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+---
+title: Avoiding RNG bugs through uniqueness types
+description: A programmer complained about a source of bugs, and this is how I think it could be fixed.
+---
+
+While visiting [Chalmers](https://www.chalmers.se/en/) to give a guest
+lecture in their course on Parallel Functional Programming, I met a
+student who had implemented a ray tracer in Futhark (I didn't catch
+the name, please write me if you are that student and I'll put it
+here). He mentioned that he'd had a bunch of bugs related to random
+number generation (RNG), which is admittedly a bit awkward in Futhark.
+The main challenge is that you manually need to maintain the RNG
+*state*, since Futhark does not allow side effects.
+
+To illustrate the problem, let us define a small set of functions for
+generating random numbers. First, we define a type for storing the RNG
+state:
+
+```Futhark
+type rng = u32
+```
+
+To initialise the state from a seed, we do a few rounds of a hash
+function I [found on Stack
+Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/664014/what-integer-hash-function-are-good-that-accepts-an-integer-hash-key/12996028#12996028):
+
+```Futhark
+def mk_rng (seed: i32) : rng =
+  let x = u32.i32 seed
+  let x = ((x >> 16) ^ x) * 0x45d9f3b
+  let x = ((x >> 16) ^ x) * 0x45d9f3b
+  let x = ((x >> 16) ^ x)
+  in x
+```
+
+For the random number generation itself, for simplicity we will just
+do a basic [linear congruential
+generator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_congruential_generator):
+
+```Futhark
+def rand (l: i32) (x: rng) : (rng, i32) =
+  let a = 48271
+  let m = 2147483647
+  let rng' = (a * x) % m
+  in (rng', i32.u32 (rng' % u32.i32 l))
+```
+
+Note now the `rand` function returns both a new state, as well as the
+randomly generated number in the range 0 to `l`. We can use `rand` like
+this:
+
+```Futhark
+def use (seed: i32) =
+  let rng = mk_rng seed
+  let (rng', x) = rand 6 rng
+  let (rng'', y) = rand 6 rng'
+  in x + y
+```
+
+This works fine. However, it is easy to use an old RNG state by
+accident:
+
+```Futhark
+def use (seed: i32) =
+  let rng = mk_rng seed
+  let (rng', x) = rand 6 rng
+  let (rng'', y) = rand 6 rng
+  in x + y
+```
+
+Note how I typed `rng` instead of `rng'` in the last call to `rand`.
+In this case the compiler will complain about `rng'` being unused, but
+it's not hard to imagine a larger program where `rng'` is indeed used
+for something else later. Especially when refactoring, it is easy to
+accidentally reuse the same RNG state twice, which will lead to
+randomly numbers being correlated. For a ray tracer, this can result
+in fun visual artefacts, but for other programs it may just result in
+a number being wrong, which is both boring and tedious to debug.
+
+In an imperative language, generating a random number mutates the
+state, so it cannot be reused. In languages Haskell, you can use a
+state monad to simulate the same thing, and similarly avoid reuse. In
+Futhark, it turns out you can imitate a form of *affine types* using
+Futhark's [slightly obscure support for uniqueness
+types](2022-06-13-uniqueness-types.html). Affine type allows you to
+express that a value can be used *at most once* (whereas linear types
+allow you to require *exactly once*, which is why they are useful for
+resource management, as then the last use must be a cleanup function).
+By constructing an RNG library such that number generation *consumes*
+a state and *produces* a new one, we can ensure that each state is
+used at most once.
+
+Although uniqueness types are really designed for dealing with arrays,
+they can also be used for abstract types via [the module
+system](https://futhark-lang.org/blog/2017-01-25-futhark-module-system.html).
+So first we define a module that describes the RNG interface:
+
+```Futhark
+module type rand = {
+  type rng
+  val mk_rng : i32 -> rng
+  val rand : i32 -> *rng -> (rng, i32)
+}
+```
+
+Note the asterisks on the `rand` parameter type - this denotes a
+consuming parameter, meaning the `rng` we pass in may not be used
+again.
+
+We implement the module using the same code as above:
+
+```Futhark
+module rand : rand = {
+  type rng = u32
+
+  def mk_rng (seed: i32) : rng =
+    let x = u32.i32 seed
+    let x = ((x >> 16) ^ x) * 0x45d9f3b
+    let x = ((x >> 16) ^ x) * 0x45d9f3b
+    let x = ((x >> 16) ^ x)
+    in x
+
+  def rand (l: i32) (x: rng) : (rng, i32) =
+    let a = 48271u32
+    let m = 2147483647u32
+    let rng' = (a * x) % m
+    in (rng', i32.u32 (rng' % u32.i32 l))
+}
+```
+
+We can only access the functions through the types defined in the
+module type, which means `rand` will consume its `rng` argument,
+despite the actual function not doing anything odd. Code like this
+will now work:
+
+```Futhark
+def use (seed: i32) =
+  let rng = rand.mk_rng seed
+  let (rng', x) = rand.rand 6 rng
+  let (rng'', y) = rand.rand 6 rng'
+  in x + y
+```
+
+But if we try to reuse an RNG state, the type checker will tell us:
+
+```Futhark
+def abuse (seed: i32) =
+  let rng = rand.mk_rng seed
+  let (rng', x) = rand.rand 6 rng
+  let (rng'', y) = rand.rand 6 rng
+  in x + y
+```
+
+```
+Error: Using variable "rng", but this was consumed at 3:31-34.
+```
+
+If we *want* to duplicate an RNG state, we can still do so, as the
+`copy` prelude function can copy anything you can put in an array.
+This is explicit, and so unlikely to lead to unintended behaviour.
+
+The most widely used Futhark library for random numbers is
+[cpprandom](https://github.com/diku-dk/cpprandom), which does not use
+this approach, but I'm wondering whether it would be better if it did.
+However, in practice, bugs like this are not too difficult to avoid,
+if we simply use shadowing to make the old RNG states inaccessible:
+
+```Futhark
+def use (seed: i32) =
+  let rng = mk_rng seed
+  let (rng, x) = rand 6 rng
+  let (rng, y) = rand 6 rng
+  in x + y
+```