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Authenticated Rate Limiting for Application Developers

This user guide walks you through an example of how to configure authenticated rate limiting for an application using Kuadrant.

Authenticated rate limiting rate limits the traffic directed to an application based on attributes of the client user, who is authenticated by some authentication method. A few examples of authenticated rate limiting use cases are:

  • User A can send up to 50rps ("requests per second"), while User B can send up to 100rps.
  • Each user can send up to 20rpm ("request per minute").
  • Admin users (members of the 'admin' group) can send up to 100rps, while regular users (non-admins) can send up to 20rpm and no more than 5rps.

In this guide, we will rate limit a sample REST API called Toy Store. In reality, this API is just an echo service that echoes back to the user whatever attributes it gets in the request. The API exposes an endpoint at GET http://api.toystore.com/toy, to mimic an operation of reading toy records.

We will define 2 users of the API, which can send requests to the API at different rates, based on their user IDs. The authentication method used is API key.

User ID Rate limit
alice 5rp10s ("5 requests every 10 seconds")
bob 2rp10s ("2 requests every 10 seconds")

Run the steps ① → ④

① Setup

This step uses tooling from the Kuadrant Operator component to create a containerized Kubernetes server locally using Kind, where it installs Istio, Kubernetes Gateway API and Kuadrant itself.

Note: In production environment, these steps are usually performed by a cluster operator with administrator privileges over the Kubernetes cluster.

Clone the project:

git clone https://github.com/Kuadrant/kuadrant-operator && cd kuadrant-operator

Setup the environment:

make local-setup

Request an instance of Kuadrant:

kubectl -n kuadrant-system apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: kuadrant.io/v1beta1
kind: Kuadrant
metadata:
  name: kuadrant
spec: {}
EOF

② Deploy the Toy Store API

Create the deployment:

kubectl apply -f examples/toystore/toystore.yaml

Create a HTTPRoute to route traffic to the service via Istio Ingress Gateway:

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: HTTPRoute
metadata:
  name: toystore
spec:
  parentRefs:
  - name: istio-ingressgateway
    namespace: istio-system
  hostnames:
  - api.toystore.com
  rules:
  - matches:
    - path:
        type: Exact
        value: "/toy"
      method: GET
    backendRefs:
    - name: toystore
      port: 80
EOF

Export the gateway hostname and port:

export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl get gtw istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.status.addresses[0].value}')
export INGRESS_PORT=$(kubectl get gtw istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.spec.listeners[?(@.name=="http")].port}')
export GATEWAY_URL=$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT

Verify the route works:

curl -H 'Host: api.toystore.com' http://$GATEWAY_URL/toy -i
# HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Note: If the command above fails to hit the Toy Store API on your environment, try forwarding requests to the service and accessing over localhost:

kubectl port-forward -n istio-system service/istio-ingressgateway-istio 9080:80 2>&1 >/dev/null &
export GATEWAY_URL=localhost:9080
curl -H 'Host: api.toystore.com' http://$GATEWAY_URL/toy -i
# HTTP/1.1 200 OK

③ Enforce authentication on requests to the Toy Store API

Create a Kuadrant AuthPolicy to configure the authentication:

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: kuadrant.io/v1beta2
kind: AuthPolicy
metadata:
  name: toystore
spec:
  targetRef:
    group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: toystore
  rules:
    authentication:
      "api-key-users":
        apiKey:
          selector:
            matchLabels:
              app: toystore
          allNamespaces: true
        credentials:
          authorizationHeader:
            prefix: APIKEY
    response:
      success:
        dynamicMetadata:
          "identity":
            json:
              properties:
                "userid":
                  selector: auth.identity.metadata.annotations.secret\.kuadrant\.io/user-id
EOF

Verify the authentication works by sending a request to the Toy Store API without API key:

curl -H 'Host: api.toystore.com' http://$GATEWAY_URL/toy -i
# HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
# www-authenticate: APIKEY realm="api-key-users"
# x-ext-auth-reason: "credential not found"

Create API keys for users alice and bob to authenticate:

Note: Kuadrant stores API keys as Kubernetes Secret resources. User metadata can be stored in the annotations of the resource.

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: bob-key
  labels:
    authorino.kuadrant.io/managed-by: authorino
    app: toystore
  annotations:
    secret.kuadrant.io/user-id: bob
stringData:
  api_key: IAMBOB
type: Opaque
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: alice-key
  labels:
    authorino.kuadrant.io/managed-by: authorino
    app: toystore
  annotations:
    secret.kuadrant.io/user-id: alice
stringData:
  api_key: IAMALICE
type: Opaque
EOF

④ Enforce authenticated rate limiting on requests to the Toy Store API

Create a Kuadrant RateLimitPolicy to configure rate limiting:

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: kuadrant.io/v1beta2
kind: RateLimitPolicy
metadata:
  name: toystore
spec:
  targetRef:
    group: gateway.networking.k8s.io
    kind: HTTPRoute
    name: toystore
  limits:
    "alice-limit":
      rates:
      - limit: 5
        duration: 10
        unit: second
      when:
      - selector: metadata.filter_metadata.envoy\.filters\.http\.ext_authz.identity.userid
        operator: eq
        value: alice
    "bob-limit":
      rates:
      - limit: 2
        duration: 10
        unit: second
      when:
      - selector: metadata.filter_metadata.envoy\.filters\.http\.ext_authz.identity.userid
        operator: eq
        value: bob
EOF

Note: It may take a couple of minutes for the RateLimitPolicy to be applied depending on your cluster.

Verify the rate limiting works by sending requests as Alice and Bob.

Up to 5 successful (200 OK) requests every 10 seconds allowed for Alice, then 429 Too Many Requests:

while :; do curl --write-out '%{http_code}\n' --silent --output /dev/null -H 'Authorization: APIKEY IAMALICE' -H 'Host: api.toystore.com' http://$GATEWAY_URL/toy | grep -E --color "\b(429)\b|$"; sleep 1; done

Up to 2 successful (200 OK) requests every 10 seconds allowed for Bob, then 429 Too Many Requests:

while :; do curl --write-out '%{http_code}\n' --silent --output /dev/null -H 'Authorization: APIKEY IAMBOB' -H 'Host: api.toystore.com' http://$GATEWAY_URL/toy | grep -E --color "\b(429)\b|$"; sleep 1; done

Cleanup

make local-cleanup