diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md index 5b7154f..c7d42f2 100644 --- a/NEWS.md +++ b/NEWS.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +7.6: Jan 04, 2023 +----------------- +* Import definitions.units September 2022 Version 3.15. + 7.4: May 20, 2021 - World Metrology Day --------------------------------------- * Fix hash table creation on PostgreSQL 14. diff --git a/debian/changelog b/debian/changelog index 2b42745..7931076 100644 --- a/debian/changelog +++ b/debian/changelog @@ -1,10 +1,14 @@ -postgresql-unit (7.5-3) UNRELEASED; urgency=medium +postgresql-unit (7.6-1) UNRELEASED; urgency=medium + [ Debian Janitor ] * Remove constraints unnecessary since buster (oldstable): + Build-Depends: Drop versioned constraint on bison. * Use secure copyright file specification URI. * Set upstream metadata fields: Bug-Database, Bug-Submit, Repository-Browse. + [ Christoph Berg ] + * Import definitions.units September 2022 Version 3.15. + -- Debian Janitor Mon, 24 Oct 2022 16:32:10 -0000 postgresql-unit (7.5-2) unstable; urgency=medium diff --git a/definitions.units b/definitions.units index 0f24a32..59ef716 100644 --- a/definitions.units +++ b/definitions.units @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# +# # This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion # program by Adrian Mariano adrianm@gnu.org # -# September 2020 Version 3.09 +# September 2022 Version 3.15 # -# Copyright (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2020 +# Copyright (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2020, 2022 # Free Software Foundation, Inc # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify @@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ # # Improvements and corrections are welcome. # +# See the end of this file for a list of items we have chosen to exclude +# or have decided are out of scope for GNU units. +# # Fundamental constants in this file are the 2018 CODATA recommended values. # # Most units data was drawn from @@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ s ! # The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined second s # by taking the fixed numerical value of the unperturbed # ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the - # cesium-133 atom to be 9 192 1631 770 when expressed in the + # cesium-133 atom to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the # unit Hz, which is equal to 1/s. # # This definition is a restatement of the previous one, the @@ -471,18 +474,22 @@ double- 2 triple- 3 treble- 3 -kibi- 2^10 # In response to the convention of illegally -mebi- 2^20 # and confusingly using metric prefixes for -gibi- 2^30 # powers of two, the International -tebi- 2^40 # Electrotechnical Commission aproved these -pebi- 2^50 # binary prefixes for use in 1998. If you -exbi- 2^60 # want to refer to "megabytes" using the -Ki- kibi # binary definition, use these prefixes. +kibi- 2^10 # In response to the improper and confusing +mebi- 2^20 # use of SI prefixes for powers of two, +gibi- 2^30 # the International Electrotechnical +tebi- 2^40 # Commission aproved these binary prefixes +pebi- 2^50 # in IEC 60027-2 Amendment 2 (1999). +exbi- 2^60 +zebi- 2^70 # Zebi- and yobi- were added in the 2005 ed., +yobi- 2^80 # later superseded by ISO/IEC 80000-13:2008. +Ki- kibi Mi- mebi Gi- gibi Ti- tebi Pi- pebi Ei- exbi +Zi- zebi +Yi- yobi Y- yotta Z- zetta @@ -734,6 +741,15 @@ STRESS FORCE / AREA FREQUENCY hertz VELOCITY LENGTH / TIME ACCELERATION VELOCITY / TIME +MOMENTUM MASS VELOCITY +IMPULSE FORCE TIME +DISPLACEMENT LENGTH +DISTANCE LENGTH +ELONGATION LENGTH +STRAIN ELONGATION / LENGTH +ENERGY joule +POWER watt +WORK FORCE DISTANCE DENSITY MASS / VOLUME LINEAR_DENSITY MASS / LENGTH VISCOSITY FORCE TIME / AREA @@ -800,6 +816,7 @@ l liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was # measurement was off. In 1964, the # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000 # cubic centimeters. +Ah amp hour # Unit of charge mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes @@ -869,11 +886,11 @@ pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation, # from Greek work "pyr" for fire. katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction - # to consume or produce on mol/sec. + # to consume or produce one mol/sec. solarluminosity 382.8e24 W # A common yardstick for comparing the # output of different stars. # http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html -# at mean earth-sun distance +# at mean Earth-Sun distance solarirradiance solarluminosity / (4 pi sundist^2) solarconstant solarirradiance TSI solarirradiance # total solar irradiance @@ -1168,6 +1185,8 @@ beaufort(B) units=[1;m/s] domain=[0,17] range=[0,) \ # Basic constants pi 3.14159265358979323846 +tau 2 pi +phi (sqrt(5)+1)/2 light c mu0_SI 2 alpha h_SI / e_SI^2 c_SI # Vacuum magnetic permeability mu0 2 alpha h / e^2 c # Gets overridden in CGS modes @@ -1277,6 +1296,18 @@ watt90 (K_J90^2 R_K90 / K_J^2 R_K) W # Various conventional values gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact) + # Established by the 3rd CGPM in + # 1901. This is a nominal midrange + # value, originally based on the + # acceleration of a body at sea + # level at 45 degrees latitude. + # The value was actually determined + # by measuring at the International + # Bureau and correcting the + # measurement by a theoretical + # cofficient to get the 45 deg + # latitude sea level value. + # (Wikipedia: Standard gravity) force gravity # use to turn masses into forces atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure atmosphere atm @@ -1312,16 +1343,37 @@ H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3 # Atomic constants - - -Rinfinity m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h # The wavelengths of a spectral series -R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as +hartree 4.3597447222071e-18 J # Approximate electric potential energy +E_h hartree # of the hydrogen atom in its ground + # state, and approximately twice its + # ionization energy. The hartree + # energy is traditionally defined as + # coulombconst^2 m_e e^4 / hbar^2, + # but it can be measured to greater + # precision using the relationship + # hartree = 2 h c Rinfinity + # because Rinfinity is one of the + # most accurately measured physical + # constants. Because h and c are + # exact we can choose either hartree + # or Rinfinity from CODATA to use as + # the primary value without + # affecting the precision. +Rinfinity hartree / 2 h c # The wavelengths of a spectral series +R_H Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) # can be expressed as # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2). # where R is a number that various # slightly from element to element. # For hydrogen, R_H is the value, # and for heavy elements, the value - # approaches Rinfinity. + # approaches Rinfinity, which can be + # computed from + # Rinfinity = m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h + # with loss of precision. Rinfinity + # is one of the most accurately + # measured physical constants and is + # known to higher precision than m_e + # or alpha. alpha 7.2973525693e-3 # The fine structure constant was # introduced to explain fine # structure visible in spectral @@ -1331,7 +1383,6 @@ prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12 # binding energy of the deuteron conductancequantum 2 e^2 / h - # Particle radius electronradius coulombconst e^2 / electronmass c^2 # Classical @@ -1430,15 +1481,15 @@ ly lightyear # NIST publication 811 lightsecond c s lightminute c min parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance -pc parsec # from the sun to a point having +pc parsec # from the Sun to a point having # heliocentric parallax of 1 # arcsec (derived from parallax # second). A distant object with # parallax theta will be about # (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the - # sun (using the approximation + # Sun (using the approximation # that tan(theta) = theta). -rydberg h c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy +rydberg 1|2 hartree # Rydberg energy crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one # liter of hydrogen at standard # temperature and pressure. @@ -1467,7 +1518,7 @@ St stokes stoke stokes lentor stokes # old name Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics -galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field +galileo Gal # for Earth's gravitational field # (note that "gal" is for gallon # but "Gal" is the standard symbol # for the gal which is evidently a @@ -1794,46 +1845,48 @@ hlu_bfield sqrt(4 pi) gauss # name) are defined by setting hbar = c = boltzmann = 1. In this system the # electron volt is the only base unit. The electromagnetic units can be # derived from the rationalized Heaviside-Lorentz units or from Gaussian units. -# The default form is the rationalized HLU derived version. +# The default form is the rationalized HLU derived version. +# +# The basic mechanical and thermodynamic definitions for the natural +# units are identical in both systems. These appear below. The +# natural-gauss system has additional electromagnetic redefinitions +# that appear above in the "Electromagnetic CGS (Gaussian)" Section. # These are the Heaviside-Lorentz natural units -natural_length hbar c / eV -natural_mass eV / c^2 -natural_time hbar / eV -natural_temp eV / boltzmann +natural_energy eV natural_charge e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) -natural_current natural_charge / natural_time -natural_force natural_mass natural_length / natural_time^2 -natural_energy natural_force natural_length +natural_time hbar / natural_energy +natural_length natural_time c +natural_mass natural_energy / c^2 +natural_temp natural_energy / boltzmann +natural_force natural_energy / natural_length natural_power natural_energy / natural_time natural_volt natural_energy / natural_charge -natural_Efield natural_volt / natural_length -natural_Bfield natural_volt natural_time / natural_length^2 +natural_Efield natural_volt / natural_length +natural_Bfield natural_Efield / c +natural_current natural_charge / natural_time !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural -!message Natural units selected (Heaviside-Lorentz based) +!message Natural units selected (Heavyside-Lorentz based) !prompt (natural) -+eV ! -+h 2 pi -+c 1 -+boltzmann 1 -+m e_SI / hbar_SI c_SI eV -+kg (c_SI^2 / e_SI) eV -+s e_SI / hbar_SI eV -+K (k_SI / e_SI) eV !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural-gauss !message Natural units selected (Gaussian based) !prompt (natgauss) +!endvar + +# These definitions are the same in both natural unit systems + +!var UNITS_SYSTEM natural natural-gauss +eV ! +h 2 pi +c 1 +boltzmann 1 -+m e_SI / (h_SI / 2 pi) c_SI eV ++m e_SI / hbar_SI c_SI eV +kg (c_SI^2 / e_SI) eV -+s e_SI / (h_SI / 2 pi) eV ++s e_SI / hbar_SI eV +K (k_SI / e_SI) eV !endvar @@ -1865,32 +1918,34 @@ natural_Bfield natural_volt natural_time / natural_length^2 planckmass sqrt(hbar c / G) m_P planckmass -plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2 +planckenergy planckmass c^2 +E_P planckenergy +plancktime hbar / planckenergy t_P plancktime plancklength plancktime c l_P plancklength -plancktemperature hbar / k plancktime +plancktemperature planckenergy / k T_P plancktemperature -planckenergy planckmass plancklength^2 / plancktime^2 -E_P planckenergy +planckforce planckenergy / plancklength planckcharge sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent planckcharge / plancktime planckvolt planckenergy / planckcharge planckEfield planckvolt / plancklength -planckBfield planckvolt plancktime / plancklength^2 +planckBfield planckEfield / c # Rationalized, reduced planck units planckmass_red sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) -plancktime_red hbar / planckmass_red c^2 +planckenergy_red planckmass_red c^2 +plancktime_red hbar / planckenergy_red plancklength_red plancktime_red c -plancktemperature_red hbar / k plancktime_red -planckenergy_red planckmass_red plancklength_red^2 / plancktime_red^2 +plancktemperature_red planckenergy_red / k +planckforce_red planckenergy_red / plancklength_red planckcharge_red sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent_red planckcharge_red / plancktime_red planckvolt_red planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red planckEfield_red planckvolt_red / plancklength_red -planckBfield_red planckvolt_red plancktime_red / plancklength_red^2 +planckBfield_red planckEfield_red /c !var UNITS_SYSTEM planck @@ -2269,15 +2324,15 @@ fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber # # Astronomical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the # true day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds -# over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of the -# earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the sun moves on the ecliptic +# over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of +# Earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the Sun moves on the ecliptic # instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time -# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean sun". -# Consider a first fictitious sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant -# speed and coinciding with the true sun at perigee and apogee. Then -# considering a second fictitious sun traveling along the celestial equator at -# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious sun at the -# equinoxes. The second fictitious sun is the "mean sun". From this equations +# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean Sun". +# Consider a first fictitious Sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant +# speed and coinciding with the true Sun at perigee and apogee. Then +# considering a second fictitious Sun traveling along the celestial equator at +# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious Sun at the +# equinoxes. The second fictitious Sun is the "mean Sun". From this equations # can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical # year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year # from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic @@ -2291,12 +2346,12 @@ fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber TIME second anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive - # perihelion passages of the - # earth. -siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make - # one revolution around the sun + # perihelion passages of + # Earth. +siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for Earth to make + # one revolution around the Sun # relative to the stars. -tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun +tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean Sun # as defined above to increase # its longitude by 360 degrees. # Most references defined the @@ -2305,7 +2360,7 @@ tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun # this is misleading. The length # of the season changes over time # because of the eccentricity of - # the earth's orbit. The time + # Earth's orbit. The time # between vernal equinoxes is # approximately 365.24237 days # around the year 2000. See @@ -2313,16 +2368,16 @@ tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun # Morsels" for more details. eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the # intersection of the plane of - # Earth's orbit around the sun - # with the plane of the moon's - # orbit around earth. Eclipses - # can only occur when the moon - # and sun are close to this + # Earth's orbit around the Sun + # with the plane of the Moon's + # orbit around Earth. Eclipses + # can only occur when the Moon + # and Sun are close to this # line. The line rotates and - # appearances of the sun on the + # appearances of the Sun on the # line of nodes occur every # eclipse year. -saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in +saros 223 synodicmonth # The Earth, Moon and Sun appear in # the same arrangement every # saros, so if an eclipse occurs, # then one saros later, a similar @@ -2335,37 +2390,50 @@ saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in # days. After 3 saros, an # eclipse will occur at # approximately the same place. +solarday day # Time from noon to noon siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian, -siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the - # earth to make one rotation - # relative to the stars. The - # more usual solar day is the +siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for + # Earth to make one rotation + # relative to the stars. Another + # way to think about it is to + # imagine looking down at the + # solar system and noting when + # Earth has made a rotation. + # The more usual solar day is the # time required to make a - # rotation relative to the sun. - # Because the earth moves in its - # orbit, it has to turn a bit - # extra to face the sun again, + # rotation relative to the Sun, + # which means the same point on + # Earth faces the Sun again. + # Because Earth moves in its + # orbit, it has to rotate a bit + # more to face the Sun again, # hence the solar day is slightly - # longer. -anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the moon to travel from + # longer than the sidereal day. + # The value given here is the + # mean day length taken from + # ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html + # which in turn cites the + # "Explanatory Supplement to the + # Astronomical Almanac", 1992. +anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the Moon to travel from # perigee to perigee nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic. draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to # travel from the ascending node # to the next ascending node. -siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to - # orbit the earth +siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the Moon to + # orbit the Earth lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds # Mean time between full moons. -synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the sun -lunation synodicmonth # and moon are on opposite sides -lune 1|30 lunation # of the earth. Since the earth -lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon - # has to revolve a bit extra to - # get into the full moon +synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the Sun +lunation synodicmonth # and Moon are on opposite sides +lune 1|30 lunation # of the Earth. Since the Earth +lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the Sun, the Moon + # has to move a bit further in its + # orbit to return to the full moon # configuration. year tropicalyear yr year @@ -2407,44 +2475,163 @@ islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months. # 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This # gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days. +# +# Planetary data from JPL's planet fact sheets. Each planet has its +# own sheet at https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact.html +# The source for data on the fact sheets is described at +# https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact_notes.html +# and they also indicate that the values listed are not "official" values: +# there is no no single set of agreed upon values. + +# Sidereal days. The sidereal day is the time required for a planet to make a +# revolution relative to the stars. This is the default day value. + +mercuryday mercuryday_sidereal +venusday venusday_sidereal +earthday earthday_sidereal +marsday marsday_sidereal +jupiterday jupiterday_sidereal +saturnday saturnday_sidereal +uranusday uranusday_sidereal +neptuneday neptuneday_sidereal +plutoday plutoday_sidereal + +mercuryday_sidereal 1407.6 hr # Mercury is in a 3:2 resonance lock + # where it makes 3 rotations per 2 orbits + # so 3 sidereal days = 2 years +venusday_sidereal 5832.6 hr # Retrograde +earthday_sidereal siderealday +marsday_sidereal 24.6229 hr +jupiterday_sidereal 9.9250 hr +saturnday_sidereal 10.656 hr +uranusday_sidereal 17.24 hr # Retrograde +neptuneday_sidereal 16.11 hr +plutoday_sidereal 153.2928 hr # Retrograde + +# In astronomy, an object's rotation is "prograde" if it rotates in +# the same direction as the primary object it orbits. Prograde +# rotation is the more common case: in Earth's solar system, Mercury, +# Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have prograde rotation. +# When an object rotates opposite the direction of its primary object, +# the object's rotation is "retrograde". Venus, Uranus, and Pluto have +# retrograde rotation. +# +# The solar (or synodic) day is the time from noon to noon on a planet. This +# is different from the sidereal day because the planet has moved in its orbit, +# so (if its rotation is prograde) it needs additional rotation to return to +# the same orientation relative to the Sun. In one orbital period (a year), +# this amounts to one additional complete rotation, so the number of sidereal +# days in a year is one greater than the number of solar days. +# +# If the planet's rotation is retrograde, less rotation is needed to return to +# the same orientation relative to the Sun, and the number of sidereal days in +# a year is one fewer than the number of solar days. +# +# The solar day can be computed from the sidereal day in the typical prograde +# case by: +# solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year - sidereal_day) +# If the planet's rotation is retrograde like Venus then the formula is +# solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year + sidereal_day) +# If the sidereal day and year are the same length then the same face of the +# planet faces the Sun and there is no solar day. + +mercuryday_solar 4222.6 hr +venusday_solar 2802.0 hr +earthday_solar 24 hr +marsday_solar 24.6597 hr +jupiterday_solar 9.9259 hr +saturnday_solar 10.656 hr +uranusday_solar 17.24 hr +neptuneday_solar 16.11 hr +plutoday_solar 153.2820 hr + +# Sidereal years + +mercuryyear 87.969 day +venusyear 224.701 day +earthyear siderealyear +marsyear 686.980 day +jupiteryear 4332.589 day +saturnyear 10759.22 day +uranusyear 30685.4 day +neptuneyear 60189 day +plutoyear 90560 day -# Sidereal days - -mercuryday 58.6462 day -venusday 243.01 day # retrograde -earthday siderealday -marsday 1.02595675 day -jupiterday 0.41354 day -saturnday 0.4375 day -uranusday 0.65 day # retrograde -neptuneday 0.768 day -plutoday 6.3867 day - -# Sidereal years from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/phys_props_planets.html. Data -# was updated in May 2001 based on the 1992 Explanatory Supplement to the -# Astronomical Almanac and the mean longitude rates. Apparently the table of -# years in that reference is incorrect. +# Equatorial radii for the planets from JPL fact sheets -mercuryyear 0.2408467 julianyear -venusyear 0.61519726 julianyear -earthyear siderealyear -marsyear 1.8808476 julianyear -jupiteryear 11.862615 julianyear -saturnyear 29.447498 julianyear -uranusyear 84.016846 julianyear -neptuneyear 164.79132 julianyear -plutoyear 247.92065 julianyear - -# Objects on the earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose +mercuryradius 2440.5 km +venusradius 6051.8 km +earthradius 6371.01 km +marsradius 3396.2 km +jupiterradius 71492 km # 1 bar level +saturnradius 60268 km # 1 bar level +uranusradius 25559 km # 1 bar level +neptuneradius 24764 km # 1 bar level +plutoradius 1188 km + +mercurysundist_min 46.000 Gm +mercurysundist_max 69.818 Gm +venussundist_min 107.480 Gm +venussundist_max 108.941 Gm +earthsundist_min sundist_min +earthsundist_max sundist_max +marssundist_min 206.650 Gm +marssundist_max 249.261 Gm +jupitersundist_min 740.595 Gm +jupitersundist_max 816.363 Gm +saturnsundist_min 1357.554 Gm +saturnsundist_max 1506.527 Gm +uranussundist_min 2732.696 Gm +uranussundist_max 3001.390 Gm +neptunesundist_min 4471.050 Gm +neptunesundist_max 4558.857 Gm +plutosundist_min 4434.987 Gm +plutosundist_max 7304.326 Gm + +sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean Earth-Sun distance +moondist 3.844e8 m # mean Earth-Moon distance +sundist_near 147.095 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at perihelion +sundist_min sundist_near +sundist_far 152.100 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at aphelion +sundist_max sundist_far + +# The Earth-Moon distances at perigee and apogee are different for every +# lunation. The values here are the extremes for 1500-2500 according to +# Jean Meeus's Astronomical Algorithms (1991, 332). + +moondist_min 356.371 km # minimum distance at perigee 1500-2500 +moondist_max 406.720 km # maximum distance at apogee 1500-2500 + +# Objects on Earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose # dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is # specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the # polar radius. These values are the 1996 values given by the International # Earth Rotation Service (IERS) whose reference documents can be found at # http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ -earthflattening 1|298.25642 -earthradius_equatorial 6378136.49 m -earthradius_polar (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial +earthflattening IERS_earthflattening +earthradius_equatorial IERS_earthradius_equatorial +earthradius_polar (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial + +# The World Geodetic System maintains a standard, WGS84, which is used by the +# the GPS system. This system uses a conventional ellipsoid that was fixed in +# 1984 and has remained constant so that data collected at different times is +# referenced to the same ellipsoid. https://epsg.io/4326 + +WGS84_earthflattening 1|298.257223563 +WGS84_earthradius_equatorial 6378137 m +WGS84_earthradius_polar (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial + +# The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) attempts to +# maintain an accurate model of Earth, with updates to maintain the highest +# possible accuracy, even though this makes it more difficult to relate geodetic +# mesurements made at different times. Values below are from the 2017 standard. +# https://iers-conventions.obspm.fr/content/chapter1/icc1.pdf + +IERS_earthflattening 1|298.25642 +IERS_earthradius_equatorial 6378136.6 m +IERS_earthradius_polar (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial + landarea 148.847e6 km^2 oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2 @@ -2453,28 +2640,27 @@ moonradius 1738 km # mean value sunradius 6.96e8 m # Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units -# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the sun as base units. The +# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the Sun as base units. The # uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units # significantly less accurate. # The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor -# axis of a massless object with the same year as the earth. With such a -# definition in force, and with the mass of the sun set equal to one, Kepler's +# axis of a massless object with the same year as Earth. With such a +# definition in force, and with the mass of the Sun set equal to one, Kepler's # third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant. # Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital # period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant -# and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for the earth's orbit, we +# and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for Earth's orbit, we # find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian # gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the # calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value -# for the length of the earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called +# for the length of Earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called # the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into # agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a # lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal # to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for # the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k. -# Many values below are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of # au^(3|2) / day and is exact. @@ -2486,72 +2672,44 @@ astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described # astronomical unit. (See the NASA # site listed above.) -GMsun 1.32712440018e20 m^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant -solarmass GMsun/G # with uncertainty 8e9 is known more -sunmass solarmass # accurately than G. - - -sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance -moondist 3.844e8 m # mean earth-moon distance -sundist_near 1.471e11 m # earth-sun distance at perihelion -sundist_far 1.521e11 m # earth-sun distance at aphelion -moondist_min 3.564e8 m # approximate least distance at - # perigee 1901-2300 -moondist_max 4.067e8 m # approximate greatest distance at - # apogee 1901-2300 - - -# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself. -# The comments give the uncertainty in the denominators. As noted above, -# masses are given relative to the solarmass because this is more accurate. -# The conversion to SI is uncertain because of uncertainty in G, the -# gravitational constant. -# -# Values are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_constants.html - -mercurymass solarmass / 6023600 # 250 -venusmass solarmass / 408523.71 # 0.06 -earthmoonmass solarmass / 328900.56 # 0.02 -marsmass solarmass / 3098708 # 9 -jupitermass solarmass / 1047.3486 # 0.0008 -saturnmass solarmass / 3497.898 # 0.018 -uranusmass solarmass / 22902.98 # 0.03 -neptunemass solarmass / 19412.24 # 0.04 -plutomass solarmass / 1.35e8 # 0.07e8 - -moonearthmassratio 0.012300034 # uncertainty 3e-9 -earthmass earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio) -moonmass moonearthmassratio earthmass - -# These are the old values for the planetary masses. They may give -# the masses of the planets alone. - -oldmercurymass 0.33022e24 kg -oldvenusmass 4.8690e24 kg -oldmarsmass 0.64191e24 kg -oldjupitermass 1898.8e24 kg -oldsaturnmass 568.5e24 kg -olduranusmass 86.625e24 kg -oldneptunemass 102.78e24 kg -oldplutomass 0.015e24 kg - -# Mean radius from http://ssd.jpl.nsaa.gov/phys_props_planets.html which in -# turn cites Global Earth Physics by CF Yoder, 1995. - -mercuryradius 2440 km -venusradius 6051.84 km -earthradius 6371.01 km -marsradius 3389.92 km -jupiterradius 69911 km -saturnradius 58232 km -uranusradius 25362 km -neptuneradius 24624 km -plutoradius 1151 km +GMsun 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant +solarmass GMsun/G # is known more accurately than G. +sunmass solarmass # Estimated from DE440 + + +# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself, +# except for the case of Earth, where the Moon is excluded. Masses are +# relative to G because they are known much more accurately than G. +# +# See https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html. Values are from +# the DE440 Ephermeris: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/Park.2021.AJ.DE440.pdf + +mercurymass 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G +venusmass 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G +marsmass 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G +jupitermass 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G +saturnmass 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G +uranusmass 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G +neptunemass 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G +plutomass 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G +ceresmass 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G +vestamass 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G + +earthmass 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G # Earth alone +moonmass 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G +moonearthmassratio moonmass/earthmass +earthmoonmass earthmass+moonmass moongravity 1.62 m/s^2 +# Earth gravity values at the equator and poles. These values are +# obtained from the WGS84 model. + +gravity_equatorial 9.7803263359 m / s^2 +gravity_polar 9.8321849378 m / s^2 + # The Hubble constant gives the speed at which distance galaxies are moving -# away from the earth according to v = H0*d, where H0 is the hubble constant +# away from Earth according to v = H0*d, where H0 is the hubble constant # and d is the distance to the galaxy. hubble 70 km/s/Mpc # approximate @@ -2753,24 +2911,13 @@ S10 SB_degree(10) # You want: EV100 # 13.553962 - +# # The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units -# of mass (of electron), action (Planck's constant), charge, and +# of mass (of the electron), action (Planck's constant), charge, and # the Coulomb constant. This system is used in the fields of physical # chemistry and condensed matter physics. # -# The Hartree energy can be derived from m_e, e, hbar, and coulombconst by -# hartree = coulombconst^2 m_e e^4 / hbar^2 -# but due to correlations between the measurements for m_e and coulombconst -# this results in a significant loss of precision. So we use an alternate -# equivalent definition for the hartree and use energy instead of the -# Coulomb constant to derive the other units. This method retains the -# precision. - -hartree 2 rydberg # Approximate electric potential energy of - # the hydrogen atom in its ground state, - # and approximately twice its ionization - # energy. + # Fundamental units atomicmass electronmass @@ -2789,12 +2936,17 @@ atomiccurrent atomiccharge / atomictime atomicpotential atomicenergy / atomiccharge # electrical potential atomicvolt atomicpotential atomicEfield atomicpotential / atomiclength -atomicBfield atomicvolt atomictime / atomiclength^2 +atomicBfield atomicEfield / atomicvelocity atomictemperature atomicenergy / boltzmann +# +# In Hartree units, m_e = hbar = e = coulombconst = bohrradius = alpha*c = 1 +# + !var UNITS_SYSTEM hartree !message Hartree units selected !prompt (hartree) ++hartree 1 +kg 1/electronmass_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s +m alpha c_SI electronmass_SI / hbar_SI @@ -2926,7 +3078,7 @@ fathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from # extended. nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at # the equator. That value is about 1855 m. - # Early estimates of the earth's circumference + # Early estimates of Earth's circumference # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was # made the international standard in 1929. # The US did not accept this value until @@ -4424,9 +4576,6 @@ FL flightlevel # vertical separation between aircraft # Other units of work, energy, power, etc # -ENERGY joule -WORK joule - # Calorie: approximate energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius calorie cal_th # Default is the thermochemical calorie @@ -4638,8 +4787,6 @@ uranium_natural 0.7% uranium_pure # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235 celsiusheatunit cal lb degC / gram K chu celsiusheatunit -POWER watt - # "Apparent" average power in an AC circuit, the product of rms voltage # and rms current, equal to the true power in watts when voltage and # current are in phase. In a DC circuit, always equal to the true power. @@ -4735,10 +4882,12 @@ dBJ(x) units=[1;J] range=(0,) dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative # to 1 joule. Used for power spectral # density since W/Hz = J + # When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared # because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root # mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units. +dB_amplitude(x) units=[1;1] dB(0.5 x) ; ~dB(dB_amplitude^2) dBV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) V;~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V dBmV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mV;~dB(dBmV^2/mV^2)# Reference = 1 mV dBuV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) @@ -4763,12 +4912,27 @@ dBv(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu # for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency # weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response. +# sound pressure level dBSPL(x) units=[1;Pa] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; \ - ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # pressure + ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) +# sound intensity level dBSIL(x) units=[1;W/m^2] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; \ - ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # intensity + ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) +# sound power level (The W in SWL is for the reference power, 1 W.) dBSWL(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W) +# The neper is another similar logarithmic unit. Note that the neper +# is defined based on the ratio of amplitudes rather than the power +# ratio like the decibel. This means that if the data is power, and +# you convert to nepers you should take the square root of the data +# to convert to amplitude. If you want to convert nepers to a power +# measurement you need to square the resulting output. + +neper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x); ln(neper) +centineper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x/100); 100 ln(centineper) +Np() neper +cNp() centineper +Np_power(x) units=[1;1] Np(2 x) ; ~Np(Np_power)/2 # Misc other measures @@ -4784,11 +4948,32 @@ tonrefrigeration uston 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is tonref tonrefrigeration refrigeration tonref / ton frigorie 1000 cal_15 # Used in refrigeration engineering. -tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton# So you can write tons tnt. This - # is a defined, not measured, value. airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as # pressure times air flow. +# The unit "tnt" is defined so that you can write "tons tnt". The +# question of which ton, exactly, is intended. The answer is that +# nobody knows: +# +# Quoting the footnote from page 13 of +# https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/4-Rad_Exp_Rpts/36_The_Effects_of_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf +# +# The majority of the experimental and theoretical values of the +# explosive energy released by TNT range from 900 to 1,100 calories per +# gram. At one time, there was some uncertainty as to whether the term +# “kiloton” of TNT referred to a short kiloton (2*10^6 pounds), a metric +# kiloton (2.205*10^6 pounds), or a long kiloton (2.24*10^6 pounds). In +# order to avoid ambiguity, it was agreed that the term “kiloton” would +# refer to the release of 10^12 calories of explosive energy. This is +# equivalent to 1 short kiloton of TNT if the energy release is 1,102 +# calories per gram or to 1 long kiloton if the energy is 984 calories +# per gram of TNT. +# +# It is therefore not well-defined how much energy a "gram of tnt" is, +# though this term does appear in some references. + +tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton # Defined exact value + # Nuclear weapon yields davycrocket 10 ton tnt # lightest US tactical nuclear weapon @@ -5195,8 +5380,8 @@ gig gigabyte # to be defined according to # by SI. Binary prefixes have # been defined by IEC to replace # the SI prefixes. Use them to - # get the binary values: KiB, MiB, - # and GiB. + # get the binary units KiB, MiB, + # GiB, etc. jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the # duration of a clock tick for measuring @@ -5412,7 +5597,7 @@ guilder netherlandsguilder hollandguilder netherlandsguilder peso mexicopeso yen japanyen -lira italylira +lira turkeylira rupee indiarupee drachma greecedrachma franc francefranc @@ -5583,6 +5768,12 @@ cusec ft^3/s gph gal/hr gpm gal/min mgd megagal/day +brgph brgallon/hr +brgpm brgallon/min +brmgd mega brgallon/day +usgph usgallon/hr +usgpm usgallon/min +usmgd mega usgallon/day cfs ft^3/s cfh ft^3/hour cfm ft^3/min @@ -6580,6 +6771,8 @@ euringsize(n) units=[1;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40) # mph mile/hr +brmpg mile/brgallon +usmpg mile/usgallon mpg mile/gal kph km/hr fL footlambert @@ -6686,7 +6879,7 @@ mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 # # Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of # a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic -# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements +# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on Earth. Elements # which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do # not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is # based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some @@ -7870,6 +8063,11 @@ röntgen roentgen ℔ lb ℎ h ℏ hbar +τ tau +π pi # Greek letter pi +𝜋 pi # mathematical italic small pi +α alpha +σ sigma ‰ 1|1000 ‱ 1|10000 ′ ' # U+2032 @@ -8062,4 +8260,16 @@ röntgen roentgen # a single channel occupied for one hour. # ############################################################################ - +# +# The following have been suggested or considered and deemed out of scope. +# They will not be added to GNU units. +# +# Conversions between different calendar systems used in different countries or +# different historical periods are out of scope for units and will not be added. +# +# Wind chill and heat index cannot be handled because they are bivarite, +# with dependence on both the temperature and wind speed or humidity. +# +# Plain english text output like "one hectare is equivalent to one hundred +# million square centimeters" is out of scope. +# diff --git a/definitions.units.patched b/definitions.units.patched index e8f1af1..7f5e4a7 100644 --- a/definitions.units.patched +++ b/definitions.units.patched @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# +# # This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion # program by Adrian Mariano adrianm@gnu.org # -# September 2020 Version 3.09 +# September 2022 Version 3.15 # -# Copyright (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2020 +# Copyright (C) 1996-2002, 2004-2020, 2022 # Free Software Foundation, Inc # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify @@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ # # Improvements and corrections are welcome. # +# See the end of this file for a list of items we have chosen to exclude +# or have decided are out of scope for GNU units. +# # Fundamental constants in this file are the 2018 CODATA recommended values. # # Most units data was drawn from @@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ s ! # The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined second s # by taking the fixed numerical value of the unperturbed # ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the - # cesium-133 atom to be 9 192 1631 770 when expressed in the + # cesium-133 atom to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the # unit Hz, which is equal to 1/s. # # This definition is a restatement of the previous one, the @@ -473,15 +476,15 @@ double- 2 triple- 3 treble- 3 -kibi- 2^10 # In response to the convention of illegally -mebi- 2^20 # and confusingly using metric prefixes for -gibi- 2^30 # powers of two, the International -tebi- 2^40 # Electrotechnical Commission aproved these -pebi- 2^50 # binary prefixes for use in 1998. If you -exbi- 2^60 # want to refer to "megabytes" using the -zebi- 2^70 -yobi- 2^80 -Ki- kibi # binary definition, use these prefixes. +kibi- 2^10 # In response to the improper and confusing +mebi- 2^20 # use of SI prefixes for powers of two, +gibi- 2^30 # the International Electrotechnical +tebi- 2^40 # Commission aproved these binary prefixes +pebi- 2^50 # in IEC 60027-2 Amendment 2 (1999). +exbi- 2^60 +zebi- 2^70 # Zebi- and yobi- were added in the 2005 ed., +yobi- 2^80 # later superseded by ISO/IEC 80000-13:2008. +Ki- kibi Mi- mebi Gi- gibi Ti- tebi @@ -749,6 +752,15 @@ STRESS FORCE / AREA FREQUENCY hertz VELOCITY LENGTH / TIME ACCELERATION VELOCITY / TIME +MOMENTUM MASS VELOCITY +IMPULSE FORCE TIME +DISPLACEMENT LENGTH +DISTANCE LENGTH +ELONGATION LENGTH +STRAIN ELONGATION / LENGTH +ENERGY joule +POWER watt +WORK FORCE DISTANCE DENSITY MASS / VOLUME LINEAR_DENSITY MASS / LENGTH VISCOSITY FORCE TIME / AREA @@ -815,6 +827,7 @@ l liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was # measurement was off. In 1964, the # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000 # cubic centimeters. +Ah amp hour # Unit of charge mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes @@ -884,11 +897,11 @@ pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation, # from Greek work "pyr" for fire. katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction - # to consume or produce on mol/sec. + # to consume or produce one mol/sec. solarluminosity 382.8e24 W # A common yardstick for comparing the # output of different stars. # http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html -# at mean earth-sun distance +# at mean Earth-Sun distance solarirradiance solarluminosity / (4 pi sundist^2) solarconstant solarirradiance TSI solarirradiance # total solar irradiance @@ -1183,6 +1196,8 @@ beaufort(B) units=[1;m/s] domain=[0,17] range=[0,) \ # Basic constants #pi 3.14159265358979323846 +tau 2 pi +phi (sqrt(5)+1)/2 light c mu0_SI 2 alpha h_SI / e_SI^2 c_SI # Vacuum magnetic permeability mu0 2 alpha h / e^2 c # Gets overridden in CGS modes @@ -1292,6 +1307,18 @@ watt90 (K_J90^2 R_K90 / K_J^2 R_K) W # Various conventional values gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact) + # Established by the 3rd CGPM in + # 1901. This is a nominal midrange + # value, originally based on the + # acceleration of a body at sea + # level at 45 degrees latitude. + # The value was actually determined + # by measuring at the International + # Bureau and correcting the + # measurement by a theoretical + # cofficient to get the 45 deg + # latitude sea level value. + # (Wikipedia: Standard gravity) force gravity # use to turn masses into forces atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure atmosphere atm @@ -1336,16 +1363,37 @@ ft3 ft^3 # Atomic constants - - -Rinfinity m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h # The wavelengths of a spectral series -R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as +hartree 4.3597447222071e-18 J # Approximate electric potential energy +E_h hartree # of the hydrogen atom in its ground + # state, and approximately twice its + # ionization energy. The hartree + # energy is traditionally defined as + # coulombconst^2 m_e e^4 / hbar^2, + # but it can be measured to greater + # precision using the relationship + # hartree = 2 h c Rinfinity + # because Rinfinity is one of the + # most accurately measured physical + # constants. Because h and c are + # exact we can choose either hartree + # or Rinfinity from CODATA to use as + # the primary value without + # affecting the precision. +Rinfinity hartree / 2 h c # The wavelengths of a spectral series +R_H Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) # can be expressed as # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2). # where R is a number that various # slightly from element to element. # For hydrogen, R_H is the value, # and for heavy elements, the value - # approaches Rinfinity. + # approaches Rinfinity, which can be + # computed from + # Rinfinity = m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h + # with loss of precision. Rinfinity + # is one of the most accurately + # measured physical constants and is + # known to higher precision than m_e + # or alpha. alpha 7.2973525693e-3 # The fine structure constant was # introduced to explain fine # structure visible in spectral @@ -1355,7 +1403,6 @@ prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12 # binding energy of the deuteron conductancequantum 2 e^2 / h - # Particle radius electronradius coulombconst e^2 / electronmass c^2 # Classical @@ -1454,15 +1501,15 @@ ly lightyear # NIST publication 811 lightsecond c s lightminute c min parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance -pc parsec # from the sun to a point having +pc parsec # from the Sun to a point having # heliocentric parallax of 1 # arcsec (derived from parallax # second). A distant object with # parallax theta will be about # (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the - # sun (using the approximation + # Sun (using the approximation # that tan(theta) = theta). -rydberg h c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy +rydberg 1|2 hartree # Rydberg energy crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one # liter of hydrogen at standard # temperature and pressure. @@ -1491,7 +1538,7 @@ St stokes stoke stokes lentor stokes # old name Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics -galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field +galileo Gal # for Earth's gravitational field # (note that "gal" is for gallon # but "Gal" is the standard symbol # for the gal which is evidently a @@ -1818,46 +1865,48 @@ hlu_bfield sqrt(4 pi) gauss # name) are defined by setting hbar = c = boltzmann = 1. In this system the # electron volt is the only base unit. The electromagnetic units can be # derived from the rationalized Heaviside-Lorentz units or from Gaussian units. -# The default form is the rationalized HLU derived version. +# The default form is the rationalized HLU derived version. +# +# The basic mechanical and thermodynamic definitions for the natural +# units are identical in both systems. These appear below. The +# natural-gauss system has additional electromagnetic redefinitions +# that appear above in the "Electromagnetic CGS (Gaussian)" Section. # These are the Heaviside-Lorentz natural units -natural_length hbar c / eV -natural_mass eV / c^2 -natural_time hbar / eV -natural_temp eV / boltzmann +natural_energy eV natural_charge e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) -natural_current natural_charge / natural_time -natural_force natural_mass natural_length / natural_time^2 -natural_energy natural_force natural_length +natural_time hbar / natural_energy +natural_length natural_time c +natural_mass natural_energy / c^2 +natural_temp natural_energy / boltzmann +natural_force natural_energy / natural_length natural_power natural_energy / natural_time natural_volt natural_energy / natural_charge -natural_Efield natural_volt / natural_length -natural_Bfield natural_volt natural_time / natural_length^2 +natural_Efield natural_volt / natural_length +natural_Bfield natural_Efield / c +natural_current natural_charge / natural_time !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural -!message Natural units selected (Heaviside-Lorentz based) +!message Natural units selected (Heavyside-Lorentz based) !prompt (natural) -+eV ! -+h 2 pi -+c 1 -+boltzmann 1 -+m e_SI / hbar_SI c_SI eV -+kg (c_SI^2 / e_SI) eV -+s e_SI / hbar_SI eV -+K (k_SI / e_SI) eV !endvar !var UNITS_SYSTEM natural-gauss !message Natural units selected (Gaussian based) !prompt (natgauss) +!endvar + +# These definitions are the same in both natural unit systems + +!var UNITS_SYSTEM natural natural-gauss +eV ! +h 2 pi +c 1 +boltzmann 1 -+m e_SI / (h_SI / 2 pi) c_SI eV ++m e_SI / hbar_SI c_SI eV +kg (c_SI^2 / e_SI) eV -+s e_SI / (h_SI / 2 pi) eV ++s e_SI / hbar_SI eV +K (k_SI / e_SI) eV !endvar @@ -1889,32 +1938,34 @@ natural_Bfield natural_volt natural_time / natural_length^2 planckmass sqrt(hbar c / G) m_P planckmass -plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2 +planckenergy planckmass c^2 +E_P planckenergy +plancktime hbar / planckenergy t_P plancktime plancklength plancktime c l_P plancklength -plancktemperature hbar / k plancktime +plancktemperature planckenergy / k T_P plancktemperature -planckenergy planckmass plancklength^2 / plancktime^2 -E_P planckenergy +planckforce planckenergy / plancklength planckcharge sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent planckcharge / plancktime planckvolt planckenergy / planckcharge planckEfield planckvolt / plancklength -planckBfield planckvolt plancktime / plancklength^2 +planckBfield planckEfield / c # Rationalized, reduced planck units planckmass_red sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) -plancktime_red hbar / planckmass_red c^2 +planckenergy_red planckmass_red c^2 +plancktime_red hbar / planckenergy_red plancklength_red plancktime_red c -plancktemperature_red hbar / k plancktime_red -planckenergy_red planckmass_red plancklength_red^2 / plancktime_red^2 +plancktemperature_red planckenergy_red / k +planckforce_red planckenergy_red / plancklength_red planckcharge_red sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) planckcurrent_red planckcharge_red / plancktime_red planckvolt_red planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red planckEfield_red planckvolt_red / plancklength_red -planckBfield_red planckvolt_red plancktime_red / plancklength_red^2 +planckBfield_red planckEfield_red /c !var UNITS_SYSTEM planck @@ -2293,15 +2344,15 @@ fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber # # Astronomical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the # true day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds -# over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of the -# earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the sun moves on the ecliptic +# over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of +# Earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the Sun moves on the ecliptic # instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time -# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean sun". -# Consider a first fictitious sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant -# speed and coinciding with the true sun at perigee and apogee. Then -# considering a second fictitious sun traveling along the celestial equator at -# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious sun at the -# equinoxes. The second fictitious sun is the "mean sun". From this equations +# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean Sun". +# Consider a first fictitious Sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant +# speed and coinciding with the true Sun at perigee and apogee. Then +# considering a second fictitious Sun traveling along the celestial equator at +# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious Sun at the +# equinoxes. The second fictitious Sun is the "mean Sun". From this equations # can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical # year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year # from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic @@ -2315,12 +2366,12 @@ fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber TIME second anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive - # perihelion passages of the - # earth. -siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make - # one revolution around the sun + # perihelion passages of + # Earth. +siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for Earth to make + # one revolution around the Sun # relative to the stars. -tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun +tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean Sun # as defined above to increase # its longitude by 360 degrees. # Most references defined the @@ -2329,7 +2380,7 @@ tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun # this is misleading. The length # of the season changes over time # because of the eccentricity of - # the earth's orbit. The time + # Earth's orbit. The time # between vernal equinoxes is # approximately 365.24237 days # around the year 2000. See @@ -2337,16 +2388,16 @@ tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun # Morsels" for more details. eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the # intersection of the plane of - # Earth's orbit around the sun - # with the plane of the moon's - # orbit around earth. Eclipses - # can only occur when the moon - # and sun are close to this + # Earth's orbit around the Sun + # with the plane of the Moon's + # orbit around Earth. Eclipses + # can only occur when the Moon + # and Sun are close to this # line. The line rotates and - # appearances of the sun on the + # appearances of the Sun on the # line of nodes occur every # eclipse year. -saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in +saros 223 synodicmonth # The Earth, Moon and Sun appear in # the same arrangement every # saros, so if an eclipse occurs, # then one saros later, a similar @@ -2359,37 +2410,50 @@ saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in # days. After 3 saros, an # eclipse will occur at # approximately the same place. +solarday day # Time from noon to noon siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian, -siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the - # earth to make one rotation - # relative to the stars. The - # more usual solar day is the +siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for + # Earth to make one rotation + # relative to the stars. Another + # way to think about it is to + # imagine looking down at the + # solar system and noting when + # Earth has made a rotation. + # The more usual solar day is the # time required to make a - # rotation relative to the sun. - # Because the earth moves in its - # orbit, it has to turn a bit - # extra to face the sun again, + # rotation relative to the Sun, + # which means the same point on + # Earth faces the Sun again. + # Because Earth moves in its + # orbit, it has to rotate a bit + # more to face the Sun again, # hence the solar day is slightly - # longer. -anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the moon to travel from + # longer than the sidereal day. + # The value given here is the + # mean day length taken from + # ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html + # which in turn cites the + # "Explanatory Supplement to the + # Astronomical Almanac", 1992. +anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the Moon to travel from # perigee to perigee nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic. draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to # travel from the ascending node # to the next ascending node. -siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to - # orbit the earth +siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the Moon to + # orbit the Earth lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds # Mean time between full moons. -synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the sun -lunation synodicmonth # and moon are on opposite sides -lune 1|30 lunation # of the earth. Since the earth -lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon - # has to revolve a bit extra to - # get into the full moon +synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the Sun +lunation synodicmonth # and Moon are on opposite sides +lune 1|30 lunation # of the Earth. Since the Earth +lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the Sun, the Moon + # has to move a bit further in its + # orbit to return to the full moon # configuration. year tropicalyear yr year @@ -2431,44 +2495,163 @@ islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months. # 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This # gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days. +# +# Planetary data from JPL's planet fact sheets. Each planet has its +# own sheet at https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact.html +# The source for data on the fact sheets is described at +# https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact_notes.html +# and they also indicate that the values listed are not "official" values: +# there is no no single set of agreed upon values. + +# Sidereal days. The sidereal day is the time required for a planet to make a +# revolution relative to the stars. This is the default day value. + +mercuryday mercuryday_sidereal +venusday venusday_sidereal +earthday earthday_sidereal +marsday marsday_sidereal +jupiterday jupiterday_sidereal +saturnday saturnday_sidereal +uranusday uranusday_sidereal +neptuneday neptuneday_sidereal +plutoday plutoday_sidereal + +mercuryday_sidereal 1407.6 hr # Mercury is in a 3:2 resonance lock + # where it makes 3 rotations per 2 orbits + # so 3 sidereal days = 2 years +venusday_sidereal 5832.6 hr # Retrograde +earthday_sidereal siderealday +marsday_sidereal 24.6229 hr +jupiterday_sidereal 9.9250 hr +saturnday_sidereal 10.656 hr +uranusday_sidereal 17.24 hr # Retrograde +neptuneday_sidereal 16.11 hr +plutoday_sidereal 153.2928 hr # Retrograde + +# In astronomy, an object's rotation is "prograde" if it rotates in +# the same direction as the primary object it orbits. Prograde +# rotation is the more common case: in Earth's solar system, Mercury, +# Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have prograde rotation. +# When an object rotates opposite the direction of its primary object, +# the object's rotation is "retrograde". Venus, Uranus, and Pluto have +# retrograde rotation. +# +# The solar (or synodic) day is the time from noon to noon on a planet. This +# is different from the sidereal day because the planet has moved in its orbit, +# so (if its rotation is prograde) it needs additional rotation to return to +# the same orientation relative to the Sun. In one orbital period (a year), +# this amounts to one additional complete rotation, so the number of sidereal +# days in a year is one greater than the number of solar days. +# +# If the planet's rotation is retrograde, less rotation is needed to return to +# the same orientation relative to the Sun, and the number of sidereal days in +# a year is one fewer than the number of solar days. +# +# The solar day can be computed from the sidereal day in the typical prograde +# case by: +# solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year - sidereal_day) +# If the planet's rotation is retrograde like Venus then the formula is +# solar_day = sidereal_day year / (year + sidereal_day) +# If the sidereal day and year are the same length then the same face of the +# planet faces the Sun and there is no solar day. + +mercuryday_solar 4222.6 hr +venusday_solar 2802.0 hr +earthday_solar 24 hr +marsday_solar 24.6597 hr +jupiterday_solar 9.9259 hr +saturnday_solar 10.656 hr +uranusday_solar 17.24 hr +neptuneday_solar 16.11 hr +plutoday_solar 153.2820 hr + +# Sidereal years + +mercuryyear 87.969 day +venusyear 224.701 day +earthyear siderealyear +marsyear 686.980 day +jupiteryear 4332.589 day +saturnyear 10759.22 day +uranusyear 30685.4 day +neptuneyear 60189 day +plutoyear 90560 day -# Sidereal days - -mercuryday 58.6462 day -venusday 243.01 day # retrograde -earthday siderealday -marsday 1.02595675 day -jupiterday 0.41354 day -saturnday 0.4375 day -uranusday 0.65 day # retrograde -neptuneday 0.768 day -plutoday 6.3867 day - -# Sidereal years from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/phys_props_planets.html. Data -# was updated in May 2001 based on the 1992 Explanatory Supplement to the -# Astronomical Almanac and the mean longitude rates. Apparently the table of -# years in that reference is incorrect. +# Equatorial radii for the planets from JPL fact sheets -mercuryyear 0.2408467 julianyear -venusyear 0.61519726 julianyear -earthyear siderealyear -marsyear 1.8808476 julianyear -jupiteryear 11.862615 julianyear -saturnyear 29.447498 julianyear -uranusyear 84.016846 julianyear -neptuneyear 164.79132 julianyear -plutoyear 247.92065 julianyear - -# Objects on the earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose +mercuryradius 2440.5 km +venusradius 6051.8 km +earthradius 6371.01 km +marsradius 3396.2 km +jupiterradius 71492 km # 1 bar level +saturnradius 60268 km # 1 bar level +uranusradius 25559 km # 1 bar level +neptuneradius 24764 km # 1 bar level +plutoradius 1188 km + +mercurysundist_min 46.000 Gm +mercurysundist_max 69.818 Gm +venussundist_min 107.480 Gm +venussundist_max 108.941 Gm +earthsundist_min sundist_min +earthsundist_max sundist_max +marssundist_min 206.650 Gm +marssundist_max 249.261 Gm +jupitersundist_min 740.595 Gm +jupitersundist_max 816.363 Gm +saturnsundist_min 1357.554 Gm +saturnsundist_max 1506.527 Gm +uranussundist_min 2732.696 Gm +uranussundist_max 3001.390 Gm +neptunesundist_min 4471.050 Gm +neptunesundist_max 4558.857 Gm +plutosundist_min 4434.987 Gm +plutosundist_max 7304.326 Gm + +sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean Earth-Sun distance +moondist 3.844e8 m # mean Earth-Moon distance +sundist_near 147.095 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at perihelion +sundist_min sundist_near +sundist_far 152.100 Gm # Earth-Sun distance at aphelion +sundist_max sundist_far + +# The Earth-Moon distances at perigee and apogee are different for every +# lunation. The values here are the extremes for 1500-2500 according to +# Jean Meeus's Astronomical Algorithms (1991, 332). + +moondist_min 356.371 km # minimum distance at perigee 1500-2500 +moondist_max 406.720 km # maximum distance at apogee 1500-2500 + +# Objects on Earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose # dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is # specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the # polar radius. These values are the 1996 values given by the International # Earth Rotation Service (IERS) whose reference documents can be found at # http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ -earthflattening 1|298.25642 -earthradius_equatorial 6378136.49 m -earthradius_polar (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial +earthflattening IERS_earthflattening +earthradius_equatorial IERS_earthradius_equatorial +earthradius_polar (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial + +# The World Geodetic System maintains a standard, WGS84, which is used by the +# the GPS system. This system uses a conventional ellipsoid that was fixed in +# 1984 and has remained constant so that data collected at different times is +# referenced to the same ellipsoid. https://epsg.io/4326 + +WGS84_earthflattening 1|298.257223563 +WGS84_earthradius_equatorial 6378137 m +WGS84_earthradius_polar (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial + +# The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) attempts to +# maintain an accurate model of Earth, with updates to maintain the highest +# possible accuracy, even though this makes it more difficult to relate geodetic +# mesurements made at different times. Values below are from the 2017 standard. +# https://iers-conventions.obspm.fr/content/chapter1/icc1.pdf + +IERS_earthflattening 1|298.25642 +IERS_earthradius_equatorial 6378136.6 m +IERS_earthradius_polar (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial + landarea 148.847e6 km^2 oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2 @@ -2477,28 +2660,27 @@ moonradius 1738 km # mean value sunradius 6.96e8 m # Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units -# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the sun as base units. The +# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the Sun as base units. The # uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units # significantly less accurate. # The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor -# axis of a massless object with the same year as the earth. With such a -# definition in force, and with the mass of the sun set equal to one, Kepler's +# axis of a massless object with the same year as Earth. With such a +# definition in force, and with the mass of the Sun set equal to one, Kepler's # third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant. # Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital # period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant -# and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for the earth's orbit, we +# and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for Earth's orbit, we # find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian # gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the # calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value -# for the length of the earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called +# for the length of Earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called # the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into # agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a # lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal # to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for # the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k. -# Many values below are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of # au^(3|2) / day and is exact. @@ -2510,72 +2692,44 @@ gaussianyear (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian #au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described # astronomical unit. (See the NASA # site listed above.) -GMsun 1.32712440018e20 m^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant -solarmass GMsun/G # with uncertainty 8e9 is known more -sunmass solarmass # accurately than G. - - -sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance -moondist 3.844e8 m # mean earth-moon distance -sundist_near 1.471e11 m # earth-sun distance at perihelion -sundist_far 1.521e11 m # earth-sun distance at aphelion -moondist_min 3.564e8 m # approximate least distance at - # perigee 1901-2300 -moondist_max 4.067e8 m # approximate greatest distance at - # apogee 1901-2300 - - -# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself. -# The comments give the uncertainty in the denominators. As noted above, -# masses are given relative to the solarmass because this is more accurate. -# The conversion to SI is uncertain because of uncertainty in G, the -# gravitational constant. -# -# Values are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_constants.html - -mercurymass solarmass / 6023600 # 250 -venusmass solarmass / 408523.71 # 0.06 -earthmoonmass solarmass / 328900.56 # 0.02 -marsmass solarmass / 3098708 # 9 -jupitermass solarmass / 1047.3486 # 0.0008 -saturnmass solarmass / 3497.898 # 0.018 -uranusmass solarmass / 22902.98 # 0.03 -neptunemass solarmass / 19412.24 # 0.04 -plutomass solarmass / 1.35e8 # 0.07e8 - -moonearthmassratio 0.012300034 # uncertainty 3e-9 -earthmass earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio) -moonmass moonearthmassratio earthmass - -# These are the old values for the planetary masses. They may give -# the masses of the planets alone. - -oldmercurymass 0.33022e24 kg -oldvenusmass 4.8690e24 kg -oldmarsmass 0.64191e24 kg -oldjupitermass 1898.8e24 kg -oldsaturnmass 568.5e24 kg -olduranusmass 86.625e24 kg -oldneptunemass 102.78e24 kg -oldplutomass 0.015e24 kg - -# Mean radius from http://ssd.jpl.nsaa.gov/phys_props_planets.html which in -# turn cites Global Earth Physics by CF Yoder, 1995. - -mercuryradius 2440 km -venusradius 6051.84 km -earthradius 6371.01 km -marsradius 3389.92 km -jupiterradius 69911 km -saturnradius 58232 km -uranusradius 25362 km -neptuneradius 24624 km -plutoradius 1151 km +GMsun 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 # heliocentric gravitational constant +solarmass GMsun/G # is known more accurately than G. +sunmass solarmass # Estimated from DE440 + + +# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself, +# except for the case of Earth, where the Moon is excluded. Masses are +# relative to G because they are known much more accurately than G. +# +# See https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_par.html. Values are from +# the DE440 Ephermeris: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/Park.2021.AJ.DE440.pdf + +mercurymass 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G +venusmass 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G +marsmass 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G +jupitermass 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G +saturnmass 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G +uranusmass 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G +neptunemass 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G +plutomass 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G +ceresmass 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G +vestamass 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G + +earthmass 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G # Earth alone +moonmass 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G +moonearthmassratio moonmass/earthmass +earthmoonmass earthmass+moonmass moongravity 1.62 m/s^2 +# Earth gravity values at the equator and poles. These values are +# obtained from the WGS84 model. + +gravity_equatorial 9.7803263359 m / s^2 +gravity_polar 9.8321849378 m / s^2 + # The Hubble constant gives the speed at which distance galaxies are moving -# away from the earth according to v = H0*d, where H0 is the hubble constant +# away from Earth according to v = H0*d, where H0 is the hubble constant # and d is the distance to the galaxy. hubble 70 km/s/Mpc # approximate @@ -2777,24 +2931,13 @@ S10 SB_degree(10) # You want: EV100 # 13.553962 - +# # The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units -# of mass (of electron), action (Planck's constant), charge, and +# of mass (of the electron), action (Planck's constant), charge, and # the Coulomb constant. This system is used in the fields of physical # chemistry and condensed matter physics. # -# The Hartree energy can be derived from m_e, e, hbar, and coulombconst by -# hartree = coulombconst^2 m_e e^4 / hbar^2 -# but due to correlations between the measurements for m_e and coulombconst -# this results in a significant loss of precision. So we use an alternate -# equivalent definition for the hartree and use energy instead of the -# Coulomb constant to derive the other units. This method retains the -# precision. - -hartree 2 rydberg # Approximate electric potential energy of - # the hydrogen atom in its ground state, - # and approximately twice its ionization - # energy. + # Fundamental units atomicmass electronmass @@ -2813,12 +2956,17 @@ atomiccurrent atomiccharge / atomictime atomicpotential atomicenergy / atomiccharge # electrical potential atomicvolt atomicpotential atomicEfield atomicpotential / atomiclength -atomicBfield atomicvolt atomictime / atomiclength^2 +atomicBfield atomicEfield / atomicvelocity atomictemperature atomicenergy / boltzmann +# +# In Hartree units, m_e = hbar = e = coulombconst = bohrradius = alpha*c = 1 +# + !var UNITS_SYSTEM hartree !message Hartree units selected !prompt (hartree) ++hartree 1 +kg 1/electronmass_SI +K k_SI / hbar_SI s +m alpha c_SI electronmass_SI / hbar_SI @@ -2945,7 +3093,7 @@ fathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from # extended. nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at # the equator. That value is about 1855 m. - # Early estimates of the earth's circumference + # Early estimates of Earth's circumference # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was # made the international standard in 1929. # The US did not accept this value until @@ -4444,9 +4592,6 @@ FL flightlevel # vertical separation between aircraft # Other units of work, energy, power, etc # -ENERGY joule -WORK joule - # Calorie: approximate energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius calorie cal_th # Default is the thermochemical calorie @@ -4658,8 +4803,6 @@ uranium_natural 0.7% uranium_pure # Natural uranium: 0.7% U-235 celsiusheatunit cal lb (degC) / gram K chu celsiusheatunit -POWER watt - # "Apparent" average power in an AC circuit, the product of rms voltage # and rms current, equal to the true power in watts when voltage and # current are in phase. In a DC circuit, always equal to the true power. @@ -4755,10 +4898,12 @@ dBJ(x) units=[1;J] range=(0,) dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative # to 1 joule. Used for power spectral # density since W/Hz = J + # When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared # because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root # mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units. +dB_amplitude(x) units=[1;1] dB(0.5 x) ; ~dB(dB_amplitude^2) dBV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) V;~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V dBmV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mV;~dB(dBmV^2/mV^2)# Reference = 1 mV dBuV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2) @@ -4783,12 +4928,27 @@ dBv(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu # for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency # weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response. +# sound pressure level dBSPL(x) units=[1;Pa] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; \ - ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # pressure + ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) +# sound intensity level dBSIL(x) units=[1;W/m^2] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; \ - ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # intensity + ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) +# sound power level (The W in SWL is for the reference power, 1 W.) dBSWL(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W) +# The neper is another similar logarithmic unit. Note that the neper +# is defined based on the ratio of amplitudes rather than the power +# ratio like the decibel. This means that if the data is power, and +# you convert to nepers you should take the square root of the data +# to convert to amplitude. If you want to convert nepers to a power +# measurement you need to square the resulting output. + +neper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x); ln(neper) +centineper(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) exp(x/100); 100 ln(centineper) +Np() neper +cNp() centineper +Np_power(x) units=[1;1] Np(2 x) ; ~Np(Np_power)/2 # Misc other measures @@ -4804,11 +4964,32 @@ tonrefrigeration uston 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is tonref tonrefrigeration refrigeration tonref / ton frigorie 1000 cal_15 # Used in refrigeration engineering. -tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton# So you can write tons tnt. This - # is a defined, not measured, value. airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as # pressure times air flow. +# The unit "tnt" is defined so that you can write "tons tnt". The +# question of which ton, exactly, is intended. The answer is that +# nobody knows: +# +# Quoting the footnote from page 13 of +# https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/4-Rad_Exp_Rpts/36_The_Effects_of_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf +# +# The majority of the experimental and theoretical values of the +# explosive energy released by TNT range from 900 to 1,100 calories per +# gram. At one time, there was some uncertainty as to whether the term +# “kiloton” of TNT referred to a short kiloton (2*10^6 pounds), a metric +# kiloton (2.205*10^6 pounds), or a long kiloton (2.24*10^6 pounds). In +# order to avoid ambiguity, it was agreed that the term “kiloton” would +# refer to the release of 10^12 calories of explosive energy. This is +# equivalent to 1 short kiloton of TNT if the energy release is 1,102 +# calories per gram or to 1 long kiloton if the energy is 984 calories +# per gram of TNT. +# +# It is therefore not well-defined how much energy a "gram of tnt" is, +# though this term does appear in some references. + +tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton # Defined exact value + # Nuclear weapon yields davycrocket 10 ton tnt # lightest US tactical nuclear weapon @@ -5215,8 +5396,8 @@ gig gigabyte # to be defined according to # by SI. Binary prefixes have # been defined by IEC to replace # the SI prefixes. Use them to - # get the binary values: KiB, MiB, - # and GiB. + # get the binary units KiB, MiB, + # GiB, etc. jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the # duration of a clock tick for measuring @@ -5432,7 +5613,7 @@ guilder netherlandsguilder hollandguilder netherlandsguilder peso mexicopeso yen japanyen -lira italylira +lira turkeylira rupee indiarupee drachma greecedrachma franc francefranc @@ -5603,6 +5784,12 @@ cusec ft^3/s gph gal/hr gpm gal/min mgd megagal/day +brgph brgallon/hr +brgpm brgallon/min +brmgd mega brgallon/day +usgph usgallon/hr +usgpm usgallon/min +usmgd mega usgallon/day cfs ft^3/s cfh ft^3/hour cfm ft^3/min @@ -6600,6 +6787,8 @@ euringsize(n) units=[1;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40) # mph mile/hr +brmpg mile/brgallon +usmpg mile/usgallon mpg mile/gal kph km/hr fL footlambert @@ -6706,7 +6895,7 @@ mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3 # # Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of # a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic -# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements +# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on Earth. Elements # which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do # not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is # based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some @@ -7891,6 +8080,11 @@ röntgen roentgen ℔ lb ℎ h ℏ hbar +τ tau +π pi # Greek letter pi +𝜋 pi # mathematical italic small pi +α alpha +σ sigma ‰ 1|1000 ‱ 1|10000 ′ ' # U+2032 @@ -8083,4 +8277,16 @@ röntgen roentgen # a single channel occupied for one hour. # ############################################################################ - +# +# The following have been suggested or considered and deemed out of scope. +# They will not be added to GNU units. +# +# Conversions between different calendar systems used in different countries or +# different historical periods are out of scope for units and will not be added. +# +# Wind chill and heat index cannot be handled because they are bivarite, +# with dependence on both the temperature and wind speed or humidity. +# +# Plain english text output like "one hectare is equivalent to one hundred +# million square centimeters" is out of scope. +# diff --git a/definitions.unresolved b/definitions.unresolved index 8af828b..6e84fdd 100644 --- a/definitions.unresolved +++ b/definitions.unresolved @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ guilder netherlandsguilder hollandguilder netherlandsguilder peso mexicopeso yen japanyen -lira italylira +lira turkeylira rupee indiarupee drachma greecedrachma franc francefranc @@ -112,11 +112,14 @@ loony 1 canadadollar toony 2 canadadollar satoshi 1e-8 bitcoin XBT bitcoin +brmgd mega brgallon/day +usmgd mega usgallon/day percapita per capita dollar US$ cent $ 0.01 penny cent grand usgrand +π pi ¢ cent £ britainpound ¥ japanyen diff --git a/do b/do index 455b6af..a06a9c9 100755 --- a/do +++ b/do @@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ set -eux export PGDATABASE=postgres -for PGVERSION in ${*:-14 13 12 11 10 9.6 9.5}; do +for PGVERSION in ${*:-15 14 13 12 11 10 9.6 9.5}; do echo echo "### $PGVERSION ###" PG_CONFIG=/usr/lib/postgresql/$PGVERSION/bin/pg_config export PGCLUSTER="$PGVERSION/main" export PGPORT="54${PGVERSION/./}" - [ "$PGVERSION" = "14" ] && unset PGPORT # default version + [ "$PGVERSION" = "15" ] && unset PGPORT # default version make clean make PG_CONFIG=$PG_CONFIG PROFILE="-Werror" diff --git a/expected/time.out b/expected/time.out index eb4b3c7..de932bc 100644 --- a/expected/time.out +++ b/expected/time.out @@ -161,110 +161,129 @@ SELECT '1.1 d'::unit; -- needs ULP clamping (1 row) SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units WHERE dimension(unit) = 'TIME' ORDER BY unit, name COLLATE "C"; - name | unit | definition -------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------- - plancktime | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | hbar / planckmass c^2 - t_P | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | plancktime - plancktime_red | 2.70277015656937e-43 s | hbar / planckmass_red c^2 - atomictime | 24.1888432657895 as | atomicaction / atomicenergy - natural_time | 658.211956950907 as | hbar / eV - svedberg | 100 fs | 1e-13 s - ㎰ | 1 ps | ps - ㎱ | 1 ns | ns - shake | 10 ns | 1e-8 sec - ㎲ | 1 µs | µs - ㎳ | 1 ms | ms - jiffies | 10 ms | jiffy - jiffy | 10 ms | 0.01 sec - timeatom | 159.574468085106 ms | 1|47 timeounce - Tim | 173.611111111111 ms | 12^-4 hour - blink | 864 ms | 1e-5 day - decimalsecond | 864 ms | 1|100 decimalminute - siderealsecond | 997.269566435185 ms | 1|60 siderealminute - TIME | 1 s | second - s | 1 s | s - sec | 1 s | s - second | 1 s | s - timeounce | 7.5 s | 1|8 timeostent - siderealminute | 59.8361739861111 s | 1|60 siderealhour - min | 00:01:00 s | minute - minute | 00:01:00 s | 60 s - timeostent | 00:01:00 s | 1|60 hour - beat | 00:01:26.4 s | decimalminute - decimalminute | 00:01:26.4 s | 1|100 decimalhour - timeminute | 00:06:00 s | 1|10 hour - timepoint | 00:12:00 s | 1|5 hour - ce | 00:14:24 s | 1e-2 day - bell | 00:30:00 s | 1|8 watch - lunour | 00:59:03.67055555555 s | 1|24 lune - siderealhour | 00:59:50.17043916667 s | 1|24 siderealday - hour | 01:00:00 s | 60 min - hr | 01:00:00 s | hour - decimalhour | 02:24:00 s | 1|10 day - watch | 04:00:00 s | 4 hours - jupiterday | 09:55:29.856 s | 0.41354 day - saturnday | 10:30:00 s | 0.4375 day - uranusday | 15:36:00 s | 0.65 day - neptuneday | 18:25:55.2 s | 0.768 day - lune | 23:37:28.0933333333 s | 1|30 lunation - earthday | 23:56:04.09054 s | siderealday - siderealday | 23:56:04.09054 s | 86164.09054 s - d | 1 d | day - da | 1 d | day - day | 1 d | 24 hr - ㍲ | 1 d | da - marsday | 1 d + 00:37:22.6632 s | 1.02595675 day - plutoday | 6 d + 09:16:50.88 s | 6.3867 day - sennight | 7 d | 7 day - week | 7 d | 7 day - wk | 7 d | week - fortnight | 14 d | 14 day - draconicmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | nodicalmonth - draconiticmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | nodicalmonth - nodicalmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | 27.2122199 day - siderealmonth | 27 d + 07:43:11.5104 s | 27.321661 day - anomalisticmonth | 27 d + 13:18:33.100128 s | 27.55454977 day - islamicmonth | 29 d + 12:00:00 s | 1|12 islamicyear - lunarmonth | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds - lunation | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | synodicmonth - synodicmonth | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | lunarmonth - mo | 30 d + 10:29:03.8312232 s | month - month | 30 d + 10:29:03.8312232 s | 1|12 year - mercuryday | 58 d + 15:30:31.68 s | 58.6462 day - mercuryyear | 87 d + 23:15:43.81992 s | 0.2408467 julianyear - venusyear | 224 d + 16:49:09.052176 s | 0.61519726 julianyear - venusday | 243 d + 00:14:24 s | 243.01 day - eclipseyear | 346 d + 14:52:48 s | 346.62 days - islamicyear | 354 d | 354 day - lunaryear | 354 d + 08:48:33.6 s | 12 lunarmonth - islamicleapyear | 355 d | 355 day - calendaryear | 1 commonyear | 365 day - commonyear | 1 commonyear | 365 day - solaryear | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | year - tropicalyear | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | 365.242198781 day - year | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | tropicalyear - yr | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | year - gregorianyear | 1 commonyear + 05:49:12 s | 365.2425 day - julianyear | 1 commonyear + 06:00:00 s | 365.25 day - earthyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:09.5400288 s | siderealyear - siderealyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:09.5400288 s | 365.256360417 day - gaussianyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:56.0153947 s | (2 pi / gauss_k) days - anomalisticyear | 1 commonyear + 06:13:49.44 s | 365.2596 days - leapyear | 1 commonyear + 1 d | 366 day - marsyear | 1 commonyear + 321 d + 23:30:36.22176 s | 1.8808476 julianyear - lustrum | 5 commonyear + 1 d + 05:03:49.873392 s | 5 years - decade | 10 commonyear + 2 d + 10:07:39.746784 s | 10 years - jupiteryear | 11 commonyear + 317 d + 19:40:59.124 s | 11.862615 julianyear - saros | 18 commonyear + 15 d + 07:42:24.4 s | 223 synodicmonth - saturnyear | 29 commonyear + 170 d + 16:46:02.8848 s | 29.447498 julianyear - uranusyear | 84 commonyear + 27 d + 03:40:19.3296 s | 84.016846 julianyear - century | 100 commonyear + 24 d + 05:16:37.46784 s | 100 years - neptuneyear | 164 commonyear + 330 d + 00:42:40.032 s | 164.79132 julianyear - plutoyear | 248 commonyear + 33 d + 00:25:04.44 s | 247.92065 julianyear - millennia | 1000 commonyear + 242 d + 04:46:14.6784 s | millennium - millennium | 1000 commonyear + 242 d + 04:46:14.6784 s | 1000 years - cron | 1.00066e+06 commonyear + 203 d + 18:44:38.4 s | 1e6 years -(101 rows) + name | unit | definition +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------- + plancktime | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | hbar / planckenergy + t_P | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | plancktime + plancktime_red | 2.70277015656937e-43 s | hbar / planckenergy_red + atomictime | 24.1888432658572 as | atomicaction / atomicenergy + natural_time | 658.211956950907 as | hbar / natural_energy + svedberg | 100 fs | 1e-13 s + ㎰ | 1 ps | ps + ㎱ | 1 ns | ns + shake | 10 ns | 1e-8 sec + ㎲ | 1 µs | µs + ㎳ | 1 ms | ms + jiffies | 10 ms | jiffy + jiffy | 10 ms | 0.01 sec + timeatom | 159.574468085106 ms | 1|47 timeounce + Tim | 173.611111111111 ms | 12^-4 hour + blink | 864 ms | 1e-5 day + decimalsecond | 864 ms | 1|100 decimalminute + siderealsecond | 997.269566435185 ms | 1|60 siderealminute + TIME | 1 s | second + s | 1 s | s + sec | 1 s | s + second | 1 s | s + timeounce | 7.5 s | 1|8 timeostent + siderealminute | 59.8361739861111 s | 1|60 siderealhour + min | 00:01:00 s | minute + minute | 00:01:00 s | 60 s + timeostent | 00:01:00 s | 1|60 hour + beat | 00:01:26.4 s | decimalminute + decimalminute | 00:01:26.4 s | 1|100 decimalhour + timeminute | 00:06:00 s | 1|10 hour + timepoint | 00:12:00 s | 1|5 hour + ce | 00:14:24 s | 1e-2 day + bell | 00:30:00 s | 1|8 watch + lunour | 00:59:03.67055555555 s | 1|24 lune + siderealhour | 00:59:50.17043916667 s | 1|24 siderealday + hour | 01:00:00 s | 60 min + hr | 01:00:00 s | hour + decimalhour | 02:24:00 s | 1|10 day + watch | 04:00:00 s | 4 hours + jupiterday | 09:55:30 s | jupiterday_sidereal + jupiterday_sidereal | 09:55:30 s | 9.9250 hr + jupiterday_solar | 09:55:33.24 s | 9.9259 hr + saturnday | 10:39:21.6 s | saturnday_sidereal + saturnday_sidereal | 10:39:21.6 s | 10.656 hr + saturnday_solar | 10:39:21.6 s | 10.656 hr + neptuneday | 16:06:36 s | neptuneday_sidereal + neptuneday_sidereal | 16:06:36 s | 16.11 hr + neptuneday_solar | 16:06:36 s | 16.11 hr + uranusday | 17:14:24 s | uranusday_sidereal + uranusday_sidereal | 17:14:24 s | 17.24 hr + uranusday_solar | 17:14:24 s | 17.24 hr + lune | 23:37:28.0933333333 s | 1|30 lunation + earthday | 23:56:04.09054 s | earthday_sidereal + earthday_sidereal | 23:56:04.09054 s | siderealday + siderealday | 23:56:04.09054 s | 86164.09054 s + d | 1 d | day + da | 1 d | day + day | 1 d | 24 hr + earthday_solar | 1 d | 24 hr + solarday | 1 d | day + ㍲ | 1 d | da + marsday | 1 d + 00:37:22.44 s | marsday_sidereal + marsday_sidereal | 1 d + 00:37:22.44 s | 24.6229 hr + marsday_solar | 1 d + 00:39:34.92 s | 24.6597 hr + plutoday_solar | 6 d + 09:16:55.2 s | 153.2820 hr + plutoday | 6 d + 09:17:34.08 s | plutoday_sidereal + plutoday_sidereal | 6 d + 09:17:34.08 s | 153.2928 hr + sennight | 7 d | 7 day + week | 7 d | 7 day + wk | 7 d | week + fortnight | 14 d | 14 day + draconicmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | nodicalmonth + draconiticmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | nodicalmonth + nodicalmonth | 27 d + 05:05:35.79936 s | 27.2122199 day + siderealmonth | 27 d + 07:43:11.5104 s | 27.321661 day + anomalisticmonth | 27 d + 13:18:33.100128 s | 27.55454977 day + islamicmonth | 29 d + 12:00:00 s | 1|12 islamicyear + lunarmonth | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds + lunation | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | synodicmonth + synodicmonth | 29 d + 12:44:02.8 s | lunarmonth + mo | 30 d + 10:29:03.8312232 s | month + month | 30 d + 10:29:03.8312232 s | 1|12 year + mercuryday | 58 d + 15:36:00 s | mercuryday_sidereal + mercuryday_sidereal | 58 d + 15:36:00 s | 1407.6 hr + mercuryyear | 87 d + 23:15:21.6 s | 87.969 day + venusday_solar | 116 d + 18:00:00 s | 2802.0 hr + mercuryday_solar | 175 d + 22:36:00 s | 4222.6 hr + venusyear | 224 d + 16:49:26.4 s | 224.701 day + venusday | 243 d + 00:36:00 s | venusday_sidereal + venusday_sidereal | 243 d + 00:36:00 s | 5832.6 hr + eclipseyear | 346 d + 14:52:48 s | 346.62 days + islamicyear | 354 d | 354 day + lunaryear | 354 d + 08:48:33.6 s | 12 lunarmonth + islamicleapyear | 355 d | 355 day + calendaryear | 1 commonyear | 365 day + commonyear | 1 commonyear | 365 day + solaryear | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | year + tropicalyear | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | 365.242198781 day + year | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | tropicalyear + yr | 1 commonyear + 05:48:45.9746784 s | year + gregorianyear | 1 commonyear + 05:49:12 s | 365.2425 day + julianyear | 1 commonyear + 06:00:00 s | 365.25 day + earthyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:09.5400288 s | siderealyear + siderealyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:09.5400288 s | 365.256360417 day + gaussianyear | 1 commonyear + 06:09:56.0153947 s | (2 pi / gauss_k) days + anomalisticyear | 1 commonyear + 06:13:49.44 s | 365.2596 days + leapyear | 1 commonyear + 1 d | 366 day + marsyear | 1 commonyear + 321 d + 23:31:12 s | 686.980 day + lustrum | 5 commonyear + 1 d + 05:03:49.873392 s | 5 years + decade | 10 commonyear + 2 d + 10:07:39.746784 s | 10 years + jupiteryear | 11 commonyear + 317 d + 14:08:09.6 s | 4332.589 day + saros | 18 commonyear + 15 d + 07:42:24.4 s | 223 synodicmonth + saturnyear | 29 commonyear + 174 d + 05:16:48 s | 10759.22 day + uranusyear | 84 commonyear + 25 d + 09:36:00 s | 30685.4 day + century | 100 commonyear + 24 d + 05:16:37.46784 s | 100 years + neptuneyear | 164 commonyear + 329 d | 60189 day + plutoyear | 248 commonyear + 40 d | 90560 day + millennia | 1000 commonyear + 242 d + 04:46:14.6784 s | millennium + millennium | 1000 commonyear + 242 d + 04:46:14.6784 s | 1000 years + cron | 1.00066e+06 commonyear + 203 d + 18:44:38.4 s | 1e6 years +(120 rows) -- units that differ when pushed through output-input functions -- (same test as in units.sql, but with time_output_custom = true) diff --git a/expected/units.out b/expected/units.out index 052640a..9b9fe63 100644 --- a/expected/units.out +++ b/expected/units.out @@ -179,20 +179,23 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na mill | 0.001 | 0.001 rin_proportion | 0.001 | 1|1000 ‰ | 0.001 | 1|1000 - earthflattening | 0.00335281969789619 | 1|298.25642 + WGS84_earthflattening | 0.00335281066474748 | 1|298.257223563 + IERS_earthflattening | 0.00335281969789619 | 1|298.25642 + earthflattening | 0.00335281969789619 | IERS_earthflattening moonsd | 0.00452134735054284 | asin(moonradius / moondist) sunsd | 0.00465248468611326 | asin(sunradius / sundist) proof | 0.005 | 1|200 alpha | 0.0072973525693 | 7.2973525693e-3 + α | 0.0072973525693 | alpha % | 0.01 | percent bu_proportion | 0.01 | 1|100 centrad | 0.01 | 0.01 radian percent | 0.01 | 0.01 - moonearthmassratio | 0.012300034 | 0.012300034 + moonearthmassratio | 0.012300037032734 | moonmass/earthmass gon | 0.015707963267949 | 1|100 rightangle grade | 0.015707963267949 | gon - lunarparallax | 0.016593208080897 | asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) - moonhp | 0.016593208080897 | lunarparallax + lunarparallax | 0.0165932083670967 | asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) + moonhp | 0.0165932083670967 | lunarparallax gauss_k | 0.01720209895 | 0.01720209895 arcdeg | 0.0174532925199433 | degree deg | 0.0174532925199433 | degree @@ -215,6 +218,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na UKlength_B | 0.999999125109361 | 0.9143992 meter / yard ANGLE | 1 | radian SOLID_ANGLE | 1 | steradian + STRAIN | 1 | ELONGATION / LENGTH capita | 1 | people death | 1 | people one | 1 | 1 @@ -244,6 +248,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na rightangle | 1.5707963267949 | 90 degrees sphericalrightangle | 1.5707963267949 | 0.5 pi sr minorsixth | 1.6 | musicalfourth minorthird + phi | 1.61803398874989 | (sqrt(5)+1)/2 majorsixth | 1.66666666666667 | musicalfourth majorthird doubledotted | 1.75 | 7|4 minorseventh | 1.8 | musicalfifth minorthird @@ -262,6 +267,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na triple | 3 | 3 pi | 3.14159265358979 | 3.14159265358979323846 π | 3.14159265358979 | pi + 𝜋 | 3.14159265358979 | pi four | 4 | 4 quadruple | 4 | 4 helium | 4.002602 | 4.002602 @@ -275,7 +281,9 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na circle | 6.28318530717959 | 2 pi radian rev | 6.28318530717959 | turn revolution | 6.28318530717959 | turn + tau | 6.28318530717959 | 2 pi turn | 6.28318530717959 | circle + τ | 6.28318530717959 | tau lithium | 6.941 | 6.941 seven | 7 | 7 eight | 8 | 8 @@ -590,11 +598,11 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na standardtemp | 273.15 K | 273.15 K stdtemp | 273.15 K | standardtemp stdatmT0 | 288.15 K | 288.15 K - natural_temp | 11.6045181215501 kK | eV / boltzmann - atomictemperature | 315.775024804951 kK | atomicenergy / boltzmann - plancktemperature_red | 2.82607552243842e+31 K | hbar / k plancktime_red + natural_temp | 11.6045181215501 kK | natural_energy / boltzmann + atomictemperature | 315.775024804067 kK | atomicenergy / boltzmann + plancktemperature_red | 2.82607552243842e+31 K | planckenergy_red / k T_P | 1.41678416215734e+32 K | plancktemperature - plancktemperature | 1.41678416215734e+32 K | hbar / k plancktime + plancktemperature | 1.41678416215734e+32 K | planckenergy / k mired | 1000000 K^-1 | / microK ㎀ | 1 pA | pA hlu_current | 94.0966939781648 pA | hlu_charge / sec @@ -606,7 +614,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na ㎂ | 1 µA | µA natural_current | 803.816708890999 µA | natural_charge / natural_time ㎃ | 1 mA | mA - atomiccurrent | 6.62361823752843 mA | atomiccharge / atomictime + atomiccurrent | 6.62361823750989 mA | atomiccharge / atomictime Gb | 795.774715023846 mA | gilbert Gi | 795.774715023846 mA | gilbert gilbert | 795.774715023846 mA | gauss cm / mu0 @@ -626,11 +634,11 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na ㎄ | 1 kA | kA planckcurrent_red | 1.95755368876999 YA | planckcharge_red / plancktime_red planckcurrent | 9.81371885075816 YA | planckcharge / plancktime - plancktime | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | hbar / planckmass c^2 + plancktime | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | hbar / planckenergy t_P | 5.3912464483136e-44 s | plancktime - plancktime_red | 2.70277015656937e-43 s | hbar / planckmass_red c^2 - atomictime | 24.1888432657895 as | atomicaction / atomicenergy - natural_time | 658.211956950907 as | hbar / eV + plancktime_red | 2.70277015656937e-43 s | hbar / planckenergy_red + atomictime | 24.1888432658572 as | atomicaction / atomicenergy + natural_time | 658.211956950907 as | hbar / natural_energy svedberg | 100 fs | 1e-13 s ㎰ | 1 ps | ps ㎱ | 1 ns | ns @@ -665,19 +673,34 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na hr | 3.6 ks | hour decimalhour | 8.64 ks | 1|10 day watch | 14.4 ks | 4 hours - jupiterday | 35.729856 ks | 0.41354 day - saturnday | 37.8 ks | 0.4375 day - uranusday | 56.16 ks | 0.65 day - neptuneday | 66.3552 ks | 0.768 day + jupiterday | 35.73 ks | jupiterday_sidereal + jupiterday_sidereal | 35.73 ks | 9.9250 hr + jupiterday_solar | 35.73324 ks | 9.9259 hr + saturnday | 38.3616 ks | saturnday_sidereal + saturnday_sidereal | 38.3616 ks | 10.656 hr + saturnday_solar | 38.3616 ks | 10.656 hr + neptuneday | 57.996 ks | neptuneday_sidereal + neptuneday_sidereal | 57.996 ks | 16.11 hr + neptuneday_solar | 57.996 ks | 16.11 hr + uranusday | 62.064 ks | uranusday_sidereal + uranusday_sidereal | 62.064 ks | 17.24 hr + uranusday_solar | 62.064 ks | 17.24 hr lune | 85.0480933333333 ks | 1|30 lunation - earthday | 86.16409054 ks | siderealday + earthday | 86.16409054 ks | earthday_sidereal + earthday_sidereal | 86.16409054 ks | siderealday siderealday | 86.16409054 ks | 86164.09054 s d | 86.4 ks | day da | 86.4 ks | day day | 86.4 ks | 24 hr + earthday_solar | 86.4 ks | 24 hr + solarday | 86.4 ks | day ㍲ | 86.4 ks | da - marsday | 88.6426632 ks | 1.02595675 day - plutoday | 551.81088 ks | 6.3867 day + marsday | 88.64244 ks | marsday_sidereal + marsday_sidereal | 88.64244 ks | 24.6229 hr + marsday_solar | 88.77492 ks | 24.6597 hr + plutoday_solar | 551.8152 ks | 153.2820 hr + plutoday | 551.85408 ks | plutoday_sidereal + plutoday_sidereal | 551.85408 ks | 153.2928 hr sennight | 604.8 ks | 7 day week | 604.8 ks | 7 day wk | 604.8 ks | week @@ -693,10 +716,14 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na synodicmonth | 2.5514428 Ms | lunarmonth mo | 2.6297438312232 Ms | month month | 2.6297438312232 Ms | 1|12 year - mercuryday | 5.06703168 Ms | 58.6462 day - mercuryyear | 7.60054381992 Ms | 0.2408467 julianyear - venusyear | 19.414149052176 Ms | 0.61519726 julianyear - venusday | 20.996064 Ms | 243.01 day + mercuryday | 5.06736 Ms | mercuryday_sidereal + mercuryday_sidereal | 5.06736 Ms | 1407.6 hr + mercuryyear | 7.6005216 Ms | 87.969 day + venusday_solar | 10.0872 Ms | 2802.0 hr + mercuryday_solar | 15.20136 Ms | 4222.6 hr + venusyear | 19.4141664 Ms | 224.701 day + venusday | 20.99736 Ms | venusday_sidereal + venusday_sidereal | 20.99736 Ms | 5832.6 hr eclipseyear | 29.947968 Ms | 346.62 days islamicyear | 30.5856 Ms | 354 day lunaryear | 30.6173136 Ms | 12 lunarmonth @@ -714,16 +741,16 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na gaussianyear | 31.5581960153947 Ms | (2 pi / gauss_k) days anomalisticyear | 31.55842944 Ms | 365.2596 days leapyear | 31.6224 Ms | 366 day - marsyear | 59.35503622176 Ms | 1.8808476 julianyear + marsyear | 59.355072 Ms | 686.980 day lustrum | 157.784629873392 Ms | 5 years decade | 315.569259746784 Ms | 10 years - jupiteryear | 374.355659124 Ms | 11.862615 julianyear + jupiteryear | 374.3356896 Ms | 4332.589 day saros | 568.9717444 Ms | 223 synodicmonth - saturnyear | 929.2923628848 Ms | 29.447498 julianyear - uranusyear | 2.6513700193296 Gsec | 84.016846 julianyear + saturnyear | 929.596608 Ms | 10759.22 day + uranusyear | 2.65121856 Gsec | 30685.4 day century | 3.15569259746784 Gsec | 100 years - neptuneyear | 5.200418560032 Gsec | 164.79132 julianyear - plutoyear | 7.82378070444 Gsec | 247.92065 julianyear + neptuneyear | 5.2003296 Gsec | 60189 day + plutoyear | 7.824384 Gsec | 90560 day millennia | 31.5569259746784 Gsec | millennium millennium | 31.5569259746784 Gsec | 1000 years cron | 31.5569259746784 Ts | 1e6 years @@ -753,6 +780,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na abC | 10 C | abcoulomb abcoul | 10 C | abcoulomb abcoulomb | 10 C | abamp sec + Ah | 3.6 kC | amp hour faraday | 96.48533212331 kC | N_A e mol faraday_chem | 96.4957 kC | 96495.7 C faraday_phys | 96.5219 kC | 96521.9 C @@ -794,7 +822,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na dvdspeed | 1.385 MB/s | 1385 kB/s kat | 1 kat | katal katal | 1 kat | mol/sec - natural_mass | 1.7826619216279e-36 kg | eV / c^2 + natural_mass | 1.7826619216279e-36 kg | natural_energy / c^2 atomicmass | 9.10938370154308e-31 kg | electronmass electronmass | 9.10938370154308e-31 kg | 5.48579909065e-4 u m_e | 9.10938370154308e-31 kg | electronmass @@ -1042,27 +1070,21 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na longton | 1.0160469088 Mg | 20 brhundredweight woollast | 1.98129147216 Mg | 6 woolsarpler ㏏ | 1 Gg | kt - plutomass | 14.7289620071685 Yg | solarmass / 1.35e8 - oldplutomass | 15 Yg | 0.015e24 kg - moonmass | 73.4578745132044 Yg | moonearthmassratio earthmass - mercurymass | 330.103239087546 Yg | solarmass / 6023600 - oldmercurymass | 330.22 Yg | 0.33022e24 kg - marsmass | 641.689978845294 Yg | solarmass / 3098708 - oldmarsmass | 641.91 Yg | 0.64191e24 kg - venusmass | 4.86730591712227e+24 kg | solarmass / 408523.71 - oldvenusmass | 4.869e+24 kg | 4.8690e24 kg - earthmass | 5.97216841133971e+24 kg | earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio) - earthmoonmass | 6.04562628585291e+24 kg | solarmass / 328900.56 - olduranusmass | 8.6625e+25 kg | 86.625e24 kg - uranusmass | 8.68188275485436e+25 kg | solarmass / 22902.98 - neptunemass | 1.02430727776276e+26 kg | solarmass / 19412.24 - oldneptunemass | 1.0278e+26 kg | 102.78e24 kg - saturnmass | 5.68458505927772e+26 kg | solarmass / 3497.898 - oldsaturnmass | 5.685e+26 kg | 568.5e24 kg - jupitermass | 1.89851771508335e+27 kg | solarmass / 1047.3486 - oldjupitermass | 1.8988e+27 kg | 1898.8e24 kg - solarmass | 1.98840987096774e+30 kg | GMsun/G - sunmass | 1.98840987096774e+30 kg | solarmass + vestamass | 259.027088983114 Zg | 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G + ceresmass | 938.359078854711 Zg | 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G + plutomass | 14.6157649491332 Yg | 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G + moonmass | 73.4578924831068 Yg | 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G + mercurymass | 330.100063692073 Yg | 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G + marsmass | 641.690901158174 Yg | 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G + venusmass | 4.86730581484201e+24 kg | 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G + earthmass | 5.97216839978724e+24 kg | 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G + earthmoonmass | 6.04562629227035e+24 kg | earthmass+moonmass + uranusmass | 8.68189383156286e+25 kg | 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G + neptunemass | 1.02430623444856e+26 kg | 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G + saturnmass | 5.68457888344845e+26 kg | 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G + jupitermass | 1.8985176587807e+27 kg | 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G + solarmass | 1.98840987131653e+30 kg | GMsun/G + sunmass | 1.98840987131653e+30 kg | solarmass pyron | 697.8 kg/s^3 | cal_IT / cm^2 min TSI | 1.36116369462235 Mg/s^3 | solarirradiance solarconstant | 1.36116369462235 Mg/s^3 | solarirradiance @@ -1070,6 +1092,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na finsenunit | 100 Mg/s^3 | 1e5 W/m^2 sigma | 56.7037441918443 µg/s^3*K^4 | stefanboltzmann stefanboltzmann | 56.7037441918443 µg/s^3*K^4 | pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 + σ | 56.7037441918443 µg/s^3*K^4 | sigma THERMAL_ADMITTANCE | 1 kg/s^3*K | THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY / LENGTH europeanUvalue | 1 kg/s^3*K | watt / m^2 K Uvalue | 5.67826334111349 kg/s^3*K | 1/Rvalue @@ -1080,16 +1103,16 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na Gs | 100 µT | gauss gauss | 100 µT | abvolt sec / cm^2 hlu_bfield | 354.490770181103 µT | sqrt(4 pi) gauss - natural_Bfield | 5.11894453153691 mT | natural_volt natural_time / natural_length^2 + natural_Bfield | 5.11894453153691 mT | natural_Efield / c B_FIELD | 1 T | tesla T | 1 T | tesla tesla | 1 T | Wb/m^2 - atomicBfield | 235.051756759028 kT | atomicvolt atomictime / atomiclength^2 + atomicBfield | 235.05175675837 kT | atomicEfield / atomicvelocity stT | 2.99792458 MT | stattesla statT | 2.99792458 MT | stattesla stattesla | 2.99792458 MT | statWb/cm^2 - planckBfield_red | 3.03594380460771e+52 T | planckvolt_red plancktime_red / plancklength_red^2 - planckBfield | 7.63015900261363e+53 T | planckvolt plancktime / plancklength^2 + planckBfield_red | 3.03594380460771e+52 T | planckEfield_red /c + planckBfield | 7.63015900261363e+53 T | planckEfield / c mechanicalohm | 1 g/s | dyn s / cm mobileohm | 1 ks/kg | cm / dyn s roentgen | 0.000258 s*A/kg | 2.58e-4 C / kg @@ -1124,8 +1147,8 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na bicron | 1 pm | picometer electronwavelength | 2.42631023867162 pm | h / m_e c lambda_C | 2.42631023867162 pm | electronwavelength - atomiclength | 52.917721090199 pm | atomicvelocity atomictime - bohrradius | 52.917721090199 pm | alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity + atomiclength | 52.917721090273 pm | atomicvelocity atomictime + bohrradius | 52.9177210903471 pm | alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity angstrom | 100 pm | 1e-10 m Å | 100 pm | angstrom ångström | 100 pm | angstrom @@ -1137,7 +1160,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na texscaledpoint | 5.36285100577695 nm | 1|65536 texpoint texsp | 5.36285100577695 nm | texscaledpoint millionth | 25.4 nm | 1e-6 inch - natural_length | 197.326980459302 nm | hbar c / eV + natural_length | 197.326980459303 nm | natural_time c micron | 1 µm | micrometer ㎛ | 1 µm | µm tenth | 2.54 µm | 0.0001 inch @@ -1457,6 +1480,9 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na mendenhallyard | 914.401828803658 mm | surveyyard troughtonyard | 914.4219 mm | 914.42190 mm scotsell | 944.873784499951 mm | 37 scotsinch + DISPLACEMENT | 1 m | LENGTH + DISTANCE | 1 m | LENGTH + ELONGATION | 1 m | LENGTH LENGTH | 1 m | meter m | 1 m | m meter | 1 m | m @@ -1581,32 +1607,56 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na schoenus | 5.92 km | 4 romanmile russianmile | 7.4676 km | 7 verst marathon | 42.194988 km | 26 miles + 385 yards - plutoradius | 1.151 Mm | 1151 km + moondist_min | 356.371 km | 356.371 km + moondist_max | 406.72 km | 406.720 km + plutoradius | 1.188 Mm | 1188 km moonradius | 1.738 Mm | 1738 km - mercuryradius | 2.44 Mm | 2440 km - marsradius | 3.38992 Mm | 3389.92 km - venusradius | 6.05184 Mm | 6051.84 km - earthradius_polar | 6.35675174834046 Mm | (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial + mercuryradius | 2.4405 Mm | 2440.5 km + marsradius | 3.3962 Mm | 3396.2 km + venusradius | 6.0518 Mm | 6051.8 km + IERS_earthradius_polar | 6.35675185797165 Mm | (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial + earthradius_polar | 6.35675185797165 Mm | (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial + WGS84_earthradius_polar | 6.35675231424518 Mm | (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial earthradUSAtm | 6.356766 Mm | 6356766 m earthradius | 6.37101 Mm | 6371.01 km - earthradius_equatorial | 6.37813649 Mm | 6378136.49 m - neptuneradius | 24.624 Mm | 24624 km - uranusradius | 25.362 Mm | 25362 km - saturnradius | 58.232 Mm | 58232 km - jupiterradius | 69.911 Mm | 69911 km + IERS_earthradius_equatorial | 6.3781366 Mm | 6378136.6 m + earthradius_equatorial | 6.3781366 Mm | IERS_earthradius_equatorial + WGS84_earthradius_equatorial | 6.378137 Mm | 6378137 m + neptuneradius | 24.764 Mm | 24764 km + uranusradius | 25.559 Mm | 25559 km + saturnradius | 60.268 Mm | 60268 km + jupiterradius | 71.492 Mm | 71492 km lightsecond | 299.792458 Mm | c s - moondist_min | 356.4 Mm | 3.564e8 m moondist | 384.4 Mm | 3.844e8 m - moondist_max | 406.7 Mm | 4.067e8 m sunradius | 696 Mm | 6.96e8 m lightminute | 17.98754748 Gm | c min - sundist_near | 147.1 Gm | 1.471e11 m + mercurysundist_min | 46 Gm | 46.000 Gm + mercurysundist_max | 69.818 Gm | 69.818 Gm + venussundist_min | 107.48 Gm | 107.480 Gm + venussundist_max | 108.941 Gm | 108.941 Gm + earthsundist_min | 147.095 Gm | sundist_min + sundist_min | 147.095 Gm | sundist_near + sundist_near | 147.095 Gm | 147.095 Gm astronomicalunit | 149.5978707 Gm | 149597870700 m au | 149.5978707 Gm | astronomicalunit ㍳ | 149.5978707 Gm | au sundist | 149.598022960713 Gm | 1.0000010178 au - sundist_far | 152.1 Gm | 1.521e11 m + earthsundist_max | 152.1 Gm | sundist_max + sundist_far | 152.1 Gm | 152.100 Gm + sundist_max | 152.1 Gm | sundist_far + marssundist_min | 206.65 Gm | 206.650 Gm + marssundist_max | 249.261 Gm | 249.261 Gm + jupitersundist_min | 740.595 Gm | 740.595 Gm + jupitersundist_max | 816.363 Gm | 816.363 Gm spat | 1 Tm | 1e12 m + saturnsundist_min | 1.357554 Tm | 1357.554 Gm + saturnsundist_max | 1.506527 Tm | 1506.527 Gm + uranussundist_min | 2.732696 Tm | 2732.696 Gm + uranussundist_max | 3.00139 Tm | 3001.390 Gm + plutosundist_min | 4.434987 Tm | 4434.987 Gm + neptunesundist_min | 4.47105 Tm | 4471.050 Gm + neptunesundist_max | 4.558857 Tm | 4558.857 Gm + plutosundist_max | 7.304326 Tm | 7304.326 Gm lightyear | 9.4607304725808 Pm | c julianyear ly | 9.4607304725808 Pm | lightyear parsec | 30.8567758146719 Pm | au / tan(arcsec) @@ -1623,8 +1673,10 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na ACCELERATION | 1 m/s^2 | VELOCITY / TIME ㎨ | 1 m/s^2 | m/s^2 moongravity | 1.62 m/s^2 | 1.62 m/s^2 + gravity_equatorial | 9.7803263359 m/s^2 | 9.7803263359 m / s^2 force | 9.80665 m/s^2 | gravity gravity | 9.80665 m/s^2 | 9.80665 m/s^2 + gravity_polar | 9.8321849378 m/s^2 | 9.8321849378 m / s^2 leo | 10 m/s^2 | 10 m/s^2 ipy | 804.894621877341 pm/s | inch/year fpm | 5.08 mm/s | ft/min @@ -1641,7 +1693,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na Vl | 1.70254340277778 m/s | Vlos Vlos | 1.70254340277778 m/s | Grafut/Tim mach | 331.46 m/s | 331.46 m/s - atomicvelocity | 2.18769126364306 Mm/s | sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) + atomicvelocity | 2.18769126364 Mm/s | sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) c | 299.792458 Mm/s | 299792458 m/s light | 299.792458 Mm/s | c THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY | 1 m*kg/s^3*K | POWER / AREA (TEMPERATURE_DIFFERENCE/LENGTH) @@ -1652,12 +1704,12 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na silver_thermal_conductivity | 406 m*kg/s^3*K | 406 W / m K E_FIELD | 1 m*kg/s^3*A | ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH hlu_efield | 106273.659330906 m*kg/s^3*A | hlu_volt / cm - natural_Efield | 1534620.96347511 m*kg/s^3*A | natural_volt / natural_length - atomicEfield | 514220674765.68 m*kg/s^3*A | atomicpotential / atomiclength + natural_Efield | 1534620.96347511 m*kg/s^3*A | natural_volt / natural_length + atomicEfield | 514220674763.521 m*kg/s^3*A | atomicpotential / atomiclength planckEfield_red | 9.10153055533218e+60 m*kg/s^3*A | planckvolt_red / plancklength_red planckEfield | 2.28746412232437e+62 m*kg/s^3*A | planckvolt / plancklength - natural_force | 811.939974082986 fN | natural_mass natural_length / natural_time^2 - atomicforce | 82.3872349829286 nN | atomicenergy / atomiclength + natural_force | 811.939974082986 fN | natural_energy / natural_length + atomicforce | 82.3872349825827 nN | atomicenergy / atomiclength dyn | 10 µN | dyne dyne | 10 µN | cm gram / s^2 ouncedal | 8.6409346485 mN | oz ft / s^2 @@ -1679,9 +1731,13 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na slinchf | 1.71740757886986 kN | slinch force kip | 4.4482216152605 kN | 1000 lbf tonf | 8.896443230521 kN | ton force + planckforce_red | 4.81545388672242e+42 N | planckenergy_red / plancklength_red + planckforce | 1.21025556433821e+44 N | planckenergy / plancklength mu0 | 1.25663706212384e-06 m*kg/s^2*A^2 | 2 alpha h / e^2 c - atomicmomentum | 1.99285191410383e-24 m*kg/s | atomicenergy / atomicvelocity + atomicmomentum | 1.99285191410104e-24 m*kg/s | atomicenergy / atomicvelocity bole | 1e-05 m*kg/s | g cm / s + IMPULSE | 1 m*kg/s | FORCE TIME + MOMENTUM | 1 m*kg/s | MASS VELOCITY asbestoscut | 201.590692541852 m/kg | 100 yd/lb linenyarncount | 604.772077625556 m/kg | 300 yard/pound yarncut | 604.772077625556 m/kg | 300 yard/pound @@ -2301,8 +2357,8 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na volt90 | 1.00000010666511 V | (K_J90/K_J) V intvolt | 1.00033 V | 1.00033 V daniell | 1.042 V | 1.042 V - atomicpotential | 27.2113862460642 V | atomicenergy / atomiccharge - atomicvolt | 27.2113862460642 V | atomicpotential + atomicpotential | 27.211386245988 V | atomicenergy / atomiccharge + atomicvolt | 27.211386245988 V | atomicpotential stV | 299.792458 V | statvolt statV | 299.792458 V | statvolt statvolt | 299.792458 V | dyne cm / statamp sec @@ -2316,13 +2372,14 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na invcm | 19.8644585714893 yJ | cminv wavenumber | 19.8644585714893 yJ | cminv kcal_mol | 6.94769545705537 zJ | kcal_th / mol N_A - natural_energy | 160.2176634 zJ | natural_force natural_length eV | 160.2176634 zJ | e V electronvolt | 160.2176634 zJ | eV ev | 160.2176634 zJ | eV - rydberg | 2.17987236110965 aJ | h c Rinfinity - atomicenergy | 4.3597447222193 aJ | hartree - hartree | 4.3597447222193 aJ | 2 rydberg + natural_energy | 160.2176634 zJ | eV + rydberg | 2.17987236110355 aJ | 1|2 hartree + E_h | 4.3597447222071 aJ | hartree + atomicenergy | 4.3597447222071 aJ | hartree + hartree | 4.3597447222071 aJ | 4.3597447222071e-18 J prout | 29.7203765607 fJ | 185.5 keV beV | 160.2176634 pJ | GeV bev | 160.2176634 pJ | beV @@ -2330,7 +2387,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na megalerg | 100 mJ | megaerg ENERGY | 1 J | joule J | 1 J | joule - WORK | 1 J | joule + WORK | 1 J | FORCE DISTANCE joule | 1 J | N m duty | 1.3558179483314 J | ft lbf cal_20 | 4.1819 J | calorie_20 @@ -2371,9 +2428,9 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na UStherm | 105.4804 MJ | 1.054804e8 J therm | 105.4804 MJ | UStherm ECtherm | 105.506 MJ | 1e5 btu_ISO - planckenergy_red | 390.181834397908 MJ | planckmass_red plancklength_red^2 / plancktime_red^2 + planckenergy_red | 390.181834397908 MJ | planckmass_red c^2 E_P | 1.95608163669837 GJ | planckenergy - planckenergy | 1.95608163669837 GJ | planckmass plancklength^2 / plancktime^2 + planckenergy | 1.95608163669837 GJ | planckmass c^2 barreloil | 6.119323945196 GJ | 5.8 Mbtu toncoal | 29.3076 GJ | 7e9 cal_IT davycrocket | 41.84 GJ | 10 ton tnt @@ -2764,11 +2821,15 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na USacrefoot | 1233.48923846815 m^3 | USacre surveyfoot ㎦ | 1000000000 m^3 | km^3 molarvolume_si | 1.20588319868415e-05 m^3/mol | N_A siliconlattice^3 / 8 - GMsun | 1.32712440018e+20 m^3/s^2 | 1.32712440018e20 m^3 / s^2 + GMsun | 1.32712440041279e+20 m^3/s^2 | 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 gph | 1.05150327333333e-06 m^3/s | gal/hr + usgph | 1.05150327333333e-06 m^3/s | usgallon/hr + brgph | 1.26280277777778e-06 m^3/s | brgallon/hr cfh | 7.86579072e-06 m^3/s | ft^3/hour lpm | 1.66666666666667e-05 m^3/s | liter/min gpm | 6.30901964e-05 m^3/s | gal/min + usgpm | 6.30901964e-05 m^3/s | usgallon/min + brgpm | 7.57681666666667e-05 m^3/s | brgallon/min cfm | 0.0004719474432 m^3/s | ft^3/min minersinchID | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min minersinchKS | 0.00056633693184 m^3/s | 1.2 ft^3/min @@ -3035,7 +3096,9 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na IACS | 58000000 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg | copperconductivity copperconductivity | 58000000 s^3*A^2/m^3*kg | 58 siemens m / mm^2 epsilon0 | 8.85418781277335e-12 s^4*A^2/m^3*kg | 1/mu0 c^2 + brmpg | 354006.189934647 m^-2 | mile/brgallon mpg | 425143.707430272 m^-2 | mile/gal + usmpg | 425143.707430272 m^-2 | mile/usgallon skot | 318.309886183791 µlx | 1e-3 apostilb nox | 1 mlx | 1e-3 lux apostilb | 318.309886183791 mlx | cd/pi m^2 @@ -3187,8 +3250,8 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na dioptre | 1 m^-1 | diopter balmer | 100 m^-1 | kayser kayser | 100 m^-1 | 1/cm - R_H | 10967760 m^-1 | 10967760 /m - Rinfinity | 10973731.5681905 m^-1 | m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h + R_H | 10967758.3402802 m^-1 | Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) + Rinfinity | 10973731.5681598 m^-1 | hartree / 2 h c lapserate | 6.5 mK/m | 6.5 K/km H_FIELD | 1 A/m | B_FIELD / (mu0/mu0_SI) MAGNETIZATION | 1 A/m | MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME @@ -3319,7 +3382,7 @@ SELECT name, unit, definition FROM unit_units ORDER BY dimension(unit), unit, na reyn | 6.89475729316836 Mg/m*s | psi sec lorentz | 46.6864477828202 s^2*A/m*kg | bohrmagneton / h c THERMAL_RESISTIVITY | 1 s^3*K/m*kg | 1/THERMAL_CONDUCTIVITY -(3195 rows) +(3258 rows) -- units that do not conform to their original definition SELECT name, unit, definition, definition::unit AS parsed_definition, unit / definition::unit AS deviation diff --git a/load-units.pl b/load-units.pl index f4276ee..f14a53e 100755 --- a/load-units.pl +++ b/load-units.pl @@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ my @todo; my $continued = ''; +; # skip over initial line with BOM + while () { # skip over locale specific parts $skip_british = 1 if /^!var UNITS_ENGLISH GB/; diff --git a/unit_units.data b/unit_units.data index 381ec98..ce4389f 100644 --- a/unit_units.data +++ b/unit_units.data @@ -198,6 +198,13 @@ FORCE 1 m*kg/s^2 \N newton \N PRESSURE 1 kg/m*s^2 \N FORCE / AREA \N STRESS 1 kg/m*s^2 \N FORCE / AREA \N FREQUENCY 1 s^-1 \N hertz \N +DISPLACEMENT 1 m \N LENGTH \N +DISTANCE 1 m \N LENGTH \N +ELONGATION 1 m \N LENGTH \N +STRAIN 1 \N ELONGATION / LENGTH \N +ENERGY 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N joule \N +POWER 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N watt \N +WORK 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N FORCE DISTANCE \N DENSITY 1 kg/m^3 \N MASS / VOLUME \N LINEAR_DENSITY 1 kg/m \N MASS / LENGTH \N CURRENT 1 A \N ampere \N @@ -213,6 +220,8 @@ ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT 1 m*s*A \N C m \N MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT 1 m^2*A \N J / T \N POLARIZATION 1 s*A/m^2 \N ELECTRIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME \N MAGNETIZATION 1 A/m \N MAGNETIC_DIPOLE_MOMENT / VOLUME \N +ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N ENERGY / CHARGE \N +VOLTAGE 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL \N B_FLUX 1 m^2*kg/s^2*A \N B_FIELD AREA \N gram 0.00100000000000000002 kg \N millikg \N gm 0.00100000000000000002 kg \N gram \N @@ -359,6 +368,8 @@ temprankine 0.55555555555555558 K \N degrankine \N degreaumur 1.25 K 273.15 10|8 * degC \N degK 1 K \N K \N tempK 1 K \N K \N +tau 6.28318530717958623 \N 2 pi \N +phi 1.6180339887498949 \N (sqrt(5)+1)/2 \N light 299792458 m/s \N c \N energy 89875517873681760 m^2/s^2 \N c^2 \N hbar 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N h / 2 pi \N @@ -426,8 +437,11 @@ foot 0.304800000000000015 m \N 12 inch \N feet 0.304800000000000015 m \N foot \N ft 0.304800000000000015 m \N foot \N ft3 0.0283168465920000043 m^3 \N ft^3 \N -R_H 10967760 m^-1 \N 10967760 /m \N +hartree 4.35974472220709998e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.3597447222071e-18 J \N +E_h 4.35974472220709998e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hartree \N +Rinfinity 10973731.5681598242 m^-1 \N hartree / 2 h c \N alpha 0.00729735256930000038 \N 7.2973525693e-3 \N +bohrradius 5.29177210903471087e-11 m \N alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity \N conductancequantum 7.74809172986364871e-05 s^3*A^2/m^2*kg \N 2 e^2 / h \N deuteronchargeradius 2.12799000000000009e-15 m \N 2.12799e-15 m \N protonchargeradius 8.75099999999999961e-16 m \N 0.8751e-15 m \N @@ -492,6 +506,7 @@ lightsecond 299792458 m \N c s \N lightminute 17987547480 m \N c min \N parsec 30856775814671916 m \N au / tan(arcsec) \N pc 30856775814671916 m \N parsec \N +rydberg 2.17987236110354999e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 1|2 hartree \N crith 8.9885000000000011e-05 kg \N 0.089885 gram \N lorentz 46.6864477828202453 s^2*A/m*kg \N bohrmagneton / h c \N cminv 1.9864458571489285e-23 m^2*kg/s^2 \N h c / cm \N @@ -581,33 +596,35 @@ hlu_current 9.4096693978164779e-11 A \N hlu_charge / sec \N hlu_volt 1062.73659330906025 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N erg / hlu_charge \N hlu_efield 106273.659330906026 m*kg/s^3*A \N hlu_volt / cm \N hlu_bfield 0.000354490770181103141 kg/s^2*A \N sqrt(4 pi) gauss \N -natural_length 1.97326980459302488e-07 m \N hbar c / eV \N -natural_mass 1.78266192162789753e-36 kg \N eV / c^2 \N -natural_time 6.58211956950906704e-16 s \N hbar / eV \N -natural_temp 11604.5181215500816 K \N eV / boltzmann \N +natural_energy 1.60217663399999989e-19 m^2*kg/s^2 \N eV \N natural_charge 5.29081768988981784e-19 s*A \N e / sqrt(4 pi alpha) \N +natural_time 6.58211956950906704e-16 s \N hbar / natural_energy \N +natural_length 1.97326980459302515e-07 m \N natural_time c \N +natural_mass 1.78266192162789753e-36 kg \N natural_energy / c^2 \N +natural_temp 11604.5181215500816 K \N natural_energy / boltzmann \N +natural_force 8.11939974082986136e-13 m*kg/s^2 \N natural_energy / natural_length \N +natural_power 0.000243413480578794718 m^2*kg/s^3 \N natural_energy / natural_time \N +natural_volt 0.302822120872088762 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N natural_energy / natural_charge \N +natural_Efield 1534620.96347510861 m*kg/s^3*A \N natural_volt / natural_length \N +natural_Bfield 0.00511894453153690938 kg/s^2*A \N natural_Efield / c \N natural_current 0.000803816708890999019 A \N natural_charge / natural_time \N -natural_force 8.11939974082986035e-13 m*kg/s^2 \N natural_mass natural_length / natural_time^2 \N -natural_energy 1.60217663399999965e-19 m^2*kg/s^2 \N natural_force natural_length \N -natural_power 0.000243413480578794664 m^2*kg/s^3 \N natural_energy / natural_time \N -natural_volt 0.302822120872088707 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N natural_energy / natural_charge \N -natural_Efield 1534620.96347510861 m*kg/s^3*A \N natural_volt / natural_length \N -natural_Bfield 0.00511894453153690938 kg/s^2*A \N natural_volt natural_time / natural_length^2 \N planckmass 2.17643434271789836e-08 kg \N sqrt(hbar c / G) \N m_P 2.17643434271789836e-08 kg \N planckmass \N -plancktime 5.39124644831360455e-44 s \N hbar / planckmass c^2 \N +planckenergy 1956081636.69837284 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckmass c^2 \N +E_P 1956081636.69837284 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy \N +plancktime 5.39124644831360455e-44 s \N hbar / planckenergy \N t_P 5.39124644831360455e-44 s \N plancktime \N plancklength 1.61625502442370555e-35 m \N plancktime c \N l_P 1.61625502442370555e-35 m \N plancklength \N -plancktemperature 1.41678416215734246e+32 K \N hbar / k plancktime \N +plancktemperature 1.41678416215734246e+32 K \N planckenergy / k \N T_P 1.41678416215734246e+32 K \N plancktemperature \N -planckenergy 1956081636.69837308 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckmass plancklength^2 / plancktime^2 \N -E_P 1956081636.69837308 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy \N +planckforce 1.21025556433820609e+44 m*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy / plancklength \N planckmass_red 4.34135839913935817e-09 kg \N sqrt(hbar c / 8 pi G) \N -plancktime_red 2.70277015656936788e-43 s \N hbar / planckmass_red c^2 \N +planckenergy_red 390181834.397907794 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckmass_red c^2 \N +plancktime_red 2.70277015656936788e-43 s \N hbar / planckenergy_red \N plancklength_red 8.102701086469756e-35 m \N plancktime_red c \N -plancktemperature_red 2.82607552243841721e+31 K \N hbar / k plancktime_red \N -planckenergy_red 390181834.397907794 m^2*kg/s^2 \N planckmass_red plancklength_red^2 / plancktime_red^2 \N +plancktemperature_red 2.82607552243841675e+31 K \N planckenergy_red / k \N +planckforce_red 4.81545388672242224e+42 m*kg/s^2 \N planckenergy_red / plancklength_red \N intampere 0.999835000000000029 A \N 0.999835 A \N intamp 0.999835000000000029 A \N intampere \N intfarad 0.999504999999999977 s^4*A^2/m^2*kg \N 0.999505 F \N @@ -675,6 +692,7 @@ anomalisticyear 31558429.4399999976 s \N 365.2596 days \N siderealyear 31558149.5400287993 s \N 365.256360417 day \N tropicalyear 31556925.9746784009 s \N 365.242198781 day \N eclipseyear 29947968 s \N 346.62 days \N +solarday 86400 s \N day \N siderealday 86164.0905400000047 s \N 86164.09054 s \N siderealhour 3590.17043916666671 s \N 1|24 siderealday \N siderealminute 59.8361739861111133 s \N 1|60 siderealhour \N @@ -708,76 +726,100 @@ gregorianyear 31556952 s \N 365.2425 day \N islamicyear 30585600 s \N 354 day \N islamicleapyear 30672000 s \N 355 day \N islamicmonth 2548800 s \N 1|12 islamicyear \N -mercuryday 5067031.6799999997 s \N 58.6462 day \N -venusday 20996064 s \N 243.01 day \N -earthday 86164.0905400000047 s \N siderealday \N -marsday 88642.6631999999954 s \N 1.02595675 day \N -jupiterday 35729.8559999999998 s \N 0.41354 day \N -saturnday 37800 s \N 0.4375 day \N -uranusday 56160 s \N 0.65 day \N -neptuneday 66355.1999999999971 s \N 0.768 day \N -plutoday 551810.880000000005 s \N 6.3867 day \N -mercuryyear 7600543.81991999969 s \N 0.2408467 julianyear \N -venusyear 19414149.0521759987 s \N 0.61519726 julianyear \N +mercuryday_sidereal 5067360 s \N 1407.6 hr \N +venusday_sidereal 20997360 s \N 5832.6 hr \N +earthday_sidereal 86164.0905400000047 s \N siderealday \N +marsday_sidereal 88642.4400000000023 s \N 24.6229 hr \N +jupiterday_sidereal 35730 s \N 9.9250 hr \N +saturnday_sidereal 38361.5999999999985 s \N 10.656 hr \N +uranusday_sidereal 62063.9999999999927 s \N 17.24 hr \N +neptuneday_sidereal 57996 s \N 16.11 hr \N +plutoday_sidereal 551854.079999999958 s \N 153.2928 hr \N +mercuryday_solar 15201360.0000000019 s \N 4222.6 hr \N +venusday_solar 10087200 s \N 2802.0 hr \N +earthday_solar 86400 s \N 24 hr \N +marsday_solar 88774.9199999999983 s \N 24.6597 hr \N +jupiterday_solar 35733.239999999998 s \N 9.9259 hr \N +saturnday_solar 38361.5999999999985 s \N 10.656 hr \N +uranusday_solar 62063.9999999999927 s \N 17.24 hr \N +neptuneday_solar 57996 s \N 16.11 hr \N +plutoday_solar 551815.20000000007 s \N 153.2820 hr \N +mercuryyear 7600521.59999999963 s \N 87.969 day \N +venusyear 19414166.3999999985 s \N 224.701 day \N earthyear 31558149.5400287993 s \N siderealyear \N -marsyear 59355036.2217600048 s \N 1.8808476 julianyear \N -jupiteryear 374355659.124000013 s \N 11.862615 julianyear \N -saturnyear 929292362.884799957 s \N 29.447498 julianyear \N -uranusyear 2651370019.32959986 s \N 84.016846 julianyear \N -neptuneyear 5200418560.03200054 s \N 164.79132 julianyear \N -plutoyear 7823780704.43999958 s \N 247.92065 julianyear \N -earthflattening 0.00335281969789619303 \N 1|298.25642 \N -earthradius_equatorial 6378136.49000000022 m \N 6378136.49 m \N -earthradius_polar 6356751.74834045768 m \N (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial \N +marsyear 59355072 s \N 686.980 day \N +jupiteryear 374335689.600000024 s \N 4332.589 day \N +saturnyear 929596608 s \N 10759.22 day \N +uranusyear 2651218560 s \N 30685.4 day \N +neptuneyear 5200329600 s \N 60189 day \N +plutoyear 7824384000 s \N 90560 day \N +mercuryradius 2440500 m \N 2440.5 km \N +venusradius 6051800 m \N 6051.8 km \N +earthradius 6371010 m \N 6371.01 km \N +marsradius 3396200 m \N 3396.2 km \N +jupiterradius 71492000 m \N 71492 km \N +saturnradius 60268000 m \N 60268 km \N +uranusradius 25559000 m \N 25559 km \N +neptuneradius 24764000 m \N 24764 km \N +plutoradius 1188000 m \N 1188 km \N +mercurysundist_min 46000000000 m \N 46.000 Gm \N +mercurysundist_max 69818000000 m \N 69.818 Gm \N +venussundist_min 107480000000 m \N 107.480 Gm \N +venussundist_max 108941000000 m \N 108.941 Gm \N +marssundist_min 206650000000 m \N 206.650 Gm \N +marssundist_max 249261000000 m \N 249.261 Gm \N +jupitersundist_min 740595000000 m \N 740.595 Gm \N +jupitersundist_max 816363000000 m \N 816.363 Gm \N +saturnsundist_min 1357554000000 m \N 1357.554 Gm \N +saturnsundist_max 1506527000000 m \N 1506.527 Gm \N +uranussundist_min 2732696000000 m \N 2732.696 Gm \N +uranussundist_max 3001390000000 m \N 3001.390 Gm \N +neptunesundist_min 4471050000000 m \N 4471.050 Gm \N +neptunesundist_max 4558857000000 m \N 4558.857 Gm \N +plutosundist_min 4434987000000 m \N 4434.987 Gm \N +plutosundist_max 7304326000000 m \N 7304.326 Gm \N +sundist 149598022960.712799 m \N 1.0000010178 au \N +moondist 384400000 m \N 3.844e8 m \N +sundist_near 147095000000 m \N 147.095 Gm \N +sundist_min 147095000000 m \N sundist_near \N +sundist_far 152100000000 m \N 152.100 Gm \N +sundist_max 152100000000 m \N sundist_far \N +moondist_min 356371 m \N 356.371 km \N +moondist_max 406720 m \N 406.720 km \N +WGS84_earthflattening 0.00335281066474748049 \N 1|298.257223563 \N +WGS84_earthradius_equatorial 6378137 m \N 6378137 m \N +WGS84_earthradius_polar 6356752.3142451793 m \N (1-WGS84_earthflattening) WGS84_earthradius_equatorial \N +IERS_earthflattening 0.00335281969789619303 \N 1|298.25642 \N +IERS_earthradius_equatorial 6378136.59999999963 m \N 6378136.6 m \N +IERS_earthradius_polar 6356751.85797164682 m \N (1-IERS_earthflattening) IERS_earthradius_equatorial \N landarea 148847000000000 m^2 \N 148.847e6 km^2 \N oceanarea 361254000000000 m^2 \N 361.254e6 km^2 \N moonradius 1738000 m \N 1738 km \N sunradius 696000000 m \N 6.96e8 m \N gauss_k 0.0172020989500000013 \N 0.01720209895 \N gaussianyear 31558196.0153947473 s \N (2 pi / gauss_k) days \N -GMsun 1.32712440018000003e+20 m^3/s^2 \N 1.32712440018e20 m^3 / s^2 \N -solarmass 1.98840987096774227e+30 kg \N GMsun/G \N -sunmass 1.98840987096774227e+30 kg \N solarmass \N -sundist 149598022960.712799 m \N 1.0000010178 au \N -moondist 384400000 m \N 3.844e8 m \N -sundist_near 147100000000 m \N 1.471e11 m \N -sundist_far 152100000000 m \N 1.521e11 m \N -moondist_min 356400000 m \N 3.564e8 m \N -moondist_max 406700000 m \N 4.067e8 m \N -mercurymass 3.3010323908754605e+23 kg \N solarmass / 6023600 \N -venusmass 4.86730591712226958e+24 kg \N solarmass / 408523.71 \N -earthmoonmass 6.04562628585290998e+24 kg \N solarmass / 328900.56 \N -marsmass 6.41689978845293703e+23 kg \N solarmass / 3098708 \N -jupitermass 1.89851771508334692e+27 kg \N solarmass / 1047.3486 \N -saturnmass 5.68458505927772092e+26 kg \N solarmass / 3497.898 \N -uranusmass 8.68188275485435714e+25 kg \N solarmass / 22902.98 \N -neptunemass 1.02430727776276313e+26 kg \N solarmass / 19412.24 \N -plutomass 1.4728962007168461e+22 kg \N solarmass / 1.35e8 \N -moonearthmassratio 0.0123000339999999996 \N 0.012300034 \N -earthmass 5.97216841133970586e+24 kg \N earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio) \N -moonmass 7.34578745132043616e+22 kg \N moonearthmassratio earthmass \N -oldmercurymass 3.30219999999999997e+23 kg \N 0.33022e24 kg \N -oldvenusmass 4.86900000000000012e+24 kg \N 4.8690e24 kg \N -oldmarsmass 6.41910000000000066e+23 kg \N 0.64191e24 kg \N -oldjupitermass 1.89880000000000012e+27 kg \N 1898.8e24 kg \N -oldsaturnmass 5.68499999999999983e+26 kg \N 568.5e24 kg \N -olduranusmass 8.66249999999999974e+25 kg \N 86.625e24 kg \N -oldneptunemass 1.02779999999999998e+26 kg \N 102.78e24 kg \N -oldplutomass 1.5e+22 kg \N 0.015e24 kg \N -mercuryradius 2440000 m \N 2440 km \N -venusradius 6051840 m \N 6051.84 km \N -earthradius 6371010 m \N 6371.01 km \N -marsradius 3389920 m \N 3389.92 km \N -jupiterradius 69911000 m \N 69911 km \N -saturnradius 58232000 m \N 58232 km \N -uranusradius 25362000 m \N 25362 km \N -neptuneradius 24624000 m \N 24624 km \N -plutoradius 1151000 m \N 1151 km \N +GMsun 1.32712440041279422e+20 m^3/s^2 \N 132712440041.279419 km^3 / s^2 \N +solarmass 1.98840987131653396e+30 kg \N GMsun/G \N +sunmass 1.98840987131653396e+30 kg \N solarmass \N +mercurymass 3.30100063692072606e+23 kg \N 22031.868551 km^3 / s^2 G \N +venusmass 4.86730581484200644e+24 kg \N 324858.592000 km^3 / s^2 G \N +marsmass 6.41690901158173969e+23 kg \N 42828.375816 km^3 / s^2 G \N +jupitermass 1.89851765878069623e+27 kg \N 126712764.100000 km^3 / s^2 G \N +saturnmass 5.68457888344845174e+26 kg \N 37940584.841800 km^3 / s^2 G \N +uranusmass 8.68189383156286049e+25 kg \N 5794556.400000 km^3 / s^2 G \N +neptunemass 1.02430623444855642e+26 kg \N 6836527.100580 km^3 / s^2 G \N +plutomass 1.46157649491332442e+22 kg \N 975.500000 km^3 / s^2 G \N +ceresmass 9.38359078854711443e+20 kg \N 62.62890 km^3 / s^2 G \N +vestamass 2.59027088983114351e+20 kg \N 17.288245 km^3 / s^2 G \N +earthmass 5.97216839978724456e+24 kg \N 398600.435507 km^3 / s^2 G \N +moonmass 7.34578924831068505e+22 kg \N 4902.800118 km^3 / s^2 G \N +moonearthmassratio 0.0123000370327339976 \N moonmass/earthmass \N +earthmoonmass 6.04562629227035133e+24 kg \N earthmass+moonmass \N moongravity 1.62000000000000011 m/s^2 \N 1.62 m/s^2 \N +gravity_equatorial 9.78032633589999989 m/s^2 \N 9.7803263359 m / s^2 \N +gravity_polar 9.83218493779999925 m/s^2 \N 9.8321849378 m / s^2 \N hubble 2.26854550262882893e-18 s^-1 \N 70 km/s/Mpc \N H0 2.26854550262882893e-18 s^-1 \N hubble \N -lunarparallax 0.0165932080808970199 \N asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) \N -moonhp 0.0165932080808970199 \N lunarparallax \N extinction_coeff 0.209999999999999992 \N 0.21 \N moonvmag -12.7400000000000002 \N -12.74 \N sunvmag -26.7399999999999984 \N -26.74 \N @@ -786,6 +828,18 @@ sunsd 0.00465248468611326182 \N asin(sunradius / sundist) \N atomicmass 9.10938370154308021e-31 kg \N electronmass \N atomiccharge 1.60217663399999989e-19 s*A \N e \N atomicaction 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N hbar \N +atomicenergy 4.35974472220709998e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hartree \N +atomicvelocity 2187691.26364000095 m/s \N sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) \N +atomictime 2.41888432658571915e-17 s \N atomicaction / atomicenergy \N +atomiclength 5.29177210902730437e-11 m \N atomicvelocity atomictime \N +atomicforce 8.23872349825827401e-08 m*kg/s^2 \N atomicenergy / atomiclength \N +atomicmomentum 1.99285191410104071e-24 m*kg/s \N atomicenergy / atomicvelocity \N +atomiccurrent 0.00662361823750989061 A \N atomiccharge / atomictime \N +atomicpotential 27.2113862459880345 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N atomicenergy / atomiccharge \N +atomicvolt 27.2113862459880345 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N atomicpotential \N +atomicEfield 514220674763.521423 m*kg/s^3*A \N atomicpotential / atomiclength \N +atomicBfield 235051.756758370379 kg/s^2*A \N atomicEfield / atomicvelocity \N +atomictemperature 315775.02480406675 K \N atomicenergy / boltzmann \N thermalcoulomb 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K \N J/K \N thermalampere 1 m^2*kg/s^3*K \N W/K \N thermalfarad 1 m^2*kg/s^2*K^2 \N J/K^2 \N @@ -1483,8 +1537,6 @@ U 0.0444500000000000034 m \N retmaunit \N RU 0.0444500000000000034 m \N U \N flightlevel 30.4800000000000004 m \N 100 ft \N FL 30.4800000000000004 m \N flightlevel \N -ENERGY 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N joule \N -WORK 1 m^2*kg/s^2 \N joule \N calorie_th 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 4.184 J \N thermcalorie 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_th \N cal_th 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N calorie_th \N @@ -1603,7 +1655,6 @@ propane 93300000 kg/m*s^2 \N 93.3 MJ/m^3 \N butane 124000000 kg/m*s^2 \N 124 MJ/m^3 \N uranium_pure 82099828882507.1406 m^2/s^2 \N 200 MeV avogadro / (235.0439299 g/mol) \N uranium_natural 574698802177.549927 m^2/s^2 \N 0.7% uranium_pure \N -POWER 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N watt \N VA 1 m^2*kg/s^3 \N volt ampere \N kWh 3600000 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kilowatt hour \N horsepower 745.699871582270134 m^2*kg/s^3 \N 550 foot pound force / sec \N @@ -1956,6 +2007,10 @@ cusec 0.0283168465920000043 m^3/s \N ft^3/s \N gph 1.05150327333333364e-06 m^3/s \N gal/hr \N gpm 6.30901964000000305e-05 m^3/s \N gal/min \N mgd 0.0438126363888889023 m^3/s \N megagal/day \N +brgph 1.26280277777777828e-06 m^3/s \N brgallon/hr \N +brgpm 7.57681666666666978e-05 m^3/s \N brgallon/min \N +usgph 1.05150327333333364e-06 m^3/s \N usgallon/hr \N +usgpm 6.30901964000000305e-05 m^3/s \N usgallon/min \N cfs 0.0283168465920000043 m^3/s \N ft^3/s \N cfh 7.86579072000000036e-06 m^3/s \N ft^3/hour \N cfm 0.000471947443200000096 m^3/s \N ft^3/min \N @@ -2090,6 +2145,8 @@ sizeXring 0.0662500000000000033 m \N 66.25 mm \N sizeYring 0.0675000000000000044 m \N 67.50 mm \N sizeZring 0.0687500000000000056 m \N 68.75 mm \N mph 0.447039999999999993 m/s \N mile/hr \N +brmpg 354006.189934647002 m^-2 \N mile/brgallon \N +usmpg 425143.707430271839 m^-2 \N mile/usgallon \N mpg 425143.707430271839 m^-2 \N mile/gal \N kph 0.27777777777777779 m/s \N km/hr \N fL 3.42625909963539055 cd/m^2 \N footlambert \N @@ -2724,6 +2781,10 @@ röntgen 0.000257999999999999983 s*A/kg \N roentgen \N ℔ 0.453592370000000022 kg \N lb \N ℎ 6.62607014999999983e-34 m^2*kg/s \N h \N ℏ 1.05457181764615647e-34 m^2*kg/s \N hbar \N +τ 6.28318530717958623 \N tau \N +𝜋 3.14159265358979312 \N pi \N +α 0.00729735256930000038 \N alpha \N +σ 5.67037441918442942e-08 kg/s^3*K^4 \N sigma \N ‰ 0.00100000000000000002 \N 1|1000 \N ‱ 0.000100000000000000005 \N 1|10000 \N ′ 0.00029088820866572158 \N ' \N @@ -2826,10 +2887,13 @@ tenscore 200 \N ten score \N twelvescore 240 \N twelve score \N VELOCITY 1 m/s \N LENGTH / TIME \N ACCELERATION 1 m/s^2 \N VELOCITY / TIME \N +MOMENTUM 1 m*kg/s \N MASS VELOCITY \N +IMPULSE 1 m*kg/s \N FORCE TIME \N VISCOSITY 1 kg/m*s \N FORCE TIME / AREA \N KINEMATIC_VISCOSITY 1 m^2/s \N VISCOSITY / DENSITY \N -ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N ENERGY / CHARGE \N -VOLTAGE 1 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL \N +E_FIELD 1 m*kg/s^3*A \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH \N +E_FLUX 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A \N E_FIELD AREA \N +Ah 3600 s*A \N amp hour \N xunit 1.00207697000000001e-13 m \N xunit_cu \N siegbahn 1.00207697000000001e-13 m \N xunit \N shake 1.00000000000000002e-08 s \N 1e-8 sec \N @@ -2849,15 +2913,13 @@ coulombconst 8987551792.28822899 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 \N 1/4 pi epsilon0 \N k_C 8987551792.28822899 m^3*kg/s^4*A^2 \N coulombconst \N molarvolume 0.0224139695450141369 m^3 \N mol R stdtemp / atm \N loschmidt 2.68678011179844392e+25 m^-3 \N avogadro mol / molarvolume \N -Rinfinity 10973731.5681905393 m^-1 \N m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h \N -bohrradius 5.29177210901989852e-11 m \N alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity \N +R_H 10967758.3402801529 m^-1 \N Rinfinity m_p / (m_e + m_p) \N prout 2.97203765606999975e-14 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 185.5 keV \N electronradius 2.81794032620008515e-15 m \N coulombconst e^2 / electronmass c^2 \N electronmass_SI 9.10938370154308021e-31 \N electronmass_u atomicmassunit_SI \N fermicoupling 454379566261215.938 s^4/m^4*kg^2 \N 1.1663787e-5 / GeV^2 \N lightyear 9460730472580800 m \N c julianyear \N ly 9460730472580800 m \N lightyear \N -rydberg 2.17987236110965134e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N h c Rinfinity \N amagatvolume 0.0224139695450141369 m^3 \N molarvolume \N amagat 44.6150334054703137 mol/m^3 \N mol/amagatvolume \N kcal_mol 6.94769545705537413e-21 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kcal_th / mol N_A \N @@ -2872,14 +2934,14 @@ Gb 0.795774715023846002 A \N gilbert \N Gi 0.795774715023846002 A \N gilbert \N planckcharge 5.29081768988981784e-19 s*A \N sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) \N planckcurrent 9.81371885075815513e+24 A \N planckcharge / plancktime \N -planckvolt 3.69712538089572486e+27 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N planckenergy / planckcharge \N +planckvolt 3.69712538089572431e+27 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N planckenergy / planckcharge \N planckEfield 2.2874641223243699e+62 m*kg/s^3*A \N planckvolt / plancklength \N -planckBfield 7.63015900261363448e+53 kg/s^2*A \N planckvolt plancktime / plancklength^2 \N +planckBfield 7.63015900261363448e+53 kg/s^2*A \N planckEfield / c \N planckcharge_red 5.29081768988981784e-19 s*A \N sqrt(epsilon0 hbar c) \N planckcurrent_red 1.95755368876999299e+24 A \N planckcharge_red / plancktime_red \N planckvolt_red 7.37469815192277718e+26 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N planckenergy_red / planckcharge_red \N planckEfield_red 9.10153055533218475e+60 m*kg/s^3*A \N planckvolt_red / plancklength_red \N -planckBfield_red 3.03594380460771469e+52 kg/s^2*A \N planckvolt_red plancktime_red / plancklength_red^2 \N +planckBfield_red 3.03594380460771469e+52 kg/s^2*A \N planckEfield_red /c \N ouncecopper 3.43252786584860234e-05 m \N oz / ft^2 copperdensity \N ozcu 3.43252786584860234e-05 m \N ouncecopper \N LUMINOUS_FLUX 1 cd \N lumen \N @@ -2889,19 +2951,22 @@ EXITANCE 1 cd/m^2 \N lux \N skot 0.000318309886183790701 cd/m^2 \N 1e-3 apostilb \N LUMINANCE 1 cd/m^2 \N nit \N saros 568971744.399999976 s \N 223 synodicmonth \N -hartree 4.35974472221930268e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N 2 rydberg \N -atomicenergy 4.35974472221930268e-18 m^2*kg/s^2 \N hartree \N -atomicvelocity 2187691.26364306221 m/s \N sqrt(atomicenergy / atomicmass) \N -atomictime 2.41888432657894882e-17 s \N atomicaction / atomicenergy \N -atomiclength 5.29177210901989787e-11 m \N atomicvelocity atomictime \N -atomicforce 8.23872349829286471e-08 m*kg/s^2 \N atomicenergy / atomiclength \N -atomicmomentum 1.99285191410382994e-24 m*kg/s \N atomicenergy / atomicvelocity \N -atomiccurrent 0.0066236182375284296 A \N atomiccharge / atomictime \N -atomicpotential 27.2113862460641975 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N atomicenergy / atomiccharge \N -atomicvolt 27.2113862460641975 m^2*kg/s^3*A \N atomicpotential \N -atomicEfield 514220674765.68042 m*kg/s^3*A \N atomicpotential / atomiclength \N -atomicBfield 235051.756759028358 kg/s^2*A \N atomicvolt atomictime / atomiclength^2 \N -atomictemperature 315775.024804950575 K \N atomicenergy / boltzmann \N +mercuryday 5067360 s \N mercuryday_sidereal \N +venusday 20997360 s \N venusday_sidereal \N +earthday 86164.0905400000047 s \N earthday_sidereal \N +marsday 88642.4400000000023 s \N marsday_sidereal \N +jupiterday 35730 s \N jupiterday_sidereal \N +saturnday 38361.5999999999985 s \N saturnday_sidereal \N +uranusday 62063.9999999999927 s \N uranusday_sidereal \N +neptuneday 57996 s \N neptuneday_sidereal \N +plutoday 551854.079999999958 s \N plutoday_sidereal \N +earthsundist_min 147095000000 m \N sundist_min \N +earthsundist_max 152100000000 m \N sundist_max \N +earthflattening 0.00335281969789619303 \N IERS_earthflattening \N +earthradius_equatorial 6378136.59999999963 m \N IERS_earthradius_equatorial \N +earthradius_polar 6356751.85797164682 m \N (1-earthflattening) earthradius_equatorial \N +lunarparallax 0.0165932083670966672 \N asin(earthradius_equatorial / moondist) \N +moonhp 0.0165932083670966672 \N lunarparallax \N intacrefoot 1233.48183754752017 m^3 \N acre foot \N acrefoot 1233.48183754752017 m^3 \N intacrefoot \N geographicalmile 1853.1840000000002 m \N brnauticalmile \N @@ -3133,10 +3198,8 @@ quarter 226.796185000000008 kg \N quarterweight \N minim 6.16115199218750165e-08 m^3 \N minimvolume \N ㎈ 4.18400000000000016 m^2*kg/s^2 \N cal \N ㎉ 4184 m^2*kg/s^2 \N kcal \N -E_FIELD 1 m*kg/s^3*A \N ELECTRIC_POTENTIAL / LENGTH \N D_FIELD 1 s*A/m^2 \N E_FIELD epsilon0 / epsilon0_SI \N H_FIELD 1 A/m \N B_FIELD / (mu0/mu0_SI) \N -E_FLUX 1 m^3*kg/s^3*A \N E_FIELD AREA \N D_FLUX 1 s*A \N D_FIELD AREA \N H_FLUX 1 m*A \N H_FIELD AREA \N assayton 0.0291666666666666637 kg \N mg ton / troyounce \N