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HTTP

Telnet access

GET / HTTP/1.1
host: daveops.net
<line feed>

HTTP response codes

  • 1xx Informational
  • 2xx Success
  • 3xx Redirection
  • 4xx Client Error
  • 5xx Server Error
code status
100 Continue
101 Switching Protocols
102 Processing (WebDAV; RFC 2518)
200 OK
201 Created
202 Accepted
203 ~Non-Authoritative Information (since HTTP/1.1)
204 No Content
205 Reset Content
206 Partial Content
207 ~Multi-Status (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
208 Already Reported (WebDAV; RFC 5842)
226 IM Used (RFC 3229)
300 Multiple Choices
301 Moved Permanently
302 Found
303 See Other (since HTTP/1.1)
304 Not Modified
305 Use Proxy (since HTTP/1.1)
306 Switch Proxy
307 Temporary Redirect (since HTTP/1.1)
308 Permanent Redirect
400 Bad Request
401 Unauthorized
402 Payment Required
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
405 Method Not Allowed
406 Not Acceptable
407 Proxy Authentication Required
408 Request Timeout
409 Conflict
410 Gone
411 Length Required
412 Precondition Failed
413 Request Entity Too Large
414 ~Request-URI Too Long
415 Unsupported Media Type
416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable
417 Expectation Failed
418 I'm a teapot (RFC 2324)
420 Enhance Your Calm (Twitter)
422 Unprocessable Entity (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
423 Locked (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
424 Failed Dependency (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
424 Method Failure (WebDAV)
425 Unordered Collection (Internet draft)
426 Upgrade Required (RFC 2817)
428 Precondition Required (RFC 6585)
429 Too Many Requests (RFC 6585)
431 Request Header Fields Too Large (RFC 6585)
444 No Response (Nginx)
449 Retry With (Microsoft)
450 Blocked by Windows Parental Controls (Microsoft)
451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons (Internet draft)
451 Redirect (Microsoft)
494 Request Header Too Large (Nginx)
495 Cert Error (Nginx)
496 No Cert (Nginx)
497 HTTP to HTTPS (Nginx)
499 Client Closed Request (Nginx)
500 Internal Server Error
501 Not Implemented
502 Bad Gateway
503 Service Unavailable
504 Gateway Timeout
505 HTTP Version Not Supported
506 Variant Also Negotiates (RFC 2295)
507 Insufficient Storage (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
508 Loop Detected (WebDAV; RFC 5842)
509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded (Apache bw/limited extension)
510 Not Extended (RFC 2774)
511 Network Authentication Required (RFC 6585)
598 Network read timeout error (MS)
599 Network connect timeout error (MS)

Apache HTTP Server

Signals

Signal Description
SIGHUP Rotate logs, kill children, reload configuration
SIGWINCH Graceful stop
SIGUSR1 Graceful restart
SIGTERM Immediate stop

Apachectl options

Option ShortOption Description
start start daemon
stop stop daemon
restart restarts after checking configtest
graceful graceful restart (checks configtest)
graceful-stop graceful stop of the daemon
fullstatus display full status report (modstatus and text browser required)
configtest -t test the configuration
-S parse the config, show what IPs are used for virtual hosts

General Hardening

SSL Config:

SSLProtocol          All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder  on
SSLCompression       off
# HSTS (mod_headers is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000"

General Apache Config:

# Deny access to root dir
<Directory />
       Options None
       Order deny,allow
       Deny from all
</Directory>

# Disable indexes
Options -Indexes

# Disable server-side includes and CGI scripts
Options -Includes
Options -ExecCGI

# Disable product version
ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off

# Disable TRACE
TraceEnable Off

htaccess

modrewrite

# Do a redirect that ignores the ACME challenge directory
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/.well-known/acme-challenge [NC]
RewriteRule ^ https://example.org [L,R=301]

# Redirect to the HTTPS version of the URI
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteRule ^ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301]

Allow password protected directories without WordPress 404

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/(failed_auth\.html).*$ [NC]
RewriteRule . - [L]

Do a 301 redirect

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} /tascam688
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} /tascam688/(.*)
RewriteRule (.*) http://www.lonesomecosmonaut.com/2009/tascam-688/ [R=301,L]

Deny hotlinking of images

RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://(www\.)?lonesomecosmonaut.com/.*$ [NC]
RewriteRule .(gif|jpg|bmp)$ - [F]

mod_alias

# Redirect all traffic to another domain
RedirectMatch 301 ^(.*)$ https://example.org

# Put website down for maintenance
RedirectMatch 302 ^/ /outoforder.html

Add audio/video handling (HTML 5)

AddType audio/ogg oga ogg
AddType audio/mp3 mp3
AddType video/webm webm

Run Python cgi scripts

(note - scripts should be 755)

Options +ExecCGI
AddHandler cgi-script .py

Do not allow access to .htaccess file

<Files .htaccess>
order allow,deny
deny from all
</Files>

Prevent directory indexing

Options -Indexes

Adding user authentication

<Limit GET PUT POST>
AuthName "Please enter credentials"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile /path/personal-htpasswd
Require valid-user
</Limit>

To create an htpasswd file

htpasswd -c .htpasswd username

mod_security

<IfModule security2_module>
# Turn on rule engine and set default action
SecRuleEngine On
SecDefaultAction "phase:2,deny,log,status:403"
</IfModule>

nginx

A funny aside, one of my coworkers said that "nginx is just a hipster Apache". However, there's sound technical reasons for choosing nginx called the C10K Problem

Rotate logs

mv access.log access.log.0
kill -USR1 `cat master.nginx.pid`
sleep 1
gzip access.log.0    # do something with access.log.0

Basic TLS config

Check for recent config at https://mozilla.github.io/server-side-tls/ssl-config-generator/

server {
      listen 443 ssl;

      # certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
      ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
      ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
      ssl_session_timeout 5m;
      ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:5m;
      ssl_session_tickets off;

      # Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites, recommended 2048 bits
      ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam.pem;

      # Intermediate configuration. tweak to your needs.
      ssl_protocols TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
      ssl_ciphers '<paste intermediate ciphersuite here>';
      ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

      # Enable this if your want HSTS (recommended)
      # add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;

      # OCSP Stapling ---
      # fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
      ssl_stapling on;
      ssl_stapling_verify on;
      ## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
      ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
      resolver <IP DNS resolver>;

      # ...
}

Redirect only / query

location = / {
      # this matches only the / query.
}

Disable nginx version in header

In http, server, or location

server_tokens off

wget

# Mirror a website
wget -mk <site>

curl

# Use client cert
curl --cert client.crt --key client.key URL

# Get the cookie
curl -c JAR ...
# Send the cookie
curl -b JAR ...

# Override referer
curl -e ...

# Send form data with curl
curl -F "key=val" ...

curl -F "uploadedfile=@FILE_TO_UPLOAD;filename=FILENAME_TO_SEND"

# Use POST
curl -X POST -F "url=https://example.org" ..

# Send JSON object
curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{"name": "admin", "email": "[email protected]"}' \
        https://example.org

# Get request headers
curl -i example.com

# See if server uses gzip/deflate
curl -I -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate' http://example.com

Content Security Policy

https://content-security-policy.com/ https://hacks.mozilla.org/2016/02/implementing-content-security-policy/

HAProxy

Setting ciphers on an SSL listener:

bind :443 ssl no-sslv3 crt /path/to/cert.pem ciphers ALL:!EXPORT:!aNULL:!eNULL:!RC4:!MD5:!DES:!3DES:!MEDIUM:!WEAK

Proxygen