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Getting started with versioning

The latest version of this documentation is available on GitHub.

Vcpkg lets you take control of which version of packages to install in your projects using manifests.

Using versions with manifests

With the versions feature flag enabled you can start adding version constraints to your dependencies.

Let's start with creating a simple CMake project that depends on fmt and zlib.

Create a folder with the following files:

vcpkg.json

{
    "name": "versions-test",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "dependencies": [
        {
            "name": "fmt",
            "version>=": "7.1.3"
        }, 
        "zlib"
    ],
    "builtin-baseline": "b60f003ccf5fe8613d029f49f835c8929a66eb61"
}

main.cpp

#include <fmt/core.h>
#include <zlib.h>

int main()
{
    fmt::print("fmt version is {}\n"
               "zlib version is {}\n", 
               FMT_VERSION, ZLIB_VERSION);
    return 0;
}

CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18)

project(versionstest CXX)

add_executable(main main.cpp)

find_package(ZLIB REQUIRED)
find_package(fmt CONFIG REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(main PRIVATE ZLIB::ZLIB fmt::fmt)

And now we build and run our project with CMake:

  1. Create the build directory for the project.
PS D:\versions-test> mkdir build
PS D:\versions-test> cd build
  1. Configure CMake.
PS D:\versions-test\build> cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=D:/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake ..
-- Running vcpkg install
Detecting compiler hash for triplet x86-windows...
The following packages will be built and installed:
    fmt[core]:x86-windows -> 7.1.3 -- D:\vcpkg\buildtrees\versioning\versions\fmt\dd8cf5e1a2dce2680189a0744102d4b0f1cfb8b6
    zlib[core]:x86-windows -> 1.2.11#9 -- D:\vcpkg\buildtrees\versioning\versions\zlib\827111046e37c98153d9d82bb6fa4183b6d728e4
...
  1. Build the project.
PS D:\versions-test\build> cmake --build .
[2/2] Linking CXX executable main.exe
  1. Run it!
PS D:\versions-test\build> ./main.exe
fmt version is 70103
zlib version is 1.2.11

Take a look at the output:

fmt[core]:x86-windows -> 7.1.3 -- D:\vcpkg\buildtrees\versioning\versions\fmt\dd8cf5e1a2dce2680189a0744102d4b0f1cfb8b6
zlib[core]:x86-windows -> 1.2.11#9 -- D:\vcpkg\buildtrees\versioning\versions\zlib\827111046e37c98153d9d82bb6fa4183b6d728e4

Instead of using the portfiles in ports/, vcpkg is checking out the files for each version in buildtrees/versioning/versions/. The files in ports/ are still used when running vcpkg in classic mode or when the versions feature flag is disabled.

NOTE: Output from vcpkg while configuring CMake is only available when using CMake version 3.18 or newer. If you're using an older CMake you can check the vcpkg-manifest-install.log file in your build directory instead.

Read our manifests announcement blog post to learn how to use manifests with MSBuild.

Manifest changes

If you have used manifests before you will notice that there are some new JSON properties. Let's review these changes:

version

{
    "name": "versions-test",
    "version": "1.0.0"
}

This is your project's version declaration. Previously, you could only declare versions for your projects using the version-string property. Now that versioning has come around, vcpkg is aware of some new versioning schemes.

Version scheme Description
version Dot-separated numerics: 1.0.0.5.
version-semver Compliant semantic versions: 1.2.0 and 1.2.0-rc.
version-date Dates in YYYY-MM-DD format: 2021-01-01
version-string Arbitrary strings: vista, candy.

version>=

{
    "dependencies": [
        { "name": "fmt", "version>=": "7.1.3" },
        "zlib"
    ]
}

This property is used to express minimum version constraints, it is allowed only as part of the "dependencies" declarations. In our example we set an explicit constraint on version 7.1.3 of fmt.

Vcpkg is allowed to upgrade this constraint if a transitive dependency requires a newer version. For example, if zlib were to declare a dependency on fmt version 7.1.4 then vcpkg would install 7.1.4 instead.

Vcpkg uses a minimum version approach, in our example, even if fmt version 8.0.0 were to be released, vcpkg would still install version 7.1.3 as that is the minimum version that satisfies the constraint. The advantages of this approach are that you don't get unexpected dependency upgrades when you update vcpkg and you get reproducible builds (in terms of version used) as long as you use the same manifest.

If you want to upgrade your dependencies, you can bump the minimum version constraint or use a newer baseline.

builtin-baseline

{ "builtin-baseline": "b60f003ccf5fe8613d029f49f835c8929a66eb61" }

This field declares the versioning baseline for all ports. Setting a baseline is required to enable versioning, otherwise you will get the current versions on the ports directory. You can run 'git rev-parse HEAD' to get the current commit of vcpkg and set it as the builtin-baseline. See the builtin-baseline documentation for more information.

In our example, you can notice that we do not declare a version constraint for zlib; instead, the version is taken from the baseline. Internally, vcpkg will look in commit b60f003ccf5fe8613d029f49f835c8929a66eb61 to find out what version of zlib was the latest at that point in time (in our case it was 1.2.11#9).

During version resolution, baseline versions are treated as minimum version constraints. If you declare an explicit constraint that is lower than a baseline version, the explicit constraint will be upgraded to the baseline version.

For example, if we modified our dependencies like this:

{ "dependencies": [
    {
        "name": "fmt",
        "version>=": "7.1.3"
    },
    {
        "name": "zlib",
        "version>=": "1.2.11#7"
    }
] }

NOTE: The value 1.2.11#7 represents version 1.2.11, port version 7.

Since the baseline introduces a minimum version constraint for zlib at 1.2.11#9 and a higher version does satisfy the minimum version constraint for 1.2.11#7, vcpkg is allowed to upgrade it.

Baselines are also a convenient mechanism to upgrade multiple versions at a time, for example, if you wanted to depend on multiple boost libraries, it is more convenient to set the baseline once than declaring a version constraint on each package.

But what if you want to pin a version older than the baseline?

overrides

Since baselines establish a version floor for all packages and explicit constraints get upgraded when they are lower than the baseline, we need another mechanism to downgrade versions past the baseline.

The mechanism vcpkg provides for that scenario is overrides. When an override is declared on a package, vcpkg will ignore all other version constraints either directly declared in the manifest or from transitive dependencies. In short, overrides will force vcpkg to use the exact version declared, period.

Let's modify our example once more, this time to force vcpkg to use version 6.0.0 of fmt.

{
    "name": "versions-test",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "dependencies": [
        {
            "name": "fmt",
            "version>=": "7.1.3"
        },
        {
            "name": "zlib",
            "version>=": "1.2.11#7"
        }
    ],
    "builtin-baseline": "b60f003ccf5fe8613d029f49f835c8929a66eb61",
    "overrides": [
        {
            "name": "fmt",
            "version": "6.0.0"
        }
    ]
}

Rebuild our project:

PS D:\versions-test\build> rm ./CMakeCache.txt
PS D:\versions-test\build> rm -r ./vcpkg_installed
PS D:\versions-test\build> cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=D:/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake ..
-- Running vcpkg install
Detecting compiler hash for triplet x86-windows...
The following packages will be built and installed:
    fmt[core]:x86-windows -> 6.0.0 -- D:\vcpkg\buildtrees\versioning\versions\fmt\d99b6a35e1406ba6b6e09d719bebd086f83ed5f3
    zlib[core]:x86-windows -> 1.2.11#9 -- D:\vcpkg\buildtrees\versioning\versions\zlib\827111046e37c98153d9d82bb6fa4183b6d728e4
...
PS D:\versions-test\build> cmake --build .
[2/2] Linking CXX executable main.exe

And run it!

PS D:\versions-test\build> .\main.exe
fmt version is 60000
zlib version is 1.2.11

Notice how the fmt is now at version 6.0.0 just like we wanted.

Versions and custom ports

The last thing to discuss is how overlay ports interact with versioning resolution. The answer is: they don't.

Going into more detail, when you provide an overlay for a port, vcpkg will always use the overlay port without caring what version is contained in it. The reasons are two-fold: (1) it is consistent with the existing behavior of overlay ports of completely masking the existing port, and (2) overlay ports do not (and are not expected to) provide enough information to power vcpkg's versioning feature.

If you want to have flexible port customization along with versioning features, you should consider making your own custom registry. See our registries specification for more details.

Further reading

If you're interested in delving deeper into the details of how versioning works we recommended that you read the original versioning specification and the implementation details.

See also: