diff --git a/docs/changelog/118370.yaml b/docs/changelog/118370.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e6a429448e493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/changelog/118370.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pr: 118370
+summary: Fix concurrency issue with `ReinitializingSourceProvider`
+area: Mapping
+type: bug
+issues:
+ - 118238
diff --git a/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/internalClusterTest/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/action/EsqlActionIT.java b/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/internalClusterTest/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/action/EsqlActionIT.java
index 00f53d31165b1..de9eb166688f9 100644
--- a/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/internalClusterTest/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/action/EsqlActionIT.java
+++ b/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/internalClusterTest/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/action/EsqlActionIT.java
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 import org.elasticsearch.xpack.esql.core.type.DataType;
 import org.elasticsearch.xpack.esql.parser.ParsingException;
 import org.elasticsearch.xpack.esql.plugin.EsqlPlugin;
+import org.elasticsearch.xpack.esql.plugin.QueryPragmas;
 import org.junit.Before;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -1673,17 +1674,32 @@ public void testScriptField() throws Exception {
         String sourceMode = randomBoolean() ? "stored" : "synthetic";
         Settings.Builder settings = indexSettings(1, 0).put(indexSettings()).put("index.mapping.source.mode", sourceMode);
         client().admin().indices().prepareCreate("test-script").setMapping(mapping).setSettings(settings).get();
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        int numDocs = 256;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numDocs; i++) {
             index("test-script", Integer.toString(i), Map.of("k1", i, "k2", "b-" + i, "meter", 10000 * i));
         }
         refresh("test-script");
-        try (EsqlQueryResponse resp = run("FROM test-script | SORT k1 |  LIMIT 10")) {
+
+        var pragmas = randomPragmas();
+        if (canUseQueryPragmas()) {
+            Settings.Builder pragmaSettings = Settings.builder().put(pragmas.getSettings());
+            pragmaSettings.put("task_concurrency", 10);
+            pragmaSettings.put("data_partitioning", "doc");
+            pragmas = new QueryPragmas(pragmaSettings.build());
+        }
+        try (EsqlQueryResponse resp = run("FROM test-script | SORT k1 | LIMIT " + numDocs, pragmas)) {
             List<Object> k1Column = Iterators.toList(resp.column(0));
-            assertThat(k1Column, contains(0L, 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 7L, 8L, 9L));
+            assertThat(k1Column, equalTo(LongStream.range(0L, numDocs).boxed().toList()));
             List<Object> k2Column = Iterators.toList(resp.column(1));
-            assertThat(k2Column, contains(null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null));
+            assertThat(k2Column, equalTo(Collections.nCopies(numDocs, null)));
             List<Object> meterColumn = Iterators.toList(resp.column(2));
-            assertThat(meterColumn, contains(0.0, 10000.0, 20000.0, 30000.0, 40000.0, 50000.0, 60000.0, 70000.0, 80000.0, 90000.0));
+            var expectedMeterColumn = new ArrayList<>(numDocs);
+            double val = 0.0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numDocs; i++) {
+                expectedMeterColumn.add(val);
+                val += 10000.0;
+            }
+            assertThat(meterColumn, equalTo(expectedMeterColumn));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/plugin/ReinitializingSourceProvider.java b/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/plugin/ReinitializingSourceProvider.java
index b6b2c6dfec755..8dee3478b3b64 100644
--- a/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/plugin/ReinitializingSourceProvider.java
+++ b/x-pack/plugin/esql/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/esql/plugin/ReinitializingSourceProvider.java
@@ -15,13 +15,23 @@
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
 /**
- * This is a workaround for when compute engine executes concurrently with data partitioning by docid.
+ * This class exists as a workaround for using SourceProvider in the compute engine.
+ * <p>
+ * The main issue is when compute engine executes concurrently with data partitioning by docid (inter segment parallelization).
+ * A {@link SourceProvider} can only be used by a single thread and this wrapping source provider ensures that each thread uses
+ * its own {@link SourceProvider}.
+ * <p>
+ * Additionally, this source provider protects against going backwards, which the synthetic source provider can't handle.
  */
 final class ReinitializingSourceProvider implements SourceProvider {
 
     private PerThreadSourceProvider perThreadProvider;
     private final Supplier<SourceProvider> sourceProviderFactory;
 
+    // Keeping track of last seen doc and if current doc is before last seen doc then source provider is initialized:
+    // (when source mode is synthetic then _source is read from doc values and doc values don't support going backwards)
+    private int lastSeenDocId;
+
     ReinitializingSourceProvider(Supplier<SourceProvider> sourceProviderFactory) {
         this.sourceProviderFactory = sourceProviderFactory;
     }
@@ -30,11 +40,12 @@ final class ReinitializingSourceProvider implements SourceProvider {
     public Source getSource(LeafReaderContext ctx, int doc) throws IOException {
         var currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
         PerThreadSourceProvider provider = perThreadProvider;
-        if (provider == null || provider.creatingThread != currentThread) {
+        if (provider == null || provider.creatingThread != currentThread || doc < lastSeenDocId) {
             provider = new PerThreadSourceProvider(sourceProviderFactory.get(), currentThread);
             this.perThreadProvider = provider;
         }
-        return perThreadProvider.source.getSource(ctx, doc);
+        lastSeenDocId = doc;
+        return provider.source.getSource(ctx, doc);
     }
 
     private record PerThreadSourceProvider(SourceProvider source, Thread creatingThread) {