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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;opacity:.8;outline:none;padding:0;transition:opacity .2s linear}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:disabled,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:disabled,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:disabled,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.15!important}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:hover,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:hover{opacity:1}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:active,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:active,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:hover:active,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:hover:active{opacity:.6}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:not(:disabled),body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:not(:disabled),body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:hover:not(:disabled),body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:hover:not(:disabled){transition:none}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button[data-bespoke-marp-osc=prev],body[data-bespoke-view=next] 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/*!
* Marp default theme.
*
* @theme default
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
*/div#p>svg>foreignObject>section{--color-prettylights-syntax-comment:#6e7781;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity:#8250df;--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword:#cf222e;--color-prettylights-syntax-string:#0a3069;--color-prettylights-syntax-variable:#953800;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text:#f6f8fa;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text:#f6f8fa;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg:#cf222e;--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list:#3b2300;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold:#24292f;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text:#82071e;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg:#ffebe9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text:#116329;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg:#dafbe1;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text:#953800;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg:#ffd8b5;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text:#eaeef2;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg:#0550ae;--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range:#8250df;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle:#57606a;--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark:#8c959f;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link:#0a3069;--color-fg-default:#24292f;--color-fg-muted:#57606a;--color-fg-subtle:#6e7781;--color-canvas-default:#fff;--color-canvas-subtle:#f6f8fa;--color-border-default:#d0d7de;--color-border-muted:#d8dee4;--color-neutral-muted:rgba(175,184,193,.2);--color-accent-fg:#0969da;--color-accent-emphasis:#0969da;--color-attention-subtle:#fff8c5;--color-danger-fg:#cf222e;color-scheme:light}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:where(.invert){--color-prettylights-syntax-comment:#8b949e;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant:#79c0ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity:#d2a8ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag:#7ee787;--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword:#ff7b72;--color-prettylights-syntax-string:#a5d6ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-variable:#ffa657;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched:#f85149;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text:#f0f6fc;--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg:#8e1519;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text:#f0f6fc;--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg:#b62324;--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp:#7ee787;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list:#f2cc60;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading:#1f6feb;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text:#ffdcd7;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg:#67060c;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text:#aff5b4;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg:#033a16;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text:#ffdfb6;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg:#5a1e02;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text:#c9d1d9;--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg:#1158c7;--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range:#d2a8ff;--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle:#8b949e;--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark:#484f58;--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link:#a5d6ff;--color-fg-default:#c9d1d9;--color-fg-muted:#8b949e;--color-fg-subtle:#484f58;--color-canvas-default:#0d1117;--color-canvas-subtle:#161b22;--color-border-default:#30363d;--color-border-muted:#21262d;--color-neutral-muted:hsla(215,8%,47%,.4);--color-accent-fg:#58a6ff;--color-accent-emphasis:#1f6feb;--color-attention-subtle:rgba(187,128,9,.15);--color-danger-fg:#f85149;color-scheme:dark}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section{-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--color-canvas-default);color:var(--color-fg-default);font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe 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:where(.hljs-bullet){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list)}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-emphasis){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic);font-style:italic}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-strong){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold);font-weight:700}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-addition){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text)}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-deletion){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text)}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section footer,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section header{color:var(--header-footer-color);font-size:18px;left:30px;margin:0;position:absolute}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section header{top:21px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section footer{bottom:21px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section{--h1-color:#246;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,40%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#48c;--paginate-color:#777;align-items:stretch;display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;font-size:29px;height:720px;justify-content:center;padding:78.5px;width:1280px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section{--marpit-root-font-size:29px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:where(.invert){--h1-color:#cee7ff;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,60%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#7bf;--paginate-color:#999}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section>:last-child,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-footer]>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section>:first-child,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{bottom:21px;color:var(--paginate-color);font-size:24px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:30px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:24px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h1,marp-h1),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h2,marp-h2),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h3,marp-h3),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h4,marp-h4),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h5,marp-h5),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h6,marp-h6){color:currentcolor}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:after,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:before,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:after,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:before{display:none!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction=vertical]{flex-direction:column}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split,50%)}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split=right]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% - var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%))}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]>figure{all:initial;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;flex:auto;margin:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content],div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo]{background:transparent!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo],div#p>svg[data-marpit-svg]>foreignObject[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo]{pointer-events:none!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background-split]{width:100%;height:100%}</style></head><body><div class="bespoke-marp-osc"><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="prev" tabindex="-1" title="Previous slide">Previous slide</button><span data-bespoke-marp-osc="page"></span><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="next" tabindex="-1" title="Next slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id="p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h1>Reflection, Generics & Type Erasure</h1>
<p>A lengthy and dry topic - but you asked for it <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="😜" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f61c.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
</section>
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<h2>Reflection - Inspection</h2>
<p><strong>Reflection ~ "inspection as declared in source"</strong></p>
<p>What can be inspected?</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">"raw type": <code>Class</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">"generic type": <code>java.lang.reflect.Type</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">names</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">members</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">parameters</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="6">exceptions</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="7">=> "signatures"</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="8">annotations</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2>Reflection - Manipulation</h2>
<p><img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="🚧" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f6a7.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/> Not in this talk <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="🚧" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f6a7.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
</section>
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<h2>Reflection - Accessibility</h2>
<p>What is reflective access?</p>
<p>Not:</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><code>Class.getEnumConstants()</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>Class.getRecordComponents()</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3"><code>Class.getName()</code> & co (names, package, module)</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4"><code>Class.isInterface()</code> & co (only read modifier flags)</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">=> <code>Class.getModifiers()</code> (also exist on methods and fields)</li>
</ul>
<p>Pretty much everything else shown soon is considered "reflection".</p>
<p><strong>OBS!</strong> This matters because with Java modules types are generally inaccessible for reflection unless they are explicitly <code>open</code> for it.</p>
</section>
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<h2>Type Inspection - Element Type</h2>
<p>Type of the element itself:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>returns =></th>
<th><code>Class</code></th>
<th><code>java.lang.reflect.Type</code></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>Method</code></td>
<td><code>getReturnType()</code></td>
<td><code>getGenericReturnType()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Field</code></td>
<td><code>getType()</code></td>
<td><code>getGenericType()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Constructor</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaringClass()</code></td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Parameter</code></td>
<td><code>getType()</code></td>
<td><code>getParameterizedType()</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
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<h2>Type Inspection - <code>Executable</code> Parameters</h2>
<p>Type of parameters:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>returns =></th>
<th><code>Class[]</code></th>
<th><code>java.lang.reflect.Type[]</code></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>Method</code></td>
<td><code>getParameterTypes()</code></td>
<td><code>getGenericParameterTypes()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Constructor</code></td>
<td><code>getParameterTypes()</code></td>
<td><code>getGenericParameterTypes()</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Alternative: <code>getParameters()</code> => <code>Parameter[]</code></p>
<p><strong>OBS!</strong> <code>Parameter</code> does <strong>not</strong> have a <code>getIndex()</code> <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="😩" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f629.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
</section>
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<h2>Declarations - <code>Member</code>s</h2>
<p>Child elements of <code>Class</code>es:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>returns</th>
<th><em>public</em> "children" (+inherited)</th>
<th>all <em>local</em> "children" (-inherited)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>Method[]</code></td>
<td><code>getMethods()</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaredMethods()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Field[]</code></td>
<td><code>getFields()</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaredFields()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Constructor[]</code></td>
<td><code>getConstructors()</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaredConstructors()</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
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<h2>Declarations - Parents</h2>
<p>From child back to its "parent":</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>"child"</th>
<th>"parent" element</th>
<th>returns</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>Method</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaringClass()</code></td>
<td><code>Class</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Field</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaringClass()</code></td>
<td><code>Class</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Constructor</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaringClass()</code></td>
<td><code>Class</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Parameter</code></td>
<td><code>getDeclaringExecutable()</code></td>
<td><code>Executable</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
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<h2>Declarations - Inheritance</h2>
<p>Super*</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><code>Class</code> method</th>
<th>returns</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>getSuperclass()</code></td>
<td><code>Class<? super T></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>getGenericSuperclass()</code></td>
<td><code>Type</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>getInterfaces()</code></td>
<td><code>Class<?>[]</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>getGenericInterfaces()</code></td>
<td><code>Type[]</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
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<h2>Names</h2>
<p>Names of elements:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>name</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>Method</code></td>
<td><code>getName()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Field</code></td>
<td><code>getName()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Constructor</code></td>
<td><code>getName()</code>*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Parameter</code></td>
<td><code>getName()</code>**</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>*: = <code>getDeclaringClass().getName()</code></li>
<li>**: <strong>OBS!</strong> only available with compiler option <code>-parameters</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2>Annotations</h2>
<p>Essential:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AnnotatedElement</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// check</span>
<span class="hljs-type">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">isAnnotationPresent</span><span class="hljs-params">( Class<? extends Annotation> type )</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// single</span>
<A <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Annotation</span>> A <span class="hljs-title function_">getAnnotation</span><span class="hljs-params">( Class<A> type )</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// repeater</span>
<A <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Annotation</span>> A[] getAnnotationsByType( Class<A> type );
<span class="hljs-comment">//...</span>
}
</code></pre>
</section>
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<h2>Annotations - <code>@Repeatable</code> Annotations</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-meta">@Target( ElementType.PARAMETER )</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Retention( RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME )</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Repeatable( Params.class )</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@interface</span> Param
{
String <span class="hljs-title function_">name</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-meta">@Target( ElementType.PARAMETER )</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Retention( RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME )</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@interface</span> Params
{
Param[] value();
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Annotations - Surprises</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Method</th>
<th><code>@Repeatable</code> transparent</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>isAnnotationPresent</code></td>
<td>no <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="😰" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f630.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>getAnnotation</code></td>
<td>no <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="😰" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f630.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>getAnnotationsByType</code></td>
<td>yes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Workarounds:</p>
<ul>
<li>use only <code>getAnnotationsByType</code></li>
<li>use <code>ConsistentAnnotatedElement</code></li>
</ul>
<p>More surprises: <code>@Inherited</code>, spring & co</p>
</section>
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<h2>Annotations - Are Just Interfaces</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-meta">@interface</span> Name {
String <span class="hljs-title function_">value</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">record</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">NameValue</span><span class="hljs-params">(
String value
)</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Name</span> {
<span class="hljs-meta">@Override</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Class<? <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Annotation</span>> annotationType() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Name.class;
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>This works just fine:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-type">Name</span> <span class="hljs-variable">annotation</span> <span class="hljs-operator">=</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">NameValue</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"hello"</span>);
</code></pre>
<p>(also: Implemented by <code>Proxy</code>)</p>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics"</h2>
<p><code>java.lang.reflect.Type</code> Flavours:</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><code>Class</code> Types (all types before 1.5; a.k.a "raw types"): <code>String</code>, <code>Boolean</code>, ...</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>ParameterizedType</code>: <code>List<T></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3"><code>TypeVariable</code>: <code><T></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4"><code>WildcardType</code>: <code><? super Number></code>, <code><? extends Number></code>, <code><?></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5"><code>GenericArrayType</code>: <code>T[]</code></li>
</ul>
<p>(What needs to be considered by code trying to handle "all types")</p>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - Class Types vs. Raw Types</h2>
<p>What is the difference?</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><code>String</code> is a <em>class type</em></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>List</code> is a <em>raw type</em> of a parameterized type <code>List<T></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Array types <code>String[]</code> are <em>class types</em>.</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">(confusingly <code>Class<?></code> itself is a parameterized type)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>"Generics" - <code>ParameterizedType</code>s</h2>
<p>Are types with <strong>type parameters</strong> (free <em>type variables</em>; here <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>)</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Function</span><A, B> {
B <span class="hljs-title function_">apply</span><span class="hljs-params">( A a )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>See</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><code>Class.getTypeParameters()</code> => <code>TypeVariable[]</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2"><code>ParameterizedType.getRawType()</code> => <code>Type</code> is always: <code>Class<?></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3"><code>ParameterizedType.getActualTypeArguments()</code> => <code>Type[]</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - Parameterized Types II</h2>
<p>Not to be confused with <em>type arguments</em> (here <code>String</code>)</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringList</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayList</span><String> {}
</code></pre>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - <code>TypeVariable</code>s</h2>
<ul>
<li>Are named type placeholders</li>
<li>By convention use single letter upper case names</li>
</ul>
<p>When type parameters occur directly as type (here <code>T</code>) => <code>TypeVariable</code></p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-comment">// class level type parameters</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Predicate</span><T> { <span class="hljs-type">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">test</span><span class="hljs-params">(T value)</span>; }
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Util</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// method level type parameters</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <T> List<T> <span class="hljs-title function_">prepend</span><span class="hljs-params">(T e, List<T> tail)</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>See</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><code>Method.getTypeParameters()</code> => <code>TypeVariable[]</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>"Generics" - <code>WildcardType</code>s</h2>
<p>Any subtype of ...</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Adder</span> {
<span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">intSum</span><span class="hljs-params">( List<? extends Number> values )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p><code>WildcardType.getUpperBounds()</code> => <code>Type[]</code></p>
<p>Any supertype of ...</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Calculator</span> {
<T> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">calc</span><span class="hljs-params">( T left, BinaryOperator<? <span class="hljs-built_in">super</span> T> op, T right )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p><code>WildcardType.getLowerBounds()</code> => <code>Type[]</code></p>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - <code>WildcardType</code>s II</h2>
<p>Interesting...</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1"><code><?></code> is just an alias for <code><? extends Object></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Why are upper bounds a <code>Type[]</code> array?</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Because: <code><T extends Member & AnnotatedElement></code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Why are lower bounds a <code>Type[]</code> array?</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">Because: reasons :D ATM there can only be one lower bound</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - <code>GenericArrayType</code>s</h2>
<p><code>T[]</code> is neither...</p>
<ul>
<li>a <em>class type</em> (because its element type is not a <em>class type</em>)</li>
<li>nor a <em>type variable</em> (because it is also an <em>array type</em>)</li>
</ul>
<p>Tends to be forgotten</p>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - Type Assignability</h2>
<p>What? <code><? extends X></code> != <code><? extends X></code>?</p>
<p>Two wildcard types are only compatible if they originate from the same capture.</p>
<p><strong>Solution:</strong><br />
Use same type variable</p>
</section>
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<h2>"Generics" - Type Assignability II</h2>
<p>Why use wildcard types then?</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Adder</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-type">int</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">intSum</span><span class="hljs-params">(List<? extends Number> values)</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> values.stream().mapToInt(Number::intValue).sum();
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>Can be called with:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java">Adder.intSum(List.of(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// = 6</span>
Adder.intSum(List.of(<span class="hljs-number">1.4f</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2.5f</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3.6f</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// = 6</span>
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>"Generics" - Type Assignability III</h2>
<p>Similar...</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Calculator</span> {
<T> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">calc</span><span class="hljs-params">( T left, BinaryOperator<?<span class="hljs-built_in">super</span> T> op, T right )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>Can be called with:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java">BinaryOperator<Number> plusInt = (left, right) -> left.intValue() + right.intValue();
<span class="hljs-type">Calculator</span> <span class="hljs-variable">c</span> <span class="hljs-operator">=</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">CalculatorImpl</span>();
c.calc(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, plusInt, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// = 3</span>
c.calc(<span class="hljs-number">1.4f</span>, plusInt, <span class="hljs-number">2.5f</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// = 3</span>
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="26" data-marpit-fragments="3" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Type Erasure</h2>
<p>What does type erasure entail?</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">the JVM only supports <em>class types</em></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">=> object instances can only "know" their <em>class type</em> (which might be their <em>raw type</em>)</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">=> JVM call mechanics build on erased signatures</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Type Erasure - Basics</h2>
<p>Source:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Consumer</span><T> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">apply</span><span class="hljs-params">( T e )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>JVM:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Consumer</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">apply</span><span class="hljs-params">( Object e )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Type Erasure - Bounds</h2>
<p>Source:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Parser</span> {
<T <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Number</span>> T <span class="hljs-title function_">parse</span><span class="hljs-params">( String value, Function<String, T> toNumber )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>JVM:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Parser</span> {
Number <span class="hljs-title function_">parse</span><span class="hljs-params">( String value, Function toNumber )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="29" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Type Erasure - Collisions</h2>
<p>Source:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Adder</span> {
Number <span class="hljs-title function_">add</span><span class="hljs-params">( List<String> values, Function<String, Number> toNumber )</span>;
Integer <span class="hljs-title function_">add</span><span class="hljs-params">( List<Number> values, Function<Number, Integer> toInt )</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>JVM:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Adder</span> {
Number <span class="hljs-title function_">add</span><span class="hljs-params">( List values, Function toNumber )</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="🚫" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f6ab.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/> compiler error</span>
Integer <span class="hljs-title function_">add</span><span class="hljs-params">( List values, Function toInt )</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="🚫" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f6ab.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/> compiler error</span>
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Type Erasure - Bridge Methods</h2>
<p>Source:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Box</span><T> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">put</span><span class="hljs-params">(T value)</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringBox</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Box</span><String> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">put</span><span class="hljs-params">(String value)</span> { }
}
</code></pre>
<p>JVM:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Box</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">put</span><span class="hljs-params">(Object value)</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringBox</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Box</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">put</span><span class="hljs-params">(String value)</span> { }
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="31" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Type Erasure - Bridge Methods II</h2>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java">Box<String> box = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringBox</span>();
box.put(<span class="hljs-string">"I get bridged"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// call put(Object) from Box interface</span>
</code></pre>
<p>But <code>StringBox</code> defines <code>put</code> as <code>put(String)</code> <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="😱" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f631.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringBox</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Box</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">put</span><span class="hljs-params">(String value)</span> { }
<span class="hljs-comment">// bridge method generated by the compiler</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">put</span><span class="hljs-params">(Object value)</span> {
put((String) value);
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>Also: a "synthetic" method (modifiers)</p>
</section>
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<h2>Return Type Overrides</h2>
<p>Not a "generics" feature, but it appears <em>as if</em>:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Num</span> {
Num <span class="hljs-title function_">addInt</span><span class="hljs-params">(Int other)</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Int</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Num</span> {
Int <span class="hljs-title function_">addInt</span><span class="hljs-params">(Int other)</span> {}
}
</code></pre>
<p>Return types are not part of the signature <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="🤯" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f92f.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
<p>It is allowed to <em>override</em> them with a subtype</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="33" data-marpit-fragments="4" data-class="invert" data-theme="default" data-heading-divider="2" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--theme:default;--heading-divider:2;">
<h2>Lessons</h2>
<p>From this presentation...</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Reflection = "inspection as declared in source"</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">Avoid raw types: <code>List<String></code> over <code>List<?></code> over <code>List</code></li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Introduce type variables to capture a wildcard type as "the same=compatible type"</li>
</ul>
<p>From experience...</p>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Avoid type parameters by design
<ul>
<li>1 is <strong>maybe</strong> unavoidable <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="🤷" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/twitter/[email protected]/assets/svg/1f937.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></li>
<li>2 is suspicious</li>
<li>>= 3 is most likely bad design :D</li>
<li>=> rethink the design, simplify (but don't hack around with casts or raw types)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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