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demo_chapter.tex
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\chapter[Demo]{A Demonstration of Some LaTeX Features}
\label{ch: demo}
\section{Basics}
\label{sec:Basics}
Some of the \textbf{greatest}
discoveries in \underline{science}
were made by \textbf{\textit{accident}}.
Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries}
in science
were made by accident.
\textit{Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries}
in science
were made by accident.}
\textbf{Some of the greatest \emph{discoveries}
in science
were made by accident.}
\section{Cross References}
\label{sec:Cross References}
\LaTeX\ has elaborated cross references like e.g.
% use \vref because it also memtions the page number
\begin{compactitem}[$\blacksquare$]
\item \vref{fig:An elaborated demonstration of pgfplot capabilities}
\item Did you know that \vpageref{fig:An elaborated demonstration of pgfplot capabilities} we find
\cref{fig:An elaborated demonstration of pgfplot capabilities}
\item \vref{sec:Including Figures}
\item \vref{ch: A Second Demonstration of LaTeX Features}
\item \vref{sec:Tables}
\end{compactitem}
See \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/83051/144487} for what you can do with it
\pagebreak
\section{Enumerations}
\label{sec:Enumerations}
You can define keywords
\begin{enumerate}[{Example} a)]
\item Internal combustion optimization
\item Exhaust gas aftertreatment
\item Friction reduction
\end{enumerate}
or
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item Internal combustion optimization
\item Exhaust gas aftertreatment
\item Friction reduction
\end{enumerate}
\section{Including Figures}
\label{sec:Including Figures}
\lipsum[1]
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
% note that height and width are determined *before* rotation,
% therefore the height is the width after rotation
% The png was generated using
% rsvg-convert -w 300 fh-logo-right.svg -o fh-logo-right.png
\includegraphics[height=0.5\textwidth, angle=270]{fh-logo-right}
\caption[The FH Aachen Logo]{The logo of Fachhochschule Aachen}
\label{fh-logo}
\end{figure}
It is also possible to adjust the position of the image and crop it, thereby offering the inclusion of only parts of an image (see e.g. \url{https://texblog.org/2012/02/23/crop-figures-with-includegraphics/}):
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
% Note that the file ending has to be mentioned explicitly,
% otherwise the file thesis.pdf would be tried to be included,
% and not images/thesis.png
% The scheme is: trim=left bottom right top, clip
\includegraphics[trim=50 300 200 10,clip,width=\textwidth]{thesis.png}
\caption[Some cropped image]{A cropped version of \vref{The complete image}}
\label{cropped image}
\end{figure}
The complete figure is
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{thesis.png}
\caption{The complete image}
\label{The complete image}
\end{figure}
% clearpage enfoeces all floating objects like tables and figures to be rendered before starting a new section or chapter
\clearpage
\section{Formulas}
\label{sec:Formulas}
Subscripts in math mode are written as $a_b$ and superscripts are written as $a^b$. These can be combined an nested to write expressions such as
\begin{equation}
T^{i_1 i_2 \dots i_p}_{j_1 j_2 \dots j_q} = T(x^{i_1},\dots,x^{i_p},e_{j_1},\dots,e_{j_q})
\label{a complicated formula 1}
\end{equation}
We write integrals using $\int$ and fractions using $\frac{a}{b}$. Limits are placed on integrals using superscripts and subscripts:
\begin{equation}
\int_0^1 \frac{dx}{e^x} = \frac{e-1}{e}
\end{equation}
Lower case Greek letters are written as $\omega$ $\delta$ etc. while upper case Greek letters are written as $\Omega$ $\Delta$.
Mathematical operators are prefixed with a backslash as $\sin(\beta)$, $\cos(\alpha)$, $\log(x)$ etc.
{
\small
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
% ======================================================================
% Massenbilanz
\label{Bilanzgleichungen in konservativer differentieller Form a}
& \pfrac{\rho}{t} & + \ & \diverg \left( \rho \tvec{v} \right) & & & & & =
\quad & 0 \qquad
\\[.5em]
% ======================================================================
% Impulsbilanz
\label{Bilanzgleichungen in konservativer differentieller Form b}
& \pfrac{(\rho\tvec{v})}{t}
& + \ &
\diverg \left( \rho \tvec{v} \circ \tvec{v} \right)
& - \ &
\diverg \tenstress
& - \ &
\rho \tvec{b} & = \quad & 0 \qquad
\\[.5em]
% ======================================================================
% Energiebilanz
\label{Bilanzgleichungen in konservativer differentieller Form c}
& \pfracbig{ %
\left(
\rho \left[ e + \frac{\tvec{v}^2}{2} \right]
\right)}{t}
& + \ &
\diverg \left(
\rho \left[ e + \frac{\tvec{v}^2}{2} \right] \tvec{v}
\right)
& - \ &
\diverg \left( \tvec{v} \tenstress - \tvec{q} \right)
& - \ &
\rho \left( \tvec{v} \tvec{b} - \tvec{q_b} \right)
& = \quad & 0 \qquad
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
}
\clearpage
\chapter[Demo 2]{A Second Demonstration of LaTeX Features}
\label{ch: A Second Demonstration of LaTeX Features}
\section{Tables}
\label{sec:Tables}
\subsection{Using \LaTeX\ package \texttt{tabularx}}
\label{sec: using LaTeX package tabularx}
{
\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\hsize=#1\hsize\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{>{\hsize=#1\hsize\raggedleft\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcolumntype{C}[2]{>{\hsize=#1\hsize\columncolor{#2}\centering\arraybackslash}X}%
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
% Note that labels should be on top for tables
\caption{A simple table with paragraphs}
\label{tab: A simple table with paragraphs}%
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{ | L{2} | R{0.5} | R{1} | C{0.5}{green} | }
\hline
This could be a longer text and that is OK because this is what tabularx was made for & label 2 & label 3 & item x \\
\hline
item 1 & item 2 & item 3 & item 4 \\
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}%
}
\subsection{Using a Regular \LaTeX\ \texttt{tabular} Environment}
\label{sec: Using a Regular LaTeX tabularx Environment}
A table generated with the Excel plugin Excel2LaTeX.
Please note how we use an \texttt{adjustbox} to enforce the table to fit the page width
\begin{table}[!h]
\caption{Road situations according to VDA 702 (1/2).}
\label{tab: road situations VDA 702}%
\vspace*{1em}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{l|l|l|p{16.59em}|l|l|r}
{\textbf{Subgroup}} & \textbf{ID\textsubscript{VDA}} & \textbf{ID\textsubscript{RS}} & \textbf{Evaluated road situations (RS)} & \textbf{EP (Time)} & \textbf{EP (Freq.)} & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{\textbf{Comment}} \\
\midrule
\multicolumn{1}{p{7.455em}|}{\textbf{Stand}} & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}- & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}RS01 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}Standing & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}- & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}- & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{\cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}in addition to VDA 702} \\
\multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Maneuver}} & FB040 & RS02 & Starting & E3 & E4 & \\
\cmidrule{2-7} & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}FB100 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}RS03 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}Accelerating, slow & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}E3 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}E4 & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{\cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851} > \SI{1}{\metre\per\second\squared}} \\
\cmidrule{2-7} & FB100 & RS04 & Accelerating, fast & E2 & E3 & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{ > \SI{1}{\metre\per\second\squared}} \\
\cmidrule{2-7} & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}FB120 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}RS05 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}Driving with normal deceleration (normal braking) & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}E4 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}E4 & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{\cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}$\leq$ \SI{4}{\metre\per\second\squared}} \\
\midrule
\multicolumn{1}{p{7.455em}|}{\textbf{Speed}} & FB040 & RS12 & Driving at low speed & E3 & E4 & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{0 km/h $\leq$ v $\leq$ 10 km/h} \\
\cmidrule{2-7} & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}FB010-030 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}RS13 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}Driving at high speed & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}E3 & \cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}- & \multicolumn{1}{p{9.955em}|}{\cellcolor[rgb]{ .851, .851, .851}10 km/h < v $\leq$ 30 km/h} \\
\midrule
\multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Friction}} & FS010 & RS14 & Driving on dry asphalt (normal friction coefficient) & E4 & - & \\
\end{tabular}%
\end{adjustbox}
\end{table}
% enforce all float elements (here the tables) to be rendered *now*
\clearpage
\section{Plotting}
\label{sec:Plotting}
Data can easily be plotted using the package \texttt{pgfplots}. You can find the documentation at \url{https://ctan.org/pkg/pgfplots?lang=en}. Many nice examples can be found at \url{https://tikz.net/}.
Please find below some examples captured from \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/83888/how-to-plot-data-from-a-csv-file-using-tikz-and-csvsimple}:
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}
\addplot table [x=a, y=c, col sep=comma] {misc/simple_data.csv};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{A simple x-y graph}
\label{fig:A simple x-y graph}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[
%Environment Cfg.
font=\bfseries\sffamily,
]
\begin{axis}[
width=12cm,
height=8cm,
at={(0,0)},
ymin=0,
ymax=30,
xmin=0,
xmax=30,
grid=both,
minor tick num =5,
minor tick style={draw=none},
minor grid style={thin,color=black!10},
major grid style={thin,color=black!10},
ylabel={L\\O\\A\\D\\[5pt] kW.},
xlabel=Time in Hours,
tick align=outside,
axis x line*=middle,
axis y line*=none,
xtick={0,5,...,30},
ytick={0,5,...,30},
xlabel style={color=blue!50!cyan},
ylabel style={align=center,rotate=-90,color=blue!50!cyan},
x tick label style={
/pgf/number format/assume math mode, font=\sffamily\scriptsize},
y tick label style={
/pgf/number format/assume math mode, font=\sffamily\scriptsize},
]
\addplot[color=blue!50!cyan,smooth,tension=0.7,very thick] table [x index=0,y index=1,col sep=space] {misc/load_over_time.txt};
\addplot[color=cyan!50!lime,very thick] coordinates{(0,5)(25,5)};
\addplot[color=orange,very thick] coordinates{(0,11)(25,11)};
\addplot[color=red!80!orange,very thick] coordinates{(19,24.2)(23,24.2)};
\node[text=cyan!50!lime,fill=white,align=center,anchor=west,scale=0.8, inner sep=5pt] at (24.5,5){Base\\ Load};
\node[color=orange,fill=white,align=center,anchor=west,scale=0.8, inner sep=5pt] at (24.5,11){Average\\ Load};
\node[color=red!80!orange,fill=white,align=center,anchor=west,scale=0.8,inner sep=5pt] at (21.2,24.2){Maxium\\ Load};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\caption{An elaborated demonstration of pgfplot capabilities}
\label{fig:An elaborated demonstration of pgfplot capabilities}
\end{figure}
You should also take a look at \url{http://pgfplots.sourceforge.net/gallery.html} and check TeX Stackexchange at \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/pgfplots} and astonishing scientific demos at \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/158668/nice-scientific-pictures-show-off}
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.3]
\draw (-4,0) -- (40,0);
\draw[double] (0,0) -- ++(1.5,0.5)--++(3,0)--++(1.5,-0.5);
\draw[double] (0,0) -- ++(1.5,1.5) ++(3,0)--++(1.5,-1.5);
\draw[double] (1.5,0.5) -- ++(0,10)--++(3,0)--++(0,-10);
\draw[double,join=bevel] (1.5,0.5) -- ++(18.43:3.16) -- ++(161.57:3.16) -- ++(18.43:3.16) -- ++(161.57:3.16) -- ++(18.43:3.16) -- ++(161.57:3.16) -- ++(18.43:3.16) -- ++(161.57:3.16) -- ++(18.43:3.16) -- ++(161.57:3.16);
\draw[double] (1.5,0.5) -- +(135:0.707);
\draw[double] (4.5,0.5) -- +(45:0.707);
\draw[fill=lightgray] (-1,8.5) rectangle (-3,14) node at +(1,-2.75) {$A$};
\draw[double] (-1,10.5) -- ++(40,0) -- ++(0,1.732) -- ++(-40,0);
\draw[double,join=bevel] (-1,10.5+1.732) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) -- ++(-60:2) -- ++(60:2) node at +(0.75,-1.723/2) {$B$};
\draw[fill=lightgray] (4.6,10.5) rectangle (39.1,9.5);
\draw[double] (0,10.5) -- ++(0,-1.5) -- +(1.5,0);
\draw[double] (0,9) -- +(45:2.121);
\draw[fill=gray] (-0.6,13) rectangle (0.6,10.5+1.732);
\draw[fill=lightgray, even odd rule] (18.5,5) circle (0.25) circle (0.125);
\draw[double distance=0.4] (-0.5,13) -- ++(0,-4) ++(0.5,-0.5) -- ++(18,0) ++(0.5,-0.5) -- ++(0,-3);
\draw (18,8.55) arc (90:0:0.55);
\draw[fill=white] (18,8) circle (0.5);
\draw[color=white] (4.6,9.75) -- (39.1,9.75);
\draw[fill=white] (18.625,10.125) circle (0.375) +(-1.25,0) circle (0.375);
\draw[rounded corners, fill=lightgray] (18,7.5) -- (19,10.375) -- ++(-2,0) -- cycle;
\draw (18,8) circle (0.07);
\draw (18.625,10.125) circle (0.07) +(-1.25,0) circle (0.07);
\draw (-0.55,9) arc (180:270:0.55);
\draw[fill=gray] (0,9) circle (0.5) circle (0.07) node at +(0,-1.25) {$C$};
\draw[fill=gray] (0,13) circle (0.6) circle (0.07) node at +(1.25,0) {$M$};
\draw[double] (18.5,5) -- +(3,-1) (18.5,5) -- +(-3,-1);
\draw[fill=gray] (15.5,4.05) rectangle (21.5,3.755);
\draw[fill=red] (17,4.06) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (17.5,4.06) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (18,4.06) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (18.5,4.06) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (19,4.06) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (19.5,4.06) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (17.5,4.37) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (18,4.37) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (18.5,4.37) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
\draw[fill=red] (19,4.37) rectangle +(0.5,0.3);
%Dimensions
\draw[semithick] (0,-0.25) -- +(0,-1) node at +(0,1.25) {$D$} ++(3,-3) -- +(0,3.25+10.5+1.723) ++(3,3) -- +(0,-1) node at +(0,1.25) {$E$} ++(33,-3) -- +(0,12.25);
\draw[semithick] (3,10.75+1.732) -- (3,13.6+0.25+1+1.5) ++(-3,-1.5) -- +(0,-1);
\draw[semithick] (-2,14.25) -- (-2,13.6+0.25+1+1.5);
\draw[semithick] (9,6)--++(0,2.25) ++(0,0.5)--(9,9.95);
\draw[semithick] (18.5,2) -- +(0,1);
\fill (9,10.5) -- ++(0.3,0) arc (0:-90:0.3) -- ++(0,0.6) arc (90:180:0.3);
\fill[white] (9,10.5) -- ++(0.3,0) arc (0:90:0.3) -- ++(0,-0.6) arc (270:180:0.3);
\draw[very thin] (9,10.5) circle (0.3) node at +(0,2.5) {$G$};
\draw[semithick, to-to] (0, -0.75) -- +(3,0) node[font=\footnotesize] at +(1.5,-0.5) {3 m};
\draw[semithick, to-to] (3, -0.75) -- +(3,0) node[font=\footnotesize] at +(1.5,-0.5) {3 m};
\draw[semithick, to-to] (3, -2.5) -- +(36,0) node[fill=white, font=\footnotesize] at +(18,0) {36 m};
\draw[semithick, to-to] (3,13.6+0.25+0.5) -- +(-3,0) node[font=\footnotesize] at +(-1.5,0.5) {3 m};
\draw[semithick, to-to] (3,13.6+0.25+2) -- +(-5,0) node[font=\footnotesize] at +(-2.5,0.5) {5 m};
\draw[semithick,to-to] (3,6.5) -- +(6,0) node[fill=white, font=\footnotesize] at +(3,0) {6 m};
\draw[semithick,to-to] (3,2.5) -- +(15.5,0) node[fill=white,font=\footnotesize] at +(7.75,0) {$x$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:36,x=100, y=20, scale=0.1]
\draw[very thin,color=gray] (0,0) grid[xstep=5,ystep=20] (36,140);
\foreach \x in {0,5,...,35}
\draw (\x,1) -- (\x,-1)
node[anchor=north] {\x};
\foreach \y in {0,20,...,140}
\draw (0.5,\y) -- (-0.5,\y)
node[anchor=east] {\y};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (36,0) node at +(-18,-12) {$x$ (m)};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,140) node[rotate=90] at +(-3,-70) {Weight (kN)};
\draw[color=red,domain=4.5:36, smooth, semithick] plot (\x,{209/(\x-3)}) node[right] {$W_{max}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Maximum load of a crane}
\label{fig:Maximum load of a crane}
\end{figure}
\clearpage
\section{Citations}
\label{sec: Citations}
As one can see in \cite{iso_13849_part1}, functional safety is difficult.
% \nocite means you do not reference the citation in your text
% but want it included in the bibliography
% BUT: We prefer all sources to be referenced in the text!
\nocite{iso_13849_part1}
\nocite{iso_13849_part2}
\nocite{iso_12100}
\nocite{ISO:online}
\nocite{IEC:online}
\nocite{DIN:online}
\nocite{Isermann2010}
\nocite{francke2015internet}
\section{How To Use Abbreviations}
In order to use Abbreviations you can use the command \verb+\gls{ACRONYM}+.
The nice thing is that on first use it will display the long version together with the acronym in delimiters and on consecutive usage of the macro only show the acronym:
\begin{compactitem}
\item First usage: \gls{ASIL}
\item Second usage \gls{ASIL}
\end{compactitem}
But you can also explicitly define whether the long or short version is to be displayed:
\begin{compactitem}
\item Long version: \verb+\glsxtrlong{ASIL}+ yields \glsxtrlong{ASIL}
\item Short version: \verb+\glsxtrshort{ASIL}+ yields \glsxtrshort{ASIL}
\item Full version: \verb+\glsxtrfull{ASIL}+ yields \glsxtrfull{ASIL}
\end{compactitem}
See here some abbreviations:
\glsxtrshort{C},
\glsxtrshort{CEN},
\glsxtrshort{CENELEC},
\glsxtrshort{DIN},
\glsxtrshort{E},
\glsxtrshort{AELV},
\glsxtrshort{ETSI},
\glsxtrshort{EMC},
\glsxtrshort{EN},
\glsxtrshort{F},
\glsxtrshort{FIT},
\glsxtrshort{FMEA},
\glsxtrshort{FuSa},
\glsxtrshort{FSR},
\glsxtrshort{FTA},
\glsxtrshort{FZV},
\glsxtrshort{IEC},
\glsxtrshort{ISO},
\glsxtrshort{KBA},
\glsxtrshort{OEMs},
\glsxtrshort{QM},
\glsxtrshort{S},
\glsxtrshort{StVG},
\glsxtrshort{StVO},
\glsxtrshort{StVZO},
\glsxtrshort{TUEV},
\glsxtrshort{UNECE},
\glsxtrshort{VDA},
\glsxtrshort{BPMN},
\glsxtrshort{FBV},
\glsxtrshort{EU},
\glsxtrshort{EC}
% All hierarchies
\chapter{chapter}
\section{section}
\subsection{subsection}
\subsubsection{subsubsection}
\paragraph{paragraph}
\subparagraph{subparagraph}