocally defined, but their definition is provided according to some specific perspectives. +The *Perspective* class collects the different ways to represent the objects that populate the conceptual region between the elementary and universe levels. -This is an expression of reductionism (i.e. objects are made of sub-objects) and epistemological pluralism (i.e. objects are always defined according to the perspective of an interpreter, or a class of interpreters). -The ontologies collected in the [emmo-perspectives](emmo-perspectives.owl) are different ways to represent the objects that populate the conceptual region between quantum and universe levels. +### Middle Level +The middle level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains. -The [emmo-existent](perspectives/emmo-existent.owl) introduces the fundamental non-transitive parthood relations, called direct parthood, that provides a powerful granularity description of multi scale real world objects. The EMMO can in principle represents the **universe** as a direct rooted tree up to its quantum constituents. +![Figure 2. The EMMO perspectives.](doc/perspectives.png) -The [emmo-impression](perspectives/emmo-impression.owl) introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the EMMO user, by means of a recognizable pattern in space or time that impress the user. Under this class the EMMO categorize e.g. formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics, sounds. Impressions can be used in a semiotic process as signs. +The *Reductionistic* perspective class uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real world objects. The EMMO can in principle represents the **Universe** with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents. -The [emmo-processsual](perspectives/emmo-processual.owl) introduces the concept of real world objects that unfold in time in a way that has a meaning for the EMMO user, through the definition of the classes *process* and *participant*. +The *Holistic* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that unfold in time in a way that has a meaning for the EMMO user, through the definition of the classes *Process* and *Participant*. -The [emmo-semiotics](perspectives/emmo-semiotics.owl) introduces the concept of semiotic process that is used in the EMMO to represent e.g. models, formal languages, theories, information, properties. +The *Phenomenic* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that express of a recognisable pattern in space or time that impress the user. Under this class the EMMO categorises e.g. formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs. -### domains -The domains ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO under specific application domains. Up to now the EMMO includes -[graphical](domains/emmo-graphical.owl), -[geometry](domains/emmo-geometry.owl), -[material](domains/emmo-material.owl), -[math](domains/emmo-math.owl), -[models](domains/emmo-models.owl), -[properties](domains/emmo-properties.owl), -[physical properties](domains/emmo-physical-properties.owl) and -[usercase](domains/emmo-usercase.owl). +The *Physics* perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the under applied physics perspective. + +The [semiotics](top/semiotics.owl) module introduces the concepts of semiotics and the *Semiosis* process that has a *Sign*, an *Object* and an *Interpreter* as participants. This forms the basis in EMMO to represent e.g. models, formal languages, theories, information and properties. + +![Figure 3. The semiotic level.](doc/semiotics.png) ### EMMO relations -All EMMO relations are subrelations of two roots relations: mereotopology and semiosis. The relation hierarchy extends more vertically (i.e. subrelations) than horizontally (i.e. sibling realtions), facilitating the categorization and inferencing of individual. +All EMMO relations are subrelations of the relations found in the two roots: *mereotopological* and *semiotical*. The relation hierarchy extends more vertically (i.e. more subrelations) than horizontally (i.e. less sibling relations), facilitating the categorisation and inferencing of individuals. -## Repository Description -You can find the EMMO ontology at http://emmo.info/emmo.owl +Imposing all relations to fall under mereotopology or semiotics is how the EMMO force the developers to respect its perspectives. Two entities are related only by contact or parthood (mereotopology) or by standing one for another (semiosis): no other types of relation are possible within the EMMO. -The basic structure of the EMMO is declared in the [base](base) subfolder, and collected by the [emmo-base](emmo-base.owl) ontology. -The main perspectives used by the EMMO for real world objects representation are declared in the [perspectives](perspectives) subfolder, and collected by the [emmo-perspectives](emmo-perspectives.owl) ontology. +## Repository Description +You can find the EMMO ontology at [http://emmo.info/emmo](http://emmo.info/emmo). The basic structure of the EMMO is collected by the [top](top.owl) ontology. -The root classes of the domains that are actually addressed by the EMMO (and in development by several H2020 projects initiatives) are declared in the [domains](domains) subfolder, and collected by the [emmo](emmo.owl) ontology. +The overall middle level ontoloiges are collected by the [emmo](emmo.owl) ontology. The OWL2-DL sources are available in RDF/XML format. + ## How To Use It -In order to be able to view and navigate the EMMO ontology we recommend to download the Protégé editor at https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege +In order to be able to view and navigate the EMMO ontology we recommend to download the Protégé editor from [https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege](https://protege.stanford.edu/products.php#desktop-protege). -The fastest way to access the EMMO is to open the ontology via Protégé via the menu under *File -> Open from URL...* and copy the URL http://emmo.info/emmo.owl: Protégé will automatically download all the necessary dependencies. +The fastest way to access the EMMO is to open the ontology via Protégé via the menu under *File -> Open from URL...* and copy the URL [http://emmo.info/emmo](http://emmo.info/emmo): Protégé will automatically download all the necessary dependencies. The EMMO hierarchy will be visible only after reasoning inference: use *ctrl-R* to start the reasoner and under the *Entities* tab, select the *Classes* subtab and *Inferred* in the scroll button. It is recommended to use FaCT++ as reasoner. You can select it through the menu *Reasoner*. An instruction for how to install the FaCT++ plugin on Protege 5.5.0 on Windows can be found in the [doc subdirectory](doc/installing_factplusplus.md). + +--- + ## Contacts: Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) @@ -86,3 +85,4 @@ This work is conducted under the framework of the [SimDOME](https://simdome.eu) This work was conducted under the framework of the [EMMC-CSA](https://emmc.info) project (2016-2019), that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement n. 723867 This work was conducted using the Protégé resource, which is supported by grant GM10331601 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the United States National Institutes of Health. + diff --git a/base/catalog-v001.xml b/base/catalog-v001.xml deleted file mode 100644 index ba881a36..00000000 --- a/base/catalog-v001.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - diff --git a/base/emmo-4d.owl b/base/emmo-4d.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 457f952d..00000000 --- a/base/emmo-4d.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,93 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time through a portion of the lifetime whole. - has_spatio-temporal_part - - - - - - - - - - - - A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time within the lifetime of the whole, without covering the full spatial extension of the 4D whole (i.e. is not a temporal part). - has_spatial_part - - - - - - - - - - - - A relation that isolate a proper part that covers the total spatial extension of a whole within a time interval. - has_temporal_part - - - - - - - diff --git a/base/emmo-annotations.owl b/base/emmo-annotations.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 6b0803b6..00000000 --- a/base/emmo-annotations.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,97 +0,0 @@ - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - license - - - - - - - - - definition - - - - - - - - - elucidation - - - - - - - - - example - - - - - - - - - author - - - - - - - - - diff --git a/base/emmo-mereotopology.owl b/base/emmo-mereotopology.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 7d521fe0..00000000 --- a/base/emmo-mereotopology.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,326 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc. - mereotopological - - - - - - - - - - - has_part - is_part_of - - - - - - - - - - contacts - - - - - - - - - - disconnected - - - - - - - - - - Causality is a topological property between connected items. - Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them. - connected - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_member - - - - - - - - - - Enclosure is reflexive and transitive. - encloses - is_enclosed_by - - - - - - - - - - has_proper_part - is_proper_part_of - - - - - - - - - - overcrosses - - - - - - - - - - overlaps - - - - - - - - - - - emmo_relation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The class of all individuals that stands for a real world not self-connected object. - A 'collection' individual is a sign that stands for a non-self-connected real world object. - -A 'collection' individual is related to each 'item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation. - -An 'item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components). - Formally, 'collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that 'has_member' some 'item'. - -A 'collection' cannot have as member another 'collection'. - From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’. - e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion. - collection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'emmo' that can't be further divided in time nor in space. - For a physics based ontology, like the EMMO, the 'quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s). - -For a manpower management ontology, a 'quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity. - A 'quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'item', since we consider it as the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world object. - -The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. - A 'quantum' stands for a 4D real world object. - A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity. - -To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology. - From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900. - quantum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology that stand for real world objects. - 'emmo' is the disjoint union of 'item' and 'collection' (covering axiom). - -The union implies that 'emmo' individuals can only be 'item' individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or 'collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items). - -Disjointness means that a 'collection' individual cannot be an 'item' individual and viceversa, meaning that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time. - For the EMMO the whole universe is represented at meta-ontological level (i.e. the representational level that includes the ontologist, the ontology and the universe) as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime). - -Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions for the EMMO concepts at interpreter's level. - -A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe. - -A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at the meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real object. - -The fundamental distinction between real world objects upon which the EMMO is based in self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected. - In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach. - Parthood relations does not change dimensionality of an 'emmo' individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality. - -The smallest part is a 'quantum', that has no proper parts. - -It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D do not exist (e.g. surfaces, lines). - emmo - - - - - - - - A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive). - -Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected. - An 'item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components). - -In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality. - -All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are always represented by 'item'-s. - -Members of a 'collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole. - From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover". - item - - - - - - - - - - - - - - universe - - - - - - - diff --git a/base/emmo-physical.owl b/base/emmo-physical.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 011e61fc..00000000 --- a/base/emmo-physical.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,202 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The basic constituent of 'item'-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level. - According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible). - -Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology. - -However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it 'elementary', recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model. - While a 'quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle. - elementary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'item' that has no 'physical' parts. - From Latin vacuus, “empty”. - void - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'item' that is an 'elementary' or has some 'elementary' as proper parts and whose temporal proper parts are only 'physical'-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time). - A 'physical' is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the interpreter. - -Perception is a subcategory of interaction. - -A physical must be perceived through physical interaction by the ontologist. Then the ontologist can declare an individual standing for the physical object just perceived. - A 'physical' must include at least an 'elementary' part, but can also include void parts. - -A 'physical' may include as part also the 'void' surrounding or enclosed by its 'physical' sub parts. - -There are no particular criteria for 'physical'-s structure, except that is made of some 'elementary'-s as proper parts and not only 'void'. - -This is done in order to: -a) take into account the quantum nature of physical systems, in which the actual position of sub-components (e.g. electrons in an atom) is not known except for its probability distribution function (according to the Copenhagen interpretation.) -b) take into account the fact that large entities (e.g. devices, cars, materials) have some void into them. - -e.g. a 'spacetime' that has spatial parts an atom and a cubic light year of 'void' extending for some time can be a 'physical' individual. - A 'physical' with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent 'emmo' class. - -It follows from the fact that perception is always a process (e.g. it unfolds in time). - -e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement. - From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”). - -Here the word relates to things perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete. - In the EMMO there are no relations such as 'occupies_space', since 'physical'-s are themselves the 4D region. - The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as 'physical'-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models. - -Classical mechanics poses no representational issues, for the EMMO: the 4D representation of 'physical'-s is consistent with classical physics systems. - -However, the representation of 'physical'-s that are typically analized through quantum mechanics (e.g. molecules, atoms, clusters), is not straightforward. - -1) De Broglie - Bohm interpretation -The most simple approach is to rely on Bohmian mechanics, in which each particle is supposed to exists in a specific position between measurements (hidden variables approach), while its trajectory is calculated using a Guiding Equation based on a quantum field calculated with the Schroedinger Equation. - -While this approach is really easy to implement in an ontology, since each entity has its own well defined 4D region, its mathematical representation failed to receive large consensus due to the difficulties to include relativistic effects, to be extended to subnuclear scale and the strong non-locality assumtpion of the quantum field. - -Nevertheless, the Bohmian mechanics is a numerical approach that is used in electronic models to reduce the computational effort of the solution of Schroedinger Equation. - -In practice, an EMMO user can declare a 'physical' individual that stand for the whole quantum system to be described, and at the same time all sub-parts individuals can be declared, having them a well defined position in time, according to De Broglie - Bohm interpretation. The Hamiltonian can be calculated by considering the sub-part individuals. - -'physical'-s are then made of 'physical' parts and 'void' parts that stand for the space between 'physical'-s (e.g. the void between electrons and nucleus in an atom). - -2) Copenhagen interpretation -In this interpretation the properties (e.g. energy level, position, spin) of a particle are not defined in the interval between two measurements and the quantum system is entangled (i.e. properties of particles in the sysyem are correlated) and described by a global wavefunction obtained solving the Schroedinger Equation. - -Upon measurement, the wavefunction collapses to a combination of close eigenstates that provide information about bservables of the system components (e.g. position, energy). - -The EMMO can be used to represent 'physical'-s that can be related to Copenhagen based models. In practice, the user should follow these steps: - -a) define the quantum system as a 'physical' individual (e.g. an H2 molecule) under a specific class (e.g. 'h2_molecule'). This individual is the whole. - -b) define the axioms of the class that describe how many sub-parts are expected for the whole and their class types (e.g. 'h2_molecule' has axioms 'has_proper_part exactly 2 electron' and 'has_proper_part exactly 2 nucleus) - -c) the user can now connect the whole to a Schroedinger equation based model whose Hamiltonian is calculated trough the information coming only from the axioms. No individuals are declared for the subparts! - -d) a measurement done on the quantum system that provides information on the sub-part observables is interpreted as wavefunction collapse and leads to the end of the whole and the declaration of the sub-parts individuals which can be themselves other quantum systems - -e.g. if the outer electron of the H2 molecule interacts with another entity defining its state, then the whole that stands for the entangled H2 molecule becomes a 'physical' made of an electron individual, a quantum system made of one electron and two nuclei and the void between them. - -e.g. in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation the user represent the atom by un-entangling nucleus and electronic cloud. The un-entanglement comes in the form of declaration of individual as parts. - -e.g. the double slit experiment can be represent in the EMMO as: -a) before the slit: a 'physical' that extend in space and has parts 'electron' and 'void', called 'single_electron_wave_function'. 'electron' and 'void' are only in the axioms and not decalred individuals. -b) during slit passage: a 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'. -c) after the slit: again 'single_electron_wave_function' -d) upon collision with the detector: 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'. - The purpose of the 'physical' branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the 'semiotic' branch. - -More than one model can be connected to the same 'physical'. - -e.g. Navier-Stokes or Euler equation applied to the same fluid - physical - - - - - - - diff --git a/catalog-v001.xml b/catalog-v001.xml index ffd69aba..87ee7451 100644 --- a/catalog-v001.xml +++ b/catalog-v001.xml @@ -1,43 +1,23 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/doc/emmo-base.png b/doc/emmo-base.png deleted file mode 100644 index 83fb3378..00000000 Binary files a/doc/emmo-base.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/doc/emmo-perspecives.png b/doc/emmo-perspecives.png deleted file mode 100644 index 77945671..00000000 Binary files a/doc/emmo-perspecives.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/doc/emmo.png b/doc/emmo.png deleted file mode 100644 index b6a73338..00000000 Binary files a/doc/emmo.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/doc/installing_factplusplus.md b/doc/installing_factplusplus.md index f829d3aa..f4511c4a 100644 --- a/doc/installing_factplusplus.md +++ b/doc/installing_factplusplus.md @@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ Fortunately a solution has been posted on http://protege-project.136.n4.nabble.c Instructions ------------ -0. Ensure that "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio" is installed. -1. Download [OpenJDK](https://jdk.java.net/13/) and extract the zip file. -2. Download the [FaCT++ plugin](https://bitbucket.org/dtsarkov/factplusplus/downloads/uk.ac.manchester.cs.owl.factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5.jar) and save it in the Protégé plugin directory. -3. Download the [fix](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/jpi-seb/12627bba6509a85a9c75afd262e78469/raw/28016a4b292c94549623c71dff4028cbea274a29/factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5-manifest-fix-win10.txt) to the same directory. -4. Open a command window in the plugin directory and run +1. Ensure that "Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio" is installed. +2. Download [OpenJDK](https://jdk.java.net/13/) and extract the zip file. +3. Download the [FaCT++ plugin](https://bitbucket.org/dtsarkov/factplusplus/downloads/uk.ac.manchester.cs.owl.factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5.jar) and save it in the Protégé plugin directory. +4. Download the [fix](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/jpi-seb/12627bba6509a85a9c75afd262e78469/raw/28016a4b292c94549623c71dff4028cbea274a29/factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5-manifest-fix-win10.txt) to the same directory. +5. Open a command window in the plugin directory and run ```Shell Session /path/to/jdk-13.0.1/bin/jar umf factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5-manifest-fix-win10.txt uk.ac.manchester.cs.owl.factplusplus-P5.x-v1.6.5.jar ``` -5. Open Protégé and check that FaCT++ can be found under the Reasoner menu. +6. Open Protégé and check that FaCT++ can be found under the Reasoner menu. diff --git a/doc/make_graphs.py b/doc/make_graphs.py new file mode 100755 index 00000000..007e3c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/make_graphs.py @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# +# This Python script generates the graphs in this directory from the +# EMMO owl sources using EMMO-python. +import sys +import os + +from emmo import get_ontology +from emmo.graph import OntoGraph +from emmo.graph import (plot_modules, get_module_dependencies, + check_module_dependencies) + + +# Default inferred ontology +emmo = get_ontology() +emmo.load() + + +# Visualise some core parts of EMMO +g = OntoGraph(emmo, emmo.EMMO, leafs=[emmo.Perspective, emmo.Elementary], + relations='all', edgelabels=False) +g.add_legend() +g.save('top.png') + + +leafs = set() +for s in emmo.Perspective.subclasses(): + leafs.update(s.subclasses()) +g = OntoGraph(emmo, emmo.Perspective, leafs=leafs, parents=1, + relations='all', edgelabels=False) +g.add_legend() +g.save('perspectives.png') + + +leafs = {emmo.Interpreter, emmo.Conventional, emmo.Icon, emmo.Observation, + emmo.Object} +exclude = {emmo.SIUnitSymbol, emmo.SpecialUnit, emmo.Manufacturing, + emmo.Engineered, emmo.PhysicalPhenomenon} +g = OntoGraph(emmo) +g.add_branch(emmo.Holistic, leafs=leafs, exclude=exclude, + relations='all', edgelabels=False) +g.add_legend() +g.save('semiotics.png') + + +# Visualise module dependencies (requires that we load the non-inferred +# ontology) +iri = 'http://emmo.info/emmo/1.0.0-alpha' +onto = get_ontology(iri) +onto.load() + +modules = get_module_dependencies(onto) +plot_modules(iri, filename='modules.png', modules=modules) +check_module_dependencies(modules) diff --git a/doc/modules.png b/doc/modules.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..856e1ca4 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/modules.png differ diff --git a/doc/perspectives.png b/doc/perspectives.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8eee9e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/perspectives.png differ diff --git a/doc/semiotics.png b/doc/semiotics.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..96de549b Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/semiotics.png differ diff --git a/doc/top.png b/doc/top.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d743cb50 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/top.png differ diff --git a/domains/catalog-v001.xml b/domains/catalog-v001.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 5ab55ff8..00000000 --- a/domains/catalog-v001.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-geometry.owl b/domains/emmo-geometry.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 1e12fb64..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-geometry.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,192 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0-manifold - - - - - - - - - 1-manifold - - - - - - - - - curve - - - - - - - - - plane - - - - - - - - - point - - - - - - - - - line - - - - - - - - - 3-manifold - - - - - - - - - euclidean space - - - - - - - - - torus - - - - - - - - - 2-manifold - - - - - - - - - circle - - - - - - - - - A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept. - A 'geometrical' stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept in many ways. - -For example, a line can be expressed by: -- an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' -- a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object -- a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' - geometrical - - - - - - - - - sphere - - - - - - - - A 'graphical' object is not necessarily a 'sign'. - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-graphical.owl b/domains/emmo-graphical.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 63658732..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-graphical.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,132 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'physical' that stands for a symbolic object, i.e. a string of symbols from a specific alphabet. - fe@è0 -emmo -!5*a -cat - A 'symbol' or a composition of 'symbol'-s not necesarily respecting syntactic rules. - In formal languages it is called a string of symbols. - symbolic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A composition of more than one 'symbol'-s respecting a specific language syntactic rules (well-formed formula). - The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. - -In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). - -If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat. - In formal languages the terms word or well-formed formula are used with the same meaning. - formula - - - - - - - - - The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet). - The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark. - Subclasses of 'symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. - Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). - -Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. -(Wikipedia) - The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea. - symbol - - - - - - - - - An 'impression' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer. - 'graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ... - From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve. - graphical - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-material.owl b/domains/emmo-material.owl deleted file mode 100644 index c720ceff..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-material.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,466 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'spacetime' that stands for a quantum system made of electrons. - electron cloud - - - - - - - - - mesoscopic - - - - - - - - photon - - - - - - - - - - - - - An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms. - A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing. - standalone atom - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons. - H20, C6H12O6, CH4 - An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. - -An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class. - This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. - -Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. - -e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant). - molecule - - - - - - - - - - - - massive - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vacuum - - - - - - - - - An 'existent' that stands for a real world object that represents an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) that constitute (is part of) a more comprehensive real world object. - The definition states that a 'material' is a portion of a real world object, being that a full functional device or component, or a sample made of that material (or the sample itself). - material - - - - - - - - A standalone atom that has no net charge. - neutral atom - - - - - - - - - - - - - nucleon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'physical' that possesses some 'massive' parts. - matter - - - - - - - - - atomic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'physical' with 'massless' parts that are mediators of interactions. - field - - - - - - - - quark - - - - - - - - - subatomic - - - - - - - - gluon - - - - - - - - electron - - - - - - - - - An electronic bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom_based entity of which is part of. - A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. - -In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons. - The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic. - This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule. - e-bonded atom - - - - - - - - - A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure. - Gas, liquid, plasma, - fluid - - - - - - - - - A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: -- it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts -- the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1 - A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant. - A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). - -A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe. - A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity. - continuum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - proton - - - - - - - - - A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined. - solid - - - - - - - - A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number. - The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing, - ion atom - - - - - - - - - - - - - - neutron - - - - - - - - - - - - - massless - - - - - - - - graviton - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. - -An O 'atom' within an O2 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. - -In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. - -We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus. - An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons. - atom - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - nucleus - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-math.owl b/domains/emmo-math.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 50e7cb2d..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-math.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,195 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_variable - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'symbol' that is part of standard mathematical formalism. - math symbol - - - - - - - - - number - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'variable' is a 'symbol' that stands for a numerical defined 'mathematical' entity like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix. - variable - - - - - - - - - The class of general mathematical symbols. - mathematical - - - - - - - - - A 'varaible' that stand for a well known constant. - pi = 3.14 - constant - - - - - - - - - Viscosity, the total energy of the system given by an Hamiltonian, the force between two atoms. - A 'variable' whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation. - parameter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a mathematical expression that puts in relation some variables and that can always be represented as: - -f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) - -where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables. - -e.g. - -x^2 +3x = 5x - -dv/dt = a - -sin(x) = y - equation - - - - - - - - - The dependent variable for which an equation has been written. - Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation. - unknown - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-models.owl b/domains/emmo-models.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 4d6b83e8..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-models.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,325 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment. - experiment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities. - The Newton's equation of motion. - -The Schrodinger equation. - -The Navier-Stokes equation. - physics equation - - - - - - - - - physical phenomenon - - - - - - - - - continuum model - - - - - - - - - mesoscopic model - - - - - - - - - The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter. - theorization - - - - - - - - - electronic model - - - - - - - - - atomistic model - - - - - - - - - A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'. - The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. - -It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. - -In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument - theory - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'sign' that not only stands for a 'physical' or a 'process', but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour. - -A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' by direct similitude (e.g. small scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g. mathematical model). - A 'model' prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception. - model - - - - - - - - - physical law - - - - - - - - - A computational model that uses data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system. - data based model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations. - physics based model - - - - - - - - - natural law - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables). - The Lennard-Jones potential. - -A force field. - -An Hamiltonian. - A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities. - material relation - - - - - - - - - material law - - - - - - - - - - mathematical model - - - - - - - - In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional. - - - - - - - - Three subtypes of icon are possible: - -(a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) - -(b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) - -(c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else - -[Wikipedia] - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-physical-properties.owl b/domains/emmo-physical-properties.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 1a3640fa..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-physical-properties.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A "symbolic" entity that is made of a 'number' and a 'measurement_unit'. - -By definition it also stands for the result of a measurement process, and so it is also a 'sign'. - Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. - -Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions. - physical quantity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference. - measurement - - - - - - - - - An 'objective_property' that cannot be quantified. - CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered - qualitative property - - - - - - - - - A 'quantitative_property' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law. - -Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'measurement_unit'. - measurement unit - - - - - - - - - descriptive property - - - - - - - - - - A 'property' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process. - quantitative property - - - - - - - - - measurement instrument - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-properties.owl b/domains/emmo-properties.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 511de9ac..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-properties.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,201 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_property - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'semiosis' that involves an 'observer' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception. - observation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception. - observer - - - - - - - - A 'property' that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box. - The beauty of that girl. -The style of your clothing. - The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property. - -This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. - -A 'subjective_property' cannot be used to univocally compare 'object'-s. - -e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis. - subjective property - - - - - - - - A 'property' that is determined by each 'observer' following a well defined 'observation' procedure through a specific perception channel. - The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. - objective property - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'sign' that stands for an 'object' that the 'interpreter' perceived through a well defined 'observation' process. - -(a property is always a partial representation of an 'object' since it reflects the 'object' capability to be part of a specific 'observation' process) - Hardness is a subclass of properties. - -Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test. - Let's define the class 'colour' as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer. - -An individual C of this class 'colour' can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) - -Stating that an entity E has_property C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). - -This definition can be generalized by using a generic human eye, so that the observer can be a generic human. - -This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type. - We know real world entities through observation/perception. - -A non-perceivable real world entity does not exist (or it exists on a plane of existance that has no intersection with us and we can say nothing about it). - -Perception/observation of a real wolrd entity occurs when the entity stimulate an observer in a peculiar way through a well defined perception channel. - -For this reason each property is related to a specific observation process which involves a specific observer with its own perception mechanisms. - -The observation process (e.g. a look, a photo shot, a measurement) is performed by an observer (e.g. you, a camera, an instrument) through a specific perception mechanism (e.g. retina impression, CMOS excitation, piezoelectric sensor activation) and involves an observed entity. - -An observation is a semiotic process, since it stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who can communicate the perception result to other interpreters through a sign which is the property. - -Property subclasses are specializations that depend on the type of observation processes. - -e.g. the property 'colour' is related to a process that involves emission or interaction of photon and an observer who can perceive electromagnetic radiation in the visible frequency range. - -Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette or RGB). - property - - - - - - - diff --git a/domains/emmo-usercase.owl b/domains/emmo-usercase.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 414a0a3b..00000000 --- a/domains/emmo-usercase.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,93 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - component - - - - - - - - - An 'existent' that is a parthood composition of 'state' individuals for a particular purpose. - While the 'state' branch describes single simple entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, nanoparticles), the 'engineered_entity' branch describe entities that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use. - -Classes in this branch are primitive. - -e.g. car, tire, composite material. - engineered entity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - system - - - - - - - diff --git a/emmo-base.owl b/emmo-base.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 67684909..00000000 --- a/emmo-base.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,44 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - diff --git a/emmo-inferred.owl b/emmo-inferred.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f3de793a --- /dev/null +++ b/emmo-inferred.owl @@ -0,0 +1,21032 @@ + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + URL to corresponing entity in QUDT. + qudtMatch + http://www.qudt.org/2.1/catalog/qudt-catalog.html + + + + + + + + altLabel + + + + + + + + license + + + + + + + + URL to corresponding concept in DBpedia. + dbpediaMatch + https://wiki.dbpedia.org/ + + + + + + + + definition + + + + + + + + elucidation + + + + + + + + example + + + + + + + + URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry. + wikipediaEntry + https://www.wikipedia.org/ + + + + + + + + author + + + + + + + + DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC + iupacDoi + https://goldbook.iupac.org/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The relation between a process and an object participating to it. + Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it. + Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters. + hasParticipant + + + + + + + + + + hasProperParticipant + + + + + + + + + + + hasVariable + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood. + hasReferenceUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood. + hasQuantityValue + + + + + + + + + + hasPhysicsDimension + + + + + + + + + hasModel + + + + + + + + + + + hasProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasTemporalDirectPart + + + + + + + + + + + + hasSpatioTemporalDirectPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasSpatialDirectPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The superclass of all EMMO mereotopological relations. + Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc. + mereotopological + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasContactWith + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + disconnected + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Causality is a topological property between connected items. + Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them. + connected + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasMember + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Enclosure is reflexive and transitive. + encloses + + + + + + + + + + hasProperPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + overcrosses + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasOverlapWith + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The superclass of all relations used by the EMMO. + EMMORelation + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time through a portion of the lifetime whole. + hasSpatioTemporalPart + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation that isolate a proper part that covers the total spatial extension of a whole within a time interval. + hasTemporalPart + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time within the overall lifetime of the whole, without covering the full spatial extension of the 4D whole (i.e. is not a temporal part). + hasSpatialPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The generic EMMO semiotical relation. + semiotical + + + + + + + + + + hasIndex + + + + + + + + + + hasIcon + + + + + + + + + + + hasSign + + + + + + + + + + hasInterpretant + + + + + + + + + + hasConvention + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasNumericalData + + + + + + + + + + + hasSymbolData + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A union of classes that categorize physicals under a holistic perspective, meaning that the interest is on the whole 4D object (process) and the role of its spatial parts (participants) without going further into its subparts. + An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy, assigning a role to the whole. + +Meaning that a molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ. + +This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule). + Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") + Holistic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A temporal part of a 'physical' that identifies a particular type of evolution in time. + A 'Process' is always a 'Physical', since a 'Void' does not have elements that evolves in time. + A 'Process' is defined as a temporal part of a 'Physical' that is categorized according to an EMMO user that recognizes a particular type of evolution in time of the real world object. + +Following the common definition of process, every 'Physical' should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension. + +However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to 'Physical'-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist. + +A 'Process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something that has a meaning for the ontologist, i.e. that the ontologist can separate from the rest of the 4D physical for any reason. + Process + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A portion of a 'Process' that participates to the process with a specific role. + In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. + +Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it. + Participant + + + + + + + + + + + T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + TimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ElectricInductance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Inductance + A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076 + Inductance + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Power_(physics) + Rate of transfer of energy per unit time. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792 + Power + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + LuminousIntensityDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Charge + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_charge + The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923 + ElectricCharge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities + ISQBaseQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Force + Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480 + Force + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). + ISQDerivedQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy + A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101 + Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work. + Energy + + + + + + + + + + + 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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Resistance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance + Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936 + Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'. + ElectricResistance + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MassPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass + Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709 + Mass + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Quantities declared under the ISO 8000. + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities + InternationalSystemOfQuantity + https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en:sec:3.1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Angle + Ratio of circular arc length to radius. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346 + Angle + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Conductance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance + Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925 + Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'. + ElectricConductance + + + + + + + + + + + Component + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'physical' that stands for a real world object that has been manufacturedfor a particular purpose. + Car, tire, composite material. + The 'Engineered' branch represents real world objects that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use. + Engineered + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Manufacturing + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + System + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'spacetime' that stands for a quantum system made of electrons. + ElectronCloud + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A union of the four base classes for the classification of materials according to the DG-RTD Review of Materials Modelling. + MaterialState + https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0845ae1-1b60-11e7-aeb3-01aa75ed71a1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms. + A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing. + StandaloneAtom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons. + H20, C6H12O6, CH4 + An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. + +An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class. + This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. + +Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. + +e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant). + Molecule + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A standalone atom that has no net charge. + NeutralAtom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nucleon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Subatomic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of. + A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. + +In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons. + The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic. + This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule. + BondedAtom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure. + Gas, liquid, plasma, + Fluid + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: +- it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts +- the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1 + A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant. + A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). + +A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe. + A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity. + Continuum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Proton + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined. + Solid + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number. + The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing, + IonAtom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Neutron + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. + +An O 'atom' within an O2 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. + +In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. + +We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus. + An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons. + Atom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nucleus + + + + + + + + + + + Vector + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions. + f(x) > 0 + Inequality + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Real + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Variable' is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined 'Mathematical' object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix. + x +k + Variable + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A numerical data value. + A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers). + +A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue. + Number + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations). + Numerical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Boolean + + + + + + + + + + + The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules. + Mathematical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MathematicalSymbol + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ArithmeticOperator + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A mathematica string that can be evaluated as true or false. + Formula + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2+2 + ArithmeticExpression + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'varaible' that stand for a well known constant. + π refers to the constant number ~3.14 + Constant + + + + + + + + + + + viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation + A 'variable' whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation. + Parameter + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions. + 2+3 = 5 +x^2 +3x = 5x +dv/dt = a +sin(x) = y + An equation with variables can always be represented as: + +f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) + +where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables. + Equation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Integer + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules. + Expression + + + + + + + + + + + The dependent variable for which an equation has been written. + Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation. + Unknown + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Number' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model. + In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. +ISO 80000-1 + Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. + +Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions. + Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. + +For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. + +However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. + +For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. + +As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m). + — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, +— quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and +— quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. +ISO 80000-1 + PhysicalQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities. + DerivedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). + +For this reason we can't declare the axiom: +ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity +because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. + +This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics). + ReferenceUnit + + + + + + + + + + + μ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + μ + GreekSmallLetterMu + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + LatinCapitalLetterA + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbol that stands for a single unit. + Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J". + UnitSymbol + + + + + + + + + + + µ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + µ + MicroUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit. + Pa stands for N/m2 +J stands for N m + Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects. + SpecialUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty. + MeasuredConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000. + MetrologicalSymbol + + + + + + + + + + + A unit that does not belong to any system of units. + eV +barn + OffSystemUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS + Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units. + Refractive index or volume fraction. + Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out. + UnitOne + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MultipleUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system". + DerivedQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix. + MetricPrefix + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part. + NonPrefixedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty. + ExactConstant + + + + + + + + + + + A symbolic object used in metrology. + This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts. + Metrological + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit. + All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities. +In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, + +dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η + +where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. +(SI brochure) + The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q. +ISO 80000-1 + The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this: + +Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg + +where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers. + +Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is: +^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ + +Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are: +mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 +s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 +A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0 + PhysicsDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + SubMultipleUnit + + + + + + + + + + + m + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m + LatinSmallLetterM + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" +ISO 80000-1 + BaseQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + A reference unit provided by a reference material. +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l + StandardUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law. + +The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear. + +Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'. + "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" +ISO 80000-1 + "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." + +"Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." + +https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf + While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'. + +SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'. + +So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'. + MeasurementUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants + Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. + +With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019. + PhysicalConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + Hardness +Resilience + "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + OrdinalQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol. + PrefixedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure. + Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg) + ProcedureUnit + + + + + + + + + + + a + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + a + LatinSmallLetterA + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units. + BaseUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + UTF8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + U+0020 + Space + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit). + 6.8 m +0.9 km +8 K +6 MeV +43.5 HRC(150 kg) + A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object. + +However, a quantitative property is always a quantity. + Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). + +The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'. + +So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. + +While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'. + Quantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment. + Experiment + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities. + The Newton's equation of motion. + +The Schrodinger equation. + +The Navier-Stokes equation. + PhysicsEquation + + + + + + + + + + + A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly. + While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomena relevant for the ontologist. + PhysicalPhenomenon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume. + ContinuumModel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle. + MesoscopicModel + + + + + + + + + + + + The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter. + Theorization + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons. + Density functional theory. +Hartree-Fock. + ElectronicModel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms. + AtomisticModel + + + + + + + + + + + A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'. + The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. + +It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. + +In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument + Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'sign' that not only stands for a 'physical' or a 'process', but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour. + +A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' by direct similitude (e.g. small scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g. mathematical model). + A 'model' prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception. + Model + + + + + + + + + + + PhysicalLaw + + + + + + + + + + + A computational model that uses data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system. + DataBasedModel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations. + PhysicsBasedModel + + + + + + + + + + + NaturalLaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables). + The Lennard-Jones potential. + +A force field. + +An Hamiltonian. + A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities. + MaterialRelation + + + + + + + + + + + MaterialLaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. + +Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968 + MathematicalModel + + + + + + + + + + + An 'Graphical' that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules. + fe780 +emmo +!5*a +cat + Symbolic + + + + + + + + + + + 0-manifold + + + + + + + + + + + 1-manifold + + + + + + + + + + + A 'acoustical' that can be categorized as music by the ontologist. + A music score is not a 'music' individual. + +A music score is a 'graphical' that can stand for a 'music' (or vice versa) since it comes through a different perception mechanism. + +The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered by a source in the form of sound wave through a medium. + Music + + + + + + + + + + + Curve + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language. + A drawing of a cat. +A circle on a paper sheet. +The Mona Lisa. + Pictorial + + + + + + + + + + + Plane + + + + + + + + + + + Point + + + + + + + + + + + Line + + + + + + + + + + + 3-manifold + + + + + + + + + + + An 'impression' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound. + 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear. + Acoustical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged. + The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. + +In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). + +If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat. + A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list). + A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols. + String + + + + + + + + + + + EuclideanSpace + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' which stands for a real world object that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression, the excitation of a sensor) to an interpreter (human or non-human). + A line scratched on a surface. +A sound. +A smell. +The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical). + The meta-semiotic process: +I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Impression' class. This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world. + +The semiotic process within EMMO: +My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". +I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: + - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes + - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical impression individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Impression' + - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class + - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. + 'Perceptual' includes real world objects that: +- are part of a communication system (e.g. words, speech, alphabets) +- are not part of a communication system, but can be identified and referred by an interpreter + A 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a meta-semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO. + +A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist through the EMMO. + From Latin perceptiō (“a receiving or collecting, perception, comprehension”), from perceptus (“perceived, observed”). + This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by an interpreter (agent). + +A 'Perceptual' can stand for something else in a semiotic process (acting as sign or as object). + +However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). + Perceptual + + + + + + + + + + + Speech + + + + + + + + + + + Torus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration. + SymbolicComposition + + + + + + + + + + + Noise + + + + + + + + + + + 2-manifold + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet). + The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark. + Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. + +A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. +e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols + +A Symbol may be a String in another language. +e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters. + Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). + +Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. +(Wikipedia) + The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea. + Symbol + + + + + + + + + + + Circle + + + + + + + + + + + A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept. + A 'geometrical' stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept. + +This can be achieved in many different ways. For example, a line can be expressed by: +a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' +b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object +c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' + +The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings. + Geometrical + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Phenomenic' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer. + 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ... + From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve. + Graphical + + + + + + + + + + + Sphere + + + + + + + + + + + A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula). + Language + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles. + Photon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass. + Massive + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' with no 'Massive' parts. + Vacuum + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' that stands for a real world object that represents an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) that constitute (is part of) a more comprehensive real world object. + The definition states that a 'Material' is a portion of a real world object, being that a full functional device or component, or a sample made of that material (or the sample itself). + Material + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' that possesses some 'Massive' parts. + Matter + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' with 'Massless' parts that are mediators of interactions. + The concepts of matter and field for classical physics, upon which we can categorize physical entities, are replaced in quantum physics by the more general concepts of quantum field. + +Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic particles (i.e. photons, gluons), while the class 'Matter' refers to the quantum field of massive fermionic or bosonic particles (e.g. quarks, electrons). + Field + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles. + Quark + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles. + Gluon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles. + Electron + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from physics. + Physicalistic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model. + Only a subset of elementary particles from the Standard Model are here included for the sake of simplicity. + ElementaryParticle + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass. + Massless + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles. + While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles. + +For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields. + Graviton + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception. + Observation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception. + Observer + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Property' that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box. + The beauty of that girl. +The style of your clothing. + The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property. + +This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. + +A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. + +e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis. + SubjectiveProperty + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Property' that is determined by each 'Observer' following a well defined 'Observation' procedure through a specific perception channel. + The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. + This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not. + ObjectiveProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference. + Measurement + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MeasuredQuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + + + An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified. + CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered + +A color is a nominal property. + +Sex of a human being. + "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." + +"A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." + +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + NominalProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Perceptual' referring to a specific code that is used as 'Conventional' sign to represent an 'Object' according to a specific interaction mechanism by an 'Observer'. + +(A property is always a partial representation of an 'Object' since it reflects the 'Object' capability to be part of a specific 'Observation' process) + Hardness is a subclass of properties. + +Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test. + Let's define the class 'colour' as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer. + +An individual C of this class 'colour' can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) + +Stating that an entity E has_property C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). + +This definition can be generalized by using a generic human eye, so that the observer can be a generic human. + +This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type. + A 'Property' is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an observer in the same specific way. + +e.g. "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. + We know real world entities through observation/perception. + +A non-perceivable real world entity does not exist (or it exists on a plane of existance that has no intersection with us and we can say nothing about it). + +Perception/observation of a real wolrd entity occurs when the entity stimulate an observer in a peculiar way through a well defined perception channel. + +For this reason each property is related to a specific observation process which involves a specific observer with its own perception mechanisms. + +The observation process (e.g. a look, a photo shot, a measurement) is performed by an observer (e.g. you, a camera, an instrument) through a specific perception mechanism (e.g. retina impression, CMOS excitation, piezoelectric sensor activation) and involves an observed entity. + +An observation is a semiotic process, since it stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who can communicate the perception result to other interpreters through a sign which is the property. + +Property subclasses are specializations that depend on the type of observation processes. + +e.g. the property 'colour' is related to a process that involves emission or interaction of photon and an observer who can perceive electromagnetic radiation in the visible frequency range. + +Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette or RGB). + Property + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ModelledQuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose. + The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. + +If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. + +Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes. + A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption. + ConventionalQuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Quantity' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process. + "A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference" +ISO 80000-1 + +"A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such." +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object. + +A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers. + +For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units. + Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling). + QuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + MeasurementInstrument + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A class devoted to categorize 'Physical'-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary). + +Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy). + Reductionistic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts. + e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. + +If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin. + Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view. + +A 'State' can always be direct partitioned in 'Elementary'-s and 'Void' or 'Physical'. + +e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts. + The definition of 'State' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a 'State' is constant. + +This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the 'State' direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself. + +There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts of a 'State'. + +The use of spatial direct parthood in 'State' definition means that a 'State' cannot overlap in space another 'State'. + The usefulness of 'State' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'Existent' in terms of series of 'State'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'Physical'. + +A 'State' is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic 'Existent'. + There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state. + +The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole. + State + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts. + 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space). + +'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation. + +This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels. + +e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron. + An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist can provide univocal tessellation in time. + +By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual. + +Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality. + Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'. + +Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s. + ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest). + Existent + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Gy + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAY + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696 + Measurement unit for absorbed dose. + Gray + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-12 + + + + + + + + p + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Pico + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + W + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656 + Measurement unit for power. + Watt + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-1 + + + + + + + + d + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Deci + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one. + m/s +kg/m^3 + This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only. + SICoherentDerivedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_AvogadroConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant + The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + AvogadroConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e1 + + + + + + + + da + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Deka + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e2 + + + + + + + + h + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Hecto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-15 + + + + + + + + f + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Femto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-21 + + + + + + + + z + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Zepto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + K + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K + The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374 + Kelvin + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC + The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513 + Second + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + SIUnitSymbol + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + kat + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAT + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372 + Measurement unit for catalytic activity. + Katal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The base units in the SI system. + SIBaseUnit + https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e12 + + + + + + + + T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tera + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-18 + + + + + + + + a + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Atto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e15 + + + + + + + + P + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Peta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + SIMetricPrefix + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz. + LuminousEfficacy + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge + http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge + The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + ElementaryCharge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ω + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280 + Measurement unit for resistance. + Ohm + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e18 + + + + + + + + E + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Exa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e6 + + + + + + + + M + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mega + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one. + SINonCoherentDerivedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + C + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365 + Measurement unit for electric charge. + Coulomb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units. + SICoherentUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e3 + + + + + + + + k + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kilo + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant + The quantum of action. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685 + PlanckConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M + The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884 + Metre + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + SINonCoherentUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + J + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363 + Measurement unit for energy. + Joule + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + cd + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD + The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787 + Candela + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum + http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light + The speed of light in vacuum. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854 + SpeedOfLightInVacuum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + kg + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM + The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391 + Kilogram + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-6 + + + + + + + + µ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Micro + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + rad + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD + Measure of plane angle. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036 + Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle. + Radian + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-3 + + + + + + + + m + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Milli + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Pa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442 + Measurement unit for pressure. + Pascal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e9 + + + + + + + + G + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Giga + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + F + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARAD + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320 + Measurement unit for electric capacitance. + Farad + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + N + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135 + Measurement unit for force. + Newton + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/T + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283 + Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction. + Tesla + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + °C + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_C + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561 + Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences. + DegreeCelsius + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-2 + + + + + + + + c + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Centi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ + Radioactive decays per second. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624 + Unit for radioactive activity. + Becquerel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + sr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR + Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971 + Steradian + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix. + The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system. + SIPrefixedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lm + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LM + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639 + Measurement unit for luminous flux. + Lumen + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Wb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WB + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666 + Measurement unit for magnetic flux. + Weber + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lx + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUX + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651 + Measurement unit for illuminance. + Lux + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e21 + + + + + + + + Z + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Zetta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A + The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300 + Ampere + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sv + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SV + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658 + Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. + +Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy. + Sievert + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + mol + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL + The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980 + Mole + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-9 + + + + + + + + n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nano + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + V + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634 + Measurement unit for voltage. + Volt + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Hz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZ + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785 + Measurement unit for frequence. + Hertz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e24 + + + + + + + + Y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Yotta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units. + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units + These units are SI coherent by definition. + SISpecialUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Measurement unit for electrical conductance. + Siemens + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units. + SIExactConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-24 + + + + + + + + y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. + HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782 + Measurement unit for electrical inductance. + Henry + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ. + The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes. + SIUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant + A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + BoltzmannConstant + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective. + This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which that only objective categorization is provide by the Universe individual and all the 'Elementary' individuals. + +Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass. + Perspective + + + + + + + + + + + Δ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Laplacian + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2x+3 + An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number) + AlgebricExpression + + + + + + + + + + + Matrix + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Exponent + + + + + + + + + + + Array + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities. + The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. + +The definition of density as mass/volume. + +y = f(x) + DefiningEquation + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Multiplication + + + + + + + + + + + + + + AlgebricOperator + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + Minus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A function defined using functional notation. + y = f(x) + FunctionDefinition + + + + + + + + + + + = + + + + + + + + + + + + + The equals symbol. + Equals + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Plus + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 * x^2 + x + 3 + Polynomial + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 * a - b = c + An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s + AlgebricEquation + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + + + + + Division + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 = 2 + ArithmeticEquation + + + + + + + + + + + ∇ + + + + + + Gradient + + + + + + + + + + + + + MathematicalOperator + + + + + + + + + + + DifferentialOperator + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object. + A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object. + +A 'Collection' individual is related to each 'Item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation. + +An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components). + Formally, 'Collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some 'Item'. + +A 'Collection' cannot have as member another 'Collection'. + From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’. + e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion. + Collection + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of 'EMMO' individuals that stand for real world objects that can't be further divided in time nor in space. + For a physics based ontology the 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s). + +However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a 'Quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity. + A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects. + +The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. + A 'Quantum' stands for a 4D real world object. + A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity. + +To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology. + From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900. + Quantum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects. + 'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom). + +The union implies that 'EMMO' individuals can only be 'Item' individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or 'Collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items). + +Disjointness means that a 'Collection' individual cannot be an 'Item' individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time. + For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime). + +A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe. + +A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an EMMO ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real world object. + +The fundamental distinction between real world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected. + In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach. + Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts. + +Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the real world object referred by an 'EMMO' individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality. + +The smallest part of a real world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is referred in the EMMO by a 'Quantum' individual. + +It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist. + EMMO + + + + + + + + + + + + + A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive). + +Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected. + An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components). + +In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality. + +All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by 'Item'-s. + +Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole. + From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover". + Item + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The basic constituent of 'item'-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level. + According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible). + +Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology. + +However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it 'elementary', recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model. + From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”) + While a 'Quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle. + Elementary + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Item' that has no 'Physical' parts. + From Latin vacuus, “empty”. + Void + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Item' that has part some 'Elementary' and whose temporal proper parts are only 'Physical'-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time). + A 'Physical' is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the ontologist, i.e. physical objects. + +A physical object must be perceived through physical interaction by the ontologist. Then the ontologist can declare an individual standing for the physical object just perceived. + +Perception is a subcategory of physical interactions. It is an interaction that stimulate a representation of the physical object within the ontologist (the agent). + A 'Physical' must include at least an 'Elementary' part, and can include 'Void' parts. + +A 'Physical' may include as part also the 'Void' surrounding or enclosed by its 'Physical' sub parts. + +There are no particular criteria for 'Physical'-s structure, except that is made of some 'Elementary'-s as proper parts and not only 'Void'. + +This is done in order to take into account the quantum nature of physical systems, in which the actual position of sub-components (e.g. electrons in an atom) is not known except for its probability distribution function (according to the Copenhagen interpretation.) + +e.g. a real world object that has spatial parts an atom and a cubic light year of void, extending for some time, can be a physical object. + A 'Physical' with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent 'EMMO' class. + +It follows from the fact that perception is always unfolding in time. + +e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement. + From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”). + +Here the word relates to things perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete. + In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since 'Physical'-s are themselves the 4D regions. + The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as 'Physical'-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models. + +Classical mechanics poses no representational issues, for the EMMO: the 4D representation of 'Physical'-s is consistent with classical physics systems. + +However, the representation of 'Physical'-s that are typically analized through quantum mechanics (e.g. molecules, atoms, clusters), is not straightforward. + +1) De Broglie - Bohm interpretation +The most simple approach is to rely on Bohmian mechanics, in which each particle is supposed to exists in a specific position between measurements (hidden variables approach), while its trajectory is calculated using a Guiding Equation based on a quantum field calculated with the Schroedinger Equation. + +While this approach is really easy to implement in an ontology, since each entity has its own well defined 4D region, its mathematical representation failed to receive large consensus due to the difficulties to include relativistic effects, to be extended to subnuclear scale and the strong non-locality assumtpion of the quantum field. + +Nevertheless, the Bohmian mechanics is a numerical approach that is used in electronic models to reduce the computational effort of the solution of Schroedinger Equation. + +In practice, an EMMO user can declare a 'physical' individual that stand for the whole quantum system to be described, and at the same time all sub-parts individuals can be declared, having them a well defined position in time, according to De Broglie - Bohm interpretation. The Hamiltonian can be calculated by considering the sub-part individuals. + +'physical'-s are then made of 'physical' parts and 'void' parts that stand for the space between 'physical'-s (e.g. the void between electrons and nucleus in an atom). + +2) Copenhagen interpretation +In this interpretation the properties (e.g. energy level, position, spin) of a particle are not defined in the interval between two measurements and the quantum system is entangled (i.e. properties of particles in the sysyem are correlated) and described by a global wavefunction obtained solving the Schroedinger Equation. + +Upon measurement, the wavefunction collapses to a combination of close eigenstates that provide information about bservables of the system components (e.g. position, energy). + +The EMMO can be used to represent 'physical'-s that can be related to Copenhagen based models. In practice, the user should follow these steps: + +a) define the quantum system as a 'physical' individual (e.g. an H2 molecule) under a specific class (e.g. 'h2_molecule'). This individual is the whole. + +b) define the axioms of the class that describe how many sub-parts are expected for the whole and their class types (e.g. 'h2_molecule' has axioms 'has_proper_part exactly 2 electron' and 'has_proper_part exactly 2 nucleus) + +c) the user can now connect the whole to a Schroedinger equation based model whose Hamiltonian is calculated trough the information coming only from the axioms. No individuals are declared for the subparts! + +d) a measurement done on the quantum system that provides information on the sub-part observables is interpreted as wavefunction collapse and leads to the end of the whole and the declaration of the sub-parts individuals which can be themselves other quantum systems + +e.g. if the outer electron of the H2 molecule interacts with another entity defining its state, then the whole that stands for the entangled H2 molecule becomes a 'physical' made of an electron individual, a quantum system made of one electron and two nuclei and the void between them. + +e.g. in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation the user represent the atom by un-entangling nucleus and electronic cloud. The un-entanglement comes in the form of declaration of individual as parts. + +e.g. the double slit experiment can be represent in the EMMO as: +a) before the slit: a 'physical' that extend in space and has parts 'electron' and 'void', called 'single_electron_wave_function'. 'electron' and 'void' are only in the axioms and not decalred individuals. +b) during slit passage: a 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'. +c) after the slit: again 'single_electron_wave_function' +d) upon collision with the detector: 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'. + The purpose of the 'Physical' branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to name, explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the 'Semiotic' branch. + +More than one semiotic representation can be connected to the same 'Physical'. + +e.g. Navier-Stokes or Euler equation applied to the same fluid are an example of mathematical model used to represent a physical object for some specific interpreter. + Physical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'. + Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process + +me -> interpreter +cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) +the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant +"Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign + Semiosis + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'. + Interpreter + + + + + + + + + The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process. + Interpretant + + + + + + + + + A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity. + Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). +My facial expression stands for my emotional status. + Index + + + + + + + + + A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it. + In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional. + Conventional + + + + + + + + + The object, in Peirce semiotics. + Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. + +The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. + +In this way the 'sign'-ed entity become and 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign). + Object + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process. + A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). + +Each of them are 'sign'-s. + +A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. + +The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. + +For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols. + A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. + +A 'Sign' usually have 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). + +Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part. + According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: +- symbols: that stand for an object through convention +- indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity +- icon: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition + Sign + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process. + Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. + +"Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). + +The triadic elements: +- 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) +- 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) +- 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) + +This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object' + Semiotic + + + + + + + + + A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure. + A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person. + +An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity. + Three subtypes of icon are possible: + +(a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) + +(b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) + +(c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else + +[Wikipedia] + Icon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + b + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + a + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Universe + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + 2 + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + + + + + + https://github.com/TechnicalBuildingSystems/Ontologies/blob/master/BasicDataTypeOntology/ontology.ttl + bdoMatch + URL to corresponding concept in the Basic Datatype Ontology (DBO) + + + IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure + omMatch + https://enterpriseintegrationlab.github.io/icity/OM/doc/index-en.html + https://github.com/HajoRijgersberg/OM + + + + + + + diff --git a/emmo-perspectives.owl b/emmo-perspectives.owl deleted file mode 100644 index f48c5766..00000000 --- a/emmo-perspectives.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - diff --git a/emmo.owl b/emmo.owl index f1165ed0..3cafee12 100644 --- a/emmo.owl +++ b/emmo.owl @@ -1,28 +1,32 @@ - - - - - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) + xmlns:annotations="http://emmo.info/emmo/top/annotations#"> + + + + + + + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com @@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisatio The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). The European Materials Modelling Ontology -Version 0.9.10 +Version 1.0.0-alpha diff --git a/middle/catalog-v001.xml b/middle/catalog-v001.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..170f8a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/catalog-v001.xml @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/holistic.owl b/middle/holistic.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ab93a25a --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/holistic.owl @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The relation between a process and an object participating to it. + Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it. + Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters. + hasParticipant + + + + + + + + + + hasProperParticipant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A union of classes that categorize physicals under a holistic perspective, meaning that the interest is on the whole 4D object (process) and the role of its spatial parts (participants) without going further into its subparts. + An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy, assigning a role to the whole. + +Meaning that a molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ. + +This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule). + Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") + Holistic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A temporal part of a 'physical' that identifies a particular type of evolution in time. + A 'Process' is always a 'Physical', since a 'Void' does not have elements that evolves in time. + A 'Process' is defined as a temporal part of a 'Physical' that is categorized according to an EMMO user that recognizes a particular type of evolution in time of the real world object. + +Following the common definition of process, every 'Physical' should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension. + +However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to 'Physical'-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist. + +A 'Process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something that has a meaning for the ontologist, i.e. that the ontologist can separate from the rest of the 4D physical for any reason. + Process + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A portion of a 'Process' that participates to the process with a specific role. + In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. + +Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it. + Participant + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/isq.owl b/middle/isq.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bc7515ae --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/isq.owl @@ -0,0 +1,1210 @@ + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + TimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ElectricInductance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Inductance + A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076 + Inductance + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Power_(physics) + Rate of transfer of energy per unit time. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792 + Power + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1 + + + + LuminousIntensityDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Charge + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_charge + The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923 + ElectricCharge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities + ISQBaseQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Force + Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480 + Force + + + + + + + + + + Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). + ISQDerivedQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy + A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101 + Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work. + Energy + + + + + + + + + + + T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + CubicTimeSquareCurrentPerMassSquareLengthDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + DimensionOne + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux + Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684 + MagneticFlux + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy + A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101 + DoseEquivalent + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerTemperatureSquareTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Voltage + http://dbpedia.org/page/Voltage + Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424 + ElectricPotential + + + + + + + + + + + T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + LengthPerTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Pressure + The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819 + Pressure + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_intensity + A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. + LuminousIntensity + + + + + + + + + + + T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + PerTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassPerLengthSquareTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassLengthPerSquareTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeSquareCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1 + + + + LuminousIntensityCubicTimePerMassLengthDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1 + + + + LuminousIntensityPerSquareLengthDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Temperature + An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. + +Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261 + CelsiusTemperature + + + + + + + + + + + T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeSquareCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Amount_of_substance + The number of elementary entities present. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297 + AmountOfSubstance + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + SquareLengthPerSquareTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Frequency + Number of periods per time interval. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383 + Frequency + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Decays per unit time. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114 + Radioactivity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Absorbed_dose + Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031 + AbsorbedDose + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field + Strength of the magnetic field. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686 + Often denoted B. + MagneticFluxDensity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ElectricCapacitance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Capacitance + The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791 + Capacitance + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0 + + + + TemperatureDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + TimeCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0 + + + + PerAmountDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Thermodynamic_temperature + Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321 + ThermodynamicTemperature + + + + + + + + + + + T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + QuarticTimeSquareCurrentPerMassSquareLengthDimension + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + LengthDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Illuminance + The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941 + Illuminance + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881 + CatalyticActivity + + + + + + + + + + + T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerCubicTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_current + A flow of electric charge. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927 + ElectricCurrent + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Length + Extend of a spatial dimension. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498 + Length + + + + + + + + + + + T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 + + + + AmountPerTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Time + The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375 + Time + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + ElectricCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_flux + Perceived power of light. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646 + LuminousFlux + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 + + + + AmountDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Solid_angle + Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732 + SolidAngle + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Resistance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance + Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936 + Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'. + ElectricResistance + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassPerSquareTimeCurrentDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass + Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709 + Mass + + + + + + + + + Quantities declared under the ISO 8000. + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities + InternationalSystemOfQuantity + https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en:sec:3.1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Angle + Ratio of circular arc length to radius. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346 + Angle + + + + + + + + + + + T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + + + + MassSquareLengthPerSquareTimeDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Conductance + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance + Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925 + Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'. + ElectricConductance + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/manufacturing.owl b/middle/manufacturing.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8c0f47fa --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/manufacturing.owl @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Component + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'physical' that stands for a real world object that has been manufacturedfor a particular purpose. + Car, tire, composite material. + The 'Engineered' branch represents real world objects that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use. + Engineered + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Manufacturing + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + System + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/materials.owl b/middle/materials.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e866ebf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/materials.owl @@ -0,0 +1,326 @@ + + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'spacetime' that stands for a quantum system made of electrons. + ElectronCloud + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A union of the four base classes for the classification of materials according to the DG-RTD Review of Materials Modelling. + MaterialState + https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0845ae1-1b60-11e7-aeb3-01aa75ed71a1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms. + A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing. + StandaloneAtom + + + + + + + + + + An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons. + H20, C6H12O6, CH4 + An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. + +An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class. + This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. + +Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. + +e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant). + Molecule + + + + + + + + A standalone atom that has no net charge. + NeutralAtom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nucleon + + + + + + + + + + Subatomic + + + + + + + + + An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of. + A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. + +In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons. + The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic. + This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule. + BondedAtom + + + + + + + + + A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure. + Gas, liquid, plasma, + Fluid + + + + + + + + + + A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: +- it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts +- the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1 + A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant. + A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). + +A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe. + A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity. + Continuum + + + + + + + + Proton + + + + + + + + + A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined. + Solid + + + + + + + + A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number. + The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing, + IonAtom + + + + + + + + Neutron + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. + +An O 'atom' within an O2 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. + +In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. + +We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus. + An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons. + Atom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nucleus + + + 1 + + + 2 + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/math.owl b/middle/math.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..45ebe9a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/math.owl @@ -0,0 +1,661 @@ + + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasVariable + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasNumericalData + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Vector + + + + + + + + + A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions. + f(x) > 0 + Inequality + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + Real + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Variable' is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined 'Mathematical' object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix. + x +k + Variable + + + + + + + + + + A numerical data value. + A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers). + +A 'Number' individual provide the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue. + Number + + + + + + + + + A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations). + Numerical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + Boolean + + + + + + + + + The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules. + Mathematical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MathematicalSymbol + + + + + + + + + ArithmeticOperator + + + + + + + + + + A mathematica string that can be evaluated as true or false. + Formula + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2+2 + ArithmeticExpression + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'varaible' that stand for a well known constant. + π refers to the constant number ~3.14 + Constant + + + + + + + + + viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation + A 'variable' whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation. + Parameter + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions. + 2+3 = 5 +x^2 +3x = 5x +dv/dt = a +sin(x) = y + An equation with variables can always be represented as: + +f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) + +where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables. + Equation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + Integer + + + + + + + + + + A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules. + Expression + + + + + + + + + The dependent variable for which an equation has been written. + Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation. + Unknown + + + + + + + + + + + Δ + + + + Laplacian + + + + + + + + + 2x+3 + An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number) + AlgebricExpression + + + + + + + + + Matrix + + + + + + + + + Exponent + + + + + + + + + Array + + + + + + + + + An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities. + The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. + +The definition of density as mass/volume. + +y = f(x) + DefiningEquation + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + Multiplication + + + + + + + + + AlgebricOperator + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + Minus + + + + + + + + + A function defined using functional notation. + y = f(x) + FunctionDefinition + + + + + + + + + + + = + + + + + The equals symbol. + Equals + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Plus + + + + + + + + + 2 * x^2 + x + 3 + Polynomial + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 * a - b = c + An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s + AlgebricEquation + + + + + + + + + + + / + + + + Division + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 = 2 + ArithmeticEquation + + + + + + + + + + + ∇ + + + + Gradient + + + + + + + + + + MathematicalOperator + + + + + + + + + DifferentialOperator + + + 1 + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/metrology.owl b/middle/metrology.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b4c1a412 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/metrology.owl @@ -0,0 +1,702 @@ + + + + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood. + hasReferenceUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood. + hasQuantityValue + + + + + + + + + + hasPhysicsDimension + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Number' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model. + In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. +ISO 80000-1 + Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. + +Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions. + Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. + +For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. + +However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. + +For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. + +As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m). + — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, +— quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and +— quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. +ISO 80000-1 + PhysicalQuantity + + + + + + + + Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities. + DerivedUnit + + + + + + + + + A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). + +For this reason we can't declare the axiom: +ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity +because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. + +This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics). + ReferenceUnit + + + + + + + + + + + μ + + + + μ + GreekSmallLetterMu + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + + A + LatinCapitalLetterA + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbol that stands for a single unit. + Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J". + UnitSymbol + + + + + + + + + + + µ + + + + µ + MicroUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit. + Pa stands for N/m2 +J stands for N m + Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects. + SpecialUnit + + + + + + + + For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty. + MeasuredConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000. + MetrologicalSymbol + + + + + + + + + A unit that does not belong to any system of units. + eV +barn + OffSystemUnit + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS + Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units. + Refractive index or volume fraction. + Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out. + UnitOne + + + + + + + + MultipleUnit + + + + + + + + "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system". + DerivedQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix. + MetricPrefix + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part. + NonPrefixedUnit + + + + + + + + Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty. + ExactConstant + + + + + + + + + A symbolic object used in metrology. + This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts. + Metrological + + + + + + + + + + A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit. + All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities. +In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, + +dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η + +where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. +(SI brochure) + The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q. +ISO 80000-1 + The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this: + +Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg + +where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers. + +Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is: +^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ + +Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are: +mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 +s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 +A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0 + PhysicsDimension + + + + + + + + SubMultipleUnit + + + + + + + + + + + m + + + + m + LatinSmallLetterM + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" +ISO 80000-1 + BaseQuantity + + + + + + + + + A reference unit provided by a reference material. +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l + StandardUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law. + +The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear. + +Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'. + "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" +ISO 80000-1 + "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." + +"Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." + +https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf + While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'. + +SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'. + +So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'. + MeasurementUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants + Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. + +With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019. + PhysicalConstant + + + + + + + + "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + Hardness +Resilience + "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + OrdinalQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol. + PrefixedUnit + + + + + + + + + A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure. + Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg) + ProcedureUnit + + + + + + + + + + + a + + + + a + LatinSmallLetterA + + + + + + + + A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units. + BaseUnit + + + + + + + + + UTF8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + U+0020 + Space + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit). + 6.8 m +0.9 km +8 K +6 MeV +43.5 HRC(150 kg) + A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object. + +However, a quantitative property is always a quantity. + Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). + +The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'. + +So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. + +While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'. + Quantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/models.owl b/middle/models.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b321ef4b --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/models.owl @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasModel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment. + Experiment + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities. + The Newton's equation of motion. + +The Schrodinger equation. + +The Navier-Stokes equation. + PhysicsEquation + + + + + + + + + A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly. + While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomena relevant for the ontologist. + PhysicalPhenomenon + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume. + ContinuumModel + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle. + MesoscopicModel + + + + + + + + + The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter. + Theorization + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons. + Density functional theory. +Hartree-Fock. + ElectronicModel + + + + + + + + + A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms. + AtomisticModel + + + + + + + + + A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'. + The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. + +It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. + +In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument + Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'sign' that not only stands for a 'physical' or a 'process', but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour. + +A 'model' represents a 'physical' or a 'process' by direct similitude (e.g. small scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g. mathematical model). + A 'model' prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception. + Model + + + + + + + + + PhysicalLaw + + + + + + + + + A computational model that uses data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system. + DataBasedModel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations. + PhysicsBasedModel + + + + + + + + + NaturalLaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables). + The Lennard-Jones potential. + +A force field. + +An Hamiltonian. + A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities. + MaterialRelation + + + + + + + + + MaterialLaw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. + +Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968 + MathematicalModel + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/perceptual.owl b/middle/perceptual.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..52562986 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/perceptual.owl @@ -0,0 +1,407 @@ + + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasSymbolData + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'Graphical' that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules. + fe780 +emmo +!5*a +cat + Symbolic + + + + + + + + + 0-manifold + + + + + + + + + 1-manifold + + + + + + + + + A 'acoustical' that can be categorized as music by the ontologist. + A music score is not a 'music' individual. + +A music score is a 'graphical' that can stand for a 'music' (or vice versa) since it comes through a different perception mechanism. + +The 'music' individual is the sound itself as produced and delivered by a source in the form of sound wave through a medium. + Music + + + + + + + + + Curve + + + + + + + + + A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language. + A drawing of a cat. +A circle on a paper sheet. +The Mona Lisa. + Pictorial + + + + + + + + + Plane + + + + + + + + + Point + + + + + + + + + Line + + + + + + + + + 3-manifold + + + + + + + + + An 'impression' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound. + 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear. + Acoustical + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged. + The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. + +In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). + +If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat. + A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list). + A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols. + String + + + + + + + + + EuclideanSpace + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' which stands for a real world object that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression, the excitation of a sensor) to an interpreter (human or non-human). + A line scratched on a surface. +A sound. +A smell. +The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical). + The meta-semiotic process: +I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Impression' class. This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world. + +The semiotic process within EMMO: +My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". +I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: + - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes + - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical impression individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Impression' + - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class + - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. + 'Perceptual' includes real world objects that: +- are part of a communication system (e.g. words, speech, alphabets) +- are not part of a communication system, but can be identified and referred by an interpreter + A 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a meta-semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO. + +A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist through the EMMO. + From Latin perceptiō (“a receiving or collecting, perception, comprehension”), from perceptus (“perceived, observed”). + This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by an interpreter (agent). + +A 'Perceptual' can stand for something else in a semiotic process (acting as sign or as object). + +However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). + Perceptual + + + + + + + + + Speech + + + + + + + + + Torus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration. + SymbolicComposition + + + + + + + + + Noise + + + + + + + + + 2-manifold + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet). + The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark. + Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. + +A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. +e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols + +A Symbol may be a String in another language. +e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters. + Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). + +Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. +(Wikipedia) + The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea. + Symbol + + + + + + + + + Circle + + + + + + + + + A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept. + A 'geometrical' stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept. + +This can be achieved in many different ways. For example, a line can be expressed by: +a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' +b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object +c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' + +The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings. + Geometrical + + + + + + + + + A 'Phenomenic' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer. + 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ... + From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve. + Graphical + + + + + + + + + Sphere + + + + + + + + + A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula). + Language + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/physicalistic.owl b/middle/physicalistic.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..308bfb5c --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/physicalistic.owl @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles. + Photon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass. + Massive + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' with no 'Massive' parts. + Vacuum + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' that stands for a real world object that represents an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) that constitute (is part of) a more comprehensive real world object. + The definition states that a 'Material' is a portion of a real world object, being that a full functional device or component, or a sample made of that material (or the sample itself). + Material + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' that possesses some 'Massive' parts. + Matter + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' with 'Massless' parts that are mediators of interactions. + The concepts of matter and field for classical physics, upon which we can categorize physical entities, are replaced in quantum physics by the more general concepts of quantum field. + +Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic particles (i.e. photons, gluons), while the class 'Matter' refers to the quantum field of massive fermionic or bosonic particles (e.g. quarks, electrons). + Field + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles. + Quark + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles. + Gluon + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles. + Electron + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from physics. + Physicalistic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model. + Only a subset of elementary particles from the Standard Model are here included for the sake of simplicity. + ElementaryParticle + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass. + Massless + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles. + While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles. + +For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields. + Graviton + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/properties.owl b/middle/properties.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9e934810 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/properties.owl @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ + + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception. + Observation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception. + Observer + + + + + + + + A 'Property' that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box. + The beauty of that girl. +The style of your clothing. + The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property. + +This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. + +A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. + +e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis. + SubjectiveProperty + + + + + + + + A 'Property' that is determined by each 'Observer' following a well defined 'Observation' procedure through a specific perception channel. + The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. + This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not. + ObjectiveProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference. + Measurement + + + + + + + + MeasuredQuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified. + CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered + +A color is a nominal property. + +Sex of a human being. + "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." + +"A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." + +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + NominalProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Perceptual' referring to a specific code that is used as 'Conventional' sign to represent an 'Object' according to a specific interaction mechanism by an 'Observer'. + +(A property is always a partial representation of an 'Object' since it reflects the 'Object' capability to be part of a specific 'Observation' process) + Hardness is a subclass of properties. + +Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test. + Let's define the class 'colour' as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer. + +An individual C of this class 'colour' can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) + +Stating that an entity E has_property C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). + +This definition can be generalized by using a generic human eye, so that the observer can be a generic human. + +This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type. + A 'Property' is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an observer in the same specific way. + +e.g. "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. + We know real world entities through observation/perception. + +A non-perceivable real world entity does not exist (or it exists on a plane of existance that has no intersection with us and we can say nothing about it). + +Perception/observation of a real wolrd entity occurs when the entity stimulate an observer in a peculiar way through a well defined perception channel. + +For this reason each property is related to a specific observation process which involves a specific observer with its own perception mechanisms. + +The observation process (e.g. a look, a photo shot, a measurement) is performed by an observer (e.g. you, a camera, an instrument) through a specific perception mechanism (e.g. retina impression, CMOS excitation, piezoelectric sensor activation) and involves an observed entity. + +An observation is a semiotic process, since it stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who can communicate the perception result to other interpreters through a sign which is the property. + +Property subclasses are specializations that depend on the type of observation processes. + +e.g. the property 'colour' is related to a process that involves emission or interaction of photon and an observer who can perceive electromagnetic radiation in the visible frequency range. + +Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette or RGB). + Property + + + + + + + + ModelledQuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose. + The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. + +If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. + +Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes. + A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption. + ConventionalQuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Quantity' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process. + "A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference" +ISO 80000-1 + +"A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such." +International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) + A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object. + +A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers. + +For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units. + Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling). + QuantitativeProperty + + + + + + + + + MeasurementInstrument + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/reductionistic.owl b/middle/reductionistic.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8c1b0996 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/reductionistic.owl @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasTemporalDirectPart + + + + + + + + + + + + hasSpatioTemporalDirectPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasSpatialDirectPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A class devoted to categorize 'Physical'-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary). + +Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy). + Reductionistic + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts. + e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. + +If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin. + Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view. + +A 'State' can always be direct partitioned in 'Elementary'-s and 'Void' or 'Physical'. + +e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts. + The definition of 'State' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a 'State' is constant. + +This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the 'State' direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself. + +There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts of a 'State'. + +The use of spatial direct parthood in 'State' definition means that a 'State' cannot overlap in space another 'State'. + The usefulness of 'State' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'Existent' in terms of series of 'State'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'Physical'. + +A 'State' is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic 'Existent'. + There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state. + +The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole. + State + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts. + 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space). + +'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation. + +This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels. + +e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron. + An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist can provide univocal tessellation in time. + +By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual. + +Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality. + Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'. + +Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s. + ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest). + Existent + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/semiotics.owl b/middle/semiotics.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..676103c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/semiotics.owl @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The generic EMMO semiotical relation. + semiotical + + + + + + + + + + hasIndex + + + + + + + + + + hasIcon + + + + + + + + + + + hasSign + + + + + + + + + + hasInterpretant + + + + + + + + + + hasConvention + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'. + Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process + +me -> interpreter +cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) +the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant +"Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign + Semiosis + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'. + Interpreter + + + + + + + + + The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process. + Interpretant + + + + + + + + A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity. + Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). +My facial expression stands for my emotional status. + Index + + + + + + + + A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it. + In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional. + Conventional + + + + + + + + + The object, in Peirce semiotics. + Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. + +The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. + +In this way the 'sign'-ed entity become and 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign). + Object + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process. + A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). + +Each of them are 'sign'-s. + +A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. + +The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. + +For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols. + A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. + +A 'Sign' usually have 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). + +Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part. + According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: +- symbols: that stand for an object through convention +- indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity +- icon: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition + Sign + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process. + Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. + +"Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). + +The triadic elements: +- 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) +- 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) +- 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) + +This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object' + Semiotic + + + + + + + + A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure. + A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person. + +An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity. + Three subtypes of icon are possible: + +(a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) + +(b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) + +(c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else + +[Wikipedia] + Icon + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/siunits.owl b/middle/siunits.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2a509a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/siunits.owl @@ -0,0 +1,1672 @@ + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Gy + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAY + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696 + Measurement unit for absorbed dose. + Gray + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-12 + + + + + + + + p + + + Pico + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + W + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656 + Measurement unit for power. + Watt + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-1 + + + + + + + + d + + + Deci + + + + + + + + A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one. + m/s +kg/m^3 + This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only. + SICoherentDerivedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_AvogadroConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant + The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + AvogadroConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e1 + + + + + + + + da + + + Deka + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e2 + + + + + + + + h + + + Hecto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-15 + + + + + + + + f + + + Femto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-21 + + + + + + + + z + + + Zepto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + K + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K + The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374 + Kelvin + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + s + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC + The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513 + Second + + + + + + + + + + + + SIUnitSymbol + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + kat + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAT + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372 + Measurement unit for catalytic activity. + Katal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The base units in the SI system. + SIBaseUnit + https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e12 + + + + + + + + T + + + Tera + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-18 + + + + + + + + a + + + Atto + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e15 + + + + + + + + P + + + Peta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + SIMetricPrefix + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz. + LuminousEfficacy + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge + http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge + The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + ElementaryCharge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ω + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280 + Measurement unit for resistance. + Ohm + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e18 + + + + + + + + E + + + Exa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e6 + + + + + + + + M + + + Mega + + + + + + + + A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one. + SINonCoherentDerivedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + C + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365 + Measurement unit for electric charge. + Coulomb + + + + + + + + + + + + + Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units. + SICoherentUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e3 + + + + + + + + k + + + Kilo + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant + The quantum of action. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685 + PlanckConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M + The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884 + Metre + + + + + + + + + + + + SINonCoherentUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + J + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363 + Measurement unit for energy. + Joule + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + cd + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD + The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787 + Candela + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum + http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light + The speed of light in vacuum. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854 + SpeedOfLightInVacuum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + kg + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM + The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391 + Kilogram + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-6 + + + + + + + + µ + + + Micro + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + rad + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD + Measure of plane angle. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036 + Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle. + Radian + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-3 + + + + + + + + m + + + Milli + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Pa + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442 + Measurement unit for pressure. + Pascal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e9 + + + + + + + + G + + + Giga + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + F + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARAD + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320 + Measurement unit for electric capacitance. + Farad + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + N + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135 + Measurement unit for force. + Newton + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/T + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283 + Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction. + Tesla + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + °C + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_C + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561 + Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences. + DegreeCelsius + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-2 + + + + + + + + c + + + Centi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bq + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ + Radioactive decays per second. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624 + Unit for radioactive activity. + Becquerel + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + sr + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR + Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971 + Steradian + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix. + The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system. + SIPrefixedUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lm + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LM + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639 + Measurement unit for luminous flux. + Lumen + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Wb + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WB + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666 + Measurement unit for magnetic flux. + Weber + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lx + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUX + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651 + Measurement unit for illuminance. + Lux + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e21 + + + + + + + + Z + + + Zetta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A + The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300 + Ampere + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sv + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SV + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658 + Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. + +Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy. + Sievert + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + mol + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL + The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980 + Mole + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-9 + + + + + + + + n + + + Nano + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + V + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634 + Measurement unit for voltage. + Volt + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Hz + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZ + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785 + Measurement unit for frequence. + Hertz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e24 + + + + + + + + Y + + + Yotta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units. + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units + These units are SI coherent by definition. + SISpecialUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + S + + + Measurement unit for electrical conductance. + Siemens + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units. + SIExactConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1e-24 + + + + + + + + y + + + Yocto + + + + + + + + + The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. + HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782 + Measurement unit for electrical inductance. + Henry + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ. + The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes. + SIUnit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant + A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + BoltzmannConstant + + + + + + + + + + + + + T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + b + + + + + + + + T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 + a + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/todo/property-unit-list.owl b/middle/todo/property-unit-list.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee53754a --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/todo/property-unit-list.owl @@ -0,0 +1,812 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat_capacity + Energy per unit temperature change. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02753 + HeatCapacity + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W-PER-M2 + W/m² + WattPerSquareMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-M2 + kg/m² + KilogramPerSquareMetre + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Work_(physics) + Product of force and displacement. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684 + Work + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M2 + m² + SquareMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V-PER-M + VoltPerMetre + + + + + + + + + YongsModulus + http://dbpedia.org/page/Elastic_modulus + Ratio of stress to strain. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03966 + ElasticModulus + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Vergence_(optics) + In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts. + In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts. + Vergence + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-SEC + kg⋅m/s + KilogramMetrePerSecond + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J-PER-MOL + JoulePerMole + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_velocity + The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time. + AngularVelocity + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L + http://dbpedia.org/page/Litre + Non-SI unit of volume, corresponding 1 cube decimeter. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594 + Litre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H-PER-M + H/m + HenryPerMetre + + + + + + + + + N⋅s + NewtonSecond + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_reactance + The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05162 + ElectricalReactance + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectronMass + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electron_rest_mass + The rest mass of an electron. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008 + ElectronMass + + + + + + + + Extension per unit length. + http://dbpedia.org/page/Strain_(chemistry) + Strain + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Spin_(physics) + Quantum-mechanically defined angular momentum of a particle. + Spin + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Refractive_index + Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240 + RefractiveIndex + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MolarGasConstant + Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle). + http://dbpedia.org/page/Gas_constant + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579 + MolarGasConstant + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_frequency + The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00352https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00352 + Magnitude of AngularVelocity. + AngularFrequency + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-SEC + m/s + MetrePerSecond + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_VonKlitzingConstant + The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge. + Resistance quantum. + VonKlitzingConstant + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectricConstant + The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508 + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant. + VacuumElectricPermittivity + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A-PER-M2 + A/m² + AmperePerSquareMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W-PER-M-K + W/(m⋅K) + WattPerMeterAndKelvin + + + + + + + + + F/m + FaradPerMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV + A non-SI unit of energy corresponding to the amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt. + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014 + Is approximately equal to 1.6e-19 joules. + ElectronVolt + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL-PER-M3 + mol/m³ + MolePerCubicMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD-PER-M2 + Cd/m² + CandelaPerSquareMetre + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetization + Amount of magnetic moment per unit volume. + Magnetization + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA + http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare + Non-SI unit for area corresponding to 10 000 m². + Hectare + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA-SEC + Pa⋅s + PascalSecond + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Chemical_potential + Energy per unit change in amount of substance. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032 + ChemicalPotential + + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ProtonMass + The rest mass of a proton. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914 + ProtonMass + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Stress_(mechanics) + Force per unit oriented surface area. + Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other. + Stress + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-SEC2 + m/s² + MetrePerSquareSecond + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Weight + Force of gravity acting on a body. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668 + Weight + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C-PER-M3 + C/m³ + CoulombPerCubeMetre + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume_fraction + Volume of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643 + VolumeFraction + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_impedance + Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02988 + ElectricalImpedance + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Entropy + Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149 + May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system. + Entropy + + + + + + + + MoleFraction + http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry) + Amount of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722 + AmountFraction + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_RybergConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Rydberg_constant + The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430 + RybergConstant + + + + + + + + + mol/(m³⋅s) + MolePerCubicMetreAndSecond + + + + + + + + + S/m + SimensPerMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM-M + Ω⋅m + OhmMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PERCENT + http://dbpedia.org/page/Percentage + One part in a hundred. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04483 + Percent + + + + + + + + + Measure of plane angles. + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560 + Degree + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3 + m³ + CubicMetre + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Enthalpy + Energy in a thermodynamic system. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141 + Enthalpy + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A-PER-M + A/m + AmperePerMetre + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Radiant_flux + The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046 + RadiantFlux + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Irradiance + Electromagnetic radiation power per unit surface area. + Irradiance + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_JosephsonConstant + Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum. + The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity. + JosephsonConstant + + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat + Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752 + Heat + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_FineStructureConstant + http://dbpedia.org/page/Fine-structure_constant + A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389 + FineStructureConstant + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_NewtonianConstantOfGravity + http://dbpedia.org/page/Gravitational_constant + Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695 + NewtonianConstantOfGravity + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-M2-PER-SEC + kg⋅m²/s + KilogramSquareMetrePerSecond + + + + + + + + + http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MagneticConstant + The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum. + The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant. + The UIPAC Gold Book definition (https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) of the magnetic permeability in vacuum is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant. + VacuumMagneticPermeability + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C-PER-M2 + C/m² + CoulombPerSquareMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PER-M + 1/m + PerMetre + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM-PER-M3 + kg/m³ + KilogramPerCubicMetre + + + + + + + + http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry) + Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture. + https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722 + MassFraction + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J-PER-K + JoulePerKelvin + + + + + + + + + http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3-PER-MOL + m³/mol + CubicMetrePerMole + + + + + + + diff --git a/middle/todo/units-leftovers.owl b/middle/todo/units-leftovers.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8eebdfdc --- /dev/null +++ b/middle/todo/units-leftovers.owl @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Physical quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems. + ExtensiveQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Physical quantity whose magnitude is independent of the extent of the system. + IntensiveQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Physical quantities that are conserved in any inertial frame. + That is, if a closed system is not affected by external forces, the conserved quantity does not change. + ConservedQuantity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/perspectives/catalog-v001.xml b/perspectives/catalog-v001.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 06992853..00000000 --- a/perspectives/catalog-v001.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,17 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - diff --git a/perspectives/emmo-existent.owl b/perspectives/emmo-existent.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 0403d527..00000000 --- a/perspectives/emmo-existent.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,188 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_temporal_direct_part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_spatio-temporal_direct_part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - has_spatial_direct_part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'existent' whose spatial direct parts extends from one change in spatial direct part cardinality (i.e. the number of spatial direct parts) to the immidiate next change. - e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. - -If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin. - Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontology developer that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view. - -A 'state' can always be direct partitioned in 'elementary'-s and 'void' or 'physical'. - -e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts. - The definition of 'state' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the granularity of a 'state' is constant. - -This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the 'state' direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself. - -There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts within a 'state'. - -Also, the 'state' must cover all the time interval between two successive cardinality changes. - -The use of spatial direct parthood in 'state' definition means that a 'state' cannot overlap in space another 'state'. - The usefulness of 'state' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'existent' in terms of series of 'state'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'physical'. - -A 'state' is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic 'existent'. - There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state. - -The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole. - state - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'item' which is a 'state' or made only of 'state' temporal direct parts. - 'existent' is the most important class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects) and epistemological pluralistic (i.e. objects definitions are interpreter dependent) perspectives . - -'existent' class collects all individuals that stand for real world physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states through the temporal direct parthood. - -This class provides a granularity hierarchy in time, that provides a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation that helps to retain the granularity levels. - -e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron. - ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest). - existent - - - - - - - diff --git a/perspectives/emmo-impression.owl b/perspectives/emmo-impression.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 7099be70..00000000 --- a/perspectives/emmo-impression.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'physical' which stands for a real world object that stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression) to an interpreter. - A line scratched on a surface. - -A sound. - -A smell. - From Latin impressionem: "a pressing into, onset, attack," figuratively "a perception, mental impression". - -Literally "a pressing into" from Latin imprimere "press into or upon". - This class is the most general superclass that represents real world objects that can stand for something else in a semiotic process ('signs'), though an impression is no necessarily a 'sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'impression' but it may stand for nothing). - impression - - - - - - - diff --git a/perspectives/emmo-processual.owl b/perspectives/emmo-processual.owl deleted file mode 100644 index f88e7a63..00000000 --- a/perspectives/emmo-processual.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,132 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The relation between a process and an object participating to it. - Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it. - Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters. - has_participant - - - - - - - - - - has_proper_participant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'physical' that stands for a real world object related to or involving the study of processes rather than discrete events. - processual - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A temporal part of a 'physical' that identifies a particular type of evolution in time. - A 'process' is always a 'physical', since a 'void' does not have elements that evolves in time. - A 'process' is defined as a temporal part of a 'physical' that is categorized in a primitive process subclass according to what type of process we want to represent. - -Following the common definition of process, every 'physical' is a process since every 4D object always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to 'physical'-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist. - -i.e. a 'process' is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something happening that has a meaning for the interpreter. - process - - - - - - - - - A portion of a 'process' that participates to the 'process' with a specific role. - In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. - participant - - - - - - - diff --git a/perspectives/emmo-semiotics.owl b/perspectives/emmo-semiotics.owl deleted file mode 100644 index 2645a854..00000000 --- a/perspectives/emmo-semiotics.owl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,314 +0,0 @@ - - - - - EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode - Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) -Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) -Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) -Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) -Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) - Contacts: -Gerhard Goldbeck -Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) -email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com - -Emanuele Ghedini -University of Bologna (IT) -email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it - European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) - -EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. - -It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. - The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). - The European Materials Modelling Ontology - -Version 0.9.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The generic EMMO semiotical relation. - semiotical - - - - - - - - - - has_index - - - - - - - - - - has_icon - - - - - - - - - - - has_sign - - - - - - - - - - has_convention - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A 'process', that has participant an 'interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'sign' representing another participant, the 'interpreted'. - Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process - -me -> interpreter -cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) -the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant -"Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign - semiosis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'sign', 'interpretant' and 'object'. - interpreter - - - - - - - - - interpretant - - - - - - - - A 'sign' that stands for an 'objectì due to causal continguity. - Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). - -My facial expression stands for my emotional status. - index - - - - - - - - A 'sign' that stand for an 'object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it. - conventional - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The object, in Peirce semiotics. - Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. - -The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. - -In this way the 'sign'-ed entity become and 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign). - object - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - An 'spacetime' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'spacetime' through an semiotic process. - A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). - -Each of them are 'sign'-s. - -A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. - -The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. - -For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols. - A 'sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'sign' themselves. - -A 'sign' usually have 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'physical' and no more a 'sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). - -Just like an 'elementary' in the 'physical' branch, each 'sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part. - According to Peirce, 'sign' includes three subcategories: -- symbols: that stand for an object through convention -- indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity -- icon: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition - In a 4D ontology one could question if a 'sign' should be defined as a spatial direct part of a 'semiosis' i.e. a proper part of a 'semiosis' during all its existence. - -e.g. one can say that an unread text is not a 'sign': it was a 'sign' during the 'semiosis' process in which it was written, but after that it is something else, until somebody read it again. - -However, this is not the case for an ontology, since declaring an individual under the 'sign' class (a semiosis outside the EMMO, a meta-semiosis) is equivalent to say that for the ontologist (an interpreter outside the EMMO, a meta-interpreter) the real entity (an object outside the EMMO, a meta-object) is a 'sign'. - -So the 'semiosis' process within the EMMO is about how other 'interpreter'-s deal with the 'sign'-s here declared. - It can be defined as the semiotic branch of the EMMO. - -'sign' subclasses categorize the type of signs that are used to create representations/models of the real world entities. - sign - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process. - Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. - -"Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). - -The triadic elements: -- 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) -- 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) -- 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) - -This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object' - semiotic - - - - - - - - A 'sign' that stands for an 'object' by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure. - A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person. - -An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity. - icon - - - - - - - diff --git a/top/annotations.owl b/top/annotations.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a0649757 --- /dev/null +++ b/top/annotations.owl @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + URL to corresponing entity in QUDT. + qudtMatch + http://www.qudt.org/2.1/catalog/qudt-catalog.html + + + + + + + + + altLabel + + + + + + + + + license + + + + + + + + + URL to corresponding concept in DBpedia. + dbpediaMatch + https://wiki.dbpedia.org/ + + + + + + + + + definition + + + + + + + + + elucidation + + + + + + + + + URL to corresponding concept in the Basic Datatype Ontology (DBO) + bdoMatch + https://github.com/TechnicalBuildingSystems/Ontologies/blob/master/BasicDataTypeOntology/ontology.ttl + + + + + + + + + example + + + + + + + + + URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry. + wikipediaEntry + https://www.wikipedia.org/ + + + + + + + + + author + + + + + + + + + IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure + omMatch + https://enterpriseintegrationlab.github.io/icity/OM/doc/index-en.html + https://github.com/HajoRijgersberg/OM + + + + + + + + + DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC + iupacDoi + https://goldbook.iupac.org/ + + + + + + + + diff --git a/top/catalog-v001.xml b/top/catalog-v001.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a930738 --- /dev/null +++ b/top/catalog-v001.xml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + + + + + + + diff --git a/top/mereotopology.owl b/top/mereotopology.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6379297d --- /dev/null +++ b/top/mereotopology.owl @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ + + + + + + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The superclass of all EMMO mereotopological relations. + Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc. + mereotopological + + + + + + + + + + + hasPart + + + + + + + + + + hasContactWith + + + + + + + + + + disconnected + + + + + + + + + + Causality is a topological property between connected items. + Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them. + connected + + + + + + + + + + + + + hasMember + + + + + + + + + + Enclosure is reflexive and transitive. + encloses + + + + + + + + + + hasProperPart + + + + + + + + + + overcrosses + + + + + + + + + + hasOverlapWith + + + + + + + + + + + + + The superclass of all relations used by the EMMO. + EMMORelation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object. + A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object. + +A 'Collection' individual is related to each 'Item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation. + +An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components). + Formally, 'Collection' is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some 'Item'. + +A 'Collection' cannot have as member another 'Collection'. + From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’. + e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion. + Collection + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of 'EMMO' individuals that stand for real world objects that can't be further divided in time nor in space. + For a physics based ontology the 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s). + +However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a 'Quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity. + A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects. + +The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. + A 'Quantum' stands for a 4D real world object. + A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity. + +To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology. + From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900. + Quantum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects. + 'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom). + +The union implies that 'EMMO' individuals can only be 'Item' individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or 'Collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items). + +Disjointness means that a 'Collection' individual cannot be an 'Item' individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time. + For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime). + +A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe. + +A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an EMMO ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real world object. + +The fundamental distinction between real world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected. + In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach. + Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts. + +Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the real world object referred by an 'EMMO' individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality. + +The smallest part of a real world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is referred in the EMMO by a 'Quantum' individual. + +It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist. + EMMO + + + + + + + + A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive). + +Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected. + An 'Item' individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components). + +In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality. + +All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by 'Item'-s. + +Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole. + From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover". + Item + + + + + + + + + + + + + Universe + + + + + + + diff --git a/top/physical.owl b/top/physical.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4eccd96 --- /dev/null +++ b/top/physical.owl @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time through a portion of the lifetime whole. + hasSpatioTemporalPart + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation that isolate a proper part that covers the total spatial extension of a whole within a time interval. + hasTemporalPart + + + + + + + + + + + + A relation that isolates a proper part that extends itself in time within the overall lifetime of the whole, without covering the full spatial extension of the 4D whole (i.e. is not a temporal part). + hasSpatialPart + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The basic constituent of 'item'-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level. + According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible). + +Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology. + +However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it 'elementary', recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model. + From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”) + While a 'Quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle. + Elementary + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Item' that has no 'Physical' parts. + From Latin vacuus, “empty”. + Void + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A 'Item' that has part some 'Elementary' and whose temporal proper parts are only 'Physical'-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time). + A 'Physical' is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the ontologist, i.e. physical objects. + +A physical object must be perceived through physical interaction by the ontologist. Then the ontologist can declare an individual standing for the physical object just perceived. + +Perception is a subcategory of physical interactions. It is an interaction that stimulate a representation of the physical object within the ontologist (the agent). + A 'Physical' must include at least an 'Elementary' part, and can include 'Void' parts. + +A 'Physical' may include as part also the 'Void' surrounding or enclosed by its 'Physical' sub parts. + +There are no particular criteria for 'Physical'-s structure, except that is made of some 'Elementary'-s as proper parts and not only 'Void'. + +This is done in order to take into account the quantum nature of physical systems, in which the actual position of sub-components (e.g. electrons in an atom) is not known except for its probability distribution function (according to the Copenhagen interpretation.) + +e.g. a real world object that has spatial parts an atom and a cubic light year of void, extending for some time, can be a physical object. + A 'Physical' with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent 'EMMO' class. + +It follows from the fact that perception is always unfolding in time. + +e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement. + From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”). + +Here the word relates to things perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete. + In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since 'Physical'-s are themselves the 4D regions. + The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as 'Physical'-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models. + +Classical mechanics poses no representational issues, for the EMMO: the 4D representation of 'Physical'-s is consistent with classical physics systems. + +However, the representation of 'Physical'-s that are typically analized through quantum mechanics (e.g. molecules, atoms, clusters), is not straightforward. + +1) De Broglie - Bohm interpretation +The most simple approach is to rely on Bohmian mechanics, in which each particle is supposed to exists in a specific position between measurements (hidden variables approach), while its trajectory is calculated using a Guiding Equation based on a quantum field calculated with the Schroedinger Equation. + +While this approach is really easy to implement in an ontology, since each entity has its own well defined 4D region, its mathematical representation failed to receive large consensus due to the difficulties to include relativistic effects, to be extended to subnuclear scale and the strong non-locality assumtpion of the quantum field. + +Nevertheless, the Bohmian mechanics is a numerical approach that is used in electronic models to reduce the computational effort of the solution of Schroedinger Equation. + +In practice, an EMMO user can declare a 'physical' individual that stand for the whole quantum system to be described, and at the same time all sub-parts individuals can be declared, having them a well defined position in time, according to De Broglie - Bohm interpretation. The Hamiltonian can be calculated by considering the sub-part individuals. + +'physical'-s are then made of 'physical' parts and 'void' parts that stand for the space between 'physical'-s (e.g. the void between electrons and nucleus in an atom). + +2) Copenhagen interpretation +In this interpretation the properties (e.g. energy level, position, spin) of a particle are not defined in the interval between two measurements and the quantum system is entangled (i.e. properties of particles in the sysyem are correlated) and described by a global wavefunction obtained solving the Schroedinger Equation. + +Upon measurement, the wavefunction collapses to a combination of close eigenstates that provide information about bservables of the system components (e.g. position, energy). + +The EMMO can be used to represent 'physical'-s that can be related to Copenhagen based models. In practice, the user should follow these steps: + +a) define the quantum system as a 'physical' individual (e.g. an H2 molecule) under a specific class (e.g. 'h2_molecule'). This individual is the whole. + +b) define the axioms of the class that describe how many sub-parts are expected for the whole and their class types (e.g. 'h2_molecule' has axioms 'has_proper_part exactly 2 electron' and 'has_proper_part exactly 2 nucleus) + +c) the user can now connect the whole to a Schroedinger equation based model whose Hamiltonian is calculated trough the information coming only from the axioms. No individuals are declared for the subparts! + +d) a measurement done on the quantum system that provides information on the sub-part observables is interpreted as wavefunction collapse and leads to the end of the whole and the declaration of the sub-parts individuals which can be themselves other quantum systems + +e.g. if the outer electron of the H2 molecule interacts with another entity defining its state, then the whole that stands for the entangled H2 molecule becomes a 'physical' made of an electron individual, a quantum system made of one electron and two nuclei and the void between them. + +e.g. in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation the user represent the atom by un-entangling nucleus and electronic cloud. The un-entanglement comes in the form of declaration of individual as parts. + +e.g. the double slit experiment can be represent in the EMMO as: +a) before the slit: a 'physical' that extend in space and has parts 'electron' and 'void', called 'single_electron_wave_function'. 'electron' and 'void' are only in the axioms and not decalred individuals. +b) during slit passage: a 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'. +c) after the slit: again 'single_electron_wave_function' +d) upon collision with the detector: 'physical' made of one declared individual, the 'electron'. + The purpose of the 'Physical' branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to name, explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the 'Semiotic' branch. + +More than one semiotic representation can be connected to the same 'Physical'. + +e.g. Navier-Stokes or Euler equation applied to the same fluid are an example of mathematical model used to represent a physical object for some specific interpreter. + Physical + + + + + + + diff --git a/top/top.owl b/top/top.owl new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ed2e4adb --- /dev/null +++ b/top/top.owl @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ + + + + + + EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode + Emanuele Ghedini (University of Bologna, IT) +Gerhard Goldbeck (GCL Ltd, UK) +Adham Hashibon (Fraunhofer IWM, DE) +Georg Schmitz (Access, DE) +Jesper Friis (SINTEF, NO) + Contacts: +Gerhard Goldbeck +Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) +email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com + +Emanuele Ghedini +University of Bologna (IT) +email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it + European Materials and Modelling Ontology (EMMO) + +EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. + +It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. + The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege). + The European Materials Modelling Ontology + +Version 1.0.0-alpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective. + This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which that only objective categorization is provide by the Universe individual and all the 'Elementary' individuals. + +Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass. + Perspective + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +