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location--165.json
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location--165.json
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{
"id": "location--165",
"name": "Russia",
"background": "Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats\u00a0and food shortages\u00a0in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV Dynasty. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991\u00a0led to the dissolution of\u00a0the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states.\nFollowing economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.",
"coordinates": "60 00 N, 100 00 E",
"region": "Asia",
"total_area": "17,098,242 sq km",
"land_area": "16,377,742 sq km",
"water_area": "720,500 sq km",
"land_boundary": "22,408 km",
"neighbors": {
"Belarus": "1312 km",
"China (southeast)": "4133 km",
"China (south)": "46 km",
"Estonia": "324 km",
"Finland": "1309 km",
"Georgia": "894 km",
"Kazakhstan": "7644 km",
"North Korea": "18 km",
"Latvia": "332 km",
"Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast)": "261 km",
"Mongolia": "3452 km",
"Norway": "191 km",
"Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast)": "210 km",
"Ukraine": "1944 km"
},
"climate": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast",
"coastline": "37,653 km",
"natural_hazards": [
"permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development",
"volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands",
"volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula",
"spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia",
"volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\""
],
"terrain": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions",
"population_distribution": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south",
"natural_resources": [
"wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil",
"natural gas",
"coal",
"and many strategic minerals",
"bauxite",
"reserves of rare earth elements",
"timber",
"note",
"formidable obstacles of climate",
"terrain",
"and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources"
],
"population": "141,722,205",
"nationality": "Russian(s)",
"ethnic_groups": {
"Russian": "77.7%",
"Tatar": "3.7%",
"Ukrainian": "1.4%",
"Bashkir": "1.1%",
"Chuvash": "1%",
"Chechen": "1%",
"other": "10.2%",
"unspecified": "3.9%"
},
"languages": {
"Russian (official)": "85.7%",
"Tatar": "3.2%",
"Chechen": "1%",
"other": "10.1%"
},
"religions": {
"Russian Orthodox": "15-20%",
"Muslim": "10-15%",
"other Christian": "2%"
},
"government_type": "semi-presidential federation",
"national_symbol": "bear, double-headed eagle",
"national_colors": [
"white",
"blue",
"red"
],
"gdp": "$1,578 billion",
"agriculture": [
"grain",
"sugar beets",
"sunflower seeds",
"vegetables",
"fruits",
"beef",
"milk"
],
"industries": [
"complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal",
"oil",
"gas",
"chemicals",
"metals",
"all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles",
"defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components)",
"shipbuilding",
"road and rail transportation equipment",
"communications equipment",
"agricultural machinery",
"tractors",
"construction equipment",
"electric power generating and transmitting equipment",
"medical and scientific instruments",
"consumer durables",
"textiles",
"foodstuffs",
"handicrafts"
],
"exports": [
"petroleum and petroleum products",
"natural gas",
"metals",
"wood and wood products",
"chemicals",
"wide variety of civilian and military manufactures"
],
"imports": [
"machinery",
"vehicles",
"pharmaceutical products",
"plastic",
"semi-finished metal products",
"meat",
"fruits and nuts",
"optical and medical instruments",
"iron",
"steel"
],
"broadband_subscriptions": "32,062,780",
"internet_users": "114,920,477",
"mobile_subscriptions": "229,431,008",
"internet_country_code": ".ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain \".su\" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out",
"military_and_security_forces": "Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branchesFederal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya): created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; forces include Interior Troops that formerly belong to the Interior Ministry, special police units, rapid response units, and other air, ground, maritime, and police forcesFederal Security Services Border Troops (includes land and maritime forces)",
"percent_GDP_on_military": "3.9%",
"pipelines": [
"177700 km gas",
"54800 km oil",
"19300 km refined products"
],
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major seaport(s)": "Kaliningrad, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Vostochnyy",
"oil terminal(s)": "Kavkaz oil terminal",
"container port(s) (TEUs)": "Saint Petersburg (1,848,700)",
"LNG terminal(s) (export)": "Sakhalin Island",
"river port(s)": "Saint Petersburg (Neva River)"
},
"waterways": "102,000 km",
"number_of_airports": "1,218",
"international_disputes": "Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the \"Northern Territories\" and in Russia as the \"Southern Kurils,\" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission",
"terrorism": "None/Unknown"
}