1 Basic xarray - opening a dataset.ipynb

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  {
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Introduction to xarray"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This is an introduction to the python package [xarray](http://xarray.pydata.org/en/stable/):\n",
    "\n",
    "> Xarray introduces labels in the form of dimensions, coordinates and attributes on top of raw NumPy-like arrays, which allows for a more intuitive, more concise, and less error-prone developer experience. The package includes a large and growing library of domain-agnostic functions for advanced analytics and visualization with these data structures.\n",
    "\n",
    "> Xarray was inspired by and borrows heavily from pandas, the popular data analysis package focused on labelled tabular data. It is particularly tailored to working with netCDF files, which were the source of xarray’s data model, and integrates tightly with dask for parallel computing.\n",
    "\n",
    "In particular this series is focussed on using xarray for analysing climate data stored in netCDF files.\n",
    "\n",
    "These notebooks are an accompaniment to training videos in the [CLEX CMS youtube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSmoK6oWV9O0Hmyt9UdDNsQ)\n",
    "\n",
    "The series consists of notebooks and videos\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Reading data and associated metadata from a netCDF file into an xarray dataset\n",
    "2. Subsetting a dataset by time and space\n",
    "3. Plotting\n",
    "4. Calculating metrics, e.g. mean, maximum\n",
    "5. Grouping and resampling in time\n",
    "6. Masking\n",
    "7. Opening multiple files as a single dataset\n",
    "8. Saving dataset to netCDF\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Opening a dataset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "An xarray [dataset](http://xarray.pydata.org/en/stable/data-structures.html#dataset) is a container for data and it's associated metadata, including labelled coordinates.\n",
    "\n",
    "First step, import the xarray package"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import xarray"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "When opening a netCDF file, the file metadata is read and stored as an `xarray.DataSet`. In this case the file is accessed via an [OpenDap](https://www.opendap.org) server so it is universally accessible. The equivalent command if the netCDF file was saved in the same directory as the notebook is shown commented out for reference"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# open with OpenDap URL\n",
    "ds = xarray.open_dataset('http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/latest/tas/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc')\n",
    "# open on local filesystem\n",
    "# ds = xarray.open_dataset('tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The metadata for this dataset is now stored in the variable `ds`. A more informative name could be chosen, but `ds` is fast to type! To examine the contents it is sufficient to just put the variable name in a cell and evaluate it, which is equivalent to `print(ds)` in a python program"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 1.5\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-b07bc044-709e-44f1-9d01-f7b991b2b932' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-b07bc044-709e-44f1-9d01-f7b991b2b932' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-f0c9e67f-9b5a-495d-9351-835d26804e7f' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-f0c9e67f-9b5a-495d-9351-835d26804e7f' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-fc22f4dd-7798-419a-9e80-53c0aa18e5c5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-fc22f4dd-7798-419a-9e80-53c0aa18e5c5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-7dfeec63-fad7-4b4d-ac1e-89b507c25f3e' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-7dfeec63-fad7-4b4d-ac1e-89b507c25f3e' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-23c42517-4331-4539-b0ff-98845e90a63a' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-23c42517-4331-4539-b0ff-98845e90a63a' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f71b314f-bd25-4a29-8310-da34c9f4dd2f' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f71b314f-bd25-4a29-8310-da34c9f4dd2f' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-e3da03a7-c8c8-4cc6-add6-0bff72c8248f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e3da03a7-c8c8-4cc6-add6-0bff72c8248f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-35e9318c-cb95-43d9-ab32-bac79041533b' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-35e9318c-cb95-43d9-ab32-bac79041533b' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-687af2d8-a574-47e7-9bd5-b8da442b7f03' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-687af2d8-a574-47e7-9bd5-b8da442b7f03' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-0ceb6873-cef0-4de7-80c5-14259d0e4754' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-0ceb6873-cef0-4de7-80c5-14259d0e4754' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-f473dc82-92f0-4117-a13c-6bee6722b909' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-f473dc82-92f0-4117-a13c-6bee6722b909' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-9cc3986d-c7ce-4993-ba8a-b3c237e75336' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-9cc3986d-c7ce-4993-ba8a-b3c237e75336' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-2e557276-f465-4353-8214-a3c9fde6be19' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-2e557276-f465-4353-8214-a3c9fde6be19' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[&#x27;1850-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-04-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-10-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2006-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;]],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-a7d58e0a-fb38-4177-922d-e2b299ad4822' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-a7d58e0a-fb38-4177-922d-e2b299ad4822' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-82fa5521-dc06-4467-9805-42be4fe5d7a1' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-82fa5521-dc06-4467-9805-42be4fe5d7a1' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[-90.   , -89.375],\n",
       "       [-89.375, -88.125],\n",
       "       [-88.125, -86.875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [ 86.875,  88.125],\n",
       "       [ 88.125,  89.375],\n",
       "       [ 89.375,  90.   ]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-63c91b12-52cb-4317-a13e-a126d620ffa0' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-63c91b12-52cb-4317-a13e-a126d620ffa0' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-497e4a67-1064-4fe9-a2d5-486ac26b5ba5' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-497e4a67-1064-4fe9-a2d5-486ac26b5ba5' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[ -0.9375,   0.9375],\n",
       "       [  0.9375,   2.8125],\n",
       "       [  2.8125,   4.6875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [353.4375, 355.3125],\n",
       "       [355.3125, 357.1875],\n",
       "       [357.1875, 359.0625]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tas</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-c4502c2a-8707-494e-9e7a-546cce61d279' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-c4502c2a-8707-494e-9e7a-546cce61d279' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bd086a1a-1305-455a-bbaf-c41c50be9b00' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bd086a1a-1305-455a-bbaf-c41c50be9b00' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-5d7501e0-166a-42ac-bde0-a2a9acebd6b5' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  ><label for='section-5d7501e0-166a-42ac-bde0-a2a9acebd6b5' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(29)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>institution :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), and BOM (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)</dd><dt><span>institute_id :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO-BOM</dd><dt><span>experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>source :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-point, 1.875 degrees EW x approx 1.25 degree NS, 38 levels); ocean: NOAA/GFDL MOM4p1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S, 50 levels); sea ice: CICE4.1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S); land: CABLE1.0 (1.875 degree EW x 1.25 degree NS, 6 levels</dd><dt><span>model_id :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>forcing :</span></dt><dd>GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a)</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>piControl</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_rip :</span></dt><dd>r1i1p1</dd><dt><span>branch_time :</span></dt><dd>90945.0</dd><dt><span>contact :</span></dt><dd>The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/Home. Contact Tony.Hirst@csiro.au regarding the ACCESS coupled climate model. Contact Peter.Uhe@csiro.au regarding ACCESS coupled climate model CMIP5 datasets.</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a forcing,global,m,c,GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a) /projects/p66/pfu599/CMIP5/output/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/tas/r1i1p1/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc\n",
       "CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS model output using the ACCESS Post-Processor and CMOR2. 2012-02-05T23:50:03Z CMOR rewrote data to comply with CF standards and CMIP5 requirements. Fri Apr 13 12:13:13 2012: updated version number to v20120413. Fri Apr 13 12:29:32 2012: corrected model_id from ACCESS1-3 to ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>references :</span></dt><dd>See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/ACCESS+Publications</dd><dt><span>initialization_method :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>physics_version :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>tracking_id :</span></dt><dd>7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d</dd><dt><span>version_number :</span></dt><dd>v20120413</dd><dt><span>product :</span></dt><dd>output</dd><dt><span>experiment :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>frequency :</span></dt><dd>mon</dd><dt><span>creation_date :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:50:03Z</dd><dt><span>Conventions :</span></dt><dd>CF-1.4</dd><dt><span>project_id :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5</dd><dt><span>table_id :</span></dt><dd>Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842df9a62ef38b1e2575bb</dd><dt><span>title :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment :</span></dt><dd>pre-industrial control</dd><dt><span>modeling_realm :</span></dt><dd>atmos</dd><dt><span>realization :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>cmor_version :</span></dt><dd>2.8.0</dd><dt><span>DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
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       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
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       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 ...\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] ...\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
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       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
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       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
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       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 1.5\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-b07bc044-709e-44f1-9d01-f7b991b2b932' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-b07bc044-709e-44f1-9d01-f7b991b2b932' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-f0c9e67f-9b5a-495d-9351-835d26804e7f' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-f0c9e67f-9b5a-495d-9351-835d26804e7f' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-fc22f4dd-7798-419a-9e80-53c0aa18e5c5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-fc22f4dd-7798-419a-9e80-53c0aa18e5c5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-7dfeec63-fad7-4b4d-ac1e-89b507c25f3e' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-7dfeec63-fad7-4b4d-ac1e-89b507c25f3e' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-23c42517-4331-4539-b0ff-98845e90a63a' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-23c42517-4331-4539-b0ff-98845e90a63a' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f71b314f-bd25-4a29-8310-da34c9f4dd2f' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f71b314f-bd25-4a29-8310-da34c9f4dd2f' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-e3da03a7-c8c8-4cc6-add6-0bff72c8248f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e3da03a7-c8c8-4cc6-add6-0bff72c8248f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-35e9318c-cb95-43d9-ab32-bac79041533b' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-35e9318c-cb95-43d9-ab32-bac79041533b' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-687af2d8-a574-47e7-9bd5-b8da442b7f03' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-687af2d8-a574-47e7-9bd5-b8da442b7f03' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-0ceb6873-cef0-4de7-80c5-14259d0e4754' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-0ceb6873-cef0-4de7-80c5-14259d0e4754' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-f473dc82-92f0-4117-a13c-6bee6722b909' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-f473dc82-92f0-4117-a13c-6bee6722b909' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-9cc3986d-c7ce-4993-ba8a-b3c237e75336' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-9cc3986d-c7ce-4993-ba8a-b3c237e75336' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-2e557276-f465-4353-8214-a3c9fde6be19' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-2e557276-f465-4353-8214-a3c9fde6be19' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[&#x27;1850-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-04-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-10-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2006-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;]],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-a7d58e0a-fb38-4177-922d-e2b299ad4822' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-a7d58e0a-fb38-4177-922d-e2b299ad4822' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-82fa5521-dc06-4467-9805-42be4fe5d7a1' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-82fa5521-dc06-4467-9805-42be4fe5d7a1' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[-90.   , -89.375],\n",
       "       [-89.375, -88.125],\n",
       "       [-88.125, -86.875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [ 86.875,  88.125],\n",
       "       [ 88.125,  89.375],\n",
       "       [ 89.375,  90.   ]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-63c91b12-52cb-4317-a13e-a126d620ffa0' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-63c91b12-52cb-4317-a13e-a126d620ffa0' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-497e4a67-1064-4fe9-a2d5-486ac26b5ba5' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-497e4a67-1064-4fe9-a2d5-486ac26b5ba5' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[ -0.9375,   0.9375],\n",
       "       [  0.9375,   2.8125],\n",
       "       [  2.8125,   4.6875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [353.4375, 355.3125],\n",
       "       [355.3125, 357.1875],\n",
       "       [357.1875, 359.0625]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tas</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-c4502c2a-8707-494e-9e7a-546cce61d279' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-c4502c2a-8707-494e-9e7a-546cce61d279' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bd086a1a-1305-455a-bbaf-c41c50be9b00' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bd086a1a-1305-455a-bbaf-c41c50be9b00' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-5d7501e0-166a-42ac-bde0-a2a9acebd6b5' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  ><label for='section-5d7501e0-166a-42ac-bde0-a2a9acebd6b5' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(29)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>institution :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), and BOM (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)</dd><dt><span>institute_id :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO-BOM</dd><dt><span>experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>source :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-point, 1.875 degrees EW x approx 1.25 degree NS, 38 levels); ocean: NOAA/GFDL MOM4p1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S, 50 levels); sea ice: CICE4.1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S); land: CABLE1.0 (1.875 degree EW x 1.25 degree NS, 6 levels</dd><dt><span>model_id :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>forcing :</span></dt><dd>GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a)</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>piControl</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_rip :</span></dt><dd>r1i1p1</dd><dt><span>branch_time :</span></dt><dd>90945.0</dd><dt><span>contact :</span></dt><dd>The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/Home. Contact Tony.Hirst@csiro.au regarding the ACCESS coupled climate model. Contact Peter.Uhe@csiro.au regarding ACCESS coupled climate model CMIP5 datasets.</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a forcing,global,m,c,GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a) /projects/p66/pfu599/CMIP5/output/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/tas/r1i1p1/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc\n",
       "CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS model output using the ACCESS Post-Processor and CMOR2. 2012-02-05T23:50:03Z CMOR rewrote data to comply with CF standards and CMIP5 requirements. Fri Apr 13 12:13:13 2012: updated version number to v20120413. Fri Apr 13 12:29:32 2012: corrected model_id from ACCESS1-3 to ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>references :</span></dt><dd>See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/ACCESS+Publications</dd><dt><span>initialization_method :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>physics_version :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>tracking_id :</span></dt><dd>7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d</dd><dt><span>version_number :</span></dt><dd>v20120413</dd><dt><span>product :</span></dt><dd>output</dd><dt><span>experiment :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>frequency :</span></dt><dd>mon</dd><dt><span>creation_date :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:50:03Z</dd><dt><span>Conventions :</span></dt><dd>CF-1.4</dd><dt><span>project_id :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5</dd><dt><span>table_id :</span></dt><dd>Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842df9a62ef38b1e2575bb</dd><dt><span>title :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment :</span></dt><dd>pre-industrial control</dd><dt><span>modeling_realm :</span></dt><dd>atmos</dd><dt><span>realization :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>cmor_version :</span></dt><dd>2.8.0</dd><dt><span>DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 ...\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] ...\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are four sections to note: `Dimensions`, `Coordinates`, `Data variables` and `Attributes`.\n",
    "\n",
    "`Dimensions` give the size of each named dimension. This is a CF-compliant (http://cfconventions.org) dataset, which means any variable which has the same name as a dimension is assumed to be a coordinate. There are other metadata which may be used to denote a coordinate. In this case `xarray` signifies coordinates associated with variables with `*`.\n",
    "\n",
    "`Data variables` lists all the variables that are not coordinates. In this case three of them are bounds variables, definining the beginning and end values for the three coordinates. The only true data variables is `tas`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Accessing the data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `open_dataset` command only reads the metadata from the netCDF file. It does not attempt to read any data until there is an operation that requires this.\n",
    "\n",
    "The `xarray.DataSet` object has a number of methods for accessing the coordinates, attributes and data. The data variables are saved in a `dict`-like structure, `ds.data_vars`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds.data_vars"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "It is possible to loop over the data variables just by looping over the dataset, which returns each variable name in turn:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "time_bnds\n",
      "lat_bnds\n",
      "lon_bnds\n",
      "tas\n",
      "time_bnds\n",
      "lat_bnds\n",
      "lon_bnds\n",
      "tas\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for varname in ds:\n",
    "    print(varname)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "An individual variable can be accessed using it's name, either as a `dict` like key"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "\n",
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       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
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       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
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       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;tas&#x27; (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)&gt;\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation...</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tas'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-65b0280a-49b7-4fde-8ada-726ca2d3e01d' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-65b0280a-49b7-4fde-8ada-726ca2d3e01d' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>...</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-a60f801f-4297-4a78-814f-687210598058' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-a60f801f-4297-4a78-814f-687210598058' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-53d26c01-2fb9-4bde-95b1-4709635d5b39' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-53d26c01-2fb9-4bde-95b1-4709635d5b39' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d3b25ac5-b14b-4907-aea4-1120bbbebf5a' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d3b25ac5-b14b-4907-aea4-1120bbbebf5a' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-e946586f-bb9a-4ce1-b3e4-d9cf8bc87dc6' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e946586f-bb9a-4ce1-b3e4-d9cf8bc87dc6' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-2bc059a1-053d-4896-9305-52f91f037476' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-2bc059a1-053d-4896-9305-52f91f037476' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-da101dbe-8073-48fc-938b-ce8325496436' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-da101dbe-8073-48fc-938b-ce8325496436' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9873b56b-5330-4125-b7ad-9db26a26f631' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9873b56b-5330-4125-b7ad-9db26a26f631' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-53a06c69-8e64-4772-ab61-a109a9b77540' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-53a06c69-8e64-4772-ab61-a109a9b77540' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-b45dbc2e-cac5-4b60-bcd5-706f37f7682b' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-b45dbc2e-cac5-4b60-bcd5-706f37f7682b' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-e812ea8d-9ce8-4add-b957-54518a4c17ea' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-e812ea8d-9ce8-4add-b957-54518a4c17ea' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(7)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'tas' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
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       "  --xr-background-color-row-even: var(--jp-layout-color1, white);\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-odd: var(--jp-layout-color2, #eeeeee);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "html[theme=dark],\n",
       "body.vscode-dark {\n",
       "  --xr-font-color0: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);\n",
       "  --xr-font-color2: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.54);\n",
       "  --xr-font-color3: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.38);\n",
       "  --xr-border-color: #1F1F1F;\n",
       "  --xr-disabled-color: #515151;\n",
       "  --xr-background-color: #111111;\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-even: #111111;\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-odd: #313131;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-wrap {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  min-width: 300px;\n",
       "  max-width: 700px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-text-repr-fallback {\n",
       "  /* fallback to plain text repr when CSS is not injected (untrusted notebook) */\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-header {\n",
       "  padding-top: 6px;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 6px;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
       "  border-bottom: solid 1px var(--xr-border-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-header > div,\n",
       ".xr-header > ul {\n",
       "  display: inline;\n",
       "  margin-top: 0;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-obj-type,\n",
       ".xr-array-name {\n",
       "  margin-left: 2px;\n",
       "  margin-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-obj-type {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-sections {\n",
       "  padding-left: 0 !important;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 150px auto auto 1fr 20px 20px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input + label {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-disabled-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input:enabled + label {\n",
       "  cursor: pointer;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input:enabled + label:hover {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "  font-weight: 500;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary > span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding-left: 0.5em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:disabled + label {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in + label:before {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  content: '►';\n",
       "  font-size: 11px;\n",
       "  width: 15px;\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:disabled + label:before {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-disabled-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label:before {\n",
       "  content: '▼';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label > span {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary,\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  padding-top: 4px;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 4px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked ~ .xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 20px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap > label {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  vertical-align: top;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-preview {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-preview,\n",
       ".xr-array-data {\n",
       "  padding: 0 5px !important;\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list {\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  list-style: none;\n",
       "  padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:before {\n",
       "  content: '(';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:after {\n",
       "  content: ')';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li:not(:last-child):after {\n",
       "  content: ',';\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-has-index {\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list,\n",
       ".xr-var-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-item label,\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-even);\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name:hover span {\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;tas&#x27; (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)&gt;\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation...</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tas'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-65b0280a-49b7-4fde-8ada-726ca2d3e01d' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-65b0280a-49b7-4fde-8ada-726ca2d3e01d' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>...</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-a60f801f-4297-4a78-814f-687210598058' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-a60f801f-4297-4a78-814f-687210598058' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-53d26c01-2fb9-4bde-95b1-4709635d5b39' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-53d26c01-2fb9-4bde-95b1-4709635d5b39' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d3b25ac5-b14b-4907-aea4-1120bbbebf5a' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d3b25ac5-b14b-4907-aea4-1120bbbebf5a' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-e946586f-bb9a-4ce1-b3e4-d9cf8bc87dc6' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e946586f-bb9a-4ce1-b3e4-d9cf8bc87dc6' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-2bc059a1-053d-4896-9305-52f91f037476' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-2bc059a1-053d-4896-9305-52f91f037476' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-da101dbe-8073-48fc-938b-ce8325496436' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-da101dbe-8073-48fc-938b-ce8325496436' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9873b56b-5330-4125-b7ad-9db26a26f631' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9873b56b-5330-4125-b7ad-9db26a26f631' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-53a06c69-8e64-4772-ab61-a109a9b77540' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-53a06c69-8e64-4772-ab61-a109a9b77540' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-b45dbc2e-cac5-4b60-bcd5-706f37f7682b' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-b45dbc2e-cac5-4b60-bcd5-706f37f7682b' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-e812ea8d-9ce8-4add-b957-54518a4c17ea' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-e812ea8d-9ce8-4add-b957-54518a4c17ea' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(7)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'tas' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds['tas']"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "For ease of use xarray also provides access to data variables as a python attribute"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;tas&#x27; (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)&gt;\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
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       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation...</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tas'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-e584697c-81cf-4597-8d58-bab4d6fd13d7' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-e584697c-81cf-4597-8d58-bab4d6fd13d7' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>...</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-1a2bd783-1a21-4bcb-bc37-4a0d0add08c4' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-1a2bd783-1a21-4bcb-bc37-4a0d0add08c4' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-d94c2dc1-c7e5-4bfd-af80-33df424a3186' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-d94c2dc1-c7e5-4bfd-af80-33df424a3186' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9549bc9d-c7a4-42c8-ab25-d54ddcbef071' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9549bc9d-c7a4-42c8-ab25-d54ddcbef071' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-5c90548f-8a29-428d-bf8f-ef401e32dbfc' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-5c90548f-8a29-428d-bf8f-ef401e32dbfc' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-ea029d3c-4335-45ff-aee2-c95cbc833124' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-ea029d3c-4335-45ff-aee2-c95cbc833124' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-902f6e4b-7ca8-47d5-9f3e-e8654d3ee27f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-902f6e4b-7ca8-47d5-9f3e-e8654d3ee27f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f006b59e-a3b5-44a0-9a0f-20c6920bedfa' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f006b59e-a3b5-44a0-9a0f-20c6920bedfa' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-22f7aab0-b4c9-4c8e-9954-48a990953136' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-22f7aab0-b4c9-4c8e-9954-48a990953136' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fcf4f2e2-e0a1-46f7-8610-fcf70b04a016' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fcf4f2e2-e0a1-46f7-8610-fcf70b04a016' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-7e461b42-cdc2-4c1d-8794-2654dbe6ecc0' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-7e461b42-cdc2-4c1d-8794-2654dbe6ecc0' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(7)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
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       "<xarray.DataArray 'tas' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation..."
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       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 20px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap > label {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  vertical-align: top;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-preview {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-preview,\n",
       ".xr-array-data {\n",
       "  padding: 0 5px !important;\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list {\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  list-style: none;\n",
       "  padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:before {\n",
       "  content: '(';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:after {\n",
       "  content: ')';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li:not(:last-child):after {\n",
       "  content: ',';\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-has-index {\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list,\n",
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       ".xr-var-item label,\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-even);\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;tas&#x27; (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)&gt;\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation...</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tas'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-e584697c-81cf-4597-8d58-bab4d6fd13d7' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-e584697c-81cf-4597-8d58-bab4d6fd13d7' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>...</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-1a2bd783-1a21-4bcb-bc37-4a0d0add08c4' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-1a2bd783-1a21-4bcb-bc37-4a0d0add08c4' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-d94c2dc1-c7e5-4bfd-af80-33df424a3186' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-d94c2dc1-c7e5-4bfd-af80-33df424a3186' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9549bc9d-c7a4-42c8-ab25-d54ddcbef071' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9549bc9d-c7a4-42c8-ab25-d54ddcbef071' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-5c90548f-8a29-428d-bf8f-ef401e32dbfc' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-5c90548f-8a29-428d-bf8f-ef401e32dbfc' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-ea029d3c-4335-45ff-aee2-c95cbc833124' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-ea029d3c-4335-45ff-aee2-c95cbc833124' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-902f6e4b-7ca8-47d5-9f3e-e8654d3ee27f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-902f6e4b-7ca8-47d5-9f3e-e8654d3ee27f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f006b59e-a3b5-44a0-9a0f-20c6920bedfa' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f006b59e-a3b5-44a0-9a0f-20c6920bedfa' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-22f7aab0-b4c9-4c8e-9954-48a990953136' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-22f7aab0-b4c9-4c8e-9954-48a990953136' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fcf4f2e2-e0a1-46f7-8610-fcf70b04a016' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fcf4f2e2-e0a1-46f7-8610-fcf70b04a016' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-7e461b42-cdc2-4c1d-8794-2654dbe6ecc0' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-7e461b42-cdc2-4c1d-8794-2654dbe6ecc0' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(7)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'tas' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "[52116480 values with dtype=float32]\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: mean\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds.tas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "So `ds.tas` is an `xarray.DataArray` and has it's own metadata giving more information about the variable itself. In this case it is near-surface air temperature in Kelvin."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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