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+ + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + commit + + WORKING DIR + + + + COMMITTED + + + + STAGED + + + + + + restore + add + commit + restore + reset + + + + diff HEAD + diff + diff --staged + + diff --git a/_images/stranger.jpg b/_images/stranger.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd3985d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/_images/stranger.jpg differ diff --git a/_sources/aliases.md.txt b/_sources/aliases.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c3fd61ce --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/aliases.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +# Aliases and configuration + +```{objectives} +- Learn to use aliases for most common commands. +``` + +Are you getting tired of typing so much? In Git you can define aliases (shortcuts): +- These are great because they can save you time typing. +- But it's easy to forget them, get confused, or be inconsistent with your colleagues. + +There is plenty of other configuration for Git, that can make it nicer. + + +## Aliases + +- Aliases offer a way to improve the usability of Git: for + example `git ci` instead of `git commit`. +- Aliases are based on simple string replacement in the command. +- Aliases can either be specific to a repository or global. + - Global aliases help you do the things you are used to across Git projects. + - Per-project aliases can also be created. +- Global aliases are stored in `~/.gitconfig`. + + +## Example alias: git graph + +A very useful shortcut which we use a lot in our workshops: + +```console +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +$ cd your_git_repository +$ git graph +``` + + +## Using external commands + +It is possible to call external commands using the exclamation mark character "!". +In this example here we create a local alias which is +stored in `.git/config` and not synchronized with remotes: + +```console +$ cd your_git_repository +$ git config alias.hi '!echo hello' +$ git hi +``` + +```{discussion} Food for thought: When to alias? +- How many times should you wait before aliasing a command? +- Do you believe a list of generic two-letter acronyms for common commands will + save your time? +``` + + +## List of aliases the instructors use + +You are welcome to reuse, suggest, improve. +You can see your current aliases in `~/.gitconfig`. + +```console +$ git config --global alias.ap "add --patch" +$ git config --global alias.br branch +$ git config --global alias.ci "commit -v" +$ git config --global alias.cip "commit --patch -v" +$ git config --global alias.cl "clone --recursive" +$ git config --global alias.di diff +$ git config --global alias.dic "diff --staged --color-words" +$ git config --global alias.diw "diff --color-words" +$ git config --global alias.dis "!git --no-pager diff --stat" +$ git config --global alias.fe fetch +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +$ git config --global alias.rem remote +$ git config --global alias.st status +$ git config --global alias.su "submodule update --init --recursive" +``` + +Here is what they do: +- `ap`: add, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `br`: branch (obvious) +- `ci`: commit (check in), with `-v` option for clarity +- `cip`: commit, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `cl`: clone, init submodules (submodules are an advanced topic) +- `di`: diff (obvious) +- `dic`: diff of staging area vs last commit (what is about to be committed) +- `diw`: a word diff, color. Useful for small changes. +- `dis`: a "diffstat": what files are changed, not contents +- `fe`: fetch (obvious) +- `graph`: show whole git graph (so useful, some of us call it `l`) +- `rem`: remote (obvious) +- `st`: status (obvious) +- `su`: submodule update (advanced) + +A useful setting for the `p` aliases: +```console +$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true +``` + + +## Advanced aliases + +These are advanced aliases and configuration options. We won't explain them, +but if you are bored, have some time, or want to go deeper, try to +figure out what they do. You might want to check the Git manual +pages! + +```console +$ git config --global alias.cif "commit -v -p --fixup" +$ git config --global alias.rb "rebase --autosquash" +$ git config --global alias.rbi "rebase --interactive --autosquash" +$ git config --global alias.rbis "rebase --interactive --autosquash --autostash" +$ git config --global alias.rbs "rebase --autosquash --autostash" +$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.ls-ignored "ls-files -o -i --exclude-standard" +$ git config --global alias.new "log HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.news "log --stat HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.newd "log --patch --color-words HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.newdi "diff --color-words HEAD...HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.reca "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate -n10 --all" +$ git config --global alias.recd "log --decorate --patch @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.recs "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD --stat" +``` + +## Advanced Git configuration + +Besides aliases, you can do plenty of other configuration of `git`. +Here are some of the most common ones: + +```console +$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true +$ git config --global core.pager "less -RS" +$ git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore +$ git config --global merge.conflictstyle diff3 +$ git config --global diff.wordRegex "[a-zA-Z0-9_]+|[^[:space:]]" +$ git config --global diff.mnemonicPrefix true +``` + +Do you get tired of typing and copying and pasting your remote names +all the time, like `git@github.com:myusername`? You can create remote +aliases like this: + +```console +$ git config --global url.git@github.com:.insteadOf gh: +$ git config --global url.git@github.com:/username/.insteadOf ghu: +``` + +Then, when you add a remote `ghu:recipe`, it will automatically be +translated to `git@github.com:/username/recipe` using a simple prefix +matching. + + +```{keypoints} +- If you are frustrated about remembering a command, you should create an alias. +``` diff --git a/_sources/archaeology.md.txt b/_sources/archaeology.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a210420b --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/archaeology.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +# Inspecting history + +```{objectives} +- Quickly find a line of code, find out why it was introduced and when. +- Quickly find the commit that changed a behavior. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/type-along +- 30 min exercise +``` + +````{prereq} Preparation +Please make sure that you do not clone repositories inside an already tracked folder: + +```console +$ git status +``` + +If you are inside an existing Git repository, step out of it. +You need to find a different location since we will clone a new repository. + +If you see this message, this is good in this case: + +```shell +fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git +``` +```` + + +## Our toolbox for history inspection + +```{instructor-note} +First the instructor demonstrates few commands on a real life example +repository (mentioned in the amazing site [The +Programming Historian](https://programminghistorian.org/)). +Later we will practice these in groups in an archaeology exercise (below). +After demonstrating the command line tools, the instructor can also demonstrate searching, "show" and "annotate" +in the GitHub browser for this example project. +``` + + +### Warm-up: ["Git History" browser](https://githistory.xyz/) + +As a warm-up we can try the ["Git History" browser](https://githistory.xyz/) +on the README.rst file of the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository: + +- Visit and browse (use left/right keys). +- You can try this on some of your GitHub repositories, too! + + +### `git grep`: to search through the repository + +With `git grep` you can find all lines in a repository which contain some string or regular expression. +This is useful to find out where in the code some variable is used or some error message printed: + +```console +$ git grep TEXT +$ git grep "some text with spaces" +``` + +In the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository you can try: + +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx +$ cd networkx +$ git grep -i fixme +``` + +While `git grep` searches the **current state** of the repository, +it is also possible to search through all changes with `git log -S sometext` +which can be useful to find where something got removed. + + +### `git show`: to inspect commits + +We have seen this one before already. Using `git show` we can inspect an individual commit if +we know its hash: + +```console +$ git show HASH +``` + +For instance: + +```console +$ git show 759d589bdfa61aff99e0535938f14f67b01c83f7 +``` + + +### `git annotate`: to annotate code with commit metadata + +Try it out on a file - with `git annotate` you can see line by line who and **when** the line was modified +last. It also prints the precise hash of the last change which modified each line. Incredibly useful +for reproducibility. + +```console +$ git annotate FILE +``` + +Example: + +```console +$ git annotate networkx/convert_matrix.py +``` + +If you annotate in a terminal and the file is longer than the screen, Git by default uses the program `less` to +scroll the output. +Use `/sometext` `` to find "sometext" and you can cycle through the results with `n` (next) and `N` (last). +You can also use page up/down to scroll. You can quit with `q`. + +```{discussion} +Discuss how these two affect the annotation: +- wrapping long lines of text/code into shorter lines +- autoformatting tools such as `black` +``` + + +### `git switch --create`: to inspect code in the past + +We can create branches pointing to a commit in the past. +This is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code: + +```console +$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME HASH +``` + +Example (lines starting with "#" are only comments): + +```console +$ # create branch called "older-code" from hash 347e6292419b +$ git switch --create older-code 347e6292419bd0e4bff077fe971f983932d7a0e9 + +$ # now you can navigate and inspect the code as it was back then +$ # ... + +$ # after we are done we can switch back to "main" +$ git switch main + +$ # if we like we can delete the "older-code" branch +$ git branch -d older-code +``` + +On old Git versions you need to use this: + +```console +$ git checkout -b BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH +``` + +(exercise-history)= + +## Exercise: Basic archaeology commands + +`````{exercise} History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands + Let us explore the value of these commands in an exercise. Future + exercises do not depend on this, so it is OK if you do not complete + it fully. + + Exercise steps: + - Clone this repository: + . + Then step into the new directory and create an exercise branch from the networkx-2.6.3 tag/release: + ```console + $ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git + $ cd networkx + $ git switch --create exercise networkx-2.6.3 + ``` + + Then using the above toolbox try to: + 1. Find the code line which contains `"Logic error in degree_correlation"`. + 2. Find out when this line was last modified or added. Find the actual commit which modified that line. + 3. Inspect that commit with `git show`. + 4. Create a branch pointing to the past when that commit was created to be + able to browse and use the code as it was back then. + 5. How would you bring the code to the version of the code right before that line was last modified? + + ````{solution} + 1. We use `git grep`: + ```console + $ git grep "Logic error in degree_correlation" + ``` + This gives the output: + ``` + networkx/algorithms/threshold.py: print("Logic error in degree_correlation", i, rdi) + ``` + Maybe you also want to know the line number: + ```console + $ git grep -n "Logic error in degree_correlation" + ``` + 2. We use `git annotate`: + ```console + $ git annotate networkx/algorithms/threshold.py + ``` + Then search for "Logic error" by typing "/Logic error" followed by Enter. + The last commit that modified it was `90544b4fa` (unless that line changed since). + 3. We use `git show`: + ```console + $ git show 90544b4fa + ``` + 4. Create a branch pointing to that commit (here we called the branch "past-code"): + ```console + $ git branch past-code 90544b4fa + ``` + 5. This is a compact way to access the first parent of `90544b4fa` (here we + called the branch "just-before"): + ```console + $ git switch --create just-before 90544b4fa~1 + ``` + ```` +````` + +--- + +## Finding out when something broke/changed with `git bisect` + +> *But I am sure it used to work! Strange.* + +- Sometimes you realize that something broke. +- You know that it used to work. +- You do not know when it broke. + +```{discussion} How would you solve this? +Before we go on first discuss how you would solve this problem: You know that it worked +500 commits ago but it does not work now. + +- How would you find the commit which changed it? +- Why could it be useful to know the commit that changed it? + +**Video workshops**: Write down ideas on how you would solve it in the collaborative +note and we will discuss various approaches. +``` + +We will probably arrive at a solution which is similar to `git bisect`: + +- First find out a commit in past when it worked. + ```console + $ git bisect start + $ git bisect good f0ea950 # this is a commit that worked + $ git bisect bad main # last commit is broken + ``` +- Now compile and/or run and/or test and decide whether "good" or "bad". +- This is how you can tell Git that this was a working commit: + ```console + $ git bisect good + ``` +- And this is how you can tell Git that this was not a working commit: + ```console + $ git bisect bad + ``` +- Then bisect/iterate your way until you find the commit that broke it. +- If you want to go back to start, type `git bisect reset`. +- This can even be automatized with `git bisect run SCRIPT`. + For this you write a script that returns zero/non-zero (success/failure). + +(exercise-bisect)= + +## Optional exercise: Git bisect + +````{exercise} (optional) History-2: Use git bisect to find the bad commit + In this exercise, we use `git bisect` on an example repository. It + is OK if you do not complete this exercise fully. + + Begin by cloning [https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise). + + + **Motivation** + + The motivation for this exercise is to be able to do archaeology with Git on a + source code where the bug is difficult to see visually. **Finding the offending + commit is often more than half the debugging**. + + + **Background** + + The script `get_pi.py` approximates pi using terms of the Nilakantha series. It + should produce 3.14 but it does not. The script broke at some point and + produces 3.57 using the last commit: + + ```console + $ python get_pi.py + + 3.57 + ``` + + At some point within the 500 first commits, an error was introduced. The only + thing we know is that the first commit worked correctly. + + + **Your task** + + - Clone this repository and use `git bisect` to find the commit which + broke the computation + ([solution - spoiler alert!](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise#solutions-spoiler-alert)). + - Once you have found the offending commit, also practice navigating to the last good commit. + - Bonus exercise: + Write a script that checks for a correct result and use `git bisect run` to + find the offending commit automatically + ([solution - spoiler alert!](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise#solutions-spoiler-alert)). + + + **Hints** + + Finding the first commit: + + ```console + $ git log --oneline | tail -n 1 + ``` + + How to navigate to the parent of a commit with hash `somehash`: + ```console + $ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH~1 + ``` + + Instead of a tilde you can also use this: + ```console + $ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH^ + ``` +```` + +```{keypoints} +- git log/grep/annotate/show/bisect is a powerful combination when doing archaeology in a project. +- `git switch --create NAME HASH` is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code. +- On newer Git you can use the more intuitive `git switch --create branchname somehash`. +``` diff --git a/_sources/basics.md.txt b/_sources/basics.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f61c9f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/basics.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,537 @@ +# Basics + +```{objectives} +- Learn to create Git repositories and make commits. +- Get a grasp of the structure of a repository. +- Learn how to inspect the project history. +- Learn how to write useful commit log messages. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 35 min teaching/type-along +- 20 min exercise +``` + + +## What is Git, and what is a Git repository? + +- Git is a version control system: can **record/save snapshots** and track the content of a folder as it changes over time. +- Every time we **commit** a snapshot, Git records a snapshot of the **entire project**, saves it, and assigns it a version. +- These snapshots are kept inside a sub-folder called `.git`. +- If we remove `.git`, we remove the repository and history (but keep the working directory!). +- `.git` uses relative paths - you can move the whole thing somewhere else and it will still work. +- Git doesn't do anything unless you ask it to (it **does not record anything automatically**). +- Multiple interfaces to Git exist (command line, graphical interfaces, web interfaces). + + +## Recording a snapshot with Git + +- Git takes snapshots only if we request it. +- We will record changes in two steps (we will later explain why this is a recommended practice). +- Example (we don't need to type yet): + + ```console + $ git add FILE.txt + $ git commit + + $ git add FILE.txt ANOTHERFILE.txt + $ git commit + ``` + +- We first focus (`git add`, we "stage" the change), then record (`git commit`): + +```{figure} img/git_stage_commit.svg +:alt: Git staging +:width: 100% + +Git staging and committing. +``` + +```{discussion} Question for the more advanced participants +What do you think will be the outcome if you +stage a file and then edit it and stage it again, do this several times and +at the end perform a commit? (think of focusing several scenes and pressing the +shutter at the end) +``` + + +## Configuring Git + +Before we start we need to configure Git. +This is also part of the +[installation instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/shell-and-git/#configuration) +but we need to make sure we all have +set name, email address, editor, and +default branch: +```console +$ git config --global user.name "Your Name" +$ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com +$ git config --global core.editor nano +$ git config --global init.defaultBranch main +``` + +Verify with: +```console +$ git config --list +``` + +```{instructor-note} +Instructors, give learners enough time to do the above configuration steps. +``` + + +## Type-along: Tracking a guacamole recipe with Git + +We will learn how to initialize a Git repository, how to track changes, and how +to make delicious guacamole (inspiration: suggestion by B. Smith in a discussion in the Carpentries mailing list)! + +The motivation for taking a cooking recipe instead of a program is that everybody can relate to cooking +but not everybody may be able to relate to a program written in e.g. Python or another language. + +```{instructor-note} +Instructors, please encourage now that participants type along. +``` + +One of the basic principles of Git is that it is **easy to create repositories**: + +```console +$ mkdir recipe +$ cd recipe +$ git init +``` + +That's it! With `git init` have now created an empty Git repository. + +We will use `git status` a lot to check out what is going on: + +```console +$ git status + +On branch main + +No commits yet + +nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track) +``` + +We will make sense of this information during this workshop. + +Let us now **create two files**. + +One file is called `instructions.txt` and contains: + +```shell +* chop avocados +* chop onion +* squeeze lime +* add salt +* and mix well +``` + +The second file is called `ingredients.txt` and contains: + +```shell +* 2 avocados +* 1 lime +* 2 tsp salt +``` + +As mentioned above, in Git you can always check the status of files in your repository using +`git status`. It is always a safe command to run and in general a good idea to +do when you are trying to figure out what to do next: + +```console +$ git status + +On branch main + +No commits yet + +Untracked files: + (use "git add ..." to include in what will be committed) + + ingredients.txt + instructions.txt + +nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track) +``` + +The two files are untracked in the repository (directory). You want to **add the files** (focus the camera) +to the list of files tracked by Git. Git does not track +any files automatically and you need make a conscious decision to add a file. Let's do what +Git hints at and add the files: + + +```console +$ git add ingredients.txt +$ git add instructions.txt +$ git status + +On branch main + +Initial commit + +Changes to be committed: + (use "git rm --cached ..." to unstage) + + new file: ingredients.txt + new file: instructions.txt +``` + +Now this change is *staged* and ready to be committed. + +Let us now commit the change to the repository: + +```console +$ git commit -m "adding ingredients and instructions" + +[main (root-commit) aa243ea] adding ingredients and instructions + 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+) + create mode 100644 ingredients.txt + create mode 100644 instructions.txt +``` + +Right after we query the status to get this useful command into our muscle memory: + +```console +$ git status +``` + +What does the `-m` flag mean? Let us check the help page for that command: + +```console +$ git help commit +``` + +You should see a very long help page as the tool is very versatile (press q to quit). +Do not worry about this now but keep in mind that you can always read the help files +when in doubt. Searching online can also be useful, but choosing search terms +to find relevant information takes some practice and discussions in some +online threads may be confusing. +Note that help pages also work when you don't have a network connection! + + +(exercise-record-changes)= + +## Exercise: Record changes + +````{exercise} Basic-1: Record changes + Add 1/2 onion to `ingredients.txt` and also the instruction + to "enjoy!" to `instructions.txt`. Do not stage the changes yet (do not `git add` yet). + + When you are done editing the files, try `git diff`: + + ```console + $ git diff + ``` + + You will see (can you identify in there the two added lines?): + + ```diff + diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt + index 2607525..ec0abc6 100644 + --- a/ingredients.txt + +++ b/ingredients.txt + @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 2 tsp salt + +* 1/2 onion + diff --git a/instructions.txt b/instructions.txt + index 6a8b2af..f7dd63a 100644 + --- a/instructions.txt + +++ b/instructions.txt + @@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ + * squeeze lime + * add salt + * and mix well + +* enjoy! + ``` + + Now first stage and commit each change separately (what happens when we leave out the `-m` flag?): + + ```console + $ git add ingredients.txt + $ git commit -m "add half an onion" + $ git add instructions.txt + $ git commit # <-- we have left out -m "..." + ``` + + When you leave out the `-m` flag, Git should open an editor where you can edit + your commit message. This message will be associated and stored with the + changes you made. This message is your chance to explain what you've done and + convince others (and your future self) that the changes you made were + justified. Write a message and save and close the file. + + When you are done committing the changes, experiment with these commands: + + ```console + $ git log + $ git log --stat + $ git log --oneline + ``` +```` + + +## Git history and log + +If you haven't yet, please try now `git log`: + +```console +$ git log + +commit ea73a8a9ef9bd5c0aee3f0868d0ebc8457e1f94b +Author: Radovan Bast +Date: Wed Feb 9 10:12:39 2022 +0100 + + don't forget to enjoy + +commit 6316947beb2b7ffa0cc822370cfdd701050227a4 +Author: Radovan Bast +Date: Wed Feb 9 10:12:30 2022 +0100 + + add half an onion + +commit 03491ed253ffcee16772e35b1de4efd349711f05 +Author: Radovan Bast +Date: Wed Feb 9 10:11:30 2022 +0100 + + adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +- We can browse the development and access each state that we have committed. +- The long hashes uniquely label a state of the code. +- They are not just integers counting 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (why?). +- Output is in reverse chronological order, i.e. **newest commits on top**. +- We will use them when comparing versions and when going back in time. +- `git log --oneline` only shows the first 7 characters of the commit hash and is good to get an overview. +- If the first characters of the hash are unique it is not necessary to type the entire hash. +- `git log --stat` is nice to show which files have been modified. + + +(exercise-diff-and-rename)= + +## Optional exercises: comparing, renaming, and removing + +```{exercise} (optional) Basic-2: Comparing and showing commits +1. Inspect differences between commit hashes with `git diff HASH1 HASH2`. +2. Have a look at specific commits with `git show HASH`. +``` + +````{exercise} (optional) Basic-3: Visual diff tools + - Make further modifications and experiment with `git difftool` (requires installing one of the [visual diff tools](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/difftools/)): + + On Windows or Linux: + ```console + $ git difftool --tool=meld HASH + ``` + + On macOS: + ```console + $ git difftool --tool=opendiff HASH + ``` + + ```{figure} img/meld.png + :alt: Git difftool using meld + :width: 100% + + Git difftool using meld. + ``` + + You probably want to use the same visual diff tool every time and + you can configure Git for that: + ```console + $ git config --global diff.tool meld + ``` +```` + +```{exercise} (optional) Basic-4: Renaming and removing files +1. Create a new file, `git add` and `git commit` the file. +2. Rename the file with `git mv` (you will need to `git commit` the rename). +3. Use `git log --oneline` and `git status`. +4. Remove the file with `git rm` (again you need to `git commit` the change). +5. Inspect the history with `git log --stat`. +``` + + +## Writing useful commit messages + +Using `git log --oneline` we understand that the first line of the commit message is very important. + +Good example: +```text +increase threshold alpha to 2.0 + +the motivation for this change is +to enable ... +... +this is based on a discussion in #123 +``` + +Convention: **one line summarizing the commit, then one empty line, +then paragraph(s) with more details in free form, if necessary**. + +- **Why something was changed is more important than what has changed.** +- Cross-reference to issues and discussions if possible/relevant. +- Bad commit messages: "fix", "oops", "save work" +- Bad examples: [http://whatthecommit.com](http://whatthecommit.com) +- Write commit messages in English that will be understood + 15 years from now by someone else than you. Or by your future you. +- Many projects start out as projects "just for me" and end up to be successful projects + that are developed by 50 people over decades. +- [Commits with multiple authors](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-commit-with-multiple-authors/) are possible. + +Good references: + +- ["My favourite Git commit"](https://fatbusinessman.com/2019/my-favourite-git-commit) +- ["On commit messages"](https://who-t.blogspot.com/2009/12/on-commit-messages.html) +- ["How to Write a Git Commit Message"](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/) + +```{note} +A great way to learn how to write commit messages and to get inspired by their +style choices: **browse repositories of codes that you use/like**: + +Some examples (but there are so many good examples): +- [SciPy](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/commits/main) +- [NumPy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/commits/main) +- [Pandas](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/commits/main) +- [Julia](https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/commits/master) +- [ggplot2](https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2/commits/main), + compare with their [release + notes](https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2/releases) +- [Flask](https://github.com/pallets/flask/commits/main), + compare with their [release + notes](https://github.com/pallets/flask/blob/main/CHANGES.rst) + +When designing commit message styles consider also these: +- How will you easily generate a changelog or release notes? +- During code review, you can help each other improving commit messages. +``` + +But remember: it is better to make any commit, than no commit. Especially in small projects. +**Let not the perfect be the enemy of the good enough**. + + +(gitignore)= + +## Ignoring files and paths with .gitignore + +```{discussion} +- Should we add and track all files in a project? +- How about generated files? +- Why is it considered a bad idea to commit compiled binaries to version control? +- What types of generated files do you know? +``` + +Compiled and generated files are not +committed to version control. There are many reasons for this: + +- Your code could be run on different platforms. +- These files are automatically generated and thus do not contribute in any meaningful way. +- The number of changes to track per source code change can increase quickly. +- When tracking generated files you could see differences in the code although you haven't touched the code. + +For this we use `.gitignore` files. Example: + +```shell +# ignore compiled python 2 files +*.pyc +# ignore compiled python 3 files +__pycache__ +``` + +An example taken from the [official Git documentation](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore): + +```shell +# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree. +*.[oa] +# ignore generated html files, +*.html +# except foo.html which is maintained by hand +!foo.html +# ignore everything under build directory +build/ +``` + +- `.gitignore` should be part of the repository because we want to make sure that all developers see the same behavior. +- **All files should be either tracked or ignored**. +- `.gitignore` uses something called a + [shell glob syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming)) for + determining file patterns to ignore. You can read more about the syntax in the + [documentation](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore). +- You can have `.gitignore` files in lower level directories and they affect the paths + relatively. + + +## Graphical user interfaces + +We have seen how to make commits directly via the GitHub website, and also via command line. +But it is also possible to work from within a Git graphical user interface (GUI): + +- [GitHub Desktop](https://desktop.github.com) +- [SourceTree](https://www.sourcetreeapp.com) +- [List of third-party GUIs](https://git-scm.com/downloads/guis) + + +## Summary + +Now we know how to save snapshots: + +```console +$ git add FILE(S) +$ git commit +``` + +And this is what we do as we program. + +Every state is then saved and later we will learn how to go back to these "checkpoints" +and how to undo things. + +```console +$ git init # initialize new repository +$ git add # add files or stage file(s) +$ git commit # commit staged file(s) +$ git status # see what is going on +$ git log # see history +$ git diff # show unstaged/uncommitted modifications +$ git show # show the change for a specific commit +$ git mv # move tracked files +$ git rm # remove tracked files +``` + +Git is not ideal for large binary files +(for this consider [http://git-annex.branchable.com](http://git-annex.branchable.com)). + +````{challenge} Basic-5: Test your understanding + Which command(s) below would save the changes of `myfile.txt` + to an existing local Git repository? + + 1. ```console + $ git commit -m "my recent changes" + ``` + 2. ```console + $ git init myfile.txt + $ git commit -m "my recent changes" + ``` + 3. ```console + $ git add myfile.txt + $ git commit -m "my recent changes" + ``` + 4. ```console + $ git commit -m myfile.txt "my recent changes" + ``` + ```{solution} + + 1. Would only create a commit if files have already been staged. + 2. Would try to create a new repository in a folder "myfile.txt". + 3. **Is correct: first add the file to the staging area, then commit.** + 4. Would try to commit a file "my recent changes" with the message myfile.txt. + ``` +```` + +```{keypoints} +- Initializing a Git repository is simple: `git init`. +- Commits should be used to tell a story. +- Git uses the .git folder to store the snapshots. +- Don't be afraid to stage and commit often. Better too often than not often enough. +``` diff --git a/_sources/branches.md.txt b/_sources/branches.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eb8531b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/branches.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,631 @@ +# Branching and merging + +```{objectives} +- Be able to create and merge branches. +- Know the difference between a branch and a tag. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 35 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + + +## Motivation for branches + +In the previous section we tracked a guacamole recipe with Git. + +Up until now our repository had only one branch with one commit coming +after the other: + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-branch-1.svg +:alt: Linear Git repository +:width: 40% + +Linear Git repository. +``` + +- Commits are depicted here as little boxes with abbreviated hashes. +- Here the branch `main` points to a commit. +- "HEAD" is the current position (remember the recording head of tape + recorders?). (when we say `HEAD`, we mean those literal letters - + this isn't a placeholder for something else) +- When we talk about branches, we often mean all parent commits, not only the commit pointed to. + + +### Now we want to do this: + +```{figure} img/octopus.jpeg +:alt: Branching explained with an octopus +:width: 100% + +Source: +``` + +Software development is often not linear: + +- We typically need at least one version of the code to "work" (to compile, to give expected results, ...). +- At the same time we work on new features, often several features concurrently. + Often they are unfinished. +- We need to be able to separate different lines of work really well. + +The strength of version control is that it permits the researcher to **isolate +different tracks of work**, which can later be merged to create a composite +version that contains all changes: + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-collaborative.svg +:alt: Isolated tracks of work +:width: 100% + +Isolated tracks of work. +``` + +- We see branching points and merging points. +- Main line development is often called `main` or `master`. +- Other than this convention there is nothing special about `main` or `master`, it is just a branch. +- Commits form a directed acyclic graph (we have left out the arrows to avoid confusion about the time arrow). + +A group of commits that create a single narrative are called a **branch**. +There are different branching strategies, but it is useful to think that a branch +tells the story of a feature, e.g. "fast sequence extraction" or "Python interface" or "fixing bug in +matrix inversion algorithm". + +````{admonition} **An important alias** +--- +class: important +--- + +We will now define an *alias* in Git, to be able to nicely visualize branch +structure in the terminal without having to remember a long Git command +(more details about aliases are given +in a later section). **This is extensively used in the rest of this +and other lessons**: + +```console +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +``` +```` + +```{instructor-note} +Instructors, please demonstrate how to set this alias and ensure that +all create it. This is very important for this lesson and +git-collaborative. +``` + +Let us inspect the project history using the `git graph` alias: + +```console +$ git graph + +* dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +- We have three commits and only + one development line (branch) and this branch is called `main`. +- Commits are states characterized by a 40-character hash (checksum). +- `git graph` print abbreviations of these checksums. +- **Branches are pointers that point to a commit.** +- Branch `main` points to commit `dd4472c8093b7bbcdaa15e3066da6ca77fcabadd`. +- `HEAD` is another pointer, it points to where we are right now (currently `main`) + + +### On which branch are we? + +To see where we are (where HEAD points to) use `git branch`: + +```console +$ git branch + +* main +``` + +- This command shows where we are, it does not create a branch. +- There is only `main` and we are on `main` (star represents the `HEAD`). + +In the following we will learn how to create branches, +how to switch between them, how to merge branches, +and how to remove them afterwards. + + +## Creating and working with branches + +```{instructor-note} +We do the following part together. Encourage participants to type along. +``` + +Let's create a branch called `experiment` where we add cilantro to `ingredients.txt`. + +```console +$ git branch experiment main # creates branch "experiment" from "main" +$ git switch experiment # switch to branch "experiment" +$ git branch # list all local branches and show on which branch we are +``` + +- Verify that you are on the `experiment` branch (note that `git graph` also + makes it clear what branch you are on: `HEAD -> branchname`): + + ```console + $ git branch + + * experiment + main + ``` + +- Then add 2 tbsp cilantro **on top** of the `ingredients.txt`: + + ```{code-block} shell + --- + emphasize-lines: 1 + --- + * 2 tbsp cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 2 tsp salt + * 1/2 onion + ``` + +- Stage this and commit it with the message "let us try with some cilantro". +- Then reduce the amount of cilantro to 1 tbsp, stage and commit again with "maybe little bit less cilantro". + +We have created **two new commits**: + +```{code-block} console +--- +emphasize-lines: 3-4 +--- +$ git graph + +* 6feb49d (HEAD -> experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro +* 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +* dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +- The branch `experiment` is two commits ahead of `main`. +- We commit our changes to this branch. + + +(exercise-branches)= + +## Exercise: Create and commit to branches + +````{exercise} Branch-1: Create and commit to branches + In this exercise, you will create another new branch and few more commits. + We will use this in the next section, to practice + merging. **The goal of the exercise is to end up with 3 branches**. + + - Change to the branch `main`. + - Create another branch called `less-salt` + - Note! makes sure you are on main branch when you create the less-salt branch + - A safer way would be to explicitly mention to create from the main branch + as shown below: + ```console + $ git branch less-salt main + ``` + - Where you reduce the amount of salt. + - Commit your changes to the `less-salt` branch. + + Use the same commands as we used above. + + We now have three branches (in this case `HEAD` points to `less-salt`): + + ```console + $ git branch + + experiment + * less-salt + main + + $ git graph + + * bf59be6 (HEAD -> less-salt) reduce amount of salt + | * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro + | * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro + |/ + * dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy + * 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + * 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` + + Here is a graphical representation of what we have created: + + ```{figure} img/gitink/git-branch-2.svg + ``` + + - Now switch to `main`. + - Add and commit the following `README.md` to `main`: + + ```markdown + # Guacamole recipe + + Used in teaching Git. + ``` + + Now you should have this situation: + + ```console + $ git graph + + * 40fbb90 (HEAD -> main) draft a readme + | * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt + |/ + | * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro + | * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro + |/ + * dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + * 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + * 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` + + ```{figure} img/gitink/git-branch-3.svg + ``` + + And for comparison this is how it looks [on GitHub](https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge/network). +```` + + +## Merging branches + +```{instructor-note} +We do the rest as type-along. Instructors, encourage learners to type-along. +``` + +It turned out that our experiment with cilantro was a good idea. +Our goal now is to merge `experiment` into `main`. + +````{admonition} If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later + **If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later**, + you can apply the commands below. + But **skip this box if you managed to create branches**. + + ```console + $ cd .. # step out of the current directory + + $ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge.git + $ cd recipe-before-merge + + $ git switch experiment + $ git switch less-salt + $ git switch main + + $ git remote remove origin + + $ git graph + ``` + + Or call a helper to un-stuck it for you. +```` + +First we make sure we are on the branch we wish to merge **into**: + +```{code-block} console +--- +emphasize-lines: 5 +--- +$ git branch + + experiment + less-salt +* main +``` + +Then we merge `experiment` into `main`: + +```console +$ git merge experiment +``` + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-merge-1.svg +``` + +We can verify the result in the terminal: + +```console +$ git graph + +* c43b24c (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'experiment' +|\ +| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro +| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +* | 40fbb90 draft a readme +|/ +| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt +|/ +* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +What happens internally when you merge two branches is that Git creates a new +commit, attempts to incorporate changes from both branches and records the +state of all files in the new commit. While a regular commit has one parent, a +merge commit has two (or more) parents. + +To view the branches that are merged into the current branch we can use the command: + +```console +$ git branch --merged + + experiment +* main +``` + +We are also happy with the work on the `less-salt` branch. Let us merge that +one, too, into `main`: + +```console +$ git branch # make sure you are on main +$ git merge less-salt +``` + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-merge-2.svg +:alt: Commit graph after merge + +Commit graph after merge. +``` + +We can verify the result in the terminal: + +```console +$ git graph + +* 4f00317 (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'less-salt' +|\ +| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt +* | c43b24c Merge branch 'experiment' +|\ \ +| * | 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro +| * | 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +| |/ +* | 40fbb90 draft a readme +|/ +* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +Observe how Git nicely merged the changed amount of salt and the new ingredient **in the same file +without us merging it manually**: + +```console +$ cat ingredients.txt + +* 1 tbsp cilantro +* 2 avocados +* 1 lime +* 1 tsp salt +* 1/2 onion +``` + +If the same file is changed in both branches, Git attempts to incorporate both +changes into the merged file. If the changes overlap then the user has to +manually *settle merge conflicts* (we will do that later). + + +## Deleting branches safely + +Both feature branches are merged: + +```console +$ git branch --merged + + experiment + less-salt +* main +``` + +This means we can delete the branches: + +```console +$ git branch -d experiment less-salt + +Deleted branch experiment (was 6feb49d). +Deleted branch less-salt (was bf59be6). +``` + +This is the result: + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-deleted-branches.svg +:alt: Commit graph after merged branches were deleted + +Commit graph after merged branches were deleted. +``` + +Compare in the terminal: + +```console +$ git graph + +* 4f00317 (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'less-salt' +|\ +| * bf59be6 reduce amount of salt +* | c43b24c Merge branch 'experiment' +|\ \ +| * | 6feb49d maybe little bit less cilantro +| * | 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +| |/ +* | 40fbb90 draft a readme +|/ +* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +Comparing figures "Commit graph after merge" +and "Commit graph after merged branches were deleted", +we observe that +only the pointers ("sticky notes") disappeared, not the commits. + +Git will not let you delete a branch which has not been reintegrated unless you +insist using `git branch -D`. Even then your commits will not be lost but you +may have a hard time finding them as there is no branch pointing to them. + + +(exercise-branches-optional)= + +## Optional exercises with branches + +The following exercises are advanced, absolutely no problem to postpone them to a +few months later. If you give them a go, keep in mind that you might run into conflicts, +which we will learn to resolve in the next section. + +````{exercise} (optional) Branch-2: Perform a fast-forward merge +1. Create a new branch from `main` and switch to it. +2. Create a couple of commits on the new branch (for instance edit `README.md`): + ```{figure} img/gitink/git-pre-ff.svg + ``` +3. Now switch to `main`. +4. Merge the new branch to `main`. +5. Examine the result with `git graph`. +6. Have you expected the result? Discuss what you see. + + ```{solution} + You will see that in this case no merge commit was created and Git merged the + two branches by moving (fast-forwarding) the "main" branch (label) three + commits forward. + + This was possible since one branch is the ancestor of the other and their + developments did not diverge. + + A merge that does not require any merge commit is a fast-forward merge. + ``` +```` + +````{exercise} (optional) Branch-3: Rebase a branch (instead of merge) +As an alternative to merging branches, one can also *rebase* branches. +Rebasing means that the new commits are *replayed* on top of another branch +(instead of creating an explicit merge commit). +**Note that rebasing changes history and should not be done on public commits!** +1. Create a new branch, and make a couple of commits on it. +2. Switch back to `main`, and make a couple of commits on it. +3. Inspect the situation with `git graph`. +4. Now rebase the new branch on top of `main` by first switching to the new branch, and then `git rebase main`. +5. Inspect again the situation with `git graph`. Notice that the commit hashes have changed - think about why! + + ```{solution} + You will notice two things: + - History is now linear and does not contain merge commits. + - All the commit hashes that were on the branch that got rebased, have + changed. This also demonstrates that `git rebase` is a command that alters + history. The commit history looks as if the rebased commits were all done + after the `main` commits. + ``` +```` + + +## Tags + +- A tag is a pointer to a commit but in contrast to a branch it **does not ever move**. +- We use tags to record particular states or milestones of a project at a given + point in time, like for instance versions (have a look at [semantic versioning](http://semver.org), + v1.0.3 is easier to understand and remember than 64441c1934def7d91ff0b66af0795749d5f1954a). +- There are two basic types of tags: annotated and lightweight. +- **Use annotated tags** since they contain the author and can be cryptographically signed using + GPG, timestamped, and a message attached. +- It can be useful to think of branches as sticky notes and of tags as + [commemorative plaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque). + +Let's add an annotated tag to our current state of the guacamole recipe: + +```console +$ git tag -a nobel-2021 -m "recipe I made for the 2021 Nobel banquet" +``` + +As you may have found out already, `git show` is a very versatile command. Try this: + +```console +$ git show nobel-2021 +``` + +For more information about tags see for example +[the Pro Git book](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Tagging) chapter on the +subject. + + +## Summary + +Let us pause for a moment and recapitulate what we have just learned: + +```console +$ git branch # see where we are +$ git branch NAME # create branch NAME +$ git switch NAME # switch to branch NAME +$ git merge NAME # merge branch NAME (to current branch) +$ git branch -d NAME # delete branch NAME +$ git branch -D NAME # delete unmerged branch +``` + +Since the following command combo is so frequent: + +```console +$ git branch NAME # create branch NAME +$ git switch NAME # switch to branch NAME +``` + +There is a shortcut for it: + +```console +$ git switch --create NAME # create branch NAME and switch to it +``` + +### Typical workflows + +With this there are two typical workflows: + +```console +$ git switch --create new-feature # create branch, switch to it +$ git commit # work, work, work, ..., and test +$ git switch main # once feature is ready, switch to main +$ git merge new-feature # merge work to main +$ git branch -d new-feature # remove branch +``` + +Sometimes you have a wild idea which does not work. +Or you want some throw-away branch for debugging: + +```console +$ git switch --create wild-idea # create branch, switch to it, work, work, work ... +$ git switch main # realize it was a bad idea, back to main +$ git branch -D wild-idea # it is gone, off to a new idea +``` + +No problem: we worked on a branch, branch is deleted, `main` is clean. + +````{challenge} Branch-4: Test your understanding + Which of the following combos (one or more) creates a new branch and makes a commit to it? + 1. ```console + $ git branch new-branch + $ git add file.txt + $ git commit + ``` + 2. ```console + $ git add file.txt + $ git branch new-branch + $ git switch new-branch + $ git commit + ``` + 3. ```console + $ git switch --create new-branch + $ git add file.txt + $ git commit + ``` + 4. ```console + $ git switch new-branch + $ git add file.txt + $ git commit + ``` + + ```{solution} + Both 2 and 3 would do the job. Note that in 2 we first stage the file, and then create the + branch and commit to it. In 1 we create the branch but do not switch to it, while in 4 we + don't give the `--create` flag to `git switch` to create the new branch. + ``` +```` + +```{keypoints} +- A branch is a division unit of work, to be merged with other units of work. +- A tag is a pointer to a moment in the history of a project. +``` diff --git a/_sources/conflicts.md.txt b/_sources/conflicts.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d984e02d --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/conflicts.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ +(conflict-resolution)= + +# Conflict resolution + +```{objectives} +- Understand merge conflicts sufficiently well to be able to fix them. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + + +## Conflicts in Git and why they are good + +Imagine we start with the following text file: +```{code-block} +2 avocados +1 tbsp cilantro +2 tsp salt +``` + +On branch A somebody modifies: +```{code-block} +--- +emphasize-lines: 1, 3 +--- +1 lime +2 avocados +1/2 tbsp cilantro +2 tsp salt +``` + +On branch B somebody else modifies: +```{code-block} +--- +emphasize-lines: 2, 4 +--- +2 avocados +2 tbsp cilantro +2 tsp salt +1/2 onion +``` + +When we try to merge Git will figure out that we want the lime and the onion +but does not know whether to reduce or increase the amount of cilantro: +```{code-block} +--- +emphasize-lines: 3 +--- +1 lime +2 avocados +?????????????? +2 tsp salt +1/2 onion +``` + +Git is very good at resolving modifications when merging branches and +in most cases a `git merge` runs smooth and automatic. +Then a merge commit appears (unless fast-forward; see {ref}`exercise-branches-optional`) without you even noticing. + +But sometimes the **same portion** of the code/text is modified on two branches +**in two different ways** and Git issues a **conflict**. +Then you need to tell Git which version to keep (**resolve** it). + +There are several ways to do that as we will see. + +Please remember: + +- It is good that Git conflicts exist: Git will not silently overwrite one of + two differing modifications. +- Conflicts may look scary, but are not that bad after a little bit of + practice. Also they are luckily rare. +- Don't be afraid of Git because of conflicts. You may not meet some conflicts + using other systems because you simply can't do the kinds of things you do + in Git. +- You can take human measures to reduce them. + +--- + +```{discussion} The human side of conflicts +- What does it mean if two people do the same thing in two different ways? +- What if you work on the same file but do two different things in the different sections? +- What if you do something, don't tell someone from 6 months, and then try to combine it with other people's work? +- How are conflicts avoided in other work? (Only one person working at once? + Declaring what you are doing before you start, if there is any chance someone + else might do the same thing, helps.) +- Minor conflicts (two people revise spelling) vs semantic (two people rewrite + a function to add two different new features). How did Git solve these in + branching/merging easily? +``` + +Now we can go to show how Git controls when there is actually a conflict. + + +## Preparing a conflict + +```{instructor-note} +We do the following together as type-along. +``` + +````{note} + **If you got stuck previously or joined later**, + you can apply the commands below so that you + have everything to be able to continue. + But **skip this box if you managed to create branches**. + + ```console + $ cd .. # if you are in a git repository, step out of it + + $ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-after-merge.git + $ cd recipe-after-merge + + $ git graph + ``` +```` + +We will make two branches, make two conflicting changes (both increase and +decrease the amount of cilantro), and later we will try to merge them +together. + +- Create two branches from `main`: one called `like-cilantro`, one called `dislike-cilantro`: + ```console + $ git branch like-cilantro main + $ git branch dislike-cilantro main + ``` + +- On the two branches make **different modifications** to the amount of the **same ingredient**: + +- On the branch `like-cilantro` we have the following change: + ```console + $ git diff main like-cilantro + ``` + + ```diff + diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt + index a83af39..83f2f94 100644 + --- a/ingredients.txt + +++ b/ingredients.txt + @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ + -* 1 tbsp cilantro + +* 2 tbsp cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 1 tsp salt + ``` + +- And on the branch `dislike-cilantro` we have the following change: + ```console + $ git diff main dislike-cilantro + ``` + + ```diff + diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt + index a83af39..2f60e23 100644 + --- a/ingredients.txt + +++ b/ingredients.txt + @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ + -* 1 tbsp cilantro + +* 0.5 tbsp cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 1 tsp salt + ``` + + +## Merging conflicting changes + +What do you expect will happen when we try to merge these two branches into +main? + +The first merge will work: + +```console +$ git switch main +$ git status +$ git merge like-cilantro + +Updating 4b3e3cc..55d1ce2 +Fast-forward + ingredients.txt | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) +``` + +But the second will fail: + +```console +$ git merge dislike-cilantro + +Auto-merging ingredients.txt +CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt +Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. +``` + +Without conflict Git would have automatically created a merge commit, +but since there is a conflict, Git did not commit: + +```{code-block} console +--- +emphasize-lines: 11 +--- +$ git status + +On branch main +You have unmerged paths. + (fix conflicts and run "git commit") + (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge) + +Unmerged paths: + (use "git add ..." to mark resolution) + + both modified: ingredients.txt + +no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") +``` + +Git won't decide which to take and we need to decide. Observe how Git gives +us clear instructions on how to move forward. + +Let us inspect the conflicting file: + +```console +$ cat ingredients.txt + +<<<<<<< HEAD +* 2 tbsp cilantro +======= +* 0.5 tbsp cilantro +>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro +* 2 avocados +* 1 lime +* 1 tsp salt +* 1/2 onion +``` + +Git inserted resolution markers (the `<<<<<<<`, `>>>>>>>`, and `=======`). + +Try also `git diff`: + +```console +$ git diff +``` + +```diff +diff --cc ingredients.txt +index 83f2f94,2f60e23..0000000 +--- a/ingredients.txt ++++ b/ingredients.txt +@@@ -1,4 -1,4 +1,8 @@@ +++<<<<<<< HEAD + +* 2 tbsp cilantro +++======= ++ * 0.5 tbsp cilantro +++>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 1 tsp salt +``` + +`git diff` now only shows the conflicting part, nothing else. + +We have to resolve the conflict. +We will discuss 3 different ways to do this. + + +## Manual resolution + +``` +<<<<<<< HEAD +* 2 tbsp cilantro +======= +* 0.5 tbsp cilantro +>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro +``` + +We have to edit the code/text between the resolution markers. You +only have to care about what Git shows you: Git stages all files +without conflicts and leaves the files with conflicts unstaged. + +```{note} +**Steps to resolve a conflict:** + +- Check status with `git status` and `git diff`. +- Decide what you keep (the one, the other, or both or something + else). Edit the file to do this. + - Remove the resolution markers, if not already done. + - The file(s) should now look exactly how you want them. +- Check status with `git status` and `git diff`. +- Tell Git that you have resolved the conflict with `git add ingredients.txt` + (if you use the Emacs editor with a certain plugin the editor may stage the + change for you after you have removed the conflict markers). +- Verify the result with `git status`. +- Finally commit the merge with only `git commit`. Everything is pre-filled. +``` + +(exercise-conflicts)= + +## Exercise: Create and resolve a conflict + +````{exercise} Conflict-1: Create another conflict and resolve +In this exercise, we repeat almost exactly what we did above with a +different ingredient. + +1. Create two branches before making any modifications. +2. Again modify some ingredient on both branches. +3. Merge one, merge the other and observe a conflict, resolve the conflict and commit the merge. +4. What happens if you apply the same modification on both branches? +5. If you create a branch `like-avocados`, commit a change, then from this + branch create another banch `dislike-avocados`, commit again, and try to + merge both branches into `main` you will not see a conflict. Can you + explain, why it is different this time? +```{solution} +4: No conflict in this case if the change is the same. + +5: No conflict in this case since in Git history one change happened after the other. The two changes + are related and linked by Git history and one is a Git ancestor of the + other. Git will assume that since we applied one change after the other, + we meant this. There is nothing to resolve. +``` +```` + +(exercise-conflicts-optional)= + +## Optional exercises with conflict resolution + +````{exercise} (optional) Conflict-2: Resolve a conflict when rebasing a branch +1. Create two branches where you anticipate a conflict. +2. Try to merge them and observe that indeed they conflict. +3. Abort the merge with `git merge --abort`. +4. What do you expect will happen if you rebase one branch on top of the + other? Do you anticipate a conflict? Try it out. +```{solution} +Yes, this will conflict. If it conflicts during a merge, it will also conflict +during rebase but the conflict resolution looks slightly different: +You still need to look for conflict markers but you tell Git that you resolved +a conflict with `git add` and then you continue with `git rebase --continue`. +Follow instructions that you get from the Git command line. +``` +```` + +````{exercise} (optional) Conflict-3: Resolve a conflict using mergetool + - Again create a conflict (for instance disagree on the number of avocados). + - Stop at this stage: + + ``` + Auto-merging ingredients.txt + CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt + Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. + ``` + + - Instead of resolving the conflict manually, use a visual tool + (requires installing one of the [visual diff tools](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/difftools/)): + + ```console + $ git mergetool + ``` + + ```{figure} img/conflict-resolution/mergetool.png + :alt: Conflict resolution using mergetool + :width: 100% + ``` + + - Your current branch is left, the branch you merge is right, result is in the middle. + - After you are done, close and commit, `git add` is not needed when using `git mergetool`. + + If you have not instructed Git to avoid creating backups when using mergetool, then to be on + the safe side there will be additional temporary files created. To remove those you can do + a git clean after the merging. + + To view what will be removed: + + ```console + $ git clean -n + ``` + + To remove: + + ```console + $ git clean -f + ``` + + To configure Git to avoid creating backups at all: + + ```console + $ git config --global mergetool.keepBackup false + ``` +```` + +--- + +## Using "ours" or "theirs" strategy + +- Sometimes you know that you want to keep "ours" version (version on this branch) + or "theirs" (version on the merged branch). +- Then you do not have to resolve conflicts manually. +- See [merge strategies](https://git-scm.com/docs/merge-strategies). + +Example: + +```console +$ git merge -s recursive -Xours less-avocados # merge and in doubt take the changes from current branch +``` + +Or: + +```console +$ git merge -s recursive -Xtheirs less-avocados # merge and in doubt take the changes from less-avocados branch +``` + +--- + +## Aborting a conflicting merge + +Sometimes you get a merge conflict but realize that you can't solve it without +talking to a colleague (who created the other change) first. What to do? + +You can abort the merge and postponing conflict resolution by resetting the +repository to `HEAD` (last committed state): + +```console +$ git merge --abort +``` + +The repository looks then exactly as it was before the merge. + +--- + +## Avoiding conflicts + +- Human measures + - Think and plan to which branch you will commit to. + - Do not put unrelated changes on the same branch. +- Collaboration measures + - Open an issue and discuss with collaborators before starting a long-living + branch. +- Project layout measures + - Modifying global data often causes conflicts. + - Modular programming minimizes risk of conflicts. +- Technical measures + - **Share your changes early and often** - this is one of the happy, + rare circumstances when everyone doing the selfish thing (e.g. `git push` as + early as practical) results in best case for everyone! + - Pull/rebase often to keep up to date with upstream. + - Resolve conflicts early. + +```{discussion} +Discuss how Git handles conflicts compared to the Google Drive. +``` + +```{keypoints} +- Conflicts often appear because of not enough communication or not optimal + branching strategy. +``` diff --git a/_sources/customizing.md.txt b/_sources/customizing.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8fdf72b --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/customizing.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# Customizing Git + +## Shell prompt + +```{instructor-note} +Here the instructor can demonstrate how a context-aware and Git-aware shell +prompt can look like. +``` + +You can make your shell display contextual information about +your Git state even at all times. + +Here are few example projects that make this possible and easy: +- (bash) +- (zsh) +- (fish) +- (bash and fish) + + +## More useful "diff" output + +[Delta](https://github.com/dandavison/delta) is a syntax-highlighting pager for +git, diff, and grep output. You can customize how you want to highlight the +"diff" output. It allows side-by-side view, word-level diff highlighting, +improved merge conflict display, and much more. diff --git a/_sources/exercises.md.txt b/_sources/exercises.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce119216 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/exercises.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# List of exercises + +## Summary + +Basics: +- {ref}`exercise-record-changes` +- {ref}`exercise-diff-and-rename` + +Branching and merging: +- {ref}`exercise-branches` +- {ref}`exercise-branches-optional` + +Conflict resolution: +- {ref}`exercise-conflicts` +- {ref}`exercise-conflicts-optional` + +Inspecting history: +- {ref}`exercise-history` +- {ref}`exercise-bisect` + +Using the Git staging area: +- {ref}`exercise-interactive-commits` +- {ref}`exercise-staging-area` + +Undoing and recovering: +- {ref}`exercise-revert` +- {ref}`exercise-amend` +- {ref}`exercise-reset` + +Interrupted work: +- {ref}`exercise-stashing` + + +## Full list + +This is a list of all exercises and solutions in this lesson, mainly +as a reference for helpers and instructors. This list is +automatically generated from all of the other pages in the lesson. +Any single teaching event will probably cover only a subset of these, +depending on their interests. + +```{exerciselist} +``` diff --git a/_sources/guide.md.txt b/_sources/guide.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..250a2df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/guide.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +# Instructor guide + +## Schedule Day 1 + +- 08:50 - 09:00 (10 min) Soft start and icebreaker question +- 09:00 - 09:20 (20 min) Welcome and practical information + +- Introduction to version control (part 1/4) + - 09:20 - 09:35 (15 min) [Motivation](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/motivation/) + - 09:35 - 09:50 (15 min) [Basics - teaching, configuration, and type along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/basics/) + - 09:50 - 10:00 (10 min) Break + - 10:00 - 10:20 (20 min) [Basics - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/basics/#exercise-record-changes) + 1. Record changes + 2. Optional exercises: Comparing, renaming, and removing + - 10:20 - 10:40 (20 min) [Basics - history, commit log, ignoring - teaching](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/basics/#git-history-and-log) + - 10:40 - 11:00 (20 min) Exercise (**to be added**): something about using history + +- Introduction to version control (part 2/4) + - 12:00 - 12:15 (15 min) [Branching and merging - teaching](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/branches/) + - 12:15 - 12:35 (20 min) [Branching and merging - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/branches/#exercise-create-and-commit-to-branches) + 1. Create branches and merge branches + 2. Optional exercises: Fast-forward merge and rebasing + - 12:35 - 12:50 (15 min) Summarize/discuss branching and merging + - 12:50 - 13:00 (10 min) Break + - 13:00 - 13:20 (20 min) [Conflict resolution (teaching and demo)](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/conflicts/) + +- 13:20 - 13:30 (10 min) Q&A, feedback, and what will we be doing tomorrow? + + +## Schedule Day 2 + +- 08:50 - 09:00 (10 min) Soft start and icebreaker question +- 09:00 - 09:10 (10 min) Recap and Q&A from day 1 + +- Introduction to version control (part 3/4) + - 09:10 - 09:25 (15 min) [Sharing repositories online - teaching/type-along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/remotes/#sharing-repositories-online) + - 09:25 - 09:50 (25 min) Exercise + - Set up SSH keys + - [Pushing our guacamole recipe repository to GitHub](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/remotes/#pushing-our-guacamole-recipe-repository-to-github) + - Clone repository + - 09:50 - 10:00 (10 min) Break + - 10:00 - 10:15 (15 min) [Inspecting history - teaching/type-along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#inspecting-history) + - 10:15 - 10:45 (30 min) [Inspecting history - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#exercise-basic-archaeology-commands) + 1. [Basic archeology commands](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#exercise-basic-archaeology-commands) + 2. [Optional: Git bisect](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#optional-exercise-git-bisect) + - 10:45 - 11:00 (15 min) Summarize/discuss inspecting history + +- Introduction to version control (part 4/4) + - 12:00 - 12:15 (15 min) [Undoing and recovering - teaching/type-along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#undoing-and-recovering) + - 12:15 - 12:40 (25 min) [Undoing and recovering - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-revert-a-commit) + 1. [Revert a commit](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-revert-a-commit) + 2. [Modify a previous commit](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-modify-a-previous-commit) + 3. [Git reset](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-git-reset) + - 12:40 - 11:50 (10 min) Summarize undoing and recovering and discussion and mention that staging area exists + - 12:50 - 13:00 (10 min) Break + - 13:00 - 13:20 (20 min) [How much Git is necessary?](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/level/#practical-advice-how-much-git-is-necessary) + +- 13:20 - 13:30 (10 min) Q&A, feedback, and what will we be doing tomorrow? + + +## Installation reminders for each day + +- Day 1: git configuration +- Day 2: need SSH set up (if you don't, sharing repositories online will be demo) + + +## Why we teach this lesson + +Everyone should be using a version control system for their work, even if they're working alone. +There are many version control systems out there, but Git is an industry standard and even if one uses another +system chances are high one still encounters Git repositories. + +Specific motivations: +- Code easily becomes a disaster without version control +- Mistakes happen - Git offers roll-back functionality and easy backup mechanism +- One often needs to work on multiple things in parallel - branches solve that problem +- Git enables people to collaborate on code or text without stepping on each other's toes +- Reproducibility: You can specify exact versions in publications enabling others to reproduce your work, + and if bugs are found one can find out exactly when it was introduced + +Many learners in a CodeRefinery workshop have developed code for a few years. A majority have +already encountered Git and have used it to some extent, but in most cases they do not yet feel +comfortable with it. They lack a good mental model of how Git operates and are afraid of making mistakes. +Other learners have never used Git before. +This lesson teaches how things are done in Git, which is useful for the newcomers, +but also how Git operates (e.g. what commits and branches really are) and what are some good +practices (e.g. how to use the staging area), which is useful for more experienced users. + + +## Intended learning outcomes + +By the end of this lesson, learners should: +- realize that version control is very important and Git is a valuable tool to learn and use +- understand that Git is configurable and know how to set basic configurations +- be able to set up Git repositories and make commits +- understand that information on commits, branches etc. are stored under `.git/`, and have a + mental model of how that relates to the working directory +- have a mental model of the different states a file can have in Git (untracked, modified, staged, unmodified) +- know how to write good commit messages +- have an idea of how the staging area can be used to craft good commits +- know how to undo commits using `git revert` and discard changes using `git restore` +- understand that `git restore` can be dangerous if changes have not been staged +- know how to create branches and switch between branches +- have a mental model of how branches work and get used to thinking of branches in a graphical (tree-structure) way +- know how to merge branches and understand what that means in terms of combining different modifications +- know how to resolve conflicts, or to abort conflicting merges +- realize that conflicts are generally a good thing since they prevent incorrect merges +- be able to set up a repository on GitHub and connect it with local repository +- push changes to a remote repository +- know a few ways to search through a repository and its history + + +## How to teach this lesson + +### Take first editor steps slowly + +Some participants will be new to using a terminal text editor so please open, +edit, and close the editor (Nano) slowly in first type-along sessions and +exercises to avoid that participants will fall behind the instructor. At one +point a student did not follow the file edits of the instructor, and to correct +the mistake they had to do a manual merge, which they were not ready for. + + +### How to use the exercises + +Most episodes have standard exercises followed by optional (often more advanced) exercises +for more experienced learners so they don't get bored waiting for the newcomers. +The instructor should briefly introduce the exercises and mention that after finishing the +standard exercise (and indicating that using the green sticky) the learners can move on to the +optional ones if they wish. When at least half of the learners have raised the green sticky +the instructor should go through the standard exercise to describe its most important take-home messages. +It's also fine to briefly go though important points from the optional exercises, but don't spend +too much time on it since everyone will not have attempted them. + + +### "Test your understanding" exercises + +Some episodes have a "test your understanding" exercise at the end which is intended as *formative assessment*, +i.e. an activity that provides feedback to instructors and learners on whether learning objectives are being met. +The instructor should end each episode by posing the "test your understanding" multiple-choice question, +giving learners a minute to think about it, and then asking for the right answer or asking learners to raise their +hands to signal which answer they think is correct. + + +### Inspecting history + +Key lesson is *how to find when something is broken or what commit has broken +the code*. + +It can be useful to emphasize that it can be really valuable to be able to +search through the history of a project efficiently to find when bugs were +introduced or when something changed and why. Also show that `git annotate` +and `git show` are available on GitHub and GitLab. + +When discussing `git annotate` and `git bisect` the "when" is more important +than "who". It is not to blame anybody but rather to find out whether published +results are affected. + +Discuss how one would find out this information without version control. + +**Questions to involve participants:** + +- Have you ever found a bug in your code and wondered whether it has affected published results? +- Have you ever wondered when, and by whom, a particular line of code was introduced? +- Have you ever found out that a code behaves differently than it used to but you are not sure when + precisely this changed? + + +**Confusion during `git bisect` exercise:** + +Learners may get stuck in the `git bisect` exercise if they incorrectly assign a commit +as *bad* or *good*. +To leave the bisect mode and return to the commit before `git bisect start` was issued, +one can do +```shell +$ git bisect reset +``` +and start over if needed. + + +### Live better than reading the website material + +It is better to demonstrate the commands live and type-along. Ideally connecting +to examples discussed earlier. + + +### Log your history in a separate window + +The screencasting (shell window cheatsheet) hints have been moved to +the [presenting +manual](https://coderefinery.github.io/manuals/instructor-tech-setup/). + + +### Create a cheatsheet on the board + +For in-person workshops, create a "cheatsheet" on the board as you go. After +each command is introduced, write it on the board. After each module, make sure +you haven't forgotten anything. Re-create and expand in future git lessons. +One strategy is: + +- a common section for basic commands: `init`, `config``clone`, `help`, `stash` +- info commands, can be run anytime: `status`, `log`, `diff`, `graph` +- A section for all the commands that move code from different states: + `add`, `commit`, etc. See the visual cheat sheet below. + +You can get inspired by http://www.ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html +to make your cheatsheet, but if you show this make it clear there are +far, far more commands on there than you need to know right now., and +it's probably too confusing to use after this course. But, the idea +of commands moving from the "working dir", "staging area", "commits", +etc is good. + +```{figure} img/cheat-sheet.jpg +:alt: Example cheat sheet +:width: 100% + +Example cheat sheet. +``` + +We also recommend to draw simple diagrams up on the board (e.g.: working +directory - staging area - repository with commands to move between) and keep +them there for students to refer to. + + +### Draw a graph on the board + +Draw the standard commit graphs on the board early on - you know, the +thing in all the diagrams. Keep it updated all the time. After the +first few samples, you can basically keep using the same graph the +whole lesson. When you are introducing new commands, explain and +update the graph first, then run `git graph`, then do the command, +then look at `git graph` again. + + +### Repeat the following points + +- Always check `git status`, `git diff`, and `git graph` (our alias) before and + after every command until you get used to things. These give you a clear view + into what is going on, the key to knowing what you are doing. Even + after you are used to things... anytime you do something you do + infrequently, it's good to check. + +- `git graph` is a direct representation of what we are drawing on the + board and should constantly be compared to it. + +- Once you `git add` something, it's almost impossible to lose it. + This is used all the time, for example once you commit or even add + it is hard to lose. Commit before you merge or rebase. And so on. + + +### Start from identical environment + +You probably have a highly optimized bash and git environment - one +that is different from students. Move `.gitconfig` and `.bashrc` out +of the way before you start so that your environment is identical to +what students have. diff --git a/_sources/index.rst.txt b/_sources/index.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a327fa53 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/index.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +.. _index: + +Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version +======================================================================================================================== + +This is the introductory lesson to version control using +`Git `__. It is assumed to be the very first thing +done in a course. + +Our philosophy is that we start from own local repository, branching and +merging (locally), and a brief introduction to pushing to remotes. In +the separate `collaborative Git +lesson `__, we teach more use of +remote repositories and good collaborative workflows. We try to stick to +simple workflows, just enough for researchers who are not obsessed with +Git to be able to work well. We try to avoid commands which might get +you into a confusing state. + +The goals of the module as a whole are that the user will feel +comfortable about staging changes, committing them, merging, and +branching. + + +.. prereq:: + + - A reasonably recent version of Git (v2.28 or newer) is installed **and configured** + (`installation + instructions `__). + - For one of the episodes we need a `GitHub `__ user + account (but alternatives exist, see below). + - Being comfortable with the command line. No expertise is required, but + the lesson will be mostly taken from the command line (we also have another + lesson on `Collaborating and sharing using GitHub without command line + `__). + - Students should be familiar with using a **text editor** on their + system. If you are new to text editors, we recommend to start with Nano + or VS Code. + + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Core episodes + + motivation + basics + branches + conflicts + remotes + archaeology + level + what-to-avoid + + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Optional episodes + + staging-area + recovering + interrupted + aliases + under-the-hood + + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Reference + + reference + customizing + resources + exercises + guide + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: About + + All lessons + CodeRefinery + Reusing + + + +.. admonition:: Why GitHub? + + In this introduction we will mention and use + `GitHub `__ but also + `GitLab `__ and + `Bitbucket `__ allow similar workflows and + basically everything that we will discuss is transferable. With this + material and these exercises we do not endorse the company + `GitHub `__. We have chosen to demonstrate a + number of concepts using examples with + `GitHub `__ because it is currently the most + popular web platform for hosting Git repositories and the chance is + high that you will interact with + `GitHub `__-based repositories even if you choose + to host your Git repository on another platform. + + Course participants are most welcome to use our `Nordic research + software repository platform `__. diff --git a/_sources/interrupted.md.txt b/_sources/interrupted.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e0a58c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/interrupted.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Interrupted work + +```{objectives} +- Learn to switch context or abort work without panicking. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + +```{keypoints} +- There is almost never reason to clone a fresh copy to complete a task that + you have in mind. +``` + + +## Frequent situation: interrupted work + +We all wish that we could write beautiful perfect code. But the real world is +much more chaotic: + +- You are in the middle of a "Jackson-Pollock-style" debugging spree with 27 modified files + and debugging prints everywhere. +- Your colleague comes in and wants you to fix/commit something right now. +- What to do? + +Git provides lots of ways to switch tasks without ruining everything. + + +## Option 1: Stashing + +The **stash** is the first and easiest place to temporarily "stash" +things. + +- `git stash` will put working directory and staging area changes + away. Your code will be same as last commit. +- `git stash pop` will return to the state you were before. Can give it a list. +- `git stash list` will list the current stashes. +- `git stash save NAME` is like the first, but will give it a name. + Useful if it might last a while. +- `git stash save [-p] [filename]` will stash certain files files + and/or by patches. +- `git stash drop` will drop the most recent stash (or whichever stash + you give). +- The stashes form a stack, so you can stash several batches of modifications. + +(exercise-stashing)= + +### Exercise: Stashing + +````{exercise} Interrupted-1: Stash some uncommitted work +1. Make a change. +2. Check status/diff, stash the change, check status/diff again. +3. Make a separate, unrelated change which doesn't touch the same + lines. Commit this change. +4. Pop off the stash you saved, check status/diff. +5. Optional: Do the same but stash twice. Also check `git stash list`. + Can you pop the stashes in the opposite order? +6. Advanced: What happens if stashes conflict with other changes? Make + a change and stash it. Modify the same line or one right above or + below. Pop the stash back. Resolve the conflict. Note there is no + extra commit. +7. Advanced: what does `git graph` show when you have something + stashed? + +```{solution} +5: Yes you can. With `git stash pop INDEX` you can decie which stash +index to pop. + +6: In this case Git will ask us to resolve the conflict the same way +when resolving conflicts between two branches. + +7: It shows an additional commit hash with `refs/stash`. +``` +```` + + +## Option 2: Create branches + +You can use branches almost like you have already been doing if you +need to save some work. You need to do something else for a bit? +Sounds like a good time to make a feature branch. + +You basically know how to do this: + +```console +$ git switch --create temporary # create a branch and switch to it +$ git add PATHS # stage changes +$ git commit # commit them +$ git switch main # back to main, continue your work there ... +$ git switch temporary # continue where you left off +``` + +Later you can merge it to main or rebase it on top of main and resume work. + + +## Storing various junk you don't need but don't want to get rid of + +It happens often that you do something and don't need it, but you don't want to +lose it right away. You can use either of the above strategies to stash/branch +it away: using branches is probably better because branches are less easily +overlooked if you come back to the repository in few weeks. Note that if you +try to use a branch after a long time, conflicts might get really bad but at +least you have the data still. diff --git a/_sources/level.md.txt b/_sources/level.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3473dbba --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/level.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Practical advice: how much Git is necessary? + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/discussion +``` + + +## What level of branching complexity is necessary for each project? + + +### Simple personal projects + +- Typically start with just the `main` branch. +- Use branches for unfinished/untested ideas. +- Use branches when you are not sure about a change. +- Use tags to mark important milestones. + + +### Projects with few persons: you accept things breaking sometimes + +- It might be reasonable to commit to the `main` branch and feature branches. + + +### Projects with few persons: changes are reviewed by others + +- The `main` branch is write-protected. +- You create new feature branches for changes. +- Changes are reviewed before they are merged to the `main` branch + (more about that in the [collaborative Git lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/)). + + +### When you distribute releases + +- If you want to patch releases, you probably need release branches. +- The `main` branch and release branches are read-only. +- Many [branching models](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-branch-design/05-branching-models/) exist. + +--- + +## How about staging and committing? + +- It is OK to start committing directly. +- Commit early and often: rather create too many commits than too few. + You can always combine commits later. +- Once you commit, it is very, very hard to really lose your code. +- Always fully commit (or stash) before you do dangerous things, so that you know you are safe. + Otherwise it can be hard to recover. +- Later you can start using the staging area. +- Later start using `git add -p` and/or `git commit -p`. + +--- + +## How large should a commit be? + +- Better too small than too large (easier to combine than to split). +- Often I make a commit at the end of the day (this is a unit I would not like to lose). +- Smaller sized commits may be easier to review for others than huge commits. +- Imperfect commits are better than no commits. +- A commit should not contain unrelated changes to simplify review and possible + repair/adjustments/undo later (but again: imperfect commits are better than no commits). + +--- + +```{keypoints} +- There is no one size fits all - start simple and grow your project. +``` + +```{discussion} +How do you [plan to] use Git? + +- Advanced users or beginners, please provide your input in the online collaborative document. +``` + diff --git a/_sources/motivation.md.txt b/_sources/motivation.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aa4be022 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/motivation.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +# Motivation + +```{objectives} +- Make sure nobody leaves the workshop without starting to use some form of version control. +- Discuss the reasons why we advocate distributed version control. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/demonstration +``` + + +## Git is all about keeping track of changes + +We will learn how to keep track of changes first in a terminal ([example +repository](https://github.com/bast/runtest/commits/main/runtest/run.py)): + +```{figure} img/git-log-terminal.png +:alt: Screenshot of a git log in terminal +:width: 80% +``` + +Later also via web interface ([example +repository](https://github.com/bast/runtest/commits/main/runtest/run.py)): + +```{figure} img/git-log-github.png +:alt: Screenshot of a git log on GitHub +:width: 80% +:class: with-border +``` + + +## Why do we need to keep track of versions? + +Version control is an answer to these questions (do you recognize some of them?): + +- "It broke ... hopefully I have a working version somewhere?" + +- "Can you please send me the latest version?" + +- "Where is the latest version?" + +- "Which version are you using?" + +- "Which version have the authors used in the paper I am trying to reproduce?" + +- "Found a bug! Since when was it there?" + +- "I am sure it used to work. When did it change?" + +- "My laptop is gone. Is my thesis now gone?" + + +## Features: roll-back, branching, merging, collaboration + +- **Roll-back**: you can always go back to a previous version and compare + +- **Branching and merging**: + - Work on different ideas at the same time + - Different people can work on the same code/project without interfering + - You can experiment with an idea and discard it if it turns out to be a bad idea + +```{figure} img/octopus.jpeg +:alt: Branching explained with an octopus +:width: 80% + +Source: +``` + +- **Collaboration**: review, compare, share, discuss + +- [Example network graph](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-intro/network) + + +## Reproducibility + +- How do you indicate which version of your code you have used in your paper? +- When you find a bug, how do you know **when precisely** this bug was introduced + (Are published results affected? Do you need to inform collaborators or users of your code?). + +With version control we can "annotate" code ([browse this example online](https://github.com/networkx/networkx/blame/main/networkx/algorithms/boundary.py)): + +```{figure} img/git-annotate.png +:alt: Example of a git-annotated code with code and history side-by-side +:width: 100% +:class: with-border + +Example of a git-annotated code with code and history side-by-side. +``` + + +## Talking about code + +Which of these two is more practical? +- "Clone the code, go to the file 'src/util.rs', and search for 'time_iso8601'". + Oh! But make sure you use the version from August 2023." +- Or I can send you a [permalink](https://github.com/NordicHPC/sonar/blob/75daafc86582feb06299d6a47c82112f39888152/src/util.rs#L40-L44): + +```{figure} img/code-portion.png +:alt: Screen-shot of a code portion +:width: 100% +:class: with-border + +Permalink that points to a code portion. +``` + + +## What we typically like to snapshot + +- Software (this is how it started but Git/GitHub can track a lot more) +- Scripts +- Documents (plain text files much better suitable than Word documents) +- Manuscripts (Git is great for collaborating/sharing LaTeX or [Quarto](https://quarto.org/) manuscripts) +- Configuration files +- Website sources +- Data + +````{discussion} + In this example somebody tried to keep track of versions without a version + control system tool like Git. Discuss the following directory listing. What + possible problems do you anticipate with this kind of "version control": + ```shell + myproject-2019.zip + myproject-2020-February.zip + myproject-2021-August.zip + myproject-2023-09-19-working.zip + myproject-2023-09-21.zip + myproject-2023-09-21-test.zip + myproject-2023-09-21-myversion.zip + myproject-2023-09-21-newfeature.zip + ... + ``` + + ```{solution} + - Giving a version to a collaborator and merging changes later with own + changes sounds like lots of work. + - What if you discover a bug and want to know since when the bug existed? + ``` +```` + + +## Difficulties of version control + +Despite the benefits, let's be honest, there are some difficulties: + +- One more thing to learn (it's probably worth it and will save you more time in the long run; basic career skill). +- Difficult if your collaborators don't want to use it (in the worst case, you can version control on your side and email them versions). +- Advanced things can be difficult, but basics are often enough (ask others for help when needed). + +--- + +```{discussion} Why Git and not another tool? +- **Easy to set up**: no server needed. +- **Very popular**: chances are high you will need to contribute to somebody else's code which is tracked with Git. +- **Distributed**: good backup, no single point of failure, you can track and + clean-up changes offline, simplifies collaboration model for open-source + projects. +- Important **platforms** such as [GitHub](https://github.com), [GitLab](https://gitlab.com), and [Bitbucket](https://bitbucket.org) + build on top of Git. + +However, any version control is better than no version control and it is OK to +prefer a different tool than Git such as +[Subversion](https://subversion.apache.org), +[Mercurial](https://www.mercurial-scm.org), [Pijul](https://pijul.org/), or others. +``` diff --git a/_sources/recovering.md.txt b/_sources/recovering.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6e3431fe --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/recovering.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +# Undoing and recovering + +```{objectives} +- Learn to undo changes safely +- See when undone changes are permanently deleted and when they can be retrieved +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + +One of the main points of version control is that you can *go back in +time to recover*. Unlike this xkcd comic implies: + +In this episode we show a couple of commands that can be used to undo mistakes. +We also list a couple of common mistakes and discuss how to recover from them. +Some commands preserve the commit history and some modify commit history. +Modifying history? Isn't a "commit" permanent? + +- You can modify old commit history. +- But if you have shared that history already, *modifying it can make + a huge mess*. + +```{note} +As long as you commit something once (or at least `git add` it), you +can almost always go back to it, no matter what you do. +But you may need to ask Stack Overflow or your local +guru... *until that guru becomes you*. +``` + +```{admonition} Nice resource to visually simulate Git operation +[git-sim](https://github.com/initialcommit-com/git-sim#video-animation-examples) +is a nice resouce to visually simulate Git operations listed in this episode +below, in your own repos with a single terminal command. +``` + +--- + +## Undoing your recent, uncommitted and unstaged changes (preserves history) + +```{note} +In case `git restore` does not work, your Git version might be older than from 2019. +On older Git it is `git checkout` instead of `git restore`. +``` + +You do some work, and want to **undo your uncommitted and unstaged modifications**. +You can always do that with: + +- `git restore .`: (the dot means "here and in all folders below") + +Or, you can undo things selectively: + +- `git restore -p` (decide which portions of changes to undo) or `git restore PATH` (decide which path/file) + +If you have staged changes, you have at least two options to undo the staging: +- `git restore --staged .` followed by `git status` and `git restore .` +- `git reset --hard HEAD` throws away everything that is not in last + commit (`HEAD` - this literal word, this isn't a placeholder) + +--- + +## Reverting commits (preserves history) + +- Imagine we made a few commits. +- We realize that the latest commit `f960dd3` was a mistake and we wish to undo it: + ```console + $ git log --oneline + + f960dd3 (HEAD -> main) not sure this is a good idea + dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` + +A safe way to undo the commit is to revert the commit with `git revert`: +```console +$ git revert f960dd3 +``` + +This creates a **new commit** that does the opposite of the reverted commit. +The old commit remains in the history: +```console +$ git log --oneline + +d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea" +f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea +dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +2bb9bb4 add half an onion +2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +You can revert any commit, no matter how old it is. It doesn't affect +other commits you have done since then - but if they touch the same +code, you may get a conflict (which we'll learn about later). + +(exercise-revert)= + +### Exercise: Revert a commit + +```{exercise} Undoing-1: Revert a commit +- Create a commit (commit A). +- Revert the commit with `git revert` (commit B). +- Inspect the history with `git log --oneline`. +- Now try `git show` on both the reverted (commit A) and the newly created commit (commit B). +``` + + +## Adding to the previous commit (modifies history) + +Sometimes we commit but realize we forgot something. +We can amend to the last commit: + +```console +$ git commit --amend +``` + +This can also be used to modify the last commit message. + +Note that this **will change the commit hash**. This command **modifies the history**. +This means that we avoid this command on commits that we have shared with others. + +(exercise-amend)= + +### Exercise: Modify a previous commit + +````{exercise} Undoing-2: Modify a previous commit +1. Make an incomplete change to the recipe or a typo in your change, `git + add` and `git commit` the incomplete/unsatisfactory change. +2. Inspect the unsatisfactory but committed change with `git show`. Remember + or write down the commit hash. +3. Now complete/fix the change but instead of creating a new commit, add the + correction to the previous commit with `git add`, followed by `git commit + --amend`. What changed? + + ```{solution} + One thing that has changed now is the commit hash. Modifying the previous + commit has changed the history. This is OK to do on commits that other people + don't depend on yet. + ``` +```` + + +## Rewinding branches (modifies history) + +You can **reset branch history** to move your branch back to some +point in the past. + +* `git reset --hard HASH` will force a branch label to any other point. All + other changes are lost (but it is possible to recover if you force reset by mistake). +* Be careful if you do this - it can mess stuff up. Use `git graph` a + lot before and after. + + +(exercise-reset)= + +### Exercise: Git reset + +````{exercise} Undoing-3: Destroy our experimentation in this episode + After we have experimented with reverts and amending, let us destroy + all of that and get our repositories to a similar state. + + - First, we will look at our history (`git log`/`git graph`) and + find the last commit `HASH` before our tests. + - Then, we will `git reset --hard HASH` to that. + - Then, `git graph` again to see what happened. + + ```console + $ git log --oneline + + d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea" + f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea + dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + + $ git reset --hard dd4472c + + HEAD is now at dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + + $ git log --oneline + + dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy + 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` +```` + +--- + +## Recovering from committing to the wrong branch + +It is easy to forget to create a branch or to create it and forget to switch to +it when committing changes. + +Here we assume that we made a couple of commits but we realize they went to the +wrong branch. + +**Solution 1 using git cherry-pick**: +1. Make sure that the correct branch exists and if not, create it. Make sure to + create it from the commit hash where you wish you had created it from: `git + branch BRANCHNAME HASH` +2. Switch to the correct branch. +3. `git cherry-pick HASH` can be used to take a specific commit to the + current branch. Cherry-pick all commits that should have gone to the correct + branch, **from oldest to most recent**. +4. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with `git reset --hard` (see also above). + +**Solution 2 using git reset --hard** (makes sense if the correct branch should +contain all commits of the accidentally modified branch): +1. Create the correct branch, pointing at the latest commit: `git branch BRANCHNAME`. +2. Check with `git log` or `git graph` that both branches point to the same, latest, commit. +3. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with `git reset --hard` (see also above). + + +## Recovering from merging/pulling into the wrong branch + +`git merge`, `git rebase`, and `git pull` modify the **current** branch, never +the other branch. But sometimes we run this command on the wrong branch. + +1. Check with `git log` the commit hash that you would like to rewind the + wrongly modified branch to. +2. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with `git reset --hard HASH` (see also above). + + +## Recovering from conflict after git pull + +`git pull` can create a conflict since `git pull` always also includes a `git merge` (more about this +in the [collaborative Git lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/)). + +The recovery is same as described in {ref}`conflict-resolution`. Either +resolve conflicts or abort the merge with `git merge --abort`. + +--- + +````{challenge} Undoing-4: Test your understanding + 1. What happens if you accidentally remove a tracked file with `git rm`, is it gone forever? + 2. Is it OK to modify commits that nobody has seen yet? + 3. What situations would justify to modify the Git history and possibly remove commits? + + ```{solution} + 1. It is not gone forever since `git rm` creates a new commit. You can simply revert it! + 2. If you haven't shared your commits with anyone it can be alright to modify them. + 3. If you have shared your commits with others (e.g. pushed them to GitHub), only extraordinary + conditions would justify modifying history. For example to remove sensitive or secret information. + ``` +```` diff --git a/_sources/reference.md.txt b/_sources/reference.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef164af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/reference.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Quick reference + +## Other cheatsheets + +* [Interactive git cheatsheet](http://www.ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html) +* [Very detailed 2-page git + cheatsheet](https://aaltoscicomp.github.io/cheatsheets/git-the-way-you-need-it-cheatsheet.pdf) + + +## Glossary + +* **working directory/ workspace**: the actual files you see and edit +* **staging area**: Place files go after `git add` and before `git + commit` +* **hash**: unique reference of any commit or state +* **branch**: One line of work. Different branches can exist at the + same time and split/merge. +* **HEAD**: Pointer to the most recent commit on the current branch. +* **remote**: Roughly, another server that holds .git. +* **origin**: Default name for a remote repository. +* **master**: Default name for main branch on Git. Depending on the configuration and service, + the default branch is sometimes **main**. + In this lesson we configure Git so that the default branch is + called **main** to be more consistent with GitHub and GitLab. +* **main**: Default name for main branch on GitLab and GitHub. + In this lesson we configure Git so that the default branch is + called **main** to be more consistent with GitHub and GitLab. + + +## Commands we use + +Setup: + +* `git config`: edit configuration options +* `git init`: create new repository + +See our status: + +* `git status`: see status of files - use often! +* `git log`: see history of commits and their messages, newest first +* `git graph`: see a detailed graph of commits. Create this command + with `git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"` +* `git diff`: show difference between working directory and last commit +* `git diff --staged`: show difference between staging area and last commit +* `git show COMMIT`: inspect individual commits + +General work: + +* `git add FILE`: + - Add a new file + - Add a file to staging +* `git commit`: record a version, add it to current branch +* `git commit --amend`: amend our last commit +* `git branch`: show which branch we're on +* `git branch NAME`: create a new branch called "name" +* `git restore FILE`: restore last committed/staged version of FILE, losing unstaged changes +* `git switch --create BRANCH-NAME`: create a new branch and switch to it +* `git revert HASH`: create a new commit which reverts commit HASH +* `git reset --soft HASH`: remove all commits after HASH, but keep their modifications as staged changes +* `git reset --hard HASH`: remove all commits after HASH, permanently throwing away their changes +* `git merge BRANCH-NAME`: merge branch BRANCH-NAME into current branch +* `git grep PATTERN`: search for patterns in tracked files +* `git annotate FILE`: find out when a specific line got introduced and by whom +* `git bisect`: find a commit which broke some functionality diff --git a/_sources/remotes.md.txt b/_sources/remotes.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d2c4f45d --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/remotes.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ +# Sharing repositories online + +```{objectives} +- We get a feeling for remote repositories ([more later](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/)). +- We are able to publish a repository on the web. +- We are able to fetch and track a repository from the web. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 30 min demonstration/type-along +``` + + +## From our laptops to the web + +We have seen that **creating Git repositories and moving them around is +simple** and that is great. + +So far everything was local and all snapshots, branches, and tags are saved under `.git`. + +If we remove `.git`, we remove all Git history of a project. + +```{discussion} +- What if the hard disk fails? +- What if somebody steals my laptop? +- How can we collaborate with others across the web? +``` + + +## Remotes + +We will learn how to work with remote repositories in detail in the +[collaborative distributed version control](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/) lesson. + +In this section we only want to get a taste to prepare us for other lessons +where we will employ GitHub. Our goal is to publish our guacamole recipe on +the web. Don't worry, you will be able to remove it afterwards. + +To store your git data on another server, you use **remotes**. +A remote is a repository on its own, with its own branches +We can **push** changes to the remote and **pull** +from the remote. + +You might use remotes to: +- Back up your own work. +- To collaborate with other people. + +There are different types of remotes: +- If you have a server you can ssh to, you can use that as a remote. +- [GitHub](https://github.com) is a popular, closed-source commercial site. +- [GitLab](https://about.gitlab.com) is a popular, open-core + commercial site. Many universities have their own private GitLab servers + set up. +- [Bitbucket](https://bitbucket.org) is yet another popular commercial site. +- Another option is [NotABug](https://notabug.org) +- We also operate a [Nordic + research software repository + platform](https://coderefinery.org/repository/). + This is GitLab, free for researchers and allows private, + cross-university sharing. + + +## Type-along: Create a new repository on GitHub + +```{important} + +Don't do anything yet. We make a choice in the next section, and then +do these steps in the following one. +``` + +For the rest of this page, we will make a new repository for our +guacamole recipe on GitHub ({ref}`here ` we motivate why we demonstrate this +with GitHub), +send our code to it, and then see how +others can get the code from it. + +````{admonition} If you don't have the recipe repository from previous episodes +Maybe you joined the workshop later or got stuck somewhere? **No problem**! + +**If you don't have the recipe repository from previous episodes**, you can +clone our version of the repository using (please **skip this if you have the recipe +repository on your computer already**): +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge.git recipe +$ cd recipe +$ git remote remove origin +``` + +Now you have a repository called `recipe` on your computer with a couple of +commits. Further down we will also clarify what `git clone` does. +```` + +Make sure that you are **logged into GitHub**. + +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/new-top-left.png +:width: 60% +:class: with-border + +To create a repository we either click the green button "New" (top left corner). +``` + +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/new-top-right.png +:width: 60% +:class: with-border + +Or if you see your profile page, there is a "+" menu (top right corner). +``` + +Yet another way to create a new repository is to visit +[https://github.com/new](https://github.com/new) directly. + +--- + +On this page choose a project name. +For the sake of this exercise **do not select** +"Initialize this repository with a README" (what will happen if you do?): +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/creating.png +:width: 100% +:class: with-border +``` + +Once you click the green "Create repository", you will see a page similar to: +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/created.png +:width: 100% +:class: with-border +``` + +What this means is that we have now an empty project with either an HTTPS or an +SSH address: click on the HTTPS and SSH buttons to see what happens. + +--- + +% This anchor used for linking from other lessons +(clone-method)= + +## Authenticating to Github: SSH or HTTPS? + +**How does Github know who you are?** This is hard and there are two +options. + +* **SSH** is the classic method, using Secure Shell remote connection + keys. +* **HTTPS** works with the **Git Credential Manager**, which is an + extra add-on that works easily in Windows and Mac. + +Read how to install them from the [installation +instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/). + +Test which one you should use: + +`````{tabs} +````{group-tab} SSH +Try this command: + +```console +$ ssh -T git@github.com +``` +If it returns `Hi USERNAME! You've successfully authenticated, ...`, +then SSH is configured and the following steps will work with the SSH +cloning. + +See our [installation +instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/) to +set up SSH access. + +**From now on, if you know that SSH works, you should always select +SSH as the clone URL from Github, or translate the URL to start with +the right thing yourself:** `git@github.com:` (with the trailing +`:`). +```` +````{group-tab} HTTPS +```console +$ git config --get credential.helper +``` +If this shows something, then the credential manager is probably +configured and HTTPS cloning will work (but you can't verify it until +you try using it). + +From now on, **if you know that HTTPS works, you should always select +HTTPS as the clone URL from Github, or translate the URL to start with +the right thing yourself:** `https://github.com/` +```` +````` + +If you do not have these configured, please watch as we do this episode and you +can check the [installation +instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/) +prepare before the next [collaborative Git +lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/), where we will need +one of these set up. + + +--- + +## Pushing our guacamole recipe repository to GitHub + +To push changes to the project please **select SSH**. +For this to work [you will need your SSH keys configured](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/). + +We now want to try the second option that GitHub suggests: + +> **... or push an existing repository from the command line** + +1. Now go to your guacamole repository on your computer. +2. Check that you are in the right place with `git status`. +3. Copy paste the three lines to the terminal and execute those, in my case (**you + need to replace the "USER" part and possibly also the repository name**): + + + `````{tabs} + ````{group-tab} SSH + See above for if SSH is the right option for you. + ```console + $ git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git + ``` + ```` + ````{group-tab} HTTPS + See above for if HTTPS is the right option for you. + ```console + $ git remote add origin https://github.com/USER/recipe.git + ``` + ```` + ````` + + ```console + $ git branch -M main + $ git push -u origin main + ``` + +The meaning of the above lines: +- Add a remote reference with the name "origin" +- Rename current branch to "main" +- Push branch "main" to "origin" + +You should now see: + +```text +Enumerating objects: 3, done. +Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done. +Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 221 bytes | 221.00 KiB/s, done. +Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 +To github.com:USER/recipe.git + * [new branch] main -> main +Branch 'main' set up to track remote branch 'main' from 'origin'. +``` + +### Exercise: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub + +```{exercise} Push-1: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub +- Go to your recipe directory on your computer. +- Check that you are in the right place with `git status`. +- Define the remote with `git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git`. +- Rename the current branch to "main", if needed: `git branch -M main`. +- Push the local branch "main" to the remote: `git push -u origin main`. +``` + +**Reload your GitHub project website and - taa-daa - your commits should now be +online!** + +What just happened? **Think of publishing a repository as uploading the `.git` part online**. + +--- + +## Cloning a repository + +Now other people can clone this repository and contribute changes. In the +[collaborative distributed version control](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/) lesson +we will learn how this works. + +At this point only a brief demo - if you copy the SSH or HTTPS address, you can clone repositories like this +(again adapt the `USER` in the "USER/repository.git" part): + + +`````{tabs} +````{group-tab} SSH +```console +$ git clone git@github.com:USER/recipe.git +``` + +**From now on, if you are using SSH, you should pay attention and make +sure your clone URLs start with `git@github.com:` now and in future +lessons.** +```` +````{group-tab} HTTPS +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/USER/recipe.git +``` + +**From now on, if you are using HTTPS, you should pay attention and make +sure your clone URLs start with `https://github.com/` now and in future +lessons.** +```` +````` + +This creates a directory called "recipe" unless it already exists. You can also specify the target directory +on your computer: + +`````{tabs} +````{group-tab} SSH +```console +$ git clone git@github.com:USER/recipe.git myrecipe +``` +```` +````{group-tab} HTTPS +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/user/recipe.git myrecipe +``` +```` +````` + +What just happened? **Think of cloning as downloading the `.git` part to your +computer**. After downloading the `.git` part the branch pointed to by HEAD is +automatically checked out. + +```{keypoints} +- A repository can have one or multiple remotes (we will revisit these later). +- Local branches often track remote branches. +- A remote serves as a full backup of your work. +- We'll properly learn how to use these in the [Collaborative Git lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/). +``` diff --git a/_sources/resources.md.txt b/_sources/resources.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..53899032 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/resources.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# Other resources + +- [Learn Git branching](http://pcottle.github.io/learnGitBranching/) +- [The entire Pro Git book, written by Scott Chacon and Ben Straub](http://git-scm.com/book) +- [Learn git one commit at a time](http://gitready.com) +- [A successful Git branching model](http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/) +- [Commit Often, Perfect Later, Publish Once: Git Best Practices](http://sethrobertson.github.io/GitBestPractices/) +- [PeepCode Git Internals](https://github.com/pluralsight/git-internals-pdf/releases) +- [Git Workflows for Pros: A Good Git Guide](https://www.toptal.com/git/git-workflows-for-pros-a-good-git-guide) +- [Branch-per-Feature](http://dymitruk.com/blog/2012/02/05/branch-per-feature/) +- [Git on XKCD](http://xkcd.com/1597/) +- [An efficient GIT workflow for mid/long term projects](http://fle.github.io/an-efficient-git-workflow-for-midlong-term-projects.html) diff --git a/_sources/staging-area.md.txt b/_sources/staging-area.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..94d0fe83 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/staging-area.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,330 @@ +# Using the Git staging area + +```{objectives} +- Learn how to tell a story with your commit history. +- Demystify the Git staging area. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 10 min exercise +``` + + +## Commit history is telling a story + +Your *current code* is very important, but the *history* can be just +as important - it tells a story about how your code came to be. + +- Each individual line of code rarely stands alone. +- You often want to see all the related changes together. +- But you also hardly ever do one thing at once. + +Along with your code, Git creates a *history* for you, and if your +history is clear then you are a long way to organized code. + +````{discussion} + Here are five types of history. What are the advantages and + disadvantages of each, when you look at it later? + + **Example 1**: + ```shell + b135ec8 add features A, B, and C + ``` + + **Example 2** (newest commit is on top): + ```shell + 6f0d49f implement feature C + fee1807 implement feature B + 6fe2f23 implement feature A + ``` + + **Example 3**: + ```shell + ab990f4 saving three months of miscellaneous work I forgot to commit + ``` + + **Example 4** (newest commit is on top): + ```shell + bf39f9d more work on feature B + 45831a5 removing debug prints for feature A and add new file + bddb280 more work on feature B and make feature A compile again + 72d78e7 feature A did not work and started work on feature B + b135ec8 now feature A should work + 72e0211 another fix to make it compile + 61dd3a3 forgot file and bugfix + 49dc419 wip (work in progress) + ``` + + **Example 5** (newest commit is on top): + ```shell + 1949dc4 Work of 2020-04-07 + a361dd3 Work of 2020-04-06 + 1172e02 Work of 2020-04-03 + e772d78 Work of 2020-04-02 + ``` + + Discuss these examples. Can you anticipate problems? +```` + +We want to have nice commits. But we also want to "save often" +(checkpointing) - how can we have both? + +- We will now learn to create nice commits using `git commit --patch` and/or the staging area. +- Staging addresses the issue of having unrelated changes in the same +commit or having one logical change spread over several commits. +- The staging area isn't the only way to organize your history nicely, some alternatives are discussed at the end of the lesson. + + +## Interactive commits + +- The simplest ways to solve this is to do **interactive commits**: + the `git commit --patch` option (or `git commit -p` for short). +- It will present you with every change you have made individually, + and you can decide which ones to commit right now. +- Reference and key commands + - `git commit --patch` to start the interactive commit + - `y` to use the change + - `n` to skip the change + - `s` (split) if there are several changes grouped together, but + separated by a blank line, split them into separate choices. + - `q` aborts everything. + - `?` for more options. +- The `-p` option is also available on `commit`, `restore`, `checkout`, `reset`, and `add`. + + +(exercise-interactive-commits)= + +## Exercise: Interactive commits + +````{exercise} Staging-1: Perform an interactive commit +One option to help us create nice logical commits is to stage *interactively* +with `git commit --patch`: + +1. Make two changes in `instructions.txt`, at the top and bottom + of the file. + **Make sure that they are separated by at least several unmodified lines.** +2. Run `git commit --patch`. Using the keystrokes above, commit one of + the changes. +3. Do it again for the other change. +4. When you're done, inspect the situation with `git log`, `git status`, `git diff` and `git diff --staged`. +5. When would this be useful? + + ```{solution} + This can be useful if you have several modification in a file (or several + files) but you decide that it would be beneficial to save them as two (or + more) separate commits. + ``` +```` + + +## The staging area + +- The interactive commits above are great, but what if there are so + many changes that you can't sort them out in one shot? +- What if you make progress and want to record it somehow, but it's + not ready to be committed? +- The **staging area** is a place to record things before committing. + +```{instructor-note} +We give two examples and the instructor can pick one or both: +- Analogy using moving boxes +- Analogy using shopping receipts +``` + +```{discussion} + **Analogy using moving boxes** + + - You're moving and you have a box to pack your things in. + - You can put stuff into the box, but you can also take stuff out of the box. + - You wouldn't want to mix items from the bathroom, kitchen, and living room + into the same box. + - The box corresponds to the staging area of Git, where you can craft your commits. + - Committing is like sealing the box and sticking a label on it. + - You wouldn't want to label your box with "stuff", but rather give a more + descriptive label. + - See also + + + **Analogy using shopping receipts** + + - You need to go shopping and buy some stuff for work and for home. + You need two separate receipts. + - Bad idea: go through the store get home stuff, pay, start at the + beginning and go through the store again. This is inefficient and + annoying. + - What you actually do: + - Go through the store and put everything you need in your shopping + basket. + - Get to the check-out. Put your home stuff on the conveyor belt + (`git add`). Check both the belt (`git diff --staged`) and your + basket (`git diff`) to make sure you got all your home stuff. + - Pay (`git commit`) + - Repeat for work stuff. + + In order to keep organized, you have to use multiple locations to + stage things in sequence. +``` + + +## Staging area commands + +The staging area is a middle ground between what you have done to your files +(the **working directory**) and what you have last committed (the **HEAD commit**). +Just like the name implies, it lets you prepare (**stage**) what the next commit will be and most importantly give you tools to easily know what is going on. +This adds some complexity but also adds more flexibility to selectively +prepare commits since **you can modify and stage several times before committing**. + +**git add** stages/prepares for the next commit: +```text + git add + [project*] <------------ project* + ^ + | modify with editor + | + HEAD . project + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +**git commit** creates a new commit: +```text + + HEAD . project + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~2 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +**git reset \\--soft HEAD~1** (move HEAD back by one but keep changes and stage +them) would do the opposite of **git commit**. (in this case, `HEAD` +is literally this - not a replacement) + +Going back to the last staged version: +```text + git restore + [project*] ------------> project* + + + + HEAD . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +Unstaging changes with **git restore \\--staged**: +```text + git restore --staged + ------------> project* + + + + HEAD . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +Discarding unstaged changes: +```text + + project* + | + | git restore + v + HEAD . project + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +Comparing: +```text + git diff + [project*] <-----------> project* + ^ ^ + | git diff --staged | git diff HEAD + v v + HEAD . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +```{figure} img/staging-basics.svg +:alt: Staging basics +:width: 100% + +The different states of the repository and the commands to move from one to +another. +``` + +(exercise-staging-area)= + +## Exercise: Using the staging area + +```{exercise} Staging-2: Use the staging area to make a commit in two steps +1. In your recipe example, make two different changes to + `ingredients.txt` and `instructions.txt` which do not go together. +2. Use `git add` to stage one of the changes. +3. Use `git status` to see what's going on, and use `git diff` and `git diff --staged` to see the changes. +4. Feel some regret and unstage the staged change. +``` + +```{discussion} +- When is it better to "save" a change as commit, when is it better to "save" + it with `git add`? +- Is it a problem to commit many small changes? +``` + +```{keypoints} +- The staging area helps us to create well-defined commits. +``` diff --git a/_sources/under-the-hood.md.txt b/_sources/under-the-hood.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..977968da --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/under-the-hood.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +# Git under the hood + +```{objectives} +- Verify that branches are pointers to commits and extremely lightweight. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + +```{figure} img/stranger.jpg +:alt: Git under the hood +:width: 100% +``` + + +## Down the rabbit hole + +When working with Git, **you will never need to go inside .git**, but in this +exercise we will, in order to learn about how branches are implemented in Git. + +For this exercise create a new repository and commit a couple of changes. + +Now that we've made a couple of commits let us look at what is happening under +the hood. + +```console +$ cd .git +$ ls -l + +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 branches +.rw-r--r-- 499 user 25 Aug 15:52 COMMIT_EDITMSG +.rw-r--r-- 92 user 25 Aug 15:51 config +.rw-r--r-- 73 user 25 Aug 15:51 description +.rw-r--r-- 21 user 25 Aug 15:51 HEAD +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 hooks +.rw-r--r-- 137 user 25 Aug 15:52 index +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 info +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:52 logs +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:52 objects +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 refs +``` + +Git stores everything under the .git folder in your repository. In fact, **the +.git directory is the Git repository.** + +Previously when you wrote the commit messages using your text editor, they +were in fact saved to `COMMIT_EDITMSG`. + +Each commit in Git is stored as a "blob". This blob contains information about +the author and the commit message. The blob references another blob that lists +the files present in the directory at the time and references blobs that record +the state of each file. + +Commits are referenced by a SHA-1 hash (a 40-character hexadecimal string). + +```{figure} img/commit-and-tree.png +:alt: A commit inside Git +:width: 100% + +States of a Git file. Image from the [Pro Git book](https://git-scm.com/book/). License CC BY 3.0. +``` + +Once you have several commits, each commit blob also links to the hash of the +previous commit. The commits form a [directed acyclic +graph](http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/) (do not worry +if the term is not familiar). + +```{figure} img/commits-and-parents.png +:alt: A commit and its parents +:width: 100% + +A commit and its parents. Image from the [Pro Git book](https://git-scm.com/book/). License CC BY 3.0. +``` + +All branches and tags in Git are pointers to commits. + + +## Git is basically a content-addressed storage system + +- CAS: ["mechanism for storing information that can be retrieved based on its content, not its storage location"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-addressable_storage) +- Content address is the content digest (SHA-1 checksum) +- Stored data does not change - so when we modify commits, we always create new + commits. Git doesn't delete these right away, which is why it is *very hard + to lose data if you commit it once*. + +Let us poke a bit into raw objects! Start with: + +```console +$ git cat-file -p HEAD +``` + +Then explore the `tree` object, then the `file` object, etc. recursively using the hashes you see. + + +## Demonstration: experimenting with branches + +Let us lift the hood and create few branches manually. The +goal of this exercise is to hopefully create an "Aha!" moment and provide us a +good understanding of the underlying model. + +We are starting from the `main` branch and create an `idea` branch: + +```console +$ git status + +On branch main +nothing to commit, working tree clean +``` + +```console +$ git switch --create idea + +Switched to a new branch 'idea' +``` + +```console +$ git branch + +* idea + main +``` + +Now let us go in: + +```console +$ cd .git +$ cd refs/heads +$ ls -l + +.rw-r--r-- 41 user 25 Aug 15:54 idea +.rw-r--r-- 41 user 25 Aug 15:52 main +``` + +Let us check what the `idea` file looks like +(do not worry if the hash is different): +```console +$ cat idea + +045e3db14740c60684d745e5fb891ae71e335611 +``` + +Now let us replicate this file: +```console +$ cp idea idea-2 +$ cp idea idea-3 +$ cp idea idea-4 +$ cp idea idea-5 +``` + +Let us go up two levels and inspect the file `HEAD`: +```console +$ cd ../.. +$ cat HEAD + +ref: refs/heads/idea +``` + +Let us open this file and change it to: +``` +ref: refs/heads/idea-3 +``` + +**Now we are ready for the aha moment!** +First let us go back to the working area: +```console +$ cd .. +``` + +Now - on which branch are we? +```console +$ git branch + + idea + idea-2 +* idea-3 + idea-4 + idea-5 + main +``` + +```{discussion} +Discuss the findings with other course participants. +``` diff --git a/_sources/what-to-avoid.md.txt b/_sources/what-to-avoid.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..436a085c --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/what-to-avoid.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# What to avoid + +The idea for this page came up during a discussion: quick reference page of +things that you should not do with Git. Basically, a list of some common Git +gotchas. + +**Postponing commits because the changes are "unfinished"/"ugly"**: It is +better to have many OK-ish commits than too few perfect commits. Too few +perfect commits are probably too large and make undoing more difficult. It is +also easier to combine too small commits than it is to split too large commits. +The longer you wait because of this, the harder it will be to +commit it at all. + +**Not updating your branch before starting new work**: Few things are worse +than doing work and then noticing a lot of conflicts because +un-related work was done in the meantime or even before you started. Or noticing that someone +else has already done it. This problem is largest when you come back +to an active project weeks or months later. + +**Commit unrelated changes together**: Makes it difficult to undo changes since +it can undo also the unrelated change. +But, this is the counterpoint to the first point: In the end, it is probably better to make big +ugly commits than to never commit. This is especially true in in the chaotic early +phases of small projects. + +**Too ambitious branch which risks to never get completed**: The branch will +never merge back and be so big and so ambitious with too many/big features that +the risk is high that once it is really ready, there are conflicts everywhere. + +**Committing generated files**: See {ref}`gitignore`. + +**Over-engineering the branch layout and safeguards in small projects**: This +may prevent people from contributing (maybe even including yourself?). Add more restrictions and safeguards as +the project and the group of collaborators grows. + +**Commit messages that explain what has been changed but do not explain why it has been +changed**: This is as useful as code comments which describe the "obvious" such +as "this is a loop" instead of explaining why something is done this way. +But don't let perfect commit messages stop you from the most important point, committing often (first point). + +**Commit huge files**: Huge files get sometimes accidentally added and +committed which can significantly increase the repository size. Note that a +subsequent `git rm` does not remove the addition from the repository history. +Code review can help detecting accidental large file additions. + +```{discussion} +Question to all seasoned Git users: What are we missing on this page? Please +contribute improvements. +``` diff --git a/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js b/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8549469d --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +/* + * _sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js + * ~~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Compatability shim for jQuery and underscores.js. + * + * WILL BE REMOVED IN Sphinx 6.0 + * xref RemovedInSphinx60Warning + * + */ + +/** + * select a different prefix for underscore + */ +$u = _.noConflict(); + + +/** + * small helper function to urldecode strings + * + * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent#Decoding_query_parameters_from_a_URL + */ +jQuery.urldecode = function(x) { + if (!x) { + return x + } + return decodeURIComponent(x.replace(/\+/g, ' ')); +}; + +/** + * small helper function to urlencode strings + */ +jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent; + +/** + * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the + * current request. Multiple values per key are supported, + * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts. + */ +jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) { + if (typeof s === 'undefined') + s = document.location.search; + var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&'); + var result = {}; + for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) { + var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2); + var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]); + var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]); + if (key in result) + result[key].push(value); + else + result[key] = [value]; + } + return result; +}; + +/** + * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in + * span elements with the given class name. + */ +jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) { + function highlight(node, addItems) { + if (node.nodeType === 3) { + var val = node.nodeValue; + var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); + if (pos >= 0 && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className) && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass("nohighlight")) { + var span; + var isInSVG = jQuery(node).closest("body, svg, foreignObject").is("svg"); + if (isInSVG) { + span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); + } else { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.className = className; + } + span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); + node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore( + document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)), + node.nextSibling)); + node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); + if (isInSVG) { + var rect = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "rect"); + var bbox = node.parentElement.getBBox(); + rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; + rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; + rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; + rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; + rect.setAttribute('class', className); + addItems.push({ + "parent": node.parentNode, + "target": rect}); + } + } + } + else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) { + jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + } + } + var addItems = []; + var result = this.each(function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + for (var i = 0; i < addItems.length; ++i) { + jQuery(addItems[i].parent).before(addItems[i].target); + } + return result; +}; + +/* + * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser + * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed. + */ +if (!jQuery.browser) { + jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) { + ua = ua.toLowerCase(); + + var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) || + []; + + return { + browser: match[ 1 ] || "", + version: match[ 2 ] || "0" + }; + }; + jQuery.browser = {}; + jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true; +} diff --git a/_static/basic.css b/_static/basic.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4e9a9f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/basic.css @@ -0,0 +1,900 @@ +/* + * basic.css + * ~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2022 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; +} + +div.section::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: left; +} + +/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.related { + width: 100%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +div.related h3 { + display: none; +} + +div.related ul { + margin: 0; + padding: 0 0 0 10px; + list-style: none; +} + +div.related li { + display: inline; +} + +div.related li.right { + float: right; + margin-right: 5px; +} + +/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sphinxsidebarwrapper { + padding: 10px 5px 0 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar { + float: left; + width: 230px; + margin-left: -100%; + font-size: 90%; + word-wrap: break-word; + overflow-wrap : break-word; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul { + list-style: none; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul, +div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points { + margin-left: 20px; + list-style: square; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar form { + margin-top: 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar input { + border: 1px solid #98dbcc; + font-family: sans-serif; + font-size: 1em; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox form.search { + overflow: hidden; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] { + float: left; + width: 80%; + padding: 0.25em; + box-sizing: border-box; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] { + float: left; + width: 20%; + border-left: none; + padding: 0.25em; + box-sizing: border-box; +} + + +img { + border: 0; + max-width: 100%; +} + +/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +ul.search { + margin: 10px 0 0 20px; + padding: 0; +} + +ul.search li { + padding: 5px 0 5px 20px; + background-image: url(file.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: 0 7px; +} + +ul.search li a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +ul.search li p.context { + color: #888; + margin: 2px 0 0 30px; + text-align: left; +} + +ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */ + +table.contentstable { + width: 90%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.contentstable p.biglink { + line-height: 150%; +} + +a.biglink { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +span.linkdescr { + font-style: italic; + padding-top: 5px; + font-size: 90%; +} + +/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.indextable { + width: 100%; +} + +table.indextable td { + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; +} + +table.indextable ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + list-style-type: none; +} + +table.indextable > tbody > tr > td > ul { + padding-left: 0em; +} + +table.indextable tr.pcap { + height: 10px; +} + +table.indextable tr.cap { + margin-top: 10px; + background-color: #f2f2f2; +} + +img.toggler { + margin-right: 3px; + margin-top: 3px; + cursor: pointer; +} + +div.modindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +div.genindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +/* -- domain module index --------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.modindextable td { + padding: 2px; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.body { + min-width: 360px; + max-width: 800px; +} + +div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote { + -moz-hyphens: auto; + -ms-hyphens: auto; + -webkit-hyphens: auto; + hyphens: auto; +} + +a.headerlink { + visibility: hidden; +} + +h1:hover > a.headerlink, +h2:hover > a.headerlink, +h3:hover > a.headerlink, +h4:hover > a.headerlink, +h5:hover > a.headerlink, +h6:hover > a.headerlink, +dt:hover > a.headerlink, +caption:hover > a.headerlink, +p.caption:hover > a.headerlink, +div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +div.body p.caption { + text-align: inherit; +} + +div.body td { + text-align: left; +} + +.first { + margin-top: 0 !important; +} + +p.rubric { + margin-top: 30px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +img.align-left, figure.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left { + clear: left; + float: left; + margin-right: 1em; +} + +img.align-right, figure.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right { + clear: right; + float: right; + margin-left: 1em; +} + +img.align-center, figure.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +img.align-default, figure.align-default, .figure.align-default { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.align-left { + text-align: left; +} + +.align-center { + text-align: center; +} + +.align-default { + text-align: center; +} + +.align-right { + text-align: right; +} + +/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sidebar, +aside.sidebar { + margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; + border: 1px solid #ddb; + padding: 7px; + background-color: #ffe; + width: 40%; + float: right; + clear: right; + overflow-x: auto; +} + +p.sidebar-title { + font-weight: bold; +} +nav.contents, +aside.topic, +div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote { + clear: left; +} + +/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ +nav.contents, +aside.topic, +div.topic { + border: 1px solid #ccc; + padding: 7px; + margin: 10px 0 10px 0; +} + +p.topic-title { + font-size: 1.1em; + font-weight: bold; + margin-top: 10px; +} + +/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.admonition { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + padding: 7px; +} + +div.admonition dt { + font-weight: bold; +} + +p.admonition-title { + margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.body p.centered { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 25px; +} + +/* -- content of sidebars/topics/admonitions -------------------------------- */ + +div.sidebar > :last-child, +aside.sidebar > :last-child, +nav.contents > :last-child, +aside.topic > :last-child, +div.topic > :last-child, +div.admonition > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sidebar::after, +aside.sidebar::after, +nav.contents::after, +aside.topic::after, +div.topic::after, +div.admonition::after, +blockquote::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: both; +} + +/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.docutils { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + border: 0; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +table.align-center { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.align-default { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table caption span.caption-number { + font-style: italic; +} + +table caption span.caption-text { +} + +table.docutils td, table.docutils th { + padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px; + border-top: 0; + border-left: 0; + border-right: 0; + border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; +} + +th { + text-align: left; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +table.citation { + border-left: solid 1px gray; + margin-left: 1px; +} + +table.citation td { + border-bottom: none; +} + +th > :first-child, +td > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +th > :last-child, +td > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0px; +} + +/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.figure, figure { + margin: 0.5em; + padding: 0.5em; +} + +div.figure p.caption, figcaption { + padding: 0.3em; +} + +div.figure p.caption span.caption-number, +figcaption span.caption-number { + font-style: italic; +} + +div.figure p.caption span.caption-text, +figcaption span.caption-text { +} + +/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.field-list td, table.field-list th { + border: 0 !important; +} + +.field-list ul { + margin: 0; + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.field-list p { + margin: 0; +} + +.field-name { + -moz-hyphens: manual; + -ms-hyphens: manual; + -webkit-hyphens: manual; + hyphens: manual; +} + +/* -- hlist styles ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.hlist { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +table.hlist td { + vertical-align: top; +} + +/* -- object description styles --------------------------------------------- */ + +.sig { + font-family: 'Consolas', 'Menlo', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; +} + +.sig-name, code.descname { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.sig-name { + font-size: 1.1em; +} + +code.descname { + font-size: 1.2em; +} + +.sig-prename, code.descclassname { + background-color: transparent; +} + +.optional { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +.sig-paren { + font-size: larger; +} + +.sig-param.n { + font-style: italic; +} + +/* C++ specific styling */ + +.sig-inline.c-texpr, +.sig-inline.cpp-texpr { + font-family: unset; +} + +.sig.c .k, .sig.c .kt, +.sig.cpp .k, .sig.cpp .kt { + color: #0033B3; +} + +.sig.c .m, +.sig.cpp .m { + color: #1750EB; +} + +.sig.c .s, .sig.c .sc, +.sig.cpp .s, .sig.cpp .sc { + color: #067D17; +} + + +/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +ol.arabic { + list-style: decimal; +} + +ol.loweralpha { + list-style: lower-alpha; +} + +ol.upperalpha { + list-style: upper-alpha; +} + +ol.lowerroman { + list-style: lower-roman; +} + +ol.upperroman { + list-style: upper-roman; +} + +:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child, +:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +:not(li) > ol > li:last-child > :last-child, +:not(li) > ul > li:last-child > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0px; +} + +ol.simple ol p, +ol.simple ul p, +ul.simple ol p, +ul.simple ul p { + margin-top: 0; +} + +ol.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p, +ul.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p { + margin-top: 0; +} + +ol.simple p, +ul.simple p { + margin-bottom: 0; +} +aside.footnote > span, +div.citation > span { + float: left; +} +aside.footnote > span:last-of-type, +div.citation > span:last-of-type { + padding-right: 0.5em; +} +aside.footnote > p { + margin-left: 2em; +} +div.citation > p { + margin-left: 4em; +} +aside.footnote > p:last-of-type, +div.citation > p:last-of-type { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} +aside.footnote > p:last-of-type:after, +div.citation > p:last-of-type:after { + content: ""; + clear: both; +} + +dl.field-list { + display: grid; + grid-template-columns: fit-content(30%) auto; +} + +dl.field-list > dt { + font-weight: bold; + word-break: break-word; + padding-left: 0.5em; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +dl.field-list > dd { + padding-left: 0.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + margin-left: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +dl { + margin-bottom: 15px; +} + +dd > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +dd ul, dd table { + margin-bottom: 10px; +} + +dd { + margin-top: 3px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + margin-left: 30px; +} + +dl > dd:last-child, +dl > dd:last-child > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +dt:target, span.highlighted { + background-color: #fbe54e; +} + +rect.highlighted { + fill: #fbe54e; +} + +dl.glossary dt { + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 1.1em; +} + +.versionmodified { + font-style: italic; +} + +.system-message { + background-color: #fda; + padding: 5px; + border: 3px solid red; +} + +.footnote:target { + background-color: #ffa; +} + +.line-block { + display: block; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.line-block .line-block { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 1.5em; +} + +.guilabel, .menuselection { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +.accelerator { + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.classifier { + font-style: oblique; +} + +.classifier:before { + font-style: normal; + margin: 0 0.5em; + content: ":"; + display: inline-block; +} + +abbr, acronym { + border-bottom: dotted 1px; + cursor: help; +} + +/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +pre { + overflow: auto; + overflow-y: hidden; /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */ +} + +pre, div[class*="highlight-"] { + clear: both; +} + +span.pre { + -moz-hyphens: none; + -ms-hyphens: none; + -webkit-hyphens: none; + hyphens: none; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +div[class*="highlight-"] { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +td.linenos pre { + border: 0; + background-color: transparent; + color: #aaa; +} + +table.highlighttable { + display: block; +} + +table.highlighttable tbody { + display: block; +} + +table.highlighttable tr { + display: flex; +} + +table.highlighttable td { + margin: 0; + padding: 0; +} + +table.highlighttable td.linenos { + padding-right: 0.5em; +} + +table.highlighttable td.code { + flex: 1; + overflow: hidden; +} + +.highlight .hll { + display: block; +} + +div.highlight pre, +table.highlighttable pre { + margin: 0; +} + +div.code-block-caption + div { + margin-top: 0; +} + +div.code-block-caption { + margin-top: 1em; + padding: 2px 5px; + font-size: small; +} + +div.code-block-caption code { + background-color: transparent; +} + +table.highlighttable td.linenos, +span.linenos, +div.highlight span.gp { /* gp: Generic.Prompt */ + user-select: none; + -webkit-user-select: text; /* Safari fallback only */ + -webkit-user-select: none; /* Chrome/Safari */ + -moz-user-select: none; /* Firefox */ + -ms-user-select: none; /* IE10+ */ +} + +div.code-block-caption span.caption-number { + padding: 0.1em 0.3em; + font-style: italic; +} + +div.code-block-caption span.caption-text { +} + +div.literal-block-wrapper { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +code.xref, a code { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code { + background-color: transparent; +} + +.viewcode-link { + float: right; +} + +.viewcode-back { + float: right; + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +div.viewcode-block:target { + margin: -1px -10px; + padding: 0 10px; +} + +/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +img.math { + vertical-align: middle; +} + +div.body div.math p { + text-align: center; +} + +span.eqno { + float: right; +} + +span.eqno a.headerlink { + position: absolute; + z-index: 1; +} + +div.math:hover a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */ + +@media print { + div.document, + div.documentwrapper, + div.bodywrapper { + margin: 0 !important; + width: 100%; + } + + div.sphinxsidebar, + div.related, + div.footer, + #top-link { + display: none; + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_static/check-solid.svg b/_static/check-solid.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92fad4b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/check-solid.svg @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + + + diff --git a/_static/clipboard.min.js b/_static/clipboard.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54b3c463 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/clipboard.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +/*! + * clipboard.js v2.0.8 + * https://clipboardjs.com/ + * + * Licensed MIT © Zeno Rocha + */ +!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof exports?exports.ClipboardJS=e():t.ClipboardJS=e()}(this,function(){return n={686:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{default:function(){return o}});var e=n(279),i=n.n(e),e=n(370),u=n.n(e),e=n(817),c=n.n(e);function a(t){try{return document.execCommand(t)}catch(t){return}}var f=function(t){t=c()(t);return a("cut"),t};var l=function(t){var e,n,o,r=1 + + + + diff --git a/_static/copybutton.css b/_static/copybutton.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..40eafe5f --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/copybutton.css @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +/* Copy buttons */ +button.copybtn { + position: absolute; + display: flex; + top: .3em; + right: .3em; + width: 1.7em; + height: 1.7em; + opacity: 0; + transition: opacity 0.3s, border .3s, background-color .3s; + user-select: none; + padding: 0; + border: none; + outline: none; + border-radius: 0.4em; + /* The colors that GitHub uses */ + border: #1b1f2426 1px solid; + background-color: #f6f8fa; + color: #57606a; +} + +button.copybtn.success { + border-color: #22863a; + color: #22863a; +} + +button.copybtn svg { + stroke: currentColor; + width: 1.5em; + height: 1.5em; + padding: 0.1em; +} + +div.highlight { + position: relative; +} + +.highlight:hover button.copybtn { + opacity: 1; +} + +.highlight button.copybtn:hover { + background-color: rgb(235, 235, 235); +} + +.highlight button.copybtn:active { + background-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); +} + +/** + * A minimal CSS-only tooltip copied from: + * https://codepen.io/mildrenben/pen/rVBrpK + * + * To use, write HTML like the following: + * + *

Short

+ */ + .o-tooltip--left { + position: relative; + } + + .o-tooltip--left:after { + opacity: 0; + visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + content: attr(data-tooltip); + padding: .2em; + font-size: .8em; + left: -.2em; + background: grey; + color: white; + white-space: nowrap; + z-index: 2; + border-radius: 2px; + transform: translateX(-102%) translateY(0); + transition: opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1), transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1); +} + +.o-tooltip--left:hover:after { + display: block; + opacity: 1; + visibility: visible; + transform: translateX(-100%) translateY(0); + transition: opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1), transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1); + transition-delay: .5s; +} + +/* By default the copy button shouldn't show up when printing a page */ +@media print { + button.copybtn { + display: none; + } +} diff --git a/_static/copybutton.js b/_static/copybutton.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f3ecd034 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/copybutton.js @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +// Localization support +const messages = { + 'en': { + 'copy': 'Copy', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copy to clipboard', + 'copy_success': 'Copied!', + 'copy_failure': 'Failed to copy', + }, + 'es' : { + 'copy': 'Copiar', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copiar al portapapeles', + 'copy_success': '¡Copiado!', + 'copy_failure': 'Error al copiar', + }, + 'de' : { + 'copy': 'Kopieren', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'In die Zwischenablage kopieren', + 'copy_success': 'Kopiert!', + 'copy_failure': 'Fehler beim Kopieren', + }, + 'fr' : { + 'copy': 'Copier', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copié dans le presse-papier', + 'copy_success': 'Copié !', + 'copy_failure': 'Échec de la copie', + }, + 'ru': { + 'copy': 'Скопировать', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Скопировать в буфер', + 'copy_success': 'Скопировано!', + 'copy_failure': 'Не удалось скопировать', + }, + 'zh-CN': { + 'copy': '复制', + 'copy_to_clipboard': '复制到剪贴板', + 'copy_success': '复制成功!', + 'copy_failure': '复制失败', + }, + 'it' : { + 'copy': 'Copiare', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copiato negli appunti', + 'copy_success': 'Copiato!', + 'copy_failure': 'Errore durante la copia', + } +} + +let locale = 'en' +if( document.documentElement.lang !== undefined + && messages[document.documentElement.lang] !== undefined ) { + locale = document.documentElement.lang +} + +let doc_url_root = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT; +if (doc_url_root == '#') { + doc_url_root = ''; +} + +/** + * SVG files for our copy buttons + */ +let iconCheck = ` + ${messages[locale]['copy_success']} + + +` + +// If the user specified their own SVG use that, otherwise use the default +let iconCopy = ``; +if (!iconCopy) { + iconCopy = ` + ${messages[locale]['copy_to_clipboard']} + + + +` +} + +/** + * Set up copy/paste for code blocks + */ + +const runWhenDOMLoaded = cb => { + if (document.readyState != 'loading') { + cb() + } else if (document.addEventListener) { + document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', cb) + } else { + document.attachEvent('onreadystatechange', function() { + if (document.readyState == 'complete') cb() + }) + } +} + +const codeCellId = index => `codecell${index}` + +// Clears selected text since ClipboardJS will select the text when copying +const clearSelection = () => { + if (window.getSelection) { + window.getSelection().removeAllRanges() + } else if (document.selection) { + document.selection.empty() + } +} + +// Changes tooltip text for two seconds, then changes it back +const temporarilyChangeTooltip = (el, oldText, newText) => { + el.setAttribute('data-tooltip', newText) + el.classList.add('success') + setTimeout(() => el.setAttribute('data-tooltip', oldText), 2000) + setTimeout(() => el.classList.remove('success'), 2000) +} + +// Changes the copy button icon for two seconds, then changes it back +const temporarilyChangeIcon = (el) => { + el.innerHTML = iconCheck; + setTimeout(() => {el.innerHTML = iconCopy}, 2000) +} + +const addCopyButtonToCodeCells = () => { + // If ClipboardJS hasn't loaded, wait a bit and try again. This + // happens because we load ClipboardJS asynchronously. + if (window.ClipboardJS === undefined) { + setTimeout(addCopyButtonToCodeCells, 250) + return + } + + // Add copybuttons to all of our code cells + const COPYBUTTON_SELECTOR = 'div.highlight pre'; + const codeCells = document.querySelectorAll(COPYBUTTON_SELECTOR) + codeCells.forEach((codeCell, index) => { + const id = codeCellId(index) + codeCell.setAttribute('id', id) + + const clipboardButton = id => + `` + codeCell.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend', clipboardButton(id)) + }) + +function escapeRegExp(string) { + return string.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string +} + +/** + * Removes excluded text from a Node. + * + * @param {Node} target Node to filter. + * @param {string} exclude CSS selector of nodes to exclude. + * @returns {DOMString} Text from `target` with text removed. + */ +function filterText(target, exclude) { + const clone = target.cloneNode(true); // clone as to not modify the live DOM + if (exclude) { + // remove excluded nodes + clone.querySelectorAll(exclude).forEach(node => node.remove()); + } + return clone.innerText; +} + +// Callback when a copy button is clicked. Will be passed the node that was clicked +// should then grab the text and replace pieces of text that shouldn't be used in output +function formatCopyText(textContent, copybuttonPromptText, isRegexp = false, onlyCopyPromptLines = true, removePrompts = true, copyEmptyLines = true, lineContinuationChar = "", hereDocDelim = "") { + var regexp; + var match; + + // Do we check for line continuation characters and "HERE-documents"? + var useLineCont = !!lineContinuationChar + var useHereDoc = !!hereDocDelim + + // create regexp to capture prompt and remaining line + if (isRegexp) { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + copybuttonPromptText + ')(.*)') + } else { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + escapeRegExp(copybuttonPromptText) + ')(.*)') + } + + const outputLines = []; + var promptFound = false; + var gotLineCont = false; + var gotHereDoc = false; + const lineGotPrompt = []; + for (const line of textContent.split('\n')) { + match = line.match(regexp) + if (match || gotLineCont || gotHereDoc) { + promptFound = regexp.test(line) + lineGotPrompt.push(promptFound) + if (removePrompts && promptFound) { + outputLines.push(match[2]) + } else { + outputLines.push(line) + } + gotLineCont = line.endsWith(lineContinuationChar) & useLineCont + if (line.includes(hereDocDelim) & useHereDoc) + gotHereDoc = !gotHereDoc + } else if (!onlyCopyPromptLines) { + outputLines.push(line) + } else if (copyEmptyLines && line.trim() === '') { + outputLines.push(line) + } + } + + // If no lines with the prompt were found then just use original lines + if (lineGotPrompt.some(v => v === true)) { + textContent = outputLines.join('\n'); + } + + // Remove a trailing newline to avoid auto-running when pasting + if (textContent.endsWith("\n")) { + textContent = textContent.slice(0, -1) + } + return textContent +} + + +var copyTargetText = (trigger) => { + var target = document.querySelector(trigger.attributes['data-clipboard-target'].value); + + // get filtered text + let exclude = '.linenos, .gp'; + + let text = filterText(target, exclude); + return formatCopyText(text, '', false, true, true, true, '', '') +} + + // Initialize with a callback so we can modify the text before copy + const clipboard = new ClipboardJS('.copybtn', {text: copyTargetText}) + + // Update UI with error/success messages + clipboard.on('success', event => { + clearSelection() + temporarilyChangeTooltip(event.trigger, messages[locale]['copy'], messages[locale]['copy_success']) + temporarilyChangeIcon(event.trigger) + }) + + clipboard.on('error', event => { + temporarilyChangeTooltip(event.trigger, messages[locale]['copy'], messages[locale]['copy_failure']) + }) +} + +runWhenDOMLoaded(addCopyButtonToCodeCells) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_static/copybutton_funcs.js b/_static/copybutton_funcs.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dbe1aaad --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/copybutton_funcs.js @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +function escapeRegExp(string) { + return string.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string +} + +/** + * Removes excluded text from a Node. + * + * @param {Node} target Node to filter. + * @param {string} exclude CSS selector of nodes to exclude. + * @returns {DOMString} Text from `target` with text removed. + */ +export function filterText(target, exclude) { + const clone = target.cloneNode(true); // clone as to not modify the live DOM + if (exclude) { + // remove excluded nodes + clone.querySelectorAll(exclude).forEach(node => node.remove()); + } + return clone.innerText; +} + +// Callback when a copy button is clicked. Will be passed the node that was clicked +// should then grab the text and replace pieces of text that shouldn't be used in output +export function formatCopyText(textContent, copybuttonPromptText, isRegexp = false, onlyCopyPromptLines = true, removePrompts = true, copyEmptyLines = true, lineContinuationChar = "", hereDocDelim = "") { + var regexp; + var match; + + // Do we check for line continuation characters and "HERE-documents"? + var useLineCont = !!lineContinuationChar + var useHereDoc = !!hereDocDelim + + // create regexp to capture prompt and remaining line + if (isRegexp) { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + copybuttonPromptText + ')(.*)') + } else { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + escapeRegExp(copybuttonPromptText) + ')(.*)') + } + + const outputLines = []; + var promptFound = false; + var gotLineCont = false; + var gotHereDoc = false; + const lineGotPrompt = []; + for (const line of textContent.split('\n')) { + match = line.match(regexp) + if (match || gotLineCont || gotHereDoc) { + promptFound = regexp.test(line) + lineGotPrompt.push(promptFound) + if (removePrompts && promptFound) { + outputLines.push(match[2]) + } else { + outputLines.push(line) + } + gotLineCont = line.endsWith(lineContinuationChar) & useLineCont + if (line.includes(hereDocDelim) & useHereDoc) + gotHereDoc = !gotHereDoc + } else if (!onlyCopyPromptLines) { + outputLines.push(line) + } else if (copyEmptyLines && line.trim() === '') { + outputLines.push(line) + } + } + + // If no lines with the prompt were found then just use original lines + if (lineGotPrompt.some(v => v === true)) { + textContent = outputLines.join('\n'); + } + + // Remove a trailing newline to avoid auto-running when pasting + if (textContent.endsWith("\n")) { + textContent = textContent.slice(0, -1) + } + return textContent +} diff --git a/_static/css/badge_only.css b/_static/css/badge_only.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c718cee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/css/badge_only.css @@ -0,0 +1 @@ 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b/_static/doctools.js @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +/* + * doctools.js + * ~~~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Base JavaScript utilities for all Sphinx HTML documentation. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2022 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ +"use strict"; + +const BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS = new Set([ + "TEXTAREA", + "INPUT", + "SELECT", + "BUTTON", +]); + +const _ready = (callback) => { + if (document.readyState !== "loading") { + callback(); + } else { + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", callback); + } +}; + +/** + * Small JavaScript module for the documentation. + */ +const Documentation = { + init: () => { + Documentation.initDomainIndexTable(); + Documentation.initOnKeyListeners(); + }, + + /** + * i18n support + */ + TRANSLATIONS: {}, + PLURAL_EXPR: (n) => (n === 1 ? 0 : 1), + LOCALE: "unknown", + + // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions + // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext) + gettext: (string) => { + const translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string]; + switch (typeof translated) { + case "undefined": + return string; // no translation + case "string": + return translated; // translation exists + default: + return translated[0]; // (singular, plural) translation tuple exists + } + }, + + ngettext: (singular, plural, n) => { + const translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular]; + if (typeof translated !== "undefined") + return translated[Documentation.PLURAL_EXPR(n)]; + return n === 1 ? singular : plural; + }, + + addTranslations: (catalog) => { + Object.assign(Documentation.TRANSLATIONS, catalog.messages); + Documentation.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function( + "n", + `return (${catalog.plural_expr})` + ); + Documentation.LOCALE = catalog.locale; + }, + + /** + * helper function to focus on search bar + */ + focusSearchBar: () => { + document.querySelectorAll("input[name=q]")[0]?.focus(); + }, + + /** + * Initialise the domain index toggle buttons + */ + initDomainIndexTable: () => { + const toggler = (el) => { + const idNumber = el.id.substr(7); + const toggledRows = document.querySelectorAll(`tr.cg-${idNumber}`); + if (el.src.substr(-9) === "minus.png") { + el.src = `${el.src.substr(0, el.src.length - 9)}plus.png`; + toggledRows.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "none")); + } else { + el.src = `${el.src.substr(0, el.src.length - 8)}minus.png`; + toggledRows.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "")); + } + }; + + const togglerElements = document.querySelectorAll("img.toggler"); + togglerElements.forEach((el) => + el.addEventListener("click", (event) => toggler(event.currentTarget)) + ); + togglerElements.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "")); + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) togglerElements.forEach(toggler); + }, + + initOnKeyListeners: () => { + // only install a listener if it is really needed + if ( + !DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS && + !DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS + ) + return; + + document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => { + // bail for input elements + if (BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS.has(document.activeElement.tagName)) return; + // bail with special keys + if (event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) return; + + if (!event.shiftKey) { + switch (event.key) { + case "ArrowLeft": + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) break; + + const prevLink = document.querySelector('link[rel="prev"]'); + if (prevLink && prevLink.href) { + window.location.href = prevLink.href; + event.preventDefault(); + } + break; + case "ArrowRight": + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) break; + + const nextLink = document.querySelector('link[rel="next"]'); + if (nextLink && nextLink.href) { + window.location.href = nextLink.href; + event.preventDefault(); + } + break; + } + } + + // some keyboard layouts may need Shift to get / + switch (event.key) { + case "/": + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS) break; + Documentation.focusSearchBar(); + event.preventDefault(); + } + }); + }, +}; + +// quick alias for translations +const _ = Documentation.gettext; + +_ready(Documentation.init); diff --git a/_static/documentation_options.js b/_static/documentation_options.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c066c69a --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/documentation_options.js @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: document.getElementById("documentation_options").getAttribute('data-url_root'), + VERSION: '', + LANGUAGE: 'en', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + BUILDER: 'dirhtml', + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + LINK_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true, + SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt', + NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: false, + SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY: true, + ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS: true, +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_static/file.png b/_static/file.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a858a410 Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/file.png differ diff --git a/_static/jquery-3.6.0.js b/_static/jquery-3.6.0.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc6c299b --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/jquery-3.6.0.js @@ -0,0 +1,10881 @@ +/*! + * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.6.0 + * https://jquery.com/ + * + * Includes Sizzle.js + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright OpenJS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://jquery.org/license + * + * Date: 2021-03-02T17:08Z + */ +( function( global, factory ) { + + "use strict"; + + if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { + + // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` + // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. + // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` + // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. + // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. + // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); + // See ticket #14549 for more info. + module.exports = global.document ? + factory( global, true ) : + function( w ) { + if ( !w.document ) { + throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); + } + return factory( w ); + }; + } else { + factory( global ); + } + +// Pass this if window is not defined yet +} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { + +// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 +// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode +// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common +// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. +"use strict"; + +var arr = []; + +var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; + +var slice = arr.slice; + +var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { + return arr.flat.call( array ); +} : function( array ) { + return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); +}; + + +var push = arr.push; + +var indexOf = arr.indexOf; + +var class2type = {}; + +var toString = class2type.toString; + +var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; + +var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; + +var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); + +var support = {}; + +var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 + // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements + // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). + // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. + // Support: QtWeb <=3.8.5, WebKit <=534.34, wkhtmltopdf tool <=0.12.5 + // Plus for old WebKit, typeof returns "function" for HTML collections + // (e.g., `typeof document.getElementsByTagName("div") === "function"`). (gh-4756) + return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number" && + typeof obj.item !== "function"; + }; + + +var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { + return obj != null && obj === obj.window; + }; + + +var document = window.document; + + + + var preservedScriptAttributes = { + type: true, + src: true, + nonce: true, + noModule: true + }; + + function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { + doc = doc || document; + + var i, val, + script = doc.createElement( "script" ); + + script.text = code; + if ( node ) { + for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { + + // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ + // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. + // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as + // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it + // becomes browsing-context connected. + // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 + // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes + // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of + // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node + // via an object. + val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); + if ( val ) { + script.setAttribute( i, val ); + } + } + } + doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); + } + + +function toType( obj ) { + if ( obj == null ) { + return obj + ""; + } + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) + return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? + class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : + typeof obj; +} +/* global Symbol */ +// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global +// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module + + + +var + version = "3.6.0", + + // Define a local copy of jQuery + jQuery = function( selector, context ) { + + // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' + // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) + return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); + }; + +jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { + + // The current version of jQuery being used + jquery: version, + + constructor: jQuery, + + // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 + length: 0, + + toArray: function() { + return slice.call( this ); + }, + + // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR + // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array + get: function( num ) { + + // Return all the elements in a clean array + if ( num == null ) { + return slice.call( this ); + } + + // Return just the one element from the set + return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; + }, + + // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack + // (returning the new matched element set) + pushStack: function( elems ) { + + // Build a new jQuery matched element set + var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); + + // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) + ret.prevObject = this; + + // Return the newly-formed element set + return ret; + }, + + // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. + each: function( callback ) { + return jQuery.each( this, callback ); + }, + + map: function( callback ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { + return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); + } ) ); + }, + + slice: function() { + return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); + }, + + first: function() { + return this.eq( 0 ); + }, + + last: function() { + return this.eq( -1 ); + }, + + even: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return ( i + 1 ) % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + odd: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return i % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + eq: function( i ) { + var len = this.length, + j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); + return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), + function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); + } ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.6 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2021-02-16 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem && elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = elem && ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +} +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the primary Deferred + primary = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + primary.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, primary.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, primary.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( primary.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return primary.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), primary.reject ); + } + + return primary.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
" ], + col: [ 2, "", "
" ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
" ], + td: [ 3, "", "
" ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // In Chrome, if an element having a focusout handler is blurred by + // clicking outside of it, it invokes the handler synchronously. If + // that handler calls `.remove()` on the element, the data is cleared, + // leaving `result` undefined. We need to guard against this. + return result && result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + which: true +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // Suppress native focus or blur as it's already being fired + // in leverageNative. + _default: function() { + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + // + // Support: Firefox 70+ + // Only Firefox includes border widths + // in computed dimensions. (gh-4529) + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate"; + tr.style.cssText = "border:1px solid"; + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // Height set through cssText does not get applied. + // Computed height then comes back as 0. + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + // Support: Android 8 Chrome 86+ + // In our bodyBackground.html iframe, + // display for all div elements is set to "inline", + // which causes a problem only in Android 8 Chrome 86. + // Ensuring the div is display: block + // gets around this issue. + trChild.style.display = "block"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = ( parseInt( trStyle.height, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderTopWidth, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderBottomWidth, 10 ) ) === tr.offsetHeight; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml, parserErrorElem; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + parserErrorElem = xml && xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" )[ 0 ]; + if ( !xml || parserErrorElem ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + ( + parserErrorElem ? + jQuery.map( parserErrorElem.childNodes, function( el ) { + return el.textContent; + } ).join( "\n" ) : + data + ) ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ).filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ).map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + +originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : + s.accepts[ "*" ] + ); + + // Check for headers option + for ( i in s.headers ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort + if ( s.beforeSend && + ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { + + // Abort if not done already and return + return jqXHR.abort(); + } + + // Aborting is no longer a cancellation + strAbort = "abort"; + + // Install callbacks on deferreds + completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); + jqXHR.done( s.success ); + jqXHR.fail( s.error ); + + // Get transport + transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If no transport, we auto-abort + if ( !transport ) { + done( -1, "No Transport" ); + } else { + jqXHR.readyState = 1; + + // Send global event + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + } + + // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // Timeout + if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { + timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { + jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); + }, s.timeout ); + } + + try { + completed = false; + transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // Rethrow post-completion exceptions + if ( completed ) { + throw e; + } + + // Propagate others as results + done( -1, e ); + } + } + + // Callback for when everything is done + function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { + var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, + statusText = nativeStatusText; + + // Ignore repeat invocations + if ( completed ) { + return; + } + + completed = true; + + // Clear timeout if it exists + if ( timeoutTimer ) { + window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); + } + + // Dereference transport for early garbage collection + // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) + transport = undefined; + + // Cache response headers + responseHeadersString = headers || ""; + + // Set readyState + jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; + + // Determine if successful + isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; + + // Get response data + if ( responses ) { + response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); + } + + // Use a noop converter for missing script but not if jsonp + if ( !isSuccess && + jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 && + jQuery.inArray( "json", s.dataTypes ) < 0 ) { + s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; + } + + // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) + response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); + + // If successful, handle type chaining + if ( isSuccess ) { + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + } + + // if no content + if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { + statusText = "nocontent"; + + // if not modified + } else if ( status === 304 ) { + statusText = "notmodified"; + + // If we have data, let's convert it + } else { + statusText = response.state; + success = response.data; + error = response.error; + isSuccess = !error; + } + } else { + + // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts + error = statusText; + if ( status || !statusText ) { + statusText = "error"; + if ( status < 0 ) { + status = 0; + } + } + } + + // Set data for the fake xhr object + jqXHR.status = status; + jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; + + // Success/Error + if ( isSuccess ) { + deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); + } + + // Status-dependent callbacks + jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); + statusCode = undefined; + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", + [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); + } + + // Complete + completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + } + } + } + + return jqXHR; + }, + + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); + }, + + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { + jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { + + // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted + if ( isFunction( data ) ) { + type = type || callback; + callback = data; + data = undefined; + } + + // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) + return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { + url: url, + type: method, + dataType: type, + data: data, + success: callback + }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + var i; + for ( i in s.headers ) { + if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { + s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; + } + } +} ); + + +jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { + return jQuery.ajax( { + url: url, + + // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) + type: "GET", + dataType: "script", + cache: true, + async: false, + global: false, + + // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) + // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead + // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. + converters: { + "text script": function() {} + }, + dataFilter: function( response ) { + jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); + } + } ); +}; + + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + wrapAll: function( html ) { + var wrap; + + if ( this[ 0 ] ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // The elements to wrap the target around + wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); + + if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { + wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + wrap.map( function() { + var elem = this; + + while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { + elem = elem.firstElementChild; + } + + return elem; + } ).append( this ); + } + + return this; + }, + + wrapInner: function( html ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var self = jQuery( this ), + contents = self.contents(); + + if ( contents.length ) { + contents.wrapAll( html ); + + } else { + self.append( html ); + } + } ); + }, + + wrap: function( html ) { + var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); + } ); + }, + + unwrap: function( selector ) { + this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { + jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); + } ); + return this; + } +} ); + + +jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { + return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); +}; +jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { + return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); +}; + + + + +jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { + try { + return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); + } catch ( e ) {} +}; + +var xhrSuccessStatus = { + + // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 + 0: 200, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 + 1223: 204 + }, + xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); + +support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); +support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; + +jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { + var callback, errorCallback; + + // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest + if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { + return { + send: function( headers, complete ) { + var i, + xhr = options.xhr(); + + xhr.open( + options.type, + options.url, + options.async, + options.username, + options.password + ); + + // Apply custom fields if provided + if ( options.xhrFields ) { + for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { + xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; + } + } + + // Override mime type if needed + if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { + xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); + } + + // X-Requested-With header + // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are + // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. + // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) + // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. + if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { + headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; + } + + // Set headers + for ( i in headers ) { + xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Callback + callback = function( type ) { + return function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = + xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = + xhr.onreadystatechange = null; + + if ( type === "abort" ) { + xhr.abort(); + } else if ( type === "error" ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws + // errors on any property access that is not readyState + if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { + complete( 0, "error" ); + } else { + complete( + + // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 + xhr.status, + xhr.statusText + ); + } + } else { + complete( + xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, + xhr.statusText, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) + // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) + ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || + typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? + { binary: xhr.response } : + { text: xhr.responseText }, + xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() + ); + } + } + }; + }; + + // Listen to events + xhr.onload = callback(); + errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort + // to handle uncaught aborts + if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { + xhr.onabort = errorCallback; + } else { + xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { + + // Check readyState before timeout as it changes + if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { + + // Allow onerror to be called first, + // but that will not handle a native abort + // Also, save errorCallback to a variable + // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed + window.setTimeout( function() { + if ( callback ) { + errorCallback(); + } + } ); + } + }; + } + + // Create the abort callback + callback = callback( "abort" ); + + try { + + // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) + xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet + if ( callback ) { + throw e; + } + } + }, + + abort: function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback(); + } + } + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.contents.script = false; + } +} ); + +// Install script dataType +jQuery.ajaxSetup( { + accepts: { + script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + + "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" + }, + contents: { + script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ + }, + converters: { + "text script": function( text ) { + jQuery.globalEval( text ); + return text; + } + } +} ); + +// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { + if ( s.cache === undefined ) { + s.cache = false; + } + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.type = "GET"; + } +} ); + +// Bind script tag hack transport +jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { + + // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests + if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { + var script, callback; + return { + send: function( _, complete ) { + script = jQuery( " + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Aliases and configuration

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn to use aliases for most common commands.

    • +
+
+

Are you getting tired of typing so much? In Git you can define aliases (shortcuts):

+
    +

  • These are great because they can save you time typing.

    • +

  • But it’s easy to forget them, get confused, or be inconsistent with your colleagues.

    • +
+

There is plenty of other configuration for Git, that can make it nicer.

+
+

Aliases

+
    +

  • Aliases offer a way to improve the usability of Git: for +example git ci instead of git commit.

    • +

  • Aliases are based on simple string replacement in the command.

    • +

  • Aliases can either be specific to a repository or global.

    +
      +

    • Global aliases help you do the things you are used to across Git projects.

      • +

    • Per-project aliases can also be created.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Global aliases are stored in ~/.gitconfig.

    • +
+
+
+

Example alias: git graph

+

A very useful shortcut which we use a lot in our workshops:

+
$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"
+$ cd your_git_repository
+$ git graph
+
+
+
+
+

Using external commands

+

It is possible to call external commands using the exclamation mark character “!”. +In this example here we create a local alias which is +stored in .git/config and not synchronized with remotes:

+
$ cd your_git_repository
+$ git config alias.hi '!echo hello'
+$ git hi
+
+
+
+

Food for thought: When to alias?

+
    +

  • How many times should you wait before aliasing a command?

    • +

  • Do you believe a list of generic two-letter acronyms for common commands will +save your time?

    • +
+
+
+
+

List of aliases the instructors use

+

You are welcome to reuse, suggest, improve. +You can see your current aliases in ~/.gitconfig.

+
$ git config --global alias.ap "add --patch"
+$ git config --global alias.br branch
+$ git config --global alias.ci "commit -v"
+$ git config --global alias.cip "commit --patch -v"
+$ git config --global alias.cl "clone --recursive"
+$ git config --global alias.di diff
+$ git config --global alias.dic "diff --staged --color-words"
+$ git config --global alias.diw "diff --color-words"
+$ git config --global alias.dis "!git --no-pager diff --stat"
+$ git config --global alias.fe fetch
+$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"
+$ git config --global alias.rem remote
+$ git config --global alias.st status
+$ git config --global alias.su "submodule update --init --recursive"
+
+
+

Here is what they do:

+
    +

  • ap: add, selecting parts individually, interactively.

    • +

  • br: branch (obvious)

    • +

  • ci: commit (check in), with -v option for clarity

    • +

  • cip: commit, selecting parts individually, interactively.

    • +

  • cl: clone, init submodules (submodules are an advanced topic)

    • +

  • di: diff (obvious)

    • +

  • dic: diff of staging area vs last commit (what is about to be committed)

    • +

  • diw: a word diff, color. Useful for small changes.

    • +

  • dis: a “diffstat”: what files are changed, not contents

    • +

  • fe: fetch (obvious)

    • +

  • graph: show whole git graph (so useful, some of us call it l)

    • +

  • rem: remote (obvious)

    • +

  • st: status (obvious)

    • +

  • su: submodule update (advanced)

    • +
+

A useful setting for the p aliases:

+
$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true
+
+
+
+
+

Advanced aliases

+

These are advanced aliases and configuration options. We won’t explain them, +but if you are bored, have some time, or want to go deeper, try to +figure out what they do. You might want to check the Git manual +pages!

+
$ git config --global alias.cif "commit -v -p --fixup"
+$ git config --global alias.rb "rebase --autosquash"
+$ git config --global alias.rbi "rebase --interactive --autosquash"
+$ git config --global alias.rbis "rebase --interactive --autosquash --autostash"
+$ git config --global alias.rbs "rebase --autosquash --autostash"
+$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD"
+$ git config --global alias.ls-ignored "ls-files -o -i --exclude-standard"
+$ git config --global alias.new "log HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.news "log --stat HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.newd "log --patch --color-words HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.newdi "diff --color-words HEAD...HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD"
+$ git config --global alias.reca "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate -n10 --all"
+$ git config --global alias.recd "log --decorate --patch @{upstream}^^^..HEAD"
+$ git config --global alias.recs "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD --stat"
+
+
+
+
+

Advanced Git configuration

+

Besides aliases, you can do plenty of other configuration of git. +Here are some of the most common ones:

+
$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true
+$ git config --global core.pager "less -RS"
+$ git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore
+$ git config --global merge.conflictstyle diff3
+$ git config --global diff.wordRegex "[a-zA-Z0-9_]+|[^[:space:]]"
+$ git config --global diff.mnemonicPrefix true
+
+
+

Do you get tired of typing and copying and pasting your remote names +all the time, like git@github.com:myusername? You can create remote +aliases like this:

+
$ git config --global url.git@github.com:.insteadOf gh:
+$ git config --global url.git@github.com:/username/.insteadOf ghu:
+
+
+

Then, when you add a remote ghu:recipe, it will automatically be +translated to git@github.com:/username/recipe using a simple prefix +matching.

+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • If you are frustrated about remembering a command, you should create an alias.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/archaeology/index.html b/archaeology/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..43d7da65 --- /dev/null +++ b/archaeology/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,472 @@ + + + + + + + Inspecting history — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Inspecting history

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Quickly find a line of code, find out why it was introduced and when.

    • +

  • Quickly find the commit that changed a behavior.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 15 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 30 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

Preparation

+

Please make sure that you do not clone repositories inside an already tracked folder:

+
$ git status
+
+
+

If you are inside an existing Git repository, step out of it. +You need to find a different location since we will clone a new repository.

+

If you see this message, this is good in this case:

+
fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git
+
+
+
+
+

Our toolbox for history inspection

+
+

Instructor note

+

First the instructor demonstrates few commands on a real life example +repository https://github.com/networkx/networkx (mentioned in the amazing site The +Programming Historian). +Later we will practice these in groups in an archaeology exercise (below). +After demonstrating the command line tools, the instructor can also demonstrate searching, “show” and “annotate” +in the GitHub browser for this example project.

+
+
+

Warm-up: “Git History” browser

+

As a warm-up we can try the “Git History” browser +on the README.rst file of the networkx repository:

+ +
+
+

git grep: to search through the repository

+

With git grep you can find all lines in a repository which contain some string or regular expression. +This is useful to find out where in the code some variable is used or some error message printed:

+
$ git grep TEXT
+$ git grep "some text with spaces"
+
+
+

In the networkx repository you can try:

+
$ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx
+$ cd networkx
+$ git grep -i fixme
+
+
+

While git grep searches the current state of the repository, +it is also possible to search through all changes with git log -S sometext +which can be useful to find where something got removed.

+
+
+

git show: to inspect commits

+

We have seen this one before already. Using git show we can inspect an individual commit if +we know its hash:

+
$ git show HASH
+
+
+

For instance:

+
$ git show 759d589bdfa61aff99e0535938f14f67b01c83f7
+
+
+
+
+

git annotate: to annotate code with commit metadata

+

Try it out on a file - with git annotate you can see line by line who and when the line was modified +last. It also prints the precise hash of the last change which modified each line. Incredibly useful +for reproducibility.

+
$ git annotate FILE
+
+
+

Example:

+
$ git annotate networkx/convert_matrix.py
+
+
+

If you annotate in a terminal and the file is longer than the screen, Git by default uses the program less to +scroll the output. +Use /sometext <ENTER> to find “sometext” and you can cycle through the results with n (next) and N (last). +You can also use page up/down to scroll. You can quit with q.

+
+

Discussion

+

Discuss how these two affect the annotation:

+
    +

  • wrapping long lines of text/code into shorter lines

    • +

  • autoformatting tools such as black

    • +
+
+
+
+

git switch --create: to inspect code in the past

+

We can create branches pointing to a commit in the past. +This is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME HASH
+
+
+

Example (lines starting with “#” are only comments):

+
$ # create branch called "older-code" from hash 347e6292419b
+$ git switch --create older-code 347e6292419bd0e4bff077fe971f983932d7a0e9
+
+$ # now you can navigate and inspect the code as it was back then
+$ # ...
+
+$ # after we are done we can switch back to "main"
+$ git switch main
+
+$ # if we like we can delete the "older-code" branch
+$ git branch -d older-code
+
+
+

On old Git versions you need to use this:

+
$ git checkout -b BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH
+
+
+
+
+
+

Exercise: Basic archaeology commands

+
+

History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands

+

Let us explore the value of these commands in an exercise. Future +exercises do not depend on this, so it is OK if you do not complete +it fully.

+

Exercise steps:

+
    +

  • Clone this repository: +https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git. +Then step into the new directory and create an exercise branch from the networkx-2.6.3 tag/release:

    +
    $ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git
+$ cd networkx
+$ git switch --create exercise networkx-2.6.3
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

Then using the above toolbox try to:

+
    +

  1. Find the code line which contains "Logic error in degree_correlation".

    2. +

  2. Find out when this line was last modified or added. Find the actual commit which modified that line.

    3. +

  3. Inspect that commit with git show.

    4. +

  4. Create a branch pointing to the past when that commit was created to be +able to browse and use the code as it was back then.

    5. +

  5. How would you bring the code to the version of the code right before that line was last modified?

    6. +
+ +
+
+
+
+

Finding out when something broke/changed with git bisect

+
+

But I am sure it used to work! Strange.

+
+
    +

  • Sometimes you realize that something broke.

    • +

  • You know that it used to work.

    • +

  • You do not know when it broke.

    • +
+
+

How would you solve this?

+

Before we go on first discuss how you would solve this problem: You know that it worked +500 commits ago but it does not work now.

+
    +

  • How would you find the commit which changed it?

    • +

  • Why could it be useful to know the commit that changed it?

    • +
+

Video workshops: Write down ideas on how you would solve it in the collaborative +note and we will discuss various approaches.

+
+

We will probably arrive at a solution which is similar to git bisect:

+
    +

  • First find out a commit in past when it worked.

    +
    $ git bisect start
+$ git bisect good f0ea950  # this is a commit that worked
+$ git bisect bad main      # last commit is broken
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Now compile and/or run and/or test and decide whether “good” or “bad”.

    • +

  • This is how you can tell Git that this was a working commit:

    +
    $ git bisect good
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • And this is how you can tell Git that this was not a working commit:

    +
    $ git bisect bad
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Then bisect/iterate your way until you find the commit that broke it.

    • +

  • If you want to go back to start, type git bisect reset.

    • +

  • This can even be automatized with git bisect run SCRIPT. +For this you write a script that returns zero/non-zero (success/failure).

    • +
+
+
+

Optional exercise: Git bisect

+
+

(optional) History-2: Use git bisect to find the bad commit

+

In this exercise, we use git bisect on an example repository. It +is OK if you do not complete this exercise fully.

+

Begin by cloning https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise.

+

Motivation

+

The motivation for this exercise is to be able to do archaeology with Git on a +source code where the bug is difficult to see visually. Finding the offending +commit is often more than half the debugging.

+

Background

+

The script get_pi.py approximates pi using terms of the Nilakantha series. It +should produce 3.14 but it does not. The script broke at some point and +produces 3.57 using the last commit:

+
$ python get_pi.py
+
+3.57
+
+
+

At some point within the 500 first commits, an error was introduced. The only +thing we know is that the first commit worked correctly.

+

Your task

+
    +

  • Clone this repository and use git bisect to find the commit which +broke the computation +(solution - spoiler alert!).

    • +

  • Once you have found the offending commit, also practice navigating to the last good commit.

    • +

  • Bonus exercise: +Write a script that checks for a correct result and use git bisect run to +find the offending commit automatically +(solution - spoiler alert!).

    • +
+

Hints

+

Finding the first commit:

+
$ git log --oneline | tail -n 1
+
+
+

How to navigate to the parent of a commit with hash somehash:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH~1
+
+
+

Instead of a tilde you can also use this:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH^
+
+
+
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • git log/grep/annotate/show/bisect is a powerful combination when doing archaeology in a project.

    • +

  • git switch --create NAME HASH is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code.

    • +

  • On newer Git you can use the more intuitive git switch --create branchname somehash.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/basics/index.html b/basics/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..37ad2770 --- /dev/null +++ b/basics/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,667 @@ + + + + + + + Basics — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Basics

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn to create Git repositories and make commits.

    • +

  • Get a grasp of the structure of a repository.

    • +

  • Learn how to inspect the project history.

    • +

  • Learn how to write useful commit log messages.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 35 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 20 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

What is Git, and what is a Git repository?

+
    +

  • Git is a version control system: can record/save snapshots and track the content of a folder as it changes over time.

    • +

  • Every time we commit a snapshot, Git records a snapshot of the entire project, saves it, and assigns it a version.

    • +

  • These snapshots are kept inside a sub-folder called .git.

    • +

  • If we remove .git, we remove the repository and history (but keep the working directory!).

    • +

  • .git uses relative paths - you can move the whole thing somewhere else and it will still work.

    • +

  • Git doesn’t do anything unless you ask it to (it does not record anything automatically).

    • +

  • Multiple interfaces to Git exist (command line, graphical interfaces, web interfaces).

    • +
+
+
+

Recording a snapshot with Git

+
    +

  • Git takes snapshots only if we request it.

    • +

  • We will record changes in two steps (we will later explain why this is a recommended practice).

    • +

  • Example (we don’t need to type yet):

    +
    $ git add FILE.txt
+$ git commit
+
+$ git add FILE.txt ANOTHERFILE.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • We first focus (git add, we “stage” the change), then record (git commit):

    • +
+
+Git staging +
+

Git staging and committing.

+
+
+
+

Question for the more advanced participants

+

What do you think will be the outcome if you +stage a file and then edit it and stage it again, do this several times and +at the end perform a commit? (think of focusing several scenes and pressing the +shutter at the end)

+
+
+
+

Configuring Git

+

Before we start we need to configure Git. +This is also part of the +installation instructions +but we need to make sure we all have +set name, email address, editor, and +default branch:

+
$ git config --global user.name "Your Name"
+$ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com
+$ git config --global core.editor nano
+$ git config --global init.defaultBranch main
+
+
+

Verify with:

+
$ git config --list
+
+
+
+

Instructor note

+

Instructors, give learners enough time to do the above configuration steps.

+
+
+
+

Type-along: Tracking a guacamole recipe with Git

+

We will learn how to initialize a Git repository, how to track changes, and how +to make delicious guacamole (inspiration: suggestion by B. Smith in a discussion in the Carpentries mailing list)!

+

The motivation for taking a cooking recipe instead of a program is that everybody can relate to cooking +but not everybody may be able to relate to a program written in e.g. Python or another language.

+
+

Instructor note

+

Instructors, please encourage now that participants type along.

+
+

One of the basic principles of Git is that it is easy to create repositories:

+
$ mkdir recipe
+$ cd recipe
+$ git init
+
+
+

That’s it! With git init have now created an empty Git repository.

+

We will use git status a lot to check out what is going on:

+
$ git status
+
+On branch main
+
+No commits yet
+
+nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
+
+
+

We will make sense of this information during this workshop.

+

Let us now create two files.

+

One file is called instructions.txt and contains:

+
* chop avocados
+* chop onion
+* squeeze lime
+* add salt
+* and mix well
+
+
+

The second file is called ingredients.txt and contains:

+
* 2 avocados
+* 1 lime
+* 2 tsp salt
+
+
+

As mentioned above, in Git you can always check the status of files in your repository using +git status. It is always a safe command to run and in general a good idea to +do when you are trying to figure out what to do next:

+
$ git status
+
+On branch main
+
+No commits yet
+
+Untracked files:
+  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
+
+	ingredients.txt
+	instructions.txt
+
+nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
+
+
+

The two files are untracked in the repository (directory). You want to add the files (focus the camera) +to the list of files tracked by Git. Git does not track +any files automatically and you need make a conscious decision to add a file. Let’s do what +Git hints at and add the files:

+
$ git add ingredients.txt
+$ git add instructions.txt
+$ git status
+
+On branch main
+
+Initial commit
+
+Changes to be committed:
+  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
+
+	new file:   ingredients.txt
+	new file:   instructions.txt
+
+
+

Now this change is staged and ready to be committed.

+

Let us now commit the change to the repository:

+
$ git commit -m "adding ingredients and instructions"
+
+[main (root-commit) aa243ea] adding ingredients and instructions
+ 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)
+ create mode 100644 ingredients.txt
+ create mode 100644 instructions.txt
+
+
+

Right after we query the status to get this useful command into our muscle memory:

+
$ git status
+
+
+

What does the -m flag mean? Let us check the help page for that command:

+
$ git help commit
+
+
+

You should see a very long help page as the tool is very versatile (press q to quit). +Do not worry about this now but keep in mind that you can always read the help files +when in doubt. Searching online can also be useful, but choosing search terms +to find relevant information takes some practice and discussions in some +online threads may be confusing. +Note that help pages also work when you don’t have a network connection!

+
+
+

Exercise: Record changes

+
+

Basic-1: Record changes

+

Add 1/2 onion to ingredients.txt and also the instruction +to “enjoy!” to instructions.txt. Do not stage the changes yet (do not git add yet).

+

When you are done editing the files, try git diff:

+
$ git diff
+
+
+

You will see (can you identify in there the two added lines?):

+
diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt
+index 2607525..ec0abc6 100644
+--- a/ingredients.txt
++++ b/ingredients.txt
+@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+ * 2 avocados
+ * 1 lime
+ * 2 tsp salt
++* 1/2 onion
+diff --git a/instructions.txt b/instructions.txt
+index 6a8b2af..f7dd63a 100644
+--- a/instructions.txt
++++ b/instructions.txt
+@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
+ * squeeze lime
+ * add salt
+ * and mix well
++* enjoy!
+
+
+

Now first stage and commit each change separately (what happens when we leave out the -m flag?):

+
$ git add ingredients.txt
+$ git commit -m "add half an onion"
+$ git add instructions.txt
+$ git commit                   # <-- we have left out -m "..."
+
+
+

When you leave out the -m flag, Git should open an editor where you can edit +your commit message. This message will be associated and stored with the +changes you made. This message is your chance to explain what you’ve done and +convince others (and your future self) that the changes you made were +justified. Write a message and save and close the file.

+

When you are done committing the changes, experiment with these commands:

+
$ git log
+$ git log --stat
+$ git log --oneline
+
+
+
+
+
+

Git history and log

+

If you haven’t yet, please try now git log:

+
$ git log
+
+commit ea73a8a9ef9bd5c0aee3f0868d0ebc8457e1f94b
+Author: Radovan Bast <bast@users.noreply.github.com>
+Date:   Wed Feb 9 10:12:39 2022 +0100
+
+    don't forget to enjoy
+
+commit 6316947beb2b7ffa0cc822370cfdd701050227a4
+Author: Radovan Bast <bast@users.noreply.github.com>
+Date:   Wed Feb 9 10:12:30 2022 +0100
+
+    add half an onion
+
+commit 03491ed253ffcee16772e35b1de4efd349711f05
+Author: Radovan Bast <bast@users.noreply.github.com>
+Date:   Wed Feb 9 10:11:30 2022 +0100
+
+    adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
    +

  • We can browse the development and access each state that we have committed.

    • +

  • The long hashes uniquely label a state of the code.

    • +

  • They are not just integers counting 1, 2, 3, 4, … (why?).

    • +

  • Output is in reverse chronological order, i.e. newest commits on top.

    • +

  • We will use them when comparing versions and when going back in time.

    • +

  • git log --oneline only shows the first 7 characters of the commit hash and is good to get an overview.

    • +

  • If the first characters of the hash are unique it is not necessary to type the entire hash.

    • +

  • git log --stat is nice to show which files have been modified.

    • +
+
+
+

Optional exercises: comparing, renaming, and removing

+
+

(optional) Basic-2: Comparing and showing commits

+
    +

  1. Inspect differences between commit hashes with git diff HASH1 HASH2.

    2. +

  2. Have a look at specific commits with git show HASH.

    3. +
+
+
+

(optional) Basic-3: Visual diff tools

+
    +

  • Make further modifications and experiment with git difftool (requires installing one of the visual diff tools):

    • +
+

On Windows or Linux:

+
$ git difftool --tool=meld HASH
+
+
+

On macOS:

+
$ git difftool --tool=opendiff HASH
+
+
+
+Git difftool using meld +
+

Git difftool using meld.

+
+
+

You probably want to use the same visual diff tool every time and +you can configure Git for that:

+
$ git config --global diff.tool meld
+
+
+
+
+

(optional) Basic-4: Renaming and removing files

+
    +

  1. Create a new file, git add and git commit the file.

    2. +

  2. Rename the file with git mv (you will need to git commit the rename).

    3. +

  3. Use git log --oneline and git status.

    4. +

  4. Remove the file with git rm (again you need to git commit the change).

    5. +

  5. Inspect the history with git log --stat.

    6. +
+
+
+
+

Writing useful commit messages

+

Using git log --oneline we understand that the first line of the commit message is very important.

+

Good example:

+
increase threshold alpha to 2.0
+
+the motivation for this change is
+to enable ...
+...
+this is based on a discussion in #123
+
+
+

Convention: one line summarizing the commit, then one empty line, +then paragraph(s) with more details in free form, if necessary.

+
    +

  • Why something was changed is more important than what has changed.

    • +

  • Cross-reference to issues and discussions if possible/relevant.

    • +

  • Bad commit messages: “fix”, “oops”, “save work”

    • +

  • Bad examples: http://whatthecommit.com

    • +

  • Write commit messages in English that will be understood +15 years from now by someone else than you. Or by your future you.

    • +

  • Many projects start out as projects “just for me” and end up to be successful projects +that are developed by 50 people over decades.

    • +

  • Commits with multiple authors are possible.

    • +
+

Good references:

+ +
+

Note

+

A great way to learn how to write commit messages and to get inspired by their +style choices: browse repositories of codes that you use/like:

+

Some examples (but there are so many good examples):

+ +

When designing commit message styles consider also these:

+
    +

  • How will you easily generate a changelog or release notes?

    • +

  • During code review, you can help each other improving commit messages.

    • +
+
+

But remember: it is better to make any commit, than no commit. Especially in small projects. +Let not the perfect be the enemy of the good enough.

+
+
+

Ignoring files and paths with .gitignore

+
+

Discussion

+
    +

  • Should we add and track all files in a project?

    • +

  • How about generated files?

    • +

  • Why is it considered a bad idea to commit compiled binaries to version control?

    • +

  • What types of generated files do you know?

    • +
+
+

Compiled and generated files are not +committed to version control. There are many reasons for this:

+
    +

  • Your code could be run on different platforms.

    • +

  • These files are automatically generated and thus do not contribute in any meaningful way.

    • +

  • The number of changes to track per source code change can increase quickly.

    • +

  • When tracking generated files you could see differences in the code although you haven’t touched the code.

    • +
+

For this we use .gitignore files. Example:

+
# ignore compiled python 2 files
+*.pyc
+# ignore compiled python 3 files
+__pycache__
+
+
+

An example taken from the official Git documentation:

+
# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree.
+*.[oa]
+# ignore generated html files,
+*.html
+# except foo.html which is maintained by hand
+!foo.html
+# ignore everything under build directory
+build/
+
+
+
    +

  • .gitignore should be part of the repository because we want to make sure that all developers see the same behavior.

    • +

  • All files should be either tracked or ignored.

    • +

  • .gitignore uses something called a +shell glob syntax for +determining file patterns to ignore. You can read more about the syntax in the +documentation.

    • +

  • You can have .gitignore files in lower level directories and they affect the paths +relatively.

    • +
+
+
+

Graphical user interfaces

+

We have seen how to make commits directly via the GitHub website, and also via command line. +But it is also possible to work from within a Git graphical user interface (GUI):

+ +
+
+

Summary

+

Now we know how to save snapshots:

+
$ git add FILE(S)
+$ git commit
+
+
+

And this is what we do as we program.

+

Every state is then saved and later we will learn how to go back to these “checkpoints” +and how to undo things.

+
$ git init    # initialize new repository
+$ git add     # add files or stage file(s)
+$ git commit  # commit staged file(s)
+$ git status  # see what is going on
+$ git log     # see history
+$ git diff    # show unstaged/uncommitted modifications
+$ git show    # show the change for a specific commit
+$ git mv      # move tracked files
+$ git rm      # remove tracked files
+
+
+

Git is not ideal for large binary files +(for this consider http://git-annex.branchable.com).

+
+

Basic-5: Test your understanding

+

Which command(s) below would save the changes of myfile.txt +to an existing local Git repository?

+
    +
  1. $ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    2. +
  2. $ git init myfile.txt
+$ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    3. +
  3. $ git add myfile.txt
+$ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    4. +
  4. $ git commit -m myfile.txt "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    5. +
+ +
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • Initializing a Git repository is simple: git init.

    • +

  • Commits should be used to tell a story.

    • +

  • Git uses the .git folder to store the snapshots.

    • +

  • Don’t be afraid to stage and commit often. Better too often than not often enough.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/.buildinfo b/branch/main/.buildinfo new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0d99fd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/.buildinfo @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Sphinx build info version 1 +# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done. +config: 4089ff25175df635ed50ae5dd754c94d +tags: d77d1c0d9ca2f4c8421862c7c5a0d620 diff --git a/branch/main/.nojekyll b/branch/main/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e69de29b diff --git a/branch/main/_images/cheat-sheet.jpg b/branch/main/_images/cheat-sheet.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..69c947cb Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/cheat-sheet.jpg differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/code-portion.png b/branch/main/_images/code-portion.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..39356bd5 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/code-portion.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/commit-and-tree.png b/branch/main/_images/commit-and-tree.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..57cdebfa Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/commit-and-tree.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/commits-and-parents.png b/branch/main/_images/commits-and-parents.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..62336de2 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/commits-and-parents.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/created.png b/branch/main/_images/created.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d657d77 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/created.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/creating.png b/branch/main/_images/creating.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ff61a75a Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/creating.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-annotate.png b/branch/main/_images/git-annotate.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..60c6f7c2 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/git-annotate.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-branch-1.svg b/branch/main/_images/git-branch-1.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..71c7fbf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_images/git-branch-1.svg @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m3 + + + m2 + + + m1 + + + + + main + + + + + HEAD + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-branch-2.svg b/branch/main/_images/git-branch-2.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..348ec430 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_images/git-branch-2.svg @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m3 + + + l1 + + + e1 + + + e2 + + + m2 + + + m1 + + + + + main + + + + + experiment + + + + + less-salt + + + + + HEAD + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-branch-3.svg b/branch/main/_images/git-branch-3.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7653c246 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_images/git-branch-3.svg @@ -0,0 +1,411 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m1 + + + m2 + + + e2 + + + m3 + + + m4 + + + l1 + + + e1 + + + + + experiment + + + + + less-salt + + + + + main + + + + + HEAD + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-collaborative.svg b/branch/main/_images/git-collaborative.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1e0755ed --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_images/git-collaborative.svg @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m4 + + + x1 + + + m1 + + + m2 + + + c2 + + + m3 + + + b1 + + + b2 + + + x3 + + + b3 + + + c1 + + + x2 + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-deleted-branches.svg b/branch/main/_images/git-deleted-branches.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..40b2d1a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_images/git-deleted-branches.svg @@ -0,0 +1,419 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + m4 + + + m5 + + + l1 + + + m6 + + + e2 + + + m2 + + + m3 + + + e1 + + + m1 + + + + + main + + + + + HEAD + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-log-github.png b/branch/main/_images/git-log-github.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..db44d29b Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/git-log-github.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_images/git-log-terminal.png b/branch/main/_images/git-log-terminal.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..56493e6e Binary files 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+ + restore + add + commit + restore + reset + + + + diff HEAD + diff + diff --staged + + diff --git a/branch/main/_images/stranger.jpg b/branch/main/_images/stranger.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd3985d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_images/stranger.jpg differ diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/aliases.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/aliases.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c3fd61ce --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/aliases.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +# Aliases and configuration + +```{objectives} +- Learn to use aliases for most common commands. +``` + +Are you getting tired of typing so much? In Git you can define aliases (shortcuts): +- These are great because they can save you time typing. +- But it's easy to forget them, get confused, or be inconsistent with your colleagues. + +There is plenty of other configuration for Git, that can make it nicer. + + +## Aliases + +- Aliases offer a way to improve the usability of Git: for + example `git ci` instead of `git commit`. +- Aliases are based on simple string replacement in the command. +- Aliases can either be specific to a repository or global. + - Global aliases help you do the things you are used to across Git projects. + - Per-project aliases can also be created. +- Global aliases are stored in `~/.gitconfig`. + + +## Example alias: git graph + +A very useful shortcut which we use a lot in our workshops: + +```console +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +$ cd your_git_repository +$ git graph +``` + + +## Using external commands + +It is possible to call external commands using the exclamation mark character "!". +In this example here we create a local alias which is +stored in `.git/config` and not synchronized with remotes: + +```console +$ cd your_git_repository +$ git config alias.hi '!echo hello' +$ git hi +``` + +```{discussion} Food for thought: When to alias? +- How many times should you wait before aliasing a command? +- Do you believe a list of generic two-letter acronyms for common commands will + save your time? +``` + + +## List of aliases the instructors use + +You are welcome to reuse, suggest, improve. +You can see your current aliases in `~/.gitconfig`. + +```console +$ git config --global alias.ap "add --patch" +$ git config --global alias.br branch +$ git config --global alias.ci "commit -v" +$ git config --global alias.cip "commit --patch -v" +$ git config --global alias.cl "clone --recursive" +$ git config --global alias.di diff +$ git config --global alias.dic "diff --staged --color-words" +$ git config --global alias.diw "diff --color-words" +$ git config --global alias.dis "!git --no-pager diff --stat" +$ git config --global alias.fe fetch +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +$ git config --global alias.rem remote +$ git config --global alias.st status +$ git config --global alias.su "submodule update --init --recursive" +``` + +Here is what they do: +- `ap`: add, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `br`: branch (obvious) +- `ci`: commit (check in), with `-v` option for clarity +- `cip`: commit, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `cl`: clone, init submodules (submodules are an advanced topic) +- `di`: diff (obvious) +- `dic`: diff of staging area vs last commit (what is about to be committed) +- `diw`: a word diff, color. Useful for small changes. +- `dis`: a "diffstat": what files are changed, not contents +- `fe`: fetch (obvious) +- `graph`: show whole git graph (so useful, some of us call it `l`) +- `rem`: remote (obvious) +- `st`: status (obvious) +- `su`: submodule update (advanced) + +A useful setting for the `p` aliases: +```console +$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true +``` + + +## Advanced aliases + +These are advanced aliases and configuration options. We won't explain them, +but if you are bored, have some time, or want to go deeper, try to +figure out what they do. You might want to check the Git manual +pages! + +```console +$ git config --global alias.cif "commit -v -p --fixup" +$ git config --global alias.rb "rebase --autosquash" +$ git config --global alias.rbi "rebase --interactive --autosquash" +$ git config --global alias.rbis "rebase --interactive --autosquash --autostash" +$ git config --global alias.rbs "rebase --autosquash --autostash" +$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.ls-ignored "ls-files -o -i --exclude-standard" +$ git config --global alias.new "log HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.news "log --stat HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.newd "log --patch --color-words HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.newdi "diff --color-words HEAD...HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.reca "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate -n10 --all" +$ git config --global alias.recd "log --decorate --patch @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.recs "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD --stat" +``` + +## Advanced Git configuration + +Besides aliases, you can do plenty of other configuration of `git`. +Here are some of the most common ones: + +```console +$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true +$ git config --global core.pager "less -RS" +$ git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore +$ git config --global merge.conflictstyle diff3 +$ git config --global diff.wordRegex "[a-zA-Z0-9_]+|[^[:space:]]" +$ git config --global diff.mnemonicPrefix true +``` + +Do you get tired of typing and copying and pasting your remote names +all the time, like `git@github.com:myusername`? You can create remote +aliases like this: + +```console +$ git config --global url.git@github.com:.insteadOf gh: +$ git config --global url.git@github.com:/username/.insteadOf ghu: +``` + +Then, when you add a remote `ghu:recipe`, it will automatically be +translated to `git@github.com:/username/recipe` using a simple prefix +matching. + + +```{keypoints} +- If you are frustrated about remembering a command, you should create an alias. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/archaeology.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/archaeology.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a210420b --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/archaeology.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +# Inspecting history + +```{objectives} +- Quickly find a line of code, find out why it was introduced and when. +- Quickly find the commit that changed a behavior. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/type-along +- 30 min exercise +``` + +````{prereq} Preparation +Please make sure that you do not clone repositories inside an already tracked folder: + +```console +$ git status +``` + +If you are inside an existing Git repository, step out of it. +You need to find a different location since we will clone a new repository. + +If you see this message, this is good in this case: + +```shell +fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git +``` +```` + + +## Our toolbox for history inspection + +```{instructor-note} +First the instructor demonstrates few commands on a real life example +repository (mentioned in the amazing site [The +Programming Historian](https://programminghistorian.org/)). +Later we will practice these in groups in an archaeology exercise (below). +After demonstrating the command line tools, the instructor can also demonstrate searching, "show" and "annotate" +in the GitHub browser for this example project. +``` + + +### Warm-up: ["Git History" browser](https://githistory.xyz/) + +As a warm-up we can try the ["Git History" browser](https://githistory.xyz/) +on the README.rst file of the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository: + +- Visit and browse (use left/right keys). +- You can try this on some of your GitHub repositories, too! + + +### `git grep`: to search through the repository + +With `git grep` you can find all lines in a repository which contain some string or regular expression. +This is useful to find out where in the code some variable is used or some error message printed: + +```console +$ git grep TEXT +$ git grep "some text with spaces" +``` + +In the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository you can try: + +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx +$ cd networkx +$ git grep -i fixme +``` + +While `git grep` searches the **current state** of the repository, +it is also possible to search through all changes with `git log -S sometext` +which can be useful to find where something got removed. + + +### `git show`: to inspect commits + +We have seen this one before already. Using `git show` we can inspect an individual commit if +we know its hash: + +```console +$ git show HASH +``` + +For instance: + +```console +$ git show 759d589bdfa61aff99e0535938f14f67b01c83f7 +``` + + +### `git annotate`: to annotate code with commit metadata + +Try it out on a file - with `git annotate` you can see line by line who and **when** the line was modified +last. It also prints the precise hash of the last change which modified each line. Incredibly useful +for reproducibility. + +```console +$ git annotate FILE +``` + +Example: + +```console +$ git annotate networkx/convert_matrix.py +``` + +If you annotate in a terminal and the file is longer than the screen, Git by default uses the program `less` to +scroll the output. +Use `/sometext` `` to find "sometext" and you can cycle through the results with `n` (next) and `N` (last). +You can also use page up/down to scroll. You can quit with `q`. + +```{discussion} +Discuss how these two affect the annotation: +- wrapping long lines of text/code into shorter lines +- autoformatting tools such as `black` +``` + + +### `git switch --create`: to inspect code in the past + +We can create branches pointing to a commit in the past. +This is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code: + +```console +$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME HASH +``` + +Example (lines starting with "#" are only comments): + +```console +$ # create branch called "older-code" from hash 347e6292419b +$ git switch --create older-code 347e6292419bd0e4bff077fe971f983932d7a0e9 + +$ # now you can navigate and inspect the code as it was back then +$ # ... + +$ # after we are done we can switch back to "main" +$ git switch main + +$ # if we like we can delete the "older-code" branch +$ git branch -d older-code +``` + +On old Git versions you need to use this: + +```console +$ git checkout -b BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH +``` + +(exercise-history)= + +## Exercise: Basic archaeology commands + +`````{exercise} History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands + Let us explore the value of these commands in an exercise. Future + exercises do not depend on this, so it is OK if you do not complete + it fully. + + Exercise steps: + - Clone this repository: + . + Then step into the new directory and create an exercise branch from the networkx-2.6.3 tag/release: + ```console + $ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git + $ cd networkx + $ git switch --create exercise networkx-2.6.3 + ``` + + Then using the above toolbox try to: + 1. Find the code line which contains `"Logic error in degree_correlation"`. + 2. Find out when this line was last modified or added. Find the actual commit which modified that line. + 3. Inspect that commit with `git show`. + 4. Create a branch pointing to the past when that commit was created to be + able to browse and use the code as it was back then. + 5. How would you bring the code to the version of the code right before that line was last modified? + + ````{solution} + 1. We use `git grep`: + ```console + $ git grep "Logic error in degree_correlation" + ``` + This gives the output: + ``` + networkx/algorithms/threshold.py: print("Logic error in degree_correlation", i, rdi) + ``` + Maybe you also want to know the line number: + ```console + $ git grep -n "Logic error in degree_correlation" + ``` + 2. We use `git annotate`: + ```console + $ git annotate networkx/algorithms/threshold.py + ``` + Then search for "Logic error" by typing "/Logic error" followed by Enter. + The last commit that modified it was `90544b4fa` (unless that line changed since). + 3. We use `git show`: + ```console + $ git show 90544b4fa + ``` + 4. Create a branch pointing to that commit (here we called the branch "past-code"): + ```console + $ git branch past-code 90544b4fa + ``` + 5. This is a compact way to access the first parent of `90544b4fa` (here we + called the branch "just-before"): + ```console + $ git switch --create just-before 90544b4fa~1 + ``` + ```` +````` + +--- + +## Finding out when something broke/changed with `git bisect` + +> *But I am sure it used to work! Strange.* + +- Sometimes you realize that something broke. +- You know that it used to work. +- You do not know when it broke. + +```{discussion} How would you solve this? +Before we go on first discuss how you would solve this problem: You know that it worked +500 commits ago but it does not work now. + +- How would you find the commit which changed it? +- Why could it be useful to know the commit that changed it? + +**Video workshops**: Write down ideas on how you would solve it in the collaborative +note and we will discuss various approaches. +``` + +We will probably arrive at a solution which is similar to `git bisect`: + +- First find out a commit in past when it worked. + ```console + $ git bisect start + $ git bisect good f0ea950 # this is a commit that worked + $ git bisect bad main # last commit is broken + ``` +- Now compile and/or run and/or test and decide whether "good" or "bad". +- This is how you can tell Git that this was a working commit: + ```console + $ git bisect good + ``` +- And this is how you can tell Git that this was not a working commit: + ```console + $ git bisect bad + ``` +- Then bisect/iterate your way until you find the commit that broke it. +- If you want to go back to start, type `git bisect reset`. +- This can even be automatized with `git bisect run SCRIPT`. + For this you write a script that returns zero/non-zero (success/failure). + +(exercise-bisect)= + +## Optional exercise: Git bisect + +````{exercise} (optional) History-2: Use git bisect to find the bad commit + In this exercise, we use `git bisect` on an example repository. It + is OK if you do not complete this exercise fully. + + Begin by cloning [https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise). + + + **Motivation** + + The motivation for this exercise is to be able to do archaeology with Git on a + source code where the bug is difficult to see visually. **Finding the offending + commit is often more than half the debugging**. + + + **Background** + + The script `get_pi.py` approximates pi using terms of the Nilakantha series. It + should produce 3.14 but it does not. The script broke at some point and + produces 3.57 using the last commit: + + ```console + $ python get_pi.py + + 3.57 + ``` + + At some point within the 500 first commits, an error was introduced. The only + thing we know is that the first commit worked correctly. + + + **Your task** + + - Clone this repository and use `git bisect` to find the commit which + broke the computation + ([solution - spoiler alert!](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise#solutions-spoiler-alert)). + - Once you have found the offending commit, also practice navigating to the last good commit. + - Bonus exercise: + Write a script that checks for a correct result and use `git bisect run` to + find the offending commit automatically + ([solution - spoiler alert!](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise#solutions-spoiler-alert)). + + + **Hints** + + Finding the first commit: + + ```console + $ git log --oneline | tail -n 1 + ``` + + How to navigate to the parent of a commit with hash `somehash`: + ```console + $ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH~1 + ``` + + Instead of a tilde you can also use this: + ```console + $ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH^ + ``` +```` + +```{keypoints} +- git log/grep/annotate/show/bisect is a powerful combination when doing archaeology in a project. +- `git switch --create NAME HASH` is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code. +- On newer Git you can use the more intuitive `git switch --create branchname somehash`. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/basics.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/basics.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f61c9f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/basics.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,537 @@ +# Basics + +```{objectives} +- Learn to create Git repositories and make commits. +- Get a grasp of the structure of a repository. +- Learn how to inspect the project history. +- Learn how to write useful commit log messages. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 35 min teaching/type-along +- 20 min exercise +``` + + +## What is Git, and what is a Git repository? + +- Git is a version control system: can **record/save snapshots** and track the content of a folder as it changes over time. +- Every time we **commit** a snapshot, Git records a snapshot of the **entire project**, saves it, and assigns it a version. +- These snapshots are kept inside a sub-folder called `.git`. +- If we remove `.git`, we remove the repository and history (but keep the working directory!). +- `.git` uses relative paths - you can move the whole thing somewhere else and it will still work. +- Git doesn't do anything unless you ask it to (it **does not record anything automatically**). +- Multiple interfaces to Git exist (command line, graphical interfaces, web interfaces). + + +## Recording a snapshot with Git + +- Git takes snapshots only if we request it. +- We will record changes in two steps (we will later explain why this is a recommended practice). +- Example (we don't need to type yet): + + ```console + $ git add FILE.txt + $ git commit + + $ git add FILE.txt ANOTHERFILE.txt + $ git commit + ``` + +- We first focus (`git add`, we "stage" the change), then record (`git commit`): + +```{figure} img/git_stage_commit.svg +:alt: Git staging +:width: 100% + +Git staging and committing. +``` + +```{discussion} Question for the more advanced participants +What do you think will be the outcome if you +stage a file and then edit it and stage it again, do this several times and +at the end perform a commit? (think of focusing several scenes and pressing the +shutter at the end) +``` + + +## Configuring Git + +Before we start we need to configure Git. +This is also part of the +[installation instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/shell-and-git/#configuration) +but we need to make sure we all have +set name, email address, editor, and +default branch: +```console +$ git config --global user.name "Your Name" +$ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com +$ git config --global core.editor nano +$ git config --global init.defaultBranch main +``` + +Verify with: +```console +$ git config --list +``` + +```{instructor-note} +Instructors, give learners enough time to do the above configuration steps. +``` + + +## Type-along: Tracking a guacamole recipe with Git + +We will learn how to initialize a Git repository, how to track changes, and how +to make delicious guacamole (inspiration: suggestion by B. Smith in a discussion in the Carpentries mailing list)! + +The motivation for taking a cooking recipe instead of a program is that everybody can relate to cooking +but not everybody may be able to relate to a program written in e.g. Python or another language. + +```{instructor-note} +Instructors, please encourage now that participants type along. +``` + +One of the basic principles of Git is that it is **easy to create repositories**: + +```console +$ mkdir recipe +$ cd recipe +$ git init +``` + +That's it! With `git init` have now created an empty Git repository. + +We will use `git status` a lot to check out what is going on: + +```console +$ git status + +On branch main + +No commits yet + +nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track) +``` + +We will make sense of this information during this workshop. + +Let us now **create two files**. + +One file is called `instructions.txt` and contains: + +```shell +* chop avocados +* chop onion +* squeeze lime +* add salt +* and mix well +``` + +The second file is called `ingredients.txt` and contains: + +```shell +* 2 avocados +* 1 lime +* 2 tsp salt +``` + +As mentioned above, in Git you can always check the status of files in your repository using +`git status`. It is always a safe command to run and in general a good idea to +do when you are trying to figure out what to do next: + +```console +$ git status + +On branch main + +No commits yet + +Untracked files: + (use "git add ..." to include in what will be committed) + + ingredients.txt + instructions.txt + +nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track) +``` + +The two files are untracked in the repository (directory). You want to **add the files** (focus the camera) +to the list of files tracked by Git. Git does not track +any files automatically and you need make a conscious decision to add a file. Let's do what +Git hints at and add the files: + + +```console +$ git add ingredients.txt +$ git add instructions.txt +$ git status + +On branch main + +Initial commit + +Changes to be committed: + (use "git rm --cached ..." to unstage) + + new file: ingredients.txt + new file: instructions.txt +``` + +Now this change is *staged* and ready to be committed. + +Let us now commit the change to the repository: + +```console +$ git commit -m "adding ingredients and instructions" + +[main (root-commit) aa243ea] adding ingredients and instructions + 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+) + create mode 100644 ingredients.txt + create mode 100644 instructions.txt +``` + +Right after we query the status to get this useful command into our muscle memory: + +```console +$ git status +``` + +What does the `-m` flag mean? Let us check the help page for that command: + +```console +$ git help commit +``` + +You should see a very long help page as the tool is very versatile (press q to quit). +Do not worry about this now but keep in mind that you can always read the help files +when in doubt. Searching online can also be useful, but choosing search terms +to find relevant information takes some practice and discussions in some +online threads may be confusing. +Note that help pages also work when you don't have a network connection! + + +(exercise-record-changes)= + +## Exercise: Record changes + +````{exercise} Basic-1: Record changes + Add 1/2 onion to `ingredients.txt` and also the instruction + to "enjoy!" to `instructions.txt`. Do not stage the changes yet (do not `git add` yet). + + When you are done editing the files, try `git diff`: + + ```console + $ git diff + ``` + + You will see (can you identify in there the two added lines?): + + ```diff + diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt + index 2607525..ec0abc6 100644 + --- a/ingredients.txt + +++ b/ingredients.txt + @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 2 tsp salt + +* 1/2 onion + diff --git a/instructions.txt b/instructions.txt + index 6a8b2af..f7dd63a 100644 + --- a/instructions.txt + +++ b/instructions.txt + @@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ + * squeeze lime + * add salt + * and mix well + +* enjoy! + ``` + + Now first stage and commit each change separately (what happens when we leave out the `-m` flag?): + + ```console + $ git add ingredients.txt + $ git commit -m "add half an onion" + $ git add instructions.txt + $ git commit # <-- we have left out -m "..." + ``` + + When you leave out the `-m` flag, Git should open an editor where you can edit + your commit message. This message will be associated and stored with the + changes you made. This message is your chance to explain what you've done and + convince others (and your future self) that the changes you made were + justified. Write a message and save and close the file. + + When you are done committing the changes, experiment with these commands: + + ```console + $ git log + $ git log --stat + $ git log --oneline + ``` +```` + + +## Git history and log + +If you haven't yet, please try now `git log`: + +```console +$ git log + +commit ea73a8a9ef9bd5c0aee3f0868d0ebc8457e1f94b +Author: Radovan Bast +Date: Wed Feb 9 10:12:39 2022 +0100 + + don't forget to enjoy + +commit 6316947beb2b7ffa0cc822370cfdd701050227a4 +Author: Radovan Bast +Date: Wed Feb 9 10:12:30 2022 +0100 + + add half an onion + +commit 03491ed253ffcee16772e35b1de4efd349711f05 +Author: Radovan Bast +Date: Wed Feb 9 10:11:30 2022 +0100 + + adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +- We can browse the development and access each state that we have committed. +- The long hashes uniquely label a state of the code. +- They are not just integers counting 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (why?). +- Output is in reverse chronological order, i.e. **newest commits on top**. +- We will use them when comparing versions and when going back in time. +- `git log --oneline` only shows the first 7 characters of the commit hash and is good to get an overview. +- If the first characters of the hash are unique it is not necessary to type the entire hash. +- `git log --stat` is nice to show which files have been modified. + + +(exercise-diff-and-rename)= + +## Optional exercises: comparing, renaming, and removing + +```{exercise} (optional) Basic-2: Comparing and showing commits +1. Inspect differences between commit hashes with `git diff HASH1 HASH2`. +2. Have a look at specific commits with `git show HASH`. +``` + +````{exercise} (optional) Basic-3: Visual diff tools + - Make further modifications and experiment with `git difftool` (requires installing one of the [visual diff tools](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/difftools/)): + + On Windows or Linux: + ```console + $ git difftool --tool=meld HASH + ``` + + On macOS: + ```console + $ git difftool --tool=opendiff HASH + ``` + + ```{figure} img/meld.png + :alt: Git difftool using meld + :width: 100% + + Git difftool using meld. + ``` + + You probably want to use the same visual diff tool every time and + you can configure Git for that: + ```console + $ git config --global diff.tool meld + ``` +```` + +```{exercise} (optional) Basic-4: Renaming and removing files +1. Create a new file, `git add` and `git commit` the file. +2. Rename the file with `git mv` (you will need to `git commit` the rename). +3. Use `git log --oneline` and `git status`. +4. Remove the file with `git rm` (again you need to `git commit` the change). +5. Inspect the history with `git log --stat`. +``` + + +## Writing useful commit messages + +Using `git log --oneline` we understand that the first line of the commit message is very important. + +Good example: +```text +increase threshold alpha to 2.0 + +the motivation for this change is +to enable ... +... +this is based on a discussion in #123 +``` + +Convention: **one line summarizing the commit, then one empty line, +then paragraph(s) with more details in free form, if necessary**. + +- **Why something was changed is more important than what has changed.** +- Cross-reference to issues and discussions if possible/relevant. +- Bad commit messages: "fix", "oops", "save work" +- Bad examples: [http://whatthecommit.com](http://whatthecommit.com) +- Write commit messages in English that will be understood + 15 years from now by someone else than you. Or by your future you. +- Many projects start out as projects "just for me" and end up to be successful projects + that are developed by 50 people over decades. +- [Commits with multiple authors](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-commit-with-multiple-authors/) are possible. + +Good references: + +- ["My favourite Git commit"](https://fatbusinessman.com/2019/my-favourite-git-commit) +- ["On commit messages"](https://who-t.blogspot.com/2009/12/on-commit-messages.html) +- ["How to Write a Git Commit Message"](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/) + +```{note} +A great way to learn how to write commit messages and to get inspired by their +style choices: **browse repositories of codes that you use/like**: + +Some examples (but there are so many good examples): +- [SciPy](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/commits/main) +- [NumPy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/commits/main) +- [Pandas](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/commits/main) +- [Julia](https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/commits/master) +- [ggplot2](https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2/commits/main), + compare with their [release + notes](https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2/releases) +- [Flask](https://github.com/pallets/flask/commits/main), + compare with their [release + notes](https://github.com/pallets/flask/blob/main/CHANGES.rst) + +When designing commit message styles consider also these: +- How will you easily generate a changelog or release notes? +- During code review, you can help each other improving commit messages. +``` + +But remember: it is better to make any commit, than no commit. Especially in small projects. +**Let not the perfect be the enemy of the good enough**. + + +(gitignore)= + +## Ignoring files and paths with .gitignore + +```{discussion} +- Should we add and track all files in a project? +- How about generated files? +- Why is it considered a bad idea to commit compiled binaries to version control? +- What types of generated files do you know? +``` + +Compiled and generated files are not +committed to version control. There are many reasons for this: + +- Your code could be run on different platforms. +- These files are automatically generated and thus do not contribute in any meaningful way. +- The number of changes to track per source code change can increase quickly. +- When tracking generated files you could see differences in the code although you haven't touched the code. + +For this we use `.gitignore` files. Example: + +```shell +# ignore compiled python 2 files +*.pyc +# ignore compiled python 3 files +__pycache__ +``` + +An example taken from the [official Git documentation](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore): + +```shell +# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree. +*.[oa] +# ignore generated html files, +*.html +# except foo.html which is maintained by hand +!foo.html +# ignore everything under build directory +build/ +``` + +- `.gitignore` should be part of the repository because we want to make sure that all developers see the same behavior. +- **All files should be either tracked or ignored**. +- `.gitignore` uses something called a + [shell glob syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming)) for + determining file patterns to ignore. You can read more about the syntax in the + [documentation](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore). +- You can have `.gitignore` files in lower level directories and they affect the paths + relatively. + + +## Graphical user interfaces + +We have seen how to make commits directly via the GitHub website, and also via command line. +But it is also possible to work from within a Git graphical user interface (GUI): + +- [GitHub Desktop](https://desktop.github.com) +- [SourceTree](https://www.sourcetreeapp.com) +- [List of third-party GUIs](https://git-scm.com/downloads/guis) + + +## Summary + +Now we know how to save snapshots: + +```console +$ git add FILE(S) +$ git commit +``` + +And this is what we do as we program. + +Every state is then saved and later we will learn how to go back to these "checkpoints" +and how to undo things. + +```console +$ git init # initialize new repository +$ git add # add files or stage file(s) +$ git commit # commit staged file(s) +$ git status # see what is going on +$ git log # see history +$ git diff # show unstaged/uncommitted modifications +$ git show # show the change for a specific commit +$ git mv # move tracked files +$ git rm # remove tracked files +``` + +Git is not ideal for large binary files +(for this consider [http://git-annex.branchable.com](http://git-annex.branchable.com)). + +````{challenge} Basic-5: Test your understanding + Which command(s) below would save the changes of `myfile.txt` + to an existing local Git repository? + + 1. ```console + $ git commit -m "my recent changes" + ``` + 2. ```console + $ git init myfile.txt + $ git commit -m "my recent changes" + ``` + 3. ```console + $ git add myfile.txt + $ git commit -m "my recent changes" + ``` + 4. ```console + $ git commit -m myfile.txt "my recent changes" + ``` + ```{solution} + + 1. Would only create a commit if files have already been staged. + 2. Would try to create a new repository in a folder "myfile.txt". + 3. **Is correct: first add the file to the staging area, then commit.** + 4. Would try to commit a file "my recent changes" with the message myfile.txt. + ``` +```` + +```{keypoints} +- Initializing a Git repository is simple: `git init`. +- Commits should be used to tell a story. +- Git uses the .git folder to store the snapshots. +- Don't be afraid to stage and commit often. Better too often than not often enough. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/branches.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/branches.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eb8531b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/branches.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,631 @@ +# Branching and merging + +```{objectives} +- Be able to create and merge branches. +- Know the difference between a branch and a tag. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 35 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + + +## Motivation for branches + +In the previous section we tracked a guacamole recipe with Git. + +Up until now our repository had only one branch with one commit coming +after the other: + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-branch-1.svg +:alt: Linear Git repository +:width: 40% + +Linear Git repository. +``` + +- Commits are depicted here as little boxes with abbreviated hashes. +- Here the branch `main` points to a commit. +- "HEAD" is the current position (remember the recording head of tape + recorders?). (when we say `HEAD`, we mean those literal letters - + this isn't a placeholder for something else) +- When we talk about branches, we often mean all parent commits, not only the commit pointed to. + + +### Now we want to do this: + +```{figure} img/octopus.jpeg +:alt: Branching explained with an octopus +:width: 100% + +Source: +``` + +Software development is often not linear: + +- We typically need at least one version of the code to "work" (to compile, to give expected results, ...). +- At the same time we work on new features, often several features concurrently. + Often they are unfinished. +- We need to be able to separate different lines of work really well. + +The strength of version control is that it permits the researcher to **isolate +different tracks of work**, which can later be merged to create a composite +version that contains all changes: + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-collaborative.svg +:alt: Isolated tracks of work +:width: 100% + +Isolated tracks of work. +``` + +- We see branching points and merging points. +- Main line development is often called `main` or `master`. +- Other than this convention there is nothing special about `main` or `master`, it is just a branch. +- Commits form a directed acyclic graph (we have left out the arrows to avoid confusion about the time arrow). + +A group of commits that create a single narrative are called a **branch**. +There are different branching strategies, but it is useful to think that a branch +tells the story of a feature, e.g. "fast sequence extraction" or "Python interface" or "fixing bug in +matrix inversion algorithm". + +````{admonition} **An important alias** +--- +class: important +--- + +We will now define an *alias* in Git, to be able to nicely visualize branch +structure in the terminal without having to remember a long Git command +(more details about aliases are given +in a later section). **This is extensively used in the rest of this +and other lessons**: + +```console +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +``` +```` + +```{instructor-note} +Instructors, please demonstrate how to set this alias and ensure that +all create it. This is very important for this lesson and +git-collaborative. +``` + +Let us inspect the project history using the `git graph` alias: + +```console +$ git graph + +* dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +- We have three commits and only + one development line (branch) and this branch is called `main`. +- Commits are states characterized by a 40-character hash (checksum). +- `git graph` print abbreviations of these checksums. +- **Branches are pointers that point to a commit.** +- Branch `main` points to commit `dd4472c8093b7bbcdaa15e3066da6ca77fcabadd`. +- `HEAD` is another pointer, it points to where we are right now (currently `main`) + + +### On which branch are we? + +To see where we are (where HEAD points to) use `git branch`: + +```console +$ git branch + +* main +``` + +- This command shows where we are, it does not create a branch. +- There is only `main` and we are on `main` (star represents the `HEAD`). + +In the following we will learn how to create branches, +how to switch between them, how to merge branches, +and how to remove them afterwards. + + +## Creating and working with branches + +```{instructor-note} +We do the following part together. Encourage participants to type along. +``` + +Let's create a branch called `experiment` where we add cilantro to `ingredients.txt`. + +```console +$ git branch experiment main # creates branch "experiment" from "main" +$ git switch experiment # switch to branch "experiment" +$ git branch # list all local branches and show on which branch we are +``` + +- Verify that you are on the `experiment` branch (note that `git graph` also + makes it clear what branch you are on: `HEAD -> branchname`): + + ```console + $ git branch + + * experiment + main + ``` + +- Then add 2 tbsp cilantro **on top** of the `ingredients.txt`: + + ```{code-block} shell + --- + emphasize-lines: 1 + --- + * 2 tbsp cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 2 tsp salt + * 1/2 onion + ``` + +- Stage this and commit it with the message "let us try with some cilantro". +- Then reduce the amount of cilantro to 1 tbsp, stage and commit again with "maybe little bit less cilantro". + +We have created **two new commits**: + +```{code-block} console +--- +emphasize-lines: 3-4 +--- +$ git graph + +* 6feb49d (HEAD -> experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro +* 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +* dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +- The branch `experiment` is two commits ahead of `main`. +- We commit our changes to this branch. + + +(exercise-branches)= + +## Exercise: Create and commit to branches + +````{exercise} Branch-1: Create and commit to branches + In this exercise, you will create another new branch and few more commits. + We will use this in the next section, to practice + merging. **The goal of the exercise is to end up with 3 branches**. + + - Change to the branch `main`. + - Create another branch called `less-salt` + - Note! makes sure you are on main branch when you create the less-salt branch + - A safer way would be to explicitly mention to create from the main branch + as shown below: + ```console + $ git branch less-salt main + ``` + - Where you reduce the amount of salt. + - Commit your changes to the `less-salt` branch. + + Use the same commands as we used above. + + We now have three branches (in this case `HEAD` points to `less-salt`): + + ```console + $ git branch + + experiment + * less-salt + main + + $ git graph + + * bf59be6 (HEAD -> less-salt) reduce amount of salt + | * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro + | * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro + |/ + * dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy + * 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + * 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` + + Here is a graphical representation of what we have created: + + ```{figure} img/gitink/git-branch-2.svg + ``` + + - Now switch to `main`. + - Add and commit the following `README.md` to `main`: + + ```markdown + # Guacamole recipe + + Used in teaching Git. + ``` + + Now you should have this situation: + + ```console + $ git graph + + * 40fbb90 (HEAD -> main) draft a readme + | * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt + |/ + | * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro + | * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro + |/ + * dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + * 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + * 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` + + ```{figure} img/gitink/git-branch-3.svg + ``` + + And for comparison this is how it looks [on GitHub](https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge/network). +```` + + +## Merging branches + +```{instructor-note} +We do the rest as type-along. Instructors, encourage learners to type-along. +``` + +It turned out that our experiment with cilantro was a good idea. +Our goal now is to merge `experiment` into `main`. + +````{admonition} If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later + **If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later**, + you can apply the commands below. + But **skip this box if you managed to create branches**. + + ```console + $ cd .. # step out of the current directory + + $ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge.git + $ cd recipe-before-merge + + $ git switch experiment + $ git switch less-salt + $ git switch main + + $ git remote remove origin + + $ git graph + ``` + + Or call a helper to un-stuck it for you. +```` + +First we make sure we are on the branch we wish to merge **into**: + +```{code-block} console +--- +emphasize-lines: 5 +--- +$ git branch + + experiment + less-salt +* main +``` + +Then we merge `experiment` into `main`: + +```console +$ git merge experiment +``` + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-merge-1.svg +``` + +We can verify the result in the terminal: + +```console +$ git graph + +* c43b24c (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'experiment' +|\ +| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro +| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +* | 40fbb90 draft a readme +|/ +| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt +|/ +* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +What happens internally when you merge two branches is that Git creates a new +commit, attempts to incorporate changes from both branches and records the +state of all files in the new commit. While a regular commit has one parent, a +merge commit has two (or more) parents. + +To view the branches that are merged into the current branch we can use the command: + +```console +$ git branch --merged + + experiment +* main +``` + +We are also happy with the work on the `less-salt` branch. Let us merge that +one, too, into `main`: + +```console +$ git branch # make sure you are on main +$ git merge less-salt +``` + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-merge-2.svg +:alt: Commit graph after merge + +Commit graph after merge. +``` + +We can verify the result in the terminal: + +```console +$ git graph + +* 4f00317 (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'less-salt' +|\ +| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt +* | c43b24c Merge branch 'experiment' +|\ \ +| * | 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro +| * | 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +| |/ +* | 40fbb90 draft a readme +|/ +* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +Observe how Git nicely merged the changed amount of salt and the new ingredient **in the same file +without us merging it manually**: + +```console +$ cat ingredients.txt + +* 1 tbsp cilantro +* 2 avocados +* 1 lime +* 1 tsp salt +* 1/2 onion +``` + +If the same file is changed in both branches, Git attempts to incorporate both +changes into the merged file. If the changes overlap then the user has to +manually *settle merge conflicts* (we will do that later). + + +## Deleting branches safely + +Both feature branches are merged: + +```console +$ git branch --merged + + experiment + less-salt +* main +``` + +This means we can delete the branches: + +```console +$ git branch -d experiment less-salt + +Deleted branch experiment (was 6feb49d). +Deleted branch less-salt (was bf59be6). +``` + +This is the result: + +```{figure} img/gitink/git-deleted-branches.svg +:alt: Commit graph after merged branches were deleted + +Commit graph after merged branches were deleted. +``` + +Compare in the terminal: + +```console +$ git graph + +* 4f00317 (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'less-salt' +|\ +| * bf59be6 reduce amount of salt +* | c43b24c Merge branch 'experiment' +|\ \ +| * | 6feb49d maybe little bit less cilantro +| * | 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro +| |/ +* | 40fbb90 draft a readme +|/ +* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion +* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +Comparing figures "Commit graph after merge" +and "Commit graph after merged branches were deleted", +we observe that +only the pointers ("sticky notes") disappeared, not the commits. + +Git will not let you delete a branch which has not been reintegrated unless you +insist using `git branch -D`. Even then your commits will not be lost but you +may have a hard time finding them as there is no branch pointing to them. + + +(exercise-branches-optional)= + +## Optional exercises with branches + +The following exercises are advanced, absolutely no problem to postpone them to a +few months later. If you give them a go, keep in mind that you might run into conflicts, +which we will learn to resolve in the next section. + +````{exercise} (optional) Branch-2: Perform a fast-forward merge +1. Create a new branch from `main` and switch to it. +2. Create a couple of commits on the new branch (for instance edit `README.md`): + ```{figure} img/gitink/git-pre-ff.svg + ``` +3. Now switch to `main`. +4. Merge the new branch to `main`. +5. Examine the result with `git graph`. +6. Have you expected the result? Discuss what you see. + + ```{solution} + You will see that in this case no merge commit was created and Git merged the + two branches by moving (fast-forwarding) the "main" branch (label) three + commits forward. + + This was possible since one branch is the ancestor of the other and their + developments did not diverge. + + A merge that does not require any merge commit is a fast-forward merge. + ``` +```` + +````{exercise} (optional) Branch-3: Rebase a branch (instead of merge) +As an alternative to merging branches, one can also *rebase* branches. +Rebasing means that the new commits are *replayed* on top of another branch +(instead of creating an explicit merge commit). +**Note that rebasing changes history and should not be done on public commits!** +1. Create a new branch, and make a couple of commits on it. +2. Switch back to `main`, and make a couple of commits on it. +3. Inspect the situation with `git graph`. +4. Now rebase the new branch on top of `main` by first switching to the new branch, and then `git rebase main`. +5. Inspect again the situation with `git graph`. Notice that the commit hashes have changed - think about why! + + ```{solution} + You will notice two things: + - History is now linear and does not contain merge commits. + - All the commit hashes that were on the branch that got rebased, have + changed. This also demonstrates that `git rebase` is a command that alters + history. The commit history looks as if the rebased commits were all done + after the `main` commits. + ``` +```` + + +## Tags + +- A tag is a pointer to a commit but in contrast to a branch it **does not ever move**. +- We use tags to record particular states or milestones of a project at a given + point in time, like for instance versions (have a look at [semantic versioning](http://semver.org), + v1.0.3 is easier to understand and remember than 64441c1934def7d91ff0b66af0795749d5f1954a). +- There are two basic types of tags: annotated and lightweight. +- **Use annotated tags** since they contain the author and can be cryptographically signed using + GPG, timestamped, and a message attached. +- It can be useful to think of branches as sticky notes and of tags as + [commemorative plaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque). + +Let's add an annotated tag to our current state of the guacamole recipe: + +```console +$ git tag -a nobel-2021 -m "recipe I made for the 2021 Nobel banquet" +``` + +As you may have found out already, `git show` is a very versatile command. Try this: + +```console +$ git show nobel-2021 +``` + +For more information about tags see for example +[the Pro Git book](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Tagging) chapter on the +subject. + + +## Summary + +Let us pause for a moment and recapitulate what we have just learned: + +```console +$ git branch # see where we are +$ git branch NAME # create branch NAME +$ git switch NAME # switch to branch NAME +$ git merge NAME # merge branch NAME (to current branch) +$ git branch -d NAME # delete branch NAME +$ git branch -D NAME # delete unmerged branch +``` + +Since the following command combo is so frequent: + +```console +$ git branch NAME # create branch NAME +$ git switch NAME # switch to branch NAME +``` + +There is a shortcut for it: + +```console +$ git switch --create NAME # create branch NAME and switch to it +``` + +### Typical workflows + +With this there are two typical workflows: + +```console +$ git switch --create new-feature # create branch, switch to it +$ git commit # work, work, work, ..., and test +$ git switch main # once feature is ready, switch to main +$ git merge new-feature # merge work to main +$ git branch -d new-feature # remove branch +``` + +Sometimes you have a wild idea which does not work. +Or you want some throw-away branch for debugging: + +```console +$ git switch --create wild-idea # create branch, switch to it, work, work, work ... +$ git switch main # realize it was a bad idea, back to main +$ git branch -D wild-idea # it is gone, off to a new idea +``` + +No problem: we worked on a branch, branch is deleted, `main` is clean. + +````{challenge} Branch-4: Test your understanding + Which of the following combos (one or more) creates a new branch and makes a commit to it? + 1. ```console + $ git branch new-branch + $ git add file.txt + $ git commit + ``` + 2. ```console + $ git add file.txt + $ git branch new-branch + $ git switch new-branch + $ git commit + ``` + 3. ```console + $ git switch --create new-branch + $ git add file.txt + $ git commit + ``` + 4. ```console + $ git switch new-branch + $ git add file.txt + $ git commit + ``` + + ```{solution} + Both 2 and 3 would do the job. Note that in 2 we first stage the file, and then create the + branch and commit to it. In 1 we create the branch but do not switch to it, while in 4 we + don't give the `--create` flag to `git switch` to create the new branch. + ``` +```` + +```{keypoints} +- A branch is a division unit of work, to be merged with other units of work. +- A tag is a pointer to a moment in the history of a project. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/conflicts.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/conflicts.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d984e02d --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/conflicts.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ +(conflict-resolution)= + +# Conflict resolution + +```{objectives} +- Understand merge conflicts sufficiently well to be able to fix them. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + + +## Conflicts in Git and why they are good + +Imagine we start with the following text file: +```{code-block} +2 avocados +1 tbsp cilantro +2 tsp salt +``` + +On branch A somebody modifies: +```{code-block} +--- +emphasize-lines: 1, 3 +--- +1 lime +2 avocados +1/2 tbsp cilantro +2 tsp salt +``` + +On branch B somebody else modifies: +```{code-block} +--- +emphasize-lines: 2, 4 +--- +2 avocados +2 tbsp cilantro +2 tsp salt +1/2 onion +``` + +When we try to merge Git will figure out that we want the lime and the onion +but does not know whether to reduce or increase the amount of cilantro: +```{code-block} +--- +emphasize-lines: 3 +--- +1 lime +2 avocados +?????????????? +2 tsp salt +1/2 onion +``` + +Git is very good at resolving modifications when merging branches and +in most cases a `git merge` runs smooth and automatic. +Then a merge commit appears (unless fast-forward; see {ref}`exercise-branches-optional`) without you even noticing. + +But sometimes the **same portion** of the code/text is modified on two branches +**in two different ways** and Git issues a **conflict**. +Then you need to tell Git which version to keep (**resolve** it). + +There are several ways to do that as we will see. + +Please remember: + +- It is good that Git conflicts exist: Git will not silently overwrite one of + two differing modifications. +- Conflicts may look scary, but are not that bad after a little bit of + practice. Also they are luckily rare. +- Don't be afraid of Git because of conflicts. You may not meet some conflicts + using other systems because you simply can't do the kinds of things you do + in Git. +- You can take human measures to reduce them. + +--- + +```{discussion} The human side of conflicts +- What does it mean if two people do the same thing in two different ways? +- What if you work on the same file but do two different things in the different sections? +- What if you do something, don't tell someone from 6 months, and then try to combine it with other people's work? +- How are conflicts avoided in other work? (Only one person working at once? + Declaring what you are doing before you start, if there is any chance someone + else might do the same thing, helps.) +- Minor conflicts (two people revise spelling) vs semantic (two people rewrite + a function to add two different new features). How did Git solve these in + branching/merging easily? +``` + +Now we can go to show how Git controls when there is actually a conflict. + + +## Preparing a conflict + +```{instructor-note} +We do the following together as type-along. +``` + +````{note} + **If you got stuck previously or joined later**, + you can apply the commands below so that you + have everything to be able to continue. + But **skip this box if you managed to create branches**. + + ```console + $ cd .. # if you are in a git repository, step out of it + + $ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-after-merge.git + $ cd recipe-after-merge + + $ git graph + ``` +```` + +We will make two branches, make two conflicting changes (both increase and +decrease the amount of cilantro), and later we will try to merge them +together. + +- Create two branches from `main`: one called `like-cilantro`, one called `dislike-cilantro`: + ```console + $ git branch like-cilantro main + $ git branch dislike-cilantro main + ``` + +- On the two branches make **different modifications** to the amount of the **same ingredient**: + +- On the branch `like-cilantro` we have the following change: + ```console + $ git diff main like-cilantro + ``` + + ```diff + diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt + index a83af39..83f2f94 100644 + --- a/ingredients.txt + +++ b/ingredients.txt + @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ + -* 1 tbsp cilantro + +* 2 tbsp cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 1 tsp salt + ``` + +- And on the branch `dislike-cilantro` we have the following change: + ```console + $ git diff main dislike-cilantro + ``` + + ```diff + diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt + index a83af39..2f60e23 100644 + --- a/ingredients.txt + +++ b/ingredients.txt + @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ + -* 1 tbsp cilantro + +* 0.5 tbsp cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 1 tsp salt + ``` + + +## Merging conflicting changes + +What do you expect will happen when we try to merge these two branches into +main? + +The first merge will work: + +```console +$ git switch main +$ git status +$ git merge like-cilantro + +Updating 4b3e3cc..55d1ce2 +Fast-forward + ingredients.txt | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) +``` + +But the second will fail: + +```console +$ git merge dislike-cilantro + +Auto-merging ingredients.txt +CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt +Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. +``` + +Without conflict Git would have automatically created a merge commit, +but since there is a conflict, Git did not commit: + +```{code-block} console +--- +emphasize-lines: 11 +--- +$ git status + +On branch main +You have unmerged paths. + (fix conflicts and run "git commit") + (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge) + +Unmerged paths: + (use "git add ..." to mark resolution) + + both modified: ingredients.txt + +no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") +``` + +Git won't decide which to take and we need to decide. Observe how Git gives +us clear instructions on how to move forward. + +Let us inspect the conflicting file: + +```console +$ cat ingredients.txt + +<<<<<<< HEAD +* 2 tbsp cilantro +======= +* 0.5 tbsp cilantro +>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro +* 2 avocados +* 1 lime +* 1 tsp salt +* 1/2 onion +``` + +Git inserted resolution markers (the `<<<<<<<`, `>>>>>>>`, and `=======`). + +Try also `git diff`: + +```console +$ git diff +``` + +```diff +diff --cc ingredients.txt +index 83f2f94,2f60e23..0000000 +--- a/ingredients.txt ++++ b/ingredients.txt +@@@ -1,4 -1,4 +1,8 @@@ +++<<<<<<< HEAD + +* 2 tbsp cilantro +++======= ++ * 0.5 tbsp cilantro +++>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro + * 2 avocados + * 1 lime + * 1 tsp salt +``` + +`git diff` now only shows the conflicting part, nothing else. + +We have to resolve the conflict. +We will discuss 3 different ways to do this. + + +## Manual resolution + +``` +<<<<<<< HEAD +* 2 tbsp cilantro +======= +* 0.5 tbsp cilantro +>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro +``` + +We have to edit the code/text between the resolution markers. You +only have to care about what Git shows you: Git stages all files +without conflicts and leaves the files with conflicts unstaged. + +```{note} +**Steps to resolve a conflict:** + +- Check status with `git status` and `git diff`. +- Decide what you keep (the one, the other, or both or something + else). Edit the file to do this. + - Remove the resolution markers, if not already done. + - The file(s) should now look exactly how you want them. +- Check status with `git status` and `git diff`. +- Tell Git that you have resolved the conflict with `git add ingredients.txt` + (if you use the Emacs editor with a certain plugin the editor may stage the + change for you after you have removed the conflict markers). +- Verify the result with `git status`. +- Finally commit the merge with only `git commit`. Everything is pre-filled. +``` + +(exercise-conflicts)= + +## Exercise: Create and resolve a conflict + +````{exercise} Conflict-1: Create another conflict and resolve +In this exercise, we repeat almost exactly what we did above with a +different ingredient. + +1. Create two branches before making any modifications. +2. Again modify some ingredient on both branches. +3. Merge one, merge the other and observe a conflict, resolve the conflict and commit the merge. +4. What happens if you apply the same modification on both branches? +5. If you create a branch `like-avocados`, commit a change, then from this + branch create another banch `dislike-avocados`, commit again, and try to + merge both branches into `main` you will not see a conflict. Can you + explain, why it is different this time? +```{solution} +4: No conflict in this case if the change is the same. + +5: No conflict in this case since in Git history one change happened after the other. The two changes + are related and linked by Git history and one is a Git ancestor of the + other. Git will assume that since we applied one change after the other, + we meant this. There is nothing to resolve. +``` +```` + +(exercise-conflicts-optional)= + +## Optional exercises with conflict resolution + +````{exercise} (optional) Conflict-2: Resolve a conflict when rebasing a branch +1. Create two branches where you anticipate a conflict. +2. Try to merge them and observe that indeed they conflict. +3. Abort the merge with `git merge --abort`. +4. What do you expect will happen if you rebase one branch on top of the + other? Do you anticipate a conflict? Try it out. +```{solution} +Yes, this will conflict. If it conflicts during a merge, it will also conflict +during rebase but the conflict resolution looks slightly different: +You still need to look for conflict markers but you tell Git that you resolved +a conflict with `git add` and then you continue with `git rebase --continue`. +Follow instructions that you get from the Git command line. +``` +```` + +````{exercise} (optional) Conflict-3: Resolve a conflict using mergetool + - Again create a conflict (for instance disagree on the number of avocados). + - Stop at this stage: + + ``` + Auto-merging ingredients.txt + CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt + Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. + ``` + + - Instead of resolving the conflict manually, use a visual tool + (requires installing one of the [visual diff tools](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/difftools/)): + + ```console + $ git mergetool + ``` + + ```{figure} img/conflict-resolution/mergetool.png + :alt: Conflict resolution using mergetool + :width: 100% + ``` + + - Your current branch is left, the branch you merge is right, result is in the middle. + - After you are done, close and commit, `git add` is not needed when using `git mergetool`. + + If you have not instructed Git to avoid creating backups when using mergetool, then to be on + the safe side there will be additional temporary files created. To remove those you can do + a git clean after the merging. + + To view what will be removed: + + ```console + $ git clean -n + ``` + + To remove: + + ```console + $ git clean -f + ``` + + To configure Git to avoid creating backups at all: + + ```console + $ git config --global mergetool.keepBackup false + ``` +```` + +--- + +## Using "ours" or "theirs" strategy + +- Sometimes you know that you want to keep "ours" version (version on this branch) + or "theirs" (version on the merged branch). +- Then you do not have to resolve conflicts manually. +- See [merge strategies](https://git-scm.com/docs/merge-strategies). + +Example: + +```console +$ git merge -s recursive -Xours less-avocados # merge and in doubt take the changes from current branch +``` + +Or: + +```console +$ git merge -s recursive -Xtheirs less-avocados # merge and in doubt take the changes from less-avocados branch +``` + +--- + +## Aborting a conflicting merge + +Sometimes you get a merge conflict but realize that you can't solve it without +talking to a colleague (who created the other change) first. What to do? + +You can abort the merge and postponing conflict resolution by resetting the +repository to `HEAD` (last committed state): + +```console +$ git merge --abort +``` + +The repository looks then exactly as it was before the merge. + +--- + +## Avoiding conflicts + +- Human measures + - Think and plan to which branch you will commit to. + - Do not put unrelated changes on the same branch. +- Collaboration measures + - Open an issue and discuss with collaborators before starting a long-living + branch. +- Project layout measures + - Modifying global data often causes conflicts. + - Modular programming minimizes risk of conflicts. +- Technical measures + - **Share your changes early and often** - this is one of the happy, + rare circumstances when everyone doing the selfish thing (e.g. `git push` as + early as practical) results in best case for everyone! + - Pull/rebase often to keep up to date with upstream. + - Resolve conflicts early. + +```{discussion} +Discuss how Git handles conflicts compared to the Google Drive. +``` + +```{keypoints} +- Conflicts often appear because of not enough communication or not optimal + branching strategy. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/customizing.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/customizing.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8fdf72b --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/customizing.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# Customizing Git + +## Shell prompt + +```{instructor-note} +Here the instructor can demonstrate how a context-aware and Git-aware shell +prompt can look like. +``` + +You can make your shell display contextual information about +your Git state even at all times. + +Here are few example projects that make this possible and easy: +- (bash) +- (zsh) +- (fish) +- (bash and fish) + + +## More useful "diff" output + +[Delta](https://github.com/dandavison/delta) is a syntax-highlighting pager for +git, diff, and grep output. You can customize how you want to highlight the +"diff" output. It allows side-by-side view, word-level diff highlighting, +improved merge conflict display, and much more. diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/exercises.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/exercises.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce119216 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/exercises.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# List of exercises + +## Summary + +Basics: +- {ref}`exercise-record-changes` +- {ref}`exercise-diff-and-rename` + +Branching and merging: +- {ref}`exercise-branches` +- {ref}`exercise-branches-optional` + +Conflict resolution: +- {ref}`exercise-conflicts` +- {ref}`exercise-conflicts-optional` + +Inspecting history: +- {ref}`exercise-history` +- {ref}`exercise-bisect` + +Using the Git staging area: +- {ref}`exercise-interactive-commits` +- {ref}`exercise-staging-area` + +Undoing and recovering: +- {ref}`exercise-revert` +- {ref}`exercise-amend` +- {ref}`exercise-reset` + +Interrupted work: +- {ref}`exercise-stashing` + + +## Full list + +This is a list of all exercises and solutions in this lesson, mainly +as a reference for helpers and instructors. This list is +automatically generated from all of the other pages in the lesson. +Any single teaching event will probably cover only a subset of these, +depending on their interests. + +```{exerciselist} +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/guide.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/guide.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..250a2df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/guide.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +# Instructor guide + +## Schedule Day 1 + +- 08:50 - 09:00 (10 min) Soft start and icebreaker question +- 09:00 - 09:20 (20 min) Welcome and practical information + +- Introduction to version control (part 1/4) + - 09:20 - 09:35 (15 min) [Motivation](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/motivation/) + - 09:35 - 09:50 (15 min) [Basics - teaching, configuration, and type along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/basics/) + - 09:50 - 10:00 (10 min) Break + - 10:00 - 10:20 (20 min) [Basics - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/basics/#exercise-record-changes) + 1. Record changes + 2. Optional exercises: Comparing, renaming, and removing + - 10:20 - 10:40 (20 min) [Basics - history, commit log, ignoring - teaching](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/basics/#git-history-and-log) + - 10:40 - 11:00 (20 min) Exercise (**to be added**): something about using history + +- Introduction to version control (part 2/4) + - 12:00 - 12:15 (15 min) [Branching and merging - teaching](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/branches/) + - 12:15 - 12:35 (20 min) [Branching and merging - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/branches/#exercise-create-and-commit-to-branches) + 1. Create branches and merge branches + 2. Optional exercises: Fast-forward merge and rebasing + - 12:35 - 12:50 (15 min) Summarize/discuss branching and merging + - 12:50 - 13:00 (10 min) Break + - 13:00 - 13:20 (20 min) [Conflict resolution (teaching and demo)](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/conflicts/) + +- 13:20 - 13:30 (10 min) Q&A, feedback, and what will we be doing tomorrow? + + +## Schedule Day 2 + +- 08:50 - 09:00 (10 min) Soft start and icebreaker question +- 09:00 - 09:10 (10 min) Recap and Q&A from day 1 + +- Introduction to version control (part 3/4) + - 09:10 - 09:25 (15 min) [Sharing repositories online - teaching/type-along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/remotes/#sharing-repositories-online) + - 09:25 - 09:50 (25 min) Exercise + - Set up SSH keys + - [Pushing our guacamole recipe repository to GitHub](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/remotes/#pushing-our-guacamole-recipe-repository-to-github) + - Clone repository + - 09:50 - 10:00 (10 min) Break + - 10:00 - 10:15 (15 min) [Inspecting history - teaching/type-along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#inspecting-history) + - 10:15 - 10:45 (30 min) [Inspecting history - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#exercise-basic-archaeology-commands) + 1. [Basic archeology commands](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#exercise-basic-archaeology-commands) + 2. [Optional: Git bisect](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/archaeology/#optional-exercise-git-bisect) + - 10:45 - 11:00 (15 min) Summarize/discuss inspecting history + +- Introduction to version control (part 4/4) + - 12:00 - 12:15 (15 min) [Undoing and recovering - teaching/type-along](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#undoing-and-recovering) + - 12:15 - 12:40 (25 min) [Undoing and recovering - exercises](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-revert-a-commit) + 1. [Revert a commit](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-revert-a-commit) + 2. [Modify a previous commit](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-modify-a-previous-commit) + 3. [Git reset](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/recovering/#exercise-git-reset) + - 12:40 - 11:50 (10 min) Summarize undoing and recovering and discussion and mention that staging area exists + - 12:50 - 13:00 (10 min) Break + - 13:00 - 13:20 (20 min) [How much Git is necessary?](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-intro/level/#practical-advice-how-much-git-is-necessary) + +- 13:20 - 13:30 (10 min) Q&A, feedback, and what will we be doing tomorrow? + + +## Installation reminders for each day + +- Day 1: git configuration +- Day 2: need SSH set up (if you don't, sharing repositories online will be demo) + + +## Why we teach this lesson + +Everyone should be using a version control system for their work, even if they're working alone. +There are many version control systems out there, but Git is an industry standard and even if one uses another +system chances are high one still encounters Git repositories. + +Specific motivations: +- Code easily becomes a disaster without version control +- Mistakes happen - Git offers roll-back functionality and easy backup mechanism +- One often needs to work on multiple things in parallel - branches solve that problem +- Git enables people to collaborate on code or text without stepping on each other's toes +- Reproducibility: You can specify exact versions in publications enabling others to reproduce your work, + and if bugs are found one can find out exactly when it was introduced + +Many learners in a CodeRefinery workshop have developed code for a few years. A majority have +already encountered Git and have used it to some extent, but in most cases they do not yet feel +comfortable with it. They lack a good mental model of how Git operates and are afraid of making mistakes. +Other learners have never used Git before. +This lesson teaches how things are done in Git, which is useful for the newcomers, +but also how Git operates (e.g. what commits and branches really are) and what are some good +practices (e.g. how to use the staging area), which is useful for more experienced users. + + +## Intended learning outcomes + +By the end of this lesson, learners should: +- realize that version control is very important and Git is a valuable tool to learn and use +- understand that Git is configurable and know how to set basic configurations +- be able to set up Git repositories and make commits +- understand that information on commits, branches etc. are stored under `.git/`, and have a + mental model of how that relates to the working directory +- have a mental model of the different states a file can have in Git (untracked, modified, staged, unmodified) +- know how to write good commit messages +- have an idea of how the staging area can be used to craft good commits +- know how to undo commits using `git revert` and discard changes using `git restore` +- understand that `git restore` can be dangerous if changes have not been staged +- know how to create branches and switch between branches +- have a mental model of how branches work and get used to thinking of branches in a graphical (tree-structure) way +- know how to merge branches and understand what that means in terms of combining different modifications +- know how to resolve conflicts, or to abort conflicting merges +- realize that conflicts are generally a good thing since they prevent incorrect merges +- be able to set up a repository on GitHub and connect it with local repository +- push changes to a remote repository +- know a few ways to search through a repository and its history + + +## How to teach this lesson + +### Take first editor steps slowly + +Some participants will be new to using a terminal text editor so please open, +edit, and close the editor (Nano) slowly in first type-along sessions and +exercises to avoid that participants will fall behind the instructor. At one +point a student did not follow the file edits of the instructor, and to correct +the mistake they had to do a manual merge, which they were not ready for. + + +### How to use the exercises + +Most episodes have standard exercises followed by optional (often more advanced) exercises +for more experienced learners so they don't get bored waiting for the newcomers. +The instructor should briefly introduce the exercises and mention that after finishing the +standard exercise (and indicating that using the green sticky) the learners can move on to the +optional ones if they wish. When at least half of the learners have raised the green sticky +the instructor should go through the standard exercise to describe its most important take-home messages. +It's also fine to briefly go though important points from the optional exercises, but don't spend +too much time on it since everyone will not have attempted them. + + +### "Test your understanding" exercises + +Some episodes have a "test your understanding" exercise at the end which is intended as *formative assessment*, +i.e. an activity that provides feedback to instructors and learners on whether learning objectives are being met. +The instructor should end each episode by posing the "test your understanding" multiple-choice question, +giving learners a minute to think about it, and then asking for the right answer or asking learners to raise their +hands to signal which answer they think is correct. + + +### Inspecting history + +Key lesson is *how to find when something is broken or what commit has broken +the code*. + +It can be useful to emphasize that it can be really valuable to be able to +search through the history of a project efficiently to find when bugs were +introduced or when something changed and why. Also show that `git annotate` +and `git show` are available on GitHub and GitLab. + +When discussing `git annotate` and `git bisect` the "when" is more important +than "who". It is not to blame anybody but rather to find out whether published +results are affected. + +Discuss how one would find out this information without version control. + +**Questions to involve participants:** + +- Have you ever found a bug in your code and wondered whether it has affected published results? +- Have you ever wondered when, and by whom, a particular line of code was introduced? +- Have you ever found out that a code behaves differently than it used to but you are not sure when + precisely this changed? + + +**Confusion during `git bisect` exercise:** + +Learners may get stuck in the `git bisect` exercise if they incorrectly assign a commit +as *bad* or *good*. +To leave the bisect mode and return to the commit before `git bisect start` was issued, +one can do +```shell +$ git bisect reset +``` +and start over if needed. + + +### Live better than reading the website material + +It is better to demonstrate the commands live and type-along. Ideally connecting +to examples discussed earlier. + + +### Log your history in a separate window + +The screencasting (shell window cheatsheet) hints have been moved to +the [presenting +manual](https://coderefinery.github.io/manuals/instructor-tech-setup/). + + +### Create a cheatsheet on the board + +For in-person workshops, create a "cheatsheet" on the board as you go. After +each command is introduced, write it on the board. After each module, make sure +you haven't forgotten anything. Re-create and expand in future git lessons. +One strategy is: + +- a common section for basic commands: `init`, `config``clone`, `help`, `stash` +- info commands, can be run anytime: `status`, `log`, `diff`, `graph` +- A section for all the commands that move code from different states: + `add`, `commit`, etc. See the visual cheat sheet below. + +You can get inspired by http://www.ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html +to make your cheatsheet, but if you show this make it clear there are +far, far more commands on there than you need to know right now., and +it's probably too confusing to use after this course. But, the idea +of commands moving from the "working dir", "staging area", "commits", +etc is good. + +```{figure} img/cheat-sheet.jpg +:alt: Example cheat sheet +:width: 100% + +Example cheat sheet. +``` + +We also recommend to draw simple diagrams up on the board (e.g.: working +directory - staging area - repository with commands to move between) and keep +them there for students to refer to. + + +### Draw a graph on the board + +Draw the standard commit graphs on the board early on - you know, the +thing in all the diagrams. Keep it updated all the time. After the +first few samples, you can basically keep using the same graph the +whole lesson. When you are introducing new commands, explain and +update the graph first, then run `git graph`, then do the command, +then look at `git graph` again. + + +### Repeat the following points + +- Always check `git status`, `git diff`, and `git graph` (our alias) before and + after every command until you get used to things. These give you a clear view + into what is going on, the key to knowing what you are doing. Even + after you are used to things... anytime you do something you do + infrequently, it's good to check. + +- `git graph` is a direct representation of what we are drawing on the + board and should constantly be compared to it. + +- Once you `git add` something, it's almost impossible to lose it. + This is used all the time, for example once you commit or even add + it is hard to lose. Commit before you merge or rebase. And so on. + + +### Start from identical environment + +You probably have a highly optimized bash and git environment - one +that is different from students. Move `.gitconfig` and `.bashrc` out +of the way before you start so that your environment is identical to +what students have. diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/index.rst.txt b/branch/main/_sources/index.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a327fa53 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/index.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +.. _index: + +Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version +======================================================================================================================== + +This is the introductory lesson to version control using +`Git `__. It is assumed to be the very first thing +done in a course. + +Our philosophy is that we start from own local repository, branching and +merging (locally), and a brief introduction to pushing to remotes. In +the separate `collaborative Git +lesson `__, we teach more use of +remote repositories and good collaborative workflows. We try to stick to +simple workflows, just enough for researchers who are not obsessed with +Git to be able to work well. We try to avoid commands which might get +you into a confusing state. + +The goals of the module as a whole are that the user will feel +comfortable about staging changes, committing them, merging, and +branching. + + +.. prereq:: + + - A reasonably recent version of Git (v2.28 or newer) is installed **and configured** + (`installation + instructions `__). + - For one of the episodes we need a `GitHub `__ user + account (but alternatives exist, see below). + - Being comfortable with the command line. No expertise is required, but + the lesson will be mostly taken from the command line (we also have another + lesson on `Collaborating and sharing using GitHub without command line + `__). + - Students should be familiar with using a **text editor** on their + system. If you are new to text editors, we recommend to start with Nano + or VS Code. + + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Core episodes + + motivation + basics + branches + conflicts + remotes + archaeology + level + what-to-avoid + + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Optional episodes + + staging-area + recovering + interrupted + aliases + under-the-hood + + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: Reference + + reference + customizing + resources + exercises + guide + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + :caption: About + + All lessons + CodeRefinery + Reusing + + + +.. admonition:: Why GitHub? + + In this introduction we will mention and use + `GitHub `__ but also + `GitLab `__ and + `Bitbucket `__ allow similar workflows and + basically everything that we will discuss is transferable. With this + material and these exercises we do not endorse the company + `GitHub `__. We have chosen to demonstrate a + number of concepts using examples with + `GitHub `__ because it is currently the most + popular web platform for hosting Git repositories and the chance is + high that you will interact with + `GitHub `__-based repositories even if you choose + to host your Git repository on another platform. + + Course participants are most welcome to use our `Nordic research + software repository platform `__. diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/interrupted.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/interrupted.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e0a58c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/interrupted.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# Interrupted work + +```{objectives} +- Learn to switch context or abort work without panicking. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + +```{keypoints} +- There is almost never reason to clone a fresh copy to complete a task that + you have in mind. +``` + + +## Frequent situation: interrupted work + +We all wish that we could write beautiful perfect code. But the real world is +much more chaotic: + +- You are in the middle of a "Jackson-Pollock-style" debugging spree with 27 modified files + and debugging prints everywhere. +- Your colleague comes in and wants you to fix/commit something right now. +- What to do? + +Git provides lots of ways to switch tasks without ruining everything. + + +## Option 1: Stashing + +The **stash** is the first and easiest place to temporarily "stash" +things. + +- `git stash` will put working directory and staging area changes + away. Your code will be same as last commit. +- `git stash pop` will return to the state you were before. Can give it a list. +- `git stash list` will list the current stashes. +- `git stash save NAME` is like the first, but will give it a name. + Useful if it might last a while. +- `git stash save [-p] [filename]` will stash certain files files + and/or by patches. +- `git stash drop` will drop the most recent stash (or whichever stash + you give). +- The stashes form a stack, so you can stash several batches of modifications. + +(exercise-stashing)= + +### Exercise: Stashing + +````{exercise} Interrupted-1: Stash some uncommitted work +1. Make a change. +2. Check status/diff, stash the change, check status/diff again. +3. Make a separate, unrelated change which doesn't touch the same + lines. Commit this change. +4. Pop off the stash you saved, check status/diff. +5. Optional: Do the same but stash twice. Also check `git stash list`. + Can you pop the stashes in the opposite order? +6. Advanced: What happens if stashes conflict with other changes? Make + a change and stash it. Modify the same line or one right above or + below. Pop the stash back. Resolve the conflict. Note there is no + extra commit. +7. Advanced: what does `git graph` show when you have something + stashed? + +```{solution} +5: Yes you can. With `git stash pop INDEX` you can decie which stash +index to pop. + +6: In this case Git will ask us to resolve the conflict the same way +when resolving conflicts between two branches. + +7: It shows an additional commit hash with `refs/stash`. +``` +```` + + +## Option 2: Create branches + +You can use branches almost like you have already been doing if you +need to save some work. You need to do something else for a bit? +Sounds like a good time to make a feature branch. + +You basically know how to do this: + +```console +$ git switch --create temporary # create a branch and switch to it +$ git add PATHS # stage changes +$ git commit # commit them +$ git switch main # back to main, continue your work there ... +$ git switch temporary # continue where you left off +``` + +Later you can merge it to main or rebase it on top of main and resume work. + + +## Storing various junk you don't need but don't want to get rid of + +It happens often that you do something and don't need it, but you don't want to +lose it right away. You can use either of the above strategies to stash/branch +it away: using branches is probably better because branches are less easily +overlooked if you come back to the repository in few weeks. Note that if you +try to use a branch after a long time, conflicts might get really bad but at +least you have the data still. diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/level.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/level.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3473dbba --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/level.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Practical advice: how much Git is necessary? + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/discussion +``` + + +## What level of branching complexity is necessary for each project? + + +### Simple personal projects + +- Typically start with just the `main` branch. +- Use branches for unfinished/untested ideas. +- Use branches when you are not sure about a change. +- Use tags to mark important milestones. + + +### Projects with few persons: you accept things breaking sometimes + +- It might be reasonable to commit to the `main` branch and feature branches. + + +### Projects with few persons: changes are reviewed by others + +- The `main` branch is write-protected. +- You create new feature branches for changes. +- Changes are reviewed before they are merged to the `main` branch + (more about that in the [collaborative Git lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/)). + + +### When you distribute releases + +- If you want to patch releases, you probably need release branches. +- The `main` branch and release branches are read-only. +- Many [branching models](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-branch-design/05-branching-models/) exist. + +--- + +## How about staging and committing? + +- It is OK to start committing directly. +- Commit early and often: rather create too many commits than too few. + You can always combine commits later. +- Once you commit, it is very, very hard to really lose your code. +- Always fully commit (or stash) before you do dangerous things, so that you know you are safe. + Otherwise it can be hard to recover. +- Later you can start using the staging area. +- Later start using `git add -p` and/or `git commit -p`. + +--- + +## How large should a commit be? + +- Better too small than too large (easier to combine than to split). +- Often I make a commit at the end of the day (this is a unit I would not like to lose). +- Smaller sized commits may be easier to review for others than huge commits. +- Imperfect commits are better than no commits. +- A commit should not contain unrelated changes to simplify review and possible + repair/adjustments/undo later (but again: imperfect commits are better than no commits). + +--- + +```{keypoints} +- There is no one size fits all - start simple and grow your project. +``` + +```{discussion} +How do you [plan to] use Git? + +- Advanced users or beginners, please provide your input in the online collaborative document. +``` + diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/motivation.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/motivation.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aa4be022 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/motivation.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +# Motivation + +```{objectives} +- Make sure nobody leaves the workshop without starting to use some form of version control. +- Discuss the reasons why we advocate distributed version control. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/demonstration +``` + + +## Git is all about keeping track of changes + +We will learn how to keep track of changes first in a terminal ([example +repository](https://github.com/bast/runtest/commits/main/runtest/run.py)): + +```{figure} img/git-log-terminal.png +:alt: Screenshot of a git log in terminal +:width: 80% +``` + +Later also via web interface ([example +repository](https://github.com/bast/runtest/commits/main/runtest/run.py)): + +```{figure} img/git-log-github.png +:alt: Screenshot of a git log on GitHub +:width: 80% +:class: with-border +``` + + +## Why do we need to keep track of versions? + +Version control is an answer to these questions (do you recognize some of them?): + +- "It broke ... hopefully I have a working version somewhere?" + +- "Can you please send me the latest version?" + +- "Where is the latest version?" + +- "Which version are you using?" + +- "Which version have the authors used in the paper I am trying to reproduce?" + +- "Found a bug! Since when was it there?" + +- "I am sure it used to work. When did it change?" + +- "My laptop is gone. Is my thesis now gone?" + + +## Features: roll-back, branching, merging, collaboration + +- **Roll-back**: you can always go back to a previous version and compare + +- **Branching and merging**: + - Work on different ideas at the same time + - Different people can work on the same code/project without interfering + - You can experiment with an idea and discard it if it turns out to be a bad idea + +```{figure} img/octopus.jpeg +:alt: Branching explained with an octopus +:width: 80% + +Source: +``` + +- **Collaboration**: review, compare, share, discuss + +- [Example network graph](https://github.com/coderefinery/git-intro/network) + + +## Reproducibility + +- How do you indicate which version of your code you have used in your paper? +- When you find a bug, how do you know **when precisely** this bug was introduced + (Are published results affected? Do you need to inform collaborators or users of your code?). + +With version control we can "annotate" code ([browse this example online](https://github.com/networkx/networkx/blame/main/networkx/algorithms/boundary.py)): + +```{figure} img/git-annotate.png +:alt: Example of a git-annotated code with code and history side-by-side +:width: 100% +:class: with-border + +Example of a git-annotated code with code and history side-by-side. +``` + + +## Talking about code + +Which of these two is more practical? +- "Clone the code, go to the file 'src/util.rs', and search for 'time_iso8601'". + Oh! But make sure you use the version from August 2023." +- Or I can send you a [permalink](https://github.com/NordicHPC/sonar/blob/75daafc86582feb06299d6a47c82112f39888152/src/util.rs#L40-L44): + +```{figure} img/code-portion.png +:alt: Screen-shot of a code portion +:width: 100% +:class: with-border + +Permalink that points to a code portion. +``` + + +## What we typically like to snapshot + +- Software (this is how it started but Git/GitHub can track a lot more) +- Scripts +- Documents (plain text files much better suitable than Word documents) +- Manuscripts (Git is great for collaborating/sharing LaTeX or [Quarto](https://quarto.org/) manuscripts) +- Configuration files +- Website sources +- Data + +````{discussion} + In this example somebody tried to keep track of versions without a version + control system tool like Git. Discuss the following directory listing. What + possible problems do you anticipate with this kind of "version control": + ```shell + myproject-2019.zip + myproject-2020-February.zip + myproject-2021-August.zip + myproject-2023-09-19-working.zip + myproject-2023-09-21.zip + myproject-2023-09-21-test.zip + myproject-2023-09-21-myversion.zip + myproject-2023-09-21-newfeature.zip + ... + ``` + + ```{solution} + - Giving a version to a collaborator and merging changes later with own + changes sounds like lots of work. + - What if you discover a bug and want to know since when the bug existed? + ``` +```` + + +## Difficulties of version control + +Despite the benefits, let's be honest, there are some difficulties: + +- One more thing to learn (it's probably worth it and will save you more time in the long run; basic career skill). +- Difficult if your collaborators don't want to use it (in the worst case, you can version control on your side and email them versions). +- Advanced things can be difficult, but basics are often enough (ask others for help when needed). + +--- + +```{discussion} Why Git and not another tool? +- **Easy to set up**: no server needed. +- **Very popular**: chances are high you will need to contribute to somebody else's code which is tracked with Git. +- **Distributed**: good backup, no single point of failure, you can track and + clean-up changes offline, simplifies collaboration model for open-source + projects. +- Important **platforms** such as [GitHub](https://github.com), [GitLab](https://gitlab.com), and [Bitbucket](https://bitbucket.org) + build on top of Git. + +However, any version control is better than no version control and it is OK to +prefer a different tool than Git such as +[Subversion](https://subversion.apache.org), +[Mercurial](https://www.mercurial-scm.org), [Pijul](https://pijul.org/), or others. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/recovering.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/recovering.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6e3431fe --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/recovering.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +# Undoing and recovering + +```{objectives} +- Learn to undo changes safely +- See when undone changes are permanently deleted and when they can be retrieved +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + +One of the main points of version control is that you can *go back in +time to recover*. Unlike this xkcd comic implies: + +In this episode we show a couple of commands that can be used to undo mistakes. +We also list a couple of common mistakes and discuss how to recover from them. +Some commands preserve the commit history and some modify commit history. +Modifying history? Isn't a "commit" permanent? + +- You can modify old commit history. +- But if you have shared that history already, *modifying it can make + a huge mess*. + +```{note} +As long as you commit something once (or at least `git add` it), you +can almost always go back to it, no matter what you do. +But you may need to ask Stack Overflow or your local +guru... *until that guru becomes you*. +``` + +```{admonition} Nice resource to visually simulate Git operation +[git-sim](https://github.com/initialcommit-com/git-sim#video-animation-examples) +is a nice resouce to visually simulate Git operations listed in this episode +below, in your own repos with a single terminal command. +``` + +--- + +## Undoing your recent, uncommitted and unstaged changes (preserves history) + +```{note} +In case `git restore` does not work, your Git version might be older than from 2019. +On older Git it is `git checkout` instead of `git restore`. +``` + +You do some work, and want to **undo your uncommitted and unstaged modifications**. +You can always do that with: + +- `git restore .`: (the dot means "here and in all folders below") + +Or, you can undo things selectively: + +- `git restore -p` (decide which portions of changes to undo) or `git restore PATH` (decide which path/file) + +If you have staged changes, you have at least two options to undo the staging: +- `git restore --staged .` followed by `git status` and `git restore .` +- `git reset --hard HEAD` throws away everything that is not in last + commit (`HEAD` - this literal word, this isn't a placeholder) + +--- + +## Reverting commits (preserves history) + +- Imagine we made a few commits. +- We realize that the latest commit `f960dd3` was a mistake and we wish to undo it: + ```console + $ git log --oneline + + f960dd3 (HEAD -> main) not sure this is a good idea + dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` + +A safe way to undo the commit is to revert the commit with `git revert`: +```console +$ git revert f960dd3 +``` + +This creates a **new commit** that does the opposite of the reverted commit. +The old commit remains in the history: +```console +$ git log --oneline + +d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea" +f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea +dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy +2bb9bb4 add half an onion +2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions +``` + +You can revert any commit, no matter how old it is. It doesn't affect +other commits you have done since then - but if they touch the same +code, you may get a conflict (which we'll learn about later). + +(exercise-revert)= + +### Exercise: Revert a commit + +```{exercise} Undoing-1: Revert a commit +- Create a commit (commit A). +- Revert the commit with `git revert` (commit B). +- Inspect the history with `git log --oneline`. +- Now try `git show` on both the reverted (commit A) and the newly created commit (commit B). +``` + + +## Adding to the previous commit (modifies history) + +Sometimes we commit but realize we forgot something. +We can amend to the last commit: + +```console +$ git commit --amend +``` + +This can also be used to modify the last commit message. + +Note that this **will change the commit hash**. This command **modifies the history**. +This means that we avoid this command on commits that we have shared with others. + +(exercise-amend)= + +### Exercise: Modify a previous commit + +````{exercise} Undoing-2: Modify a previous commit +1. Make an incomplete change to the recipe or a typo in your change, `git + add` and `git commit` the incomplete/unsatisfactory change. +2. Inspect the unsatisfactory but committed change with `git show`. Remember + or write down the commit hash. +3. Now complete/fix the change but instead of creating a new commit, add the + correction to the previous commit with `git add`, followed by `git commit + --amend`. What changed? + + ```{solution} + One thing that has changed now is the commit hash. Modifying the previous + commit has changed the history. This is OK to do on commits that other people + don't depend on yet. + ``` +```` + + +## Rewinding branches (modifies history) + +You can **reset branch history** to move your branch back to some +point in the past. + +* `git reset --hard HASH` will force a branch label to any other point. All + other changes are lost (but it is possible to recover if you force reset by mistake). +* Be careful if you do this - it can mess stuff up. Use `git graph` a + lot before and after. + + +(exercise-reset)= + +### Exercise: Git reset + +````{exercise} Undoing-3: Destroy our experimentation in this episode + After we have experimented with reverts and amending, let us destroy + all of that and get our repositories to a similar state. + + - First, we will look at our history (`git log`/`git graph`) and + find the last commit `HASH` before our tests. + - Then, we will `git reset --hard HASH` to that. + - Then, `git graph` again to see what happened. + + ```console + $ git log --oneline + + d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea" + f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea + dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + + $ git reset --hard dd4472c + + HEAD is now at dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy + + $ git log --oneline + + dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy + 2bb9bb4 add half an onion + 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions + ``` +```` + +--- + +## Recovering from committing to the wrong branch + +It is easy to forget to create a branch or to create it and forget to switch to +it when committing changes. + +Here we assume that we made a couple of commits but we realize they went to the +wrong branch. + +**Solution 1 using git cherry-pick**: +1. Make sure that the correct branch exists and if not, create it. Make sure to + create it from the commit hash where you wish you had created it from: `git + branch BRANCHNAME HASH` +2. Switch to the correct branch. +3. `git cherry-pick HASH` can be used to take a specific commit to the + current branch. Cherry-pick all commits that should have gone to the correct + branch, **from oldest to most recent**. +4. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with `git reset --hard` (see also above). + +**Solution 2 using git reset --hard** (makes sense if the correct branch should +contain all commits of the accidentally modified branch): +1. Create the correct branch, pointing at the latest commit: `git branch BRANCHNAME`. +2. Check with `git log` or `git graph` that both branches point to the same, latest, commit. +3. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with `git reset --hard` (see also above). + + +## Recovering from merging/pulling into the wrong branch + +`git merge`, `git rebase`, and `git pull` modify the **current** branch, never +the other branch. But sometimes we run this command on the wrong branch. + +1. Check with `git log` the commit hash that you would like to rewind the + wrongly modified branch to. +2. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with `git reset --hard HASH` (see also above). + + +## Recovering from conflict after git pull + +`git pull` can create a conflict since `git pull` always also includes a `git merge` (more about this +in the [collaborative Git lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/)). + +The recovery is same as described in {ref}`conflict-resolution`. Either +resolve conflicts or abort the merge with `git merge --abort`. + +--- + +````{challenge} Undoing-4: Test your understanding + 1. What happens if you accidentally remove a tracked file with `git rm`, is it gone forever? + 2. Is it OK to modify commits that nobody has seen yet? + 3. What situations would justify to modify the Git history and possibly remove commits? + + ```{solution} + 1. It is not gone forever since `git rm` creates a new commit. You can simply revert it! + 2. If you haven't shared your commits with anyone it can be alright to modify them. + 3. If you have shared your commits with others (e.g. pushed them to GitHub), only extraordinary + conditions would justify modifying history. For example to remove sensitive or secret information. + ``` +```` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/reference.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/reference.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef164af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/reference.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Quick reference + +## Other cheatsheets + +* [Interactive git cheatsheet](http://www.ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html) +* [Very detailed 2-page git + cheatsheet](https://aaltoscicomp.github.io/cheatsheets/git-the-way-you-need-it-cheatsheet.pdf) + + +## Glossary + +* **working directory/ workspace**: the actual files you see and edit +* **staging area**: Place files go after `git add` and before `git + commit` +* **hash**: unique reference of any commit or state +* **branch**: One line of work. Different branches can exist at the + same time and split/merge. +* **HEAD**: Pointer to the most recent commit on the current branch. +* **remote**: Roughly, another server that holds .git. +* **origin**: Default name for a remote repository. +* **master**: Default name for main branch on Git. Depending on the configuration and service, + the default branch is sometimes **main**. + In this lesson we configure Git so that the default branch is + called **main** to be more consistent with GitHub and GitLab. +* **main**: Default name for main branch on GitLab and GitHub. + In this lesson we configure Git so that the default branch is + called **main** to be more consistent with GitHub and GitLab. + + +## Commands we use + +Setup: + +* `git config`: edit configuration options +* `git init`: create new repository + +See our status: + +* `git status`: see status of files - use often! +* `git log`: see history of commits and their messages, newest first +* `git graph`: see a detailed graph of commits. Create this command + with `git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"` +* `git diff`: show difference between working directory and last commit +* `git diff --staged`: show difference between staging area and last commit +* `git show COMMIT`: inspect individual commits + +General work: + +* `git add FILE`: + - Add a new file + - Add a file to staging +* `git commit`: record a version, add it to current branch +* `git commit --amend`: amend our last commit +* `git branch`: show which branch we're on +* `git branch NAME`: create a new branch called "name" +* `git restore FILE`: restore last committed/staged version of FILE, losing unstaged changes +* `git switch --create BRANCH-NAME`: create a new branch and switch to it +* `git revert HASH`: create a new commit which reverts commit HASH +* `git reset --soft HASH`: remove all commits after HASH, but keep their modifications as staged changes +* `git reset --hard HASH`: remove all commits after HASH, permanently throwing away their changes +* `git merge BRANCH-NAME`: merge branch BRANCH-NAME into current branch +* `git grep PATTERN`: search for patterns in tracked files +* `git annotate FILE`: find out when a specific line got introduced and by whom +* `git bisect`: find a commit which broke some functionality diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/remotes.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/remotes.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d2c4f45d --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/remotes.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ +# Sharing repositories online + +```{objectives} +- We get a feeling for remote repositories ([more later](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/)). +- We are able to publish a repository on the web. +- We are able to fetch and track a repository from the web. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 30 min demonstration/type-along +``` + + +## From our laptops to the web + +We have seen that **creating Git repositories and moving them around is +simple** and that is great. + +So far everything was local and all snapshots, branches, and tags are saved under `.git`. + +If we remove `.git`, we remove all Git history of a project. + +```{discussion} +- What if the hard disk fails? +- What if somebody steals my laptop? +- How can we collaborate with others across the web? +``` + + +## Remotes + +We will learn how to work with remote repositories in detail in the +[collaborative distributed version control](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/) lesson. + +In this section we only want to get a taste to prepare us for other lessons +where we will employ GitHub. Our goal is to publish our guacamole recipe on +the web. Don't worry, you will be able to remove it afterwards. + +To store your git data on another server, you use **remotes**. +A remote is a repository on its own, with its own branches +We can **push** changes to the remote and **pull** +from the remote. + +You might use remotes to: +- Back up your own work. +- To collaborate with other people. + +There are different types of remotes: +- If you have a server you can ssh to, you can use that as a remote. +- [GitHub](https://github.com) is a popular, closed-source commercial site. +- [GitLab](https://about.gitlab.com) is a popular, open-core + commercial site. Many universities have their own private GitLab servers + set up. +- [Bitbucket](https://bitbucket.org) is yet another popular commercial site. +- Another option is [NotABug](https://notabug.org) +- We also operate a [Nordic + research software repository + platform](https://coderefinery.org/repository/). + This is GitLab, free for researchers and allows private, + cross-university sharing. + + +## Type-along: Create a new repository on GitHub + +```{important} + +Don't do anything yet. We make a choice in the next section, and then +do these steps in the following one. +``` + +For the rest of this page, we will make a new repository for our +guacamole recipe on GitHub ({ref}`here ` we motivate why we demonstrate this +with GitHub), +send our code to it, and then see how +others can get the code from it. + +````{admonition} If you don't have the recipe repository from previous episodes +Maybe you joined the workshop later or got stuck somewhere? **No problem**! + +**If you don't have the recipe repository from previous episodes**, you can +clone our version of the repository using (please **skip this if you have the recipe +repository on your computer already**): +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge.git recipe +$ cd recipe +$ git remote remove origin +``` + +Now you have a repository called `recipe` on your computer with a couple of +commits. Further down we will also clarify what `git clone` does. +```` + +Make sure that you are **logged into GitHub**. + +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/new-top-left.png +:width: 60% +:class: with-border + +To create a repository we either click the green button "New" (top left corner). +``` + +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/new-top-right.png +:width: 60% +:class: with-border + +Or if you see your profile page, there is a "+" menu (top right corner). +``` + +Yet another way to create a new repository is to visit +[https://github.com/new](https://github.com/new) directly. + +--- + +On this page choose a project name. +For the sake of this exercise **do not select** +"Initialize this repository with a README" (what will happen if you do?): +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/creating.png +:width: 100% +:class: with-border +``` + +Once you click the green "Create repository", you will see a page similar to: +```{figure} img/creating-using-web/created.png +:width: 100% +:class: with-border +``` + +What this means is that we have now an empty project with either an HTTPS or an +SSH address: click on the HTTPS and SSH buttons to see what happens. + +--- + +% This anchor used for linking from other lessons +(clone-method)= + +## Authenticating to Github: SSH or HTTPS? + +**How does Github know who you are?** This is hard and there are two +options. + +* **SSH** is the classic method, using Secure Shell remote connection + keys. +* **HTTPS** works with the **Git Credential Manager**, which is an + extra add-on that works easily in Windows and Mac. + +Read how to install them from the [installation +instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/). + +Test which one you should use: + +`````{tabs} +````{group-tab} SSH +Try this command: + +```console +$ ssh -T git@github.com +``` +If it returns `Hi USERNAME! You've successfully authenticated, ...`, +then SSH is configured and the following steps will work with the SSH +cloning. + +See our [installation +instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/) to +set up SSH access. + +**From now on, if you know that SSH works, you should always select +SSH as the clone URL from Github, or translate the URL to start with +the right thing yourself:** `git@github.com:` (with the trailing +`:`). +```` +````{group-tab} HTTPS +```console +$ git config --get credential.helper +``` +If this shows something, then the credential manager is probably +configured and HTTPS cloning will work (but you can't verify it until +you try using it). + +From now on, **if you know that HTTPS works, you should always select +HTTPS as the clone URL from Github, or translate the URL to start with +the right thing yourself:** `https://github.com/` +```` +````` + +If you do not have these configured, please watch as we do this episode and you +can check the [installation +instructions](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/) +prepare before the next [collaborative Git +lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/), where we will need +one of these set up. + + +--- + +## Pushing our guacamole recipe repository to GitHub + +To push changes to the project please **select SSH**. +For this to work [you will need your SSH keys configured](https://coderefinery.github.io/installation/ssh/). + +We now want to try the second option that GitHub suggests: + +> **... or push an existing repository from the command line** + +1. Now go to your guacamole repository on your computer. +2. Check that you are in the right place with `git status`. +3. Copy paste the three lines to the terminal and execute those, in my case (**you + need to replace the "USER" part and possibly also the repository name**): + + + `````{tabs} + ````{group-tab} SSH + See above for if SSH is the right option for you. + ```console + $ git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git + ``` + ```` + ````{group-tab} HTTPS + See above for if HTTPS is the right option for you. + ```console + $ git remote add origin https://github.com/USER/recipe.git + ``` + ```` + ````` + + ```console + $ git branch -M main + $ git push -u origin main + ``` + +The meaning of the above lines: +- Add a remote reference with the name "origin" +- Rename current branch to "main" +- Push branch "main" to "origin" + +You should now see: + +```text +Enumerating objects: 3, done. +Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done. +Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 221 bytes | 221.00 KiB/s, done. +Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 +To github.com:USER/recipe.git + * [new branch] main -> main +Branch 'main' set up to track remote branch 'main' from 'origin'. +``` + +### Exercise: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub + +```{exercise} Push-1: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub +- Go to your recipe directory on your computer. +- Check that you are in the right place with `git status`. +- Define the remote with `git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git`. +- Rename the current branch to "main", if needed: `git branch -M main`. +- Push the local branch "main" to the remote: `git push -u origin main`. +``` + +**Reload your GitHub project website and - taa-daa - your commits should now be +online!** + +What just happened? **Think of publishing a repository as uploading the `.git` part online**. + +--- + +## Cloning a repository + +Now other people can clone this repository and contribute changes. In the +[collaborative distributed version control](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/) lesson +we will learn how this works. + +At this point only a brief demo - if you copy the SSH or HTTPS address, you can clone repositories like this +(again adapt the `USER` in the "USER/repository.git" part): + + +`````{tabs} +````{group-tab} SSH +```console +$ git clone git@github.com:USER/recipe.git +``` + +**From now on, if you are using SSH, you should pay attention and make +sure your clone URLs start with `git@github.com:` now and in future +lessons.** +```` +````{group-tab} HTTPS +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/USER/recipe.git +``` + +**From now on, if you are using HTTPS, you should pay attention and make +sure your clone URLs start with `https://github.com/` now and in future +lessons.** +```` +````` + +This creates a directory called "recipe" unless it already exists. You can also specify the target directory +on your computer: + +`````{tabs} +````{group-tab} SSH +```console +$ git clone git@github.com:USER/recipe.git myrecipe +``` +```` +````{group-tab} HTTPS +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/user/recipe.git myrecipe +``` +```` +````` + +What just happened? **Think of cloning as downloading the `.git` part to your +computer**. After downloading the `.git` part the branch pointed to by HEAD is +automatically checked out. + +```{keypoints} +- A repository can have one or multiple remotes (we will revisit these later). +- Local branches often track remote branches. +- A remote serves as a full backup of your work. +- We'll properly learn how to use these in the [Collaborative Git lesson](https://coderefinery.github.io/git-collaborative/). +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/resources.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/resources.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..53899032 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/resources.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# Other resources + +- [Learn Git branching](http://pcottle.github.io/learnGitBranching/) +- [The entire Pro Git book, written by Scott Chacon and Ben Straub](http://git-scm.com/book) +- [Learn git one commit at a time](http://gitready.com) +- [A successful Git branching model](http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/) +- [Commit Often, Perfect Later, Publish Once: Git Best Practices](http://sethrobertson.github.io/GitBestPractices/) +- [PeepCode Git Internals](https://github.com/pluralsight/git-internals-pdf/releases) +- [Git Workflows for Pros: A Good Git Guide](https://www.toptal.com/git/git-workflows-for-pros-a-good-git-guide) +- [Branch-per-Feature](http://dymitruk.com/blog/2012/02/05/branch-per-feature/) +- [Git on XKCD](http://xkcd.com/1597/) +- [An efficient GIT workflow for mid/long term projects](http://fle.github.io/an-efficient-git-workflow-for-midlong-term-projects.html) diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/staging-area.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/staging-area.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..94d0fe83 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/staging-area.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,330 @@ +# Using the Git staging area + +```{objectives} +- Learn how to tell a story with your commit history. +- Demystify the Git staging area. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 10 min exercise +``` + + +## Commit history is telling a story + +Your *current code* is very important, but the *history* can be just +as important - it tells a story about how your code came to be. + +- Each individual line of code rarely stands alone. +- You often want to see all the related changes together. +- But you also hardly ever do one thing at once. + +Along with your code, Git creates a *history* for you, and if your +history is clear then you are a long way to organized code. + +````{discussion} + Here are five types of history. What are the advantages and + disadvantages of each, when you look at it later? + + **Example 1**: + ```shell + b135ec8 add features A, B, and C + ``` + + **Example 2** (newest commit is on top): + ```shell + 6f0d49f implement feature C + fee1807 implement feature B + 6fe2f23 implement feature A + ``` + + **Example 3**: + ```shell + ab990f4 saving three months of miscellaneous work I forgot to commit + ``` + + **Example 4** (newest commit is on top): + ```shell + bf39f9d more work on feature B + 45831a5 removing debug prints for feature A and add new file + bddb280 more work on feature B and make feature A compile again + 72d78e7 feature A did not work and started work on feature B + b135ec8 now feature A should work + 72e0211 another fix to make it compile + 61dd3a3 forgot file and bugfix + 49dc419 wip (work in progress) + ``` + + **Example 5** (newest commit is on top): + ```shell + 1949dc4 Work of 2020-04-07 + a361dd3 Work of 2020-04-06 + 1172e02 Work of 2020-04-03 + e772d78 Work of 2020-04-02 + ``` + + Discuss these examples. Can you anticipate problems? +```` + +We want to have nice commits. But we also want to "save often" +(checkpointing) - how can we have both? + +- We will now learn to create nice commits using `git commit --patch` and/or the staging area. +- Staging addresses the issue of having unrelated changes in the same +commit or having one logical change spread over several commits. +- The staging area isn't the only way to organize your history nicely, some alternatives are discussed at the end of the lesson. + + +## Interactive commits + +- The simplest ways to solve this is to do **interactive commits**: + the `git commit --patch` option (or `git commit -p` for short). +- It will present you with every change you have made individually, + and you can decide which ones to commit right now. +- Reference and key commands + - `git commit --patch` to start the interactive commit + - `y` to use the change + - `n` to skip the change + - `s` (split) if there are several changes grouped together, but + separated by a blank line, split them into separate choices. + - `q` aborts everything. + - `?` for more options. +- The `-p` option is also available on `commit`, `restore`, `checkout`, `reset`, and `add`. + + +(exercise-interactive-commits)= + +## Exercise: Interactive commits + +````{exercise} Staging-1: Perform an interactive commit +One option to help us create nice logical commits is to stage *interactively* +with `git commit --patch`: + +1. Make two changes in `instructions.txt`, at the top and bottom + of the file. + **Make sure that they are separated by at least several unmodified lines.** +2. Run `git commit --patch`. Using the keystrokes above, commit one of + the changes. +3. Do it again for the other change. +4. When you're done, inspect the situation with `git log`, `git status`, `git diff` and `git diff --staged`. +5. When would this be useful? + + ```{solution} + This can be useful if you have several modification in a file (or several + files) but you decide that it would be beneficial to save them as two (or + more) separate commits. + ``` +```` + + +## The staging area + +- The interactive commits above are great, but what if there are so + many changes that you can't sort them out in one shot? +- What if you make progress and want to record it somehow, but it's + not ready to be committed? +- The **staging area** is a place to record things before committing. + +```{instructor-note} +We give two examples and the instructor can pick one or both: +- Analogy using moving boxes +- Analogy using shopping receipts +``` + +```{discussion} + **Analogy using moving boxes** + + - You're moving and you have a box to pack your things in. + - You can put stuff into the box, but you can also take stuff out of the box. + - You wouldn't want to mix items from the bathroom, kitchen, and living room + into the same box. + - The box corresponds to the staging area of Git, where you can craft your commits. + - Committing is like sealing the box and sticking a label on it. + - You wouldn't want to label your box with "stuff", but rather give a more + descriptive label. + - See also + + + **Analogy using shopping receipts** + + - You need to go shopping and buy some stuff for work and for home. + You need two separate receipts. + - Bad idea: go through the store get home stuff, pay, start at the + beginning and go through the store again. This is inefficient and + annoying. + - What you actually do: + - Go through the store and put everything you need in your shopping + basket. + - Get to the check-out. Put your home stuff on the conveyor belt + (`git add`). Check both the belt (`git diff --staged`) and your + basket (`git diff`) to make sure you got all your home stuff. + - Pay (`git commit`) + - Repeat for work stuff. + + In order to keep organized, you have to use multiple locations to + stage things in sequence. +``` + + +## Staging area commands + +The staging area is a middle ground between what you have done to your files +(the **working directory**) and what you have last committed (the **HEAD commit**). +Just like the name implies, it lets you prepare (**stage**) what the next commit will be and most importantly give you tools to easily know what is going on. +This adds some complexity but also adds more flexibility to selectively +prepare commits since **you can modify and stage several times before committing**. + +**git add** stages/prepares for the next commit: +```text + git add + [project*] <------------ project* + ^ + | modify with editor + | + HEAD . project + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +**git commit** creates a new commit: +```text + + HEAD . project + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~2 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +**git reset \\--soft HEAD~1** (move HEAD back by one but keep changes and stage +them) would do the opposite of **git commit**. (in this case, `HEAD` +is literally this - not a replacement) + +Going back to the last staged version: +```text + git restore + [project*] ------------> project* + + + + HEAD . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +Unstaging changes with **git restore \\--staged**: +```text + git restore --staged + ------------> project* + + + + HEAD . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +Discarding unstaged changes: +```text + + project* + | + | git restore + v + HEAD . project + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +Comparing: +```text + git diff + [project*] <-----------> project* + ^ ^ + | git diff --staged | git diff HEAD + v v + HEAD . + | . + | . + | . + HEAD~1 . + | . + | . + | . + . + .git . working directory +(history) . (files we see) +``` + +```{figure} img/staging-basics.svg +:alt: Staging basics +:width: 100% + +The different states of the repository and the commands to move from one to +another. +``` + +(exercise-staging-area)= + +## Exercise: Using the staging area + +```{exercise} Staging-2: Use the staging area to make a commit in two steps +1. In your recipe example, make two different changes to + `ingredients.txt` and `instructions.txt` which do not go together. +2. Use `git add` to stage one of the changes. +3. Use `git status` to see what's going on, and use `git diff` and `git diff --staged` to see the changes. +4. Feel some regret and unstage the staged change. +``` + +```{discussion} +- When is it better to "save" a change as commit, when is it better to "save" + it with `git add`? +- Is it a problem to commit many small changes? +``` + +```{keypoints} +- The staging area helps us to create well-defined commits. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/under-the-hood.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/under-the-hood.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..977968da --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/under-the-hood.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +# Git under the hood + +```{objectives} +- Verify that branches are pointers to commits and extremely lightweight. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 10 min teaching/type-along +- 15 min exercise +``` + +```{figure} img/stranger.jpg +:alt: Git under the hood +:width: 100% +``` + + +## Down the rabbit hole + +When working with Git, **you will never need to go inside .git**, but in this +exercise we will, in order to learn about how branches are implemented in Git. + +For this exercise create a new repository and commit a couple of changes. + +Now that we've made a couple of commits let us look at what is happening under +the hood. + +```console +$ cd .git +$ ls -l + +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 branches +.rw-r--r-- 499 user 25 Aug 15:52 COMMIT_EDITMSG +.rw-r--r-- 92 user 25 Aug 15:51 config +.rw-r--r-- 73 user 25 Aug 15:51 description +.rw-r--r-- 21 user 25 Aug 15:51 HEAD +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 hooks +.rw-r--r-- 137 user 25 Aug 15:52 index +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 info +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:52 logs +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:52 objects +drwxr-xr-x - user 25 Aug 15:51 refs +``` + +Git stores everything under the .git folder in your repository. In fact, **the +.git directory is the Git repository.** + +Previously when you wrote the commit messages using your text editor, they +were in fact saved to `COMMIT_EDITMSG`. + +Each commit in Git is stored as a "blob". This blob contains information about +the author and the commit message. The blob references another blob that lists +the files present in the directory at the time and references blobs that record +the state of each file. + +Commits are referenced by a SHA-1 hash (a 40-character hexadecimal string). + +```{figure} img/commit-and-tree.png +:alt: A commit inside Git +:width: 100% + +States of a Git file. Image from the [Pro Git book](https://git-scm.com/book/). License CC BY 3.0. +``` + +Once you have several commits, each commit blob also links to the hash of the +previous commit. The commits form a [directed acyclic +graph](http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/) (do not worry +if the term is not familiar). + +```{figure} img/commits-and-parents.png +:alt: A commit and its parents +:width: 100% + +A commit and its parents. Image from the [Pro Git book](https://git-scm.com/book/). License CC BY 3.0. +``` + +All branches and tags in Git are pointers to commits. + + +## Git is basically a content-addressed storage system + +- CAS: ["mechanism for storing information that can be retrieved based on its content, not its storage location"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-addressable_storage) +- Content address is the content digest (SHA-1 checksum) +- Stored data does not change - so when we modify commits, we always create new + commits. Git doesn't delete these right away, which is why it is *very hard + to lose data if you commit it once*. + +Let us poke a bit into raw objects! Start with: + +```console +$ git cat-file -p HEAD +``` + +Then explore the `tree` object, then the `file` object, etc. recursively using the hashes you see. + + +## Demonstration: experimenting with branches + +Let us lift the hood and create few branches manually. The +goal of this exercise is to hopefully create an "Aha!" moment and provide us a +good understanding of the underlying model. + +We are starting from the `main` branch and create an `idea` branch: + +```console +$ git status + +On branch main +nothing to commit, working tree clean +``` + +```console +$ git switch --create idea + +Switched to a new branch 'idea' +``` + +```console +$ git branch + +* idea + main +``` + +Now let us go in: + +```console +$ cd .git +$ cd refs/heads +$ ls -l + +.rw-r--r-- 41 user 25 Aug 15:54 idea +.rw-r--r-- 41 user 25 Aug 15:52 main +``` + +Let us check what the `idea` file looks like +(do not worry if the hash is different): +```console +$ cat idea + +045e3db14740c60684d745e5fb891ae71e335611 +``` + +Now let us replicate this file: +```console +$ cp idea idea-2 +$ cp idea idea-3 +$ cp idea idea-4 +$ cp idea idea-5 +``` + +Let us go up two levels and inspect the file `HEAD`: +```console +$ cd ../.. +$ cat HEAD + +ref: refs/heads/idea +``` + +Let us open this file and change it to: +``` +ref: refs/heads/idea-3 +``` + +**Now we are ready for the aha moment!** +First let us go back to the working area: +```console +$ cd .. +``` + +Now - on which branch are we? +```console +$ git branch + + idea + idea-2 +* idea-3 + idea-4 + idea-5 + main +``` + +```{discussion} +Discuss the findings with other course participants. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_sources/what-to-avoid.md.txt b/branch/main/_sources/what-to-avoid.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..436a085c --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_sources/what-to-avoid.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# What to avoid + +The idea for this page came up during a discussion: quick reference page of +things that you should not do with Git. Basically, a list of some common Git +gotchas. + +**Postponing commits because the changes are "unfinished"/"ugly"**: It is +better to have many OK-ish commits than too few perfect commits. Too few +perfect commits are probably too large and make undoing more difficult. It is +also easier to combine too small commits than it is to split too large commits. +The longer you wait because of this, the harder it will be to +commit it at all. + +**Not updating your branch before starting new work**: Few things are worse +than doing work and then noticing a lot of conflicts because +un-related work was done in the meantime or even before you started. Or noticing that someone +else has already done it. This problem is largest when you come back +to an active project weeks or months later. + +**Commit unrelated changes together**: Makes it difficult to undo changes since +it can undo also the unrelated change. +But, this is the counterpoint to the first point: In the end, it is probably better to make big +ugly commits than to never commit. This is especially true in in the chaotic early +phases of small projects. + +**Too ambitious branch which risks to never get completed**: The branch will +never merge back and be so big and so ambitious with too many/big features that +the risk is high that once it is really ready, there are conflicts everywhere. + +**Committing generated files**: See {ref}`gitignore`. + +**Over-engineering the branch layout and safeguards in small projects**: This +may prevent people from contributing (maybe even including yourself?). Add more restrictions and safeguards as +the project and the group of collaborators grows. + +**Commit messages that explain what has been changed but do not explain why it has been +changed**: This is as useful as code comments which describe the "obvious" such +as "this is a loop" instead of explaining why something is done this way. +But don't let perfect commit messages stop you from the most important point, committing often (first point). + +**Commit huge files**: Huge files get sometimes accidentally added and +committed which can significantly increase the repository size. Note that a +subsequent `git rm` does not remove the addition from the repository history. +Code review can help detecting accidental large file additions. + +```{discussion} +Question to all seasoned Git users: What are we missing on this page? Please +contribute improvements. +``` diff --git a/branch/main/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js b/branch/main/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8549469d --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +/* + * _sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js + * ~~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Compatability shim for jQuery and underscores.js. + * + * WILL BE REMOVED IN Sphinx 6.0 + * xref RemovedInSphinx60Warning + * + */ + +/** + * select a different prefix for underscore + */ +$u = _.noConflict(); + + +/** + * small helper function to urldecode strings + * + * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent#Decoding_query_parameters_from_a_URL + */ +jQuery.urldecode = function(x) { + if (!x) { + return x + } + return decodeURIComponent(x.replace(/\+/g, ' ')); +}; + +/** + * small helper function to urlencode strings + */ +jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent; + +/** + * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the + * current request. Multiple values per key are supported, + * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts. + */ +jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) { + if (typeof s === 'undefined') + s = document.location.search; + var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&'); + var result = {}; + for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) { + var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2); + var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]); + var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]); + if (key in result) + result[key].push(value); + else + result[key] = [value]; + } + return result; +}; + +/** + * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in + * span elements with the given class name. + */ +jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) { + function highlight(node, addItems) { + if (node.nodeType === 3) { + var val = node.nodeValue; + var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); + if (pos >= 0 && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className) && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass("nohighlight")) { + var span; + var isInSVG = jQuery(node).closest("body, svg, foreignObject").is("svg"); + if (isInSVG) { + span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); + } else { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.className = className; + } + span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); + node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore( + document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)), + node.nextSibling)); + node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); + if (isInSVG) { + var rect = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "rect"); + var bbox = node.parentElement.getBBox(); + rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; + rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; + rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; + rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; + rect.setAttribute('class', className); + addItems.push({ + "parent": node.parentNode, + "target": rect}); + } + } + } + else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) { + jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + } + } + var addItems = []; + var result = this.each(function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + for (var i = 0; i < addItems.length; ++i) { + jQuery(addItems[i].parent).before(addItems[i].target); + } + return result; +}; + +/* + * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser + * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed. + */ +if (!jQuery.browser) { + jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) { + ua = ua.toLowerCase(); + + var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) || + []; + + return { + browser: match[ 1 ] || "", + version: match[ 2 ] || "0" + }; + }; + jQuery.browser = {}; + jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true; +} diff --git a/branch/main/_static/basic.css b/branch/main/_static/basic.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4e9a9f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/basic.css @@ -0,0 +1,900 @@ +/* + * basic.css + * ~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2022 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; +} + +div.section::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: left; +} + +/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.related { + width: 100%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +div.related h3 { + display: none; +} + +div.related ul { + margin: 0; + padding: 0 0 0 10px; + list-style: none; +} + +div.related li { + display: inline; +} + +div.related li.right { + float: right; + margin-right: 5px; +} + +/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sphinxsidebarwrapper { + padding: 10px 5px 0 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar { + float: left; + width: 230px; + margin-left: -100%; + font-size: 90%; + word-wrap: break-word; + overflow-wrap : break-word; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul { + list-style: none; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul, +div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points { + margin-left: 20px; + list-style: square; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar form { + margin-top: 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar input { + border: 1px solid #98dbcc; + font-family: sans-serif; + font-size: 1em; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox form.search { + overflow: hidden; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] { + float: left; + width: 80%; + padding: 0.25em; + box-sizing: border-box; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] { + float: left; + width: 20%; + border-left: none; + padding: 0.25em; + box-sizing: border-box; +} + + +img { + border: 0; + max-width: 100%; +} + +/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +ul.search { + margin: 10px 0 0 20px; + padding: 0; +} + +ul.search li { + padding: 5px 0 5px 20px; + background-image: url(file.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: 0 7px; +} + +ul.search li a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +ul.search li p.context { + color: #888; + margin: 2px 0 0 30px; + text-align: left; +} + +ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */ + +table.contentstable { + width: 90%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.contentstable p.biglink { + line-height: 150%; +} + +a.biglink { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +span.linkdescr { + font-style: italic; + padding-top: 5px; + font-size: 90%; +} + +/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.indextable { + width: 100%; +} + +table.indextable td { + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; +} + +table.indextable ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + list-style-type: none; +} + +table.indextable > tbody > tr > td > ul { + padding-left: 0em; +} + +table.indextable tr.pcap { + height: 10px; +} + +table.indextable tr.cap { + margin-top: 10px; + background-color: #f2f2f2; +} + +img.toggler { + margin-right: 3px; + margin-top: 3px; + cursor: pointer; +} + +div.modindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +div.genindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +/* -- domain module index --------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.modindextable td { + padding: 2px; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.body { + min-width: 360px; + max-width: 800px; +} + +div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote { + -moz-hyphens: auto; + -ms-hyphens: auto; + -webkit-hyphens: auto; + hyphens: auto; +} + +a.headerlink { + visibility: hidden; +} + +h1:hover > a.headerlink, +h2:hover > a.headerlink, +h3:hover > a.headerlink, +h4:hover > a.headerlink, +h5:hover > a.headerlink, +h6:hover > a.headerlink, +dt:hover > a.headerlink, +caption:hover > a.headerlink, +p.caption:hover > a.headerlink, +div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +div.body p.caption { + text-align: inherit; +} + +div.body td { + text-align: left; +} + +.first { + margin-top: 0 !important; +} + +p.rubric { + margin-top: 30px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +img.align-left, figure.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left { + clear: left; + float: left; + margin-right: 1em; +} + +img.align-right, figure.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right { + clear: right; + float: right; + margin-left: 1em; +} + +img.align-center, figure.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +img.align-default, figure.align-default, .figure.align-default { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.align-left { + text-align: left; +} + +.align-center { + text-align: center; +} + +.align-default { + text-align: center; +} + +.align-right { + text-align: right; +} + +/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sidebar, +aside.sidebar { + margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; + border: 1px solid #ddb; + padding: 7px; + background-color: #ffe; + width: 40%; + float: right; + clear: right; + overflow-x: auto; +} + +p.sidebar-title { + font-weight: bold; +} +nav.contents, +aside.topic, +div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote { + clear: left; +} + +/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ +nav.contents, +aside.topic, +div.topic { + border: 1px solid #ccc; + padding: 7px; + margin: 10px 0 10px 0; +} + +p.topic-title { + font-size: 1.1em; + font-weight: bold; + margin-top: 10px; +} + +/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.admonition { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + padding: 7px; +} + +div.admonition dt { + font-weight: bold; +} + +p.admonition-title { + margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.body p.centered { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 25px; +} + +/* -- content of sidebars/topics/admonitions -------------------------------- */ + +div.sidebar > :last-child, +aside.sidebar > :last-child, +nav.contents > :last-child, +aside.topic > :last-child, +div.topic > :last-child, +div.admonition > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sidebar::after, +aside.sidebar::after, +nav.contents::after, +aside.topic::after, +div.topic::after, +div.admonition::after, +blockquote::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: both; +} + +/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.docutils { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + border: 0; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +table.align-center { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.align-default { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table caption span.caption-number { + font-style: italic; +} + +table caption span.caption-text { +} + +table.docutils td, table.docutils th { + padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px; + border-top: 0; + border-left: 0; + border-right: 0; + border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; +} + +th { + text-align: left; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +table.citation { + border-left: solid 1px gray; + margin-left: 1px; +} + +table.citation td { + border-bottom: none; +} + +th > :first-child, +td > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +th > :last-child, +td > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0px; +} + +/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.figure, figure { + margin: 0.5em; + padding: 0.5em; +} + +div.figure p.caption, figcaption { + padding: 0.3em; +} + +div.figure p.caption span.caption-number, +figcaption span.caption-number { + font-style: italic; +} + +div.figure p.caption span.caption-text, +figcaption span.caption-text { +} + +/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.field-list td, table.field-list th { + border: 0 !important; +} + +.field-list ul { + margin: 0; + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.field-list p { + margin: 0; +} + +.field-name { + -moz-hyphens: manual; + -ms-hyphens: manual; + -webkit-hyphens: manual; + hyphens: manual; +} + +/* -- hlist styles ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.hlist { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +table.hlist td { + vertical-align: top; +} + +/* -- object description styles --------------------------------------------- */ + +.sig { + font-family: 'Consolas', 'Menlo', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; +} + +.sig-name, code.descname { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.sig-name { + font-size: 1.1em; +} + +code.descname { + font-size: 1.2em; +} + +.sig-prename, code.descclassname { + background-color: transparent; +} + +.optional { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +.sig-paren { + font-size: larger; +} + +.sig-param.n { + font-style: italic; +} + +/* C++ specific styling */ + +.sig-inline.c-texpr, +.sig-inline.cpp-texpr { + font-family: unset; +} + +.sig.c .k, .sig.c .kt, +.sig.cpp .k, .sig.cpp .kt { + color: #0033B3; +} + +.sig.c .m, +.sig.cpp .m { + color: #1750EB; +} + +.sig.c .s, .sig.c .sc, +.sig.cpp .s, .sig.cpp .sc { + color: #067D17; +} + + +/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +ol.arabic { + list-style: decimal; +} + +ol.loweralpha { + list-style: lower-alpha; +} + +ol.upperalpha { + list-style: upper-alpha; +} + +ol.lowerroman { + list-style: lower-roman; +} + +ol.upperroman { + list-style: upper-roman; +} + +:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child, +:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +:not(li) > ol > li:last-child > :last-child, +:not(li) > ul > li:last-child > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0px; +} + +ol.simple ol p, +ol.simple ul p, +ul.simple ol p, +ul.simple ul p { + margin-top: 0; +} + +ol.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p, +ul.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p { + margin-top: 0; +} + +ol.simple p, +ul.simple p { + margin-bottom: 0; +} +aside.footnote > span, +div.citation > span { + float: left; +} +aside.footnote > span:last-of-type, +div.citation > span:last-of-type { + padding-right: 0.5em; +} +aside.footnote > p { + margin-left: 2em; +} +div.citation > p { + margin-left: 4em; +} +aside.footnote > p:last-of-type, +div.citation > p:last-of-type { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} +aside.footnote > p:last-of-type:after, +div.citation > p:last-of-type:after { + content: ""; + clear: both; +} + +dl.field-list { + display: grid; + grid-template-columns: fit-content(30%) auto; +} + +dl.field-list > dt { + font-weight: bold; + word-break: break-word; + padding-left: 0.5em; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +dl.field-list > dd { + padding-left: 0.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + margin-left: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +dl { + margin-bottom: 15px; +} + +dd > :first-child { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +dd ul, dd table { + margin-bottom: 10px; +} + +dd { + margin-top: 3px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + margin-left: 30px; +} + +dl > dd:last-child, +dl > dd:last-child > :last-child { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +dt:target, span.highlighted { + background-color: #fbe54e; +} + +rect.highlighted { + fill: #fbe54e; +} + +dl.glossary dt { + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 1.1em; +} + +.versionmodified { + font-style: italic; +} + +.system-message { + background-color: #fda; + padding: 5px; + border: 3px solid red; +} + +.footnote:target { + background-color: #ffa; +} + +.line-block { + display: block; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.line-block .line-block { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 1.5em; +} + +.guilabel, .menuselection { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +.accelerator { + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.classifier { + font-style: oblique; +} + +.classifier:before { + font-style: normal; + margin: 0 0.5em; + content: ":"; + display: inline-block; +} + +abbr, acronym { + border-bottom: dotted 1px; + cursor: help; +} + +/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +pre { + overflow: auto; + overflow-y: hidden; /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */ +} + +pre, div[class*="highlight-"] { + clear: both; +} + +span.pre { + -moz-hyphens: none; + -ms-hyphens: none; + -webkit-hyphens: none; + hyphens: none; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +div[class*="highlight-"] { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +td.linenos pre { + border: 0; + background-color: transparent; + color: #aaa; +} + +table.highlighttable { + display: block; +} + +table.highlighttable tbody { + display: block; +} + +table.highlighttable tr { + display: flex; +} + +table.highlighttable td { + margin: 0; + padding: 0; +} + +table.highlighttable td.linenos { + padding-right: 0.5em; +} + +table.highlighttable td.code { + flex: 1; + overflow: hidden; +} + +.highlight .hll { + display: block; +} + +div.highlight pre, +table.highlighttable pre { + margin: 0; +} + +div.code-block-caption + div { + margin-top: 0; +} + +div.code-block-caption { + margin-top: 1em; + padding: 2px 5px; + font-size: small; +} + +div.code-block-caption code { + background-color: transparent; +} + +table.highlighttable td.linenos, +span.linenos, +div.highlight span.gp { /* gp: Generic.Prompt */ + user-select: none; + -webkit-user-select: text; /* Safari fallback only */ + -webkit-user-select: none; /* Chrome/Safari */ + -moz-user-select: none; /* Firefox */ + -ms-user-select: none; /* IE10+ */ +} + +div.code-block-caption span.caption-number { + padding: 0.1em 0.3em; + font-style: italic; +} + +div.code-block-caption span.caption-text { +} + +div.literal-block-wrapper { + margin: 1em 0; +} + +code.xref, a code { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code { + background-color: transparent; +} + +.viewcode-link { + float: right; +} + +.viewcode-back { + float: right; + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +div.viewcode-block:target { + margin: -1px -10px; + padding: 0 10px; +} + +/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +img.math { + vertical-align: middle; +} + +div.body div.math p { + text-align: center; +} + +span.eqno { + float: right; +} + +span.eqno a.headerlink { + position: absolute; + z-index: 1; +} + +div.math:hover a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */ + +@media print { + div.document, + div.documentwrapper, + div.bodywrapper { + margin: 0 !important; + width: 100%; + } + + div.sphinxsidebar, + div.related, + div.footer, + #top-link { + display: none; + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/_static/check-solid.svg b/branch/main/_static/check-solid.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92fad4b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/check-solid.svg @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_static/clipboard.min.js b/branch/main/_static/clipboard.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54b3c463 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/clipboard.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +/*! + * clipboard.js v2.0.8 + * https://clipboardjs.com/ + * + * Licensed MIT © Zeno Rocha + */ +!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof exports?exports.ClipboardJS=e():t.ClipboardJS=e()}(this,function(){return n={686:function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.d(e,{default:function(){return o}});var e=n(279),i=n.n(e),e=n(370),u=n.n(e),e=n(817),c=n.n(e);function a(t){try{return document.execCommand(t)}catch(t){return}}var f=function(t){t=c()(t);return a("cut"),t};var l=function(t){var e,n,o,r=1 + + + + diff --git a/branch/main/_static/copybutton.css b/branch/main/_static/copybutton.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..40eafe5f --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/copybutton.css @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +/* Copy buttons */ +button.copybtn { + position: absolute; + display: flex; + top: .3em; + right: .3em; + width: 1.7em; + height: 1.7em; + opacity: 0; + transition: opacity 0.3s, border .3s, background-color .3s; + user-select: none; + padding: 0; + border: none; + outline: none; + border-radius: 0.4em; + /* The colors that GitHub uses */ + border: #1b1f2426 1px solid; + background-color: #f6f8fa; + color: #57606a; +} + +button.copybtn.success { + border-color: #22863a; + color: #22863a; +} + +button.copybtn svg { + stroke: currentColor; + width: 1.5em; + height: 1.5em; + padding: 0.1em; +} + +div.highlight { + position: relative; +} + +.highlight:hover button.copybtn { + opacity: 1; +} + +.highlight button.copybtn:hover { + background-color: rgb(235, 235, 235); +} + +.highlight button.copybtn:active { + background-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); +} + +/** + * A minimal CSS-only tooltip copied from: + * https://codepen.io/mildrenben/pen/rVBrpK + * + * To use, write HTML like the following: + * + *

Short

+ */ + .o-tooltip--left { + position: relative; + } + + .o-tooltip--left:after { + opacity: 0; + visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + content: attr(data-tooltip); + padding: .2em; + font-size: .8em; + left: -.2em; + background: grey; + color: white; + white-space: nowrap; + z-index: 2; + border-radius: 2px; + transform: translateX(-102%) translateY(0); + transition: opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1), transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1); +} + +.o-tooltip--left:hover:after { + display: block; + opacity: 1; + visibility: visible; + transform: translateX(-100%) translateY(0); + transition: opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1), transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.64, 0.09, 0.08, 1); + transition-delay: .5s; +} + +/* By default the copy button shouldn't show up when printing a page */ +@media print { + button.copybtn { + display: none; + } +} diff --git a/branch/main/_static/copybutton.js b/branch/main/_static/copybutton.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f3ecd034 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/copybutton.js @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +// Localization support +const messages = { + 'en': { + 'copy': 'Copy', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copy to clipboard', + 'copy_success': 'Copied!', + 'copy_failure': 'Failed to copy', + }, + 'es' : { + 'copy': 'Copiar', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copiar al portapapeles', + 'copy_success': '¡Copiado!', + 'copy_failure': 'Error al copiar', + }, + 'de' : { + 'copy': 'Kopieren', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'In die Zwischenablage kopieren', + 'copy_success': 'Kopiert!', + 'copy_failure': 'Fehler beim Kopieren', + }, + 'fr' : { + 'copy': 'Copier', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copié dans le presse-papier', + 'copy_success': 'Copié !', + 'copy_failure': 'Échec de la copie', + }, + 'ru': { + 'copy': 'Скопировать', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Скопировать в буфер', + 'copy_success': 'Скопировано!', + 'copy_failure': 'Не удалось скопировать', + }, + 'zh-CN': { + 'copy': '复制', + 'copy_to_clipboard': '复制到剪贴板', + 'copy_success': '复制成功!', + 'copy_failure': '复制失败', + }, + 'it' : { + 'copy': 'Copiare', + 'copy_to_clipboard': 'Copiato negli appunti', + 'copy_success': 'Copiato!', + 'copy_failure': 'Errore durante la copia', + } +} + +let locale = 'en' +if( document.documentElement.lang !== undefined + && messages[document.documentElement.lang] !== undefined ) { + locale = document.documentElement.lang +} + +let doc_url_root = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT; +if (doc_url_root == '#') { + doc_url_root = ''; +} + +/** + * SVG files for our copy buttons + */ +let iconCheck = ` + ${messages[locale]['copy_success']} + + +` + +// If the user specified their own SVG use that, otherwise use the default +let iconCopy = ``; +if (!iconCopy) { + iconCopy = ` + ${messages[locale]['copy_to_clipboard']} + + + +` +} + +/** + * Set up copy/paste for code blocks + */ + +const runWhenDOMLoaded = cb => { + if (document.readyState != 'loading') { + cb() + } else if (document.addEventListener) { + document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', cb) + } else { + document.attachEvent('onreadystatechange', function() { + if (document.readyState == 'complete') cb() + }) + } +} + +const codeCellId = index => `codecell${index}` + +// Clears selected text since ClipboardJS will select the text when copying +const clearSelection = () => { + if (window.getSelection) { + window.getSelection().removeAllRanges() + } else if (document.selection) { + document.selection.empty() + } +} + +// Changes tooltip text for two seconds, then changes it back +const temporarilyChangeTooltip = (el, oldText, newText) => { + el.setAttribute('data-tooltip', newText) + el.classList.add('success') + setTimeout(() => el.setAttribute('data-tooltip', oldText), 2000) + setTimeout(() => el.classList.remove('success'), 2000) +} + +// Changes the copy button icon for two seconds, then changes it back +const temporarilyChangeIcon = (el) => { + el.innerHTML = iconCheck; + setTimeout(() => {el.innerHTML = iconCopy}, 2000) +} + +const addCopyButtonToCodeCells = () => { + // If ClipboardJS hasn't loaded, wait a bit and try again. This + // happens because we load ClipboardJS asynchronously. + if (window.ClipboardJS === undefined) { + setTimeout(addCopyButtonToCodeCells, 250) + return + } + + // Add copybuttons to all of our code cells + const COPYBUTTON_SELECTOR = 'div.highlight pre'; + const codeCells = document.querySelectorAll(COPYBUTTON_SELECTOR) + codeCells.forEach((codeCell, index) => { + const id = codeCellId(index) + codeCell.setAttribute('id', id) + + const clipboardButton = id => + `` + codeCell.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend', clipboardButton(id)) + }) + +function escapeRegExp(string) { + return string.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string +} + +/** + * Removes excluded text from a Node. + * + * @param {Node} target Node to filter. + * @param {string} exclude CSS selector of nodes to exclude. + * @returns {DOMString} Text from `target` with text removed. + */ +function filterText(target, exclude) { + const clone = target.cloneNode(true); // clone as to not modify the live DOM + if (exclude) { + // remove excluded nodes + clone.querySelectorAll(exclude).forEach(node => node.remove()); + } + return clone.innerText; +} + +// Callback when a copy button is clicked. Will be passed the node that was clicked +// should then grab the text and replace pieces of text that shouldn't be used in output +function formatCopyText(textContent, copybuttonPromptText, isRegexp = false, onlyCopyPromptLines = true, removePrompts = true, copyEmptyLines = true, lineContinuationChar = "", hereDocDelim = "") { + var regexp; + var match; + + // Do we check for line continuation characters and "HERE-documents"? + var useLineCont = !!lineContinuationChar + var useHereDoc = !!hereDocDelim + + // create regexp to capture prompt and remaining line + if (isRegexp) { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + copybuttonPromptText + ')(.*)') + } else { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + escapeRegExp(copybuttonPromptText) + ')(.*)') + } + + const outputLines = []; + var promptFound = false; + var gotLineCont = false; + var gotHereDoc = false; + const lineGotPrompt = []; + for (const line of textContent.split('\n')) { + match = line.match(regexp) + if (match || gotLineCont || gotHereDoc) { + promptFound = regexp.test(line) + lineGotPrompt.push(promptFound) + if (removePrompts && promptFound) { + outputLines.push(match[2]) + } else { + outputLines.push(line) + } + gotLineCont = line.endsWith(lineContinuationChar) & useLineCont + if (line.includes(hereDocDelim) & useHereDoc) + gotHereDoc = !gotHereDoc + } else if (!onlyCopyPromptLines) { + outputLines.push(line) + } else if (copyEmptyLines && line.trim() === '') { + outputLines.push(line) + } + } + + // If no lines with the prompt were found then just use original lines + if (lineGotPrompt.some(v => v === true)) { + textContent = outputLines.join('\n'); + } + + // Remove a trailing newline to avoid auto-running when pasting + if (textContent.endsWith("\n")) { + textContent = textContent.slice(0, -1) + } + return textContent +} + + +var copyTargetText = (trigger) => { + var target = document.querySelector(trigger.attributes['data-clipboard-target'].value); + + // get filtered text + let exclude = '.linenos, .gp'; + + let text = filterText(target, exclude); + return formatCopyText(text, '', false, true, true, true, '', '') +} + + // Initialize with a callback so we can modify the text before copy + const clipboard = new ClipboardJS('.copybtn', {text: copyTargetText}) + + // Update UI with error/success messages + clipboard.on('success', event => { + clearSelection() + temporarilyChangeTooltip(event.trigger, messages[locale]['copy'], messages[locale]['copy_success']) + temporarilyChangeIcon(event.trigger) + }) + + clipboard.on('error', event => { + temporarilyChangeTooltip(event.trigger, messages[locale]['copy'], messages[locale]['copy_failure']) + }) +} + +runWhenDOMLoaded(addCopyButtonToCodeCells) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/_static/copybutton_funcs.js b/branch/main/_static/copybutton_funcs.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dbe1aaad --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/copybutton_funcs.js @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +function escapeRegExp(string) { + return string.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string +} + +/** + * Removes excluded text from a Node. + * + * @param {Node} target Node to filter. + * @param {string} exclude CSS selector of nodes to exclude. + * @returns {DOMString} Text from `target` with text removed. + */ +export function filterText(target, exclude) { + const clone = target.cloneNode(true); // clone as to not modify the live DOM + if (exclude) { + // remove excluded nodes + clone.querySelectorAll(exclude).forEach(node => node.remove()); + } + return clone.innerText; +} + +// Callback when a copy button is clicked. Will be passed the node that was clicked +// should then grab the text and replace pieces of text that shouldn't be used in output +export function formatCopyText(textContent, copybuttonPromptText, isRegexp = false, onlyCopyPromptLines = true, removePrompts = true, copyEmptyLines = true, lineContinuationChar = "", hereDocDelim = "") { + var regexp; + var match; + + // Do we check for line continuation characters and "HERE-documents"? + var useLineCont = !!lineContinuationChar + var useHereDoc = !!hereDocDelim + + // create regexp to capture prompt and remaining line + if (isRegexp) { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + copybuttonPromptText + ')(.*)') + } else { + regexp = new RegExp('^(' + escapeRegExp(copybuttonPromptText) + ')(.*)') + } + + const outputLines = []; + var promptFound = false; + var gotLineCont = false; + var gotHereDoc = false; + const lineGotPrompt = []; + for (const line of textContent.split('\n')) { + match = line.match(regexp) + if (match || gotLineCont || gotHereDoc) { + promptFound = regexp.test(line) + lineGotPrompt.push(promptFound) + if (removePrompts && promptFound) { + outputLines.push(match[2]) + } else { + outputLines.push(line) + } + gotLineCont = line.endsWith(lineContinuationChar) & useLineCont + if (line.includes(hereDocDelim) & useHereDoc) + gotHereDoc = !gotHereDoc + } else if (!onlyCopyPromptLines) { + outputLines.push(line) + } else if (copyEmptyLines && line.trim() === '') { + outputLines.push(line) + } + } + + // If no lines with the prompt were found then just use original lines + if (lineGotPrompt.some(v => v === true)) { + textContent = outputLines.join('\n'); + } + + // Remove a trailing newline to avoid auto-running when pasting + if (textContent.endsWith("\n")) { + textContent = textContent.slice(0, -1) + } + return textContent +} diff --git a/branch/main/_static/css/badge_only.css b/branch/main/_static/css/badge_only.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c718cee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/css/badge_only.css @@ 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/dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/doctools.js @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +/* + * doctools.js + * ~~~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Base JavaScript utilities for all Sphinx HTML documentation. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2022 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ +"use strict"; + +const BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS = new Set([ + "TEXTAREA", + "INPUT", + "SELECT", + "BUTTON", +]); + +const _ready = (callback) => { + if (document.readyState !== "loading") { + callback(); + } else { + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", callback); + } +}; + +/** + * Small JavaScript module for the documentation. + */ +const Documentation = { + init: () => { + Documentation.initDomainIndexTable(); + Documentation.initOnKeyListeners(); + }, + + /** + * i18n support + */ + TRANSLATIONS: {}, + PLURAL_EXPR: (n) => (n === 1 ? 0 : 1), + LOCALE: "unknown", + + // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions + // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext) + gettext: (string) => { + const translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string]; + switch (typeof translated) { + case "undefined": + return string; // no translation + case "string": + return translated; // translation exists + default: + return translated[0]; // (singular, plural) translation tuple exists + } + }, + + ngettext: (singular, plural, n) => { + const translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular]; + if (typeof translated !== "undefined") + return translated[Documentation.PLURAL_EXPR(n)]; + return n === 1 ? singular : plural; + }, + + addTranslations: (catalog) => { + Object.assign(Documentation.TRANSLATIONS, catalog.messages); + Documentation.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function( + "n", + `return (${catalog.plural_expr})` + ); + Documentation.LOCALE = catalog.locale; + }, + + /** + * helper function to focus on search bar + */ + focusSearchBar: () => { + document.querySelectorAll("input[name=q]")[0]?.focus(); + }, + + /** + * Initialise the domain index toggle buttons + */ + initDomainIndexTable: () => { + const toggler = (el) => { + const idNumber = el.id.substr(7); + const toggledRows = document.querySelectorAll(`tr.cg-${idNumber}`); + if (el.src.substr(-9) === "minus.png") { + el.src = `${el.src.substr(0, el.src.length - 9)}plus.png`; + toggledRows.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "none")); + } else { + el.src = `${el.src.substr(0, el.src.length - 8)}minus.png`; + toggledRows.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "")); + } + }; + + const togglerElements = document.querySelectorAll("img.toggler"); + togglerElements.forEach((el) => + el.addEventListener("click", (event) => toggler(event.currentTarget)) + ); + togglerElements.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "")); + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) togglerElements.forEach(toggler); + }, + + initOnKeyListeners: () => { + // only install a listener if it is really needed + if ( + !DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS && + !DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS + ) + return; + + document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => { + // bail for input elements + if (BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS.has(document.activeElement.tagName)) return; + // bail with special keys + if (event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) return; + + if (!event.shiftKey) { + switch (event.key) { + case "ArrowLeft": + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) break; + + const prevLink = document.querySelector('link[rel="prev"]'); + if (prevLink && prevLink.href) { + window.location.href = prevLink.href; + event.preventDefault(); + } + break; + case "ArrowRight": + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) break; + + const nextLink = document.querySelector('link[rel="next"]'); + if (nextLink && nextLink.href) { + window.location.href = nextLink.href; + event.preventDefault(); + } + break; + } + } + + // some keyboard layouts may need Shift to get / + switch (event.key) { + case "/": + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS) break; + Documentation.focusSearchBar(); + event.preventDefault(); + } + }); + }, +}; + +// quick alias for translations +const _ = Documentation.gettext; + +_ready(Documentation.init); diff --git a/branch/main/_static/documentation_options.js b/branch/main/_static/documentation_options.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c066c69a --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/documentation_options.js @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: document.getElementById("documentation_options").getAttribute('data-url_root'), + VERSION: '', + LANGUAGE: 'en', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + BUILDER: 'dirhtml', + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + LINK_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true, + SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt', + NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: false, + SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY: true, + ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS: true, +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/_static/file.png b/branch/main/_static/file.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a858a410 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/main/_static/file.png differ diff --git a/branch/main/_static/jquery-3.6.0.js b/branch/main/_static/jquery-3.6.0.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc6c299b --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/_static/jquery-3.6.0.js @@ -0,0 +1,10881 @@ +/*! + * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.6.0 + * https://jquery.com/ + * + * Includes Sizzle.js + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright OpenJS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://jquery.org/license + * + * Date: 2021-03-02T17:08Z + */ +( function( global, factory ) { + + "use strict"; + + if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { + + // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` + // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. + // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` + // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. + // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. + // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); + // See ticket #14549 for more info. + module.exports = global.document ? + factory( global, true ) : + function( w ) { + if ( !w.document ) { + throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); + } + return factory( w ); + }; + } else { + factory( global ); + } + +// Pass this if window is not defined yet +} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { + +// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 +// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode +// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common +// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. +"use strict"; + +var arr = []; + +var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; + +var slice = arr.slice; + +var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { + return arr.flat.call( array ); +} : function( array ) { + return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); +}; + + +var push = arr.push; + +var indexOf = arr.indexOf; + +var class2type = {}; + +var toString = class2type.toString; + +var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; + +var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; + +var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); + +var support = {}; + +var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 + // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements + // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). + // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. + // Support: QtWeb <=3.8.5, WebKit <=534.34, wkhtmltopdf tool <=0.12.5 + // Plus for old WebKit, typeof returns "function" for HTML collections + // (e.g., `typeof document.getElementsByTagName("div") === "function"`). (gh-4756) + return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number" && + typeof obj.item !== "function"; + }; + + +var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { + return obj != null && obj === obj.window; + }; + + +var document = window.document; + + + + var preservedScriptAttributes = { + type: true, + src: true, + nonce: true, + noModule: true + }; + + function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { + doc = doc || document; + + var i, val, + script = doc.createElement( "script" ); + + script.text = code; + if ( node ) { + for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { + + // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ + // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. + // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as + // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it + // becomes browsing-context connected. + // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 + // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes + // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of + // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node + // via an object. + val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); + if ( val ) { + script.setAttribute( i, val ); + } + } + } + doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); + } + + +function toType( obj ) { + if ( obj == null ) { + return obj + ""; + } + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) + return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? + class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : + typeof obj; +} +/* global Symbol */ +// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global +// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module + + + +var + version = "3.6.0", + + // Define a local copy of jQuery + jQuery = function( selector, context ) { + + // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' + // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) + return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); + }; + +jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { + + // The current version of jQuery being used + jquery: version, + + constructor: jQuery, + + // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 + length: 0, + + toArray: function() { + return slice.call( this ); + }, + + // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR + // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array + get: function( num ) { + + // Return all the elements in a clean array + if ( num == null ) { + return slice.call( this ); + } + + // Return just the one element from the set + return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; + }, + + // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack + // (returning the new matched element set) + pushStack: function( elems ) { + + // Build a new jQuery matched element set + var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); + + // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) + ret.prevObject = this; + + // Return the newly-formed element set + return ret; + }, + + // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. + each: function( callback ) { + return jQuery.each( this, callback ); + }, + + map: function( callback ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { + return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); + } ) ); + }, + + slice: function() { + return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); + }, + + first: function() { + return this.eq( 0 ); + }, + + last: function() { + return this.eq( -1 ); + }, + + even: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return ( i + 1 ) % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + odd: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return i % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + eq: function( i ) { + var len = this.length, + j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); + return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), + function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); + } ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.6 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2021-02-16 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem && elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = elem && ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +} +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the primary Deferred + primary = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + primary.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, primary.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, primary.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( primary.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return primary.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), primary.reject ); + } + + return primary.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
" ], + col: [ 2, "", "
" ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
" ], + td: [ 3, "", "
" ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // In Chrome, if an element having a focusout handler is blurred by + // clicking outside of it, it invokes the handler synchronously. If + // that handler calls `.remove()` on the element, the data is cleared, + // leaving `result` undefined. We need to guard against this. + return result && result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + which: true +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // Suppress native focus or blur as it's already being fired + // in leverageNative. + _default: function() { + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + // + // Support: Firefox 70+ + // Only Firefox includes border widths + // in computed dimensions. (gh-4529) + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate"; + tr.style.cssText = "border:1px solid"; + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // Height set through cssText does not get applied. + // Computed height then comes back as 0. + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + // Support: Android 8 Chrome 86+ + // In our bodyBackground.html iframe, + // display for all div elements is set to "inline", + // which causes a problem only in Android 8 Chrome 86. + // Ensuring the div is display: block + // gets around this issue. + trChild.style.display = "block"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = ( parseInt( trStyle.height, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderTopWidth, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderBottomWidth, 10 ) ) === tr.offsetHeight; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml, parserErrorElem; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + parserErrorElem = xml && xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" )[ 0 ]; + if ( !xml || parserErrorElem ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + ( + parserErrorElem ? + jQuery.map( parserErrorElem.childNodes, function( el ) { + return el.textContent; + } ).join( "\n" ) : + data + ) ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ).filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ).map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + +originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : + s.accepts[ "*" ] + ); + + // Check for headers option + for ( i in s.headers ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort + if ( s.beforeSend && + ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { + + // Abort if not done already and return + return jqXHR.abort(); + } + + // Aborting is no longer a cancellation + strAbort = "abort"; + + // Install callbacks on deferreds + completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); + jqXHR.done( s.success ); + jqXHR.fail( s.error ); + + // Get transport + transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If no transport, we auto-abort + if ( !transport ) { + done( -1, "No Transport" ); + } else { + jqXHR.readyState = 1; + + // Send global event + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + } + + // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // Timeout + if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { + timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { + jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); + }, s.timeout ); + } + + try { + completed = false; + transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // Rethrow post-completion exceptions + if ( completed ) { + throw e; + } + + // Propagate others as results + done( -1, e ); + } + } + + // Callback for when everything is done + function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { + var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, + statusText = nativeStatusText; + + // Ignore repeat invocations + if ( completed ) { + return; + } + + completed = true; + + // Clear timeout if it exists + if ( timeoutTimer ) { + window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); + } + + // Dereference transport for early garbage collection + // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) + transport = undefined; + + // Cache response headers + responseHeadersString = headers || ""; + + // Set readyState + jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; + + // Determine if successful + isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; + + // Get response data + if ( responses ) { + response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); + } + + // Use a noop converter for missing script but not if jsonp + if ( !isSuccess && + jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 && + jQuery.inArray( "json", s.dataTypes ) < 0 ) { + s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; + } + + // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) + response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); + + // If successful, handle type chaining + if ( isSuccess ) { + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + } + + // if no content + if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { + statusText = "nocontent"; + + // if not modified + } else if ( status === 304 ) { + statusText = "notmodified"; + + // If we have data, let's convert it + } else { + statusText = response.state; + success = response.data; + error = response.error; + isSuccess = !error; + } + } else { + + // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts + error = statusText; + if ( status || !statusText ) { + statusText = "error"; + if ( status < 0 ) { + status = 0; + } + } + } + + // Set data for the fake xhr object + jqXHR.status = status; + jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; + + // Success/Error + if ( isSuccess ) { + deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); + } + + // Status-dependent callbacks + jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); + statusCode = undefined; + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", + [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); + } + + // Complete + completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + } + } + } + + return jqXHR; + }, + + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); + }, + + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { + jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { + + // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted + if ( isFunction( data ) ) { + type = type || callback; + callback = data; + data = undefined; + } + + // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) + return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { + url: url, + type: method, + dataType: type, + data: data, + success: callback + }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + var i; + for ( i in s.headers ) { + if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { + s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; + } + } +} ); + + +jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { + return jQuery.ajax( { + url: url, + + // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) + type: "GET", + dataType: "script", + cache: true, + async: false, + global: false, + + // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) + // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead + // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. + converters: { + "text script": function() {} + }, + dataFilter: function( response ) { + jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); + } + } ); +}; + + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + wrapAll: function( html ) { + var wrap; + + if ( this[ 0 ] ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // The elements to wrap the target around + wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); + + if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { + wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + wrap.map( function() { + var elem = this; + + while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { + elem = elem.firstElementChild; + } + + return elem; + } ).append( this ); + } + + return this; + }, + + wrapInner: function( html ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var self = jQuery( this ), + contents = self.contents(); + + if ( contents.length ) { + contents.wrapAll( html ); + + } else { + self.append( html ); + } + } ); + }, + + wrap: function( html ) { + var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); + } ); + }, + + unwrap: function( selector ) { + this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { + jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); + } ); + return this; + } +} ); + + +jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { + return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); +}; +jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { + return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); +}; + + + + +jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { + try { + return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); + } catch ( e ) {} +}; + +var xhrSuccessStatus = { + + // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 + 0: 200, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 + 1223: 204 + }, + xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); + +support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); +support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; + +jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { + var callback, errorCallback; + + // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest + if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { + return { + send: function( headers, complete ) { + var i, + xhr = options.xhr(); + + xhr.open( + options.type, + options.url, + options.async, + options.username, + options.password + ); + + // Apply custom fields if provided + if ( options.xhrFields ) { + for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { + xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; + } + } + + // Override mime type if needed + if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { + xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); + } + + // X-Requested-With header + // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are + // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. + // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) + // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. + if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { + headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; + } + + // Set headers + for ( i in headers ) { + xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Callback + callback = function( type ) { + return function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = + xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = + xhr.onreadystatechange = null; + + if ( type === "abort" ) { + xhr.abort(); + } else if ( type === "error" ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws + // errors on any property access that is not readyState + if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { + complete( 0, "error" ); + } else { + complete( + + // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 + xhr.status, + xhr.statusText + ); + } + } else { + complete( + xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, + xhr.statusText, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) + // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) + ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || + typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? + { binary: xhr.response } : + { text: xhr.responseText }, + xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() + ); + } + } + }; + }; + + // Listen to events + xhr.onload = callback(); + errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort + // to handle uncaught aborts + if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { + xhr.onabort = errorCallback; + } else { + xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { + + // Check readyState before timeout as it changes + if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { + + // Allow onerror to be called first, + // but that will not handle a native abort + // Also, save errorCallback to a variable + // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed + window.setTimeout( function() { + if ( callback ) { + errorCallback(); + } + } ); + } + }; + } + + // Create the abort callback + callback = callback( "abort" ); + + try { + + // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) + xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet + if ( callback ) { + throw e; + } + } + }, + + abort: function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback(); + } + } + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.contents.script = false; + } +} ); + +// Install script dataType +jQuery.ajaxSetup( { + accepts: { + script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + + "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" + }, + contents: { + script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ + }, + converters: { + "text script": function( text ) { + jQuery.globalEval( text ); + return text; + } + } +} ); + +// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { + if ( s.cache === undefined ) { + s.cache = false; + } + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.type = "GET"; + } +} ); + +// Bind script tag hack transport +jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { + + // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests + if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { + var script, callback; + return { + send: function( _, complete ) { + script = jQuery( " + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Aliases and configuration

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn to use aliases for most common commands.

    • +
+
+

Are you getting tired of typing so much? In Git you can define aliases (shortcuts):

+
    +

  • These are great because they can save you time typing.

    • +

  • But it’s easy to forget them, get confused, or be inconsistent with your colleagues.

    • +
+

There is plenty of other configuration for Git, that can make it nicer.

+
+

Aliases

+
    +

  • Aliases offer a way to improve the usability of Git: for +example git ci instead of git commit.

    • +

  • Aliases are based on simple string replacement in the command.

    • +

  • Aliases can either be specific to a repository or global.

    +
      +

    • Global aliases help you do the things you are used to across Git projects.

      • +

    • Per-project aliases can also be created.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Global aliases are stored in ~/.gitconfig.

    • +
+
+
+

Example alias: git graph

+

A very useful shortcut which we use a lot in our workshops:

+
$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"
+$ cd your_git_repository
+$ git graph
+
+
+
+
+

Using external commands

+

It is possible to call external commands using the exclamation mark character “!”. +In this example here we create a local alias which is +stored in .git/config and not synchronized with remotes:

+
$ cd your_git_repository
+$ git config alias.hi '!echo hello'
+$ git hi
+
+
+
+

Food for thought: When to alias?

+
    +

  • How many times should you wait before aliasing a command?

    • +

  • Do you believe a list of generic two-letter acronyms for common commands will +save your time?

    • +
+
+
+
+

List of aliases the instructors use

+

You are welcome to reuse, suggest, improve. +You can see your current aliases in ~/.gitconfig.

+
$ git config --global alias.ap "add --patch"
+$ git config --global alias.br branch
+$ git config --global alias.ci "commit -v"
+$ git config --global alias.cip "commit --patch -v"
+$ git config --global alias.cl "clone --recursive"
+$ git config --global alias.di diff
+$ git config --global alias.dic "diff --staged --color-words"
+$ git config --global alias.diw "diff --color-words"
+$ git config --global alias.dis "!git --no-pager diff --stat"
+$ git config --global alias.fe fetch
+$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"
+$ git config --global alias.rem remote
+$ git config --global alias.st status
+$ git config --global alias.su "submodule update --init --recursive"
+
+
+

Here is what they do:

+
    +

  • ap: add, selecting parts individually, interactively.

    • +

  • br: branch (obvious)

    • +

  • ci: commit (check in), with -v option for clarity

    • +

  • cip: commit, selecting parts individually, interactively.

    • +

  • cl: clone, init submodules (submodules are an advanced topic)

    • +

  • di: diff (obvious)

    • +

  • dic: diff of staging area vs last commit (what is about to be committed)

    • +

  • diw: a word diff, color. Useful for small changes.

    • +

  • dis: a “diffstat”: what files are changed, not contents

    • +

  • fe: fetch (obvious)

    • +

  • graph: show whole git graph (so useful, some of us call it l)

    • +

  • rem: remote (obvious)

    • +

  • st: status (obvious)

    • +

  • su: submodule update (advanced)

    • +
+

A useful setting for the p aliases:

+
$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true
+
+
+
+
+

Advanced aliases

+

These are advanced aliases and configuration options. We won’t explain them, +but if you are bored, have some time, or want to go deeper, try to +figure out what they do. You might want to check the Git manual +pages!

+
$ git config --global alias.cif "commit -v -p --fixup"
+$ git config --global alias.rb "rebase --autosquash"
+$ git config --global alias.rbi "rebase --interactive --autosquash"
+$ git config --global alias.rbis "rebase --interactive --autosquash --autostash"
+$ git config --global alias.rbs "rebase --autosquash --autostash"
+$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD"
+$ git config --global alias.ls-ignored "ls-files -o -i --exclude-standard"
+$ git config --global alias.new "log HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.news "log --stat HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.newd "log --patch --color-words HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.newdi "diff --color-words HEAD...HEAD@{upstream}"
+$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD"
+$ git config --global alias.reca "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate -n10 --all"
+$ git config --global alias.recd "log --decorate --patch @{upstream}^^^..HEAD"
+$ git config --global alias.recs "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD --stat"
+
+
+
+
+

Advanced Git configuration

+

Besides aliases, you can do plenty of other configuration of git. +Here are some of the most common ones:

+
$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true
+$ git config --global core.pager "less -RS"
+$ git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore
+$ git config --global merge.conflictstyle diff3
+$ git config --global diff.wordRegex "[a-zA-Z0-9_]+|[^[:space:]]"
+$ git config --global diff.mnemonicPrefix true
+
+
+

Do you get tired of typing and copying and pasting your remote names +all the time, like git@github.com:myusername? You can create remote +aliases like this:

+
$ git config --global url.git@github.com:.insteadOf gh:
+$ git config --global url.git@github.com:/username/.insteadOf ghu:
+
+
+

Then, when you add a remote ghu:recipe, it will automatically be +translated to git@github.com:/username/recipe using a simple prefix +matching.

+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • If you are frustrated about remembering a command, you should create an alias.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/archaeology/index.html b/branch/main/archaeology/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..43d7da65 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/archaeology/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,472 @@ + + + + + + + Inspecting history — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Inspecting history

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Quickly find a line of code, find out why it was introduced and when.

    • +

  • Quickly find the commit that changed a behavior.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 15 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 30 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

Preparation

+

Please make sure that you do not clone repositories inside an already tracked folder:

+
$ git status
+
+
+

If you are inside an existing Git repository, step out of it. +You need to find a different location since we will clone a new repository.

+

If you see this message, this is good in this case:

+
fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git
+
+
+
+
+

Our toolbox for history inspection

+
+

Instructor note

+

First the instructor demonstrates few commands on a real life example +repository https://github.com/networkx/networkx (mentioned in the amazing site The +Programming Historian). +Later we will practice these in groups in an archaeology exercise (below). +After demonstrating the command line tools, the instructor can also demonstrate searching, “show” and “annotate” +in the GitHub browser for this example project.

+
+
+

Warm-up: “Git History” browser

+

As a warm-up we can try the “Git History” browser +on the README.rst file of the networkx repository:

+ +
+
+

git grep: to search through the repository

+

With git grep you can find all lines in a repository which contain some string or regular expression. +This is useful to find out where in the code some variable is used or some error message printed:

+
$ git grep TEXT
+$ git grep "some text with spaces"
+
+
+

In the networkx repository you can try:

+
$ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx
+$ cd networkx
+$ git grep -i fixme
+
+
+

While git grep searches the current state of the repository, +it is also possible to search through all changes with git log -S sometext +which can be useful to find where something got removed.

+
+
+

git show: to inspect commits

+

We have seen this one before already. Using git show we can inspect an individual commit if +we know its hash:

+
$ git show HASH
+
+
+

For instance:

+
$ git show 759d589bdfa61aff99e0535938f14f67b01c83f7
+
+
+
+
+

git annotate: to annotate code with commit metadata

+

Try it out on a file - with git annotate you can see line by line who and when the line was modified +last. It also prints the precise hash of the last change which modified each line. Incredibly useful +for reproducibility.

+
$ git annotate FILE
+
+
+

Example:

+
$ git annotate networkx/convert_matrix.py
+
+
+

If you annotate in a terminal and the file is longer than the screen, Git by default uses the program less to +scroll the output. +Use /sometext <ENTER> to find “sometext” and you can cycle through the results with n (next) and N (last). +You can also use page up/down to scroll. You can quit with q.

+
+

Discussion

+

Discuss how these two affect the annotation:

+
    +

  • wrapping long lines of text/code into shorter lines

    • +

  • autoformatting tools such as black

    • +
+
+
+
+

git switch --create: to inspect code in the past

+

We can create branches pointing to a commit in the past. +This is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME HASH
+
+
+

Example (lines starting with “#” are only comments):

+
$ # create branch called "older-code" from hash 347e6292419b
+$ git switch --create older-code 347e6292419bd0e4bff077fe971f983932d7a0e9
+
+$ # now you can navigate and inspect the code as it was back then
+$ # ...
+
+$ # after we are done we can switch back to "main"
+$ git switch main
+
+$ # if we like we can delete the "older-code" branch
+$ git branch -d older-code
+
+
+

On old Git versions you need to use this:

+
$ git checkout -b BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH
+
+
+
+
+
+

Exercise: Basic archaeology commands

+
+

History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands

+

Let us explore the value of these commands in an exercise. Future +exercises do not depend on this, so it is OK if you do not complete +it fully.

+

Exercise steps:

+
    +

  • Clone this repository: +https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git. +Then step into the new directory and create an exercise branch from the networkx-2.6.3 tag/release:

    +
    $ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git
+$ cd networkx
+$ git switch --create exercise networkx-2.6.3
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

Then using the above toolbox try to:

+
    +

  1. Find the code line which contains "Logic error in degree_correlation".

    2. +

  2. Find out when this line was last modified or added. Find the actual commit which modified that line.

    3. +

  3. Inspect that commit with git show.

    4. +

  4. Create a branch pointing to the past when that commit was created to be +able to browse and use the code as it was back then.

    5. +

  5. How would you bring the code to the version of the code right before that line was last modified?

    6. +
+ +
+
+
+
+

Finding out when something broke/changed with git bisect

+
+

But I am sure it used to work! Strange.

+
+
    +

  • Sometimes you realize that something broke.

    • +

  • You know that it used to work.

    • +

  • You do not know when it broke.

    • +
+
+

How would you solve this?

+

Before we go on first discuss how you would solve this problem: You know that it worked +500 commits ago but it does not work now.

+
    +

  • How would you find the commit which changed it?

    • +

  • Why could it be useful to know the commit that changed it?

    • +
+

Video workshops: Write down ideas on how you would solve it in the collaborative +note and we will discuss various approaches.

+
+

We will probably arrive at a solution which is similar to git bisect:

+
    +

  • First find out a commit in past when it worked.

    +
    $ git bisect start
+$ git bisect good f0ea950  # this is a commit that worked
+$ git bisect bad main      # last commit is broken
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Now compile and/or run and/or test and decide whether “good” or “bad”.

    • +

  • This is how you can tell Git that this was a working commit:

    +
    $ git bisect good
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • And this is how you can tell Git that this was not a working commit:

    +
    $ git bisect bad
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Then bisect/iterate your way until you find the commit that broke it.

    • +

  • If you want to go back to start, type git bisect reset.

    • +

  • This can even be automatized with git bisect run SCRIPT. +For this you write a script that returns zero/non-zero (success/failure).

    • +
+
+
+

Optional exercise: Git bisect

+
+

(optional) History-2: Use git bisect to find the bad commit

+

In this exercise, we use git bisect on an example repository. It +is OK if you do not complete this exercise fully.

+

Begin by cloning https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise.

+

Motivation

+

The motivation for this exercise is to be able to do archaeology with Git on a +source code where the bug is difficult to see visually. Finding the offending +commit is often more than half the debugging.

+

Background

+

The script get_pi.py approximates pi using terms of the Nilakantha series. It +should produce 3.14 but it does not. The script broke at some point and +produces 3.57 using the last commit:

+
$ python get_pi.py
+
+3.57
+
+
+

At some point within the 500 first commits, an error was introduced. The only +thing we know is that the first commit worked correctly.

+

Your task

+
    +

  • Clone this repository and use git bisect to find the commit which +broke the computation +(solution - spoiler alert!).

    • +

  • Once you have found the offending commit, also practice navigating to the last good commit.

    • +

  • Bonus exercise: +Write a script that checks for a correct result and use git bisect run to +find the offending commit automatically +(solution - spoiler alert!).

    • +
+

Hints

+

Finding the first commit:

+
$ git log --oneline | tail -n 1
+
+
+

How to navigate to the parent of a commit with hash somehash:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH~1
+
+
+

Instead of a tilde you can also use this:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH^
+
+
+
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • git log/grep/annotate/show/bisect is a powerful combination when doing archaeology in a project.

    • +

  • git switch --create NAME HASH is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code.

    • +

  • On newer Git you can use the more intuitive git switch --create branchname somehash.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/basics/index.html b/branch/main/basics/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..37ad2770 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/basics/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,667 @@ + + + + + + + Basics — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Basics

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn to create Git repositories and make commits.

    • +

  • Get a grasp of the structure of a repository.

    • +

  • Learn how to inspect the project history.

    • +

  • Learn how to write useful commit log messages.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 35 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 20 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

What is Git, and what is a Git repository?

+
    +

  • Git is a version control system: can record/save snapshots and track the content of a folder as it changes over time.

    • +

  • Every time we commit a snapshot, Git records a snapshot of the entire project, saves it, and assigns it a version.

    • +

  • These snapshots are kept inside a sub-folder called .git.

    • +

  • If we remove .git, we remove the repository and history (but keep the working directory!).

    • +

  • .git uses relative paths - you can move the whole thing somewhere else and it will still work.

    • +

  • Git doesn’t do anything unless you ask it to (it does not record anything automatically).

    • +

  • Multiple interfaces to Git exist (command line, graphical interfaces, web interfaces).

    • +
+
+
+

Recording a snapshot with Git

+
    +

  • Git takes snapshots only if we request it.

    • +

  • We will record changes in two steps (we will later explain why this is a recommended practice).

    • +

  • Example (we don’t need to type yet):

    +
    $ git add FILE.txt
+$ git commit
+
+$ git add FILE.txt ANOTHERFILE.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • We first focus (git add, we “stage” the change), then record (git commit):

    • +
+
+Git staging +
+

Git staging and committing.

+
+
+
+

Question for the more advanced participants

+

What do you think will be the outcome if you +stage a file and then edit it and stage it again, do this several times and +at the end perform a commit? (think of focusing several scenes and pressing the +shutter at the end)

+
+
+
+

Configuring Git

+

Before we start we need to configure Git. +This is also part of the +installation instructions +but we need to make sure we all have +set name, email address, editor, and +default branch:

+
$ git config --global user.name "Your Name"
+$ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com
+$ git config --global core.editor nano
+$ git config --global init.defaultBranch main
+
+
+

Verify with:

+
$ git config --list
+
+
+
+

Instructor note

+

Instructors, give learners enough time to do the above configuration steps.

+
+
+
+

Type-along: Tracking a guacamole recipe with Git

+

We will learn how to initialize a Git repository, how to track changes, and how +to make delicious guacamole (inspiration: suggestion by B. Smith in a discussion in the Carpentries mailing list)!

+

The motivation for taking a cooking recipe instead of a program is that everybody can relate to cooking +but not everybody may be able to relate to a program written in e.g. Python or another language.

+
+

Instructor note

+

Instructors, please encourage now that participants type along.

+
+

One of the basic principles of Git is that it is easy to create repositories:

+
$ mkdir recipe
+$ cd recipe
+$ git init
+
+
+

That’s it! With git init have now created an empty Git repository.

+

We will use git status a lot to check out what is going on:

+
$ git status
+
+On branch main
+
+No commits yet
+
+nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
+
+
+

We will make sense of this information during this workshop.

+

Let us now create two files.

+

One file is called instructions.txt and contains:

+
* chop avocados
+* chop onion
+* squeeze lime
+* add salt
+* and mix well
+
+
+

The second file is called ingredients.txt and contains:

+
* 2 avocados
+* 1 lime
+* 2 tsp salt
+
+
+

As mentioned above, in Git you can always check the status of files in your repository using +git status. It is always a safe command to run and in general a good idea to +do when you are trying to figure out what to do next:

+
$ git status
+
+On branch main
+
+No commits yet
+
+Untracked files:
+  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
+
+	ingredients.txt
+	instructions.txt
+
+nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
+
+
+

The two files are untracked in the repository (directory). You want to add the files (focus the camera) +to the list of files tracked by Git. Git does not track +any files automatically and you need make a conscious decision to add a file. Let’s do what +Git hints at and add the files:

+
$ git add ingredients.txt
+$ git add instructions.txt
+$ git status
+
+On branch main
+
+Initial commit
+
+Changes to be committed:
+  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
+
+	new file:   ingredients.txt
+	new file:   instructions.txt
+
+
+

Now this change is staged and ready to be committed.

+

Let us now commit the change to the repository:

+
$ git commit -m "adding ingredients and instructions"
+
+[main (root-commit) aa243ea] adding ingredients and instructions
+ 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)
+ create mode 100644 ingredients.txt
+ create mode 100644 instructions.txt
+
+
+

Right after we query the status to get this useful command into our muscle memory:

+
$ git status
+
+
+

What does the -m flag mean? Let us check the help page for that command:

+
$ git help commit
+
+
+

You should see a very long help page as the tool is very versatile (press q to quit). +Do not worry about this now but keep in mind that you can always read the help files +when in doubt. Searching online can also be useful, but choosing search terms +to find relevant information takes some practice and discussions in some +online threads may be confusing. +Note that help pages also work when you don’t have a network connection!

+
+
+

Exercise: Record changes

+
+

Basic-1: Record changes

+

Add 1/2 onion to ingredients.txt and also the instruction +to “enjoy!” to instructions.txt. Do not stage the changes yet (do not git add yet).

+

When you are done editing the files, try git diff:

+
$ git diff
+
+
+

You will see (can you identify in there the two added lines?):

+
diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt
+index 2607525..ec0abc6 100644
+--- a/ingredients.txt
++++ b/ingredients.txt
+@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+ * 2 avocados
+ * 1 lime
+ * 2 tsp salt
++* 1/2 onion
+diff --git a/instructions.txt b/instructions.txt
+index 6a8b2af..f7dd63a 100644
+--- a/instructions.txt
++++ b/instructions.txt
+@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
+ * squeeze lime
+ * add salt
+ * and mix well
++* enjoy!
+
+
+

Now first stage and commit each change separately (what happens when we leave out the -m flag?):

+
$ git add ingredients.txt
+$ git commit -m "add half an onion"
+$ git add instructions.txt
+$ git commit                   # <-- we have left out -m "..."
+
+
+

When you leave out the -m flag, Git should open an editor where you can edit +your commit message. This message will be associated and stored with the +changes you made. This message is your chance to explain what you’ve done and +convince others (and your future self) that the changes you made were +justified. Write a message and save and close the file.

+

When you are done committing the changes, experiment with these commands:

+
$ git log
+$ git log --stat
+$ git log --oneline
+
+
+
+
+
+

Git history and log

+

If you haven’t yet, please try now git log:

+
$ git log
+
+commit ea73a8a9ef9bd5c0aee3f0868d0ebc8457e1f94b
+Author: Radovan Bast <bast@users.noreply.github.com>
+Date:   Wed Feb 9 10:12:39 2022 +0100
+
+    don't forget to enjoy
+
+commit 6316947beb2b7ffa0cc822370cfdd701050227a4
+Author: Radovan Bast <bast@users.noreply.github.com>
+Date:   Wed Feb 9 10:12:30 2022 +0100
+
+    add half an onion
+
+commit 03491ed253ffcee16772e35b1de4efd349711f05
+Author: Radovan Bast <bast@users.noreply.github.com>
+Date:   Wed Feb 9 10:11:30 2022 +0100
+
+    adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
    +

  • We can browse the development and access each state that we have committed.

    • +

  • The long hashes uniquely label a state of the code.

    • +

  • They are not just integers counting 1, 2, 3, 4, … (why?).

    • +

  • Output is in reverse chronological order, i.e. newest commits on top.

    • +

  • We will use them when comparing versions and when going back in time.

    • +

  • git log --oneline only shows the first 7 characters of the commit hash and is good to get an overview.

    • +

  • If the first characters of the hash are unique it is not necessary to type the entire hash.

    • +

  • git log --stat is nice to show which files have been modified.

    • +
+
+
+

Optional exercises: comparing, renaming, and removing

+
+

(optional) Basic-2: Comparing and showing commits

+
    +

  1. Inspect differences between commit hashes with git diff HASH1 HASH2.

    2. +

  2. Have a look at specific commits with git show HASH.

    3. +
+
+
+

(optional) Basic-3: Visual diff tools

+
    +

  • Make further modifications and experiment with git difftool (requires installing one of the visual diff tools):

    • +
+

On Windows or Linux:

+
$ git difftool --tool=meld HASH
+
+
+

On macOS:

+
$ git difftool --tool=opendiff HASH
+
+
+
+Git difftool using meld +
+

Git difftool using meld.

+
+
+

You probably want to use the same visual diff tool every time and +you can configure Git for that:

+
$ git config --global diff.tool meld
+
+
+
+
+

(optional) Basic-4: Renaming and removing files

+
    +

  1. Create a new file, git add and git commit the file.

    2. +

  2. Rename the file with git mv (you will need to git commit the rename).

    3. +

  3. Use git log --oneline and git status.

    4. +

  4. Remove the file with git rm (again you need to git commit the change).

    5. +

  5. Inspect the history with git log --stat.

    6. +
+
+
+
+

Writing useful commit messages

+

Using git log --oneline we understand that the first line of the commit message is very important.

+

Good example:

+
increase threshold alpha to 2.0
+
+the motivation for this change is
+to enable ...
+...
+this is based on a discussion in #123
+
+
+

Convention: one line summarizing the commit, then one empty line, +then paragraph(s) with more details in free form, if necessary.

+
    +

  • Why something was changed is more important than what has changed.

    • +

  • Cross-reference to issues and discussions if possible/relevant.

    • +

  • Bad commit messages: “fix”, “oops”, “save work”

    • +

  • Bad examples: http://whatthecommit.com

    • +

  • Write commit messages in English that will be understood +15 years from now by someone else than you. Or by your future you.

    • +

  • Many projects start out as projects “just for me” and end up to be successful projects +that are developed by 50 people over decades.

    • +

  • Commits with multiple authors are possible.

    • +
+

Good references:

+ +
+

Note

+

A great way to learn how to write commit messages and to get inspired by their +style choices: browse repositories of codes that you use/like:

+

Some examples (but there are so many good examples):

+ +

When designing commit message styles consider also these:

+
    +

  • How will you easily generate a changelog or release notes?

    • +

  • During code review, you can help each other improving commit messages.

    • +
+
+

But remember: it is better to make any commit, than no commit. Especially in small projects. +Let not the perfect be the enemy of the good enough.

+
+
+

Ignoring files and paths with .gitignore

+
+

Discussion

+
    +

  • Should we add and track all files in a project?

    • +

  • How about generated files?

    • +

  • Why is it considered a bad idea to commit compiled binaries to version control?

    • +

  • What types of generated files do you know?

    • +
+
+

Compiled and generated files are not +committed to version control. There are many reasons for this:

+
    +

  • Your code could be run on different platforms.

    • +

  • These files are automatically generated and thus do not contribute in any meaningful way.

    • +

  • The number of changes to track per source code change can increase quickly.

    • +

  • When tracking generated files you could see differences in the code although you haven’t touched the code.

    • +
+

For this we use .gitignore files. Example:

+
# ignore compiled python 2 files
+*.pyc
+# ignore compiled python 3 files
+__pycache__
+
+
+

An example taken from the official Git documentation:

+
# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree.
+*.[oa]
+# ignore generated html files,
+*.html
+# except foo.html which is maintained by hand
+!foo.html
+# ignore everything under build directory
+build/
+
+
+
    +

  • .gitignore should be part of the repository because we want to make sure that all developers see the same behavior.

    • +

  • All files should be either tracked or ignored.

    • +

  • .gitignore uses something called a +shell glob syntax for +determining file patterns to ignore. You can read more about the syntax in the +documentation.

    • +

  • You can have .gitignore files in lower level directories and they affect the paths +relatively.

    • +
+
+
+

Graphical user interfaces

+

We have seen how to make commits directly via the GitHub website, and also via command line. +But it is also possible to work from within a Git graphical user interface (GUI):

+ +
+
+

Summary

+

Now we know how to save snapshots:

+
$ git add FILE(S)
+$ git commit
+
+
+

And this is what we do as we program.

+

Every state is then saved and later we will learn how to go back to these “checkpoints” +and how to undo things.

+
$ git init    # initialize new repository
+$ git add     # add files or stage file(s)
+$ git commit  # commit staged file(s)
+$ git status  # see what is going on
+$ git log     # see history
+$ git diff    # show unstaged/uncommitted modifications
+$ git show    # show the change for a specific commit
+$ git mv      # move tracked files
+$ git rm      # remove tracked files
+
+
+

Git is not ideal for large binary files +(for this consider http://git-annex.branchable.com).

+
+

Basic-5: Test your understanding

+

Which command(s) below would save the changes of myfile.txt +to an existing local Git repository?

+
    +
  1. $ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    2. +
  2. $ git init myfile.txt
+$ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    3. +
  3. $ git add myfile.txt
+$ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    4. +
  4. $ git commit -m myfile.txt "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    5. +
+ +
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • Initializing a Git repository is simple: git init.

    • +

  • Commits should be used to tell a story.

    • +

  • Git uses the .git folder to store the snapshots.

    • +

  • Don’t be afraid to stage and commit often. Better too often than not often enough.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/branches/index.html b/branch/main/branches/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c557e3db --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/branches/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,740 @@ + + + + + + + Branching and merging — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Branching and merging

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Be able to create and merge branches.

    • +

  • Know the difference between a branch and a tag.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 35 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 15 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

Motivation for branches

+

In the previous section we tracked a guacamole recipe with Git.

+

Up until now our repository had only one branch with one commit coming +after the other:

+
+Linear Git repository +
+

Linear Git repository.

+
+
+
    +

  • Commits are depicted here as little boxes with abbreviated hashes.

    • +

  • Here the branch main points to a commit.

    • +

  • “HEAD” is the current position (remember the recording head of tape +recorders?). (when we say HEAD, we mean those literal letters - +this isn’t a placeholder for something else)

    • +

  • When we talk about branches, we often mean all parent commits, not only the commit pointed to.

    • +
+
+

Now we want to do this:

+
+Branching explained with an octopus +
+

Source: https://twitter.com/jay_gee/status/703360688618536960

+
+
+

Software development is often not linear:

+
    +

  • We typically need at least one version of the code to “work” (to compile, to give expected results, …).

    • +

  • At the same time we work on new features, often several features concurrently. +Often they are unfinished.

    • +

  • We need to be able to separate different lines of work really well.

    • +
+

The strength of version control is that it permits the researcher to isolate +different tracks of work, which can later be merged to create a composite +version that contains all changes:

+
+Isolated tracks of work +
+

Isolated tracks of work.

+
+
+
    +

  • We see branching points and merging points.

    • +

  • Main line development is often called main or master.

    • +

  • Other than this convention there is nothing special about main or master, it is just a branch.

    • +

  • Commits form a directed acyclic graph (we have left out the arrows to avoid confusion about the time arrow).

    • +
+

A group of commits that create a single narrative are called a branch. +There are different branching strategies, but it is useful to think that a branch +tells the story of a feature, e.g. “fast sequence extraction” or “Python interface” or “fixing bug in +matrix inversion algorithm”.

+
+

An important alias

+

We will now define an alias in Git, to be able to nicely visualize branch +structure in the terminal without having to remember a long Git command +(more details about aliases are given +in a later section). This is extensively used in the rest of this +and other lessons:

+
$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"
+
+
+
+
+

Instructor note

+

Instructors, please demonstrate how to set this alias and ensure that +all create it. This is very important for this lesson and +git-collaborative.

+
+

Let us inspect the project history using the git graph alias:

+
$ git graph
+
+* dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
    +

  • We have three commits and only +one development line (branch) and this branch is called main.

    • +

  • Commits are states characterized by a 40-character hash (checksum).

    • +

  • git graph print abbreviations of these checksums.

    • +

  • Branches are pointers that point to a commit.

    • +

  • Branch main points to commit dd4472c8093b7bbcdaa15e3066da6ca77fcabadd.

    • +

  • HEAD is another pointer, it points to where we are right now (currently main)

    • +
+
+
+

On which branch are we?

+

To see where we are (where HEAD points to) use git branch:

+
$ git branch
+
+* main
+
+
+
    +

  • This command shows where we are, it does not create a branch.

    • +

  • There is only main and we are on main (star represents the HEAD).

    • +
+

In the following we will learn how to create branches, +how to switch between them, how to merge branches, +and how to remove them afterwards.

+
+
+
+

Creating and working with branches

+
+

Instructor note

+

We do the following part together. Encourage participants to type along.

+
+

Let’s create a branch called experiment where we add cilantro to ingredients.txt.

+
$ git branch experiment main     # creates branch "experiment" from "main"
+$ git switch experiment          # switch to branch "experiment"
+$ git branch                     # list all local branches and show on which branch we are
+
+
+
    +

  • Verify that you are on the experiment branch (note that git graph also +makes it clear what branch you are on: HEAD -> branchname):

    +
    $ git branch
+
+* experiment
+  main
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Then add 2 tbsp cilantro on top of the ingredients.txt:

    +
    * 2 tbsp cilantro
+* 2 avocados
+* 1 lime
+* 2 tsp salt
+* 1/2 onion
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Stage this and commit it with the message “let us try with some cilantro”.

    • +

  • Then reduce the amount of cilantro to 1 tbsp, stage and commit again with “maybe little bit less cilantro”.

    • +
+

We have created two new commits:

+
$ git graph
+
+* 6feb49d (HEAD -> experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+* 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+* dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
    +

  • The branch experiment is two commits ahead of main.

    • +

  • We commit our changes to this branch.

    • +
+
+
+

Exercise: Create and commit to branches

+
+

Branch-1: Create and commit to branches

+

In this exercise, you will create another new branch and few more commits. +We will use this in the next section, to practice +merging. The goal of the exercise is to end up with 3 branches.

+
    +

  • Change to the branch main.

    • +

  • Create another branch called less-salt

    +
      +

    • Note! makes sure you are on main branch when you create the less-salt branch

      • +

    • A safer way would be to explicitly mention to create from the main branch +as shown below:

      +
      $ git branch less-salt main
+
      +
      +
      • +
    +
    • +

  • Where you reduce the amount of salt.

    • +

  • Commit your changes to the less-salt branch.

    • +
+

Use the same commands as we used above.

+

We now have three branches (in this case HEAD points to less-salt):

+
$ git branch
+
+  experiment
+* less-salt
+  main
+
+$ git graph
+
+* bf59be6 (HEAD -> less-salt) reduce amount of salt
+| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+|/
+* dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+

Here is a graphical representation of what we have created:

+
+../_images/git-branch-2.svg
+
    +

  • Now switch to main.

    • +

  • Add and commit the following README.md to main:

    +
    # Guacamole recipe
+
+Used in teaching Git.
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

Now you should have this situation:

+
$ git graph
+
+* 40fbb90 (HEAD -> main) draft a readme
+| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt
+|/
+| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+|/
+* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
+../_images/git-branch-3.svg
+

And for comparison this is how it looks on GitHub.

+
+
+
+

Merging branches

+
+

Instructor note

+

We do the rest as type-along. Instructors, encourage learners to type-along.

+
+

It turned out that our experiment with cilantro was a good idea. +Our goal now is to merge experiment into main.

+
+

If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later

+

If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later, +you can apply the commands below. +But skip this box if you managed to create branches.

+
$ cd ..  # step out of the current directory
+
+$ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge.git
+$ cd recipe-before-merge
+
+$ git switch experiment
+$ git switch less-salt
+$ git switch main
+
+$ git remote remove origin
+
+$ git graph
+
+
+

Or call a helper to un-stuck it for you.

+
+

First we make sure we are on the branch we wish to merge into:

+
$ git branch
+
+  experiment
+  less-salt
+* main
+
+
+

Then we merge experiment into main:

+
$ git merge experiment
+
+
+
+../_images/git-merge-1.svg
+

We can verify the result in the terminal:

+
$ git graph
+
+*   c43b24c (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'experiment'
+|\
+| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+* | 40fbb90 draft a readme
+|/
+| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt
+|/
+* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+

What happens internally when you merge two branches is that Git creates a new +commit, attempts to incorporate changes from both branches and records the +state of all files in the new commit. While a regular commit has one parent, a +merge commit has two (or more) parents.

+

To view the branches that are merged into the current branch we can use the command:

+
$ git branch --merged
+
+  experiment
+* main
+
+
+

We are also happy with the work on the less-salt branch. Let us merge that +one, too, into main:

+
$ git branch  # make sure you are on main
+$ git merge less-salt
+
+
+
+Commit graph after merge
+

Commit graph after merge.

+
+
+

We can verify the result in the terminal:

+
$ git graph
+
+*   4f00317 (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'less-salt'
+|\
+| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt
+* |   c43b24c Merge branch 'experiment'
+|\ \
+| * | 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * | 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+| |/
+* | 40fbb90 draft a readme
+|/
+* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+

Observe how Git nicely merged the changed amount of salt and the new ingredient in the same file +without us merging it manually:

+
$ cat ingredients.txt
+
+* 1 tbsp cilantro
+* 2 avocados
+* 1 lime
+* 1 tsp salt
+* 1/2 onion
+
+
+

If the same file is changed in both branches, Git attempts to incorporate both +changes into the merged file. If the changes overlap then the user has to +manually settle merge conflicts (we will do that later).

+
+
+

Deleting branches safely

+

Both feature branches are merged:

+
$ git branch --merged
+
+  experiment
+  less-salt
+* main
+
+
+

This means we can delete the branches:

+
$ git branch -d experiment less-salt
+
+Deleted branch experiment (was 6feb49d).
+Deleted branch less-salt (was bf59be6).
+
+
+

This is the result:

+
+Commit graph after merged branches were deleted
+

Commit graph after merged branches were deleted.

+
+
+

Compare in the terminal:

+
$ git graph
+
+*   4f00317 (HEAD -> main) Merge branch 'less-salt'
+|\
+| * bf59be6 reduce amount of salt
+* |   c43b24c Merge branch 'experiment'
+|\ \
+| * | 6feb49d maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * | 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+| |/
+* | 40fbb90 draft a readme
+|/
+* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+

Comparing figures “Commit graph after merge” +and “Commit graph after merged branches were deleted”, +we observe that +only the pointers (“sticky notes”) disappeared, not the commits.

+

Git will not let you delete a branch which has not been reintegrated unless you +insist using git branch -D. Even then your commits will not be lost but you +may have a hard time finding them as there is no branch pointing to them.

+
+
+

Optional exercises with branches

+

The following exercises are advanced, absolutely no problem to postpone them to a +few months later. If you give them a go, keep in mind that you might run into conflicts, +which we will learn to resolve in the next section.

+
+

(optional) Branch-2: Perform a fast-forward merge

+
    +

  1. Create a new branch from main and switch to it.

    2. +

  2. Create a couple of commits on the new branch (for instance edit README.md):

    +
    +../_images/git-pre-ff.svg
    +
    3. +

  3. Now switch to main.

    4. +

  4. Merge the new branch to main.

    5. +

  5. Examine the result with git graph.

    6. +

  6. Have you expected the result? Discuss what you see.

    7. +
+ +
+
+

(optional) Branch-3: Rebase a branch (instead of merge)

+

As an alternative to merging branches, one can also rebase branches. +Rebasing means that the new commits are replayed on top of another branch +(instead of creating an explicit merge commit). +Note that rebasing changes history and should not be done on public commits!

+
    +

  1. Create a new branch, and make a couple of commits on it.

    2. +

  2. Switch back to main, and make a couple of commits on it.

    3. +

  3. Inspect the situation with git graph.

    4. +

  4. Now rebase the new branch on top of main by first switching to the new branch, and then git rebase main.

    5. +

  5. Inspect again the situation with git graph. Notice that the commit hashes have changed - think about why!

    6. +
+ +
+
+
+

Tags

+
    +

  • A tag is a pointer to a commit but in contrast to a branch it does not ever move.

    • +

  • We use tags to record particular states or milestones of a project at a given +point in time, like for instance versions (have a look at semantic versioning, +v1.0.3 is easier to understand and remember than 64441c1934def7d91ff0b66af0795749d5f1954a).

    • +

  • There are two basic types of tags: annotated and lightweight.

    • +

  • Use annotated tags since they contain the author and can be cryptographically signed using +GPG, timestamped, and a message attached.

    • +

  • It can be useful to think of branches as sticky notes and of tags as +commemorative plaques.

    • +
+

Let’s add an annotated tag to our current state of the guacamole recipe:

+
$ git tag -a nobel-2021 -m "recipe I made for the 2021 Nobel banquet"
+
+
+

As you may have found out already, git show is a very versatile command. Try this:

+
$ git show nobel-2021
+
+
+

For more information about tags see for example +the Pro Git book chapter on the +subject.

+
+
+

Summary

+

Let us pause for a moment and recapitulate what we have just learned:

+
$ git branch               # see where we are
+$ git branch NAME          # create branch NAME
+$ git switch NAME          # switch to branch NAME
+$ git merge NAME           # merge branch NAME (to current branch)
+$ git branch -d NAME       # delete branch NAME
+$ git branch -D NAME       # delete unmerged branch
+
+
+

Since the following command combo is so frequent:

+
$ git branch NAME          # create branch NAME
+$ git switch NAME          # switch to branch NAME
+
+
+

There is a shortcut for it:

+
$ git switch --create NAME  # create branch NAME and switch to it
+
+
+
+

Typical workflows

+

With this there are two typical workflows:

+
$ git switch --create new-feature  # create branch, switch to it
+$ git commit                       # work, work, work, ..., and test
+$ git switch main                  # once feature is ready, switch to main
+$ git merge new-feature            # merge work to main
+$ git branch -d new-feature        # remove branch
+
+
+

Sometimes you have a wild idea which does not work. +Or you want some throw-away branch for debugging:

+
$ git switch --create wild-idea    # create branch, switch to it, work, work, work ...
+$ git switch main                  # realize it was a bad idea, back to main
+$ git branch -D wild-idea          # it is gone, off to a new idea
+
+
+

No problem: we worked on a branch, branch is deleted, main is clean.

+
+

Branch-4: Test your understanding

+

Which of the following combos (one or more) creates a new branch and makes a commit to it?

+
    +
  1. $ git branch new-branch
+$ git add file.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    2. +
  2. $ git add file.txt
+$ git branch new-branch
+$ git switch new-branch
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    3. +
  3. $ git switch --create new-branch
+$ git add file.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    4. +
  4. $ git switch new-branch
+$ git add file.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    5. +
+ +
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • A branch is a division unit of work, to be merged with other units of work.

    • +

  • A tag is a pointer to a moment in the history of a project.

    • +
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/conflicts/index.html b/branch/main/conflicts/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..540f259f --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/conflicts/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,586 @@ + + + + + + + Conflict resolution — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Conflict resolution

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Understand merge conflicts sufficiently well to be able to fix them.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 15 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 15 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

Conflicts in Git and why they are good

+

Imagine we start with the following text file:

+
2 avocados
+1 tbsp cilantro
+2 tsp salt
+
+
+

On branch A somebody modifies:

+
1 lime
+2 avocados
+1/2 tbsp cilantro
+2 tsp salt
+
+
+

On branch B somebody else modifies:

+
2 avocados
+2 tbsp cilantro
+2 tsp salt
+1/2 onion
+
+
+

When we try to merge Git will figure out that we want the lime and the onion +but does not know whether to reduce or increase the amount of cilantro:

+
1 lime
+2 avocados
+??????????????
+2 tsp salt
+1/2 onion
+
+
+

Git is very good at resolving modifications when merging branches and +in most cases a git merge runs smooth and automatic. +Then a merge commit appears (unless fast-forward; see Optional exercises with branches) without you even noticing.

+

But sometimes the same portion of the code/text is modified on two branches +in two different ways and Git issues a conflict. +Then you need to tell Git which version to keep (resolve it).

+

There are several ways to do that as we will see.

+

Please remember:

+
    +

  • It is good that Git conflicts exist: Git will not silently overwrite one of +two differing modifications.

    • +

  • Conflicts may look scary, but are not that bad after a little bit of +practice. Also they are luckily rare.

    • +

  • Don’t be afraid of Git because of conflicts. You may not meet some conflicts +using other systems because you simply can’t do the kinds of things you do +in Git.

    • +

  • You can take human measures to reduce them.

    • +
+
+
+

The human side of conflicts

+
    +

  • What does it mean if two people do the same thing in two different ways?

    • +

  • What if you work on the same file but do two different things in the different sections?

    • +

  • What if you do something, don’t tell someone from 6 months, and then try to combine it with other people’s work?

    • +

  • How are conflicts avoided in other work? (Only one person working at once? +Declaring what you are doing before you start, if there is any chance someone +else might do the same thing, helps.)

    • +

  • Minor conflicts (two people revise spelling) vs semantic (two people rewrite +a function to add two different new features). How did Git solve these in +branching/merging easily?

    • +
+
+

Now we can go to show how Git controls when there is actually a conflict.

+
+
+

Preparing a conflict

+
+

Instructor note

+

We do the following together as type-along.

+
+
+

Note

+

If you got stuck previously or joined later, +you can apply the commands below so that you +have everything to be able to continue. +But skip this box if you managed to create branches.

+
$ cd ..  # if you are in a git repository, step out of it
+
+$ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-after-merge.git
+$ cd recipe-after-merge
+
+$ git graph
+
+
+
+

We will make two branches, make two conflicting changes (both increase and +decrease the amount of cilantro), and later we will try to merge them +together.

+
    +

  • Create two branches from main: one called like-cilantro, one called dislike-cilantro:

    +
    $ git branch like-cilantro main
+$ git branch dislike-cilantro main
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • On the two branches make different modifications to the amount of the same ingredient:

    • +

  • On the branch like-cilantro we have the following change:

    +
    $ git diff main like-cilantro
+
    +
    +
    diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt
+index a83af39..83f2f94 100644
+--- a/ingredients.txt
++++ b/ingredients.txt
+@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
+-* 1 tbsp cilantro
++* 2 tbsp cilantro
+ * 2 avocados
+ * 1 lime
+ * 1 tsp salt
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • And on the branch dislike-cilantro we have the following change:

    +
    $ git diff main dislike-cilantro
+
    +
    +
    diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt
+index a83af39..2f60e23 100644
+--- a/ingredients.txt
++++ b/ingredients.txt
+@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
+-* 1 tbsp cilantro
++* 0.5 tbsp cilantro
+ * 2 avocados
+ * 1 lime
+ * 1 tsp salt
+
    +
    +
    • +
+
+
+

Merging conflicting changes

+

What do you expect will happen when we try to merge these two branches into +main?

+

The first merge will work:

+
$ git switch main
+$ git status
+$ git merge like-cilantro
+
+Updating 4b3e3cc..55d1ce2
+Fast-forward
+ ingredients.txt | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+
+

But the second will fail:

+
$ git merge dislike-cilantro
+
+Auto-merging ingredients.txt
+CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt
+Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
+
+
+

Without conflict Git would have automatically created a merge commit, +but since there is a conflict, Git did not commit:

+
$ git status
+
+On branch main
+You have unmerged paths.
+  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
+  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)
+
+Unmerged paths:
+  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
+
+	both modified:   ingredients.txt
+
+no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
+
+
+

Git won’t decide which to take and we need to decide. Observe how Git gives +us clear instructions on how to move forward.

+

Let us inspect the conflicting file:

+
$ cat ingredients.txt
+
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+* 2 tbsp cilantro
+=======
+* 0.5 tbsp cilantro
+>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro
+* 2 avocados
+* 1 lime
+* 1 tsp salt
+* 1/2 onion
+
+
+

Git inserted resolution markers (the <<<<<<<, >>>>>>>, and =======).

+

Try also git diff:

+
$ git diff
+
+
+
diff --cc ingredients.txt
+index 83f2f94,2f60e23..0000000
+--- a/ingredients.txt
++++ b/ingredients.txt
+@@@ -1,4 -1,4 +1,8 @@@
+++<<<<<<< HEAD
+ +* 2 tbsp cilantro
+++=======
++ * 0.5 tbsp cilantro
+++>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro
+  * 2 avocados
+  * 1 lime
+  * 1 tsp salt
+
+
+

git diff now only shows the conflicting part, nothing else.

+

We have to resolve the conflict. +We will discuss 3 different ways to do this.

+
+
+

Manual resolution

+
<<<<<<< HEAD
+* 2 tbsp cilantro
+=======
+* 0.5 tbsp cilantro
+>>>>>>> dislike-cilantro
+
+
+

We have to edit the code/text between the resolution markers. You +only have to care about what Git shows you: Git stages all files +without conflicts and leaves the files with conflicts unstaged.

+
+

Note

+

Steps to resolve a conflict:

+
    +

  • Check status with git status and git diff.

    • +

  • Decide what you keep (the one, the other, or both or something +else). Edit the file to do this.

    +
      +

    • Remove the resolution markers, if not already done.

      • +

    • The file(s) should now look exactly how you want them.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Check status with git status and git diff.

    • +

  • Tell Git that you have resolved the conflict with git add ingredients.txt +(if you use the Emacs editor with a certain plugin the editor may stage the +change for you after you have removed the conflict markers).

    • +

  • Verify the result with git status.

    • +

  • Finally commit the merge with only git commit. Everything is pre-filled.

    • +
+
+
+
+

Exercise: Create and resolve a conflict

+
+

Conflict-1: Create another conflict and resolve

+

In this exercise, we repeat almost exactly what we did above with a +different ingredient.

+
    +

  1. Create two branches before making any modifications.

    2. +

  2. Again modify some ingredient on both branches.

    3. +

  3. Merge one, merge the other and observe a conflict, resolve the conflict and commit the merge.

    4. +

  4. What happens if you apply the same modification on both branches?

    5. +

  5. If you create a branch like-avocados, commit a change, then from this +branch create another banch dislike-avocados, commit again, and try to +merge both branches into main you will not see a conflict. Can you +explain, why it is different this time?

    6. +
+ +
+
+
+

Optional exercises with conflict resolution

+
+

(optional) Conflict-2: Resolve a conflict when rebasing a branch

+
    +

  1. Create two branches where you anticipate a conflict.

    2. +

  2. Try to merge them and observe that indeed they conflict.

    3. +

  3. Abort the merge with git merge --abort.

    4. +

  4. What do you expect will happen if you rebase one branch on top of the +other? Do you anticipate a conflict? Try it out.

    5. +
+ +
+
+

(optional) Conflict-3: Resolve a conflict using mergetool

+
    +

  • Again create a conflict (for instance disagree on the number of avocados).

    • +

  • Stop at this stage:

    +
    Auto-merging ingredients.txt
+CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt
+Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Instead of resolving the conflict manually, use a visual tool +(requires installing one of the visual diff tools):

    +
    $ git mergetool
+
    +
    +
    +Conflict resolution using mergetool +
    +
    • +

  • Your current branch is left, the branch you merge is right, result is in the middle.

    • +

  • After you are done, close and commit, git add is not needed when using git mergetool.

    • +
+

If you have not instructed Git to avoid creating backups when using mergetool, then to be on +the safe side there will be additional temporary files created. To remove those you can do +a git clean after the merging.

+

To view what will be removed:

+
$ git clean -n
+
+
+

To remove:

+
$ git clean -f
+
+
+

To configure Git to avoid creating backups at all:

+
$ git config --global mergetool.keepBackup false
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Using “ours” or “theirs” strategy

+
    +

  • Sometimes you know that you want to keep “ours” version (version on this branch) +or “theirs” (version on the merged branch).

    • +

  • Then you do not have to resolve conflicts manually.

    • +

  • See merge strategies.

    • +
+

Example:

+
$ git merge -s recursive -Xours less-avocados  # merge and in doubt take the changes from current branch
+
+
+

Or:

+
$ git merge -s recursive -Xtheirs less-avocados  # merge and in doubt take the changes from less-avocados branch
+
+
+
+
+
+

Aborting a conflicting merge

+

Sometimes you get a merge conflict but realize that you can’t solve it without +talking to a colleague (who created the other change) first. What to do?

+

You can abort the merge and postponing conflict resolution by resetting the +repository to HEAD (last committed state):

+
$ git merge --abort
+
+
+

The repository looks then exactly as it was before the merge.

+
+
+
+

Avoiding conflicts

+
    +

  • Human measures

    +
      +

    • Think and plan to which branch you will commit to.

      • +

    • Do not put unrelated changes on the same branch.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Collaboration measures

    +
      +

    • Open an issue and discuss with collaborators before starting a long-living +branch.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Project layout measures

    +
      +

    • Modifying global data often causes conflicts.

      • +

    • Modular programming minimizes risk of conflicts.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Technical measures

    +
      +

    • Share your changes early and often - this is one of the happy, +rare circumstances when everyone doing the selfish thing (e.g. git push as +early as practical) results in best case for everyone!

      • +

    • Pull/rebase often to keep up to date with upstream.

      • +

    • Resolve conflicts early.

      • +
    +
    • +
+
+

Discussion

+

Discuss how Git handles conflicts compared to the Google Drive.

+
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • Conflicts often appear because of not enough communication or not optimal +branching strategy.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/customizing/index.html b/branch/main/customizing/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d5b36859 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/customizing/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ + + + + + + + Customizing Git — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Customizing Git

+
+

Shell prompt

+
+

Instructor note

+

Here the instructor can demonstrate how a context-aware and Git-aware shell +prompt can look like.

+
+

You can make your shell display contextual information about +your Git state even at all times.

+

Here are few example projects that make this possible and easy:

+ +
+
+

More useful “diff” output

+

Delta is a syntax-highlighting pager for +git, diff, and grep output. You can customize how you want to highlight the +“diff” output. It allows side-by-side view, word-level diff highlighting, +improved merge conflict display, and much more.

+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/exercises/index.html b/branch/main/exercises/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d13f143f --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/exercises/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,875 @@ + + + + + + + List of exercises — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

List of exercises

+
+

Summary

+

Basics:

+ +

Branching and merging:

+ +

Conflict resolution:

+ +

Inspecting history:

+ +

Using the Git staging area:

+ +

Undoing and recovering:

+ +

Interrupted work:

+ +
+
+

Full list

+

This is a list of all exercises and solutions in this lesson, mainly +as a reference for helpers and instructors. This list is +automatically generated from all of the other pages in the lesson. +Any single teaching event will probably cover only a subset of these, +depending on their interests.

+
+

Motivation

+

In motivation.md:

+ +
+
+

Basics

+

In basics.md:

+
+

Basic-1: Record changes

+

Add 1/2 onion to ingredients.txt and also the instruction +to “enjoy!” to instructions.txt. Do not stage the changes yet (do not git add yet).

+

When you are done editing the files, try git diff:

+
$ git diff
+
+
+

You will see (can you identify in there the two added lines?):

+
diff --git a/ingredients.txt b/ingredients.txt
+index 2607525..ec0abc6 100644
+--- a/ingredients.txt
++++ b/ingredients.txt
+@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+ * 2 avocados
+ * 1 lime
+ * 2 tsp salt
++* 1/2 onion
+diff --git a/instructions.txt b/instructions.txt
+index 6a8b2af..f7dd63a 100644
+--- a/instructions.txt
++++ b/instructions.txt
+@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
+ * squeeze lime
+ * add salt
+ * and mix well
++* enjoy!
+
+
+

Now first stage and commit each change separately (what happens when we leave out the -m flag?):

+
$ git add ingredients.txt
+$ git commit -m "add half an onion"
+$ git add instructions.txt
+$ git commit                   # <-- we have left out -m "..."
+
+
+

When you leave out the -m flag, Git should open an editor where you can edit +your commit message. This message will be associated and stored with the +changes you made. This message is your chance to explain what you’ve done and +convince others (and your future self) that the changes you made were +justified. Write a message and save and close the file.

+

When you are done committing the changes, experiment with these commands:

+
$ git log
+$ git log --stat
+$ git log --oneline
+
+
+
+

In basics.md:

+
+

(optional) Basic-2: Comparing and showing commits

+
    +

  1. Inspect differences between commit hashes with git diff HASH1 HASH2.

    2. +

  2. Have a look at specific commits with git show HASH.

    3. +
+
+

In basics.md:

+
+

(optional) Basic-3: Visual diff tools

+
    +

  • Make further modifications and experiment with git difftool (requires installing one of the visual diff tools):

    • +
+

On Windows or Linux:

+
$ git difftool --tool=meld HASH
+
+
+

On macOS:

+
$ git difftool --tool=opendiff HASH
+
+
+
+Git difftool using meld +
+

Git difftool using meld.

+
+
+

You probably want to use the same visual diff tool every time and +you can configure Git for that:

+
$ git config --global diff.tool meld
+
+
+
+

In basics.md:

+
+

(optional) Basic-4: Renaming and removing files

+
    +

  1. Create a new file, git add and git commit the file.

    2. +

  2. Rename the file with git mv (you will need to git commit the rename).

    3. +

  3. Use git log --oneline and git status.

    4. +

  4. Remove the file with git rm (again you need to git commit the change).

    5. +

  5. Inspect the history with git log --stat.

    6. +
+
+

In basics.md:

+
+

Basic-5: Test your understanding

+

Which command(s) below would save the changes of myfile.txt +to an existing local Git repository?

+
    +
  1. $ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    2. +
  2. $ git init myfile.txt
+$ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    3. +
  3. $ git add myfile.txt
+$ git commit -m "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    4. +
  4. $ git commit -m myfile.txt "my recent changes"
+
    +
    +
    5. +
+ +
+
+
+

Branching and merging

+

In branches.md:

+
+

Branch-1: Create and commit to branches

+

In this exercise, you will create another new branch and few more commits. +We will use this in the next section, to practice +merging. The goal of the exercise is to end up with 3 branches.

+
    +

  • Change to the branch main.

    • +

  • Create another branch called less-salt

    +
      +

    • Note! makes sure you are on main branch when you create the less-salt branch

      • +

    • A safer way would be to explicitly mention to create from the main branch +as shown below:

      +
      $ git branch less-salt main
+
      +
      +
      • +
    +
    • +

  • Where you reduce the amount of salt.

    • +

  • Commit your changes to the less-salt branch.

    • +
+

Use the same commands as we used above.

+

We now have three branches (in this case HEAD points to less-salt):

+
$ git branch
+
+  experiment
+* less-salt
+  main
+
+$ git graph
+
+* bf59be6 (HEAD -> less-salt) reduce amount of salt
+| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+|/
+* dd4472c (main) we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+

Here is a graphical representation of what we have created:

+
+../_images/git-branch-2.svg
+
    +

  • Now switch to main.

    • +

  • Add and commit the following README.md to main:

    +
    # Guacamole recipe
+
+Used in teaching Git.
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

Now you should have this situation:

+
$ git graph
+
+* 40fbb90 (HEAD -> main) draft a readme
+| * bf59be6 (less-salt) reduce amount of salt
+|/
+| * 6feb49d (experiment) maybe little bit less cilantro
+| * 7cf6d8c let us try with some cilantro
+|/
+* dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+* 2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+* 2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
+../_images/git-branch-3.svg
+

And for comparison this is how it looks on GitHub.

+
+

In branches.md:

+
+

(optional) Branch-2: Perform a fast-forward merge

+
    +

  1. Create a new branch from main and switch to it.

    2. +

  2. Create a couple of commits on the new branch (for instance edit README.md):

    +
    +../_images/git-pre-ff.svg
    +
    3. +

  3. Now switch to main.

    4. +

  4. Merge the new branch to main.

    5. +

  5. Examine the result with git graph.

    6. +

  6. Have you expected the result? Discuss what you see.

    7. +
+ +
+

In branches.md:

+
+

(optional) Branch-3: Rebase a branch (instead of merge)

+

As an alternative to merging branches, one can also rebase branches. +Rebasing means that the new commits are replayed on top of another branch +(instead of creating an explicit merge commit). +Note that rebasing changes history and should not be done on public commits!

+
    +

  1. Create a new branch, and make a couple of commits on it.

    2. +

  2. Switch back to main, and make a couple of commits on it.

    3. +

  3. Inspect the situation with git graph.

    4. +

  4. Now rebase the new branch on top of main by first switching to the new branch, and then git rebase main.

    5. +

  5. Inspect again the situation with git graph. Notice that the commit hashes have changed - think about why!

    6. +
+ +
+

In branches.md:

+
+

Branch-4: Test your understanding

+

Which of the following combos (one or more) creates a new branch and makes a commit to it?

+
    +
  1. $ git branch new-branch
+$ git add file.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    2. +
  2. $ git add file.txt
+$ git branch new-branch
+$ git switch new-branch
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    3. +
  3. $ git switch --create new-branch
+$ git add file.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    4. +
  4. $ git switch new-branch
+$ git add file.txt
+$ git commit
+
    +
    +
    5. +
+ +
+
+
+

Conflict resolution

+

In conflicts.md:

+
+

Conflict-1: Create another conflict and resolve

+

In this exercise, we repeat almost exactly what we did above with a +different ingredient.

+
    +

  1. Create two branches before making any modifications.

    2. +

  2. Again modify some ingredient on both branches.

    3. +

  3. Merge one, merge the other and observe a conflict, resolve the conflict and commit the merge.

    4. +

  4. What happens if you apply the same modification on both branches?

    5. +

  5. If you create a branch like-avocados, commit a change, then from this +branch create another banch dislike-avocados, commit again, and try to +merge both branches into main you will not see a conflict. Can you +explain, why it is different this time?

    6. +
+ +
+

In conflicts.md:

+
+

(optional) Conflict-2: Resolve a conflict when rebasing a branch

+
    +

  1. Create two branches where you anticipate a conflict.

    2. +

  2. Try to merge them and observe that indeed they conflict.

    3. +

  3. Abort the merge with git merge --abort.

    4. +

  4. What do you expect will happen if you rebase one branch on top of the +other? Do you anticipate a conflict? Try it out.

    5. +
+ +
+

In conflicts.md:

+
+

(optional) Conflict-3: Resolve a conflict using mergetool

+
    +

  • Again create a conflict (for instance disagree on the number of avocados).

    • +

  • Stop at this stage:

    +
    Auto-merging ingredients.txt
+CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in ingredients.txt
+Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Instead of resolving the conflict manually, use a visual tool +(requires installing one of the visual diff tools):

    +
    $ git mergetool
+
    +
    +
    +Conflict resolution using mergetool +
    +
    • +

  • Your current branch is left, the branch you merge is right, result is in the middle.

    • +

  • After you are done, close and commit, git add is not needed when using git mergetool.

    • +
+

If you have not instructed Git to avoid creating backups when using mergetool, then to be on +the safe side there will be additional temporary files created. To remove those you can do +a git clean after the merging.

+

To view what will be removed:

+
$ git clean -n
+
+
+

To remove:

+
$ git clean -f
+
+
+

To configure Git to avoid creating backups at all:

+
$ git config --global mergetool.keepBackup false
+
+
+
+
+
+

Sharing repositories online

+

In remotes.md:

+
+

Push-1: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub

+
    +

  • Go to your recipe directory on your computer.

    • +

  • Check that you are in the right place with git status.

    • +

  • Define the remote with git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git.

    • +

  • Rename the current branch to “main”, if needed: git branch -M main.

    • +

  • Push the local branch “main” to the remote: git push -u origin main.

    • +
+
+
+
+

Inspecting history

+

In archaeology.md:

+
+

History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands

+

Let us explore the value of these commands in an exercise. Future +exercises do not depend on this, so it is OK if you do not complete +it fully.

+

Exercise steps:

+
    +

  • Clone this repository: +https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git. +Then step into the new directory and create an exercise branch from the networkx-2.6.3 tag/release:

    +
    $ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git
+$ cd networkx
+$ git switch --create exercise networkx-2.6.3
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

Then using the above toolbox try to:

+
    +

  1. Find the code line which contains "Logic error in degree_correlation".

    2. +

  2. Find out when this line was last modified or added. Find the actual commit which modified that line.

    3. +

  3. Inspect that commit with git show.

    4. +

  4. Create a branch pointing to the past when that commit was created to be +able to browse and use the code as it was back then.

    5. +

  5. How would you bring the code to the version of the code right before that line was last modified?

    6. +
+ +
+

In archaeology.md:

+
+

(optional) History-2: Use git bisect to find the bad commit

+

In this exercise, we use git bisect on an example repository. It +is OK if you do not complete this exercise fully.

+

Begin by cloning https://github.com/coderefinery/git-bisect-exercise.

+

Motivation

+

The motivation for this exercise is to be able to do archaeology with Git on a +source code where the bug is difficult to see visually. Finding the offending +commit is often more than half the debugging.

+

Background

+

The script get_pi.py approximates pi using terms of the Nilakantha series. It +should produce 3.14 but it does not. The script broke at some point and +produces 3.57 using the last commit:

+
$ python get_pi.py
+
+3.57
+
+
+

At some point within the 500 first commits, an error was introduced. The only +thing we know is that the first commit worked correctly.

+

Your task

+
    +

  • Clone this repository and use git bisect to find the commit which +broke the computation +(solution - spoiler alert!).

    • +

  • Once you have found the offending commit, also practice navigating to the last good commit.

    • +

  • Bonus exercise: +Write a script that checks for a correct result and use git bisect run to +find the offending commit automatically +(solution - spoiler alert!).

    • +
+

Hints

+

Finding the first commit:

+
$ git log --oneline | tail -n 1
+
+
+

How to navigate to the parent of a commit with hash somehash:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH~1
+
+
+

Instead of a tilde you can also use this:

+
$ git switch --create BRANCHNAME SOMEHASH^
+
+
+
+
+
+

Using the Git staging area

+

In staging-area.md:

+
+

Staging-1: Perform an interactive commit

+

One option to help us create nice logical commits is to stage interactively +with git commit --patch:

+
    +

  1. Make two changes in instructions.txt, at the top and bottom +of the file. +Make sure that they are separated by at least several unmodified lines.

    2. +

  2. Run git commit --patch. Using the keystrokes above, commit one of +the changes.

    3. +

  3. Do it again for the other change.

    4. +

  4. When you’re done, inspect the situation with git log, git status, git diff and git diff --staged.

    5. +

  5. When would this be useful?

    6. +
+ +
+

In staging-area.md:

+
+

Staging-2: Use the staging area to make a commit in two steps

+
    +

  1. In your recipe example, make two different changes to +ingredients.txt and instructions.txt which do not go together.

    2. +

  2. Use git add to stage one of the changes.

    3. +

  3. Use git status to see what’s going on, and use git diff and git diff --staged to see the changes.

    4. +

  4. Feel some regret and unstage the staged change.

    5. +
+
+
+
+

Undoing and recovering

+

In recovering.md:

+
+

Undoing-1: Revert a commit

+
    +

  • Create a commit (commit A).

    • +

  • Revert the commit with git revert (commit B).

    • +

  • Inspect the history with git log --oneline.

    • +

  • Now try git show on both the reverted (commit A) and the newly created commit (commit B).

    • +
+
+

In recovering.md:

+
+

Undoing-2: Modify a previous commit

+
    +

  1. Make an incomplete change to the recipe or a typo in your change, git add and git commit the incomplete/unsatisfactory change.

    2. +

  2. Inspect the unsatisfactory but committed change with git show. Remember +or write down the commit hash.

    3. +

  3. Now complete/fix the change but instead of creating a new commit, add the +correction to the previous commit with git add, followed by git commit --amend. What changed?

    4. +
+ +
+

In recovering.md:

+
+

Undoing-3: Destroy our experimentation in this episode

+

After we have experimented with reverts and amending, let us destroy +all of that and get our repositories to a similar state.

+
    +

  • First, we will look at our history (git log/git graph) and +find the last commit HASH before our tests.

    • +

  • Then, we will git reset --hard HASH to that.

    • +

  • Then, git graph again to see what happened.

    • +
+
$ git log --oneline
+
+d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea"
+f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea
+dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+$ git reset --hard dd4472c
+
+HEAD is now at dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+
+$ git log --oneline
+
+dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy
+2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
+

In recovering.md:

+
+

Undoing-4: Test your understanding

+
    +

  1. What happens if you accidentally remove a tracked file with git rm, is it gone forever?

    2. +

  2. Is it OK to modify commits that nobody has seen yet?

    3. +

  3. What situations would justify to modify the Git history and possibly remove commits?

    4. +
+ +
+
+
+

Interrupted work

+

In interrupted.md:

+
+

Interrupted-1: Stash some uncommitted work

+
    +

  1. Make a change.

    2. +

  2. Check status/diff, stash the change, check status/diff again.

    3. +

  3. Make a separate, unrelated change which doesn’t touch the same +lines. Commit this change.

    4. +

  4. Pop off the stash you saved, check status/diff.

    5. +

  5. Optional: Do the same but stash twice. Also check git stash list. +Can you pop the stashes in the opposite order?

    6. +

  6. Advanced: What happens if stashes conflict with other changes? Make +a change and stash it. Modify the same line or one right above or +below. Pop the stash back. Resolve the conflict. Note there is no +extra commit.

    7. +

  7. Advanced: what does git graph show when you have something +stashed?

    8. +
+ +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/genindex/index.html b/branch/main/genindex/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..694bd315 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/genindex/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ + + + + + + Index — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + +

Index

+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/guide/index.html b/branch/main/guide/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..71f6ee67 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/guide/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,436 @@ + + + + + + + Instructor guide — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Instructor guide

+
+

Schedule Day 1

+ +
+
+

Schedule Day 2

+ +
+
+

Installation reminders for each day

+
    +

  • Day 1: git configuration

    • +

  • Day 2: need SSH set up (if you don’t, sharing repositories online will be demo)

    • +
+
+
+

Why we teach this lesson

+

Everyone should be using a version control system for their work, even if they’re working alone. +There are many version control systems out there, but Git is an industry standard and even if one uses another +system chances are high one still encounters Git repositories.

+

Specific motivations:

+
    +

  • Code easily becomes a disaster without version control

    • +

  • Mistakes happen - Git offers roll-back functionality and easy backup mechanism

    • +

  • One often needs to work on multiple things in parallel - branches solve that problem

    • +

  • Git enables people to collaborate on code or text without stepping on each other’s toes

    • +

  • Reproducibility: You can specify exact versions in publications enabling others to reproduce your work, +and if bugs are found one can find out exactly when it was introduced

    • +
+

Many learners in a CodeRefinery workshop have developed code for a few years. A majority have +already encountered Git and have used it to some extent, but in most cases they do not yet feel +comfortable with it. They lack a good mental model of how Git operates and are afraid of making mistakes. +Other learners have never used Git before. +This lesson teaches how things are done in Git, which is useful for the newcomers, +but also how Git operates (e.g. what commits and branches really are) and what are some good +practices (e.g. how to use the staging area), which is useful for more experienced users.

+
+
+

Intended learning outcomes

+

By the end of this lesson, learners should:

+
    +

  • realize that version control is very important and Git is a valuable tool to learn and use

    • +

  • understand that Git is configurable and know how to set basic configurations

    • +

  • be able to set up Git repositories and make commits

    • +

  • understand that information on commits, branches etc. are stored under .git/, and have a +mental model of how that relates to the working directory

    • +

  • have a mental model of the different states a file can have in Git (untracked, modified, staged, unmodified)

    • +

  • know how to write good commit messages

    • +

  • have an idea of how the staging area can be used to craft good commits

    • +

  • know how to undo commits using git revert and discard changes using git restore

    • +

  • understand that git restore can be dangerous if changes have not been staged

    • +

  • know how to create branches and switch between branches

    • +

  • have a mental model of how branches work and get used to thinking of branches in a graphical (tree-structure) way

    • +

  • know how to merge branches and understand what that means in terms of combining different modifications

    • +

  • know how to resolve conflicts, or to abort conflicting merges

    • +

  • realize that conflicts are generally a good thing since they prevent incorrect merges

    • +

  • be able to set up a repository on GitHub and connect it with local repository

    • +

  • push changes to a remote repository

    • +

  • know a few ways to search through a repository and its history

    • +
+
+
+

How to teach this lesson

+
+

Take first editor steps slowly

+

Some participants will be new to using a terminal text editor so please open, +edit, and close the editor (Nano) slowly in first type-along sessions and +exercises to avoid that participants will fall behind the instructor. At one +point a student did not follow the file edits of the instructor, and to correct +the mistake they had to do a manual merge, which they were not ready for.

+
+
+

How to use the exercises

+

Most episodes have standard exercises followed by optional (often more advanced) exercises +for more experienced learners so they don’t get bored waiting for the newcomers. +The instructor should briefly introduce the exercises and mention that after finishing the +standard exercise (and indicating that using the green sticky) the learners can move on to the +optional ones if they wish. When at least half of the learners have raised the green sticky +the instructor should go through the standard exercise to describe its most important take-home messages. +It’s also fine to briefly go though important points from the optional exercises, but don’t spend +too much time on it since everyone will not have attempted them.

+
+
+

“Test your understanding” exercises

+

Some episodes have a “test your understanding” exercise at the end which is intended as formative assessment, +i.e. an activity that provides feedback to instructors and learners on whether learning objectives are being met. +The instructor should end each episode by posing the “test your understanding” multiple-choice question, +giving learners a minute to think about it, and then asking for the right answer or asking learners to raise their +hands to signal which answer they think is correct.

+
+
+

Inspecting history

+

Key lesson is how to find when something is broken or what commit has broken +the code.

+

It can be useful to emphasize that it can be really valuable to be able to +search through the history of a project efficiently to find when bugs were +introduced or when something changed and why. Also show that git annotate +and git show are available on GitHub and GitLab.

+

When discussing git annotate and git bisect the “when” is more important +than “who”. It is not to blame anybody but rather to find out whether published +results are affected.

+

Discuss how one would find out this information without version control.

+

Questions to involve participants:

+
    +

  • Have you ever found a bug in your code and wondered whether it has affected published results?

    • +

  • Have you ever wondered when, and by whom, a particular line of code was introduced?

    • +

  • Have you ever found out that a code behaves differently than it used to but you are not sure when +precisely this changed?

    • +
+

Confusion during git bisect exercise:

+

Learners may get stuck in the git bisect exercise if they incorrectly assign a commit +as bad or good. +To leave the bisect mode and return to the commit before git bisect start was issued, +one can do

+
$ git bisect reset
+
+
+

and start over if needed.

+
+
+

Live better than reading the website material

+

It is better to demonstrate the commands live and type-along. Ideally connecting +to examples discussed earlier.

+
+
+

Log your history in a separate window

+

The screencasting (shell window cheatsheet) hints have been moved to +the presenting +manual.

+
+
+

Create a cheatsheet on the board

+

For in-person workshops, create a “cheatsheet” on the board as you go. After +each command is introduced, write it on the board. After each module, make sure +you haven’t forgotten anything. Re-create and expand in future git lessons. +One strategy is:

+
    +

  • a common section for basic commands: init, config``clone, help, stash

    • +

  • info commands, can be run anytime: status, log, diff, graph

    • +

  • A section for all the commands that move code from different states: +add, commit, etc. See the visual cheat sheet below.

    • +
+

You can get inspired by http://www.ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html +to make your cheatsheet, but if you show this make it clear there are +far, far more commands on there than you need to know right now., and +it’s probably too confusing to use after this course. But, the idea +of commands moving from the “working dir”, “staging area”, “commits”, +etc is good.

+
+Example cheat sheet +
+

Example cheat sheet.

+
+
+

We also recommend to draw simple diagrams up on the board (e.g.: working +directory - staging area - repository with commands to move between) and keep +them there for students to refer to.

+
+
+

Draw a graph on the board

+

Draw the standard commit graphs on the board early on - you know, the +thing in all the diagrams. Keep it updated all the time. After the +first few samples, you can basically keep using the same graph the +whole lesson. When you are introducing new commands, explain and +update the graph first, then run git graph, then do the command, +then look at git graph again.

+
+
+

Repeat the following points

+
    +

  • Always check git status, git diff, and git graph (our alias) before and +after every command until you get used to things. These give you a clear view +into what is going on, the key to knowing what you are doing. Even +after you are used to things… anytime you do something you do +infrequently, it’s good to check.

    • +

  • git graph is a direct representation of what we are drawing on the +board and should constantly be compared to it.

    • +

  • Once you git add something, it’s almost impossible to lose it. +This is used all the time, for example once you commit or even add +it is hard to lose. Commit before you merge or rebase. And so on.

    • +
+
+
+

Start from identical environment

+

You probably have a highly optimized bash and git environment - one +that is different from students. Move .gitconfig and .bashrc out +of the way before you start so that your environment is identical to +what students have.

+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/index.html b/branch/main/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8eaca994 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ + + + + + + + Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
    +
    • +
  • Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version
    • +
  • + Edit on GitHub +
    • +
+
+
+
+
+ +
+

Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version

+

This is the introductory lesson to version control using +Git. It is assumed to be the very first thing +done in a course.

+

Our philosophy is that we start from own local repository, branching and +merging (locally), and a brief introduction to pushing to remotes. In +the separate collaborative Git +lesson, we teach more use of +remote repositories and good collaborative workflows. We try to stick to +simple workflows, just enough for researchers who are not obsessed with +Git to be able to work well. We try to avoid commands which might get +you into a confusing state.

+

The goals of the module as a whole are that the user will feel +comfortable about staging changes, committing them, merging, and +branching.

+
+

Prerequisites

+
    +

  • A reasonably recent version of Git (v2.28 or newer) is installed and configured +(installation +instructions).

    • +

  • For one of the episodes we need a GitHub user +account (but alternatives exist, see below).

    • +

  • Being comfortable with the command line. No expertise is required, but +the lesson will be mostly taken from the command line (we also have another +lesson on Collaborating and sharing using GitHub without command line).

    • +

  • Students should be familiar with using a text editor on their +system. If you are new to text editors, we recommend to start with Nano +or VS Code.

    • +
+
+
+

Core episodes

+ +
+
+

Optional episodes

+ +
+
+

Reference

+ +
+
+

About

+ +
+
+

Why GitHub?

+

In this introduction we will mention and use +GitHub but also +GitLab and +Bitbucket allow similar workflows and +basically everything that we will discuss is transferable. With this +material and these exercises we do not endorse the company +GitHub. We have chosen to demonstrate a +number of concepts using examples with +GitHub because it is currently the most +popular web platform for hosting Git repositories and the chance is +high that you will interact with +GitHub-based repositories even if you choose +to host your Git repository on another platform.

+

Course participants are most welcome to use our Nordic research +software repository platform.

+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/interrupted/index.html b/branch/main/interrupted/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc02f68c --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/interrupted/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ + + + + + + + Interrupted work — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Interrupted work

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn to switch context or abort work without panicking.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 10 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 15 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • There is almost never reason to clone a fresh copy to complete a task that +you have in mind.

    • +
+
+
+

Frequent situation: interrupted work

+

We all wish that we could write beautiful perfect code. But the real world is +much more chaotic:

+
    +

  • You are in the middle of a “Jackson-Pollock-style” debugging spree with 27 modified files +and debugging prints everywhere.

    • +

  • Your colleague comes in and wants you to fix/commit something right now.

    • +

  • What to do?

    • +
+

Git provides lots of ways to switch tasks without ruining everything.

+
+
+

Option 1: Stashing

+

The stash is the first and easiest place to temporarily “stash” +things.

+
    +

  • git stash will put working directory and staging area changes +away. Your code will be same as last commit.

    • +

  • git stash pop will return to the state you were before. Can give it a list.

    • +

  • git stash list will list the current stashes.

    • +

  • git stash save NAME is like the first, but will give it a name. +Useful if it might last a while.

    • +

  • git stash save [-p] [filename] will stash certain files files +and/or by patches.

    • +

  • git stash drop will drop the most recent stash (or whichever stash +you give).

    • +

  • The stashes form a stack, so you can stash several batches of modifications.

    • +
+
+

Exercise: Stashing

+
+

Interrupted-1: Stash some uncommitted work

+
    +

  1. Make a change.

    2. +

  2. Check status/diff, stash the change, check status/diff again.

    3. +

  3. Make a separate, unrelated change which doesn’t touch the same +lines. Commit this change.

    4. +

  4. Pop off the stash you saved, check status/diff.

    5. +

  5. Optional: Do the same but stash twice. Also check git stash list. +Can you pop the stashes in the opposite order?

    6. +

  6. Advanced: What happens if stashes conflict with other changes? Make +a change and stash it. Modify the same line or one right above or +below. Pop the stash back. Resolve the conflict. Note there is no +extra commit.

    7. +

  7. Advanced: what does git graph show when you have something +stashed?

    8. +
+ +
+
+
+
+

Option 2: Create branches

+

You can use branches almost like you have already been doing if you +need to save some work. You need to do something else for a bit? +Sounds like a good time to make a feature branch.

+

You basically know how to do this:

+
$ git switch --create temporary  # create a branch and switch to it
+$ git add PATHS                  # stage changes
+$ git commit                     # commit them
+$ git switch main                # back to main, continue your work there ...
+$ git switch temporary           # continue where you left off
+
+
+

Later you can merge it to main or rebase it on top of main and resume work.

+
+
+

Storing various junk you don’t need but don’t want to get rid of

+

It happens often that you do something and don’t need it, but you don’t want to +lose it right away. You can use either of the above strategies to stash/branch +it away: using branches is probably better because branches are less easily +overlooked if you come back to the repository in few weeks. Note that if you +try to use a branch after a long time, conflicts might get really bad but at +least you have the data still.

+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/level/index.html b/branch/main/level/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a2aab140 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/level/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ + + + + + + + Practical advice: how much Git is necessary? — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Practical advice: how much Git is necessary?

+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 10 min teaching/discussion

    • +
+
+
+

What level of branching complexity is necessary for each project?

+
+

Simple personal projects

+
    +

  • Typically start with just the main branch.

    • +

  • Use branches for unfinished/untested ideas.

    • +

  • Use branches when you are not sure about a change.

    • +

  • Use tags to mark important milestones.

    • +
+
+
+

Projects with few persons: you accept things breaking sometimes

+
    +

  • It might be reasonable to commit to the main branch and feature branches.

    • +
+
+
+

Projects with few persons: changes are reviewed by others

+
    +

  • The main branch is write-protected.

    • +

  • You create new feature branches for changes.

    • +

  • Changes are reviewed before they are merged to the main branch +(more about that in the collaborative Git lesson).

    • +
+
+
+

When you distribute releases

+
    +

  • If you want to patch releases, you probably need release branches.

    • +

  • The main branch and release branches are read-only.

    • +

  • Many branching models exist.

    • +
+
+
+
+
+

How about staging and committing?

+
    +

  • It is OK to start committing directly.

    • +

  • Commit early and often: rather create too many commits than too few. +You can always combine commits later.

    • +

  • Once you commit, it is very, very hard to really lose your code.

    • +

  • Always fully commit (or stash) before you do dangerous things, so that you know you are safe. +Otherwise it can be hard to recover.

    • +

  • Later you can start using the staging area.

    • +

  • Later start using git add -p and/or git commit -p.

    • +
+
+
+
+

How large should a commit be?

+
    +

  • Better too small than too large (easier to combine than to split).

    • +

  • Often I make a commit at the end of the day (this is a unit I would not like to lose).

    • +

  • Smaller sized commits may be easier to review for others than huge commits.

    • +

  • Imperfect commits are better than no commits.

    • +

  • A commit should not contain unrelated changes to simplify review and possible +repair/adjustments/undo later (but again: imperfect commits are better than no commits).

    • +
+
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • There is no one size fits all - start simple and grow your project.

    • +
+
+
+

Discussion

+

How do you [plan to] use Git?

+
    +

  • Advanced users or beginners, please provide your input in the online collaborative document.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/motivation/index.html b/branch/main/motivation/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2688fb15 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/motivation/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ + + + + + + + Motivation — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Motivation

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Make sure nobody leaves the workshop without starting to use some form of version control.

    • +

  • Discuss the reasons why we advocate distributed version control.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 15 min teaching/demonstration

    • +
+
+
+

Git is all about keeping track of changes

+

We will learn how to keep track of changes first in a terminal (example +repository):

+
+Screenshot of a git log in terminal +
+

Later also via web interface (example +repository):

+
+Screenshot of a git log on GitHub +
+
+
+

Why do we need to keep track of versions?

+

Version control is an answer to these questions (do you recognize some of them?):

+
    +

  • “It broke … hopefully I have a working version somewhere?”

    • +

  • “Can you please send me the latest version?”

    • +

  • “Where is the latest version?”

    • +

  • “Which version are you using?”

    • +

  • “Which version have the authors used in the paper I am trying to reproduce?”

    • +

  • “Found a bug! Since when was it there?”

    • +

  • “I am sure it used to work. When did it change?”

    • +

  • “My laptop is gone. Is my thesis now gone?”

    • +
+
+
+

Features: roll-back, branching, merging, collaboration

+
    +

  • Roll-back: you can always go back to a previous version and compare

    • +

  • Branching and merging:

    +
      +

    • Work on different ideas at the same time

      • +

    • Different people can work on the same code/project without interfering

      • +

    • You can experiment with an idea and discard it if it turns out to be a bad idea

      • +
    +
    • +
+
+Branching explained with an octopus +
+

Source: https://twitter.com/jay_gee/status/703360688618536960

+
+
+ +
+
+

Reproducibility

+
    +

  • How do you indicate which version of your code you have used in your paper?

    • +

  • When you find a bug, how do you know when precisely this bug was introduced +(Are published results affected? Do you need to inform collaborators or users of your code?).

    • +
+

With version control we can “annotate” code (browse this example online):

+
+Example of a git-annotated code with code and history side-by-side +
+

Example of a git-annotated code with code and history side-by-side.

+
+
+
+
+

Talking about code

+

Which of these two is more practical?

+
    +

  • “Clone the code, go to the file ‘src/util.rs’, and search for ‘time_iso8601’”. +Oh! But make sure you use the version from August 2023.”

    • +

  • Or I can send you a permalink:

    • +
+
+Screen-shot of a code portion +
+

Permalink that points to a code portion.

+
+
+
+
+

What we typically like to snapshot

+
    +

  • Software (this is how it started but Git/GitHub can track a lot more)

    • +

  • Scripts

    • +

  • Documents (plain text files much better suitable than Word documents)

    • +

  • Manuscripts (Git is great for collaborating/sharing LaTeX or Quarto manuscripts)

    • +

  • Configuration files

    • +

  • Website sources

    • +

  • Data

    • +
+
+

Discussion

+

In this example somebody tried to keep track of versions without a version +control system tool like Git. Discuss the following directory listing. What +possible problems do you anticipate with this kind of “version control”:

+
myproject-2019.zip
+myproject-2020-February.zip
+myproject-2021-August.zip
+myproject-2023-09-19-working.zip
+myproject-2023-09-21.zip
+myproject-2023-09-21-test.zip
+myproject-2023-09-21-myversion.zip
+myproject-2023-09-21-newfeature.zip
+...
+
+
+ +
+
+
+

Difficulties of version control

+

Despite the benefits, let’s be honest, there are some difficulties:

+
    +

  • One more thing to learn (it’s probably worth it and will save you more time in the long run; basic career skill).

    • +

  • Difficult if your collaborators don’t want to use it (in the worst case, you can version control on your side and email them versions).

    • +

  • Advanced things can be difficult, but basics are often enough (ask others for help when needed).

    • +
+
+
+

Why Git and not another tool?

+
    +

  • Easy to set up: no server needed.

    • +

  • Very popular: chances are high you will need to contribute to somebody else’s code which is tracked with Git.

    • +

  • Distributed: good backup, no single point of failure, you can track and +clean-up changes offline, simplifies collaboration model for open-source +projects.

    • +

  • Important platforms such as GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket +build on top of Git.

    • +
+

However, any version control is better than no version control and it is OK to +prefer a different tool than Git such as +Subversion, +Mercurial, Pijul, or others.

+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/objects.inv b/branch/main/objects.inv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fb71f02c --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/objects.inv @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Sphinx inventory version 2 +# Project: Introduction to version control with Git +# Version: +# The remainder of this file is compressed using zlib. +xVn0 +lyƮ0l6kZȌ-ԖIN}HY&zۥU(|,{-=zjTǴ'MʚnG'FH:\5Gi>Xw[*Κ,5|Il#b@f4ki-To V61[9`y С ZH(XC7n`͵kZʡȗ-1g9{A(F])?Lqq+99tG,$+a;Ã'bÐmq+9p%>0EfHy)e3&]!+;Sx#hYu4@ T JYNB*AB5g"x/Y tSRSkrb۱[NX8p䶮$eYCL2\k*:ڴg[ұGH9nbG<_~?ʳ3<8:}} +Lep>`SmX%ͥXwj-m]4[YAƺ{ûLxeRk_E;svFE,beYP6S&6(rHOĮGiip&DM}I& G.)@\H_Yd'W|ɇEOsh.#V$&2j=Ttk1Ѓt7j~l=Zd0;ч)Y[6?&kdx4?DV;f2.k9j*b >Z`!Mtњ^vtyd2pKᑧamtδw'[g'A'6\b?WVY[ܩchE c'Cl%VFMQ 9P> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/recovering/index.html b/branch/main/recovering/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d1fce6ce --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/recovering/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,416 @@ + + + + + + + Undoing and recovering — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Undoing and recovering

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn to undo changes safely

    • +

  • See when undone changes are permanently deleted and when they can be retrieved

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 10 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 15 min exercise

    • +
+
+

One of the main points of version control is that you can go back in +time to recover. Unlike this xkcd comic implies: https://xkcd.com/1597/

+

In this episode we show a couple of commands that can be used to undo mistakes. +We also list a couple of common mistakes and discuss how to recover from them. +Some commands preserve the commit history and some modify commit history. +Modifying history? Isn’t a “commit” permanent?

+
    +

  • You can modify old commit history.

    • +

  • But if you have shared that history already, modifying it can make +a huge mess.

    • +
+
+

Note

+

As long as you commit something once (or at least git add it), you +can almost always go back to it, no matter what you do. +But you may need to ask Stack Overflow or your local +guru… until that guru becomes you.

+
+
+

Nice resource to visually simulate Git operation

+

git-sim +is a nice resouce to visually simulate Git operations listed in this episode +below, in your own repos with a single terminal command.

+
+
+
+

Undoing your recent, uncommitted and unstaged changes (preserves history)

+
+

Note

+

In case git restore does not work, your Git version might be older than from 2019. +On older Git it is git checkout instead of git restore.

+
+

You do some work, and want to undo your uncommitted and unstaged modifications. +You can always do that with:

+
    +

  • git restore .: (the dot means “here and in all folders below”)

    • +
+

Or, you can undo things selectively:

+
    +

  • git restore -p (decide which portions of changes to undo) or git restore PATH (decide which path/file)

    • +
+

If you have staged changes, you have at least two options to undo the staging:

+
    +

  • git restore --staged . followed by git status and git restore .

    • +

  • git reset --hard HEAD throws away everything that is not in last +commit (HEAD - this literal word, this isn’t a placeholder)

    • +
+
+
+
+

Reverting commits (preserves history)

+
    +

  • Imagine we made a few commits.

    • +

  • We realize that the latest commit f960dd3 was a mistake and we wish to undo it:

    +
    $ git log --oneline
+
+f960dd3 (HEAD -> main) not sure this is a good idea
+dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

A safe way to undo the commit is to revert the commit with git revert:

+
$ git revert f960dd3
+
+
+

This creates a new commit that does the opposite of the reverted commit. +The old commit remains in the history:

+
$ git log --oneline
+
+d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea"
+f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea
+dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+

You can revert any commit, no matter how old it is. It doesn’t affect +other commits you have done since then - but if they touch the same +code, you may get a conflict (which we’ll learn about later).

+
+

Exercise: Revert a commit

+
+

Undoing-1: Revert a commit

+
    +

  • Create a commit (commit A).

    • +

  • Revert the commit with git revert (commit B).

    • +

  • Inspect the history with git log --oneline.

    • +

  • Now try git show on both the reverted (commit A) and the newly created commit (commit B).

    • +
+
+
+
+
+

Adding to the previous commit (modifies history)

+

Sometimes we commit but realize we forgot something. +We can amend to the last commit:

+
$ git commit --amend
+
+
+

This can also be used to modify the last commit message.

+

Note that this will change the commit hash. This command modifies the history. +This means that we avoid this command on commits that we have shared with others.

+
+

Exercise: Modify a previous commit

+
+

Undoing-2: Modify a previous commit

+
    +

  1. Make an incomplete change to the recipe or a typo in your change, git add and git commit the incomplete/unsatisfactory change.

    2. +

  2. Inspect the unsatisfactory but committed change with git show. Remember +or write down the commit hash.

    3. +

  3. Now complete/fix the change but instead of creating a new commit, add the +correction to the previous commit with git add, followed by git commit --amend. What changed?

    4. +
+ +
+
+
+
+

Rewinding branches (modifies history)

+

You can reset branch history to move your branch back to some +point in the past.

+
    +

  • git reset --hard HASH will force a branch label to any other point. All +other changes are lost (but it is possible to recover if you force reset by mistake).

    • +

  • Be careful if you do this - it can mess stuff up. Use git graph a +lot before and after.

    • +
+
+

Exercise: Git reset

+
+

Undoing-3: Destroy our experimentation in this episode

+

After we have experimented with reverts and amending, let us destroy +all of that and get our repositories to a similar state.

+
    +

  • First, we will look at our history (git log/git graph) and +find the last commit HASH before our tests.

    • +

  • Then, we will git reset --hard HASH to that.

    • +

  • Then, git graph again to see what happened.

    • +
+
$ git log --oneline
+
+d62ad3e (HEAD -> main) Revert "not sure this is a good idea"
+f960dd3 not sure this is a good idea
+dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+$ git reset --hard dd4472c
+
+HEAD is now at dd4472c we should not forget to enjoy
+
+$ git log --oneline
+
+dd4472c (HEAD -> main) we should not forget to enjoy
+2bb9bb4 add half an onion
+2d79e7e adding ingredients and instructions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Recovering from committing to the wrong branch

+

It is easy to forget to create a branch or to create it and forget to switch to +it when committing changes.

+

Here we assume that we made a couple of commits but we realize they went to the +wrong branch.

+

Solution 1 using git cherry-pick:

+
    +

  1. Make sure that the correct branch exists and if not, create it. Make sure to +create it from the commit hash where you wish you had created it from: git branch BRANCHNAME HASH

    2. +

  2. Switch to the correct branch.

    3. +

  3. git cherry-pick HASH can be used to take a specific commit to the +current branch. Cherry-pick all commits that should have gone to the correct +branch, from oldest to most recent.

    4. +

  4. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with git reset --hard (see also above).

    5. +
+

Solution 2 using git reset –hard (makes sense if the correct branch should +contain all commits of the accidentally modified branch):

+
    +

  1. Create the correct branch, pointing at the latest commit: git branch BRANCHNAME.

    2. +

  2. Check with git log or git graph that both branches point to the same, latest, commit.

    3. +

  3. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with git reset --hard (see also above).

    4. +
+
+
+

Recovering from merging/pulling into the wrong branch

+

git merge, git rebase, and git pull modify the current branch, never +the other branch. But sometimes we run this command on the wrong branch.

+
    +

  1. Check with git log the commit hash that you would like to rewind the +wrongly modified branch to.

    2. +

  2. Rewind the branch that accidentally got wrong commits with git reset --hard HASH (see also above).

    3. +
+
+
+

Recovering from conflict after git pull

+

git pull can create a conflict since git pull always also includes a git merge (more about this +in the collaborative Git lesson).

+

The recovery is same as described in Conflict resolution. Either +resolve conflicts or abort the merge with git merge --abort.

+
+
+

Undoing-4: Test your understanding

+
    +

  1. What happens if you accidentally remove a tracked file with git rm, is it gone forever?

    2. +

  2. Is it OK to modify commits that nobody has seen yet?

    3. +

  3. What situations would justify to modify the Git history and possibly remove commits?

    4. +
+ +
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/reference/index.html b/branch/main/reference/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ccf80ea --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/reference/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ + + + + + + + Quick reference — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Quick reference

+
+

Other cheatsheets

+ +
+
+

Glossary

+
    +

  • working directory/ workspace: the actual files you see and edit

    • +

  • staging area: Place files go after git add and before git commit

    • +

  • hash: unique reference of any commit or state

    • +

  • branch: One line of work. Different branches can exist at the +same time and split/merge.

    • +

  • HEAD: Pointer to the most recent commit on the current branch.

    • +

  • remote: Roughly, another server that holds .git.

    • +

  • origin: Default name for a remote repository.

    • +

  • master: Default name for main branch on Git. Depending on the configuration and service, +the default branch is sometimes main. +In this lesson we configure Git so that the default branch is +called main to be more consistent with GitHub and GitLab.

    • +

  • main: Default name for main branch on GitLab and GitHub. +In this lesson we configure Git so that the default branch is +called main to be more consistent with GitHub and GitLab.

    • +
+
+
+

Commands we use

+

Setup:

+
    +

  • git config: edit configuration options

    • +

  • git init: create new repository

    • +
+

See our status:

+
    +

  • git status: see status of files - use often!

    • +

  • git log: see history of commits and their messages, newest first

    • +

  • git graph: see a detailed graph of commits. Create this command +with git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline"

    • +

  • git diff: show difference between working directory and last commit

    • +

  • git diff --staged: show difference between staging area and last commit

    • +

  • git show COMMIT: inspect individual commits

    • +
+

General work:

+
    +

  • git add FILE:

    +
      +

    • Add a new file

      • +

    • Add a file to staging

      • +
    +
    • +

  • git commit: record a version, add it to current branch

    • +

  • git commit --amend: amend our last commit

    • +

  • git branch: show which branch we’re on

    • +

  • git branch NAME: create a new branch called “name”

    • +

  • git restore FILE: restore last committed/staged version of FILE, losing unstaged changes

    • +

  • git switch --create BRANCH-NAME: create a new branch and switch to it

    • +

  • git revert HASH: create a new commit which reverts commit HASH

    • +

  • git reset --soft HASH: remove all commits after HASH, but keep their modifications as staged changes

    • +

  • git reset --hard HASH: remove all commits after HASH, permanently throwing away their changes

    • +

  • git merge BRANCH-NAME: merge branch BRANCH-NAME into current branch

    • +

  • git grep PATTERN: search for patterns in tracked files

    • +

  • git annotate FILE: find out when a specific line got introduced and by whom

    • +

  • git bisect: find a commit which broke some functionality

    • +
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/remotes/index.html b/branch/main/remotes/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..00c4c7d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/remotes/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,436 @@ + + + + + + + Sharing repositories online — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Sharing repositories online

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • We get a feeling for remote repositories (more later).

    • +

  • We are able to publish a repository on the web.

    • +

  • We are able to fetch and track a repository from the web.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 30 min demonstration/type-along

    • +
+
+
+

From our laptops to the web

+

We have seen that creating Git repositories and moving them around is +simple and that is great.

+

So far everything was local and all snapshots, branches, and tags are saved under .git.

+

If we remove .git, we remove all Git history of a project.

+
+

Discussion

+
    +

  • What if the hard disk fails?

    • +

  • What if somebody steals my laptop?

    • +

  • How can we collaborate with others across the web?

    • +
+
+
+
+

Remotes

+

We will learn how to work with remote repositories in detail in the +collaborative distributed version control lesson.

+

In this section we only want to get a taste to prepare us for other lessons +where we will employ GitHub. Our goal is to publish our guacamole recipe on +the web. Don’t worry, you will be able to remove it afterwards.

+

To store your git data on another server, you use remotes. +A remote is a repository on its own, with its own branches +We can push changes to the remote and pull +from the remote.

+

You might use remotes to:

+
    +

  • Back up your own work.

    • +

  • To collaborate with other people.

    • +
+

There are different types of remotes:

+
    +

  • If you have a server you can ssh to, you can use that as a remote.

    • +

  • GitHub is a popular, closed-source commercial site.

    • +

  • GitLab is a popular, open-core +commercial site. Many universities have their own private GitLab servers +set up.

    • +

  • Bitbucket is yet another popular commercial site.

    • +

  • Another option is NotABug

    • +

  • We also operate a Nordic +research software repository +platform. +This is GitLab, free for researchers and allows private, +cross-university sharing.

    • +
+
+
+

Type-along: Create a new repository on GitHub

+
+

Important

+

Don’t do anything yet. We make a choice in the next section, and then +do these steps in the following one.

+
+

For the rest of this page, we will make a new repository for our +guacamole recipe on GitHub (here we motivate why we demonstrate this +with GitHub), +send our code to it, and then see how +others can get the code from it.

+
+

If you don’t have the recipe repository from previous episodes

+

Maybe you joined the workshop later or got stuck somewhere? No problem!

+

If you don’t have the recipe repository from previous episodes, you can +clone our version of the repository using (please skip this if you have the recipe +repository on your computer already):

+
$ git clone https://github.com/coderefinery/recipe-before-merge.git recipe
+$ cd recipe
+$ git remote remove origin
+
+
+

Now you have a repository called recipe on your computer with a couple of +commits. Further down we will also clarify what git clone does.

+
+

Make sure that you are logged into GitHub.

+
+../_images/new-top-left.png +
+

To create a repository we either click the green button “New” (top left corner).

+
+
+
+../_images/new-top-right.png +
+

Or if you see your profile page, there is a “+” menu (top right corner).

+
+
+

Yet another way to create a new repository is to visit +https://github.com/new directly.

+
+

On this page choose a project name. +For the sake of this exercise do not select +“Initialize this repository with a README” (what will happen if you do?):

+
+../_images/creating.png +
+

Once you click the green “Create repository”, you will see a page similar to:

+
+../_images/created.png +
+

What this means is that we have now an empty project with either an HTTPS or an +SSH address: click on the HTTPS and SSH buttons to see what happens.

+
+
+
+

Authenticating to Github: SSH or HTTPS?

+

How does Github know who you are? This is hard and there are two +options.

+
    +

  • SSH is the classic method, using Secure Shell remote connection +keys.

    • +

  • HTTPS works with the Git Credential Manager, which is an +extra add-on that works easily in Windows and Mac.

    • +
+

Read how to install them from the installation +instructions.

+

Test which one you should use:

+
+

Try this command:

+
$ ssh -T git@github.com
+
+
+

If it returns Hi USERNAME! You've successfully authenticated, ..., +then SSH is configured and the following steps will work with the SSH +cloning.

+

See our installation +instructions to +set up SSH access.

+

From now on, if you know that SSH works, you should always select +SSH as the clone URL from Github, or translate the URL to start with +the right thing yourself: git@github.com: (with the trailing +:).

+
+

If you do not have these configured, please watch as we do this episode and you +can check the installation +instructions +prepare before the next collaborative Git +lesson, where we will need +one of these set up.

+
+
+
+

Pushing our guacamole recipe repository to GitHub

+

To push changes to the project please select SSH. +For this to work you will need your SSH keys configured.

+

We now want to try the second option that GitHub suggests:

+
+

… or push an existing repository from the command line

+
+
    +

  1. Now go to your guacamole repository on your computer.

    2. +

  2. Check that you are in the right place with git status.

    3. +

  3. Copy paste the three lines to the terminal and execute those, in my case (you +need to replace the “USER” part and possibly also the repository name):

    4. +
+
+

See above for if SSH is the right option for you.

+
$ git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git
+
+
+
+
$ git branch -M main
+$ git push -u origin main
+
+
+

The meaning of the above lines:

+
    +

  • Add a remote reference with the name “origin”

    • +

  • Rename current branch to “main”

    • +

  • Push branch “main” to “origin”

    • +
+

You should now see:

+
Enumerating objects: 3, done.
+Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
+Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 221 bytes | 221.00 KiB/s, done.
+Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
+To github.com:USER/recipe.git
+ * [new branch]      main -> main
+Branch 'main' set up to track remote branch 'main' from 'origin'.
+
+
+
+

Exercise: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub

+
+

Push-1: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub

+
    +

  • Go to your recipe directory on your computer.

    • +

  • Check that you are in the right place with git status.

    • +

  • Define the remote with git remote add origin git@github.com:USER/recipe.git.

    • +

  • Rename the current branch to “main”, if needed: git branch -M main.

    • +

  • Push the local branch “main” to the remote: git push -u origin main.

    • +
+
+

Reload your GitHub project website and - taa-daa - your commits should now be +online!

+

What just happened? Think of publishing a repository as uploading the .git part online.

+
+
+
+
+

Cloning a repository

+

Now other people can clone this repository and contribute changes. In the +collaborative distributed version control lesson +we will learn how this works.

+

At this point only a brief demo - if you copy the SSH or HTTPS address, you can clone repositories like this +(again adapt the USER in the “USER/repository.git” part):

+
+
$ git clone git@github.com:USER/recipe.git
+
+
+

From now on, if you are using SSH, you should pay attention and make +sure your clone URLs start with git@github.com: now and in future +lessons.

+
+

This creates a directory called “recipe” unless it already exists. You can also specify the target directory +on your computer:

+
+
$ git clone git@github.com:USER/recipe.git myrecipe
+
+
+
+

What just happened? Think of cloning as downloading the .git part to your +computer. After downloading the .git part the branch pointed to by HEAD is +automatically checked out.

+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • A repository can have one or multiple remotes (we will revisit these later).

    • +

  • Local branches often track remote branches.

    • +

  • A remote serves as a full backup of your work.

    • +

  • We’ll properly learn how to use these in the Collaborative Git lesson.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/resources/index.html b/branch/main/resources/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..010fcfec --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/resources/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ + + + + + + + Other resources — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/search/index.html b/branch/main/search/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..df09f9a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/search/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ + + + + + + Search — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
    +
    • +
  • Search
    • +
  • +
    • +
+
+
+
+
+ + + + +
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/searchindex.js b/branch/main/searchindex.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a91a025 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/searchindex.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Search.setIndex({"docnames": ["aliases", "archaeology", "basics", "branches", "conflicts", "customizing", "exercises", "guide", "index", "interrupted", "level", "motivation", "recovering", "reference", "remotes", "resources", "staging-area", "under-the-hood", "what-to-avoid"], "filenames": ["aliases.md", "archaeology.md", "basics.md", "branches.md", "conflicts.md", "customizing.md", "exercises.md", "guide.md", "index.rst", "interrupted.md", "level.md", "motivation.md", "recovering.md", "reference.md", "remotes.md", "resources.md", "staging-area.md", "under-the-hood.md", "what-to-avoid.md"], "titles": ["Aliases and configuration", "Inspecting history", "Basics", "Branching and merging", "Conflict resolution", "Customizing Git", "List of exercises", "Instructor guide", "Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version", "Interrupted work", "Practical advice: how much Git is necessary?", "Motivation", "Undoing and recovering", "Quick reference", "Sharing repositories online", "Other resources", "Using the Git staging area", "Git under the hood", "What to avoid"], "terms": {"learn": [0, 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17], "most": [0, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18], "common": [0, 7, 12, 18], "ar": [0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18], "you": [0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18], "get": [0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18], "tire": 0, "type": [0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 16, 17], "so": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18], "much": [0, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11], "In": [0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18], "can": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18], "defin": [0, 3, 6, 14, 16], "shortcut": [0, 3], "These": [0, 2, 7], "great": [0, 2, 11, 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"keypoints-0"], [4, "keypoints-0"], [9, "keypoints-0"], [10, "keypoints-0"], [14, "keypoints-0"], [16, "keypoints-0"]], "Inspecting history": [[1, "inspecting-history"], [6, "inspecting-history"], [7, "inspecting-history"]], "Instructor note": [[1, "instructor-note-0"], [1, "instructor-note-1"], [2, "instructor-note-0"], [2, "instructor-note-1"], [2, "instructor-note-2"], [3, "instructor-note-0"], [3, "instructor-note-1"], [3, "instructor-note-2"], [3, "instructor-note-3"], [4, "instructor-note-0"], [4, "instructor-note-1"], [5, "instructor-note-0"], [9, "instructor-note-0"], [10, "instructor-note-0"], [11, "instructor-note-0"], [12, "instructor-note-0"], [14, "instructor-note-0"], [16, "instructor-note-0"], [16, "instructor-note-1"], [17, "instructor-note-0"]], "Preparation": [[1, "prerequisites-0"]], "Our toolbox for history inspection": [[1, "our-toolbox-for-history-inspection"]], "Warm-up: \u201cGit History\u201d browser": [[1, "warm-up-git-history-browser"]], "git grep: to search through the repository": [[1, "git-grep-to-search-through-the-repository"]], "git show: to inspect commits": [[1, "git-show-to-inspect-commits"]], "git annotate: to annotate code with commit metadata": [[1, "git-annotate-to-annotate-code-with-commit-metadata"]], "Discussion": [[1, "discussion-0"], [2, "discussion-1"], [4, "discussion-1"], [10, "discussion-0"], [11, "discussion-0"], [14, "discussion-0"], [16, "discussion-0"], [16, "discussion-1"], [16, "discussion-2"], [17, "discussion-0"], [18, "discussion-0"]], "git switch --create: to inspect code in the past": [[1, "git-switch-create-to-inspect-code-in-the-past"]], "Exercise: Basic archaeology commands": [[1, "exercise-basic-archaeology-commands"]], "History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands": [[1, "exercise-0"], [6, "exercise-0"]], "Solution": [[1, "solution-0"], [2, "solution-0"], [3, "solution-0"], [3, "solution-1"], [3, "solution-2"], [4, "solution-0"], [4, "solution-1"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-1"], [6, "solution-2"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-1"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-0"], [6, "solution-1"], [6, "solution-0"], [9, "solution-0"], [11, "solution-0"], [12, "solution-0"], [12, "solution-1"], [16, "solution-0"]], "Finding out when something broke/changed with git bisect": [[1, "finding-out-when-something-broke-changed-with-git-bisect"]], "How would you solve this?": [[1, "discussion-1"]], "Optional exercise: Git bisect": [[1, "optional-exercise-git-bisect"]], "(optional) History-2: Use git bisect to find the bad commit": [[1, "exercise-1"], [6, "exercise-1"]], "Basics": [[2, "basics"], [6, "basics"]], "What is Git, and what is a Git repository?": [[2, "what-is-git-and-what-is-a-git-repository"]], "Recording a snapshot with Git": [[2, "recording-a-snapshot-with-git"]], "Question for the more advanced participants": [[2, "discussion-0"]], "Configuring Git": [[2, "configuring-git"]], "Type-along: Tracking a guacamole recipe with Git": [[2, "type-along-tracking-a-guacamole-recipe-with-git"]], "Exercise: Record changes": [[2, "exercise-record-changes"]], "Basic-1: Record changes": [[2, "exercise-0"], [6, "exercise-0"]], "Git history and log": [[2, "git-history-and-log"]], "Optional exercises: comparing, renaming, and removing": [[2, "optional-exercises-comparing-renaming-and-removing"]], "(optional) Basic-2: Comparing and showing commits": [[2, "exercise-1"], [6, "exercise-1"]], "(optional) Basic-3: Visual diff tools": [[2, "exercise-2"], [6, "exercise-2"]], "(optional) Basic-4: Renaming and removing files": [[2, "exercise-3"], [6, "exercise-3"]], "Writing useful commit messages": [[2, "writing-useful-commit-messages"]], "Ignoring files and paths with .gitignore": [[2, "ignoring-files-and-paths-with-gitignore"]], "Graphical user interfaces": [[2, "graphical-user-interfaces"]], "Summary": [[2, "summary"], [3, "summary"], [6, "summary"]], "Basic-5: Test your understanding": [[2, "exercise-4"], [6, "exercise-4"]], "Branching and merging": [[3, "branching-and-merging"], [6, "branching-and-merging"]], "Motivation for branches": [[3, "motivation-for-branches"]], "Now we want to do this:": [[3, "now-we-want-to-do-this"]], "An important alias": [[3, null]], "On which branch are we?": [[3, "on-which-branch-are-we"]], "Creating and working with branches": [[3, "creating-and-working-with-branches"]], "Exercise: Create and commit to branches": [[3, "exercise-create-and-commit-to-branches"]], "Branch-1: Create and commit to branches": [[3, "exercise-0"], [6, "exercise-0"]], "Merging branches": [[3, "merging-branches"]], "If you got stuck in the above exercises or joined later": [[3, null]], "Deleting branches safely": [[3, "deleting-branches-safely"]], "Optional exercises with branches": [[3, "optional-exercises-with-branches"]], "(optional) Branch-2: Perform a fast-forward merge": [[3, "exercise-1"], [6, "exercise-1"]], "(optional) Branch-3: Rebase a branch (instead of merge)": [[3, "exercise-2"], [6, "exercise-2"]], "Tags": [[3, "tags"]], "Typical workflows": [[3, "typical-workflows"]], "Branch-4: Test your understanding": [[3, "exercise-3"], [6, "exercise-3"]], "Conflict resolution": [[4, "conflict-resolution"], [6, "conflict-resolution"]], "Conflicts in Git and why they are good": [[4, "conflicts-in-git-and-why-they-are-good"]], "The human side of conflicts": [[4, "discussion-0"]], "Preparing a conflict": [[4, "preparing-a-conflict"]], "Merging conflicting changes": [[4, "merging-conflicting-changes"]], "Manual resolution": [[4, "manual-resolution"]], "Exercise: Create and resolve a conflict": [[4, "exercise-create-and-resolve-a-conflict"]], "Conflict-1: Create another conflict and resolve": [[4, "exercise-0"], [6, "exercise-0"]], "Optional exercises with conflict resolution": [[4, "optional-exercises-with-conflict-resolution"]], "(optional) Conflict-2: Resolve a conflict when rebasing a branch": [[4, "exercise-1"], [6, "exercise-1"]], "(optional) Conflict-3: Resolve a conflict using mergetool": [[4, "exercise-2"], [6, "exercise-2"]], "Using \u201cours\u201d or \u201ctheirs\u201d strategy": [[4, "using-ours-or-theirs-strategy"]], "Aborting a conflicting merge": [[4, "aborting-a-conflicting-merge"]], "Avoiding conflicts": [[4, "avoiding-conflicts"]], "Customizing Git": [[5, "customizing-git"]], "Shell prompt": [[5, "shell-prompt"]], "More useful \u201cdiff\u201d output": [[5, "more-useful-diff-output"]], "List of exercises": [[6, "list-of-exercises"]], "Full list": [[6, "full-list"]], "Motivation": [[6, "motivation"], [11, "motivation"]], "Sharing repositories online": [[6, "sharing-repositories-online"], [14, "sharing-repositories-online"]], "Push-1: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub": [[6, "exercise-0"], [14, "exercise-0"]], "Using the Git staging area": [[6, "using-the-git-staging-area"], [16, "using-the-git-staging-area"]], "Staging-1: Perform an interactive commit": [[6, "exercise-0"], [16, "exercise-0"]], "Staging-2: Use the staging area to make a commit in two steps": [[6, "exercise-1"], [16, "exercise-1"]], "Undoing and recovering": [[6, "undoing-and-recovering"], [12, "undoing-and-recovering"]], "Undoing-1: Revert a commit": [[6, "exercise-0"], [12, "exercise-0"]], "Undoing-2: Modify a previous commit": [[6, "exercise-1"], [12, "exercise-1"]], "Undoing-3: Destroy our experimentation in this episode": [[6, "exercise-2"], [12, "exercise-2"]], "Undoing-4: Test your understanding": [[6, "exercise-3"], [12, "exercise-3"]], "Interrupted work": [[6, "interrupted-work"], [9, "interrupted-work"]], "Interrupted-1: Stash some uncommitted work": [[6, "exercise-0"], [9, "exercise-0"]], "Instructor guide": [[7, "instructor-guide"]], "Schedule Day 1": [[7, "schedule-day-1"]], "Schedule Day 2": [[7, "schedule-day-2"]], "Installation reminders for each day": [[7, "installation-reminders-for-each-day"]], "Why we teach this lesson": [[7, "why-we-teach-this-lesson"]], "Intended learning outcomes": [[7, "intended-learning-outcomes"]], "How to teach this lesson": [[7, "how-to-teach-this-lesson"]], "Take first editor steps slowly": [[7, "take-first-editor-steps-slowly"]], "How to use the exercises": [[7, "how-to-use-the-exercises"]], "\u201cTest your understanding\u201d exercises": [[7, "test-your-understanding-exercises"]], "Live better than reading the website material": [[7, "live-better-than-reading-the-website-material"]], "Log your history in a separate window": [[7, "log-your-history-in-a-separate-window"]], "Create a cheatsheet on the board": [[7, "create-a-cheatsheet-on-the-board"]], "Draw a graph on the board": [[7, "draw-a-graph-on-the-board"]], "Repeat the following points": [[7, "repeat-the-following-points"]], "Start from identical environment": [[7, "start-from-identical-environment"]], "Introduction to version control with Git - Why we want to track versions and how to go back in time to a working version": [[8, "introduction-to-version-control-with-git-why-we-want-to-track-versions-and-how-to-go-back-in-time-to-a-working-version"]], "Prerequisites": [[8, "prerequisites-0"]], "Core episodes": [[8, null]], "Optional episodes": [[8, null]], "Reference": [[8, null]], "About": [[8, null]], "Why GitHub?": [[8, null]], "Frequent situation: interrupted work": [[9, "frequent-situation-interrupted-work"]], "Option 1: Stashing": [[9, "option-1-stashing"]], "Exercise: Stashing": [[9, "exercise-stashing"]], "Option 2: Create branches": [[9, "option-2-create-branches"]], "Storing various junk you don\u2019t need but don\u2019t want to get rid of": [[9, "storing-various-junk-you-don-t-need-but-don-t-want-to-get-rid-of"]], "Practical advice: how much Git is necessary?": [[10, "practical-advice-how-much-git-is-necessary"]], "What level of branching complexity is necessary for each project?": [[10, "what-level-of-branching-complexity-is-necessary-for-each-project"]], "Simple personal projects": [[10, "simple-personal-projects"]], "Projects with few persons: you accept things breaking sometimes": [[10, "projects-with-few-persons-you-accept-things-breaking-sometimes"]], "Projects with few persons: changes are reviewed by others": [[10, "projects-with-few-persons-changes-are-reviewed-by-others"]], "When you distribute releases": [[10, "when-you-distribute-releases"]], "How about staging and committing?": [[10, "how-about-staging-and-committing"]], "How large should a commit be?": [[10, "how-large-should-a-commit-be"]], "Git is all about keeping track of changes": [[11, "git-is-all-about-keeping-track-of-changes"]], "Why do we need to keep track of versions?": [[11, "why-do-we-need-to-keep-track-of-versions"]], "Features: roll-back, branching, merging, collaboration": [[11, "features-roll-back-branching-merging-collaboration"]], "Reproducibility": [[11, "reproducibility"]], "Talking about code": [[11, "talking-about-code"]], "What we typically like to snapshot": [[11, "what-we-typically-like-to-snapshot"]], "Difficulties of version control": [[11, "difficulties-of-version-control"]], "Why Git and not another tool?": [[11, "discussion-1"]], "Nice resource to visually simulate Git operation": [[12, null]], "Undoing your recent, uncommitted and unstaged changes (preserves history)": [[12, "undoing-your-recent-uncommitted-and-unstaged-changes-preserves-history"]], "Reverting commits (preserves history)": [[12, "reverting-commits-preserves-history"]], "Exercise: Revert a commit": [[12, "exercise-revert-a-commit"]], "Adding to the previous commit (modifies history)": [[12, "adding-to-the-previous-commit-modifies-history"]], "Exercise: Modify a previous commit": [[12, "exercise-modify-a-previous-commit"]], "Rewinding branches (modifies history)": [[12, "rewinding-branches-modifies-history"]], "Exercise: Git reset": [[12, "exercise-git-reset"]], "Recovering from committing to the wrong branch": [[12, "recovering-from-committing-to-the-wrong-branch"]], "Recovering from merging/pulling into the wrong branch": [[12, "recovering-from-merging-pulling-into-the-wrong-branch"]], "Recovering from conflict after git pull": [[12, "recovering-from-conflict-after-git-pull"]], "Quick reference": [[13, "quick-reference"]], "Other cheatsheets": [[13, "other-cheatsheets"]], "Glossary": [[13, "glossary"]], "Commands we use": [[13, "commands-we-use"]], "From our laptops to the web": [[14, "from-our-laptops-to-the-web"]], "Remotes": [[14, "remotes"]], "Type-along: Create a new repository on GitHub": [[14, "type-along-create-a-new-repository-on-github"]], "If you don\u2019t have the recipe repository from previous episodes": [[14, null]], "Authenticating to Github: SSH or HTTPS?": [[14, "authenticating-to-github-ssh-or-https"]], "Pushing our guacamole recipe repository to GitHub": [[14, "pushing-our-guacamole-recipe-repository-to-github"]], "Exercise: Push your guacamole recipe to GitHub": [[14, "exercise-push-your-guacamole-recipe-to-github"]], "Cloning a repository": [[14, "cloning-a-repository"]], "Other resources": [[15, "other-resources"]], "Commit history is telling a story": [[16, "commit-history-is-telling-a-story"]], "Interactive commits": [[16, "interactive-commits"]], "Exercise: Interactive commits": [[16, "exercise-interactive-commits"]], "The staging area": [[16, "the-staging-area"]], "Staging area commands": [[16, "staging-area-commands"]], "Exercise: Using the staging area": [[16, "exercise-using-the-staging-area"]], "Git under the hood": [[17, "git-under-the-hood"]], "Down the rabbit hole": [[17, "down-the-rabbit-hole"]], "Git is basically a content-addressed storage system": [[17, "git-is-basically-a-content-addressed-storage-system"]], "Demonstration: experimenting with branches": [[17, "demonstration-experimenting-with-branches"]], "What to avoid": [[18, "what-to-avoid"]]}, "indexentries": {}}) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/staging-area/index.html b/branch/main/staging-area/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e38d10a --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/staging-area/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ + + + + + + + Using the Git staging area — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Using the Git staging area

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Learn how to tell a story with your commit history.

    • +

  • Demystify the Git staging area.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 10 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 10 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+

Commit history is telling a story

+

Your current code is very important, but the history can be just +as important - it tells a story about how your code came to be.

+
    +

  • Each individual line of code rarely stands alone.

    • +

  • You often want to see all the related changes together.

    • +

  • But you also hardly ever do one thing at once.

    • +
+

Along with your code, Git creates a history for you, and if your +history is clear then you are a long way to organized code.

+
+

Discussion

+

Here are five types of history. What are the advantages and +disadvantages of each, when you look at it later?

+

Example 1:

+
b135ec8 add features A, B, and C
+
+
+

Example 2 (newest commit is on top):

+
6f0d49f implement feature C
+fee1807 implement feature B
+6fe2f23 implement feature A
+
+
+

Example 3:

+
ab990f4 saving three months of miscellaneous work I forgot to commit
+
+
+

Example 4 (newest commit is on top):

+
bf39f9d more work on feature B
+45831a5 removing debug prints for feature A and add new file
+bddb280 more work on feature B and make feature A compile again
+72d78e7 feature A did not work and started work on feature B
+b135ec8 now feature A should work
+72e0211 another fix to make it compile
+61dd3a3 forgot file and bugfix
+49dc419 wip (work in progress)
+
+
+

Example 5 (newest commit is on top):

+
1949dc4 Work of 2020-04-07
+a361dd3 Work of 2020-04-06
+1172e02 Work of 2020-04-03
+e772d78 Work of 2020-04-02
+
+
+

Discuss these examples. Can you anticipate problems?

+
+

We want to have nice commits. But we also want to “save often” +(checkpointing) - how can we have both?

+
    +

  • We will now learn to create nice commits using git commit --patch and/or the staging area.

    • +

  • Staging addresses the issue of having unrelated changes in the same +commit or having one logical change spread over several commits.

    • +

  • The staging area isn’t the only way to organize your history nicely, some alternatives are discussed at the end of the lesson.

    • +
+
+
+

Interactive commits

+
    +

  • The simplest ways to solve this is to do interactive commits: +the git commit --patch option (or git commit -p for short).

    • +

  • It will present you with every change you have made individually, +and you can decide which ones to commit right now.

    • +

  • Reference and key commands

    +
      +

    • git commit --patch to start the interactive commit

      • +

    • y to use the change

      • +

    • n to skip the change

      • +

    • s (split) if there are several changes grouped together, but +separated by a blank line, split them into separate choices.

      • +

    • q aborts everything.

      • +

    • ? for more options.

      • +
    +
    • +

  • The -p option is also available on commit, restore, checkout, reset, and add.

    • +
+
+
+

Exercise: Interactive commits

+
+

Staging-1: Perform an interactive commit

+

One option to help us create nice logical commits is to stage interactively +with git commit --patch:

+
    +

  1. Make two changes in instructions.txt, at the top and bottom +of the file. +Make sure that they are separated by at least several unmodified lines.

    2. +

  2. Run git commit --patch. Using the keystrokes above, commit one of +the changes.

    3. +

  3. Do it again for the other change.

    4. +

  4. When you’re done, inspect the situation with git log, git status, git diff and git diff --staged.

    5. +

  5. When would this be useful?

    6. +
+ +
+
+
+

The staging area

+
    +

  • The interactive commits above are great, but what if there are so +many changes that you can’t sort them out in one shot?

    • +

  • What if you make progress and want to record it somehow, but it’s +not ready to be committed?

    • +

  • The staging area is a place to record things before committing.

    • +
+
+

Instructor note

+

We give two examples and the instructor can pick one or both:

+
    +

  • Analogy using moving boxes

    • +

  • Analogy using shopping receipts

    • +
+
+
+

Discussion

+

Analogy using moving boxes

+
    +

  • You’re moving and you have a box to pack your things in.

    • +

  • You can put stuff into the box, but you can also take stuff out of the box.

    • +

  • You wouldn’t want to mix items from the bathroom, kitchen, and living room +into the same box.

    • +

  • The box corresponds to the staging area of Git, where you can craft your commits.

    • +

  • Committing is like sealing the box and sticking a label on it.

    • +

  • You wouldn’t want to label your box with “stuff”, but rather give a more +descriptive label.

    • +

  • See also https://dev.to/sublimegeek/git-staging-area-explained-like-im-five-1anh

    • +
+

Analogy using shopping receipts

+
    +

  • You need to go shopping and buy some stuff for work and for home. +You need two separate receipts.

    • +

  • Bad idea: go through the store get home stuff, pay, start at the +beginning and go through the store again. This is inefficient and +annoying.

    • +

  • What you actually do:

    +
      +

    • Go through the store and put everything you need in your shopping +basket.

      • +

    • Get to the check-out. Put your home stuff on the conveyor belt +(git add). Check both the belt (git diff --staged) and your +basket (git diff) to make sure you got all your home stuff.

      • +

    • Pay (git commit)

      • +

    • Repeat for work stuff.

      • +
    +
    • +
+

In order to keep organized, you have to use multiple locations to +stage things in sequence.

+
+
+
+

Staging area commands

+

The staging area is a middle ground between what you have done to your files +(the working directory) and what you have last committed (the HEAD commit). +Just like the name implies, it lets you prepare (stage) what the next commit will be and most importantly give you tools to easily know what is going on. +This adds some complexity but also adds more flexibility to selectively +prepare commits since you can modify and stage several times before committing.

+

git add stages/prepares for the next commit:

+
                git add
+ [project*]  <------------  project*
+                               ^
+                               | modify with editor
+                               |
+  HEAD            .         project
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~1          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+                  .
+  .git            .     working directory
+(history)         .      (files we see)
+
+
+

git commit creates a new commit:

+
  HEAD            .         project
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~1          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~2          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+                  .
+  .git            .     working directory
+(history)         .      (files we see)
+
+
+

git reset --soft HEAD~1 (move HEAD back by one but keep changes and stage +them) would do the opposite of git commit. (in this case, HEAD +is literally this - not a replacement)

+

Going back to the last staged version:

+
              git restore
+ [project*]  ------------>  project*
+
+
+
+  HEAD            .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~1          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+                  .
+  .git            .     working directory
+(history)         .      (files we see)
+
+
+

Unstaging changes with git restore --staged:

+
          git restore --staged
+             ------------>  project*
+
+
+
+  HEAD            .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~1          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+                  .
+  .git            .     working directory
+(history)         .      (files we see)
+
+
+

Discarding unstaged changes:

+
                            project*
+                               |
+                               | git restore
+                               v
+  HEAD            .         project
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~1          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+                  .
+  .git            .     working directory
+(history)         .      (files we see)
+
+
+

Comparing:

+
                git diff
+ [project*]  <----------->  project*
+    ^                          ^
+    | git diff --staged        | git diff HEAD
+    v                          v
+  HEAD            .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+  HEAD~1          .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+    |             .
+                  .
+  .git            .     working directory
+(history)         .      (files we see)
+
+
+
+Staging basics +
+

The different states of the repository and the commands to move from one to +another.

+
+
+
+
+

Exercise: Using the staging area

+
+

Staging-2: Use the staging area to make a commit in two steps

+
    +

  1. In your recipe example, make two different changes to +ingredients.txt and instructions.txt which do not go together.

    2. +

  2. Use git add to stage one of the changes.

    3. +

  3. Use git status to see what’s going on, and use git diff and git diff --staged to see the changes.

    4. +

  4. Feel some regret and unstage the staged change.

    5. +
+
+
+

Discussion

+
    +

  • When is it better to “save” a change as commit, when is it better to “save” +it with git add?

    • +

  • Is it a problem to commit many small changes?

    • +
+
+
+

Keypoints

+
    +

  • The staging area helps us to create well-defined commits.

    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/under-the-hood/index.html b/branch/main/under-the-hood/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eae6eaf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/under-the-hood/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ + + + + + + + Git under the hood — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Git under the hood

+
+

Objectives

+
    +

  • Verify that branches are pointers to commits and extremely lightweight.

    • +
+
+
+

Instructor note

+
    +

  • 10 min teaching/type-along

    • +

  • 15 min exercise

    • +
+
+
+Git under the hood +
+
+

Down the rabbit hole

+

When working with Git, you will never need to go inside .git, but in this +exercise we will, in order to learn about how branches are implemented in Git.

+

For this exercise create a new repository and commit a couple of changes.

+

Now that we’ve made a couple of commits let us look at what is happening under +the hood.

+
$ cd .git
+$ ls -l
+
+drwxr-xr-x   - user 25 Aug 15:51 branches
+.rw-r--r-- 499 user 25 Aug 15:52 COMMIT_EDITMSG
+.rw-r--r--  92 user 25 Aug 15:51 config
+.rw-r--r--  73 user 25 Aug 15:51 description
+.rw-r--r--  21 user 25 Aug 15:51 HEAD
+drwxr-xr-x   - user 25 Aug 15:51 hooks
+.rw-r--r-- 137 user 25 Aug 15:52 index
+drwxr-xr-x   - user 25 Aug 15:51 info
+drwxr-xr-x   - user 25 Aug 15:52 logs
+drwxr-xr-x   - user 25 Aug 15:52 objects
+drwxr-xr-x   - user 25 Aug 15:51 refs
+
+
+

Git stores everything under the .git folder in your repository. In fact, the +.git directory is the Git repository.

+

Previously when you wrote the commit messages using your text editor, they +were in fact saved to COMMIT_EDITMSG.

+

Each commit in Git is stored as a “blob”. This blob contains information about +the author and the commit message. The blob references another blob that lists +the files present in the directory at the time and references blobs that record +the state of each file.

+

Commits are referenced by a SHA-1 hash (a 40-character hexadecimal string).

+
+A commit inside Git +
+

States of a Git file. Image from the Pro Git book. License CC BY 3.0.

+
+
+

Once you have several commits, each commit blob also links to the hash of the +previous commit. The commits form a directed acyclic +graph (do not worry +if the term is not familiar).

+
+A commit and its parents +
+

A commit and its parents. Image from the Pro Git book. License CC BY 3.0.

+
+
+

All branches and tags in Git are pointers to commits.

+
+
+

Git is basically a content-addressed storage system

+ +

Let us poke a bit into raw objects! Start with:

+
$ git cat-file -p HEAD
+
+
+

Then explore the tree object, then the file object, etc. recursively using the hashes you see.

+
+
+

Demonstration: experimenting with branches

+

Let us lift the hood and create few branches manually. The +goal of this exercise is to hopefully create an “Aha!” moment and provide us a +good understanding of the underlying model.

+

We are starting from the main branch and create an idea branch:

+
$ git status
+
+On branch main
+nothing to commit, working tree clean
+
+
+
$ git switch --create idea
+
+Switched to a new branch 'idea'
+
+
+
$ git branch
+
+* idea
+  main
+
+
+

Now let us go in:

+
$ cd .git
+$ cd refs/heads
+$ ls -l
+
+.rw-r--r-- 41 user 25 Aug 15:54 idea
+.rw-r--r-- 41 user 25 Aug 15:52 main
+
+
+

Let us check what the idea file looks like +(do not worry if the hash is different):

+
$ cat idea
+
+045e3db14740c60684d745e5fb891ae71e335611
+
+
+

Now let us replicate this file:

+
$ cp idea idea-2
+$ cp idea idea-3
+$ cp idea idea-4
+$ cp idea idea-5
+
+
+

Let us go up two levels and inspect the file HEAD:

+
$ cd ../..
+$ cat HEAD
+
+ref: refs/heads/idea
+
+
+

Let us open this file and change it to:

+
ref: refs/heads/idea-3
+
+
+

Now we are ready for the aha moment! +First let us go back to the working area:

+
$ cd ..
+
+
+

Now - on which branch are we?

+
$ git branch
+
+  idea
+  idea-2
+* idea-3
+  idea-4
+  idea-5
+  main
+
+
+
+

Discussion

+

Discuss the findings with other course participants.

+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/main/what-to-avoid/index.html b/branch/main/what-to-avoid/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a18db0c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/main/what-to-avoid/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ + + + + + + + What to avoid — Introduction to version control with Git documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+

What to avoid

+

The idea for this page came up during a discussion: quick reference page of +things that you should not do with Git. Basically, a list of some common Git +gotchas.

+

Postponing commits because the changes are “unfinished”/”ugly”: It is +better to have many OK-ish commits than too few perfect commits. Too few +perfect commits are probably too large and make undoing more difficult. It is +also easier to combine too small commits than it is to split too large commits. +The longer you wait because of this, the harder it will be to +commit it at all.

+

Not updating your branch before starting new work: Few things are worse +than doing work and then noticing a lot of conflicts because +un-related work was done in the meantime or even before you started. Or noticing that someone +else has already done it. This problem is largest when you come back +to an active project weeks or months later.

+

Commit unrelated changes together: Makes it difficult to undo changes since +it can undo also the unrelated change. +But, this is the counterpoint to the first point: In the end, it is probably better to make big +ugly commits than to never commit. This is especially true in in the chaotic early +phases of small projects.

+

Too ambitious branch which risks to never get completed: The branch will +never merge back and be so big and so ambitious with too many/big features that +the risk is high that once it is really ready, there are conflicts everywhere.

+

Committing generated files: See Ignoring files and paths with .gitignore.

+

Over-engineering the branch layout and safeguards in small projects: This +may prevent people from contributing (maybe even including yourself?). Add more restrictions and safeguards as +the project and the group of collaborators grows.

+

Commit messages that explain what has been changed but do not explain why it has been +changed: This is as useful as code comments which describe the “obvious” such +as “this is a loop” instead of explaining why something is done this way. +But don’t let perfect commit messages stop you from the most important point, committing often (first point).

+

Commit huge files: Huge files get sometimes accidentally added and +committed which can significantly increase the repository size. Note that a +subsequent git rm does not remove the addition from the repository history. +Code review can help detecting accidental large file additions.

+
+

Discussion

+

Question to all seasoned Git users: What are we missing on this page? Please +contribute improvements.

+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
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commit + checkout + reset + + + + diff HEAD + diff + diff --staged + + diff --git a/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_images/stranger.jpg b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_images/stranger.jpg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd3985d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_images/stranger.jpg differ diff --git a/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_sources/aliases.md.txt b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_sources/aliases.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9d88c364 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_sources/aliases.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +# Aliases and configuration + +```{objectives} +- Learn to use aliases for most common commands. +``` + +Are you getting tired of typing so much? In Git you can define aliases (shortcuts): +- These are great because they can save you time typing. +- But it's easy to forget them, get confused, or be inconsistent with your colleagues. + +There is plenty of other configuration for Git, that can make it nicer. + + +## Aliases + +- Aliases are a simple way to improve the usability of Git: for + example `git ci` instead of `git commit`. +- Aliases are based on simple string replacement in the command. +- Aliases can either be specific to a repository or global. + - Global aliases help you do the things you are used to across Git projects. + - Per-project aliases can also be created. +- Global aliases are stored in `~/.gitconfig`. + + +## Example alias: git graph + +A very useful shortcut which we use a lot in our workshops: + +```console +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +$ cd your_git_repository +$ git graph +``` + + +## Using external commands + +It is possible to call external commands using the exclamation mark character "!". +In this case we create a local alias which is +stored in `.git/config` and not synchronized with remotes: + +```console +$ cd your_git_repository +$ git config alias.hi '!echo hello' +$ git hi +``` + +```{discussion} Food for thought: When to alias? +- How many times should you wait before aliasing a command? +- Do you believe a list of generic two-letter acronyms for common commands will + save your time? +``` + + +## List of aliases the instructors use + +You are welcome to reuse, suggest, improve. +You can see your current aliases in `~/.gitconfig`. + +```console +$ git config --global alias.ap "add --patch" +$ git config --global alias.br branch +$ git config --global alias.ci "commit -v" +$ git config --global alias.cip "commit --patch -v" +$ git config --global alias.cl "clone --recursive" +$ git config --global alias.co checkout +$ git config --global alias.cop "checkout --patch" +$ git config --global alias.di diff +$ git config --global alias.dic "diff --cached --color-words" +$ git config --global alias.diw "diff --color-words" +$ git config --global alias.dis "!git --no-pager diff --stat" +$ git config --global alias.fe fetch +$ git config --global alias.graph "log --all --graph --decorate --oneline" +$ git config --global alias.rem remote +$ git config --global alias.st status +$ git config --global alias.su "submodule update --init --recursive" +``` + +Here is what they do: +- `ap`: add, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `br`: branch (obvious) +- `ci`: commit (check in), with `-v` option for clarity +- `cip`: commit, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `cl`: clone, init submodules (submodules are an advanced topic) +- `co`: checkout (obvious) +- `cop`: checkout, selecting parts individually, interactively. +- `di`: diff (obvious) +- `dic`: diff of staging area vs last commit (what is about to be committed) +- `diw`: a word diff, color. Useful for small changes. +- `dis`: a "diffstat": what files are changed, not contents +- `fe`: fetch (obvious) +- `graph`: show whole git graph (so useful, some of us call it `l`) +- `rem`: remote (obvious) +- `st`: status (obvious) +- `su`: submodule update (advanced) + +A useful setting for the `p` aliases: +```console +$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true +``` + + +## Advanced aliases + +These are advanced aliases and configuration options. We won't explain them, +but if you are bored, have some time, or want to go deeper, try to +figure out what they do. You might want to check the Git manual +pages! + +```console +$ git config --global alias.cif "commit -v -p --fixup" +$ git config --global alias.rb "rebase --autosquash" +$ git config --global alias.rbi "rebase --interactive --autosquash" +$ git config --global alias.rbis "rebase --interactive --autosquash --autostash" +$ git config --global alias.rbs "rebase --autosquash --autostash" +$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.ls-ignored "ls-files -o -i --exclude-standard" +$ git config --global alias.new "log HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.news "log --stat HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.newd "log --patch --color-words HEAD..HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.newdi "diff --color-words HEAD...HEAD@{upstream}" +$ git config --global alias.rec "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.reca "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate -n10 --all" +$ git config --global alias.recd "log --decorate --patch @{upstream}^^^..HEAD" +$ git config --global alias.recs "!git --no-pager log --oneline --graph --decorate @{upstream}^^^..HEAD --stat" +``` + +## Advanced Git configuration + +Besides aliases, you can do plenty of other configuration of `git`. +Here are some of the most common ones: + +```console +$ git config --global interactive.singlekey true +$ git config --global core.pager "less -RS" +$ git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore +$ git config --global merge.conflictstyle diff3 +$ git config --global diff.wordRegex "[a-zA-Z0-9_]+|[^[:space:]]" +$ git config --global diff.mnemonicPrefix true +``` + +Do you get tired of typing and copying and pasting your remote names +all the time, like `git@github.com:myusername`? You can create remote +aliases like this: + +```console +$ git config --global url.git@github.com:.insteadOf gh: +$ git config --global url.git@github.com:/username/.insteadOf ghu: +``` + +Then, when you add a remote `ghu:recipe`, it will automatically be +translated to `git@github.com:/username/recipe` using a simple prefix +matching. + + +```{keypoints} +- If you are frustrated about remembering a command, you should create an alias. +``` diff --git a/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_sources/archaeology.md.txt b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_sources/archaeology.md.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a387a3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_sources/archaeology.md.txt @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +# Inspecting history + +```{objectives} +- Quickly find a line of code, find out why it was introduced and when. +- Quickly find the commit that changed a behavior. +``` + +```{instructor-note} +- 15 min teaching/type-along +- 30 min exercise +``` + +````{prereq} Preparation +Please make sure that you do not clone repositories inside an already tracked folder: + +```console +$ git status +``` + +If you are inside an existing Git repository, step out of it. +You need to find a different location since we will clone a new repository. + +If you see this message, this is good in this case: + +```shell +fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git +``` +```` + + +## Our toolbox for history inspection + +```{instructor-note} +First the instructor demonstrates few commands on a real life example +repository (mentioned in the amazing site [The +Programming Historian](https://programminghistorian.org/)). +Later we will practice these in groups in an archaeology exercise (below). +After demonstrating the command line tools, the instructor can also demonstrate searching, "show" and "annotate" +in the GitHub browser for this example project. +``` + + +### Warm-up: ["Git History" browser](https://githistory.xyz/) + +As a warm-up we can try the ["Git History" browser](https://githistory.xyz/) +on the README.rst file of the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository: + +- Visit and browse (use left/right keys). +- You can try this on some of your GitHub repositories, too! + + +### git grep: to search through the repository + +With `git grep` you can find all lines in a repository which contain some string or regular expression. +This is useful to find out where in the code some variable is used or some error message printed: + +```console +$ git grep sometext +$ git grep "some text with spaces" +``` + +In the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository you can try: + +```console +$ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx +$ cd networkx +$ git grep -i fixme +``` + + +### git log -S: to search through the history of changes + +While `git grep` searches the **current state** of the repository, +it is also possible to search through all changes for "sometext": + +```console +$ git log -S sometext +``` + +In the [networkx](https://github.com/networkx/networkx) repository you can try: + +```console +$ git log -S test_weakly_connected_component +``` + + +### git show: to inspect commits + +We have seen this one before already. Using `git show` we can inspect an individual commit if +we know its hash: + +```console +$ git show somehash +``` + +For instance: + +```console +$ git show 759d589bdfa61aff99e0535938f14f67b01c83f7 +``` + + +### git annotate: to annotate code with commit metadata + +Try it out on a file - with `git annotate` you can see line by line who and **when** the line was modified +last. It also prints the precise hash of the last change which modified each line. Incredibly useful +for reproducibility. + +```console +$ git annotate somefile +``` + +Example: + +```console +$ git annotate networkx/convert_matrix.py +``` + +If you annotate in a terminal and the file is longer than the screen, Git by default uses the program `less` to +scroll the output. +Use `/sometext` `` to find "sometext" and you can cycle through the results with `n` (next) and `N` (last). +You can also use page up/down to scroll. You can quit with `q`. + +```{discussion} +Discuss how these two affect the annotation: +- wrapping long lines of text/code into shorter lines +- autoformatting tools such as `black` +``` + + +### git checkout -b: to inspect code in the past + +We can create branches pointing to a commit in the past. +This is the recommended mechanism to inspect old code: + +```console +$ git checkout -b branchname somehash +``` + +Example (lines starting with "#" are only comments): + +```console +$ # create branch called "older-code" from hash 347e6292419b +$ git checkout -b older-code 347e6292419bd0e4bff077fe971f983932d7a0e9 + +$ # now you can navigate and inspect the code as it was back then +$ # ... + +$ # after we are done we can switch back to "main" +$ git checkout main + +$ # if we like we can delete the "older-code" branch +$ git branch -d older-code +``` + +On newer Git versions this is the preferred command: + +```console +$ git switch --create branchname somehash +``` + +(exercise-history)= + +## Exercise: Basic archaeology commands + +`````{exercise} History-1: Explore basic archaeology commands + Let us explore the value of these commands in an exercise. Future + exercises do not depend on this, so it is OK if you do not complete + it fully. + + **In-person workshops**: We recommend that you + do this exercise in groups of two and discuss with your neighbors. + + **Video workshops**: We will group you in breakout rooms of ~4 persons where you + can work and discuss together. A helper or instructor will pop in to help out. + In the group one participant can share their screen and others + in the group help out, discuss, and try to follow along. + Please write down questions in the collaborative notes. + After 15-20 minutes we will bring you back into the main room and discuss. + + Exercise steps: + - Clone this repository: + . + Then step into the new directory and create an exercise branch from the networkx-2.6.3 tag/release: + ```console + $ git clone https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git + $ cd networkx + $ git checkout -b exercise networkx-2.6.3 + ``` + + Then using the above toolbox try to: + 1. Find the code line which contains `"Logic error in degree_correlation"`. + 2. Find out when this line was last modified or added. Find the actual commit which modified that line. + 3. Inspect that commit with `git show`. + 4. Create a branch pointing to the past when that commit was created to be + able to browse and use the code as it was back then. + 5. How would can you bring the code to the commit precisely before that line was last modified? + + ````{solution} + 1. We use `git grep`: + ```console + $ git grep "Logic error in degree_correlation" + ``` + This gives the output: + ``` + networkx/algorithms/threshold.py: print("Logic error in degree_correlation", i, rdi) + ``` + Maybe you also want to know the line number: + ```console + $ git grep -n "Logic error in degree_correlation" + ``` + 2. We use `git annotate`: + ```console + $ git annotate networkx/algorithms/threshold.py + ``` + Then search for "Logic error" by typing "/Logic error" followed by Enter. + The last commit that modified it was `90544b4fa` (unless that line changed since). + 3. We use `git show`: + ```console + $ git show 90544b4fa + ``` + 4. Create a branch pointing to that commit (here we called the branch "past-code"): + ```console + $ git branch past-code 90544b4fa + ``` + 5. This is a compact way to access the first parent of `90544b4fa` (here we + called the branch "just-before"): + ```console + $ git checkout -b just-before 90544b4fa~1 + ``` + ```` +````` + +--- + +## Finding out when something broke/changed with git bisect + +> *But I am sure it used to work! Strange.* + +- Sometimes you realize that something broke. +- You know that it used to work. +- You do not know when it broke. + +```{discussion} How would you solve this? +Before we go on first discuss how you would solve this problem: You know that it worked +500 commits ago but it does not work now. + +- How would you find the commit which changed it? +- Why could it be useful to know the commit that changed it? + +**Video workshops**: Write down ideas on how you would solve it in the collaborative +note and we will discuss various approaches. +``` + +We will probably arrive at a solution which is similar to `git bisect`: + +- First find out a commit in past when it worked. +- Then bisect your way until you find the commit that broke it. + +```console +$ git bisect start +$ git bisect good f0ea950 # this is a commit that worked +$ git bisect bad main # last commit is broken + +$ # now compile and/or run +$ # after that decide whether +$ git bisect good +$ # or +$ git bisect bad + +$ # now compile and/or run +$ # after that decide whether +$ git bisect good +$ # or +$ git bisect bad + +$ # iterate until commit is found +``` + +- This can even be automatized with `git bisect run +{% endmacro %} diff --git a/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_static/scripts/pydata-sphinx-theme.js b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_static/scripts/pydata-sphinx-theme.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0e00c4ca --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_static/scripts/pydata-sphinx-theme.js @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +!function(t){var e={};function n(i){if(e[i])return e[i].exports;var o=e[i]={i:i,l:!1,exports:{}};return t[i].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}n.m=t,n.c=e,n.d=function(t,e,i){n.o(t,e)||Object.defineProperty(t,e,{enumerable:!0,get:i})},n.r=function(t){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(t,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0})},n.t=function(t,e){if(1&e&&(t=n(t)),8&e)return t;if(4&e&&"object"==typeof t&&t&&t.__esModule)return t;var i=Object.create(null);if(n.r(i),Object.defineProperty(i,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:t}),2&e&&"string"!=typeof t)for(var o in t)n.d(i,o,function(e){return t[e]}.bind(null,o));return i},n.n=function(t){var e=t&&t.__esModule?function(){return t.default}:function(){return t};return n.d(e,"a",e),e},n.o=function(t,e){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,e)},n.p="",n(n.s=2)}([function(t,e){t.exports=jQuery},function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.r(e),function(t){ +/**! + * @fileOverview Kickass library to create and place poppers near their reference elements. + * @version 1.16.1 + * @license + * Copyright (c) 2016 Federico Zivolo and contributors + * + * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy + * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal + * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights + * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell + * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is + * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: + * + * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all + * copies or substantial portions of the Software. + * + * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR + * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, + * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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Add a `scrolled` class to to trigger CSS changes.\n */\nvar initTocHide = () => {\n var onScreenItems = [];\n let hideTocCallback = (entries, observer) => {\n // Check whether any sidebar item is displayed\n entries.forEach((entry) => {\n if (entry.isIntersecting) {\n // If an element just came on screen, add it our list\n onScreenItems.push(entry.target);\n } else {\n // Otherwise, if it's in our list then remove it\n for (let ii = 0; ii < onScreenItems.length; ii++) {\n if (onScreenItems[ii] === entry.target) {\n onScreenItems.splice(ii, 1);\n break;\n }\n }\n }\n });\n\n // Hide the TOC if any margin content is displayed on the screen\n if (onScreenItems.length > 0) {\n $(\"div.bd-toc\").removeClass(\"show\");\n } else {\n $(\"div.bd-toc\").addClass(\"show\");\n }\n };\n let manageScrolledClassOnBody = (entries, observer) => {\n // The pixel is at the top, so if we're < 0 that it means we've scrolled\n if (entries[0].boundingClientRect.y < 0) {\n document.body.classList.add(\"scrolled\");\n } else {\n document.body.classList.remove(\"scrolled\");\n }\n };\n\n // Set up the intersection observer to watch all margin content\n let tocObserver = new IntersectionObserver(hideTocCallback);\n // TODO: deprecate popout after v0.5.0\n const selectorClasses = [\n \"marginnote\",\n \"sidenote\",\n \"margin\",\n \"margin-caption\",\n \"full-width\",\n \"sidebar\",\n \"popout\",\n ];\n let marginSelector = [];\n selectorClasses.forEach((ii) => {\n // Use three permutations of each class name because `tag_` and `_` used to be supported\n marginSelector.push(\n ...[\n `.${ii}`,\n `.tag_${ii}`,\n `.${ii.replace(\"-\", \"_\")}`,\n `.tag_${ii.replace(\"-\", \"_\")}`,\n ]\n );\n });\n document.querySelectorAll(marginSelector.join(\", \")).forEach((ii) => {\n tocObserver.observe(ii);\n });\n\n // Set up the observer to check if we've scrolled from top of page\n let scrollObserver = new IntersectionObserver(manageScrolledClassOnBody);\n scrollObserver.observe(document.querySelector(\".sbt-scroll-pixel-helper\"));\n};\n\n/**\n * Activate Thebe with a custom button click.\n */\nvar initThebeSBT = () => {\n var title = $(\"div.section h1\")[0];\n if (!$(title).next().hasClass(\"thebe-launch-button\")) {\n $(\"\").insertAfter($(title));\n }\n initThebe();\n};\n\n/**\n * Use Bootstrap helper function to enable tooltips.\n */\nvar initTooltips = () => {\n $(document).ready(function () {\n $('[data-toggle=\"tooltip\"]').tooltip({\n trigger: \"hover\",\n delay: { show: 500, hide: 100 },\n });\n });\n};\n\n/**\n * MutationObserver to move the ReadTheDocs button\n */\nfunction initRTDObserver() {\n const mutatedCallback = (mutationList, observer) => {\n mutationList.forEach((mutation) => {\n // Check whether the mutation is for RTD, which will have a specific structure\n if (mutation.addedNodes.length === 0) {\n return;\n }\n if (mutation.addedNodes[0].data === undefined) {\n return;\n }\n if (mutation.addedNodes[0].data.search(\"Inserted RTD Footer\") != -1) {\n mutation.addedNodes.forEach((node) => {\n document.getElementById(\"rtd-footer-container\").append(node);\n });\n }\n });\n };\n\n const observer = new MutationObserver(mutatedCallback);\n const config = { childList: true };\n observer.observe(document.body, config);\n}\n\n/**\n * Set up callback functions for UI click actions\n */\nwindow.initThebeSBT = initThebeSBT;\nwindow.printPdf = printPdf;\nwindow.toggleFullScreen = toggleFullScreen;\n\n/**\n * Set up functions to load when the DOM is ready\n */\nsbRunWhenDOMLoaded(initTooltips);\nsbRunWhenDOMLoaded(scrollToActive);\nsbRunWhenDOMLoaded(initTocHide);\nsbRunWhenDOMLoaded(initRTDObserver);\n"],"sourceRoot":""} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_static/searchtools.js b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_static/searchtools.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a44e858 --- /dev/null +++ b/branch/sphinx-book-theme-old-copybutton/_static/searchtools.js @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +/* + * searchtools.js + * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for the full-text search. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2022 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +if (!Scorer) { + /** + * Simple result scoring code. + */ + var Scorer = { + // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result + // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score] + // and returns the new score. + /* + score: function(result) { + return result[4]; + }, + */ + + // query matches the full name of an object + objNameMatch: 11, + // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name + objPartialMatch: 6, + // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object + objPrio: {0: 15, // used to be importantResults + 1: 5, // used to be objectResults + 2: -5}, // used to be unimportantResults + // Used when the priority is not in the mapping. + objPrioDefault: 0, + + // query found in title + title: 15, + partialTitle: 7, + // query found in terms + term: 5, + partialTerm: 2 + }; +} + +if (!splitQuery) { + function splitQuery(query) { + return query.split(/\s+/); + } +} + +/** + * Search Module + */ +var Search = { + + _index : null, + _queued_query : null, + _pulse_status : -1, + + htmlToText : function(htmlString) { + var virtualDocument = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('virtual'); + var htmlElement = $(htmlString, virtualDocument); + htmlElement.find('.headerlink').remove(); + docContent = htmlElement.find('[role=main]')[0]; + if(docContent === undefined) { + console.warn("Content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it " + + "via '[role=main]'. Could you check your theme or template."); + return ""; + } + return docContent.textContent || docContent.innerText; + }, + + init : function() { + var params = $.getQueryParameters(); + if (params.q) { + var query = params.q[0]; + $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query; + this.performSearch(query); + } + }, + + loadIndex : function(url) { + $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null, + dataType: "script", cache: true, + complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) { + if (textstatus != "success") { + document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url; + } + }}); + }, + + setIndex : function(index) { + var q; + this._index = index; + if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) { + this._queued_query = null; + Search.query(q); + } + }, + + hasIndex : function() { + return this._index !== null; + }, + + deferQuery : function(query) { + this._queued_query = query; + }, + + stopPulse : function() { + this._pulse_status = 0; + }, + + startPulse : function() { + if (this._pulse_status >= 0) + return; + function pulse() { + var i; + Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4; + var dotString = ''; + for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++) + dotString += '.'; + Search.dots.text(dotString); + if (Search._pulse_status > -1) + window.setTimeout(pulse, 500); + } + pulse(); + }, + + /** + * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded) + */ + performSearch : function(query) { + // create the required interface elements + this.out = $('#search-results'); + this.title = $('

' + _('Searching') + '

').appendTo(this.out); + this.dots = $('').appendTo(this.title); + this.status = $('

 

').appendTo(this.out); + this.output = $('